0000002969 apd:TimeBasedDeferredStockUnitMember 2017-10-01 2018-09-30
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
x☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended 30 September 20182021
OR
or
¨☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _______________________ to ______________________  
Commission file number 001-04534
apd-20210930_g1.jpg
AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware23-1274455
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
7201 Hamilton BoulevardState of incorporation: Delaware
Allentown, Pennsylvania, 18195-1501I.R.S. identification number: 23-1274455
Tel. (610) 481-4911
1940 Air Products Boulevard
Allentown, Pennsylvania 18106-5500
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
610-481-4911
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class:each classTrading Symbol(s)Registered on:Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $1.00 per shareAPDNew York Stock Exchange
2.0%1.000% Euro Notes due 20202025APD25New York Stock Exchange
0.375%0.500% Euro Notes due 20212028APD28New York Stock Exchange
1.0%0.800% Euro Notes due 20252032APD32New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.YESYesx☒NONo¨☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.YESYes¨☐NONox☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.YESYesx☒NONo¨☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).YESYesx☒NONo¨☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.
¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filerx
☒
Accelerated filer¨
☐
Non-accelerated filer¨
☐
Smaller reporting company¨
☐
Emerging growth company
☐¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.¨
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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of
the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C.7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.		☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).YESYes¨☐NONox☒
The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on 31 March 20182021 was approximately $34.8$62.1 billion. For purposes of the foregoing calculations, all directors and/or executive officers have been deemed to be affiliates, but the registrant disclaims that any such director and/or executive officer is an affiliate.
The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of 31 October 20182021 was 219,533,532.221,460,382.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on 24 January 20193 February 2022 are incorporated by reference into Part III.



AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
For the fiscal year ended 30 September 20182021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I
ITEM 1.
4
ITEM 1A.
810
ITEM 1B.
1417
ITEM 2.
1417
ITEM 3.
1518
ITEM 4.
1619
PART II
ITEM 5.
1620
ITEM 6.
1821
ITEM 7.
2022
ITEM 7A.
5546
ITEM 8.
5748
ITEM 9.
122111
ITEM 9A.
122111
ITEM 9B.
123111
PART III
ITEM 10.
123112
ITEM 11.
123112
ITEM 12.
124112
ITEM 13.
125112
ITEM 14.
125112
PART IV
ITEM 15.
125113
ITEM 16.
125113
126114
130117

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include all statements that do not relate solely to historical or current facts and can generally be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” "future," “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “outlook,” “plan,” “positioned,” “possible,” “potential,” “project,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions or variations thereof, or the negative thereof, but these terms are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s expectations and assumptions as of the date of this report and are not guarantees of future performance. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements may relate to a number of matters, including expectations regarding revenue, margins, expenses, earnings, tax provisions, cash flows, pension obligations, share repurchases or other statements regarding economic conditions or our business outlook; statements regarding plans, projects, strategies and objectives for our future operations, including our ability to win new projects and execute the projects in our backlog; and statements regarding our expectations with respect to pending legal claims or disputes. While forward-looking statements are made in good faith and based on assumptions, expectations and projections that management believes are reasonable based on currently available information, actual performance and financial results may differ materially from projections and estimates expressed in the forward-looking statements because of many factors, including, without limitation:
•the duration and impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic and efforts to contain its transmission, including the effect of these factors on our business, our customers, economic conditions and markets generally;
•changes in global or regional economic conditions, inflation, and supply and demand dynamics in the market segments we serve, or in the financial markets;markets that may affect the availability and terms on which we may obtain financing;
•the ability to implement price increases to offset cost increases;
•disruptions to our supply chain and related distribution delays and cost increases;
•risks associated with having extensive international operations, including political risks, risks associated with unanticipated government actions and risks of investing in developing markets;
•project delays, contract terminations, customer cancellations, or postponement of projects and sales;
•our ability to develop, operate, and manage costs of large-scale and technically complex projects, including gasification and hydrogen projects;
•the future financial and operating performance of major customers, joint ventures, and joint venture partners;equity affiliates;
•our ability to develop, implement, and operate new technologies, ortechnologies;
•our ability to execute the projects in our backlog;backlog and refresh our pipeline of new projects;
•tariffs, economic sanctions and regulatory activities in jurisdictions in which we and our affiliates and joint ventures operate;
•the impact of environmental, tax, or other legislation, as well as regulations and other public policy initiatives affecting our business and the business of our affiliates and related compliance requirements, including legislation, regulations, relatedor policies intended to address global climate change;
•changes in tax rates and other changes in tax law;
•the timing, impact, and other uncertainties relating to acquisitions and divestitures, including our ability to integrate acquisitions and separate divested businesses, respectively;
•risks relating to cybersecurity incidents, including risks from the interruption, failure or compromise of our information systems;
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
•catastrophic events, such as natural disasters and extreme weather events, public health crises, acts of war, or terrorism;
•the impact on our business and customers of price fluctuations in oil and natural gas and disruptions in markets and the economy due to oil and natural gas price volatility;
•costs and outcomes of legal or regulatory proceedings and investigations;
•asset impairments due to economic conditions or specific events;
•significant fluctuations in inflation, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates from those currently anticipated;
•damage to facilities, pipelines or delivery systems, including those we own or operate for third parties;
•availability and cost of electric power, natural gas, and other raw materials; and
•the success of productivity and operational improvement programs.

In addition to the foregoing factors, forward-looking statements contained herein are qualified with respect to the risks disclosed elsewhere in this document, including in Item 1A, Risk Factors, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.Risk. Any of these factors, as well as those not currently anticipated by management, could cause our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity to differ materially from what is expressed or implied by any forward-looking statement. Except as required by law, we disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in assumptions, beliefs, or expectations or any change in events, conditions, or circumstances upon which any such forward-looking statements are based.

PART I

ITEMItem 1. BUSINESSBusiness.
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., a Delaware corporation originally founded in 1940, serves customers globally with a unique portfolio of products, services, and solutions that include atmospheric gases, process and specialty gases, equipment, and services. The Company isFocused on serving energy, environment and emerging markets, we provide essential industrial gases, related equipment, and applications expertise to customers in dozens of industries, including refining, chemicals, metals, electronics, manufacturing, and food and beverage. We are the world’s largest supplier of hydrogen and hashave built leading positions in growth markets such as helium and liquefied natural gas liquefaction. ("LNG") process technology and equipment. We develop, engineer, build, own, and operate some of the world’s largest industrial gas projects, including gasification projects that sustainably convert abundant natural resources into syngas for the production of high-value power, fuels, and chemicals and are developing carbon capture projects and world-scale low carbon and carbon-free hydrogen projects that will support global transportation and energy transition away from fossil fuels.
As used in this report, unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company,” "Air Products," or “registrant” include controlled subsidiaries, affiliates, and predecessors of Air Products and itsour controlled subsidiaries and affiliates.
Except as otherwise noted, the description of our business below reflects our continuing operations. Refer to Note 5, Discontinued Operations, to the consolidated financial statements for activity associated with discontinued operations.
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During itsthe fiscal year ended 30 September 20182021 (“fiscal year 2018”2021”), the Companywe reported itsour continuing operations in five reporting segments under which itwe managed itsour operations, assessed performance, and reported earnings: Industrial Gases – Americas; Industrial Gases – EMEA (Europe, Middle East, and Africa); Industrial Gases – Asia; Industrial Gases – Global; and Corporate and other.
Except as otherwise noted, the description of the Company's business below reflects the Company's continuing The discussion that follows is based on those operations. Refer to Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Note 25, 23, Business Segment and Geographic Information and Note 3, Discontinued Operations,, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details on our reportable business segments.
On 4 November 2021, we announced the reorganization of our industrial gases segments and our discontinued operations.effective 1 October 2021. Refer to Note 24, Subsequent Events, for additional information.
Industrial Gases Business
The Company’sOur Industrial Gases business produces atmospheric gases, (oxygen,such as oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and rare gases);argon; process gases, (hydrogen,such as hydrogen, helium, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide, syngas,and syngas; and specialty gases); and equipment for the production or processing of gases, such as air separation units and non-cryogenic generators.gases. Atmospheric gases are produced through various air separation processes, of which cryogenic is the most prevalent. Process gases are produced by methods other than air separation. For example, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and syngas are produced by steam methane reforming of natural gas and by the gasification of liquid and solid hydrocarbons. Hydrogen is also produced by purifying byproduct sources obtained from the chemical and petrochemical industries; and heliumindustries. Helium is produced as a byproduct of gases extracted from underground reservoirs, primarily natural gas, but also carbon dioxideCO2 purified before resale. The Industrial Gases business also develops, builds, and operates equipment for the production or processing of gases, such as air separation units and non-cryogenic generators.
The Company’sOur Industrial Gases business is organized and operated regionally. The regional Industrial Gases segments (Americas, EMEA, and Asia) supply gases, and related equipment, and applications in the relevant region to diversified customers in many industries, including those in refining, chemical, gasification,chemicals, metals, electronics, manufacturing, and food and beverage. Hydrogen is used by refiners to facilitate the conversion of heavy crude feedstock and lower the sulfur content of gasoline and diesel fuels.fuels, as well as in the developing hydrogen-for-mobility markets. We have hydrogen fueling stations that support commercial markets in California and Japan as well as demonstration projects in Europe, Saudi Arabia, and other parts of Asia. The chemicals industry uses hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and syngas as feedstocks in the production of many basic chemicals. The energy production industry uses nitrogen injection for enhanced recovery of oil and natural gas and oxygen for gasification. Oxygen is used in combustion and industrial heating applications, including in the gasification, steel, certain nonferrous metals, glass, and cement industries. Nitrogen applications are used in food processing for freezing and preserving flavor, and nitrogen is used for inerting is used in various fields, including the metals, chemical, and semiconductor industries. Helium is used in laboratories and healthcare for cooling and in other industries for pressurizing, purging, and lifting. Argon is used in the metals and other industries for its unique inerting, thermal conductivity, and other properties. Industrial gases are also used in welding and providing healthcare and are utilized in various manufacturing processes to make them more efficient and to optimize performance.

Industrial gases are generally produced at or near the point of use given the complexity and inefficiency with storing molecules at low temperatures. Helium, however, is generally sourced globally, at long distances from point of sale. As a result, we maintain an inventory of helium stored in our fleet of ISO containers as well as at the U.S. Bureau of Land Management underground storage facility in Amarillo, Texas.
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We distribute gases to our sale of gas customers through a variety ofdifferent supply modes:modes depending on various factors including the customer's volume requirements and location. Our supply modes are as follows:
•Liquid Bulk—Bulk—Product is delivered in bulk (in liquid or gaseous form) by tanker or tube trailer and stored, usually in its liquid state, in equipment designedthat we typically design and installed typically by the Companyinstall at the customer’s site for vaporizing into a gaseous state as needed. Liquid bulk sales are usually governed by three- to five-year contracts.
•Packaged Gases—Gases—Small quantities of product are delivered in either cylinders or dewars. The Company operatesWe operate packaged gas businesses in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. In the United States, the Company’sour packaged gas business sells products (principally helium) only for the electronics and magnetic resonance imaging industries.
•On-Site Gases—Gases—Large quantities of hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and syngas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) are provided to customers, principally in the energy production and refining, chemical, gasification, and metals industries worldwide, that require large volumes of gases and have relatively constant demand. Gases are produced atand supplied by large facilities located adjacent towe construct or acquire on or near the customers’ facilities or by pipeline systems from centrally located production facilities andfacilities. These sale of gas contracts are generally governed by 15- to 20- year20-year contracts. The CompanyWe also delivers smalldeliver smaller quantities of product through small on-site plants (cryogenic or non-cryogenic generators), typically either via a 10- to 15- year15-year sale of gas contract or through the sale of the equipment to the customer.contract.
Electricity is the largest cost component in the production of atmospheric gases. Steam methane reformers utilize natural gas as the primary raw material and gasifiers use liquid and solid hydrocarbons as the principal raw material for the production of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and syngas. We mitigate electricity, natural gas, and hydrocarbon price fluctuations contractually through pricing formulas, surcharges, and cost pass-through and tolling arrangements. During fiscal year 2018,2021, no significant difficulties were encountered in obtaining adequate supplies of power and natural gas.
The Company obtainsWe obtain helium from a number of sources globally, including crude helium for purification from the U.S. Bureau of Land Management's helium reserve.
The regional Industrial Gases segments also include our share of the results of several joint ventures accounted for by the equity method.method, which we report in our financial statements as income from equity affiliates. The largest of these joint ventures operate in China, India, Italy, Mexico, Italy,Saudi Arabia, South Africa, India, Saudi Arabia, and Thailand.
Each of the regional Industrial Gases segments competes against twothree global industrial gas companies: Air Liquide S.A., Messer, and Linde plc, (the successor to Praxair, Inc. and Linde AG, pursuant to a combination that became effective on 31 October 2018), as well as regional competitors. Competition in Industrial Gases is based primarily on price, reliability of supply, and the development of industrial gas applications. InWe derive a competitive advantage in locations where we have pipeline networks, which enable us to provide reliable and economic supply of products to our larger customers, we derive a competitive advantage.customers.
Overall regional industrial gases sales constituted approximately 92%, 94%, and 96% of consolidated sales in fiscal year 2018, 90% in fiscal year 2017,years 2021, 2020, and 90% in fiscal year 2016. Sales of tonnage hydrogen and related products constituted approximately 25% of consolidated sales in fiscal year 2018, 24% in fiscal year 2017, and 21% in fiscal year 2016.2019, respectively. Sales of atmospheric gases constituted approximately 47%, 47%, and 46%of consolidated sales in fiscal year 2018, 45%years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, while sales of tonnage hydrogen, syngas, and related products constituted approximately 22%, 22%, and 26% of consolidated sales in fiscal year 2017,years 2021, 2020, and 46% in fiscal year 2016.2019, respectively.
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Industrial Gases Equipment
The Company designsWe design and manufacturesmanufacture equipment for air separation, hydrocarbon recovery and purification, natural gas liquefaction, ("LNG"), and liquid helium and liquid hydrogen transport and storage. The Industrial Gases – Global segment includes activity primarily related to the sale of cryogenic and gas processing equipment for air separation. The equipment is sold worldwide to customers in a variety of industries, including chemical and petrochemical manufacturing, oil and gas recovery and processing, and steel and primary metals processing. The Corporate and other segment includes three global equipment businesses:includes: our LNG equipment business, our Gardner Cryogenics business fabricating helium and hydrogen transport and storage containers, and our Rotoflow business, which manufactures turboexpanders and other precision rotating equipment. Steel, aluminum, and capital equipment subcomponents (compressors, etc.) are the principal raw materials in the manufacturing of equipment. Adequate rawRaw materials for individual projects typically are acquired under firm purchase agreements. Equipment is produced at the Company’sour manufacturing sites with certain components being procured from subcontractors and vendors. Competition in the equipment business is based primarily on technological performance,plant efficiency, service, technical know-how and price, as well as schedule and plant performance guarantees. Sale of equipment constituted approximately 8%, 6%, and 4% of consolidated sales in fiscal year 2018, 10% in fiscal year 2017,years 2021, 2020, and 10% in fiscal year 2016.2019, respectively.

TheOur backlog of equipment orders was approximately $.2$1.3 billion on 30 September 20182021 (as compared to a total backlog of approximately $.5$1.6 billion on 30 September 2017)2020). The Company estimatesWe estimate that approximately 50%half of the total equipment sales backlog as of 30 September 20182021 will be recognized as revenue during fiscal year 2019,2022, dependent on execution schedules of the relevant projects.
International Operations
The Company, throughThrough our subsidiaries, affiliates, and less-than-controlling interests, conductsjoint ventures accounted for using the equity method, we conduct business in 5053 countries outside the United States. ItsOur international businesses are subject to risks customarily encountered in foreign operations, including fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and controls;controls, tariffs, trade sanctions, and import and export controls;controls, and other economic, political, and regulatory policies of local governments described in Item 1A, Risk Factors, below.
The Company hasWe have majority or wholly owned foreign subsidiaries that operate in Canada; 1618 European countries (including the Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Spain)Kingdom); eight11 Asian countries (including China, South Korea, and Taiwan); seven Latin American countries (including ChileBrazil and Brazil)Chile); foursix countries in the Middle East (including Saudi Arabia), and twothree African countries. The CompanyWe also ownsown less-than-controlling interests in entities operating in Europe, Asia, Africa,Latin America, the Middle East, and Latin AmericaAfrica (including Italy, Germany, China, India, Italy, Mexico, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Oman, South Africa, and Mexico)Thailand).
Financial information about the Company’sour foreign operations and investments is included in Note 8, 7, Summarized Financial Information of Equity Affiliates;Affiliates; Note 22, 21, Income Taxes;Taxes; and Note 25, 23, Business Segment and Geographic Information, to the consolidated financial statements included under Item 8, below. Information about foreign currency translation is included under “Foreign Currency” in Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, and information on the Company’sour exposure to currency fluctuations is included in Note 13, 12, Financial Instruments, to the consolidated financial statements, included under Item 8, below, and in “Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk,” included under Item 7A, below. Export sales from operations in the United States to third-party customers amounted to $33.1 million, $64.2 million, and $134.9 million in fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.
Technology Development
The Company pursuesWe pursue a market-oriented approach to technology development through research and development, engineering, and commercial development processes. It conductsWe conduct research and development principally in itsour laboratories located in the United States (Trexlertown, Pennsylvania), Canada (Vancouver), the United Kingdom (Basingstoke and Carrington), Spain (Barcelona), China (Shanghai), and Saudi Arabia (Dhahran). The CompanyWe also fundsfund and cooperatescooperate in research and development programs conducted by a number of major universities and undertakesundertake research work funded by others, principallyincluding the United States government.
The Company’s research groups are aligned with and support the research efforts of various businesses throughout the Company. Development of technology for use within the Industrial Gases business focuses primarily on new and improved processes and equipment for the production and delivery of industrial gases and new or improved applications for industrial gas products.
During fiscal year 2018, the Company2021, we owned approximately 535780 United States patents, approximately 2,8883,480 foreign patents, and waswere a licensee under certain patents owned by others. While the patents and licenses are considered important, the Company doeswe do not consider itsour business as a whole to be materially dependent upon any particular patent, patent license, or group of patents or licenses.
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Environmental ControlsRegulation
The Company isWe are subject to various environmental laws, regulations, and regulationspublic policies in the countries in which it haswe have operations. Compliance with these laws and regulationsmeasures often results in higher capital expenditures and costs. In the normal course of business, the Company iswe are involved in legal proceedings under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA:("CERCLA," the federal Superfund law); Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)("RCRA"); and similar state and foreign environmental laws relating to the designation of certain sites for investigation or remediation. The Company’sOur accounting policy for environmental expenditures is discussed in Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, and environmental loss contingencies are discussed in Note 17, 16, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements, included under Item 8, below.
The amounts chargedSome of our operations are within jurisdictions that have or are developing regulatory regimes governing emissions of greenhouse gases (“GHG”), including CO2. These include existing coverage under the European Union Emission Trading System, the California Cap-and-Trade Program, China’s Emission Trading Scheme and its nation-wide expansion, and South Korea’s Emission Trading Scheme. In the Netherlands, a CO2 emissions tax was enacted on 1 January 2021. In Canada, Alberta’s Technology Innovation and Emission Reduction System went into effect 1 January 2020. In Ontario, Environment & Climate Change Canada’s Output Based Pricing System (“OBPS”) is currently in effect, however, effective 1 January 2022, Ontario’s GHG Emissions Performance Standards program will be used in lieu of adherence to income from continuing operationsthe OBPS. In addition, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) requires mandatory reporting of GHG emissions and is regulating GHG emissions for new construction and major modifications to existing facilities. Some jurisdictions have various mechanisms to target the power sector to achieve emission reductions, which often result in higher power costs.
Increased public concern may result in more international, U.S. federal, and/or regional requirements to reduce or mitigate the effects of GHG emissions. Although uncertain, these developments could increase our costs related to environmental matters totaled $12.8 million in fiscal year 2018, $11.4 million in fiscal year 2017,consumption of electric power, hydrogen production and $12.2 million in fiscal year 2016. These amounts representapplication of our gasification technology. We believe we will be able to mitigate some of the increased costs through contractual terms, but the lack of definitive legislation or regulatory requirements prevents an accurate estimate of expensesthe long-term impact these measures will have on our operations. Any legislation that limits or taxes GHG emissions could negatively impact our growth, increase our operating costs, or reduce demand for compliance with environmental lawscertain of our products.
Regulation of GHG may also produce new opportunities for us. We continue to develop technologies to help our facilities and activities undertaken to meet internal Company standards. Refer to Note 17, Commitmentsour customers lower energy consumption, improve efficiency and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statementslower emissions. We see significant opportunities for additional information.gasification, carbon capture technologies and hydrogen for mobility and energy transition.

The Company estimatesWe estimate that we spent approximately $3$8 million, $4 million, and $5 million in fiscal year 2018, $7 million in fiscal year 2017,years 2021, 2020, and $3 million in fiscal year 20162019, respectively, on capital projects reflected in continuing operations to control pollution. Capital expenditures to control pollution are estimated to be approximately $4$8 million in both fiscal years 20192022 and 2020.2023.
For additional information regarding environmental matters, refer to Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements.
Employees
We believe our employees are our most valuable asset and are critical to our success as an organization. Our goal is to be the safest, most diverse and most profitable industrial gas company in the world, providing excellent service to our customers. Integral to our success is the continued development of our 4S culture (Safety, Speed, Simplicity and Self-Confidence) and creating a work environment where our employees feel that they belong and matter. Our talent related initiatives, including employee recruitment and development, diversity and inclusion and compensation and benefit programs, are focused on building and retaining the world-class and talented staff that is needed to meet our goals.
On 30 September 2018, the Company (including majority-owned subsidiaries)2021, we had approximately 16,30020,875 employees, of whom approximately 16,00020,625 were full-time employees and of whom approximately 11,80015,575 were located outside the United States. The Company hasWe have collective bargaining agreements with unions and works councils at variouscertain locations that expire on various dates over the next four years. The Company considersWe consider relations with itsour employees to be satisfactory.good.
Available InformationOur 2021 Sustainability Report details our growth strategy and the role our most valuable asset and our competitive advantage, our employees, play in achieving our goals. Rooted in our framework of Grow- Conserve- Care, our higher purpose is to bring people together to collaborate and innovate solutions to the world’s most significant energy and environmental sustainability challenges. Our 2021 Sustainability Report details how we care for our employees.
All periodic
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Safety
Safety is fundamental to who we are as a company. Safety is a shared value, and current reports, registration statements,our employees’ commitment to safety is demonstrated in many ways every day. Safety is a critical component of everything we do, everywhere in the world. Our goal is to be the safest industrial gas company in the world.
Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging
Our 2021 Sustainability Report sets forth our announced goals to further increase the percentage of women and U.S. minorities in professional and managerial roles and the recruitment and talent development strategies we have in place to ensure we meet these goals. Since the publication of our 2021 Sustainability Report, we have announced goals to further increase the percentage of women and U.S. minorities in professional and managerial roles. By 2025, we aim to achieve at least 28 percent female representation in the professional and managerial population globally. Due to significant increase of our U.S. minority representation, our new 2025 diversity goal is to achieve at least 30 percent U.S. minority representation in professional and managerial roles. We established these targets following analysis of our global employee representation metrics and future talent needs, as well as assessing industry benchmarks and peer companies.
Compensation
As detailed in our 2021 Sustainability Report, in order to create a diverse workplace, individuals must be compensated fairly and equitably. A work environment where employees know they belong and matter includes fair and equitable pay. Our pay practices apply equally to all employees irrespective of gender, race, religion, disability, age, or any other filingsform of personal difference. We strive to pay competitively in local markets where we do business and compete for talent. We benchmark our compensation to ensure that the Company is required to filewe are keeping pace with the Securitiesmarket to provide competitive pay and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), includingbenefits. A gender pay equity analysis completed by a third-party in 2020 resulted in no significant adverse findings for minorities in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K,U.S. and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a)for females globally.
We value the contributions of our employees, particularly in the face of the Securities Exchange Actchallenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Many of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"),our employees are available free of charge throughon the Company’s website at www.airproducts.com. Such documents are available as soon as reasonably practicable after electronic filing of the material with the SEC. All such reports filedfront line during the period covered by this report were available onpandemic, keeping our plants running and delivering to our customers the Company’s website on the same dayproducts they need. When possible, employees have been working from home to help maintain their health and safety as filing. In addition,well as business continuity. We have not laid off any of our filings with the SEC are available free of charge on the SEC's website, www.sec.gov.employees or reduced their salaries due to COVID-19.
Seasonality
The Company’sOur businesses are not subject to seasonal fluctuations to any material extent.
Inventories
The Company maintainsWe maintain limited inventory where required to facilitate the supply of products to customers on a reasonable delivery schedule. Inventory consists primarily of crude helium, industrial gas, and specialty gas inventories supplied to customers through liquid bulk and packaged gases supply modes.
Customers
We do not have a homogeneous customer base or end market, and no single customer accounts for more than 10% of our consolidated revenues.revenues. We do have concentrations of customers in specific industries, primarily refining, chemicals, and electronics. Within each of these industries, the Company haswe have several large-volume customers with long-term contracts. A negative trend affecting one of these industries, or the loss of one of these major customers, although not material to our consolidated revenue, could have an adverse impact on our financial results.
Governmental Contracts
Our business is not subject to a government entity’s renegotiation of profits or termination of contracts that would be material to our business as a whole.

Available Information
Executive OfficersAll periodic and current reports, registration statements, proxy statements, and other filings that we are required to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), including our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the CompanySecurities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"), are available free of charge through our website at www.airproducts.com. Such documents are available as soon as reasonably practicable after electronic filing of the material with the SEC. All such reports filed during the period covered by this report were available on our website on the same day as filing. In addition, our filings with the SEC are available free of charge on the SEC's website, www.sec.gov.
The Company’s
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Our Executive Officers
Our executive officers and their respective positions and ages on 2018 November 20182021 follow. Information with respect to offices held is stated in fiscal years.
NameAgeOffice
M. Scott Crocco54Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (became Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in 2016; Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in 2013; and Vice President and Corporate Controller in 2008).
Seifi Ghasemi7477Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer (became Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer in 2014 and previously served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Rockwood Holdings, Inc. beginning in 2001)from 2001 to 2014). Mr. Ghasemi is a member and Chairman of the Board of Directors and the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors.
Sean D. Major5457
Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary (Secretary since December 2017 and Executive(Executive Vice President and General Counsel since May 2017 and Secretary since December 2017). Previously, Mr. Major served as Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary for Joy Global Inc. since 2007. From 1998 until joining Joy Global Inc. infrom 2007 Mr. Major was employed by Johnson Controls, Inc., serving in roles of increasing legal responsibility, including Assistant General Counsel and Assistant Secretary.to 2017.
Melissa N. Schaeffer42Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (became Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in August 2021). Ms. Schaeffer joined the Company in 2016 and most recently served as Vice President, Finance – GEMTE, Americas, Middle East, and India from 2020 to 2021 and previously served as Vice President, Chief Audit Executive from 2016 to 2020.
Dr. Samir J. Serhan5760ExecutiveChief Operating Officer (Executive Vice President (sincesince December 2016)2016 and Chief Operating Officer since May 2020). Previously, Dr. Serhan served as President, Global HyCO, sincefrom 2014 to 2016 for Praxair Inc. From 2000-2014, he worked in leadership positions in the U.S. and Germany for The Linde Group, including as Managing Director of Linde Engineering from 2008-2014.

ITEMItem 1A. RISK FACTORSRisk Factors.
Our operations are affected by various risks, many of which are beyond our control. In evaluating investment in the Company and the forward-looking information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or presented elsewhere by management from time to time, you should carefully consider the following risk factors.factors discussed below. Any of the followingthese risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and the actual outcome of matters as to which forward-looking statements are made and could adversely affect the value of an investment in our common stock as well. Whilesecurities. The risks described below are not all inclusive but are designed to highlight what we believe we have identified and discussed below the key riskare important factors affectingto consider when evaluating our business,expectations. In addition to such risks, there may be additional risks and uncertainties that adversely affect our business, performance, or financial condition in the future that are not presently known, are not currently believed to be significant, or are not identified below because they are common to all businesses.
Risks Related to Economic Conditions
The COVID-19 global pandemic may materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The COVID-19 global pandemic, including resurgences and variants of the virus that causes COVID-19, and efforts to reduce its spread have led, and may continue to lead to, significant changes in levels of economic activity and significant disruption and volatility in global markets. These factors have led, and may continue to lead, to reduced demand for industrial gas products, particularly in our merchant business. In addition, COVID-19 may result in reduced sales in our other businesses, lower returns for certain of our projects, and the potential delay or cancellation of certain projects in our pipeline.
In addition, we are monitoring the health of our employees and many of our employees, including those based at our headquarters, are working remotely in accordance with health safety guidance and applicable governmental orders. Action by health or other governmental authorities requiring the closure of our facilities, recommending other physical distancing measures, or mandating vaccination against COVID-19 could negatively impact our business and those of our service providers and customers. Although we have business continuity and other safeguards in place, we cannot be certain that they will be fully effective for extended periods of time.
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As the pandemic and responses to it continue to evolve we may experience further adverse impacts on our operations, and our ability to access capital on favorable terms, or at all, may be impaired. In addition, we may face unpredictable increases in demand for certain of our products when restrictions on business and travel end. If demand for our products exceeds our capacity, it could adversely affect our financial results and customer relationships. Although the duration and ultimate impact of these factors is unknown at this time, the decline in economic conditions due to COVID-19, or another disease-causing similar impacts, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and such impact may be material.
Further, to the extent COVID-19 adversely affects our business, financial condition, and results of operations and global economic conditions more generally, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described herein.
Changes in global and regional economic conditions, the markets we serve, or the financial markets may adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.
Unfavorable conditions in the global economy or regional economies, the markets we serve or financial markets may decrease the demand for our goods and services and adversely impact our revenues, operating results, and cash flows.
Demand for our products and services depends in part on the general economic conditions affecting the countries and markets in which we do business. Weak economic conditions in certain geographies and changing supply and demand balances in the markets we serve have negatively impacted demand for our products and services in the past, including most recently due to COVID-19, and may do so in the future. Reduced demand for our products and services would have a negative impact on our revenues and earnings. In addition, reduced demand could depress sales, reduce our margins, constrain our operating flexibility or reduce efficient utilization of our manufacturing capacity, or result in charges which are unusual or nonrecurring. Excess capacity in our manufacturing facilities or those of our competitors could decrease our ability to maintain pricing and generate profits.
OurIn addition, our operating results in one or more segments may also be affected by uncertain or deteriorating economic conditions for particular customer markets within a segment. A decline in the industries served by our customers or adverse events or circumstances affecting individual customers can reduce demand for our products and services and impair the ability of such customers to satisfy their obligations to the Company,us, resulting in uncollected receivables, unanticipated contract terminations, project delays or the inability to recover plant investments, any of which may negatively impact our financial results.

Weak overall demand or specific customer conditions may also cause customer shutdowns or default,defaults or other inabilitiesotherwise make us unable to operate facilities profitably and may force sale or abandonment of facilities and equipment or prevent projects from coming on-stream.on-stream when expected. These or other events associated with weak economic conditions or specific end market, product, or customer events may require us to record an impairment on tangible assets, such as facilities and equipment, or intangible assets, such as intellectual property or goodwill, which would have a negative impact on our financial results.
Our extensive international operations can be adversely impacted by operational, economic, political, security, legal, and currency translation risks that could decrease profitability.
In fiscal year 2018,2021, over 60% of our sales were derived from customers outside the United States and many of our operations, suppliers, and employees are located outside the United States. Our operations in foreign jurisdictions may be subject to risks including exchange control regulations, import and trade restrictions, trade policy and other potentially detrimental domestic and foreign governmental practices or policies affecting U.S. companies doing business abroad. Changing economic and political conditions within foreign jurisdictions, strained relations between countries, or the imposition of tariffs or international sanctions can cause fluctuations in demand, price volatility, supply disruptions, or loss of property. The occurrence of any of these risks could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operation, and cash flows.
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Our growth strategies depend in part on our ability to further penetrate markets outside the United States, particularly in higher-growth markets such as China, India, Indonesia, and the Middle East, and involve significantly larger and more complex projects, including world-scale gasification and large-scale hydrogen projects, some in regions where there is the potential for significant economic and political disruptions, including Russia, the Middle East and China.disruptions. We are actively investing significantlarge amounts of capital and other resources, in some cases through joint ventures, in developing ormarkets, which we believe to have high growth markets, which present special risks.potential. Our operations in these markets may be subject to greater risks than those faced by our operations in mature economies, including political and economic instability, project delay or abandonment due to unanticipated government actions, inadequate investment in infrastructure, undeveloped property rights and legal systems, unfamiliar regulatory environments, relationships with local partners, language and cultural differences and talent risks. Ourincreased difficulty recruiting, training and retaining qualified employees. In addition, our properties and contracts in these locations may be subject to seizure and cancellation, respectively, without full compensation for loss. Successful operation of particular facilities or execution of projects may be disrupted by civil unrest, acts of war, sabotage or terrorism, and other local security concerns. Such concerns may require us to incur greater costs for security or require us to shut down operations for a period of time.
BecauseFurthermore, because the majority of our revenue is generated from sales outside the United States, we are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Our business is primarily exposed to translational currency risk as the results of our foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates throughout the fiscal period. Our policy is to minimize cash flow volatility from changes in currency exchange rates. We choose not to hedge the translation of our foreign subsidiaries’ earnings into dollars. Accordingly, reported sales, net earnings, cash flows, and fair values have been, and in the future will be, affected by changes in foreign exchange rates. For a more detailed discussion of currency exposure, see Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, below.
Risks Related to Our Business
Operational and project execution risks, particularly with respect to our largest projects, may adversely affect our operations or financial results.
SomeA significant and growing portion of our business involves gasification and other large-scale projects including some of our largest growth projects,that involve challenging engineering, procurement and construction phases that may occur in more risky locations and over extended time periods, sometimeslast up to several years.years and involve the investment of billions of dollars. These projects are technically complex, often reliant on significant interaction with government authorities and face significant financing, development, operational and reputational risks. We may encounter difficulties in engineering, delays in designs or materials provided by the customer or a third party, equipment and materials delivery delays, schedule changes, customer scope changes, delays related to obtaining regulatory permits and rights-of-way, inability to find adequate sources of labor in the locations where we are building new plants, weather-related delays, delays by customers' contractors in completing their portion of a project, technical or transportation difficulties, cost overruns, supply difficulties, geopolitical risks and other factors, somemany of which are beyond our control, but whichthat may impact our ability to complete a project within the original delivery schedule. In some cases, delays and additional costs may be substantial, and we may be required to cancel a project and/or compensate the customer for the delay. We may not be able to recover any of these costs. In addition, in some cases we seek financing for large projects and face market risk associated with the availability and terms of such financing. These financing arrangements may require that we comply with certain performance requirements which, if not met, could result in default and restructuring costs or other losses. All of these factors could also negatively impact our reputation or relationships with our customers, suppliers and other third parties, any of which could adversely affect our ability to secure new contractsprojects in the future, and these risks are more significant as we take on larger and more complex projects, including gasification projects, as part of our growth strategy.future.

The operation of our facilities, pipelines, and delivery systems inherently entails hazards that require continuous oversight and control, such as pipeline leaks and ruptures, fire, explosions, toxic releases, mechanical failures, vehicle accidents, or vehicle accidents.cyber incidents. If operational risks materialize, they could result in loss of life, damage to the environment, or loss of production, all of which could negatively impact our ongoing operations, reputation, financial results, and cash flows. In addition, our operating results are dependent on the continued operation of our production facilities and our ability to meet customer requirements, which depend, in part, on our ability to properly maintain and replace aging assets.
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We are subject to extensive government regulation in the jurisdictions in which we do business. Regulations addressing, among other things, environmental compliance, import/export restrictions, anti-bribery and corruption, and taxes, can negatively impact our financial condition, results of operation, and cash flows.
We are subject to government regulation in the United States and in the foreign jurisdictions where we conduct business. The application of laws and regulations to our business is sometimes unclear. Compliance with laws and regulations may involve significant costs or require changes in business practices that could result in reduced profitability. If there is a determination that we have failed to comply with applicable laws or regulations, we may be subject to penalties or sanctions that could adversely impact our reputation and financial results. Compliance with changes in laws or regulations can result in increased operating costs and require additional, unplanned capital expenditures. Export controls or other regulatory restrictions could prevent us from shipping our products to and from some markets or increase the cost of doing so. Changes in tax laws and regulations and international tax treaties could affect the financial results of our businesses. Increasingly aggressive enforcement of anti-bribery and anti-corruption requirements, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the United Kingdom Bribery Act and the China Anti-Unfair Competition Law, could subject us to criminal or civil sanctions if a violation is deemed to have occurred. In addition, we are subject to laws and sanctions imposed by the U.S. and other jurisdictions where we do business that may prohibit us, or certain of our affiliates, from doing business in certain countries, or restricting the kind of business that we may conduct. Such restrictions may provide a competitive advantage to competitors who are not subject to comparable restrictions or prevent us from taking advantage of growth opportunities.
Further, we cannot guarantee that our internal controls and compliance systems will always protect us from acts committed by employees, agents, business partners or that businesses that we acquire that would not violate U.S. and/or non-U.S. laws, including the laws governing payments to government officials, bribery, fraud, kickbacks and false claims, pricing, sales and marketing practices, conflicts of interest, competition, export and import compliance, money laundering, and data privacy. Any such improper actions or allegations of such acts could damage our reputation and subject us to civil or criminal investigations in the United StatesU.S. and in other jurisdictions and related shareholder lawsuits, could lead to substantial civil and criminal, monetary and non-monetary penalties, and could cause us to incur significant legal and investigatory fees. In addition, the government may seek to hold us liable as a successor for violations committed by companies in which we invest or that we acquire.
We may be unable to successfully identify, execute or effectively integrate acquisitions, or effectively disentangle divested businesses.
Our ability to grow revenue, earnings, and cash flow at anticipated rates depends in part on our ability to identify, successfully acquire and integrate businesses and assets at appropriate prices, and realize expected growth, synergies, and operating efficiencies. We may not be able to complete transactions on favorable terms, on a timely basis or at all. In addition, our results of operations and cash flows may be adversely impacted by the failure of acquired businesses or assets to meet expected returns, the failure to integrate acquired businesses, the inability to dispose of non-core assets and businesses on satisfactory terms and conditions, and the discovery of unanticipated liabilities or other problems in acquired businesses or assets for which we lack adequate contractual protections or insurance. In addition, we may incur asset impairment charges related to acquisitions that do not meet expectations.
We continually assess the strategic fit of our existing businesses and may divest businesses that are deemed not to fit with our strategic plan or are not achieving the desired return on investment. These transactions pose risks and challenges that could negatively impact our business and financial statements. For example, when we decide to sell or otherwise dispose of a business or assets, we may be unable to do so on satisfactory terms within our anticipated time frame or at all. In addition, divestitures or other dispositions may dilute our earnings per share, have other adverse financial and accounting impacts, distract management, and give rise to disputes with buyers. In addition, we have agreed, and may in the future agree, to indemnify buyers against known and unknown contingent liabilities. Our financial results could be impacted adversely by claims under these indemnities.indemnification provisions.
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The security of our information technology systems could be compromised, which could adversely affect our ability to operate.
We depend on information technology to enable us to operate safely and efficiently and interface with our customers as well as to maintain our internal control environment and financial reporting accuracy and efficiency. Our information technology capabilities are delivered through a combination of internal and external services and service providers. If we do not allocate and effectively manage the resources necessary to build and sustain the proper technology infrastructure, we could be subject to transaction errors, processing inefficiencies, the loss of customers, business disruptions, property damage, or the loss of or damage to our confidential business information due to a security breach. In addition, our information technology systems may be damaged, disrupted or shut down due to attacks by computer hackers, computer viruses, employee error or malfeasance, power outages, hardware failures, telecommunication or utility failures, catastrophes or other unforeseen events, and in any such circumstances our system redundancy and other disaster recovery planning may be ineffective or inadequate. Security breaches of our systems (or the systems of our customers, suppliers or other business partners) could result in the misappropriation, destruction or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information or personal data belonging to us or to our employees, partners, customers or suppliers, and may subject us to legal liability.
As with most large systems, our information technology systems have in the past been, and in the future likely will be subject to computer viruses, malicious codes, unauthorized access and other cyber-attacks, and we expect the sophistication and frequency of such attacks to continue to increase. To date, we are not aware of any significant impact on our operations or financial results from such attempts; however, unauthorized access could disrupt our business operations, result in the loss of assets, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Any of the attacks, breaches or other disruptions or damage described above could: interrupt our operations at one or more sites; delay production and shipments; result in the theft of our and our customers’ intellectual property and trade secrets; damage customer and business partner relationships and our reputation; result in defective products or services, physical damage to facilities, pipelines or delivery systems, including those we own or operate for third parties, legal claims and proceedings, liability and penalties under privacy laws, or increased costs for security and remediation; or raise concerns regarding our accounting for transactions.internal control environment and internal control over financial reporting. Each of these consequences could adversely affect our business, reputation and our financial statements.
Our business involves the use, storage, and transmission of information about our employees, vendors, and customers. The protection of such information, as well as our proprietary information, is critical to us. The regulatory environment surrounding information security and privacy is increasingly demanding, with the frequent imposition of new and constantly changing requirements. We have established policies and procedures to help protect the security and privacy of this information. We also, from time to time, export sensitive customer data and technical information to recipients outside the United States. Breaches of our security measures or the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure, or unapproved dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive or confidential data about us or our customers, including the potential loss or disclosure of such information or data as a result of fraud, trickery, or other forms of deception, could expose us, our customers, or the individuals affected to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, which could ultimately result in litigation and potential legal and financial liability. These events could also damage our reputation or otherwise harm our business.
Interruption in ordinary sources of raw material or energy supply or an inability to recover increases in energy and raw material costs from customers could result in lost sales or reduced profitability.
Hydrocarbons, including natural gas, are the primary feedstock for the production of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and syngas. Energy, including electricity, natural gas, and diesel fuel for delivery trucks, is the largest cost component of our business. Because our industrial gas facilities use substantial amounts of electricity, inflation and energy price fluctuations could materially impact our revenues and earnings. A disruption in the supply of energy, components, or raw materials, whether due to market conditions, legislative or regulatory actions, the COVID-19 pandemic, natural events, or other disruption, could prevent us from meeting our contractual commitments and harm our business and financial results.
Our supply of crude helium for purification and resale is largely dependent upon natural gas production by crude helium suppliers. Lower natural gas production resulting from natural gas pricing dynamics, supplier operating or transportation issues, or other interruptions in sales from crude helium suppliers, can reduce our supplies of crude helium available for processing and resale to customers.
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We typically contract to pass-through cost increases in energy and raw materials to customers, but such cost pass-through results in declining margins, and cost variability can still have a negativenegatively impact on our other operating results. WeFor example, we may be unable to raise prices as quickly as costs rise, or competitive pressures may prevent full recovery of such costs. IncreasesIn addition, increases in energy or raw material costs that cannot be passed on to customers for competitive or other reasons may negatively impact our revenues and earnings. Even where costs are passed through, price increases can cause lower sales volume.

Catastrophic events could disrupt our operations or the operations of our suppliers or customers, having a negative impact on our business, financial results, and cash flows.
Our operations could be impacted by catastrophic events outside our control, including severe weather conditions such as hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, storms, epidemics, or acts of war and terrorism. Any such event could cause a serious business disruption that could affect our ability to produce and distribute products and possibly expose us to third-party liability claims. Additionally, such events could impact our suppliers or customers, which could cause energy and raw materials to be unavailable to us, or our customers to be unable to purchase or accept our products and services. Any such occurrence could have a negative impact on our operations and financial results.
New technologies create performance risks that could impact our financial results or reputation.
We are continually developing and implementing new technologies and product offerings. Existing technologies are being implemented in products and designs or at scales beyond our experience base. These technological expansions can create nontraditional performance risks to our operations. Failure of the technologies to work as predicted, or unintended consequences of new designs or uses, could lead to cost overruns, project delays, financial penalties, or damage to our reputation. Large scaleIn addition, gasification and other large-scale projects may contain processes or technologies that we have not operated at the same scale or in the same combination, and although such projects generally include technologies and processes that have been demonstrated previously by others, such technologies or processes may be new to us and may introduce new risks to our operations. Additionally, there is also a risk that our new technologies may become obsolete and replaced by other market alternatives. Performance difficulties on these larger projects may have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial results. In addition, performance challenges may adversely affect our reputation and our ability to obtain future contracts for gasification projects.
Protecting our intellectual property is critical to our technological development and we may suffer competitive harm from infringement on such rights.
As we develop new technologies, it is critical that we protect our intellectual property assets against third-party infringement. We own a number of patents and other forms of intellectual property related to our products and services. As we develop new technologies there is a risk that our patent applications may not be granted, or we may not receive sufficient protection of our proprietary interests. We may also expend considerable resources in defending our patents against third-party infringement. It is critical that we protect our proprietary interests to prevent competitive harm.
Legal and Regulatory Risks
Legislative, regulatory, and societal responses to global climate change create financial risk.
We are the world’s leading supplier of hydrogen, the primary use of which is the production of ultra-low sulfur transportation fuels that have significantly reduced transportation emissions and helped improve human health. To make the high volumes of hydrogen needed by our customers, we use steam methane reforming, which releasesproduces carbon dioxide. In addition, gasification enables the conversion of lower value feedstocks into cleaner energy and value-added products; however, our gasification projects also produce carbon dioxide. Some of our operations are within jurisdictions that have or are developing regulatory regimes governing emissions of greenhouse gases ("GHG"), including carbon dioxide. These include existing coverage under the European Union Emission Trading system, the California cap and trade schemes, Alberta’s Carbon Competitiveness Incentive Regulation, China’s Emission Trading Scheme, South Korea’s Emission Trading Scheme, nation-wide expansion of the China Emission Trading Scheme, revisions to the Alberta regulation, and Environment Canada's developing Output Based Pricing System. In addition, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") requires mandatory reporting of GHG emissions, including CO2, which may lead to direct and is regulating GHG emissions for new construction and major modifications to existing facilities. Someindirect costs on our operations. Furthermore, some jurisdictions have various mechanisms to target the power sector to achieve emission reductions, which often result in higher power costs.
Increased public concern and governmental action may result in more international, U.S. federal and/or regional requirements to reduce or mitigate the effects of GHG.GHG emissions. Although uncertain, these developments could increase our costs related to consumption of electric power, hydrogen production and hydrogen production.application of our gasification technology. We believe we will be able to mitigate some of the increased costs through contractual terms, but the lack of definitive legislation or regulatory requirements prevents an accurate estimate of the long-term impact these measures will have on our operations. Any legislation or governmental action that limits or taxes GHG emissions could negatively impact our growth, increase our operating costs, or reduce demand for certain of our products.
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Our financial results may be affected by various legal and regulatory proceedings, including those involving antitrust, tax, environmental, or other matters.
We are subject to litigation and regulatory investigations and proceedings in the normal course of business and could become subject to additional claims in the future, some of which could be material. While we seek to limit our liability in our commercial contractual arrangements, there are no guarantees that each contract will contain suitable limitations of liability or that limitations of liability will be enforceable. Also, the outcome of existing legal proceedings may differ from our expectations because the outcomes of litigation, including regulatory matters, are often difficult to predict reliably. Various factors or developments can lead us to change current estimates of liabilities and related insurance receivables, where applicable, or make such estimates for matters previously not susceptible to reasonable estimates, such as a significant judicial ruling or judgment, a significant settlement, significant regulatory developments, or changes in applicable law. A future adverse ruling, settlement, or unfavorable development could result in charges that could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows in any particular period.

Costs and expenses resulting from compliance with environmental regulations may negatively impact our operations and financial results.
We are subject to extensive federal, state, local, and foreign environmental and safety laws and regulations concerning, among other things, emissions in the air; discharges to land and water; and the generation, handling, treatment, and disposal of hazardous waste and other materials. We take our environmental responsibilities very seriously, but there is a risk of adverse environmental impact inherent in our manufacturing operations and in the transportation of our products. Future developments and more stringent environmental regulations may require us to make additional unforeseen environmental expenditures. In addition, laws and regulations may require significant expenditures for environmental protection equipment, compliance, and remediation. These additional costs may adversely affect our financial results. For a more detailed description of these matters, see Item 1, - Business Business–Environmental Controls,Regulation, above.
Implementation of the United Kingdom’s (“UK”) exit from European Union (“EU”) membership could adversely affect our European Operations.
The UK’s exit from EU membership may adversely affect customer demand, our relationships with customers and suppliers and our European business. Although it is unknown what the terms of the United Kingdom’s future relationship with the EU will be, it is possible that there will be greater restrictions on imports and exports between the United Kingdom and EU members and increased regulatory complexities. Any of these factors could adversely affect customer demand, our relationships with customers and suppliers, and our European business.
Inability to compete effectively in a segment could adversely impact sales and financial performance.
We face strong competition from large global competitors and many smaller regional ones in many of our business segments. Introduction by competitors of new technologies, competing products, or additional capacity could weaken demand for or impact pricing of our products, negatively impacting financial results. In addition, competitors’ pricing policies could affect our profitability or market share.
A change of tax law in key jurisdictions could result in a material increase in our tax expense.
The multinational nature of our business subjects us to taxation in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Due to economic and political conditions, tax rates in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change. The company’sOur future effective tax rates could be affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws or their interpretation.
Changes to income tax laws and regulations in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate, or in the interpretation of such laws, could significantly increase our effective tax rate and adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. In December 2017,Various levels of government, including the U.S. enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("the Tax Act"), which significantly revised the U.S. federal corporate income tax law by, among other things, lowering the corporate income tax rate, implementing a territorial tax system, and imposing a one-time tax on unremitted cumulative non-U.S. earnings of foreign subsidiaries. As a result of the Tax Act, we recorded a discrete net tax expense of $180.6 for fiscal 2018, including a reduction in the deemed repatriation tax related to the taxation of deemed foreign dividends that may be eliminated by future legislation. Various levels of government, are increasingly focused on tax reform and other legislative action to increase tax revenue. Further changes in tax laws in the U.S. or foreign jurisdictions where we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

General Risk Factors
Catastrophic events could disrupt our operations or the operations of our suppliers or customers, having a negative impact on our business, financial results, and cash flows.
Our operations could be impacted by catastrophic events outside our control, including severe weather conditions such as hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, storms, epidemics, pandemics, acts of war, and terrorism. Any such event could cause a serious business disruption that could affect our ability to produce and distribute products and possibly expose us to third-party liability claims. Additionally, such events could impact our suppliers, customers, and partners, which could cause energy and raw materials to be unavailable to us, or our customers to be unable to purchase or accept our products and services. Any such occurrence could have a negative impact on our operations and financial results.
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The United Kingdom’s (“UK”) exit from European Union (“EU”) membership could adversely affect our European Operations.
Although the UK’s exit from EU membership on 31 January 2021 ("Brexit") did not result in material disruptions to customer demand, our relationships with customers and suppliers, or our European business, the ultimate effects of Brexit on us are still difficult to predict. Adverse consequences from Brexit may include greater restrictions on imports and exports between the UK and EU members and increased regulatory complexities. Any of these factors could adversely affect customer demand, our relationships with customers and suppliers, and our European business overall.
Inability to compete effectively in a segment could adversely impact sales and financial performance.
We face strong competition from large global competitors and many smaller regional competitors in many of our business segments. Introduction by competitors of new technologies, competing products, or additional capacity could incur significant liability if the distributionweaken demand for, or impact pricing of Versum common stock to our stockholders is determined to be a taxable transaction.products, negatively impacting financial results. In addition, competitors’ pricing policies could affect our profitability or market share.
We have received an opinion from outside tax counsel to the effect that the spin-off of Versum qualifies as a transaction that is described in Sections 355(a) and 368(a)(1)(D) of the Internal Revenue Code. The opinion relies on certain facts, assumptions, representations and undertakings from Versum and us regarding the past and future conduct of the companies’ respective businesses and other matters. If any of these facts, assumptions, representations or undertakings are incorrect or not satisfied, our shareholders and we may not be able to rely on the opinion of tax counsel and could be subject to significant tax liabilities. Notwithstanding the opinion of tax counsel we have received, the IRS could determine on audit that the spin-off is taxable if it determines that any of these facts, assumptions, representations or undertakings are not correct or have been violated or if it disagrees with the conclusions in the opinion. If the spin-off is determined to be taxable for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our shareholders that are subject to U.S. federal income tax and we could incur significant U.S. federal income tax liabilities.

ITEMItem 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTSUnresolved Staff Comments.
We have not received any written comments from the Commission staff that remain unresolved.

ITEMItem 2. PROPERTIESProperties.
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. owns its principal administrative offices which are the Company’s headquarters located in Trexlertown, Pennsylvania, and the Company's new global headquarters and co-located research and development facility in Allentown, Pennsylvania, as well as regional offices in Hersham, England,England; Medellin, Colombia; and Santiago, Chile. The Company leasesWe lease the principal administrative officeoffices in Shanghai, China. The Company leasesChina; Pune, India; Vadodara, India; and Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. We lease administrative offices in the United States, Canada, Spain, Malaysia, and China for itsour Global Business Support organization.
The following is a descriptionDescriptions of the properties used by our five business segments.segments are provided below. We believe that our facilities are suitable and adequate for our current and anticipated future levels of operation.
Industrial Gases – Americas
This business segment currently operates from over 400425 production and distribution facilities in North and South America (approximately one-fourthAmerica. Approximately 25% of whichthese facilities are located on owned property),property and 10% of which are integrated sites that serve dedicated customers as well as merchant customers. The Company hasWe have sufficient property rights and permits for the ongoing operation of our pipeline systems in the Gulf Coast, California, and Arizona in the United States and Alberta and Ontario in Canada. Management and sales support is based in our Trexlertown, Medellin, and Santiago offices referred to above, and at 12 leased properties located throughout North and South America.
Hydrogen fueling stations built by the Company support commercial markets in California and Japan as well as demonstration projects in Europe and other parts of Asia.
Industrial Gases – EMEA
This business segment currently operates from over 180200 production and distribution facilities in Europe, the Middle East, India, and Africa, (approximatelyapproximately one-third of which are on owned property). The Company hasproperty. We have sufficient property rights and permits for the ongoing operation of our pipeline systems in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, and Germany. Management and sales support for this business segment is based in Hersham, England, referred to above,above; Barcelona, SpainSpain; and at 16 leased regional office sites and at least 15 leased local office sites, located throughout the region.
Industrial Gases – Asia
Industrial Gases – AsiaThis business segment currently operates from over 170200 production and distribution facilities within Asia, (approximately one-fourthapproximately 25% of which are on owned property or long durationlong-duration term grants). The Company hasgrants. We have sufficient property rights and permits for the ongoing operation of our pipeline systems in China, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Management and sales support for this business segment is based in Shanghai, China, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and in 1830 leased office locations throughout the region.

17
Table of Contents
Industrial Gases – Global
Management, sales, and engineering support for this business segment is based in our principal administrative offices noted above, and an office in India.above.
Equipment is manufactured in Missouri Pennsylvania,in the United States and Shanghai, China.
Research and development ("R&D") activities for this business segment are primarily conducted at owned locations in the U.S.,United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain, and 4 leased locations in Canada, Europe, and Asia.Saudi Arabia.
Helium is processed at multiple sites in the U.S.United States and then distributed to/to and from transfill sites globally.
Corporate and other
Corporate administrative functions are based in the Company’sour administrative offices referred to above.
The LNG business operates a manufacturing facility in Florida in the United States with management, engineering, and sales support based in the Trexlertown offices referred to above and a nearby leased office.above.
The Gardner Cryogenic business operates at facilities in Pennsylvania and Kansas in the United States and in France.States.
The Rotoflow business operates manufacturing and service facilities in Texas and Pennsylvania in the United States with management, engineering, and sales support based in the Trexlertown offices referred to above and a nearby leased office.

ITEMItem 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGSLegal Proceedings.
In the normal course of business, the Companywe and itsour subsidiaries are involved in various legal proceedings, including contract,commercial, competition, environmental, intellectual property, regulatory, product liability, intellectual property,and insurance and regulatory matters. Although litigation with respect to these matters is routine and incidental to the conduct of our business, such litigation could result in large monetary awards, especially if compensatory and/or punitive damages are awarded. However, we believe that litigation currently pending to which we are a party will be resolved without any material adverse effect on our financial position, earnings, or cash flows.
From time to time, we are also involved in proceedings, investigations, and audits involving governmental authorities in connection with environmental, health, safety, competition, and tax matters.
The Company isWe are a party to proceedings under CERCLA, the RCRA, and similar state and foreign environmental laws relating to the designation of certain sites for investigation or remediation. Presently there are 3231 sites on which a final settlement has not been reached where the Company,we, along with others, hashave been designated a potentially responsible party by the Environmental Protection Agency or is otherwise engaged in investigation or remediation, including cleanup activity at certain of its current and former manufacturing sites. We do not expect that any sums we may have to pay in connection with these environmental matters would have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial position. Additional information on the Company’sour environmental exposure is included under Item 1. Business, 1, Business–Environmental Controls.Regulation, and Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements.
In September 2010, the Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense ("CADE") issued a decision against our Brazilian subsidiary, Air Products Brasil Ltda., and several other Brazilian industrial gas companies for alleged anticompetitive activities. CADE imposed a civil fine of R$179.2 million (approximately $44$33 million at 30 September 2018)2021) on Air Products Brasil Ltda. This fine was based on a recommendation by a unit of the Brazilian Ministry of Justice, whosefollowing an investigation beganbeginning in 2003, allegingwhich alleged violation of competition laws with respect to the sale of industrial and medical gases. The fines are based on a percentage of the Company’sour total revenue in Brazil in 2003.
18
Table of Contents
We have denied the allegations made by the authorities and filed an appeal in October 2010 towith the Brazilian courts. On 6 May 2014, our appeal was granted and the fine against Air Products Brasil Ltda. was dismissed. CADE has appealed that ruling and the matter remains pending. The Company,We, with advice of itsour outside legal counsel, hashave assessed the status of this matter and hashave concluded that, although an adverse final judgment after exhausting all appeals is possible, such a judgment is not probable. As a result, no provision has been made in the consolidated financial statements. In the event of an adverse final judgment, we estimate the maximum possible loss to be the full amount of the fine of R$179.2 million (approximately $33 million at 30 September 2021) plus interest accrued thereon until final disposition of the proceedings.
Additionally, Winter Storm Uri, a severe winter weather storm in the U.S. Gulf Coast in February 2021, disrupted our operations and caused power and natural gas prices to spike significantly in Texas. We are currently in the early stages of litigation of a dispute regarding energy management services related to the impact of this unusual event, and other disputes may arise from such power price increases. In addition, legislative action may affect power supply and energy management charges. While it is reasonably possible that we could incur additional costs related to power supply and energy management services in Texas related to the winter storm, it is too early to estimate potential losses, if any, given significant unknowns resulting from the unusual nature of this event.
Other than this matter,the matters discussed above, we do not currently believe there are any legal proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, that are reasonably possible to have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. However, a future charge for regulatory fines or damage awards could have a significant impact on our net income in the period in which it is recorded.

ITEMItem 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURESMine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicableapplicable.
19

Table of Contents
PART II


ITEMItem 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS,
AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIESMarket for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Our common stock (ticker symbol APD) is listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Our transfer agent and registrar is Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, Inc., P.O. Box 1342, Brentwood, New York 11717, telephone (844) 318-0129 (U.S.) or (720) 358-3595 (all other locations); website, http://shareholder.broadridge.com/airproducts; and e-mail address, shareholder@broadridge.com.Exchange under the symbol "APD." As of 31 October 2018,2021, there were 5,3914,722 record holders of our common stock.
Cash dividends on the Company’sour common stock are paid quarterly. It is our expectation that we will continue to pay cash dividends in the future at comparable or increased levels. The Board of Directors determines whether to declare dividends and the timing and amount based on financial condition and other factors it deems relevant. Dividend information for each quarter of fiscal years 20182021 and 20172020 is summarized below:
20212020
2018
2017
Fourth quarterFourth quarter$1.50 $1.34 
Third quarterThird quarter$1.50 $1.34 
Second quarterSecond quarter$1.50 $1.34 
First quarter
$.95

$.86
First quarter$1.34 $1.16 
Second quarter1.10
.95
Third quarter1.10
.95
Fourth quarter1.10
.95
Total
$4.25

$3.71
Total$5.84 $5.18 
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer
On 15 September 2011, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $1.0 billion of our outstanding common stock. This program does not have a stated expiration date. We repurchase shares pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, through repurchase agreements established with one or more brokers. There were no purchases of stock during fiscal year 2018.2021. At 30 September 2018,2021, $485.3 million in share repurchase authorization remained. Additional purchases will be completed at the Company’sour discretion while maintaining sufficient funds for investing in its businessesour business and pursuing growth opportunities.

20
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Performance Graph
The performance graph below compares the five-year cumulative returns of the Company’sour common stock with those of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (S("S&P 500 Index)Index") and the Standard & Poor’s 500 Materials Index (S("S&P 500 Materials Index)Index"). The figures assume an initial investment of $100 and the reinvestment of all dividends.
COMPARISON OF FIVE YEAR CUMULATIVE SHAREHOLDER RETURNapd-20210930_g2.jpg
Air Products, S&P 500 Index, and S&P 500 Materials Index
Sept 2016Sept 2017Sept 2018Sept 2019Sept 2020Sept 2021
Air Products & Chemicals, Inc.100112127173238209
S&P 500 Index100119140146168218
S&P 500 Materials Index100121126130145184
Comparative Growth of a $100 Investment
(Assumes Reinvestment of All Dividends)
chart-8be20c861a9853fdb1f.jpgItem 6. [Reserved]
Not applicable.
21
 Sept 2013Sept 2014Sept 2015Sept 2016Sept 2017Sept 2018
Air Products100128122149168191
S&P 500 Index100120116137161191
S&P 500 Materials Index10012296120146152

ITEM 6.    SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Unless otherwise indicated, information presented is on a continuing operations basis.
Table of Contents
(Millions of dollars, except for share and per share data)
2018(A)

2017(A)

2016(A)

2015(A)

2014(A)

Operating Results     
Sales
$8,930

$8,188

$7,504

$7,824

$8,384
Cost of sales(B)
6,190
5,752
5,177
5,584
6,178
Selling and administrative(B)
761
714
684
765
876
Research and development65
58
72
76
78
Cost reduction and asset actions—
151
35
180
11
Operating income(B)
1,966
1,440
1,535
1,276
976
Equity affiliates’ income(C)
175
80
147
152
149
Income from continuing operations attributable to Air Products1,456
1,134
1,100
933
697
Net income attributable to Air Products(D)
1,498
3,000
631
1,278
992
Basic earnings per common share attributable to Air Products:     
Income from continuing operations6.64
5.20
5.08
4.34
3.28
Net income(D)
6.83
13.76
2.92
5.95
4.66
Diluted earnings per common share attributable to Air Products:     
Income from continuing operations6.59
5.16
5.04
4.29
3.24
Net income(D)
6.78
13.65
2.89
5.88
4.61
Year-End Financial Position     
Plant and equipment, at cost
$21,490

$19,548

$18,660

$17,999

$18,180
Total assets(D)
19,178
18,467
18,029
17,317
17,648
Working capital(D)
2,744
3,388
1,034
(851)199
Total debt(E)
3,813
3,963
5,211
5,856
6,081
Air Products shareholders’ equity(D)
10,858
10,086
7,080
7,249
7,366
Total equity(D)
11,176
10,186
7,213
7,381
7,521
Financial Ratios     
Return on average Air Products shareholders’ equity(F)
13.9%13.2%15.4%12.7%9.5%
Operating margin(B)
22.0%17.6%20.5%16.3%11.6%
Selling and administrative as a percentage of sales(B)
8.5%8.7%9.1%9.8%10.4%
Total debt to total capitalization(E)(G)
25.4%28.0%41.9%44.2%43.8%
Other Data     
Income from continuing operations including noncontrolling interests
$1,491

$1,155

$1,122

$966

$691
Adjusted EBITDA(B)(H)
3,116
2,799
2,622
2,422
2,322
Adjusted EBITDA margin(B)
34.9%34.2%34.9%31.0%27.7%
Depreciation and amortization971
866
855
859
876
Capital expenditures on a GAAP basis(I)
1,914
1,056
908
1,201
1,297
Capital expenditures on a non-GAAP basis(I)
1,934
1,066
935
1,575
1,498
Cash provided by operating activities2,555
2,534
2,259
2,047
1,862
Cash used for investing activities(1,649)(1,418)(865)(1,147)(1,257)
Cash used for financing activities(1,360)(2,041)(860)(960)(524)
Dividends declared per common share4.25
3.71
3.39
3.20
3.02
Weighted Average Common Shares – Basic (in millions)219
218
216
215
213
Weighted Average Common Shares – Diluted (in millions)221
220
218
217
215
Book value per common share at year-end
$49.46

$46.19

$32.57

$33.66

$34.49
Shareholders at year-end5,500
5,700
6,000
6,400
6,600
Employees at year-end(J)
16,300
15,300
18,600
19,700
21,200
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

22
23
25
25
31
36
Unless otherwise stated, selected financial data is presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The Company has presented certain financial measures on a non-GAAP (“adjusted”) basis to exclude items which management does not believe to be indicative of ongoing business trends. Refer to pages 33-39 for reconciliations of the GAAP to non-GAAP measures for fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016. Descriptions of the excluded items appear on pages 25-28. For fiscal year 2015, these items include: (i) a charge to operating income of $8 ($.03 per share) related to business separation costs, (ii) a charge to operating income of $180 ($133 after-tax, or $.61 per share) related to business restructuring and cost reduction actions, (iii) a gain of $18 ($11 after tax, or $.05 per share) reflected in operating income related to the gain on previously held equity interest in a liquefied atmospheric industrial gases production joint venture, (iv) a gain of $34 ($28 after tax, or $.13 per share) reflected in operating income resulting from the sale of two parcels of land, and (v) a charge to other non-operating income (expense), net related to pension settlement losses of $19 ($12 after-tax, or $.06 per share). For fiscal year 2014, these items include: (i) a charge to operating income of $11 ($7 after-tax, or $.03 per share) related to business restructuring and cost reduction actions, (ii) a charge to operating income of $310 ($275 attributable to Air Products, after-tax, or $1.27 per share) related to the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets, and (iii) a charge to other non-operating income (expense), net related to pension settlement losses of $5 ($3 after-tax, or $.02 per share).
39
(B)
Reflects adoption of guidance on presentation of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost on a retrospective basis during the first quarter of fiscal year 2018. Refer to Note 2, New Accounting Guidance, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
(C)
Fiscal year 2017 includes the third quarter impact of an other-than-temporary noncash impairment charge of $79.5 ($.36 per share) on our investment in Abdullah Hashim Industrial Gases & Equipment Co., Ltd. (AHG), a 25%‑owned equity affiliate in our Industrial Gases – EMEA segment.
(D)
Information presented on a total company basis, which includes both continuing and discontinued operations.
(E)
Total debt includes long-term debt, including debt to related parties, current portion of long-term debt, and short-term borrowings as of the end of the year for continuing operations.
(F)
Calculated using income from continuing operations attributable to Air Products and five-quarter average Air Products shareholders’ equity.
(G)
Total capitalization includes total debt for continuing operations plus total equity plus redeemable noncontrolling interest as of the end of the year. Redeemable noncontrolling interest was $287 as of 30 September 2014. There was no redeemable noncontrolling interest for the other periods presented.
(H)
A reconciliation of income from continuing operations on a GAAP basis to adjusted EBITDA is presented on pages 36-39.
(I)
Capital expenditures presented on a GAAP basis include additions to plant and equipment, acquisitions, less cash acquired, and investment in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates. The Company utilizes a non-GAAP measure in the computation of capital expenditures and includes spending associated with facilities accounted for as capital leases and purchases of noncontrolling interests. Refer to page 41 for a reconciliation of the GAAP to non-GAAP measures for fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016. In fiscal year 2015, the GAAP measure was adjusted by $96 and $278 for spending associated with facilities accounted for as capital leases and purchases of noncontrolling interests, respectively. In fiscal year 2014, the GAAP measure was adjusted by $200 for spending associated with facilities accounted for as capital leases.
(J)
Includes full- and part-time employees from continuing and discontinued operations.

ITEM 7.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS
OF OPERATIONS
20
2018 in Summary
21
2019 Outlook
23
Results of Operations
23
Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
33
Liquidity and Capital Resources
40
Contractual Obligations
43
Pension Benefits
45
Environmental Matters
46
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
47
Related Party Transactions
48
Inflation
48
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
4841
New Accounting Guidance
55
This Management’s Discussion and Analysis contains “forward-looking statements” within the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements about business outlook. These forward-looking statements are based on management’s expectations and assumptions as of the date of this reportAnnual Report on Form 10-K and are not guarantees of future performance. Actual performance and financial results may differ materially from projections and estimates expressed in the forward-looking statements because of many factors not anticipated by management, including, without limitation, those described in our Forward-Looking Statements and Part I, Item 1A. 1A, Risk Factors, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Report.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes contained in this report.Annual Report. Unless otherwise indicated,stated, financial information is presented in millions of dollars, except for per share data. Except for net income, which includes the results of discontinued operations, financial information is presented on a continuing operations basis. All comparisons in
The content of our Management's Discussion and Analysis has been updated pursuant to SEC disclosure modernization rules that are effective as of the date of this Annual Report. Comparisons of our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources are for fiscal years 2021 and 2020. For a discussion of changes from fiscal year 2019 to fiscal year 2020 and other financial information related to fiscal year 2019, refer to Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2020. This document was filed with the SEC on 19 November 2020.
The financial measures discussed below are to the corresponding prior year, unless otherwise stated. All amounts presented are in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)("GAAP"), except as noted. All amounts are presented in millions of dollars, except for per share data, unless otherwise indicated.
Captions such as income from continuing operations attributable to Air Products, net income attributable to Air Products, and diluted earnings per share attributable to Air Products are simply referred to as “income from continuing operations,” “net income,” and “diluted earnings per share (EPS)” throughout this Management’s Discussion and Analysis, unless otherwise stated.
The discussion of results that follows includes comparisons toWe present certain non-GAAP ("adjusted") financial measures. The presentation of non-GAAP measures is intended to provide investors, potential investors, securities analysts, and others with useful supplemental information to evaluate the performance of the businesson an "adjusted," or "non-GAAP," basis because we believe such measures, when viewed together with our financial results computed in accordance with GAAP, provide a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our historical financial performanceperformance. For each non-GAAP financial measure, including adjusted diluted earnings per share ("EPS"), adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted effective tax rate, and projected future results. Thecapital expenditures, we present a reconciliation to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. These reconciliations and explanations regarding the use of reported GAAP results to non-GAAP measures are presented under "Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" beginning on pages 33-39. Descriptions ofpage 31.
For information concerning activity with our related parties, refer to Note 22, Supplemental Information, to the excluded items appear on pages 25-28.consolidated financial statements.
BUSINESS OVERVIEW
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. is, a world-leading Industrial Gases companyDelaware corporation originally founded in operation for over 75 years. The Company’s core industrial1940, serves customers globally with a unique portfolio of products, services, and solutions that include atmospheric gases, business provides atmospheric, process and specialty gases, equipment, and services. Focused on serving energy, environment and emerging markets, we provide essential industrial gases, related equipment, and applications expertise to manycustomers in dozens of industries, including refining, chemical, gasification,chemicals, metals, electronics, manufacturing, and food and beverage. Air Products is alsoWe are the world’sworld's largest supplier of hydrogen and have built leading supplier ofpositions in growth markets such as helium and liquefied natural gas (LNG)("LNG") process technology and equipment. We develop, engineer, build, own, and operate some of the world's largest industrial gas projects, including gasification projects that sustainably convert abundant natural resources into syngas for the production of high-value power, fuels, and chemicals and are developing carbon capture projects and world-scale low carbon and carbon-free hydrogen projects that will support global transportation and the energy transition away from fossil fuels.
22
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With operations in over 50 countries, in fiscal year 20182021 we had sales of $8.9$10.3 billion and assets of $19.2 billion,$26.9 billion. Approximately 20,875 passionate, talented, and a worldwide workforce of approximately 16,300 full-committed employees from diverse backgrounds are driven by our higher purpose to create innovative solutions that benefit the environment, enhance sustainability, and part-time employees.address the challenges facing customers, communities, and the world.
As of 30 September 2018,2021, our operations were organized into five reportable business segments: segments under which we managed our operations, assessed performance, and reported earnings:
•Industrial Gases – Americas;
•Industrial Gases – EMEA (Europe, Middle East, and Africa);
•Industrial Gases – Asia;
•Industrial Gases – Global; and
•Corporate and other. The financial statementsother
This Management’s Discussion and analysis that follow discussAnalysis discusses our results based on these operations. Refer to Note 25, 23, Business Segment and Geographic Information, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details on our reportable business segments.

On 4 November 2021, we announced the reorganization of our industrial gases segments effective 1 October 2021. Refer to Note 24, Subsequent Events, for additional information.
20182021 IN SUMMARY
In fiscal year 2018,2021, we delivered strong safety and financial results. Sales of $8.9 billion increased nine percent over the prior year primarily driven by higher volumes from base business growth and new, large industrial gas project onstreams. The higher regional volumes were partially offset by lower sale of equipment activity on our Jazan project as we near project completion. In addition, we begancontinued to execute our growth strategy, including announcement of several new gasification, strategy withcarbon capture, and hydrogen projects that will drive the completionworld’s energy transition from fossil fuels. At the same time, we remained focused on our base business, delivering consistent results despite external challenges globally and onstreamabsorbing costs for additional resources needed to support growth. In the second half of the Lu'An acquisitionyear, demand for most merchant products returned to pre-pandemic levels. Additionally, we continued to create shareholder value by increasing the quarterly dividend on our common stock to $1.50 per share, representing a 12% increase from the previous dividend. This is the 39th consecutive year that we have increased our quarterly dividend payment.
Fiscal year 2021 results are summarized below:
•Sales of $10.3 billion increased 17%, or $1.5 billion, due to higher energy and our announcementsnatural gas cost pass-through to customers, higher volumes, favorable currency impacts, and positive pricing that more than offset power cost increases in the second half of the Jazan gasifier/power project in Jazan, Saudi Arabia, the Yankuang coal-to-syngas production facility in Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, China,year.
•Operating income of $2,281.4 increased 2%, or $43.8, and the Jiutai coal-to-syngas project in Hohhot, China.
We delivered operating margin of 22.0%22.1% decreased 320 basis points ("bp").
•Net income of $2,114.9 increased 10%, or $183.8, and net income margin of 20.5% decreased 130 bp.
•Adjusted EBITDA of $3,883.2 increased 7%, or $263.4, and adjusted EBITDA margin of 34.9%. 37.6% decreased 330 bp.
•Diluted EPS of $6.59$9.12 increased 28% from the prior year. On a non-GAAP basis, adjusted diluted EPS of $7.45 increased 18%.
Highlights for 2018
Sales of $8,930.2 increased 9%7%, or $742.6, from underlying sales growth of 7% and favorable currency impacts of 2%. The underlying sales growth was primarily driven by higher volumes across all regional Industrial Gases segments, partially offset by lower sale of equipment activity in the Industrial Gases – Global segment.
Operating income of $1,965.6 increased 37%, or $525.6, and operating margin of 22.0% increased 440 bp. On a non‑GAAP basis, adjusted operating income of $1,941.5 increased 9%, or $167.7, and adjusted operating margin of 21.7% was flat.
Income from continuing operations of $1,455.6 increased 28%, or $321.2, and diluted EPS of $6.59 increased 28%, or $1.43. On a non-GAAP basis, adjusted income from continuing operations of $1,644.7 increased 19%, or $258.8,$0.57 per share, and adjusted diluted EPS of $7.45$9.02 increased 18%8%, or $1.14.$0.64 per share. A summary table of changes in diluted earningsEPS is presented below.
23
Table of Contents
Changes in Diluted EPS Attributable to Air Products
The per share isimpacts presented in the table below were calculated independently and may not sum to the total change in diluted EPS due to rounding.
Increase
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020(Decrease)
Total Diluted EPS$9.43 $8.49 $0.94 
Less: Diluted EPS from income (loss) from discontinued operations0.32 (0.06)0.38 
Diluted EPS From Continuing Operations$9.12 $8.55 $0.57 
Operating Impacts
Underlying business
Volume(A)
$— 
Price, net of variable costs0.34 
Other costs(0.46)
Currency0.35 
Facility closure(0.08)
Company headquarters relocation income(0.12)
Gain on exchange with joint venture partner0.12 
Total Operating Impacts$0.15 
Other Impacts
Equity affiliates' income$0.23 
Interest expense(0.12)
Other non-operating income (expense), net0.16 
Change in effective tax rate, excluding discrete items below0.02 
India Finance Act 2020(0.06)
Tax election benefit and other0.05 
Noncontrolling interests(A)
0.13 
Weighted average diluted shares(0.01)
Total Other Impacts$0.40 
Total Change in Diluted EPS From Continuing Operations$0.57 
(A)Despite higher sales volumes, the volume impact on the following page.
Adjusted EBITDA of $3,115.5 increased 11%, or $316.3. Adjusted EBITDA margin of 34.9% increased 70 bp.
We completed the formation of a syngas supplydiluted EPS was flat due to reduced contributions from our 60%-owned joint venture with Lu'An including the acquisition of Lu'An's gasification and syngas purification assets.
We increased our quarterly dividend by 16% from $.95 to $1.10 per share, or $4.40 per share annually, the largest increase inClean Energy Company history. This represents the 36th consecutive year that we have increasedconsolidate within our dividend payment.

Changes in Diluted Earnings per Share AttributableIndustrial Gases – Asia segment. Refer to Air Products
      Increase
  2018 2017 (Decrease)
Diluted Earnings per Share      
Net income 
$6.78
 
$13.65
 
($6.87)
Income from discontinued operations .19
 8.49
 (8.30)
Income from Continuing Operations – GAAP 
$6.59
 
$5.16
 
$1.43
Operating Income Impact (after-tax)      
Underlying business      
Volume     
$.71
Price/raw materials     .16
Costs     (.45)
Currency     .16
Change in inventory valuation method     .08
Business separation costs     .12
Cost reduction and asset actions     .49
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge     .70
Gain on land sale     (.03)
Total Operating Income Impact (after-tax)     
$1.94
Other Impact (after-tax)      
Equity affiliates' income     .15
Equity method investment impairment charge     .36
Interest expense     (.03)
Other non-operating income (expense), net     (.04)
Income tax     .44
Tax reform repatriation     (2.16)
Tax reform benefit related to deemed foreign dividends     .25
Tax reform rate change and other     .96
Tax restructuring     .16
Tax benefit associated with business separation     (.02)
Tax election benefit     (.50)
Noncontrolling interests     (.05)
Weighted average diluted shares     (.03)
Total Other Impact (after-tax)     
($.51)
Total Change in Diluted Earnings per Share from Continuing Operations – GAAP Measure     
$1.43

      Increase
  2018 2017 (Decrease)
Income from Continuing Operations – GAAP Basis 
$6.59
 
$5.16
 
$1.43
Change in inventory valuation method (.08) —
 
($.08)
Business separation costs —
 .12
 (.12)
Tax benefit associated with business separation —
 (.02) .02
Cost reduction and asset actions —
 .49
 (.49)
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge —
 .70
 (.70)
Gain on land sale —
 (.03) .03
Equity method investment impairment charge —
 .36
 (.36)
Pension settlement loss .15
 .03
 .12
Tax reform repatriation 2.16
 —
 2.16
Tax reform benefit related to deemed foreign dividends (.25) —
 (.25)
Tax reform rate change and other (.96) —
 (.96)
Tax restructuring (.16) —
 (.16)
Tax election benefit —
 (.50) .50
Income from Continuing Operations – Non-GAAP Measure 
$7.45
 
$6.31
 
$1.14
2019 OUTLOOK
In fiscal year 2019, we intend to grow our earningsthe sales discussion below for additional detail. The volume impact from the Lu'An facility is partially offset by continuing to improve our base businesses and by bringing new, large projects onstream. We expect the full yearpositive impact of the Lu'An project to be a large contributorlower net income being attributed to our earnings growth. Backed by our strong financial position, we will strive to continue to win and invest in key growth projects, including large gasification projects that are consistent with our onsite business model. In addition, we expect lower salejoint venture partner within "Noncontrolling interests."
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020Increase
(Decrease)
Diluted EPS From Continuing Operations$9.12 $8.55 $0.57 
Facility closure0.08 — 0.08 
Gain on exchange with joint venture partner(0.12)— (0.12)
Company headquarters relocation income— (0.12)0.12 
India Finance Act 2020— (0.06)0.06 
Tax election benefit and other(0.05)— (0.05)
Adjusted Diluted EPS From Continuing Operations$9.02 $8.38 $0.64 

24
Table of equipment activity from our Jazan project as it nears completion.Contents
2022 OUTLOOK
The above guidance below should be read in conjunction with the section entitled “Forward-Looking Statements”Forward-Looking Statements of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We believe our achievements in 2021 are just the beginning of our journey providing gasification, carbon capture, and hydrogen for mobility solutions to address the world’s most significant energy and environmental sustainability challenges. For example, we expect our world-scale Jazan gasification project with Aramco, ACWA Power, and Air Products Qudra to begin contributing to our results in the first quarter of fiscal year 2022. We expect to continue to pursue new, high-return opportunities that are aligned with our growth strategy and to add the resources necessary for project development and execution. We remain committed to creating shareholder value through capital deployment and delivering increased dividends, as we have done for the past 39 consecutive years.
The duration and extent of ongoing global challenges, such as rising energy costs, energy consumption curtailment, and supply chain disruptions, remain uncertain. For our merchant business, we plan to continue pricing actions to recover higher energy costs. We expect to add new projects to our onsite business model, which has contractual protection from energy cost fluctuations and generates stable cash flow. We expect higher costs from planned maintenance activities on our facilities in fiscal year 2022 and higher pension expense resulting from lower expected returns on assets.
Additionally, we expect the Lu’An facility to continue operating under the interim agreement discussed below through fiscal year 2022.
In fiscal year 2022, we will also continue to focus on our other sustainability goals, including our commitment to reduce our carbon dioxide emissions intensity and advance diversity and inclusion.
On 4 November 2021, we announced the reorganization of our industrial gases segments, including the separation of our Industrial Gases – EMEA segment into two separate reporting segments: Industrial Gases – Europe and Industrial Gases – Middle East. The results of an affiliate formerly reflected in the Industrial Gases – Asia segment will now be reported in the Industrial Gases – Middle East segment. Additionally, the results of our Industrial Gases – Global operating segment will be reflected in the Corporate and other segment. Beginning with our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the first quarter of fiscal year 2022, segment results will be presented on a retrospective basis to reflect the reorganization.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Discussion of Consolidated Results
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020$ ChangeChange
GAAP Measures
Sales$10,323.0$8,856.3$1,466.7 17 %
Operating income2,281.42,237.643.8 2 %
Operating margin22.1 %25.3 %(320) bp
Equity affiliates’ income$294.1$264.829.3 11 %
Net income2,114.91,931.1183.8 10 %
Net income margin20.5 %21.8 %(130) bp
Non-GAAP Measures
Adjusted EBITDA$3,883.2$3,619.8263.4 7 %
Adjusted EBITDA margin37.6 %40.9 %(330) bp
 2018
2017
2016
Sales
$8,930.2

$8,187.6

$7,503.7
Operating income1,965.6
1,440.0
1,535.1
Operating margin22.0%17.6%20.5%
Equity affiliates’ income174.8
80.1
147.0
Income from continuing operations1,455.6
1,134.4
1,099.5
Non-GAAP Measures   
Adjusted EBITDA
$3,115.5

$2,799.2

$2,621.8
Adjusted EBITDA margin34.9%34.2%34.9%
Adjusted operating income1,941.5
1,773.8
1,620.2
Adjusted operating margin21.7%21.7%21.6%
Adjusted equity affiliates' income203.3
159.6
147.0

Sales % Change from Prior Year
Volume5 %
Price2 %
Energy and natural gas cost pass-through6 %
Currency4 %
Total Consolidated Sales Change17%
25
 % Change from Prior Year  
Sales2018
2017
Underlying business  
Volume6%6 %
Price1%1 %
Energy and raw material cost pass-through—%3 %
Currency2%(1)%
Total Consolidated Sales Change9%9 %

2018 vs. 2017Table of Contents
Sales of $8,930.2$10,323.0 increased 9%17%, or $742.6. Underlying sales increased 7% from higher volumes of 6% and higher pricing of 1%. Volumes were higher across all regional Industrial Gases segments driven by new project onstreams, primarily in the Industrial Gases – Asia and Industrial Gases – EMEA segments, underlying base business growth, and an equipment sale resulting from the termination of a contract in the Industrial Gases – Asia segment. The regional volume increase was partially offset by lower sale of equipment activity in the Industrial Gases – Global segment. The pricing improvement was primarily attributable to the China and Europe merchant businesses. Energy and natural gas cost pass-through to customers was flat versus the prior year. Favorable currency impacts, primarily from the Euro, the British Pound Sterling, and the Chinese Renminbi, increased sales by 2%.
2017 vs. 2016
Sales of $8,187.6 increased 9.0%, or $683.9. Underlying sales increased 7% from higher volumes of 6% and higher pricing of 1%. Higher volumes, primarily$1,466.7, due to new project onstreams, underlying base business growth across the Industrial Gases regions, and continued progress on the Jazan project within our Industrial Gases – Global segment, were partially offset by lower LNG project activity in the Corporate and other segment. The pricing improvement was primarily attributable to the Industrial Gases – Asia segment. Higherhigher energy and natural gas cost pass-through to customers increased sales by 3%, and unfavorable currency effects reduced sales by 1%.
Operating Income and Margin
2018 vs. 2017
Operating income of $1,965.6 increased 37%6%, or $525.6, due to higher volumes of $204, a prior year goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge of $162, prior year cost reduction and asset actions of $151,5%, favorable currency impacts of $47, favorable4%, and positive pricing net of energy, fuel, and raw material costs, of $47, prior year business separation costs of $33, and a favorable impact from the change in inventory valuation method of $24, partially offset by unfavorable net operating costs of $130 and a prior year gain on land sale of $12. The increase in net operating costs was primarily driven by higher planned maintenance costs, lower cost reimbursement, including costs for transitions services, and higher costs to support growth opportunities. Operating margin of 22.0% increased 440 bp, primarily due to the goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge, cost reduction and asset actions, and business separation costs in the prior year.
On a non-GAAP basis, adjusted operating income of $1,941.5 increased 9%, or $167.7, primarily due to higher volumes, favorable currency impacts, and favorable pricing, net of energy, fuel, and raw material costs, partially offset by unfavorable net operating costs. Adjusted operating margin of 21.7% was flat as higher volumes and favorable pricing, net of power costs, were mostly offset by higher costs.
2017 vs. 2016
Operating income of $1,440.0 decreased 6%, or $95.1, as a goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge of $162, higher cost reduction and asset actions of $117, and unfavorable currency impacts of $9 were partially offset by favorable volumes of $83, favorable net operating costs of $73, lower business separation costs of $18, a gain on sale of land of $12, and favorable pricing, net of energy, fuel, and raw material costs of $7. Operating margin of 17.6% decreased 290 bp, primarily due to the goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge and higher cost reduction and asset actions.
On a non-GAAP basis, adjusted operating income of $1,773.8 increased 9%, or $153.6, primarily due to higher volumes and favorable cost performance. Adjusted operating margin of 21.7% increased 10 bp as lower costs were partially offset by2%. We experienced significantly higher energy and natural gas pass-throughcosts in the second half of fiscal year 2021, particularly in North America and Europe. Contractual provisions associated with our on-site business, which represents approximately half our total company sales, allow us to pass these costs to our customers.

Adjusted EBITDA
We define Adjusted EBITDA as income Positive volumes from continuing operations (including noncontrolling interests) excluding certain disclosed items, which the Company does not believe to be indicativenew assets, our sale of underlying business trends, before interest expense, other non-operating income (expense), net, income tax provision,equipment businesses, and depreciation and amortization expense. Adjusted EBITDA provides a useful metric for management to assess operating performance.
2018 vs. 2017
Adjusted EBITDA of $3,115.5 increased 11%, or $316.3, primarily due to higher volumes, favorable currency, positive pricing, and incomemerchant demand recovery from regional industrial gases equity affiliates,COVID-19 were partially offset by higher costs. Adjusted EBITDA marginreduced contributions from the Lu'An gasification project discussed below. Favorable currency was primarily driven by the appreciation of 34.9% increased 70 bp, primarily due to higher volumesthe British Pound Sterling, Chinese Renminbi, Euro, and income fromSouth Korean Won against the U.S. Dollar. Continued focus on pricing actions, including energy cost recovery, in our merchant businesses resulted in price improvement in each of our three regional industrial gases equity affiliates, partially offset by higher costs.segments.
2017 vs. 2016
Adjusted EBITDALu’An Clean Energy Company (“Lu’An”), a long-term onsite customer in Asia with which we have a consolidated joint venture, restarted its facility in the third quarter of $2,799.2 increased 7%, or $177.4, primarily due to higher volumes and favorable cost performance. Adjusted EBITDA margin of 34.2% decreased 70 bp, primarily due to a 90 bp impact from higher energy pass-through to customers.
Equity Affiliates’ Income
2018 vs. 2017
Income from equity affiliates of $174.8 increased $94.7. The fiscal year 2017 income included2021 following successful completion of major maintenance work in September 2020. Our facility resumed operations, and the joint venture is supplying product at reduced charges as agreed upon with Lu'An under a noncash impairment chargeshort-term agreement reached in the first quarter of $79.5 ($.36 per share) on our investment in Abdullah Hashim Industrial Gases & Equipment Co., Ltd. (AHG),fiscal year 2021. As a 25%-owned equity affiliateresult of this agreement, we recognized lower revenue in our Industrial Gases – EMEA segment. This charge has been excluded fromAsia segment results. Refer to Note 8, Summarized Financial Informationin each quarter of Equity Affiliates, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. Fiscal year 2018 included an expense of $28.5 resulting from the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Refer to Note 22, Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. On a non-GAAP basis, adjusted equity affiliates' income of $203.3 increased 27%, or $43.7, primarily driven by Industrial Gases – Americas and Industrial Gases – EMEA affiliates.
2017 vs. 2016
Income from equity affiliates of $80.1 decreased $66.9, primarily due to a noncash impairment charge of $79.5 ($.36 per share) on our investment in AHG in fiscal year 2017. On a non-GAAP basis, adjusted equity affiliates' income of $159.6 increased 9%, or $12.6.2021. We expect this short-term reduction in charges to extend through fiscal year 2022.
Cost of Sales and Gross Margin
2018 vs. 2017
CostTotal cost of sales of $6,189.5$7,209.3, including the facility closure discussed below, increased 8%23%, or $438.0, primarily due to higher costs attributable to sales volumes of $225, unfavorable currency impacts of $133, and higher other costs, including maintenance costs, of $97, partially offset by the benefit$1,351.2. The increase from the change in inventory valuation method from a last-in, first-out (LIFO) basis to a first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis of $24 in fiscalprior year 2018. For additional information on the change in inventory valuation method, refer to Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, and Note 7, Inventories, to the consolidated financial statements.
Gross margin of 30.7% increased 90 bp, primarily due to higher volumes, favorable pricing, net of raw materials, and the benefit from the change in inventory valuation adjustment, partially offset by higher other costs.
2017 vs. 2016
Cost of sales of $5,751.5 increased 11%, or $574.2, due to higher costs attributable to sales volumes of $418, higher energy and natural gas cost pass-through to customers of $218, and higher other costs of $21, partially offset by favorable currency impacts of $83.
Gross margin of 29.8% decreased 120 bp,was primarily due to higher energy and natural gas cost pass-through to customers of $479, higher costs associated with sales volumes of $433, unfavorable currency impacts of $233, and unfavorable volume mix.higher costs, including power and other cost inflation, of $183. Gross margin of 30.2% decreased 370 bp from 33.9% in the prior year, primarily due to higher energy and natural gas cost pass-through to customers, higher costs, and the reduced Lu'An contribution, partially offset by the positive impact of our pricing actions.

Facility Closure
In the second quarter of fiscal year 2021, we recorded a charge of $23.2 ($17.4 after-tax, or $0.08 per share) primarily for a noncash write-down of assets associated with a contract termination in the Industrial Gases – Americas segment. This charge is reflected as "Facility closure" on our consolidated income statements for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2021 and was not recorded in segment results.
Selling and Administrative Expense
2018 vs. 2017
Selling and administrative expense of $760.8$828.4 increased 7%, or $47.3,$52.5, primarily driven by higher spending for business development resources to support our growth strategy and unfavorable currency impacts and higher costs to support growth opportunities, partially offset by cost reductions associated with the completion of transition services agreements with Versum and Evonik.impacts. Selling and administrative expense as a percentpercentage of sales decreased to 8.5%8.0% from 8.8% in fiscal year 2018 from 8.7% in fiscal year 2017.
2017 vs. 2016
Selling and administrative expense of $713.5 increased4%, or $29.7, primarily due to costs in support of transition services agreements with Versum and Evonik, for which the reimbursement is reflected in "Other income (expense), net." Selling and administrative expense as a percent of sales decreased to 8.7% in fiscal year 2017 from 9.1% in fiscal year 2016.prior year.
Research and Development
2018 vs. 2017
Research and development expense of $64.5$93.5 increased 12%11%, or $6.9. $9.6, primarily due to higher product development costs in our Industrial Gases – Global segment. Research and development expense as a percentpercentage of sales in fiscal years 2018 and 2017of 0.9% was .7%.flat versus the prior year.
Gain on Exchange with Joint Venture Partner
2017 vs. 2016
Research and development expenseIn the second quarter of $57.6 decreased 20%, or $14.2. Research and development expense as a percent of sales decreased to .7% in fiscal year 2017 from 1.0%2021, we recognized a gain of $36.8 ($27.3 after-tax, or $0.12 per share) on an exchange with the Tyczka Group, a former joint venture partner in fiscal year 2016.
Business Separation Costs
In fiscal year 2017, we completed the separationour Industrial Gases – EMEA segment. As part of the divisions comprising the former Materials Technologies segment through the spin-offexchange, we separated our 50/50 joint venture in Germany into two separate businesses so each party could acquire a portion of the Electronics Materials Division (EMD) as Versum Materials, Inc. (Versum)business on a 100% basis. The gain included $12.7 from the revaluation of our previously held equity interest in the portion of the business that we retained and $24.1 from the sale of our equity interest in the Performance Materials Division (PMD) to Evonik Industries AG (Evonik). For additional informationremaining business. The gain is reflected as "Gain on exchange with joint venture partner" on our consolidated income statements for the dispositions, referfiscal year ended 30 September 2021 and was not recorded in segment results. Refer to Note 3, Discontinued Operations, to the consolidated financial statements.
In connection with the dispositions, we incurred net separation costs of $30.2 ($26.5 after-tax, or $.12 per share) in fiscal year 2017. The net costs include legal and advisory fees of $32.5, which are reflected on the consolidated income statements as “Business separation costs,” and a pension settlement benefit of $2.3 presented within "Other non-operating income (expense), net." Our fiscal year 2017 income tax provision includes net tax benefits of $5.5 ($.02 per share), primarily related to changes in tax positions on business separation activities.
In fiscal year 2016, we incurred business separation costs of $50.6 ($46.7 after-tax, or $.21 per share) for legal and advisory fees. Our fiscal year 2016 income tax provision includes additional tax expense related to the separation of $51.8 ($.24 per share), of which $45.7 resulted from a dividend to repatriate $443.8 from a subsidiary in South Korea to the U.S. in anticipation of the separation of EMD from the industrial gases business in South Korea.
Cost Reduction and Asset ActionsAcquisitions
In fiscal year 2017, we recognized a net expense of $151.4 ($109.3 attributable to Air Products, after-tax, or $.49 per share) for cost reduction and asset actions. The year-to-date net expense included a charge of $154.8 for actions taken during fiscal year 2017, partially offset by the favorable settlement of the remaining $3.4 accrued balance associated with business restructuring actions taken in 2015. The charge included asset actions of $88.5 and severance actions of $66.3.
In fiscal year 2016, we recognized an expense of $34.5 ($24.7 after-tax, or $.11 per share) for severance and other benefits.
The charges we record for cost reduction and asset actions have been excluded from segment operating income. Refer to Note 5, Cost Reduction and Asset Actions,, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details on these actions.information.

Company Headquarters Relocation Income (Expense)
Goodwill and Intangible Asset Impairment Charge
DuringIn anticipation of relocating our U.S. headquarters, we sold property at our corporate headquarters located in Trexlertown, Pennsylvania, in the thirdsecond quarter of fiscal year 2017, we determined that the goodwill2020. We received net proceeds of $44.1 and indefinite-lived intangible assets (primarily acquired trade names) associated with our Latin America reporting unit of our Industrial Gases – Americas segment were impaired. We recorded a noncash impairment chargegain of $162.1$33.8 ($154.1 attributable to Air Products,25.6 after-tax, or $.70$0.12 per share), which is reflected on our consolidated income statements as "Company headquarters relocation income (expense)" for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2020. The gain was not recorded in the results of the Corporate and other segment.
26
Table of Contents
Other Income (Expense), Net
Other income of $52.8 decreased 19%, or $12.6. The prior year was favorably impacted by an adjustment for a benefit plan liability due to a change in plan terms. This impact was partially offset by the settlement of a supply contract in the current year.
Operating Income and Margin
Operating income of $2,281.4 increased 2%, or $43.8, as favorable currency of $96, positive pricing, net of power and fuel costs, of $95, and a gain on an exchange with a joint venture partner of $37 were partially offset by higher operating costs of $127, prior year income associated with the company headquarters relocation of $34, and a facility closure of $23. Despite higher sales volumes, the volume impact on operating income was minimal due to reduced contributions from Lu'An. Unfavorable operating costs were driven by lower economicthe addition of resources to support our growth strategy and profitabilityhigher planned maintenance activities.
Operating margin of 22.1% decreased 320 bp from 25.3% in the region. This impairment charge has been excludedprior year, primarily due to the higher operating costs, higher energy and natural gas cost pass-through to customers, which contributed to sales but not operating income, and reduced contributions from segment results.Lu'An, partially offset by positive pricing. The positive impact from a gain on an exchange with a joint venture partner in the current year was offset by prior year income associated with the company headquarters relocation.
Equity Affiliates’ Income
Equity affiliates' income of $294.1 increased 11%, or $29.3. Higher income from affiliates in the regional segments was partially offset by a prior year benefit of $33.8 from the enactment of the India Finance Act 2020. Refer to Note 10, Goodwill, and Note 11, Intangible Assets,21, Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Items recordedWe expect our equity affiliates' income to "Other income (expense), net" arise from transactions and events not directly relatedgrow in future periods due to our principal income earning activities. The detail of "Other income (expense), net" is presentedinvestment in Note 23, Supplemental Information, to the consolidated financial statements.
2018 vs. 2017
Other income (expense), net of $50.2 decreased $70.8, primarily due to lower income from the transition services agreements with VersumJazan Integrated Gasification and Evonik, lower income from the sale of assets and investments, lower favorable contract settlements, and an unfavorable foreign exchange impact.
2017 vs. 2016
Other income (expense), net of $121.0 increased $71.6, primarily due to income from transition services agreements with Versum and Evonik, income from the sale of assets and investments, including a gain of $12.2 ($7.6 after-tax, or $.03 per share) resulting from the sale of a parcel of land, and a favorable foreign exchange impact.Power Company joint venture.
Interest Expense
2018
2017
2016
Fiscal Year Ended 30 SeptemberFiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020
Interest incurred
$150.0

$139.6

$147.9
Interest incurred$170.1 $125.2 
Less: Capitalized interest19.5
19.0
32.7
Less: Capitalized interest28.3 15.9 
Interest Expense
$130.5

$120.6

$115.2
Interest expenseInterest expense$141.8 $109.3 
2018 vs. 2017
Interest incurred increased $10.4 as project financing associated with the Lu'An joint venture and36%, or $44.9, primarily driven by a higher averagedebt balance due to the issuance of U.S. Dollar- and Euro-denominated fixed-rate notes in the third quarter of fiscal year 2020. Capitalized interest rate on the debt portfolio were partially offset by the impact fromincreased $12.4 due to a lower average debt balance. The change in capitalized interest was driven by an increase in thehigher carrying value of projects under construction.
2017 vs. 2016
Interest incurred decreased $8.3 as the impact from a lower average debt balance of $26 was partially offset by the impact from a higher average interest rate on the debt portfolio of $19. The change in capitalized interest was driven by a decrease in the carrying value of projects under construction, primarily as a result of our decision to exit from the EfW business.
Other Non-Operating Income (Expense), Net
2018 vs. 2017
Other non-operating income (expense), net of $5.1 decreased $11.5. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2018, we recognized a$73.7 increased $43.0. We recorded higher non-service pension settlement loss of $43.7 ($33.2 after-tax, or $.15 per share) thatincome in 2021 due to lower interest costs and higher total assets, primarily resulted from the transfer of certain pension payment obligations to an insurer for our U.S. salaried and hourly plans through the purchase of an irrevocable, nonparticipating group annuity contract with plan assets. For additional information, refer to Note 16, Retirement Benefits, to the consolidated financial statements. This loss waspension plans. The current year also included favorable currency impacts. These factors were partially offset by higherlower interest income on cash and cash items due to lower interest rates.
Discontinued Operations
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax, was $70.3 ($0.32 per share) for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2021. This included net tax benefits of $60.0 recorded for the release of tax reserves for uncertain tax positions, of which $51.8 ($0.23 per share) was recorded in the fourth quarter for liabilities associated with the 2017 sale of our former Performance Materials Division ("PMD") and short-term investments$8.2 was recorded in the third quarter for liabilities associated with our former Energy-from-Waste business. Additionally, we recorded a tax benefit from discontinued operations of $10.3 in the first quarter, primarily from the settlement of a state tax appeal related to the gain on the sale of PMD.
In fiscal year 2020, loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, was $14.3 ($0.06 per share). This resulted from a pre-tax loss of $19.0 recorded in the second quarter to increase our existing liability for retained environmental obligations associated with the sale of our former Amines business in September 2006. Refer to the Pace discussion within Note 16, Commitments and lower other non-service pension expense.Contingencies, for additional information.
27
Table of Contents
Net Income and Net Income Margin
Net income of $2,114.9, including income from discontinued operations discussed above, increased 10%, or $183.8. On a continuing operations basis, the increase was primarily driven by positive pricing, net of power and fuel costs, favorable currency impacts, higher equity affiliates' income, and a gain on an exchange with a joint venture partner, partially offset by unfavorable operating costs and a loss from a facility closure. In addition, less net income was attributable to noncontrolling interests, including our Lu'An joint venture partner, in the current year. The prior year pension expense included a settlement loss of $10.5 ($6.6 after-tax, or $.03 per share)income associated with the U.S. Supplementary Pension Plancompany headquarters relocation and a settlementnet benefit of $2.3 related tofrom the disposition of EMD and PMD.

India Finance Act 2020.
2017 vs. 2016Net income margin of 20.5% decreased 130 bp from 21.8% in the prior year,
Other non-operating income of $16.6 increased $22.0 from an expense of $5.4 in fiscal year 2016, primarily due to interesthigher energy and natural gas cost pass-through to customers, which decreased margin by approximately 100 bp, and unfavorable net operating costs, partially offset by the impact from our pricing actions.
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin
Adjusted EBITDA of $3,883.2 increased 7%, or $263.4, primarily due to favorable currency impacts, positive pricing, net of power and fuel costs, and higher equity affiliates' income, on cashpartially offset by unfavorable operating costs. Adjusted EBITDA margin of 37.6% decreased 330 bp from 40.9% in the prior year, primarily due to higher energy and time deposits,natural gas cost pass-through to customers, which are comprised primarily of proceeds fromdecreased margin by approximately 200 bp, and the sale of PMD. Fiscal year 2016 included a pension settlement loss of $5.1 ($3.3 after-tax, or $.02 per share) to accelerate recognition of a portion of actuarial losses deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss, primarily associated with the U.S. Supplementary Pension Plan. In fiscal year 2016, interest income was included in "Other income (expense), net" and was not material.unfavorable net operating costs.
Loss on Extinguishment of Debt
On 30 September 2016, in anticipation of the spin-off of EMD, Versum issued $425.0 of notes to Air Products, who then exchanged these notes with certain financial institutions for $418.3 of Air Products’ outstanding commercial paper. This noncash exchange, which was excluded from the consolidated statements of cash flows, resulted in a loss of $6.9 ($4.3 after-tax, or $.02 per share). This loss was deductible for tax purposes.
Effective Tax Rate
The effective tax rate equals the income tax provision divided by income from continuing operations before taxes. Refer to Note 22, Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements for details on factors affecting the effective tax rate.
2018 vs. 2017
TheOur effective tax rate was 26.0%18.5% and 18.4% in19.7% for the fiscal years 2018ended 30 September 2021 and 2017,2020, respectively. The current year rate was higherlower primarily due to the enactmentincome tax benefits of $21.5 recorded upon expiration of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("the Tax Act")statute of limitations for tax reserves previously established for uncertain tax positions taken in the first quarter of fiscal year 2018, which significantly changed existing U.S. tax laws, including a reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% that became effective 1 January 2018, a deemed repatriation tax on unremitted foreign earnings, as well as other changes. As a result of the Tax Act, our income tax provision for fiscal year 2018 reflects a discrete net income tax expense of $180.6.prior years. This included a deemed repatriation tax on accumulated unremitted foreign earnings and adjustments to the future cost of repatriation from foreign investments of $448.6, partially offset by a benefit of $56.2 related to the U.S. taxation$12.2 ($0.05 per share) for release of deemed foreign dividends under the Tax Act. This benefit may be eliminated by future legislation. Fiscal year 2018 tax expense also includes a benefit of $211.8, primarily from the re-measurement of our net U.S. deferred tax liabilities at the lower corporate tax rate. In fiscal year 2018, we also recorded a tax benefit of $35.7 from the restructuring of foreign subsidiaries.
The income tax provisionreserves established in fiscal year 2017 included a net income tax benefit of $111.4 resulting from a tax election related to a non-U.S. subsidiary. The effective tax rate in the prior year was also impacted by a goodwill impairment charge of $145.3 in our Latin America reporting unit and an impairment of $79.5 of an equity method investment for which no tax benefits were available.
On a non-GAAP basis, the adjusted effective tax rate decreased from 23.2% in fiscal year 2017 to 18.6% in fiscal year 2018. We estimate that the lower U.S. federal statutory rate and other impacts of the Tax Act reduced our fiscal year 2018 adjusted effective tax rate by approximately 3.5%. The current year rate was also lower due to a benefit of $9.1 related to a final foreign tax audit settlement.
We are reporting the impacts of the Tax Act provisionally based upon reasonable estimates as of 30 September 2018. The impacts are not yet finalized as they are dependent on factors and analysis not yet known or fully completed, including but not limited to, further book to U.S. tax adjustments for the earnings of foreign entities, the issuance of additional guidance, as well as our ongoing analysis of the Tax Act. 
As a fiscal year-end taxpayer, certain provisions of the Tax Act became effective in our fiscal year 2018, while other provisions do not become effective until fiscal year 2019. The corporate tax rate reduction is effective as of 1 January 2018 and, accordingly, reduces our 2018 fiscal year U.S. federal statutory rate to a blended rate of approximately 24.5%.

2017 vs. 2016
The effective tax rate was 18.4% and 27.8% in fiscal years 2017 and 2016, respectively. The 2017 rate included an impact of approximately 700 bp from a net income tax benefit resulting from a tax election related to a non-U.S. subsidiary and an impact of approximately 100 bp from excess other previously disclosed items ("tax benefits on share-based compensation resulting from the adoption of new accounting guidance in the first quarter of fiscal year 2017. These impacts were partially offset by an increase of approximately 200 bp due to both a goodwill impairment charge in our Latin America reporting unitelection benefit and an impairment of an equity method investment for which no tax benefits were available. The 2016 rate included a 330 bp impact from tax costs associated with business separation, primarily resulting from a dividend declared in 2016 to repatriate cash from a foreign subsidiary as discussed above under Business Separation Costs. The remaining change was primarily due to the impact of business separation costs for which a tax benefit was estimated to not be available. On a non-GAAP basis, the adjusted effective tax rate decreased from 24.2% in fiscal year 2016 to 23.2% in fiscal year 2017, primarily due to excess tax benefits on share-based compensation.
Discontinued Operations
In fiscal year 2018, income from discontinued operations, net of tax, of $42.2 includes an income tax benefit of $25.6 resulting from the resolution of uncertain tax positions taken in conjunction with the disposition of our former European Homecare business in fiscal year 2012. In addition, we recorded an after-tax benefit of $17.6 resulting from the resolution of certain post-closing adjustments associated with the sale of PMD.other"). Refer to Note 22, 21 Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. These benefits were
Additionally, the fiscal year 2020 effective tax rate reflected the unfavorable impact of India Finance Act 2020, which resulted in additional net income of $13.5 ($0.06 per share). This included an increase to equity affiliates' income of $33.8, partially offset by an after-tax lossincrease to our income tax provision of $1.0 related to EfW project exit activities, which were completed during$20.3 for changes in the first quarterfuture tax costs of fiscal year 2018.repatriated earnings.
In fiscal year 2017, income from discontinued operations, net ofThe adjusted effective tax of $1,866.0 includes a gain of $2,870 ($1,828 after-tax, or $8.32 per share)rate was 18.9% and 19.1% for the sale of PMD to Evonik. The sale closed on 3 January 2017 for $3.8 billion in cash. In addition, we recorded a loss on the disposal of EfW of $59.3 ($47.1 after-tax) during the first quarter of 2017, primarily for land lease obligationsfiscal years ended 30 September 2021 and to update our estimate of the net realizable value of the plant assets.
In fiscal year 2016, the loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, of $460.5 includes a loss of $945.7 ($846.6 after-tax) from the write down of EfW plant assets to their estimated net realizable value and a liability recorded for plant disposition and other costs. This loss was partially offset by the results of PMD and EMD.
Refer to Note 3, Discontinued Operations, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.2020, respectively.
Segment Analysis
Industrial Gases – Americas
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020$ ChangeChange
Sales$4,167.6$3,630.7$536.9 15 %
Operating income1,065.51,012.453.1 5 %
Operating margin25.6 %27.9 %(230) bp
Equity affiliates’ income$112.5$84.328.2 33 %
Adjusted EBITDA1,789.91,656.2133.7 8 %
Adjusted EBITDA margin42.9 %45.6 %(270) bp
 2018
2017
2016
Sales
$3,758.8

$3,637.0

$3,344.1
Operating income927.9
946.1
891.3
Operating margin24.7%26.0%26.7%
Equity affiliates’ income82.0
58.1
52.7
Adjusted EBITDA1,495.2
1,468.6
1,387.6
Adjusted EBITDA margin39.8%40.4%41.5%

Sales % Change from Prior Year
Volume— %
Price4 %
Energy and natural gas cost pass-through11 %
Currency— %
Total Industrial Gases – Americas Sales Change15%
28
 % Change from Prior Year  
Sales2018
2017
Underlying business  
Volume4 %2%
Price— %—%
Energy and raw material cost pass-through(1)%6%
Currency— %1%
Total Industrial Gases – Americas Sales Change3 %9%

2018 vs. 2017Table of Contents
Sales of $3,758.8$4,167.6 increased 3%15%, or $121.8. Underlying sales were up 4% from$536.9, due to higher volumes, primarily in our onsite and merchant businesses, as pricing was flat. The onsite increase was primarily driven by higher hydrogen volumes in North America. Lower energy and natural gas cost pass-through to customers decreased sales by 1%. Currency wasof 11% and positive pricing of 4%, as volumes and currency were flat versus the prior year. Energy and natural gas cost pass through to customers was higher in fiscal year 2021 primarily due to natural gas prices, which rose significantly in the second quarter and remained elevated throughout the year. The pricing improvement was attributable to continued focus on pricing actions in our merchant business. Volumes were flat as positive contributions from new assets, including hydrogen assets we acquired in April 2020, were offset by lower hydrogen and merchant demand. Demand for most merchant products returned to pre-pandemic levels in the second half of 2021.
Operating income of $927.9 decreased 2%$1,065.5 increased 5%, or $18.2, primarily$53.1, due to higher costs of $84 and lower pricing, net of power and fuel costs, of $13,$79 and favorable currency of $10, partially offset by higher volumesoperating costs, including planned maintenance, of $76 and favorable currency impacts of $3. The higher costs included higher maintenance and supply chain costs.$36. Operating margin of 24.7%25.6% decreased 130230 bp from the prior year, primarily due to higher costs, partially offset by favorable volumes.
Equity affiliates’ income of $82.0 increased 41%, or $23.9, primarily due to volume growth.
2017 vs. 2016
Underlying sales were up 2% from stronger hydrogen volumes and a new hydrogen plant27.9% in Canada. Higher energy and natural gas cost pass-through to customers increased sales by 6%. Favorable currency effects, primarily from the Chilean Peso, increased sales by 1%.
Operating income of $946.1 increased 6%, or $54.8, primarily due to lower operating costs of $35 and higher volumes of $18. Operating costs were lower due to benefits from productivity improvements. Operating margin decreased 70 bp from the prior year primarily due to higher energy and natural gas cost pass-through to customers, which negatively impacted margin by approximately 250 bp, and higher operating costs, partially offset by favorable cost performance.the impact of our pricing actions.
Equity affiliates’ income of $58.1$112.5 increased $5.4,33%, or $28.2, primarily due to lower maintenance expense and a new plant onstream.driven by higher income from affiliates in Mexico.
Industrial Gases – EMEA
 2018
2017
2016
Sales
$2,193.3

$1,780.4

$1,704.4
Operating income445.8
395.5
387.0
Operating margin20.3%22.2%22.7%
Equity affiliates’ income61.1
47.1
36.5
Adjusted EBITDA705.5
619.7
609.2
Adjusted EBITDA margin32.2%34.8%35.7%
 % Change from Prior Year
Sales2018
2017
Underlying business  
Volume12%6 %
Price1%— %
Energy and raw material cost pass-through3%1 %
Currency7%(3)%
Total Industrial Gases – EMEA Sales Change23%4 %
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020$ ChangeChange
Sales$2,444.9$1,926.3$518.6 27 %
Operating income557.4473.384.1 18 %
Operating margin22.8 %24.6 %(180) bp
Equity affiliates’ income$93.7$74.818.9 25 %
Adjusted EBITDA880.9744.0136.9 18 %
Adjusted EBITDA margin36.0 %38.6 %(260) bp
2018 vs. 2017
Sales % Change from Prior Year
Volume12 %
Price3 %
Energy and natural gas cost pass-through5 %
Currency7 %
Total Industrial Gases – EMEA Sales Change27%

Sales of $2,193.3$2,444.9 increased 23%27%, or $412.9. Underlying sales were up 13% from$518.6, due to higher volumes of 12% and, favorable currency impacts of 7%, higher pricing of 1%. The volume increase was primarily driven by a hydrogen plant in India and higher merchant volumes. Higher energy and natural gas cost pass-through to customers increased salesof 5%, and positive pricing of 3%. The volume improvement was primarily driven by 3%.our base merchant business and new assets, including those from a business in Israel that we acquired in the fourth quarter of 2020. While our liquid bulk business has largely recovered from COVID-19, demand for packaged gases and hydrogen continues to be lower than pre-pandemic levels. Favorable currency impacts were primarily fromdriven by the Euro and British Pound Sterling, increased sales by 7%.
Operating incomeappreciation of $445.8 increased 13%, or $50.3, due to higher volumes of $38, favorable currency impacts of $26, and higher pricing, net of power and fuel costs, of $4, partially offset by unfavorable costs $18. Operating margin of 20.3% decreased 190 bp from the prior year, primarily due to unfavorable costs and lower margins on the hydrogen volumes in India.
Equity affiliates’ income of $61.1 increased 30%, or $14.0, primarily due to volume growth, lower costs, and favorable currency.

2017 vs. 2016
Underlying sales were up 6% from higher volumes as pricing was flat. Volumes increased primarily due to a new plant onstream in India. Higher energy and natural gas cost pass-through to customers increased sales by 1%. Unfavorable currency effects, primarily from the British Pound Sterling reduced sales by 3%.
Operating income of $395.5 increased 2%, or $8.5, primarily due to lower operating costs of $27 and higher volumes, including a new plant onstream, of $15, partially offset by lower price net of power costs of $18 and unfavorable currency impacts of $15. Operating costs were lower primarily due to benefits from operational improvements. Operating margin decreased 50 bp fromEuro against the prior year, as lower price net of power costs, higher energy and natural gas pass-through to customers, and unfavorable currency impacts were partially offset by favorable cost performance.
Equity affiliates’ income of $47.1 increased $10.6, primarily due to higher volumes.
Industrial Gases – Asia
 2018
2017
2016
Sales
$2,458.0

$1,964.7

$1,720.4
Operating income689.9
532.6
452.8
Operating margin28.1%27.1%26.3%
Equity affiliates’ income58.3
53.5
57.8
Adjusted EBITDA1,014.0
789.3
708.5
Adjusted EBITDA margin41.3%40.2%41.2%

 % Change from Prior Year
Sales2018
2017
Underlying business  
Volume17%14 %
Price4%1 %
Energy and raw material cost pass-through—%— %
Currency4%(1)%
Total Industrial Gases – Asia Sales Change25%14 %

2018 vs. 2017
Sales of $2,458.0 increased 25%, or $493.3. Underlying sales were up 21% from higher volumes of 17% and higher pricing of 4%. The volume increase was primarily driven by new plant onstreams, including the Lu'An project, an equipment sale resulting from the termination of a contract in the first quarter of fiscal year 2018, and higher merchant volumes, partially offset by the impact of short-term sale of equipment activity in fiscal year 2017. Pricing improved across Asia driven primarily by the China merchant market.U.S. Dollar. Energy and natural gas cost pass-through to customers was flat versus the prior year. Favorable currency impacts,higher primarily from the Chinese Renminbi, South Korean Won, and Taiwan Dollar, increased sales by 4%.
Operating income of $689.9 increased 30%, or $157.3, due to higher volumes of $107, favorable price, net of power costs, of $53, and favorable currency impacts of $21, partially offset by higher operating costs of $24. Operating margin of 28.1%increased 100 bp as favorable price, net of power costs, and higher volumes were partially offset by unfavorable cost performance.
Equity affiliates’ income of $58.3 increased 9%, or $4.8, primarily due to higher volumes.
2017 vs. 2016
Underlying sales were up 15% from higher volumes of 14% and higher pricing of 1%. Volumes increased primarily due to new plant onstreams, sale of equipment activity, and base business growth driven by higher merchant volumes across Asia. Pricing was up 1% primarily due to increases in China wholesale, spot, and underlying prices during the second half of the year across allas we experienced significantly higher natural gas and electricity costs in Europe. The pricing improvement was primarily attributable to our merchant liquid product lines. Unfavorable currency effects reduced sales by 1%, primarily from the Chinese Renminbi, partially offset by strengthening of the South Korean Won and Taiwan Dollar.

business.
Operating income of $532.6$557.4 increased 18%, or $79.8,$84.1, due to higher volumes of $68$59, favorable currency impacts of $31, and higher pricepositive pricing, net of power and fuel costs, of $24, partially offset by higher operating costs of $8 and an unfavorable currency impact of $4. Operating margin increased 80 bp, primarily due to higher price net of power costs and favorable volumes$11, partially offset by unfavorable costs of $17. Operating margin of 22.8% decreased 180 bp from 24.6% in the prior year, primarily due to impacts from higher energy and natural gas cost performance.pass-through to customers, which negatively impacted margin by approximately 100 bp, and unfavorable operating costs.
Equity affiliates’ income of $53.5 decreased $4.3,$93.7 increased 25%, or $18.9, primarily due to higher income from affiliates in Italy, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa.

29
Table of Contents
Industrial Gases – Asia
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020$ ChangeChange
Sales$2,920.8$2,716.5$204.3 8 %
Operating income838.3870.3(32.0)(4 %)
Operating margin28.7 %32.0 %(330) bp
Equity affiliates’ income$81.4$61.020.4 33 %
Adjusted EBITDA1,364.11,330.733.4 3 %
Adjusted EBITDA margin46.7 %49.0 %(230) bp

Sales % Change from Prior Year
Volume— %
Price1 %
Energy and natural gas cost pass-through— %
Currency7 %
Total Industrial Gases – Asia Sales Change8%

Sales of $2,920.8 increased 8%, or $204.3, due to favorable contractcurrency of 7% and insurance settlementspositive pricing of 1%, as both volumes and energy and natural gas cost pass-through to customers were flat. Positive volume contributions from our base merchant business and new plants were offset by reduced contributions from Lu'An. The favorable currency impact was primarily attributable to the appreciation of the Chinese Renminbi and South Korean Won against the U.S. Dollar.
Operating income of $838.3 decreased 4%, or $32.0, primarily due to unfavorable volume mix of $62 and higher operating costs, including inflation and product sourcing costs, of $32, partially offset by favorable currency of $59.Operating margin of 28.7% decreased 330 bp from 32.0% in fiscalthe prior year 2016.primarily due to reduced contributions from Lu'An.
Equity affiliates’ income of $81.4 increased 33%, or $20.4, primarily due to higher income from an affiliate in India.
Industrial Gases – Global
The Industrial Gases – Global segment includes sales of cryogenic and gas processing equipment for air separation and centralized global costs associated with management of all the Industrial Gases segments.
2018
2017
2016
Fiscal Year Ended 30 SeptemberFiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020$ Change% Change
Sales
$436.1

$722.9

$498.8
Sales$511.0 $364.9 $146.1 40 %
Operating income (loss)53.9
71.1
(21.5)
Operating lossOperating loss(60.6)(40.0)(20.6)(52 %)
Adjusted EBITDA63.9
80.9
(13.6)Adjusted EBITDA(43.2)(19.5)(23.7)(122 %)
2018 vs. 2017
Sales of $436.1 decreased$511.0 increased 40%, or $286.8. The decrease in sales was primarily driven by lower$146.1, due to higher sale of equipment activity on the multiple air separation units that will serve Saudi Aramco’s Jazan oil refinery and power plant in Saudi Arabia. We expect to complete this project in 2019.
Operating incomeactivity. Despite higher sales, operating loss of $53.9 decreased 24%$60.6 increased 52%, or $17.2, primarily due to$20.6, as higher project costsand product development spending were partially offset by income from the lower salesettlement of equipment activity.
2017 vs. 2016a supply contract.
Sales
30
Table of $722.9 increased $224.1, or 45%. The increase in sales was primarily driven by higher sales activity for our Jazan sale of equipment project.Contents
Operating income of $71.1 increased $92.6 from an operating loss in fiscal year 2016, primarily from income on the Jazan project and productivity improvements.
Corporate and other
The Corporate and other segment includes our LNG, turbo machinery equipment and helium storageservices, and distribution sale of equipment businesses andas well as corporate support functions that benefit all segments. The results of the Corporate and other segment also include income and expense that is not directly associated with the other segments, such as foreign exchange gains and losses and stranded costs related to the former Materials Technologies segment, which is presented within discontinued operations. Stranded costs primarily relate to costs in support of transition services agreements with Versum and Evonik, the majority of which were reimbursed to Air Products. All transition services were completed during fiscal year 2018.losses.
2018
2017
2016
Fiscal Year Ended 30 SeptemberFiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020$ Change% Change
Sales
$84.0

$82.6

$236.0
Sales$278.7 $217.9 $60.8 28 %
Operating loss(176.0)(171.5)(89.4)Operating loss(132.8)(112.2)(20.6)(18 %)
Adjusted EBITDA(163.1)(159.3)(69.9)Adjusted EBITDA(108.5)(91.6)(16.9)(18 %)
2018 vs. 2017
Sales of $84.0$278.7 increased 2%28%, or $1.4. Operating loss of $176.0 increased 3%, or $4.5.
2017 vs. 2016
Sales of $82.6 decreased $153.4,$60.8, primarily due to lower LNG activity. Operatinghigher project activity in our distribution sale of equipment and turbo machinery equipment and services businesses. Despite higher sales, operating loss of $171.5$132.8 increased $82.1 due to lower LNG activity,18%, or $20.6, as higher business development and corporate support costs were only partially offset by productivity improvements and income from transition service agreements with Versum and Evonik.higher sale of equipment activity.

RECONCILIATIONRECONCILIATIONS OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
(Millions of dollars unless otherwise indicated, except for per share data)
The Company has presentedWe present certain financial measures, other than in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), on an "adjusted" or "non-GAAP" basis. On a consolidated basis, these measures include adjusted diluted earnings per share ("EPS"), adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted effective tax rate, and capital expenditures. On a segment basis, these measures include adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin. In addition to these measures, we also present certain supplemental non-GAAP (“adjusted”) basis and has providedfinancial measures to help the reader understand the impact that certain disclosed items, or "non-GAAP adjustments," have on the calculation of our adjusted diluted EPS. For each non-GAAP financial measure, we present a reconciliation to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. These
Our non-GAAP financial measures are not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. The Company believesWe believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide investors, potential investors, securities analysts, and others with useful information to evaluate the performance of theour business because such measures, when viewed together with our financial results computed in accordance with GAAP, provide a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our historical financial performance and projected future results.
In many cases, our non-GAAP financial measures are determined by adjusting the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to exclude certain disclosed items (“non-GAAP adjustments”)adjustments that we believe are not representative of theour underlying business performance. For example, in fiscal years 2017 and 2016, we restructured the Company to focus on its core Industrial Gases business. This resulted in significantpreviously excluded certain expenses associated with cost reduction actions, impairment charges, and asset actions that we believe were important for investors to understand separately from the performance of the underlying business. Additionally, in fiscal year 2018, we recorded discrete impacts associated with the Tax Act.gains on disclosed transactions. The reader should be aware that we may incurrecognize similar expenseslosses or gains in the future. Readers should also consider the limitations associated with these non-GAAP financial measures, including the potential lack of comparability of these measures from one company to another.
TheWhen applicable, the tax impact onof our pre-tax non-GAAP adjustments reflects the expected current and deferred income tax expense impact of the transactions and is impactedour non-GAAP adjustments. These tax impacts are primarily driven by the statutory tax rate of the various relevant jurisdictions and the taxability of the adjustments in those jurisdictions. Investors should also consider the limitations associated with these non-GAAP measures, including the potential lack

31
Table of comparability of these measures from one company to another.Contents
During the first quarter of fiscal year 2018, we adopted accounting guidance on the presentation of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost. Certain prior year information has been reclassified to conformAdjusted Diluted EPS
The table below provides a reconciliation to the fiscal year 2018 presentation. Refer to Note 2, New Accounting Guidance, to the consolidated financial statementsmost directly comparable GAAP measure for additional information.

Presented below are reconciliationseach of the reported GAAP resultsmajor components used to calculate adjusted diluted EPS from continuing operations, which we view as a key performance metric. In periods that we have non-GAAP adjustments, we believe it is important for the reader to understand the per share impact of each such adjustment because management does not consider these impacts when evaluating underlying business performance. The per share impact for each non-GAAP measures:adjustment was calculated independently and may not sum to total adjusted diluted EPS due to rounding.
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS
Fiscal Year Ended 30 SeptemberOperating IncomeEquity Affiliates' IncomeIncome Tax ProvisionNet Income Attributable to Air ProductsDiluted EPS
2021 GAAP$2,281.4 $294.1 $462.8 $2,028.8 $9.12 
2020 GAAP2,237.6 264.8 478.4 1,901.0 8.55 
Change GAAP$0.57 
% Change GAAP7 %
2021 GAAP$2,281.4 $294.1 $462.8 $2,028.8 $9.12 
Facility closure23.2 — 5.8 17.4 0.08 
Gain on exchange with joint venture partner(36.8)— (9.5)(27.3)(0.12)
Tax election benefit and other— — 12.2 (12.2)(0.05)
2021 Non-GAAP ("Adjusted")$2,267.8 $294.1 $471.3 $2,006.7 $9.02 
2020 GAAP$2,237.6 $264.8 $478.4 $1,901.0 $8.55 
Company headquarters relocation (income) expense(33.8)— (8.2)(25.6)(0.12)
India Finance Act 2020— (33.8)(20.3)(13.5)(0.06)
2020 Non-GAAP ("Adjusted")$2,203.8 $231.0 $449.9 $1,861.9 $8.38 
Change Non-GAAP ("Adjusted")$0.64 
% Change Non-GAAP ("Adjusted")8 %

 Continuing Operations
 
Operating
Income
Operating
Margin(A)
Equity Affiliates' IncomeIncome Tax Provision
Net
Income
Diluted
EPS
2018 GAAP
$1,965.6
22.0 %
$174.8

$524.3

$1,455.6

$6.59
2017 GAAP1,440.0
17.6 %80.1
260.9
1,134.4
5.16
Change GAAP
$525.6
440bp
$94.7

$263.4

$321.2

$1.43
% Change GAAP37% 118%101 %28%28%
2018 GAAP
$1,965.6
22.0 %
$174.8

$524.3

$1,455.6

$6.59
Change in inventory valuation method(24.1)(.3)%—
(6.6)(17.5)(.08)
Pension settlement loss(B)
—
— %—
10.5
33.2
.15
Tax reform repatriation—
— %28.5
(448.6)477.1
2.16
Tax reform benefit related to deemed foreign dividends—
— %—
56.2
(56.2)(.25)
Tax reform rate change and other—
— %—
211.8
(211.8)(.96)
Tax restructuring—
— %—
35.7
(35.7)(.16)
2018 Non-GAAP Measure
$1,941.5
21.7 %
$203.3

$383.3

$1,644.7

$7.45
2017 GAAP
$1,440.0
17.6 %
$80.1

$260.9

$1,134.4

$5.16
Business separation costs32.5
.4 %—
3.7
26.5
.12
Tax benefit associated with business separation—
— %—
5.5
(5.5)(.02)
Cost reduction and asset actions(C)
151.4
1.8 %—
41.6
109.3
.49
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge(D)
162.1
2.0 %—
4.6
154.1
.70
Gain on land sale(12.2)(.1)%—
(4.6)(7.6)(.03)
Equity method investment impairment charge—
— %79.5
—
79.5
.36
Pension settlement loss(B)
—
— %—
3.9
6.6
.03
Tax election benefit—
— %—
111.4
(111.4)(.50)
2017 Non-GAAP Measure
$1,773.8
21.7 %
$159.6

$427.0

$1,385.9

$6.31
Change Non-GAAP Measure
$167.7
—

$43.7

($43.7)
$258.8

$1.14
% Change Non-GAAP Measure9% 27%(10)%19%18%


 Continuing Operations
 
Operating
Income
Operating
Margin(A)
Equity Affiliates' IncomeIncome Tax Provision
Net
Income
Diluted
EPS
2017 GAAP
$1,440.0
17.6 %
$80.1

$260.9

$1,134.4

$5.16
2016 GAAP1,535.1
20.5 %147.0
432.6
1,099.5
5.04
Change GAAP
($95.1)(290)bp
($66.9)
($171.7)
$34.9

$.12
% Change GAAP(6)% (46)%(40)%3%2%
2017 GAAP
$1,440.0
17.6 %
$80.1

$260.9

$1,134.4

$5.16
Business separation costs32.5
.4 %—
3.7
26.5
.12
Tax benefit associated with business separation—
— %—
5.5
(5.5)(.02)
Cost reduction and asset actions(C)
151.4
1.8 %—
41.6
109.3
.49
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge(D)
162.1
2.0 %—
4.6
154.1
.70
Gain on land sale(12.2)(.1)%—
(4.6)(7.6)(.03)
Equity method investment impairment charge—
— %79.5
—
79.5
.36
Pension settlement loss(B)
—
— %—
3.9
6.6
.03
Tax election benefit—
— %—
111.4
(111.4)(.50)
2017 Non-GAAP Measure
$1,773.8
21.7 %
$159.6

$427.0

$1,385.9

$6.31
2016 GAAP
$1,535.1
20.5 %
$147.0

$432.6

$1,099.5

$5.04
Business separation costs50.6
.7 %—
3.9
46.7
.21
Tax costs associated with business separation—
— %—
(51.8)51.8
.24
Cost reduction and asset actions34.5
.4 %—
9.8
24.7
.11
Pension settlement loss(B)
—
— %—
1.8
3.3
.02
Loss on extinguishment of debt(E)
—
— %—
2.6
4.3
.02
2016 Non-GAAP Measure
$1,620.2
21.6 %
$147.0

$398.9

$1,230.3

$5.64
Change Non-GAAP Measure
$153.6
10bp
$12.6

$28.1

$155.6

$.67
% Change Non-GAAP Measure9 % 9 %7 %13%12%
(A)
Operating margin is calculated by dividing operating income by sales.
(B)
Reflected on the consolidated income statements in "Other non-operating income (expense), net." Fiscal year 2018 includes a before-tax impact of $43.7 primarily resulting from the transfer of certain pension payment obligations to an insurer through the purchase of an irrevocable, nonparticipating group annuity contract during the fourth quarter.
(C)
Noncontrolling interests impact of $.5 in fiscal year 2017.
(D)
Noncontrolling interests impact of $3.4 in fiscal year 2017.
(E)
Income from continuing operations before taxes impact of $6.9 in fiscal year 2016.

ADJUSTED

32
Table of Contents
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin
We define Adjustedadjusted EBITDA as net income less income (loss) from continuingdiscontinued operations, (including noncontrolling interests)net of tax, and excluding certain disclosed items,non-GAAP adjustments, which the Company doeswe do not believe to be indicative of underlying business trends, before interest expense, other non-operating income (expense), net, income tax provision, and depreciation and amortization expense. Adjusted EBITDA provides aand adjusted EBITDA margin provide useful metricmetrics for management to assess operating performance. Margins are calculated independently for each period by dividing each line item by consolidated sales for the respective period and may not sum to total margin due to rounding.
Below isThe tables below present consolidated sales and a reconciliation of net income from continuing operations on a GAAP basis to adjusted EBITDA:EBITDA and net income margin on a GAAP basis to adjusted EBITDA margin:

Fiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020
$Margin$Margin
Sales$10,323.0 $8,856.3 
Net income and net income margin$2,114.9 20.5 %$1,931.1 21.8 %
Less: Income (Loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax70.3 0.7 %(14.3)(0.2 %)
Add: Interest expense141.8 1.4 %109.3 1.2 %
Less: Other non-operating income (expense), net73.7 0.7 %30.7 0.3 %
Add: Income tax provision462.8 4.5 %478.4 5.4 %
Add: Depreciation and amortization1,321.3 12.8 %1,185.0 13.4 %
Add: Facility closure23.2 0.2 %— — %
Less: Gain on exchange with joint venture partner36.8 0.4 %— — %
Less: Company headquarters relocation income (expense)— — %33.8 0.4 %
Less: India Finance Act 2020 – equity affiliate income impact— — %33.8 0.4 %
Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin$3,883.2 37.6 %$3,619.8 40.9 %
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September2021 vs. 2020
Change GAAP
Net income $ change$183.8
Net income % change10%
Net income margin change(130) bp
Change Non-GAAP
Adjusted EBITDA $ change$263.4
Adjusted EBITDA % change7%
Adjusted EBITDA margin change(330) bp
33
Table of Contents
 20182017201620152014
Income From Continuing Operations(A)

$1,490.7

$1,155.2

$1,122.0

$965.9

$691.0
Less: Change in inventory valuation method24.1
—
—
—
—
Add: Interest expense130.5
120.6
115.2
102.8
124.0
Less: Other non-operating income (expense), net5.1
16.6
(5.4)(42.3)(51.7)
Add: Income tax provision524.3
260.9
432.6
300.2
258.1
Add: Depreciation and amortization970.7
865.8
854.6
858.5
875.6
Add: Business separation costs—
32.5
50.6
7.5
—
Add: Cost reduction and asset actions—
151.4
34.5
180.1
11.1
Add: Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge—
162.1
—
—
310.1
Less: Gain on previously held equity interest—
—
—
17.9
—
Less: Gain on land sales—
12.2
—
33.6
—
Add: Equity method investment impairment charge—
79.5
—
—
—
Add: Loss on extinguishment of debt—
—
6.9
16.6
—
Add: Tax reform repatriation - equity method investment28.5
—
—
—
—
Adjusted EBITDA
$3,115.5

$2,799.2

$2,621.8

$2,422.4

$2,321.6
Adjusted EBITDA margin34.9%34.2%34.9%31.0%27.7%
Change GAAP     
Income from continuing operations change
$335.5

$33.2

$156.1

$274.9
 
Income from continuing operations % change29%3%16%40% 
Change Non-GAAP     
Adjusted EBITDA change
$316.3

$177.4

$199.4

$100.8
 
Adjusted EBITDA % change11%7%8%4% 
Adjusted EBITDA margin change70 bp(70) bp390 bp330 bp 
(A)
Includes net income attributable to noncontrolling interests.


Below is a summary of segment operating income:
 
Industrial
Gases–
Americas
Industrial
Gases–
EMEA
Industrial
Gases–
Asia
Industrial
Gases–
Global
Corporate
and other
Segment
Total
GAAP Measure      
Twelve Months Ended 30 September 2018      
Operating income (loss)
$927.9

$445.8

$689.9

$53.9

($176.0)
$1,941.5
Operating margin24.7 %20.3%28.1%  21.7%
Twelve Months Ended 30 September 2017      
Operating income (loss)
$946.1

$395.5

$532.6

$71.1

($171.5)
$1,773.8
Operating margin26.0 %22.2%27.1%  21.7%
Twelve Months Ended 30 September 2016      
Operating income (loss)
$891.3

$387.0

$452.8

($21.5)
($89.4)
$1,620.2
Operating margin26.7 %22.7%26.3%  21.6%
2018 vs. 2017      
Operating income (loss) change
($18.2)
$50.3

$157.3

($17.2)
($4.5)
$167.7
Operating income (loss) % change(2)%13%30%(24)%(3)%9%
Operating margin change(130) bp(190) bp100 bp  —
2017 vs. 2016      
Operating income (loss) change
$54.8

$8.5

$79.8

$92.6

($82.1)
$153.6
Operating income (loss) % change6 %2%18%431 %(92)%9%
Operating margin change(70) bp(50) bp80 bp  10 bp

Below isThe tables below present sales and a reconciliation of segment operating income and operating margin to adjusted EBITDA:EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin for each of our reporting segments for the fiscal years ended 30 September:
SalesIndustrial
Gases–
Americas		Industrial
Gases–
EMEA		Industrial
Gases–
Asia		Industrial
Gases–
Global		Corporate
and other		Total
2021$4,167.6 $2,444.9 $2,920.8 $511.0 $278.7 $10,323.0 
20203,630.7 1,926.3 2,716.5 364.9 217.9 8,856.3 
Industrial
Gases–
Americas		Industrial
Gases–
EMEA		Industrial
Gases–
Asia		Industrial
Gases–
Global		Corporate
and other		Total
2021 GAAP
Operating income (loss)$1,065.5 $557.4 $838.3 ($60.6)($132.8)$2,267.8 (A)
Operating margin25.6 %22.8 %28.7 %
2020 GAAP
Operating income (loss)$1,012.4 $473.3 $870.3 ($40.0)($112.2)$2,203.8 (A)
Operating margin27.9 %24.6 %32.0 %
2021 vs. 2020 Change GAAP
Operating income/loss $ change$53.1 $84.1 ($32.0)($20.6)($20.6)
Operating income/loss % change5 %18 %(4 %)(52 %)(18 %)
Operating margin change(230) bp(180) bp(330) bp
2021 Non-GAAP
Operating income (loss)$1,065.5 $557.4 $838.3 ($60.6)($132.8)$2,267.8 (A)
Add: Depreciation and amortization611.9 229.8 444.4 10.9 24.3 1,321.3 
Add: Equity affiliates' income112.5 93.7 81.4 6.5 — 294.1 (A)
Adjusted EBITDA$1,789.9 $880.9 $1,364.1 ($43.2)($108.5)$3,883.2 
Adjusted EBITDA margin42.9 %36.0 %46.7 %
2020 Non-GAAP
Operating income (loss)$1,012.4 $473.3 $870.3 ($40.0)($112.2)$2,203.8 (A)
Add: Depreciation and amortization559.5 195.9 399.4 9.6 20.6 1,185.0 
Add: Equity affiliates' income84.3 74.8 61.0 10.9 — 231.0 (A)
Adjusted EBITDA$1,656.2 $744.0 $1,330.7 ($19.5)($91.6)$3,619.8 
Adjusted EBITDA margin45.6 %38.6 %49.0 %
2021 vs. 2020 Change Non-GAAP
Adjusted EBITDA $ change$133.7 $136.9 $33.4 ($23.7)($16.9)
Adjusted EBITDA % change8 %18 %3 %(122 %)(18 %)
Adjusted EBITDA margin change(270) bp(260) bp(230) bp
(A)Refer to the Reconciliations to Consolidated Results section below.
34
Table of Contents
 
Industrial
Gases–
Americas
Industrial
Gases–
EMEA
Industrial
Gases–
Asia
Industrial
Gases–
Global
Corporate
and other
Segment
Total
Non-GAAP Measure      
Twelve Months Ended 30 September 2018      
Operating income (loss)
$927.9

$445.8

$689.9

$53.9

($176.0)
$1,941.5
Add: Depreciation and amortization485.3
198.6
265.8
8.1
12.9
970.7
Add: Equity affiliates' income82.0
61.1
58.3
1.9
—
203.3
Adjusted EBITDA
$1,495.2

$705.5

$1,014.0

$63.9

($163.1)
$3,115.5
Adjusted EBITDA margin(A)
39.8%32.2%41.3%  34.9%
Twelve Months Ended 30 September 2017      
Operating income (loss)
$946.1

$395.5

$532.6

$71.1

($171.5)
$1,773.8
Add: Depreciation and amortization464.4
177.1
203.2
8.9
12.2
865.8
Add: Equity affiliates' income58.1
47.1
53.5
.9
—
159.6
Adjusted EBITDA
$1,468.6

$619.7

$789.3

$80.9

($159.3)
$2,799.2
Adjusted EBITDA margin(A)
40.4%34.8%40.2%  34.2%
Twelve Months Ended 30 September 2016      
Operating income (loss)
$891.3

$387.0

$452.8

($21.5)
($89.4)
$1,620.2
Add: Depreciation and amortization443.6
185.7
197.9
7.9
19.5
854.6
Add: Equity affiliates' income52.7
36.5
57.8
—
—
147.0
Adjusted EBITDA
$1,387.6

$609.2

$708.5

($13.6)
($69.9)
$2,621.8
Adjusted EBITDA margin(A)
41.5%35.7%41.2%  34.9%
2018 vs. 2017      
Adjusted EBITDA change
$26.6

$85.8

$224.7

($17.0)
($3.8)
$316.3
Adjusted EBITDA % change2%14%28%(21)%(2)%11%
Adjusted EBITDA margin change(60) bp(260) bp110 bp  70 bp
2017 vs. 2016      
Adjusted EBITDA change
$81.0

$10.5

$80.8

$94.5

($89.4)
$177.4
Adjusted EBITDA % change6%2%11%695 %(128)%7%
Adjusted EBITDA margin change(110) bp(90) bp(100) bp  (70) bp
Reconciliations to Consolidated Results
(A)
Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated by dividing Adjusted EBITDA by sales.
Below is a reconciliation of segmentThe table below reconciles consolidated operating income as reflected on our consolidated income statements to total operating income toin the table above for the fiscal years ended 30 September:
Operating Income20212020
Consolidated operating income$2,281.4 $2,237.6 
Facility closure23.2 — 
Gain on exchange with joint venture partner(36.8)— 
Company headquarters relocation (income) expense— (33.8)
Total$2,267.8 $2,203.8 
The table below reconciles consolidated operating income:
Operating Income2018
2017
2016
Segment total
$1,941.5

$1,773.8

$1,620.2
Change in inventory valuation method24.1
—
—
Business separation costs—
(32.5)(50.6)
Cost reduction and asset actions—
(151.4)(34.5)
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge—
(162.1)—
Gain on land sale—
12.2
—
Consolidated Total
$1,965.6

$1,440.0

$1,535.1


Below is a reconciliation of segmentequity affiliates' income as reflected on our consolidated income statements to total equity affiliates' income to consolidated equity affiliates' income:in the table above for the fiscal years ended 30 September:
Equity Affiliates' Income20212020
Consolidated equity affiliates' income$294.1 $264.8 
India Finance Act 2020— (33.8)
Total$294.1 $231.0 

Equity Affiliates' Income201820172016
Segment total
$203.3

$159.6

$147.0
Equity method investment impairment charge—
(79.5)—
Tax reform repatriation - equity method investment(28.5)—
—
Consolidated Total
$174.8

$80.1

$147.0

INCOME TAXESAdjusted Effective Tax Rate
The effective tax rate equals the income tax provision divided by income from continuing operations before taxes.
When applicable, the tax impact of our pre-tax non-GAAP adjustments reflects the expected current and deferred income tax expense impact of the transactions and is impactedour non-GAAP adjustments. These tax impacts are primarily driven by the statutory tax rate of the various relevant jurisdictions and the taxability of the adjustments in those jurisdictions. For additional discussion on the fiscal year 2018 non-GAAP tax adjustments, including the impact
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020
Income tax provision$462.8 $478.4 
Income from continuing operations before taxes$2,507.4 $2,423.8 
Effective tax rate18.5 %19.7 %
Income tax provision$462.8 $478.4 
Facility closure5.8 — 
Gain on exchange with joint venture partner(9.5)— 
Company headquarters relocation— (8.2)
India Finance Act 2020— (20.3)
Tax election benefit and other12.2 — 
Adjusted income tax provision$471.3 $449.9 
Income from continuing operations before taxes$2,507.4 $2,423.8 
Facility closure23.2 — 
Gain on exchange with joint venture partner(36.8)— 
Company headquarters relocation (income) expense— (33.8)
India Finance Act 2020 – equity affiliate income impact— (33.8)
Adjusted income from continuing operations before taxes$2,493.8 $2,356.2 
Adjusted effective tax rate18.9 %19.1 %

35
Table of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, refer to Note 22, Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements.
Contents
 Effective Tax Rate
 201820172016
Income Tax Provision—GAAP
$524.3

$260.9

$432.6
Income From Continuing Operations Before Taxes—GAAP
$2,015.0

$1,416.1

$1,554.6
Effective Tax Rate—GAAP26.0%18.4%27.8%
Income Tax Provision—GAAP
$524.3

$260.9

$432.6
Change in inventory valuation method(6.6)—
—
Business separation costs—
3.7
3.9
Tax benefit (costs) associated with business separation—
5.5
(51.8)
Cost reduction and asset actions—
41.6
9.8
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge—
4.6
—
Gain on land sale—
(4.6)—
Pension settlement loss10.5
3.9
1.8
Loss on extinguishment of debt—
—
2.6
Tax reform repatriation(448.6)—
—
Tax reform benefit related to deemed foreign dividends56.2
—
—
Tax reform rate change and other211.8
—
—
Tax restructuring35.7
—
—
Tax election benefit—
111.4
—
Income Tax Provision—Non-GAAP Measure
$383.3

$427.0

$398.9
Income from Continuing Operations before Taxes—GAAP
$2,015.0

$1,416.1

$1,554.6
Change in inventory valuation method(24.1)—
—
Business separation costs—
30.2
50.6
Cost reduction and asset actions—
151.4
34.5
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge—
162.1
—
Gain on land sale—
(12.2)—
Equity method investment impairment charge—
79.5
—
Pension settlement loss43.7
10.5
5.1
Loss on extinguishment of debt—
—
6.9
Tax reform repatriation - equity method investment28.5
—
—
Income From Continuing Operations Before Taxes—Non-GAAP Measure
$2,063.1

$1,837.6

$1,651.7
Effective Tax Rate—Non-GAAP Measure18.6%23.2%24.2%

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
We maintained a strong financial position throughout 2018 and as of 30 September 2018 our consolidated balance sheet included cash and cash items of $2,791.3. We continue to have consistent access to commercial paper markets, and cash flows from operating and financing activities are expected to meet liquidity needs for the foreseeable future.
As of 30 September 2018, we had $995.1 of foreign cash and cash items compared to a total amount of cash and cash items of $2,791.3. As a result of the Tax Act, we currently do not expect that a significant portion of the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries and affiliates will be subject to U.S. income tax upon subsequent repatriation to the United States. Depending on the country in which the subsidiaries and affiliates reside, the repatriation of these earnings may be subject to foreign withholding and other taxes. However, since we have significant current investment plans outside the U.S., it is our intent to permanently reinvest the majority of our foreign cash and cash items that would be subject to additional taxes outside the U.S. Refer to Note 22, Income Taxes, for additional information.
Our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities from continuing operations, as reflected in the consolidated statements of cash flows, are summarized in the following table:
Cash provided by (used for) 2018
 2017
 2016
Operating activities 
$2,554.7
 
$2,534.1
 
$2,258.8
Investing activities (1,649.1) (1,417.7) (864.8)
Financing activities (1,359.8) (2,040.9) (860.2)
Operating Activities
For the year ended 2018, cash provided by operating activities was $2,554.7. Income from continuing operations of $1,455.6 was adjusted for items including depreciation and amortization, deferred income taxes, impacts from the Tax Act, undistributed earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, share-based compensation, and noncurrent capital lease receivables. Other adjustments of $131.6 include a $54.9 net impact from the remeasurement of intercompany transactions. The related hedging instruments that eliminate the earnings impact are included as a working capital adjustment in other receivables or payables and accrued liabilities. In addition, other adjustments were impacted by cash received from the early termination of a cross currency swap of $54.4, as well as the excess of pension expense over pension contributions of $23.5. The working capital accounts were a use of cash of $265.4, primarily driven by payables and accrued liabilities, inventories, and trade receivables, partially offset by other receivables. The use of cash in payables and accrued liabilities of $277.7 includes a decrease in customer advances of $145.7 primarily related to sale of equipment activity and $67.1 for maturities of forward exchange contracts that hedged foreign currency exposures. The use of cash in inventories primarily resulted from the purchase of helium molecules. In addition, inventories reflect the noncash impact of our change in accounting for U.S. inventories from LIFO to FIFO. The source of cash from other receivables of $123.6 was primarily due to the maturities of forward exchange contracts that hedged foreign currency exposures
For the year ended 2017, cash provided by operating activities was $2,534.1. Income from continuing operations of $1,134.4 included a goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge of $162.1, an equity method investment impairment charge of $79.5, and a write-down of long-lived assets associated with restructuring of $69.2. Refer to Note 5, Cost Reduction and Asset Actions; Note 8, Summarized Financial Information of Equity Affiliates; Note 10, Goodwill; and Note 11, Intangible Assets, of the consolidated financial statements for additional information on these charges. Other adjustments of $165.4 included changes in uncertain tax positions and the fair value of foreign exchange contracts that hedge intercompany loans as well as pension contributions and expense. The working capital accounts were a source of cash of $48.0 that were primarily driven by payables and accrued liabilities and other receivables, partially offset by other working capital and trade receivables. The increase in payables and accrued liabilities of $163.8 was primarily due to timing differences related to payables and accrued liabilities and an increase in customer advances of $52.8 primarily related to sale of equipment activity.  The source of cash from other receivables of $124.7 was primarily due to the maturities of forward exchange contracts that hedged foreign currency exposures.  Other working capital was a use of cash of $154.0, primarily driven by payments for income taxes.  Trade receivables was a use of cash of $73.6 which is primarily due to timing differences.

For the year ended 2016, cash provided by operating activities was $2,258.8. Income from continuing operations of $1,099.5 included a loss on extinguishment of debt of $6.9. Other adjustments of $156.7 were primarily driven by the remeasurement of intercompany transactions as the related hedging instruments that eliminate the earnings impact are included in other receivables and payables and accrued liabilities. The working capital accounts were a source of cash of $21.2 that were primarily driven by payables and accrued liabilities and inventory partially offset by trade receivables and other working capital. The increase in payables and accrued liabilities of $60.1 was primarily related to an increase in customer advances which includes payment from our joint venture in Jazan, Saudi Arabia and was partially offset by the changes in the fair value of foreign exchange contracts that hedge intercompany loans. The use of cash from other working capital of $47.8 was primarily driven by advances associated with the purchase of helium partially offset by an increase in accrued income taxes, including the impacts of higher income.
Investing Activities
For the year ended 30 September 2018, cash used for investing activities was $1,649.1. Capital expenditures for plant and equipment was $1,568.4. Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired was $345.4. Refer to Note 6,
Acquisitions, to the consolidated financial statements for further details. Purchases of investments of $530.3 include short-term instruments with original maturities greater than three months and less than one year. Proceeds from investments of $748.2 resulted from maturities of short-term instruments with original maturities greater than three months and less than one year.
For the year ended 30 September 2017, cash used for investing activities was $1,417.7. Capital expenditures for plant and equipment was $1,039.7. Purchases of investments of $2,692.6 exceeded our proceeds from investments of $2,290.7.
For the year ended 30 September 2016, cash used for investing activities was $864.8, driven by capital expenditures for plant and equipment of $907.7. Proceeds from the sale of assets and investments of $44.6 was primarily driven by the receipt of $30.0 for our rights to a corporate aircraft that was under construction.
Capital Expenditures
CapitalWe define capital expenditures as cash flows for additions to plant and equipment, acquisitions (less cash acquired), and investment in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates. A reconciliation of cash used for investing activities to our reported capital expenditures is provided below:
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020
Cash used for investing activities$2,732.9 $3,560.0 
Proceeds from sale of assets and investments37.5 80.3 
Purchases of investments(2,100.7)(2,865.5)
Proceeds from investments1,875.2 1,938.0 
Other investing activities5.8 3.9 
Capital expenditures$2,550.7 $2,716.7 
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our cash balance and cash flows from operations are detailedour primary sources of liquidity and are generally sufficient to meet our liquidity needs. In addition, we have the flexibility to access capital through a variety of financing activities, including accessing the capital markets, drawing upon our credit facility, or alternatively, accessing the commercial paper markets. At this time, we have not utilized, nor do we expect to access, our credit facility for additional liquidity. In addition, we have considered the impacts of COVID-19 on our liquidity and capital resources and do not expect it to impact our ability to meet future liquidity needs.
As of 30 September 2021, we had $1,590.4 of foreign cash and cash items compared to total cash and cash items of $4,468.9. We do not expect that a significant portion of the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries and affiliates will be subject to U.S. income tax upon repatriation to the U.S. Depending on the country in which the following table:subsidiaries and affiliates reside, the repatriation of these earnings may be subject to foreign withholding and other taxes. However, since we have significant current investment plans outside the U.S., it is our intent to permanently reinvest the majority of our foreign cash and cash items that would be subject to additional taxes outside the U.S.
Cash Flows From Operations
 2018
2017
2016
Additions to plant and equipment
$1,568.4

$1,039.7

$907.7
Acquisitions, less cash acquired345.4
8.2
—
Investments in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates—
8.1
—
Capital Expenditures on a GAAP Basis
$1,913.8

$1,056.0

$907.7
Capital lease expenditures(A)
20.2
9.9
27.2
Capital Expenditures on a Non-GAAP Basis
$1,934.0

$1,065.9

$934.9
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020
Income from continuing operations attributable to Air Products$2,028.8 $1,901.0 
Adjustments to reconcile income to cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization1,321.3 1,185.0 
Deferred income taxes94.0 165.0 
Facility closure23.2 — 
Undistributed earnings of equity method investments(138.2)(161.9)
Gain on sale of assets and investments(37.2)(45.8)
Share-based compensation44.5 53.5 
Noncurrent lease receivables98.8 91.6 
Other adjustments(116.7)116.4 
Changes in working capital accounts16.7 (40.1)
Cash Provided by Operating Activities$3,335.2 $3,264.7 
(A)
We utilize a non-GAAP measure in
For the computation of capital expenditures and include spending associated with facilities accounted for as capital leases. Certain contracts associated with facilities that are built to provide product to a specific customer are required to be accounted for as leases, and such spending is reflected as a use of cash in the consolidated statements of cash flows within "Cash Provided by Operating Activities" if the arrangement qualifies as a capital lease. The presentation of this non-GAAP measure is intended to enhance the usefulness of information by providing a measure that our management uses internally to evaluate and manage our expenditures.
Capital expenditures on a GAAP basis in fiscal year 2018 totaled $1,913.8, comparedended 30 September 2021, cash provided by operating activities was $3,335.2. Other adjustments of $116.7 included pension plan contributions of $44.6 and pension income of $38.9 that did not have a cash impact. The working capital accounts were a source of cash of $16.7, primarily driven by a $187.9 source of cash from payables and accrued liabilities, partially offset by a $130.5 use of cash from trade receivables, less allowances. The source of cash within payables and accrued liabilities primarily resulted from higher natural gas costs, which also drove the use of cash within trade receivables as we contractually passed through these higher costs to $1,056.0 incustomers.
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For the fiscal year 2017.ended 30 September 2020, cash provided by operating activities was $3,264.7. We recorded a net benefit of $13.5 on our consolidated income statements related to a recently enacted tax law in India during the second quarter. This net benefit, which is further discussed in Note 21, Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements, increased "Undistributed earnings of unconsolidated affiliates" by $33.8 and increased "Deferred income taxes" by $20.3. The increase"Gain on sale of $857.8 was primarily dueassets and investments" of $45.8 includes a gain of $33.8 related to major project spending and higher business combination activity, including the purchasesale of gasification and syngas clean up assets from Lu'An.property at our current corporate headquarters. Refer to Note 6, Acquisitions,22, Supplemental Information, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. The working capital accounts were a use of cash of $40.1, primarily driven by other working capital uses of $130.6, partially offset by a source of $84.4 from other receivables. The use of cash within "Other working capital" was primarily due to timing of tax payments and a tax benefit as a result of the assets acquired in April 2020 from PBF Energy Inc. The source of cash within "Other receivables" was primarily driven by maturities of forward exchange contracts.
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020
Additions to plant and equipment, including long-term deposits($2,464.2)($2,509.0)
Acquisitions, less cash acquired(10.5)(183.3)
Investment in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates(76.0)(24.4)
Proceeds from sale of assets and investments37.5 80.3 
Purchases of investments(2,100.7)(2,865.5)
Proceeds from investments1,875.2 1,938.0 
Other investing activities5.8 3.9 
Cash Used for Investing Activities($2,732.9)($3,560.0)
For the fiscal year ended 30 September 2021, cash used for investing activities was $2,732.9. Capital expenditures for plant and equipment, including long-term deposits, were $2,464.2. Purchases of investments with terms greater than three months but less than one year of $2,100.7 exceeded proceeds from investments of $1,875.2, which resulted from maturities of time deposits and treasury securities.
For the fiscal year ended 30 September 2020, cash used for investing activities was $3,560.0. Payments for additions to plant and equipment, including long-term deposits, were $2,509.0. This includes the acquisition of five operating hydrogen production plants from PBF Energy Inc. in Delaware and California for approximately $580. Additionally, acquisitions, less cash acquired, includes $183.3 for three businesses we acquired on 1 July 2020, the largest of which was a business in Israel that primarily offers merchant gas products. Refer to Note 3, Acquisitions, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. Purchases of investments of $2,865.5 related to time deposits and treasury securities with terms greater than three months and less than one year and exceeded proceeds from investments of $1,938.0. Proceeds from sale of assets and investments of $80.3 included net proceeds of $44.1 related to the sale of property at our current corporate headquarters.
Capital Expenditures
Capital expenditures is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as cash flows for additions to plant and equipment, including long-term deposits, acquisitions (less cash acquired), and investment in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates. The components of our capital expenditures are detailed in the table below. We present a reconciliation of our capital expenditures to cash used for investing activities on page 36.
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020
Additions to plant and equipment, including long-term deposits$2,464.2 $2,509.0 
Acquisitions, less cash acquired10.5 183.3 
Investment in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates76.0 24.4 
Capital Expenditures$2,550.7 $2,716.7 

Capital expenditures in fiscal year 2021 totaled $2,550.7 compared to $2,716.7 in fiscal year 2020. The decrease of $166.0 was primarily driven by the prior year acquisition of five operating hydrogen production plants from PBF, partially offset by lower spending for acquisitions. Additions to plant and equipment also included support capital of a routine, ongoing nature, including expenditures for distribution equipment and facility improvements.
Capital
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Outlook for Investing Activities
We expect capital expenditures on a non-GAAP basis infor fiscal year 2018 totaled $1,934.0 compared2022 to $1,065.9 inbe approximately $4.5 to $5 billion. In the first quarter of fiscal year 2017. The increase2022, we paid $1.6 billion, including approximately $130 from a non-controlling partner in one of $868.1 was primarily due to higher major project spending and higher business combination activity.

On 19 April 2015, a joint venture between Air Products and ACWA Holding entered into a 20-year oxygen and nitrogen supply agreement to supply Saudi Aramco’s oil refineryour subsidiaries, for the initial investment in the Jazan gasification and power plant being built in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Air Products owns 25% of the joint venture. During 2016, we recorded a noncash transaction of $26.9 to our investment in net assets of and advances to equity affiliates to increase our obligation to invest in the joint venture to $94.4. This noncash transaction was excluded from the consolidated statements of cash flows.project. We expect to investmake an additional investment of approximately $100$1 billion, which includes contribution from our non-controlling partner, for phase II of the project in this joint venture.2023. Refer to Note 24, Subsequent Events, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Sales backlog representsIt is not possible, without unreasonable efforts, to reconcile our estimateforecasted capital expenditures to future cash used for investing activities because we are unable to identify the timing or occurrence of revenue to be recognizedour future investment activity, which is driven by our assessment of competing opportunities at the time we enter into transactions. These decisions, either individually or in the futureaggregate, could have a significant effect on our share of Air Products’ sale of equipment orders and related process technologies that are under firm contracts. The sales backlogcash used for the Company at 30 September 2018 was $204 compared to $481 at 30 September 2017.investing activities.
2019 Outlook
Capital expenditures for new plant and equipment in fiscal year 2019 are expected to be approximately $2,300 to $2,500. A majority of the totalWe anticipate capital expenditures are expected to be for new plants that are currently under construction or expected to start construction. It is anticipated that capital expenditures will be funded principally with our current cash balance and cash generated from continuing operations. In addition, we intend to continue to evaluate (1) acquisitions of smallsmall- and medium sizemedium-sized industrial gas companies or assets from other industrial gas companies; the purchase(2) purchases of existing industrial gas facilities from our customers to create long-term contracts whereunder which we own and operate the plant and sell industrial gases to the customer based on a fixed fee; and (3) investment in very large industrial gas projects driven by demand for more energy, cleaner energy, and emerging market growth.
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
For the
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September20212020
Long-term debt proceeds$178.9 $4,895.8 
Payments on long-term debt(462.9)(406.6)
Net increase (decrease) in commercial paper and short-term borrowings1.0 (54.9)
Dividends paid to shareholders(1,256.7)(1,103.6)
Proceeds from stock option exercises10.6 34.1 
Investments by noncontrolling interests136.6 17.1 
Other financing activities(28.4)(97.2)
Cash (Used for) Provided by Financing Activities($1,420.9)$3,284.7 
In fiscal year ended 2018,2021, cash used for financing activities was $1,359.8. This consisted$1,420.9 and primarily ofincluded dividend payments to shareholders of $897.8$1,256.7 and payments on long-term debt of $418.7. Payments$462.9, partially offset by long-term debt proceeds of $178.9 and investments by noncontrolling interests of $136.6. The payments on long-term debt included the repayment of a €350.0 million Eurobond ($428) in June 2021.
In November 2021, we repaid our 3.0% Senior Note of $400, plus interest, on its maturity date.
In fiscal year 2020, cash provided by financing activities was $3,284.7 as we successfully accessed the debt markets in April 2020 to support opportunities for growth projects and repay upcoming debt maturities. Long-term debt proceeds of $4,895.8 were partially offset by dividend payments to shareholders of $1,103.6 and payments on long-term debt of $406.6 primarily related to the repayment of a 1.2% U.S. Senior Note2.0% Eurobond of $400.0€300.0 million ($353.9) that matured on 16 October 2017.
For the year ended 2017, cash used for7 August 2020. Other financing activities was $2,040.9. This consisted primarily of repayments of commercial paper and short-term borrowings of $798.6, dividend payments to shareholders of $787.9 and payments on long-term debt of $483.9. Payments on long-term debt primarily consisted of the repayment of a 4.625% Eurobond of €300 million ($317.2) that matured on 15 March 2017 and $138.0 for the repayment of industrial revenue bonds.
For the year ended 2016, cash used for financing activities was $860.2. Our borrowings (short- and long-term proceeds, net of repayments) were a net use of cash of $237.7$97.2 and included the repayment of the 2.0% Senior Note of $350.0 million on 2 August 2016, and a $144.2 use of cash for net commercial paper and other short-term debt borrowings which were partially offset by debt proceeds from the issuance of a .375% Eurobond of €350 million ($386.9) on 1 June 2016. Versum distributed in-kind notes with an aggregate principal amount of $425.0 to Air Products. However, since Air Products exchanged these notes with certain financial institutions for $418.3 of Air Products’ outstanding commercial paper, this noncash debt for debt exchange was excluded from the consolidated statements of cash flows. Refer to Note 4, Materials Technologies Separation, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details. We also used cash to pay dividends of $721.2 and received proceeds from stock option exercises of $141.3.
Discontinued Operations
For the year ended 2018, cash flows of discontinued operations were not material.
For the year ended 2017, cash flows of discontinued operations primarily included impactsfinancing charges associated with the spin-off of EMD as Versum on 1 October 2016 and the sale of PMD to Evonik on 3 January 2017. Cash used for operating activities of $966.2 was primarily driven by taxes paid on the gain on the sale of PMD. Cash provided by investing activities of $3,750.6 primarily resulted from the proceeds on the sale of PMD. Cash provided by financing activities resulted from a $69.5 receipt of cash from Versum related to finalization of the spin-off.
For the year ended 2016, discontinued operations primarily includes the Energy-from-Waste business, which the Company decided to exit in the secondthird quarter of 2016, and the Materials Technologies business which contained two divisions, EMD and PMD. Cash provided by discontinued operations was $753.6 primarily driven by income from operations of discontinued operations, which excludes the noncash impairment charge, of $386.1 and long-term debt proceeds from Versum's Term Loan B of $575.0, partially offset by capital expenditures for plant and equipment of $245.1. Refer to Note 3, Discontinued Operations, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

issuance.
Financing and Capital Structure
Capital needs in fiscal year 20182021 were satisfied primarily with cash from operations. At the end of 2018, totalTotal debt outstanding was $3,812.6 compared to $3,962.8 at the end of 2017, and cash and cash items were $2,791.3 compared to $3,273.6 at the end of 2017. Total debtdecreased from $7,907.8 as of 30 September 20182020 to $7,637.2 as of 30 September 2021, primarily due to repayment of the €350 million Eurobond, partially offset by proceeds from long-term borrowings on our foreign commitments. Total debt includes related party debt of 2.6 billion RMB ($384)$358.4 and $338.5 as of 30 September 2021 and 30 September 2020, respectively, primarily associated with the Lu'An joint venture. For additional detail, refer to Note 14, Debt, to the consolidated financial statements.
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On 31 March 2017,2021, we entered into a five-year $2,500.0$2,500 revolving credit agreement maturing 31 March 2022 with a syndicate of banks (the “2017“2021 Credit Agreement”), under which senior unsecured debt is available to both the Companyus and certain of itsour subsidiaries. On 28 September 2018, we amended the 2017 Credit Agreement to reduce the maximum borrowing capacity to $2,300.0. No other terms were impacted by the amendment.
The 20172021 Credit Agreement provides a source of liquidity for the Company and supports itsour commercial paper program. The Company’s only financial covenant underin the 20172021 Credit Agreement is a maximum ratio of total debt to total capitalization (total(equal to total debt plus total equity) no greater thannot to exceed 70%. Total debt atas of 30 September 20182021 and 201730 September 2020, expressed as a percentage of total capitalization, was 25.4%35.2% and 28.0%38.9%, respectively. No borrowings were outstanding under the 20172021 Credit Agreement as of 30 September 2018.2021.
The 2021 Credit Agreement replaced our previous five-year $2,300.0 revolving credit agreement, which was to have matured on 31 March 2022. No borrowings were outstanding under the previous agreement as of 30 September 2020 or at the time of its termination. No early termination penalties were incurred.
Commitments totaling $7.0of $296.7 are maintained by our foreign subsidiaries, all$176.2 of which was borrowed and outstanding atas of 30 September 2018.2021.
As of 30 September 2018,2021, we are in compliance with all of the financial and other covenants under our debt agreements.
On 15 September 2011, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $1,000 of our outstanding common stock. We did not purchase any of our outstanding shares duringin fiscal years 2018, 20172021 or 2016. At2020. As of 30 September 2018,2021, $485.3 in share repurchase authorization remains.
2019 OutlookDividends
Cash flows from operations and financing activitiesdividends on our common stock are expected to meet liquidity needs for the foreseeable future and our working capital balance was $2,743.9 at 30 September 2018. We expect that we will continue to be in compliance with all of our financial covenants.
Dividends
Dividends are declared by the Board of Directors and arepaid quarterly, usually paid during the sixth week after the close of the fiscal quarter. During 2018,We expect to continue to pay cash dividends in the future at comparable or increased levels.
The Board of Directors determines whether to declare dividends and the timing and amount based on financial condition and other factors it deems relevant. In 2021, the Board of Directors increased the quarterly dividend from $.95on our common stock to $1.50 per share, representing a 12% increase from the previous dividend of $1.34 per share. This is the 39th consecutive year that we have increased our quarterly dividend payment.
On 18 November 2021, the Board of Directors declared the first quarter 2022 dividend of $1.50 per share. The dividend is payable on 14 February 2022 to $1.10 per share, or $4.40 per share annually.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
We are obligated to make future payments under various contracts, such as debt agreements, lease agreements, unconditional purchase obligations, and other long-term obligations. The following table summarizes our obligations on a continuing operations basisshareholders of record as of 30 September 2018:3 January 2022.
Discontinued Operations
 Total
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Thereafter
Debt maturities
$3,774

$407

$381

$474

$448

$449

$1,615
Contractual interest on debt589
101
81
71
57
46
233
Capital leases23
2
2
3
1
1
14
Operating leases334
66
50
41
31
23
123
Pension obligations310
53
40
41
41
41
94
Unconditional purchase obligations7,660
851
362
342
318
326
5,461
Deemed repatriation tax related to the Tax Act184
—
14
16
16
16
122
Obligation for future contribution to an equity affiliate100
—
100
—
—
—
—
Total Contractual Obligations
$12,974

$1,480

$1,030

$988

$912

$902

$7,662

Debt Obligations
Our debt obligations include the maturity payments of the principal amount of long-term debt, including the current portion and amounts owed to related parties, and the related contractual interest obligations. Refer to Note 15, Debt, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on our debt obligations.
Contractual interest is the interest we are contracted to pay on our debt obligations without taking into account the interest impact of interest rate swaps related to any of this debt, which at current interest rates would slightly decrease contractual interest. We had approximately $640 of long-term debt subject to variable interest rates at 30 September 2018, excluding fixed-rate debt that has been swapped to variable-rate debt. The rate assumed for the variable interest component of the contractual interest obligation was the rate in effect at 30 September 2018. Variable interest rates are primarily determined by U.S. short-term tax-exempt interest rates and by interbank offer rates.
Leases
Refer to Note 12, Leases, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on capital and operating leases.
Pension Obligations
The amounts in the table above represent the current estimated cash payments to be made by us that, in total, equal the recognized pension liabilities for our U.S. and international pension plans. For additional information, refer to Note 16, Retirement Benefits, to the consolidated financial statements. These payments are based upon the current valuation assumptions and regulatory environment.
The total accrued liability for pension benefits may be impacted by interest rates, plan demographics, actual return on plan assets, continuation or modification of benefits, and other factors. Such factors can significantly impact the amount of the liability and related contributions.
Unconditional Purchase Obligations
Approximately $6,800 of our unconditional purchase obligations relate to helium purchases. The majority of these obligations occur afterIn fiscal year 2023. Helium purchases include crude feedstock supply to multiple helium refining plants in North America2021, cash provided by operating activities of discontinued operations of $6.7 resulted from cash received as well as refined helium purchases from sources around the world. Aspart of a rare byproduct of natural gas production in the energy sector, these helium sourcing agreements are medium- to long-term and contain take-if-tendered provisions. The refined helium is distributed globally and sold as a merchant gas, primarily under medium-term requirements contracts. While contract terms in the energy sector are longer than those in merchant, helium is a rare gas used in applications with few or no substitutions because of its unique physical and chemical properties.
Approximately $210 of our long-term unconditional purchase obligations relate to feedstock supply for numerous HyCO (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and syngas) facilities. The price of feedstock supply is principallystate tax settlement related to the pricesale of natural gas. However, long-term take-or-pay sales contracts to HyCO customers are generally matched to the term of the feedstock supply obligations and provide recovery of price increases in the feedstock supply. Due to the matching of most long-term feedstock supply obligations to customer sales contracts, we do not believe these purchase obligations would have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
The unconditional purchase obligations also include other product supply and purchase commitments and electric power and natural gas supply purchase obligations, which are primarily pass-through contracts with our customers.
Purchase commitments to spend approximately $455 for additional plant and equipment are included in the unconditional purchase obligations in 2019.
We also purchase materials, energy, capital equipment, supplies, and services as part of the ordinary course of business under arrangements that are not unconditional purchase obligations. The majority of such purchases are for raw materials and energy, which are obtained under requirements-type contracts at market prices.

Income Tax Liabilities
Tax liabilities related to unrecognized tax benefits as of 30 September 2018 were $233.6. These tax liabilities were excluded from the Contractual Obligations table as it is impractical to determine a cash impact by year given that payments will vary according to changes in tax laws, tax rates, and our operating results. In addition, there are uncertainties in timing of the effective settlement of our uncertain tax positions with respective taxing authorities. However, the Contractual Obligations table above includes our accrued liability of approximately $184 for deemed repatriation tax that is payable over eight years related to the Tax Act. Refer to Note 22, Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Obligation for Future Contribution to an Equity Affiliate
On 19 April 2015, a joint venture between Air Products and ACWA Holding entered into a 20-year oxygen and nitrogen supply agreement to supply Saudi Aramco’s oil refinery and power plant being built in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Air Products owns 25% of the joint venture and guarantees the repayment of its share of an equity bridge loan. In total, we expect to invest approximately $100 in this joint venture. As of 30 September 2018, we recorded a noncurrent liability of $94.4 for our obligation to make future equity contributions in 2020 based on our proportionate share of the advances received by the joint venture under the loan.
Expected Investment in Joint Venture
On 12 August 2018, Air Products entered an agreement to form a gasification/power joint venture ("JV") with Saudi Aramco and ACWA in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Air Products will own at least 55% of the JV, with Saudi Aramco and ACWA Power owning the balance. The JV will purchase the gasification assets, power block, and the associated utilities from Saudi Aramco for approximately $8 billion. Our expected investment has been excluded from the contractual obligations table above pending closing, which is currently expectedPMD in fiscal year 2020.2017.
The JV will own and operate the facility under a 25-year contract for a fixed monthly fee. Saudi Aramco will supply feedstock to the JV, and the JV will produce power, hydrogen and other utilities for Saudi Aramco.
PENSION BENEFITS
The CompanyWe and certain of itsour subsidiaries sponsor defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution plans that cover a substantial portion of itsour worldwide employees. The principal defined benefit pension plans are the U.S. salaried pension plan and the U.K. pension plan. These plans were closed to new participants in 2005, after which defined contribution plans were offered to new employees. The shift to defined contribution plans is expected to continue to reduce volatility of both plan expense and contributions.
The fair market value of plan assets for our defined benefit pension plans as of the 30 September 20182021 measurement date decreasedincreased to $4,273.1$5,248.7 from $4,409.2$4,775.1 at the end of fiscal year 2017.2020. The projected benefit obligation for these plans was $4,583.3$5,304.9 and $5,107.2$5,373.5 at the end of fiscal years 20182021 and 2017,2020, respectively. The net unfunded liability decreased $387.8$542.2 from $698.0$598.4 to $310.2,$56.2, primarily due to higher discount rates and favorable asset experience. Refer to Note 16, 15, Retirement Benefits, to the consolidated financial statements for comprehensive and detailedadditional disclosures on our postretirement benefits.
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Pension Expense
20212020
Pension (income)/expense, including special items noted below($37.3)$7.0 
Settlements, termination benefits, and curtailments ("special items")1.8 5.2 
Weighted average discount rate – Service cost2.3 %2.4 %
Weighted average discount rate – Interest cost1.8 %2.3 %
Weighted average expected rate of return on plan assets6.0 %6.3 %
Weighted average expected rate of compensation increase3.4 %3.4 %
 2018
2017
2016
Pension expense – Continuing operations
$91.8

$72.0

$55.8
Settlements, termination benefits, and curtailments (included above)48.9
15.0
6.0
Weighted average discount rate – Service cost3.2%2.9%4.1%
Weighted average discount rate – Interest cost2.9%2.5%3.4%
Weighted average expected rate of return on plan assets6.9%7.4%7.5%
Weighted average expected rate of compensation increase3.5%3.5%3.5%


2018 vs. 2017
PensionWe recognized pension income of $37.3 in fiscal year 2021 versus expense excluding settlements, termination benefits,of $7.0 in fiscal year 2020, primarily due to lower interest cost and curtailments ("special items"),higher total assets. Special items decreased from the prior year primarily due to recognition of favorable asset experience, partially offset by lower expected returns on assets. In fiscal year 2018, special items of $48.9 included a pension settlement loss of $43.7 primarily resulting from the transfer of certain U.S. pension payment obligations to an insurer during the fourth quarter, $4.8 of pension settlement losses related to lump sum payouts from the U.S. Supplemental Pension Plan, and $.4 of termination benefits, all of which are reflected in "Other non-operating income (expense), net" on the consolidated income statements.losses.
2017 vs. 2016
Pension expense, excluding special items, increased from fiscal year 2016 primarily due to a decrease in the discount rate offset by favorable asset experience. Special items of $15.0 included pension settlement losses of $10.5 related to the U.S. Supplementary Pension Plan, as well as curtailment and termination benefits of $4.5.
20192022 Outlook
In fiscal year 2019,2022, we expect pension impacts to range from $5 million of income to $5 million of expense, excluding special items, is expected to be approximately $20 to $30. This results from lower loss amortization primarily due to favorable asset experience and the impact of higher discount rates, partially offset by lower expected returns on assets. Pensionwhich includes potential settlement losses of $5 to $10 to $15 are expected,million, depending on the timing of retirements. This forecast reflects a lower expected estimated return on assets due to the increased percentage of fixed income investments within the plan asset portfolios and higher interest cost, partially offset by lower forecasted actuarial loss amortization. In fiscal year 2019, we expect2022, our expected range of pension expense to includeimpacts includes approximately $75$80 for amortization of actuarial losses.
In fiscal year 2018,2021, pension expense included amortization of actuarial losses of $128.$97.8. Net actuarial gains of $232$360.8 were recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income in fiscal year 2018.2021. Actuarial gains/gains and losses are amortized into pension expense over prospective periods to the extent they are not offset by future gains or losses. Future changes in the discount rate and actual returns on plan assets different from expected returns wouldcould impact the actuarial gains/lossesgain or loss and resulting amortization in years beyond fiscal year 2019.
Subsequent Event – GMP Equalization
On 26 October 2018, the United Kingdom High Court issued a ruling in a case relating to equalization of pension plan participants’ benefits for the gender effects of Guaranteed Minimum Pensions ("GMP equalization"). The ruling relates to the Lloyds Banking Group pension plans but impacts other U.K. defined benefit pension plans. We are still assessing the impact of this ruling. If we determine that the ruling impacts our U.K. pension plan, the approach to achieve GMP equalization may retroactively increase our benefit obligation for some participants in the plan and may impact funding requirements.2022.
Pension Funding
Pension funding includes both contributions to funded plans and benefit payments for unfunded plans, which are primarily non-qualified plans. With respect to funded plans, our funding policy is that contributions, combined with appreciation and earnings, will be sufficient to pay benefits without creating unnecessary surpluses.
In addition, we make contributions to satisfy all legal funding requirements while managing our capacity to benefit from tax deductions attributable to plan contributions. With the assistance of third partythird-party actuaries, we analyze the liabilities and demographics of each plan, which help guide the level of contributions. During 20182021 and 2017,2020, our cash contributions to funded plans and benefit payments for unfunded plans were $68.3$44.6 and $64.1,$37.5, respectively.
For fiscal year 2019,2022, cash contributions to defined benefit plans are estimated to be $45$40 to $65.$50. The estimate is based on expected contributions to certain international plans and anticipated benefit payments for unfunded plans, which are dependent upon the timing of retirements. Actual future contributions will depend on future funding legislation, discount rates, investment performance, plan design, and various other factors. Refer to the Contractual Obligations discussion on pages 43-44 for a projection of future contributions.
ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
We are subject to various environmental laws and regulations in the countries in which we have operations. Compliance with these laws and regulations results in higher capital expenditures and costs. In the normal course of business, we are involved in legal proceedings under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA: the federal Superfund law); Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); and similar state and foreign environmental laws relating to the designation of certain sites for investigation or remediation. Our accounting policy for environmental expenditures is discussed in Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements, and environmental loss contingencies are discussed in Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements.

The amounts charged to income from continuing operations related to environmental matters totaled $12.8, $11.4, and $12.2 in fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. These amounts represent an estimate of expenses for compliance with environmental laws and activities undertaken to meet internal Company standards. Refer to Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Although precise amounts are difficult to determine, we estimate that we spent $3, $7, and $3 in fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, on capital projects to control pollution. Capital expenditures to control pollution are estimated to be approximately $4 in both fiscal years 2019 and 2020.
We accrue environmental investigatory and remediation costs for identified sites when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The potential exposure for such costs is estimated to range from $76 to a reasonably possible upper exposure of $90 as of 30 September 2018. The consolidated balance sheets at 30 September 2018 and 2017 included an accrual of $76.8 and $83.6, respectively, primarily as part of other noncurrent liabilities. The accrual for the environmental obligations includes amounts for the Pace, Florida; Piedmont, South Carolina; and Pasadena, Texas, locations which were a part of previously divested chemicals businesses. Refer to Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements for further details on these facilities.
Actual costs to be incurred at identified sites in future periods may vary from the estimates, given inherent uncertainties in evaluating environmental exposures. Subject to the imprecision in estimating future environmental costs, we do not expect that any sum we may haveCOVID-19 to pay in connection with environmental matters in excess of the amounts recorded or disclosed above would have a material adverse impact on our financial position or results of operations in any one year.
Some of our operations are within jurisdictions that have or are developing regulatory regimes governing emissions of greenhouse gases ("GHG"), including carbon dioxide. These include existing coverage under the European Union Emission Trading system, the California cap and trade schemes, Alberta’s Carbon Competitiveness Incentive Regulation, China’s Emission Trading Scheme, South Korea’s Emission Trading Scheme, nation-wide expansion of the China Emission Trading Scheme, revisions to the Alberta regulation, and Environment Canada's developing Output Based Pricing System. In addition, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") requires mandatory reporting of GHG emissions and is regulating GHG emissions for new construction and major modifications to existing facilities. Some jurisdictions have various mechanisms to target the power sector to achieve emission reductions, which often result in higher power costs.
Increased public concern may result in more international, U.S. federal, and/or regional requirements to reduce or mitigate the effects of GHG. Although uncertain, these developments could increase our costs related to consumption of electric power and hydrogen production. We believe we will be able to mitigate some of the increased costs through contractual terms, but the lack of definitive legislation or regulatory requirements prevents an accurate estimate of the long-term impact these measures will have on our operations. Any legislation that limits or taxes GHG emissions could negatively impact our growth, increase our operating costs, or reduce demandcontribution forecast for certain of our products.
Regulation of GHG may also produce new opportunities for us. We continue to develop technologies to help our facilities and our customers lower energy consumption, improve efficiency, and lower emissions. We also have developed a portfolio of technologies that capture carbon dioxide from steam methane reforming, enable cleaner transportation fuels, and facilitate alternate fuel source development. In addition, the potential demand for clean coal could increase demand for oxygen, one of our main products, and our proprietary technology for delivering low-cost oxygen.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
We have entered into certain guarantee agreements as discussed in Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements. In addition, we are not a primary beneficiary in any material variable interest entity. Our off-balance sheet arrangements are not reasonably likely to have a material impact on financial condition, changes in financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.

RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
We have related party sales to some of our equity affiliates and joint venture partners. Sales to related parties totaled approximately $340, $580, and $320 during fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, and primarily related to Jazan sale of equipment activity. Agreements with related parties include terms that are consistent with those that we believe would have been negotiated at an arm’s length with an independent party.
In addition, we completed the formation of Air Products Lu An (Changzhi) Co., Ltd., a 60%-owned JV with Lu'An Clean Energy Company ("Lu'An"), and the JV acquired gasification and syngas clean-up assets from Lu'An during the third quarter of 2018. In connection with the acquisition, Lu'An made a loan of 2.6 billion RMB to the JV, and we established a liability of 2.3 billion RMB for cash payments expected to be made to or on behalf of Lu'An in fiscal year 2019. As2022.
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Table of 30 September 2018, long-term debt payable to Lu'An of 2.6 billion RMB ($384) is presented on the consolidated balance sheets as "Long-term debt – related party," and our expected remaining cash payments of approximately 2.2 billion RMB ($330) are presented within "Payables and accrued liabilities."Contents
INFLATION
We operate in many countries that experience volatility in inflation and foreign exchange rates. The ability to pass on inflationary cost increases is an uncertainty due to general economic conditions and competitive situations. It is estimated that the cost of replacing our plant and equipment today is greater than its historical cost. Accordingly, depreciation expense would be greater if the expense were stated on a current cost basis.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
Refer to Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, and Note 2, New Accounting Guidance, to the consolidated financial statements describesfor a description of our major accounting policies. Judgmentspolicies and estimatesinformation concerning implementation and impact of uncertainties are required in applying ournew accounting policies in many areas. However, application of the criticalguidance.
The accounting policies discussed below requires management’s significantare those policies that we consider to be the most critical to understanding our financial statements because they require management's most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, often as the result of the need to make estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. These estimates reflect our best judgment about current and/or future economic and market conditions and their effect based on information available as of the date of our consolidated financial statements. If conditions change, actual results were tomay differ materially from the estimates made, the reported results could be materially affected.these estimates. Our management has reviewed these critical accounting policies and estimates and related disclosures with the Audit and Finance Committee of our audit committee.Board of Directors.
Depreciable Lives of Plant and Equipment
Net plantPlant and equipment, net at 30 September 20182021 totaled $9,923.7,$13,254.6, and depreciation expense totaled $940.7$1,284.1 during fiscal year 2018.2021. Plant and equipment is recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method, which deducts equal amounts of the cost of each asset from earnings every year over its estimated economic useful life.
Economic useful life is the duration of time an asset is expected to be productively employed by us, which may be less than its physical life. Assumptions on the following factors, among others, affect the determination of estimated economic useful life: wear and tear, obsolescence, technical standards, contract life, market demand, competitive position, raw material availability, and geographic location.
The estimated economic useful life of an asset is monitored to determine its appropriateness, especially in light of changedwhen business circumstances.circumstances change. For example, changes in technology, changes in the estimated future demand for products, or excessive wear and tear, or unanticipated government actions may result in a shorter estimated useful life than originally anticipated. In these cases, we would depreciate the remaining net book value over the new estimated remaining life, thereby increasing depreciation expense per year on a prospective basis. Likewise, if the estimated useful life is increased, the adjustment to the useful life decreases depreciation expense per year on a prospective basis.
The regional Industrial Gases segments have numerous long-term customer supply contracts for which we construct an on-site plant adjacent to or near the customer’s facility. These contracts typically have initial contract terms of 10 to 20 years. Depreciable lives of the production assets related to long-term supply contracts are generally matched to the contract lives. Extensions to the contract term of supply frequently occur prior to the expiration of the initial term. As contract terms are extended, the depreciable life of the remaining net book value of theassociated production assets is adjusted to match the new contract term, as long as it does not exceed the remaining physical life of the asset.
Our regional Industrial Gases segments also have contracts for liquid or gaseous bulk supply and, for smaller customers, packaged gases. The depreciable lives of production facilities associated with these contracts are
generally 15 years. These depreciable lives have been determined based on historical experience combined with judgment on future assumptions such as technological advances, potential obsolescence, competitors’ actions, etc.


In addition, we may purchase assets through transactions accounted for as either an asset acquisition or a business combination. Depreciable lives are assigned to acquired assets based on the age and condition of the assets, the remaining duration of long-term supply contracts served by the assets, and our historical experience with similar assets. Management monitors its assumptions and may potentially need to adjust depreciable life as circumstances change.
A change in the weighted average remaining depreciable life by one year for assets associated with our regional Industrial Gases segments would impact annual depreciation expense as summarized below:
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Decrease Life
By 1 Year

 
Increase Life
By 1 Year

Industrial Gases – Regional 
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Impairment of Assets
As discussed below, there were no triggering events in fiscal year 2021 that would require impairment testing for any of our asset groups, reporting units that contain goodwill, indefinite-lived intangibles assets, or equity method investments. We completed our annual impairment tests for goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets and concluded there were no indications of impairment.
Impairment of Assets – Plant and Equipment
Plant and equipment meeting the held for sale criteria are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. Plant and equipment to be disposed of other than by sale may be reviewed for impairment upon the occurrence of certain triggering events, such as unexpected contract terminations or unexpected foreign government-imposed restrictions or expropriations. Plant and equipment held for use is grouped for impairment testing at the lowest level for which there is identifiable cash flows. Impairment testing of the asset group occurs whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Such circumstances would includeinclude: (1) a significant decrease in the market value of a long-lived asset grouping,grouping; (2) a significant adverse change in the manner in which the asset grouping is being used or in its physical condition,condition; (3) an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of the long-lived asset,asset; (4) a reduction in revenues that is other than temporary; (5) a history of operating or cash flow losses associated with the use of the asset grouping,grouping; or (6) changes in the expected useful life of the long-lived assets.
If such circumstances are determined to exist, an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows produced by that asset group is compared to the carrying value to determine whether impairment exists. If an asset group is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured based on the difference between the asset group’s fair value and its carrying value. An estimate of the asset group’s fair value is based on the discounted value of its estimated cash flows.
The assumptions underlying the undiscounted future cash flow projections require significant management judgment. Factors that management must estimate include industry and market conditions, sales volume and prices, costs to produce, inflation, etc. The assumptions underlying the cash flow projections represent management’s best estimates at the time of the impairment review.review and could include probability weighting of cash flow projections associated with multiple potential future scenarios. Changes in key assumptions or actual conditions that differ from estimates could result in an impairment charge. We use reasonable and supportable assumptions when performing impairment reviews and cannot predict the occurrence of future events and circumstances that could result in impairment charges.
In fiscal year 2018,2021, there was no need to test for impairment on any of our asset groupings as no events or changes in circumstances indicated that the carrying amount of theour asset groupings may not be recoverable.
In fiscal year 2017, we performed interim impairment testingImpairment of our Latin America reporting unit (LASA) long-lived assets and indefinite-lived intangible assets, including goodwill, as of 30 June 2017. See the 2017 Impairment Testing discussions under the Goodwill and Intangible Assets sections below. We also tested the recoverability of LASA's long-lived assets, including finite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization, and concluded that they were recoverable from expected future undiscounted cash flows.
In fiscal year 2016, the Board of Directors approved the Company’s exit of its EfW business. We assessed the recoverability of capital costs for the two projects associated with this business and recorded an impairment charge of $913.5 to reduce the carrying values of plant assets to their estimated net realizable value. We estimated the net realizable value of the projects assuming an orderly liquidation of assets capable of being marketed on a secondary equipment market based on market quotes and our experience with selling similar equipment. An asset’s orderly liquidation value is the amount that could be realized from a liquidation sale, given a reasonable period of time to find a buyer, selling the asset in the existing condition where it is located, and assuming the highest and best use of the asset by market participants. The loss was measured as the difference between the orderly liquidation value of the assets and the net book value of the assets. The loss was recorded in the results of discontinued operations.

During the first quarter of fiscal year 2017, we recorded an additional loss of $6.3 to update our estimate of the net realizable value of the plant assets. The loss was recorded in the results of discontinued operations. In fiscal year 2017, we also recorded a charge of $45.7 to write-down the air separation unit in the Industrials Gases – EMEA segment that was constructed mainly to provide oxygen to one of the EfW plants to its net realizable value of $1.4. The charge was recorded in the results of continuing operations. The remaining assets associated with EfW were liquidated during fiscal year 2018 with no value remaining as of 30 September 2018.
Refer to Note 3, Discontinued Operations, and Note 5, Cost Reduction and Asset Actions, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Goodwill
The acquisition method of accounting for business combinations requires us to make use of estimates and judgments to allocate the purchase price paid for acquisitions to the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets. Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price (plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interest and previously held equity interest in the acquiree) over the fair value of identifiable net assets of an acquired entity. Goodwill was $788.9$911.5 as of 30 September 2018.2021. Disclosures related to goodwill are included in Note 10, 9, Goodwill, to the consolidated financial statements.
We review goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of the fiscal year and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill might not be recoverable. The tests are done at the reporting unit level, which is defined as being equal to or one level below the operating segment for which discrete financial information is available and whose operating results are reviewed by segment managers regularly. We have five reportable business segments, that are comprised ofseven operating segments and ten reporting units, within seven operating segments.of which include a goodwill balance. Refer to Note 25, 23, Business Segment and Geographic Information, for additional information. Reporting units are primarily based on products and subregions within each reportable segment. The majority of our goodwill is assigned to reporting units within our regional Industrial Gases segments.
As part of the goodwill impairment testing, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. IfHowever, we choose not to complete a qualitative assessment for a given reporting unit, or if the initial assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, a quantitative test is required. We choose to bypass the qualitative assessment and conduct quantitative testing to determine if the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. An impairment loss will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.
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To determine the fair value of a reporting unit, we initially use an income approach valuation model, representing the present value of estimated future cash flows. Our valuation model uses a discrete growth period and an estimated exit trading multiple. The income approach is an appropriate valuation method due to our capital-intensive nature, the long-term contractual nature of our business, and the relatively consistent cash flows generated by our reporting units. The principal assumptions utilized in our income approach valuation model include revenue growth rates, operating profit and/or adjusted EBITDA margins, discount rate, and exit multiple. Projected revenue growth rates and operating profit and/or adjusted EBITDA assumptions are consistent with those utilized in our operating plan and/or revised forecasts and long-term financial planning process. The discount rate assumption is calculated based on an estimated market-participant risk-adjusted weighted-average cost of capital, which includes factors such as the risk-free rate of return, cost of debt, and expected equity premiums. The exit multiple is determined from comparable industry transactions and where appropriate, reflects expected long-term growth rates.
If our initial review under the income approach indicates there may be impairment, we incorporate results under the market approach to further evaluate the existence of impairment. When the market approach is utilized, fair value is estimated based on market multiples of revenue and earnings derived from comparable publicly-traded industrial gases companies and/or regional manufacturing companies engaged in the same or similar lines of business as the reporting unit, adjusted to reflect differences in size and growth prospects. When both the income and market approach are utilized, we review relevant facts and circumstances and make a qualitative assessment to determine the proper weighting. Management judgment is required in the determination of each assumption utilized in the valuation model, and actual results could differ from the estimates.

2018 Impairment Testing
During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2018,2021, we conducted our annual goodwill impairment test. We determined that thetest, noting no indications of impairment. The fair value of all of our reporting units substantially exceeded their carrying value.
Due to the reorganization of our business effective as of 1 October 2021, we conducted an additional impairment test on our existing reporting units as of 30 September 2021. The fair value of all of our reporting units substantially exceeded their carrying value except LASA, for which the fair value exceeded the carrying value by 8%.
The excess of fair value over carrying value for our reporting units other than LASA ranged from approximately 110% to approximately 280%. Management judgment is required in the determination of each assumption utilized in the valuation model, and actual results could differ from the estimates. In order to evaluate the sensitivity of the fair value calculation on the goodwill impairment test, we applied a hypothetical 10% decrease to the fair value of these reporting units. In this scenario, the fair value of our reporting units other than LASA continued to exceed their carrying value by a range of approximately 90% to 240%.
As of 30 September 2018, the carrying value of LASA goodwill was $65.6, or less than 1% of consolidated total assets. Further events that could have a negative impact on the level of excess fair value over carrying value of the reporting unit include but are not limited to a decline in market share, pricing pressures, and further economic weakening in the markets we serve. Revenue growth and EBITDA margin assumptions are two primary drivers of the fair value of LASA. We determined that, with other assumptions held constant, a decrease in revenue rates of approximately 230 basis points or a decrease in EBITDA margin of approximately 210 basis points would result in an impairment of the remaining goodwill balance. The carrying value of LASA's other material assets at 30 September 2018 included: Plant and equipment, net of $341.1; customer relationships of $152.1; and trade names and trademarks of $48.4. The trade names and trademarks are classified as indefinite-lived intangible assets.2021.
Future events that could have a negative impact on the level of excess fair value over carrying value of the reporting units include, but are not limited to: long-term economic weakness, decline in market share, pricing pressures, inability to successfully implement cost improvement measures, increases to our cost of capital, changes in the strategy of the reporting unit, and changes to the structure of our business as a result of future reorganizations or divestitures of assets or businesses. Negative changes in one or more of these factors, among others, could result in impairment charges.
2017 Impairment Testingof Assets – Intangible Assets
ForIntangible assets, net with determinable lives at 30 September 2021 totaled $380.4 and consisted primarily of customer relationships, purchased patents and technology, and land use rights. These intangible assets are tested for impairment as part of the first nine monthslong-lived asset grouping impairment tests. Impairment testing of fiscal year 2017, volumes declinedthe asset group occurs whenever events or changes in our LASA reporting unit,circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. See the impairment discussion above under "Impairment of Assets – Plant and overall revenue growth did not meet expectations. DueEquipment" for a description of how impairment losses are determined.
Indefinite-lived intangible assets at 30 September 2021 totaled $40.3 and consisted of trade names and trademarks. Indefinite-lived intangibles are subject to weak economic conditionsimpairment testing at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in Latin America and expectations for continued volume weakness in the Latin American countries and markets in which we operate, we lowered our long-term growth projections for LASA by more than 200 basis points, which also unfavorably impacted our EBITDA margin. Management considered the revised projections for LASA to be indicators ofcircumstances indicate that potential impairment and, accordingly, performed interimexists. The impairment testing of our long-lived assets andtest for indefinite-lived intangible assets including goodwill, as of 30 June 2017 utilizing the revised projections. LASA represented approximately 6% of the Company’s total revenue in 2017 with business units in Chile, Colombia, and other Latin America countries.
We estimatedinvolves calculating the fair value of LASAthe indefinite-lived intangible assets and comparing the fair value to their carrying value. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, the difference is recorded as an impairment loss. To determine fair value, we utilize the royalty savings method, a form of the income approach. This method values an intangible asset by estimating the royalties avoided through ownership of the asset.
Disclosures related to intangible assets other than goodwill are included in Note 10, Intangible Assets, to the consolidated financial statements.
In the fourth quarter of 2021, we conducted our annual impairment test of indefinite-lived intangibles which resulted in no impairment.
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Impairment of Assets – Equity Method Investments
Investments in and advances to equity affiliates totaled $1,649.3 at 30 June 2017September 2021. The majority of our investments are non-publicly traded ventures with other companies in the industrial gas business. Summarized financial information of equity affiliates is included in Note 7, Summarized Financial Information of Equity Affiliates, to the consolidated financial statements. Equity investments are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment may not be recoverable.
An impairment loss is recognized in the event that an other-than-temporary decline in fair value below the carrying value of an investment occurs. Management’s estimate of fair value of an investment is based on two valuation approaches, the income approach andand/or market approach. We utilize estimated discounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the market approach, as described above. We reviewed relevant facts and circumstances in determining the weighting of the approaches. Underinvestee under the income approach, we estimated the fair value of LASA based on management's estimates of revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins, taking into consideration business and market conditions for the Latin American countries and markets in which we operate. These estimates were consistent with our revised forecast and long-term financial planning processes, which included a reduction in sales growth by more than 200 basis points from that previously identified. We calculated the discount rate based on a market-participant, risk-adjusted weighted average cost of capital, which considers industry-specific rates of return on debt and equity capital for a target industry capital structure, adjusted for risks associated with business size and geography. Underapproach. For the market approach, we estimated fair value based onutilize market multiples of revenue and earnings derived from comparable publicly-traded industrial gases companiescompanies. Changes in key assumptions about the financial condition of an investee or actual conditions that differ from estimates could result in an impairment charge.
In fiscal year 2021, there was no need to test any of our equity affiliate investments for impairment, as no events or changes in circumstances indicated that the carrying amount of the investments may not be recoverable.
Revenue Recognition – Cost Incurred Input Method
Revenue from equipment sale contracts is generally recognized over time as we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date and regional manufacturing companies, adjustedour performance under the contract terms does not create an asset with alternative use. We use a cost incurred input method to reflectrecognize revenue by which costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion are used to measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations. Costs incurred include material, labor, and overhead costs and represent work contributing and proportionate to the transfer of control to the customer.
Accounting for contracts using the cost incurred input method requires management judgment relative to assessing risks and their impact on the estimates of revenues and costs. Our estimates are impacted by factors such as the potential for incentives or penalties on performance, schedule delays, technical issues, labor productivity, the complexity of work performed, the cost and availability of materials, and performance of subcontractors. When adjustments in estimated total contract revenues or estimated total costs are required, any changes in the estimated profit from prior estimates are recognized in the current period for the inception-to-date effect of such change. When estimates of total costs to be incurred on a contract exceed estimates of total revenues to be earned, a provision for the entire estimated loss on the contract is recorded in the period in which the loss is determined.
In addition to the typical risks associated with underlying performance of project procurement and construction activities, our sale of equipment projects within our Industrial Gases – Global segment require monitoring of risks associated with schedule, geography, and other aspects of the contract and their effects on our estimates of total revenues and total costs to complete the contract.
Changes in estimates on projects accounted for under the cost incurred input method unfavorably impacted operating income by approximately $19 in fiscal year 2021 as compared to a favorable impact of $7 in fiscal year 2020. Our changes in estimates would not have significantly impacted amounts recorded in prior years.
We assess the performance of our sale of equipment projects as they progress. Our earnings could be positively or negatively impacted by changes to our forecast of revenues and costs on these projects.
Revenue Recognition – On-site Customer Contracts
For customers who require large volumes of gases on a long-term basis, we produce and supply gases under long-term contracts from large facilities that we build, own and operate on or near the customer’s facilities. Certain of these on-site contracts contain complex terms and provisions such as tolling arrangements, minimum payment requirements, variable components and pricing provisions that require significant judgment to determine the amount and timing of revenue recognition.
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Income Taxes
We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the tax effects of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be recovered or settled. As of 30 September 2021, accrued income taxes, including the amount recorded as noncurrent, was $251.0, and net deferred tax liabilities were $1,080.7. Tax liabilities related to uncertain tax positions as of 30 September 2021 were $140.3, excluding interest and penalties. Income tax expense for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2021 was $462.8. Disclosures related to income taxes are included in Note 21, Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements.
Management judgment is required concerning the ultimate outcome of tax contingencies and the realization of deferred tax assets.
Actual income taxes paid may vary from estimates, depending upon changes in income tax laws, actual results of operations, and the final audit of tax returns by taxing authorities. Tax assessments may arise several years after tax returns have been filed. We believe that our recorded tax liabilities adequately provide for these assessments.
Deferred tax assets are recorded for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. However, when we do not expect sufficient sources of future taxable income to realize the benefit of the operating losses or tax credit carryforwards, these deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance. A valuation allowance is recognized if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is considered more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization include forecasted future taxable income and available tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize or renew net deferred tax assets in order to avoid the potential loss of future tax benefits. The effect of a change in the valuation allowance is reported in the income tax expense.
A 1% increase or decrease in our effective tax rate may result in a decrease or increase to net income, respectively, of approximately $25.
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
The amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements for pension and other postretirement benefits are determined on an actuarial basis utilizing numerous assumptions. The discussion that follows provides information on the significant assumptions, expense, and obligations associated with the defined benefit plans.
Actuarial models are used in calculating the expense and liability related to the various defined benefit plans. These models have an underlying assumption that the employees render service over their service lives on a relatively consistent basis; therefore, the expense of benefits earned should follow a similar pattern.
Several assumptions and statistical variables are used in the models to calculate the expense and liability related to the plans. We determine assumptions about the discount rate, the expected rate of return on plan assets, and the rate of compensation increase. Note 15, Retirement Benefits, to the consolidated financial statements includes disclosure of these rates on a weighted-average basis for both the U.S. and international plans. The actuarial models also use assumptions about demographic factors such as retirement age, mortality, and turnover rates. Mortality rates are based on the most recent U.S. and international mortality tables. We believe the actuarial assumptions are reasonable. However, actual results could vary materially from these actuarial assumptions due to economic events and differences in sizerates of retirement, mortality, and growth prospects.turnover.
One of the assumptions used in the actuarial models is the discount rate used to measure benefit obligations. This rate reflects the prevailing market rate for high-quality, fixed-income debt instruments with maturities corresponding to the expected timing of benefit payments as of the annual measurement date for each of the various plans. We measure the service cost and interest cost components of pension expense by applying spot rates along the yield curve to the relevant projected cash flows. The rates along the yield curve are used to discount the future cash flows of benefit obligations back to the measurement date. These rates change from year to year based on market conditions that affect corporate bond yields. A higher discount rate decreases the present value of the benefit obligations and results in lower pension expense. A 50 bp increase or decrease in the discount rate may result in a decrease or increase to pension expense, respectively, of approximately $20 per year.
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The expected rate of return on plan assets represents an estimate of the long-term average rate of return to be earned by plan assets reflecting current asset allocations. In determining estimated asset class returns, we take into account historical and future expected long-term returns and the value of active management, as well as the interest rate environment. Asset allocation is determined based on long-term return, volatility and correlation characteristics of the asset classes, the profiles of the plans’ liabilities, and acceptable levels of risk. Lower returns on the plan assets result in higher pension expense. A 50 bp increase or decrease in the estimated rate of return on plan assets may result in a decrease or increase to pension expense, respectively, of approximately $23 per year.
We use a market-related valuation method for recognizing certain investment gains or losses for our significant pension plans. Investment gains or losses are the difference between the expected return and actual return on plan assets. The expected return on plan assets is determined based on a market-related value of plan assets. This is a calculated value that recognizes investment gains and losses on equities over a five-year period from the year in which they occur and reduces year-to-year volatility. The market-related value for non-equity investments equals the actual fair value. Expense in future periods will be impacted as gains or losses are recognized in the market-related value of assets.
The expected rate of compensation increase is another key assumption. We determine this rate based on review of the underlying long-term salary increase trend characteristic of labor markets and historical experience, as well as comparison to peer companies. A 50 bp increase or decrease in the expected rate of compensation may result in an increase or decrease to pension expense, respectively, of approximately $7 per year.
Loss Contingencies
In the normal course of business, we encounter contingencies, or situations involving varying degrees of uncertainty as to the outcome and effect on our company. We accrue a liability for loss contingencies when it is considered probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued.
Contingencies include those associated with litigation and environmental matters, for which our accounting policy is discussed in Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements, and details are provided in Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements. Significant judgment is required to determine both the probability and whether the amount of loss associated with a contingency can be reasonably estimated. These determinations are made based on the best available information at the time. As additional information becomes available, we reassess probability and estimates of loss contingencies. Revisions to the estimates associated with loss contingencies could have a significant impact on our results of operations in the period in which an accrual for loss contingencies is recorded or adjusted. For example, due to the inherent uncertainties related to environmental exposures, a significant increase to environmental liabilities could occur if a new site is designated, the scope of remediation is increased, a different remediation alternative is identified, or our proportionate share of the liability increases. Similarly, a future charge for regulatory fines or damage awards associated with litigation could have a significant impact on our net income in the period in which it is recorded.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Our earnings, cash flows, and financial position are exposed to market risks arising from fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. It is our policy to minimize our cash flow exposure to adverse changes in currency exchange rates and to manage the financial risks inherent in funding with debt capital.
We address these financial exposures through a controlled program of risk management that includes the use of derivative financial instruments. We have established counterparty credit guidelines and generally enter into transactions with financial institutions of investment grade or better, thereby minimizing the risk of credit loss. All instruments are entered into for other than trading purposes. For details on the types and use of these derivative instruments and related major accounting policies, refer to Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, and Note 12, Financial Instruments, to the consolidated financial statements. Additionally, we mitigate adverse energy price impacts through our cost pass-through contracts with customers and price increases.
Our derivative and other financial instruments consist of long-term debt, including the current portion and amounts owed to related parties; interest rate swaps; cross currency interest rate swaps; and foreign exchange-forward contracts. The net market value of these financial instruments combined is referred to below as the "net financial instrument position" and is disclosed in Note 13, Fair Value Measurements, to the consolidated financial statements.
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Our net financial instrument position decreased from a liability of $8,220.7 at 30 September 2020 to a liability of $7,850.3 at 30 September 2021. The decrease was primarily due to the repayment of a €350.0 million Eurobond ($428) on its maturity date in June 2021.
The analysis below presents the sensitivity of the market value of our financial instruments to selected changes in market rates and prices. Market values are the present values of projected future cash flows based on the market rates and prices chosen. The market values for interest rate risk and foreign currency risk are calculated by us using a third-party software model that utilizes standard pricing models to determine the present value of the instruments based on market conditions as of the valuation date, such as interest rates, spot and forward exchange rates, and implied volatilities.
Interest Rate Risk
Our debt portfolio as of 30 September 2021 and 2020, including the effect of currency and interest rate swap agreements, was composed of 89% fixed-rate debt and 11% variable-rate debt.
The sensitivity analysis related to the interest rate risk on the fixed portion of our debt portfolio assumes an instantaneous 100 bp parallel move in interest rates from the level at 30 September 2021, with all other variables held constant. A 100 bp increase in market interest rates would result in a decrease of $587 and $711 in the net liability position of financial instruments at 30 September 2021 and 2020, respectively. A 100 bp decrease in market interest rates would result in an increase of $692 and $846 in the net liability position of financial instruments at 30 September 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Based on the variable-rate debt included in our debt portfolio, including the interest rate swap agreements, a 100 bp increase in interest rates would result in an additional $8 of interest incurred per year at 30 September 2021 and 2020. A 100 bp decline in interest rates would lower interest incurred by $8 per year at 30 September 2021 and 2020.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
The sensitivity analysis related to foreign currency exchange rates assumes an instantaneous 10% change in the foreign currency exchange rates from their levels at 30 September 2021 and 2020, with all other variables held constant. A 10% strengthening or weakening of the functional currency of an entity versus all other currencies would result in a decrease or increase, respectively, of $343 and $360 in the net liability position of financial instruments at 30 September 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The primary currency pairs for which we have exchange rate exposure are the Euro and U.S. Dollar and Chinese Renminbi and U.S. Dollar. Foreign currency debt, cross currency interest rate swaps, and foreign exchange-forward contracts are used in countries where we do business, thereby reducing our net asset exposure. Foreign exchange-forward contracts and cross currency interest rate swaps are also used to hedge our firm and highly anticipated foreign currency cash flows. Thus, there is either an asset or liability or cash flow exposure related to all of the financial instruments in the above sensitivity analysis for which the impact of a movement in exchange rates would be in the opposite direction and materially equal to the impact on the instruments in the analysis.
The majority of our sales are denominated in foreign currencies as they are derived outside the United States. Therefore, financial results will be affected by changes in foreign currency rates. The Chinese Renminbi and the Euro represent the largest exposures in terms of our foreign earnings. We estimate that a 10% reduction in either the Chinese Renminbi or the Euro versus the U.S. Dollar would lower our annual operating income by approximately $45 and $25, respectively.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Air Products’ management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting, which is defined in the following sentences, is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:
(i)pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
(ii)provide reasonable assurance that the transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and
(iii)provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting can only provide reasonable assurance and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting may vary over time. Our processes contain self-monitoring mechanisms, and actions are taken to correct deficiencies as they are identified.
Management has evaluated the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that, as of 30 September 2021, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.
Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued its opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of 30 September 2021 as stated in its report which appears herein.


/s/ Seifi Ghasemi/s/ Melissa N. Schaeffer
Seifi GhasemiMelissa N. Schaeffer
Chairman, President, andSenior Vice President and
Chief Executive OfficerChief Financial Officer
18 November 202118 November 2021
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of September 30, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated income statements, comprehensive income statements, statements of equity, and statements of cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the valuations,three years in the period ended September 30, 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures to respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Revenue Recognition – On-site Customer Contracts – Refer to Notes 1 and 4 to the Financial Statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
On-site industrial gas customer contracts involve large capital investments to serve customers who require large volumes of gases and have relatively constant demand. The Company builds, owns and operates facilities on or near the customer’s facilities to produce and supply the customer with gases under a long-term arrangement. Typically, these contracts have 15- to 20-year terms and contain fixed monthly charges and/or minimum purchase requirements. Revenue associated with these contracts is generally recognized over time during the period in which the Company delivers or makes available the agreed upon quantity of gases. In addition, certain on-site industrial gas contracts contain complex terms and provisions such as tolling arrangements, minimum payment requirements, pricing provisions, and variable components that are specific to a customer arrangement, including certain contracts with related parties. These arrangements may require greater judgment in determining when contractual requirements have been met, impacting the timing and amount of revenue to be recorded.
We identified revenue recognition for certain on-site industrial gas customer contracts with complex terms and provisions as a critical audit matter because of the judgments necessary for management to evaluate these contract terms, including amendments, when determining the amount of revenue to be recognized. This required a high degree of auditor judgment when performing procedures to audit management’s identification and assessment of contract terms when determining the amount and timing of revenue recognition and evaluating the results of those procedures.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to revenue recognition for certain on-site industrial gas customer contracts with complex terms and provisions included the following procedures, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of the Company’s controls related to the amount and timing of revenue recognition, including controls over the evaluation of complex terms and provisions in certain on-site industrial gas customer contracts.
•We evaluated the terms included within original customer contracts and related amendments to assess the accounting for provisions such as minimum payment requirements, pricing provisions, settlement terms, and variable components that require management to apply judgment in determining revenue recognition associated with the contract.
•We tested the probability of collection of variable components, including penalties, which impacts the amount and timing of revenue which the Company expects to collect.
•We inquired of personnel who oversee operations, customer relations, and revenue recognition as to the presence of contract amendments, and interpretation of contract terms.
•We considered the nature of transactions with related parties and any potential impact on revenue recognition.
•We evaluated customer transactions and agreed the amount of revenue recognized to underlying contracts, customer invoices, and cash receipts.
•We considered customer payment history, subsequent events, write-offs of customer receivables, collectability, modification of contract terms, and other factors that could impact the amount and timing of revenue recognition.
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Revenue Recognition – Cost Incurred Input Method – Refer to Notes 1 and 4 to the Financial Statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company enters into sale of equipment contracts with customers for which the promised goods or services contained within the contracts are integrated with or dependent upon other goods or services for a single output to the customer. Revenue from the sale of equipment contracts is generally recognized over time as the Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance, as completed, and performance under the contract terms does not create an asset with an alternative use. The Company uses a cost incurred input method to recognize revenue by which costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion are used to measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations.
Accounting for contracts using the cost incurred input method requires a high degree of judgment to estimate total costs used to recognize revenue. Changes in estimated costs could have a significant impact on the timing of revenue recognition. Auditing these estimates requires extensive audit effort due to the complexity around the cost estimation process which involves multiple inputs and variables for sale of equipment contracts and a high degree of auditor judgment when evaluating the results of those procedures.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to complex contracts with customers for sales of equipment included the following, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of the Company’s controls related to the amount and timing of revenue recognition for sale of equipment contracts, including controls over developing the estimated costs at completion and the evaluation of changes in estimated total costs for sale of equipment contracts.
•We evaluated the appropriateness and consistency of the methods and assumptions used by management to evaluate estimated total costs and changes in estimated costs to determine if the estimated total costs at completion for sale of equipment contracts were reasonable.
•With the assistance of our professionals having expertise in accounting for sale of equipment contracts, we performed the following:
◦Evaluated management’s ability to estimate total costs at completion for each selected contract by performing corroborating inquiries with the Company’s project managers and personnel involved with the selected contracts, including inquiries related to the timeline for completion and estimates of future costs to complete the contract.
◦Selected a sample of estimates of future costs to complete and evaluated management’s estimates of total costs at completion by performing one of the following:
▪Comparing management’s estimates to documents such as work plans, customer purchase orders, third-party supplier invoices, and subcontractor agreements, or
▪Developing independent estimates of total costs to completion and comparing our estimates to management’s estimates. Our independent estimates were based on information such as work plans, customer purchase orders, third-party supplier invoices, subcontractor agreements, and similar historical project experience.
◦We compared the gross margin on sale of equipment contracts to that of historical periods in order to evaluate the Company's ability to accurately estimate costs at completion.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
November 18, 2021
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2018.

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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS
(Millions of dollars, except for share and per share data)

Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
Sales$10,323.0 $8,856.3 $8,918.9 
Cost of sales7,186.1 5,858.1 5,975.5 
Facility closure23.2 — 29.0 
Selling and administrative828.4 775.9 750.0 
Research and development93.5 83.9 72.9 
Cost reduction actions— — 25.5 
Gain on exchange with joint venture partner36.8 — 29.1 
Company headquarters relocation income (expense)— 33.8 — 
Other income (expense), net52.8 65.4 49.3 
Operating Income2,281.4 2,237.6 2,144.4 
Equity affiliates' income294.1 264.8 215.4 
Interest expense141.8 109.3 137.0 
Other non-operating income (expense), net73.7 30.7 66.7 
Income From Continuing Operations Before Taxes2,507.4 2,423.8 2,289.5 
Income tax provision462.8 478.4 480.1 
Income From Continuing Operations2,044.6 1,945.4 1,809.4 
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax70.3 (14.3)— 
Net Income2,114.9 1,931.1 1,809.4 
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of continuing operations15.8 44.4 49.4 
Net Income Attributable to Air Products$2,099.1 $1,886.7 $1,760.0 
Net Income Attributable to Air Products
Net income from continuing operations$2,028.8 $1,901.0 $1,760.0 
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations70.3 (14.3)— 
Net Income Attributable to Air Products$2,099.1 $1,886.7 $1,760.0 
Per Share Data*
Basic EPS from continuing operations$9.16 $8.59 $7.99 
Basic EPS from discontinued operations0.32 (0.06)— 
Basic EPS Attributable to Air Products$9.47 $8.53 $7.99 
Diluted EPS from continuing operations$9.12 $8.55 $7.94 
Diluted EPS from discontinued operations0.32 (0.06)— 
Diluted EPS Attributable to Air Products$9.43 $8.49 $7.94 
Weighted Average Common Shares (in millions)
Basic221.6 221.2 220.3 
Diluted222.5 222.3 221.6 
*Earnings per share ("EPS") is calculated independently for each component and may not sum to total EPS due to rounding.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED COMPREHENSIVE INCOME STATEMENTS
(Millions of dollars)

Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
Net Income$2,114.9 $1,931.1 $1,809.4 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax:
Translation adjustments, net of tax of $2.8, ($29.4), and $25.1267.3 233.4 (356.2)
Net gain (loss) on derivatives, net of tax of ($9.0), $23.7, and ($1.5)3.3 43.5 (44.1)
Pension and postretirement benefits, net of tax of $91.4, ($15.6), and ($97.9)274.3 (68.2)(326.2)
Reclassification adjustments:
   Currency translation adjustment— — (2.6)
Derivatives, net of tax of $13.9, ($17.7), and $4.543.5 (57.7)12.3 
Pension and postretirement benefits, net of tax of $24.4, $27.1, and $20.574.6 82.5 63.2 
Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)663.0 233.5 (653.6)
Comprehensive Income2,777.9 2,164.6 1,155.8 
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests15.8 44.4 49.4 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests38.8 (2.0)(19.9)
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Air Products$2,723.3 $2,122.2 $1,126.3 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Millions of dollars, except for share and per share data)

30 September20212020
Assets
Current Assets
Cash and cash items$4,468.9 $5,253.0 
Short-term investments1,331.9 1,104.9 
Trade receivables, net1,451.3 1,274.8 
Inventories453.9 404.8 
Prepaid expenses119.4 164.5 
Other receivables and current assets550.9 482.9 
Total Current Assets8,376.3 8,684.9 
Investment in net assets of and advances to equity affiliates1,649.3 1,432.2 
Plant and equipment, net13,254.6 11,964.7 
Goodwill, net911.5 891.5 
Intangible assets, net420.7 435.8 
Noncurrent lease receivables740.3 816.3 
Other noncurrent assets1,506.5 943.1 
Total Noncurrent Assets18,482.9 16,483.6 
Total Assets$26,859.2 $25,168.5 
Liabilities and Equity
Current Liabilities
Payables and accrued liabilities$2,218.3 $1,833.2 
Accrued income taxes93.9 105.8 
Short-term borrowings2.4 7.7 
Current portion of long-term debt484.5 470.0 
Total Current Liabilities2,799.1 2,416.7 
Long-term debt6,875.7 7,132.9 
Long-term debt – related party274.6 297.2 
Other noncurrent liabilities1,640.9 1,916.0 
Deferred income taxes1,180.9 962.6 
Total Noncurrent Liabilities9,972.1 10,308.7 
Total Liabilities12,771.2 12,725.4 
Commitments and Contingencies - See Note 1600
Air Products Shareholders’ Equity
Common stock (par value $1 per share; issued 2021 and 2020 - 249,455,584 shares)249.4 249.4 
Capital in excess of par value1,115.8 1,094.8 
Retained earnings15,678.3 14,875.7 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(1,515.9)(2,140.1)
Treasury stock, at cost (2021 - 28,058,829 shares; 2020 - 28,438,125 shares)(1,987.9)(2,000.0)
Total Air Products Shareholders' Equity13,539.7 12,079.8 
Noncontrolling Interests548.3 363.3 
Total Equity14,088.0 12,443.1 
Total Liabilities and Equity$26,859.2 $25,168.5 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Millions of dollars)

Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
Operating Activities
Net income$2,114.9 $1,931.1 $1,809.4 
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of continuing operations15.8 44.4 49.4 
Net income attributable to Air Products2,099.1 1,886.7 1,760.0 
(Income) Loss from discontinued operations(70.3)14.3 — 
Income from continuing operations attributable to Air Products2,028.8 1,901.0 1,760.0 
Adjustments to reconcile income to cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization1,321.3 1,185.0 1,082.8 
Deferred income taxes94.0 165.0 57.6 
Tax reform repatriation— — 49.4 
Facility closure23.2 — 29.0 
Undistributed earnings of equity method investments(138.2)(161.9)(75.8)
Gain on sale of assets and investments(37.2)(45.8)(24.2)
Share-based compensation44.5 53.5 41.2 
Noncurrent lease receivables98.8 91.6 94.6 
Other adjustments(116.7)116.4 (19.4)
Working capital changes that provided (used) cash, excluding effects of acquisitions:
Trade receivables(130.5)43.2 (69.0)
Inventories(47.2)(5.2)(3.0)
Other receivables75.5 84.4 79.8 
Payables and accrued liabilities187.9 (31.9)(41.8)
Other working capital(69.0)(130.6)8.7 
Cash Provided by Operating Activities3,335.2 3,264.7 2,969.9 
Investing Activities
Additions to plant and equipment, including long-term deposits(2,464.2)(2,509.0)(1,989.7)
Acquisitions, less cash acquired(10.5)(183.3)(123.2)
Investment in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates(76.0)(24.4)(15.7)
Proceeds from sale of assets and investments37.5 80.3 11.1 
Purchases of investments(2,100.7)(2,865.5)(172.1)
Proceeds from investments1,875.2 1,938.0 190.5 
Other investing activities5.8 3.9 (14.3)
Cash Used for Investing Activities(2,732.9)(3,560.0)(2,113.4)
Financing Activities
Long-term debt proceeds178.9 4,895.8 — 
Payments on long-term debt(462.9)(406.6)(428.6)
Net increase (decrease) in commercial paper and short-term borrowings1.0 (54.9)3.9 
Dividends paid to shareholders(1,256.7)(1,103.6)(994.0)
Proceeds from stock option exercises10.6 34.1 68.1 
Investments by noncontrolling interests136.6 17.1 — 
Other financing activities(28.4)(97.2)(19.9)
Cash Provided by (Used for) Financing Activities(1,420.9)3,284.7 (1,370.5)
Discontinued Operations
Cash provided by operating activities6.7 — — 
Cash provided by investing activities— — — 
Cash provided by financing activities— — — 
Cash Provided by Discontinued Operations6.7 — — 
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash27.8 14.9 (28.6)
Increase (Decrease) in cash and cash items(784.1)3,004.3 (542.6)
Cash and Cash items – Beginning of Year5,253.0 2,248.7 2,791.3 
Cash and Cash Items – End of Period$4,468.9 $5,253.0 $2,248.7 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(Millions of dollars, except for per share data)
Fiscal Year Ended 30 SeptemberCommon
Stock		Capital
in Excess
of Par
Value		Retained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Treasury
Stock		Air Products
Shareholders’
Equity		Non-
controlling
Interests		Total
Equity
Balance 30 September 2018$249.4 $1,029.3 $13,409.9 ($1,741.9)($2,089.2)$10,857.5 $318.8 $11,176.3 
Net income— — 1,760.0 — — 1,760.0 49.4 1,809.4 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — (633.7)— (633.7)(19.9)(653.6)
Dividends on common stock (per share $4.58)— — (1,008.3)— — (1,008.3)— (1,008.3)
Dividends to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (12.2)(12.2)
Share-based compensation— 40.7 — — — 40.7 — 40.7 
Issuance of treasury shares for stock option and award plans— 2.2 — — 59.7 61.9 — 61.9 
Cumulative change in accounting principle— — (17.1)— — (17.1)— (17.1)
Other equity transactions— (1.3)(6.1)— — (7.4)(1.4)(8.8)
Balance 30 September 2019$249.4 $1,070.9 $14,138.4 ($2,375.6)($2,029.5)$11,053.6 $334.7 $11,388.3 
Net income— — 1,886.7 — — 1,886.7 44.4 1,931.1 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — 235.5 — 235.5 (2.0)233.5 
Dividends on common stock (per share $5.18)— — (1,144.1)— — (1,144.1)— (1,144.1)
Dividends to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (31.8)(31.8)
Share-based compensation— 44.2 — — — 44.2 — 44.2 
Issuance of treasury shares for stock option and award plans— (14.1)— — 29.5 15.4 — 15.4 
Investments by noncontrolling interests— — — — — — 17.1 17.1 
Other equity transactions— (6.2)(5.3)— — (11.5)0.9 (10.6)
Balance 30 September 2020$249.4 $1,094.8 $14,875.7 ($2,140.1)($2,000.0)$12,079.8 $363.3 $12,443.1 
Net income— — 2,099.1 — — 2,099.1 15.8 2,114.9 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — 624.2 — 624.2 38.8 663.0 
Dividends on common stock (per share $5.84)— — (1,292.6)— — (1,292.6)— (1,292.6)
Dividends to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (5.3)(5.3)
Share-based compensation— 43.5 — — — 43.5 — 43.5 
Issuance of treasury shares for stock option and award plans— (21.5)— — 12.1 (9.4)— (9.4)
Investments by noncontrolling interests— — — — — — 139.8 139.8 
Purchase of noncontrolling interests— (1.2)— — — (1.2)(4.1)(5.3)
Other equity transactions— 0.2 (3.9)— — (3.7)— (3.7)
Balance 30 September 2021$249.4 $1,115.8 $15,678.3 ($1,515.9)($1,987.9)$13,539.7 $548.3 $14,088.0 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Millions of dollars unless otherwise indicated, except for share and per share data)

1.
59
2.
66
3.
67
4.
69
5.
71
6.
72
7.
72
8.
73
9.
73
10.
74
11.
75
12.
77
13.
81
14.
83
15.
85
16.
91
17.
96
18.
96
19.
98
20.
99
21.
100
22.
104
23.
106
24.
109
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1.  MAJOR ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation Principles
The accompanying consolidated financial statements of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and those of its controlled subsidiaries (“we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company,” “Air Products,” or “registrant”), which are generally majority owned. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.
We consolidate all entities that we control. The general condition for control is ownership of a majority of the voting interests of an entity. Control may also exist in arrangements where we are the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity ("VIE"). An entity that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of a VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits significant to the VIE is considered the primary beneficiary of that entity. We have determined that we are not a primary beneficiary of any material VIE.
The notes to the goodwillconsolidated financial statements, unless otherwise indicated, are on a continuing operations basis. The results of operations and cash flows for our discontinued operations have been segregated from the results of continuing operations and segment results. The comprehensive income related to discontinued operations has not been segregated and is included in the consolidated comprehensive income statements. There were no assets and liabilities presented as discontinued operations on the consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 5, Discontinued Operations, for additional information.
Certain prior year information has been reclassified to conform to the fiscal year 2021 presentation.
Estimates and Assumptions
The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
COVID-19 Risks and Uncertainties
COVID-19, which was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020, continues to impact our business operations and results. There continue to be many unknowns regarding the pandemic, including the ongoing spread and severity of the virus and the pace of vaccine rollouts globally. Given the dynamic nature of these circumstances, uncertainty remains related to how the pandemic may affect our business, results of operations, and overall financial performance.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue when or as performance obligations are satisfied, which occurs when control is transferred to the customer.
We determine the transaction price of our contracts based on the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for the goods or services provided. Our contracts within the scope of revenue guidance do not contain payment terms that include a significant financing component.
Sales returns and allowances are not a business practice in the industry.
Our sale of gas contracts are either accounted for over time during the period in which we deliver or make available the agreed upon quantity of goods or at a point in time when the customer receives and obtains control of the product, which generally occurs upon delivery. We generally recognize revenue from our sale of gas contracts based on the right to invoice practical expedient.
Our sale of equipment contracts are generally comprised of a single performance obligation as the individual promised goods or services contained within the contracts are integrated with or dependent upon other goods or services in the contract for a single output to the customer. Revenue from our sale of equipment contracts is generally recognized over time as we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date and our performance under the contract terms does not create an asset with alternative use. We recognize these contracts using a cost incurred input method by which costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion are used to measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations.
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Amounts billed for shipping and handling fees are classified as sales in the consolidated income statements. Shipping and handling activities for our sale of equipment contracts may be performed after the customer obtains control of the promised goods. In these cases, we have elected to apply the practical expedient to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the goods. For our sale of gas contracts, control generally transfers to the customer upon delivery.
Amounts billed for sales and use taxes, value-added taxes, and certain excise and other specific transactional taxes imposed on revenue-producing transactions are presented on a net basis and excluded from sales in the consolidated income statements.
For additional information, refer to Note 4, Revenue Recognition.
Cost of Sales
Cost of sales predominantly represents the cost of tangible products sold. These costs include labor, raw materials, plant engineering, power, depreciation, production supplies and materials packaging costs, and maintenance costs. Costs incurred for shipping and handling are also included in cost of sales.
Depreciation
Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method, which deducts equal amounts of the cost of each asset from earnings every year over its expected economic useful life. The principal lives for major classes of plant and equipment are summarized in Note 8, Plant and Equipment, net.
Selling and Administrative
The principal components of selling and administrative expenses are compensation, advertising, and promotional costs.
Postemployment Benefits
We provide termination benefits to employees as part of ongoing benefit arrangements and record a liability for termination benefits when probable and estimable. These criteria are met when management, with the appropriate level of authority, approves and commits to its plan of action for termination; the plan identifies the employees to be terminated and their related benefits; and the plan is to be completed within one year. We do not provide material one-time benefit arrangements.
Fair Value Measurements
We are required to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value, either upon initial measurement or for subsequent accounting or reporting. For example, fair value is used in the initial measurement of assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination; on a recurring basis in the measurement of derivative financial instruments; and on a nonrecurring basis when long-lived assets are written down to fair value when held for sale or determined to be impaired. Refer to Note 13, Fair Value Measurements, and Note 15, Retirement Benefits, for information on the methods and assumptions used in our fair value measurements.
Financial Instruments
We address certain financial exposures through a controlled program of risk management that includes the use of derivative financial instruments. The types of derivative financial instruments permitted for such risk management programs are specified in policies set by management. Refer to Note 12, Financial Instruments, for further detail on the types and use of derivative instruments into which we enter.
Major financial institutions are counterparties to all of these derivative contracts. We have established counterparty credit guidelines and generally enter into transactions with financial institutions of investment grade or better. Management believes the risk of incurring losses related to credit risk is remote, and any losses would be immaterial to the consolidated financial results, financial condition, or liquidity.
We recognize derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. On the date the derivative instrument is entered into, we generally designate the derivative as either (1) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge), (2) a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation (net investment hedge), or (3) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge).
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The following details the accounting treatment of our cash flow, fair value, net investment, and non-designated hedges:
•Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated as and meets the cash flow hedge criteria are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss ("AOCL") to the extent effective and then recognized in earnings when the hedged items affect earnings.
•Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated as and meets all the required criteria for a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current period earnings.
•Changes in the fair value of a derivative and foreign currency debt that are designated as and meet all the required criteria for a hedge of a net investment are recorded as translation adjustments in AOCL.
•Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is not designated as a hedge are recorded immediately in earnings.
We formally document the relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as our risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes relating derivatives that are designated as fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. We also formally assess, at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, whether derivatives are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged item. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge, or if a derivative ceases to be a highly effective hedge, we will discontinue hedge accounting with respect to that derivative prospectively.
Foreign Currency
Since we do business in many foreign countries, fluctuations in currency exchange rates affect our financial position and results of operations.
In most of our foreign operations, the local currency is considered the functional currency. Foreign subsidiaries translate their assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates in effect as of the balance sheet date. The gains or losses that result from this process are shown as translation adjustments in AOCL in the equity section of the balance sheet.
The revenue and expense accounts of foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates that prevail during the period. Therefore, the U.S. dollar value of these items on the consolidated income statements fluctuates from period to period, depending on the value of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies. Some transactions are made in currencies different from an entity’s functional currency. Gains and losses from these foreign currency transactions, and the impact of related hedges, are generally reflected in "Other income (expense), net" on our consolidated income statements as they occur and were not material for the periods presented.
Foreign exchange gains and losses from the foreign currency remeasurement of balances associated with LASA was impairedintercompany and third-party financing transactions, related income tax assets and liabilities, and the impact of related hedges are reflected within “Other non-operating income (expense), net" and were not material for the periods presented.
In addition, foreign currency forward points and currency swap basis differences that are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness of our cash flow hedges of intercompany loans (“excluded components”) are recorded within “Other non-operating income (expense), net" on a straight-line basis. Excluded components were expenses of $31.0, $33.5, and $33.3 in fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. In 2019, excluded components were recorded in “Interest expense” and were not restated upon adoption of accounting guidance in fiscal year 2020 on hedging activities.
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Environmental Expenditures
Accruals for environmental loss contingencies are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Remediation costs are capitalized if the costs improve our property as compared with the condition of the property when originally constructed or acquired, or if the costs prevent environmental contamination from future operations. We expense environmental costs related to existing conditions resulting from past or current operations and from which no current or future benefit is discernible. The amounts charged to income from continuing operations related to environmental matters totaled$18.6, $18.3, and $14.2 in fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. In addition, we recorded a noncashpre-tax expense of $19.0 in results from discontinued operations to increase our environmental accrual for the Pace facility in the second quarter of fiscal year 2020. Refer to the Pace discussion within Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information.
The measurement of environmental liabilities is based on an evaluation of currently available information with respect to each individual site and considers factors such as existing technology, presently enacted laws and regulations, and prior experience in remediation of contaminated sites. An environmental liability related to cleanup of a contaminated site might include, for example, a provision for one or more of the following types of costs: site investigation and testing costs, remediation costs, post-remediation monitoring costs, natural resource damages, and outside legal fees. These liabilities include costs related to other potentially responsible parties to the extent that we have reason to believe such parties will not fully pay their proportionate share. They do not consider any claims for recoveries from insurance or other parties and are not discounted.
As assessments and remediation progress at individual sites, the amount of projected cost is reviewed and the liability is adjusted to reflect additional technical and legal information that becomes available. Management has an established process in place to identify and monitor our environmental exposures. An environmental accrual analysis is prepared and maintained that lists all environmental loss contingencies, even where an accrual has not been established. This analysis assists in monitoring our overall environmental exposure and serves as a tool to facilitate ongoing communication among our technical experts, environmental managers, environmental lawyers, and financial management to ensure that required accruals are recorded and potential exposures disclosed.
Given inherent uncertainties in evaluating environmental exposures, actual costs to be incurred at identified sites in future periods may vary from the estimates. Refer to Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information on our environmental loss contingencies.
The accruals for environmental liabilities are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets, primarily as part of other noncurrent liabilities.
Litigation
In the normal course of business, we are involved in legal proceedings. We accrue a liability for such matters when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued. The accrual for a litigation loss contingency includes estimates of potential damages and other directly related costs expected to be incurred. Refer to Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information on our current legal proceedings.
Share-Based Compensation
We expense the grant-date fair value of our share-based awards over the vesting period during which employees perform related services. Expense recognition is accelerated for retirement-eligible individuals who would meet the requirements for vesting of awards upon their retirement. Refer to Note 18, Share-Based Compensation, for additional information regarding these awards and the models and assumptions used to determine the grant-date fair value of our awards.
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Income Taxes
We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the tax effects of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be recovered or settled. A principal temporary difference results from the excess of tax depreciation over book depreciation because accelerated methods of depreciation and shorter useful lives are used for income tax purposes. The cumulative impact of a change in tax rates or regulations is included in income tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date. We recognize deferred tax assets net of existing valuation allowances to the extent we believe that these assets are more likely than not to be realized considering all available evidence.
A tax benefit for an uncertain tax position is recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination based on its technical merits. This position is measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized as a component of income tax expense. For additional information regarding our income taxes, refer to Note 21, Income Taxes.
Other Non-Operating Income (Expense), net
Other non-operating income (expense), net includes interest income associated with our cash and cash items and short-term investments, certain foreign currency remeasurements and impacts from the related hedging activities discussed in the Foreign Currency section above, and non-service cost components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost. Our non-service costs primarily include interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of actuarial gains and losses, and settlements.
Cash and Cash Items
Cash and cash items include cash, time deposits, and treasury securities acquired with an original maturity of three months or less.
Short-term Investments
Short-term investments include time deposits and treasury securities with original maturities greater than three months and less than one year.
Credit Losses
We are exposed to credit losses through sales of products and services. When extending credit, we evaluate customer creditworthiness based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative factors that include, but are not limited to, the customer’s credit score from external providers, financial condition, and past payment experience.
We assess allowances for credit losses on our trade receivables and lease receivable portfolios. Allowances are evaluated by portfolio on a collective basis where similar characteristics exist. A provision for customer defaults is made on a general formula basis as the risk of some default is expected but cannot yet be associated with specific customers. The assessment of the likelihood of default is based on various factors, including the length of time the receivables are past due, historical experience, existing economic conditions, and forward-looking information. When we identify specific customers with known collectability issues, the assessment for credit losses is performed on an individual basis, considering current and forward-looking information of the customer.
The use of forward-looking information considers economic conditions that may affect the customers’ ability to pay. Although we historically have not experienced significant credit losses, our exposure to credit losses may increase if our customers are adversely affected by economic pressures or uncertainty associated with local or global economic recessions, disruption associated with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, or other customer-specific factors. We review our reserves for credit losses on a quarterly basis.
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Trade receivables comprise amounts owed to us through our operating activities and are presented net of allowances for credit losses. Changes to the carrying amount of the allowance for credit losses on trade receivables are summarized below:
Balance at 30 September 2018$26.4 
Provision for credit losses7.7 
Write-offs charged against the allowance(6.8)
Currency translation and other(2.5)
Balance at 30 September 2019$24.8 
Provision for credit losses7.7 
Write-offs charged against the allowance(8.3)
Currency translation and other(0.3)
Balance at 30 September 2020$23.9 
Adoption of new credit losses standard0.5 
Provision for credit losses2.7 
Write-offs charged against the allowance(3.8)
Currency translation and other1.8 
Balance at 30 September 2021$25.1
In addition, our lease receivables are presented net of allowances for credit losses. As of 30 September 2021 and 2020, the credit quality of lease receivables did not require a material allowance for credit losses. For additional information on our lease arrangements, refer to Note 11, Leases.
Inventories
We carry inventory that is comprised of finished goods, work-in-process, raw materials and supplies. Refer to Note 6, Inventories, for further detail.
Inventories on our consolidated balance sheets are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We determine the cost of all our inventories on a first-in, first-out basis ("FIFO"). We write down our inventories for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventory based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions.
Equity Method Investments
The equity method of accounting is used when we exercise significant influence but do not have operating control, generally assumed to be 20% – 50% ownership. Under the equity method, original investments are recorded at cost and adjusted by our share of undistributed earnings or losses of these companies. We use the cumulative earnings approach for determining cash flow presentation of cash distributions received from equity method investees. Equity investments are reviewed for impairment chargewhenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of $145.3,the investment may not be recoverable.
Plant and Equipment, net
Plant and equipment, net is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Construction costs, labor, and applicable overhead related to installations are capitalized. Expenditures for additions and improvements that extend the lives or increase the capacity of plant assets are capitalized. The costs of maintenance and repairs of plant and equipment are charged to expense as incurred.
Fully depreciated assets are retained in the gross plant and equipment and accumulated depreciation accounts until they are removed from service. In the case of disposals, assets and related depreciation are removed from the accounts, and the net amounts, less proceeds from disposal, are included in income. Refer to Note 8, Plant and Equipment, net, for further detail.
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Computer Software
We capitalize costs incurred to purchase or develop software for internal use. Capitalized costs include purchased computer software packages, payments to vendors/consultants for development and implementation or modification to a purchased package to meet our requirements, payroll and related costs for employees directly involved in development, and interest incurred while software is being developed. Capitalized costs are reflected in "Plant and equipment, net" on the consolidated balance sheets and are depreciated over the estimated useful life of the software, generally a period of three to five years.
We capitalize costs incurred with the implementation of a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract, consistent with our policy for software developed or obtained for internal use. However, the capitalized costs are reflected in "Other noncurrent assets" on our consolidated balance sheets and expensed over the term of the related hosting arrangement.
Capitalized Interest
As we build new plant and equipment, we include in the cost of these assets a portion of the interest payments we make during the year. The amount of capitalized interest was $28.3, $15.9, and $13.5 in fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
Leases
As lessee, we recognize a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term in excess of 12 months. We determine if an arrangement contains a lease at inception. The arrangement contains a lease when there is an identifiable asset, we obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from that asset, and we direct how and for what purpose the asset is used during the term of the arrangement. If the initial term of an arrangement is 12 months or less, we have made an accounting election to not assess if these arrangements contain a lease for inclusion on our balance sheet.
ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Since our leases generally do not provide an implicit discount rate, we use our incremental borrowing rates based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. To determine the incremental borrowing rate, we consider our unsecured borrowings and published market rates, and then adjust those rates to assume full collateralization and to factor in the individual lease term, geography, and payment structure.
Our lease term includes periods covered by options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise an option to extend or not exercise an option to terminate. Lease payments consider our practical expedient to combine amounts for lease and related non-lease components for all classes of underlying assets in which we are lessee. Fixed payments and payments associated with escalation clauses based on an index are included in the ROU asset and lease liability at commencement. Variable lease payments are excluded from the ROU assets and lease liabilities and are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. Our variable lease payments primarily include the impact from escalation clauses that are not fixed or based on an index. Prepaid lease payments are included in the recognition of ROU assets. Our lease agreements do not contain any material lease incentives, residual value guarantees or restrictions or covenants.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets are grouped for impairment testing at the lowest level for which there are identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. We assess recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. If an asset group is considered impaired, the impairment loss to be recognized is measured as the amount by which the asset group’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Long-lived assets meeting the held for sale criteria are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.
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Asset Retirement Obligations
The fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation is recognized in the period in which it is incurred. The fair value of the reporting unit exceededliability is measured using discounted estimated cash flows and is adjusted to its present value in subsequent periods as accretion expense is recorded. The corresponding asset retirement costs are capitalized as part of the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset and depreciated over the asset’s useful life. Our asset retirement obligations are primarily associated with on-site long-term supply contracts under which we have built a facility on land owned by the customer and are obligated to remove the facility at the end of the contract term. Our asset retirement obligations totaled $269.6and $241.4 at 30 September 2021 and 2020, respectively. Refer to Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, for further detail.
Goodwill
Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The purchase price is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. Any excess purchase price (plus the fair value duringof any noncontrolling interest and previously held equity interest in the third quarteracquiree) over the fair market value of 2017. Thisthe net assets acquired, including identified intangibles, is recorded as goodwill. Preliminary purchase price allocations are made at the date of acquisition and finalized when information about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date needed to finalize underlying estimates is obtained or when we determine that such information is not obtainable, within a maximum measurement period of one year.
Goodwill is subject to impairment testing at least annually. In addition, goodwill is reflected on our consolidated income statements within “Goodwill and intangible assettested more frequently if a change in circumstances or the occurrence of events indicates that potential impairment charge.” This charge was not deductibleexists. Refer to Note 9, Goodwill, for tax purposes and is excluded from segment operating income.further detail.

Intangible AssetsPension and Other Postretirement Benefits
Intangible assets, netThe amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements for pension and other postretirement benefits are determined on an actuarial basis utilizing numerous assumptions. The discussion that follows provides information on the significant assumptions, expense, and obligations associated with determinable lives at 30 September 2018 totaled $387.3the defined benefit plans.
Actuarial models are used in calculating the expense and consisted primarily of customer relationships, purchased patents and technology, and land use rights.liability related to the various defined benefit plans. These intangible assets are tested for impairment as part of the long-lived asset grouping impairment tests. Impairment testing of the asset group occurs whenever events or changes in circumstances indicatemodels have an underlying assumption that the carrying valueemployees render service over their service lives on a relatively consistent basis; therefore, the expense of benefits earned should follow a similar pattern.
Several assumptions and statistical variables are used in the assets may not be recoverable. Seemodels to calculate the impairment discussion above under Plantexpense and Equipment for a descriptionliability related to the plans. We determine assumptions about the discount rate, the expected rate of how impairment losses are determined.
Indefinite-lived intangible assets at 30 September 2018 totaled $51.2 and consisted of trade names and trademarks. Indefinite-lived intangibles are subject to impairment testing at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that potential impairment exists. The impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets involves calculating the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangiblereturn on plan assets, and comparing the fair value to their carrying value. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, the difference is recorded as an impairment loss. To determine fair value, we utilize the royalty savings method, a formrate of the income approach. This method values an intangible asset by estimating the royalties avoided through ownership of the asset.
Disclosures related to intangible assets other than goodwill are included incompensation increase. Note 11, Intangible Assets,15, Retirement Benefits, to the consolidated financial statements.statements includes disclosure of these rates on a weighted-average basis for both the U.S. and international plans. The actuarial models also use assumptions about demographic factors such as retirement age, mortality, and turnover rates. Mortality rates are based on the most recent U.S. and international mortality tables. We believe the actuarial assumptions are reasonable. However, actual results could vary materially from these actuarial assumptions due to economic events and differences in rates of retirement, mortality, and turnover.
2018 Impairment TestingOne of the assumptions used in the actuarial models is the discount rate used to measure benefit obligations. This rate reflects the prevailing market rate for high-quality, fixed-income debt instruments with maturities corresponding to the expected timing of benefit payments as of the annual measurement date for each of the various plans. We measure the service cost and interest cost components of pension expense by applying spot rates along the yield curve to the relevant projected cash flows. The rates along the yield curve are used to discount the future cash flows of benefit obligations back to the measurement date. These rates change from year to year based on market conditions that affect corporate bond yields. A higher discount rate decreases the present value of the benefit obligations and results in lower pension expense. A 50 bp increase or decrease in the discount rate may result in a decrease or increase to pension expense, respectively, of approximately $20 per year.
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The expected rate of return on plan assets represents an estimate of the long-term average rate of return to be earned by plan assets reflecting current asset allocations. In determining estimated asset class returns, we take into account historical and future expected long-term returns and the value of active management, as well as the interest rate environment. Asset allocation is determined based on long-term return, volatility and correlation characteristics of the asset classes, the profiles of the plans’ liabilities, and acceptable levels of risk. Lower returns on the plan assets result in higher pension expense. A 50 bp increase or decrease in the estimated rate of return on plan assets may result in a decrease or increase to pension expense, respectively, of approximately $23 per year.
We use a market-related valuation method for recognizing certain investment gains or losses for our significant pension plans. Investment gains or losses are the difference between the expected return and actual return on plan assets. The expected return on plan assets is determined based on a market-related value of plan assets. This is a calculated value that recognizes investment gains and losses on equities over a five-year period from the year in which they occur and reduces year-to-year volatility. The market-related value for non-equity investments equals the actual fair value. Expense in future periods will be impacted as gains or losses are recognized in the market-related value of assets.
The expected rate of compensation increase is another key assumption. We determine this rate based on review of the underlying long-term salary increase trend characteristic of labor markets and historical experience, as well as comparison to peer companies. A 50 bp increase or decrease in the expected rate of compensation may result in an increase or decrease to pension expense, respectively, of approximately $7 per year.
Loss Contingencies
In the fourth quarternormal course of 2018,business, we conductedencounter contingencies, or situations involving varying degrees of uncertainty as to the outcome and effect on our annual impairment testcompany. We accrue a liability for loss contingencies when it is considered probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of indefinite-lived intangibles which resultedloss can be reasonably estimated. When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no impairment.amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued.
2017 Impairment Testing
During the third quarter of fiscal year 2017, we conducted an interim impairment test of the indefinite-lived intangible assetsContingencies include those associated with LASA. We determined that the carrying value of trade nameslitigation and trademarks was in excess of fair value, and as a result, we recorded a noncash impairment charge of $16.8 to reduce these indefinite-lived intangible assets to their fair value. This impairment charge has been excluded from segment operating income andenvironmental matters, for which our accounting policy is reflected on our consolidated income statements within “Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge."
Equity Investments
Investments in and advances to equity affiliates totaled $1,277.2 at 30 September 2018. The majority of our investments are non-publicly traded ventures with other companies in the industrial gas business. Summarized financial information of equity affiliates is includeddiscussed in Note 8, Summarized Financial Information of Equity Affiliates,1, Major Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements, and details are provided in Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements. Equity investments are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate thatSignificant judgment is required to determine both the carryingprobability and whether the amount of the investment may notloss associated with a contingency can be recoverable.
An impairment loss is recognized in the event that an other-than-temporary decline in fair value of an investment occurs. Management’s estimate of fair value of an investment isreasonably estimated. These determinations are made based on the best available information at the time. As additional information becomes available, we reassess probability and estimates of loss contingencies. Revisions to the estimates associated with loss contingencies could have a significant impact on our results of operations in the period in which an accrual for loss contingencies is recorded or adjusted. For example, due to the inherent uncertainties related to environmental exposures, a significant increase to environmental liabilities could occur if a new site is designated, the scope of remediation is increased, a different remediation alternative is identified, or our proportionate share of the liability increases. Similarly, a future charge for regulatory fines or damage awards associated with litigation could have a significant impact on our net income approach and/in the period in which it is recorded.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Our earnings, cash flows, and financial position are exposed to market risks arising from fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. It is our policy to minimize our cash flow exposure to adverse changes in currency exchange rates and to manage the financial risks inherent in funding with debt capital.
We address these financial exposures through a controlled program of risk management that includes the use of derivative financial instruments. We have established counterparty credit guidelines and generally enter into transactions with financial institutions of investment grade or better, thereby minimizing the risk of credit loss. All instruments are entered into for other than trading purposes. For details on the types and use of these derivative instruments and related major accounting policies, refer to Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, and Note 12, Financial Instruments, to the consolidated financial statements. Additionally, we mitigate adverse energy price impacts through our cost pass-through contracts with customers and price increases.
Our derivative and other financial instruments consist of long-term debt, including the current portion and amounts owed to related parties; interest rate swaps; cross currency interest rate swaps; and foreign exchange-forward contracts. The net market approach. We utilize estimated discountedvalue of these financial instruments combined is referred to below as the "net financial instrument position" and is disclosed in Note 13, Fair Value Measurements, to the consolidated financial statements.
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Our net financial instrument position decreased from a liability of $8,220.7 at 30 September 2020 to a liability of $7,850.3 at 30 September 2021. The decrease was primarily due to the repayment of a €350.0 million Eurobond ($428) on its maturity date in June 2021.
The analysis below presents the sensitivity of the market value of our financial instruments to selected changes in market rates and prices. Market values are the present values of projected future cash flows expected to be generated by the investee under the income approach. Forbased on the market approach, we utilizerates and prices chosen. The market multiplesvalues for interest rate risk and foreign currency risk are calculated by us using a third-party software model that utilizes standard pricing models to determine the present value of revenuethe instruments based on market conditions as of the valuation date, such as interest rates, spot and earnings derivedforward exchange rates, and implied volatilities.
Interest Rate Risk
Our debt portfolio as of 30 September 2021 and 2020, including the effect of currency and interest rate swap agreements, was composed of 89% fixed-rate debt and 11% variable-rate debt.
The sensitivity analysis related to the interest rate risk on the fixed portion of our debt portfolio assumes an instantaneous 100 bp parallel move in interest rates from comparable publicly-traded industrial gases companies. Changesthe level at 30 September 2021, with all other variables held constant. A 100 bp increase in key assumptions aboutmarket interest rates would result in a decrease of $587 and $711 in the net liability position of financial condition of an investee or actual conditions that differ from estimates couldinstruments at 30 September 2021 and 2020, respectively. A 100 bp decrease in market interest rates would result in an impairment charge.increase of $692 and $846 in the net liability position of financial instruments at 30 September 2021 and 2020, respectively.
DuringBased on the third quarter of fiscal year 2017, Abdullah Hashim Industrial Gases & Equipment Co., Ltd. (AHG), a 25%‑owned equity affiliatevariable-rate debt included in our Industrial Gases – EMEA segment, completeddebt portfolio, including the interest rate swap agreements, a review100 bp increase in interest rates would result in an additional $8 of interest incurred per year at 30 September 2021 and 2020. A 100 bp decline in interest rates would lower interest incurred by $8 per year at 30 September 2021 and 2020.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
The sensitivity analysis related to foreign currency exchange rates assumes an instantaneous 10% change in the foreign currency exchange rates from their levels at 30 September 2021 and 2020, with all other variables held constant. A 10% strengthening or weakening of the functional currency of an entity versus all other currencies would result in a decrease or increase, respectively, of $343 and $360 in the net liability position of financial instruments at 30 September 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The primary currency pairs for which we have exchange rate exposure are the Euro and U.S. Dollar and Chinese Renminbi and U.S. Dollar. Foreign currency debt, cross currency interest rate swaps, and foreign exchange-forward contracts are used in countries where we do business, thereby reducing our net asset exposure. Foreign exchange-forward contracts and cross currency interest rate swaps are also used to hedge our firm and highly anticipated foreign currency cash flows. Thus, there is either an asset or liability or cash flow exposure related to all of the financial instruments in the above sensitivity analysis for which the impact of a movement in exchange rates would be in the opposite direction and materially equal to the impact on the instruments in the analysis.
The majority of our sales are denominated in foreign currencies as they are derived outside the United States. Therefore, financial results will be affected by changes in foreign currency rates. The Chinese Renminbi and the Euro represent the largest exposures in terms of our foreign earnings. We estimate that a 10% reduction in either the Chinese Renminbi or the Euro versus the U.S. Dollar would lower our annual operating income by approximately $45 and $25, respectively.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Air Products’ management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting, which is defined in the following sentences, is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:
(i)pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
(ii)provide reasonable assurance that the transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and
(iii)provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting can only provide reasonable assurance and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting may vary over time. Our processes contain self-monitoring mechanisms, and actions are taken to correct deficiencies as they are identified.
Management has evaluated the effectiveness of its business plan and outlook. As a resultinternal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the revised business plan, we determined thereTreadway Commission (COSO). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that, as of 30 September 2021, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.
Deloitte & Touche LLP, an other-than-temporary impairmentindependent registered public accounting firm, has issued its opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of our investment30 September 2021 as stated in AHGits report which appears herein.


/s/ Seifi Ghasemi/s/ Melissa N. Schaeffer
Seifi GhasemiMelissa N. Schaeffer
Chairman, President, andSenior Vice President and
Chief Executive OfficerChief Financial Officer
18 November 202118 November 2021
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and recorded a noncash impairment chargethe Board of $79.5 to reduceDirectors of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
Opinions on the carrying valueFinancial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of our investment. The impairment charge is reflected on ourAir Products and Chemicals, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of September 30, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated income statements, within “Equity affiliates' income.” This charge was not deductiblecomprehensive income statements, statements of equity, and statements of cash flows, for tax purposeseach of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2021, and has been excluded from segment results.the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The declineCompany’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in value resulted from expectations for lower future cash flowsthe accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be generated by AHG, primarilyindependent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to challenging economic conditionserror or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in Saudi Arabia, includingall material respects.
Our audits of the impactsfinancial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of lower pricesmaterial misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures to respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the oilfinancial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and gas industry, increased competition,significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and capital project growth opportunities not materializing as anticipated.

The AHG investment was valuedtesting and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the resultsassessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the incomeassets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and market valuation approaches. that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The income approach utilized a discount rate based on a market-participant, risk-adjusted weighted average costcritical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of capital, which considers industry required rates of return on debt and equity capital for a target industry capital structure adjusted for risks associated with size and geography. Other significant estimates and assumptions that drove our updated valuation of AHG included revenue growth rates and profit marginsthe financial statements that were lower than those upon acquisitioncommunicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our assessmentespecially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of AHG's business improvement plan effectiveness. Undercritical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the market approach,financial statements, taken as a whole, and we estimated fair value basedare not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing a separate opinion on market multiples of revenue and earnings derived from publicly-traded industrial gases companies engaged in similar lines of business, adjustedthe critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to reflect differences in size and growth prospects.which they relate.
Revenue Recognition – On-site Customer Contracts – Refer to Notes 1 and 4 to the Financial Statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
On-site industrial gas customer contracts involve large capital investments to serve customers who require large volumes of gases and have relatively constant demand. The Company builds, owns and operates facilities on or near the customer’s facilities to produce and supply the customer with gases under a long-term arrangement. Typically, these contracts have 15- to 20-year terms and contain fixed monthly charges and/or minimum purchase requirements. Revenue associated with these contracts is generally recognized over time during the period in which the Company delivers or makes available the agreed upon quantity of gases. In addition, certain on-site industrial gas contracts contain complex terms and provisions such as tolling arrangements, minimum payment requirements, pricing provisions, and variable components that are specific to a customer arrangement, including certain contracts with related parties. These arrangements may require greater judgment in determining when contractual requirements have been met, impacting the timing and amount of revenue to be recorded.
We identified revenue recognition for certain on-site industrial gas customer contracts with complex terms and provisions as a critical audit matter because of the judgments necessary for management to evaluate these contract terms, including amendments, when determining the amount of revenue to be recognized. This required a high degree of auditor judgment when performing procedures to audit management’s identification and assessment of contract terms when determining the amount and timing of revenue recognition and evaluating the results of those procedures.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to revenue recognition for certain on-site industrial gas customer contracts with complex terms and provisions included the following procedures, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of the Company’s controls related to the amount and timing of revenue recognition, including controls over the evaluation of complex terms and provisions in certain on-site industrial gas customer contracts.
•Percentage-of-Completion MethodWe evaluated the terms included within original customer contracts and related amendments to assess the accounting for provisions such as minimum payment requirements, pricing provisions, settlement terms, and variable components that require management to apply judgment in determining revenue recognition associated with the contract.
•We tested the probability of collection of variable components, including penalties, which impacts the amount and timing of revenue which the Company expects to collect.
•We inquired of personnel who oversee operations, customer relations, and revenue recognition as to the presence of contract amendments, and interpretation of contract terms.
•We considered the nature of transactions with related parties and any potential impact on revenue recognition.
•We evaluated customer transactions and agreed the amount of revenue recognized to underlying contracts, customer invoices, and cash receipts.
•We considered customer payment history, subsequent events, write-offs of customer receivables, collectability, modification of contract terms, and other factors that could impact the amount and timing of revenue recognition.
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Revenue fromRecognition – Cost Incurred Input Method – Refer to Notes 1 and 4 to the Financial Statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company enters into sale of equipment sale contracts is recorded primarily usingwith customers for which the percentage-of-completion method. Under this method, revenuepromised goods or services contained within the contracts are integrated with or dependent upon other goods or services for a single output to the customer. Revenue from the sale of major equipment suchcontracts is generally recognized over time as LNG heat exchangersthe Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance, as completed, and large air separation units, is primarily recognized based onperformance under the contract terms does not create an asset with an alternative use. The Company uses a cost incurred input method to recognize revenue by which costs incurred to date compared withrelative to total estimated costs at completion are used to be incurred. We estimate the profit on a contract as the difference between the total estimated revenue and expected costs to complete the contract and recognize the profit over the life of the contract.measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations.
Accounting for contracts using the percentage-of-completioncost incurred input method requires managementa high degree of judgment relative to assessing risks and theirestimate total costs used to recognize revenue. Changes in estimated costs could have a significant impact on the estimatetiming of revenues and costs. Ourrevenue recognition. Auditing these estimates are impacted by factors such as the potential for incentives or penalties on performance, schedule and technical issues, labor productivity,requires extensive audit effort due to the complexity of work performed,around the cost estimation process which involves multiple inputs and availabilityvariables for sale of materials,equipment contracts and performancea high degree of subcontractors. When adjustmentsauditor judgment when evaluating the results of those procedures.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to complex contracts with customers for sales of equipment included the following, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of the Company’s controls related to the amount and timing of revenue recognition for sale of equipment contracts, including controls over developing the estimated costs at completion and the evaluation of changes in estimated total contract revenues orcosts for sale of equipment contracts.
•We evaluated the appropriateness and consistency of the methods and assumptions used by management to evaluate estimated total costs are required, anyand changes in estimated costs to determine if the estimated profit from priortotal costs at completion for sale of equipment contracts were reasonable.
•With the assistance of our professionals having expertise in accounting for sale of equipment contracts, we performed the following:
◦Evaluated management’s ability to estimate total costs at completion for each selected contract by performing corroborating inquiries with the Company’s project managers and personnel involved with the selected contracts, including inquiries related to the timeline for completion and estimates are recognized inof future costs to complete the current period forcontract.
◦Selected a sample of estimates of future costs to complete and evaluated management’s estimates of total costs at completion by performing one of the inception-to-date effect offollowing:
▪Comparing management’s estimates to documents such change. Whenas work plans, customer purchase orders, third-party supplier invoices, and subcontractor agreements, or
▪Developing independent estimates of total costs to be incurredcompletion and comparing our estimates to management’s estimates. Our independent estimates were based on information such as work plans, customer purchase orders, third-party supplier invoices, subcontractor agreements, and similar historical project experience.
◦We compared the gross margin on sale of equipment contracts to that of historical periods in order to evaluate the Company's ability to accurately estimate costs at completion.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
November 18, 2021
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2018.

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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS
(Millions of dollars, except for share and per share data)

Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
Sales$10,323.0 $8,856.3 $8,918.9 
Cost of sales7,186.1 5,858.1 5,975.5 
Facility closure23.2 — 29.0 
Selling and administrative828.4 775.9 750.0 
Research and development93.5 83.9 72.9 
Cost reduction actions— — 25.5 
Gain on exchange with joint venture partner36.8 — 29.1 
Company headquarters relocation income (expense)— 33.8 — 
Other income (expense), net52.8 65.4 49.3 
Operating Income2,281.4 2,237.6 2,144.4 
Equity affiliates' income294.1 264.8 215.4 
Interest expense141.8 109.3 137.0 
Other non-operating income (expense), net73.7 30.7 66.7 
Income From Continuing Operations Before Taxes2,507.4 2,423.8 2,289.5 
Income tax provision462.8 478.4 480.1 
Income From Continuing Operations2,044.6 1,945.4 1,809.4 
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax70.3 (14.3)— 
Net Income2,114.9 1,931.1 1,809.4 
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of continuing operations15.8 44.4 49.4 
Net Income Attributable to Air Products$2,099.1 $1,886.7 $1,760.0 
Net Income Attributable to Air Products
Net income from continuing operations$2,028.8 $1,901.0 $1,760.0 
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations70.3 (14.3)— 
Net Income Attributable to Air Products$2,099.1 $1,886.7 $1,760.0 
Per Share Data*
Basic EPS from continuing operations$9.16 $8.59 $7.99 
Basic EPS from discontinued operations0.32 (0.06)— 
Basic EPS Attributable to Air Products$9.47 $8.53 $7.99 
Diluted EPS from continuing operations$9.12 $8.55 $7.94 
Diluted EPS from discontinued operations0.32 (0.06)— 
Diluted EPS Attributable to Air Products$9.43 $8.49 $7.94 
Weighted Average Common Shares (in millions)
Basic221.6 221.2 220.3 
Diluted222.5 222.3 221.6 
*Earnings per share ("EPS") is calculated independently for each component and may not sum to total EPS due to rounding.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED COMPREHENSIVE INCOME STATEMENTS
(Millions of dollars)

Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
Net Income$2,114.9 $1,931.1 $1,809.4 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax:
Translation adjustments, net of tax of $2.8, ($29.4), and $25.1267.3 233.4 (356.2)
Net gain (loss) on derivatives, net of tax of ($9.0), $23.7, and ($1.5)3.3 43.5 (44.1)
Pension and postretirement benefits, net of tax of $91.4, ($15.6), and ($97.9)274.3 (68.2)(326.2)
Reclassification adjustments:
   Currency translation adjustment— — (2.6)
Derivatives, net of tax of $13.9, ($17.7), and $4.543.5 (57.7)12.3 
Pension and postretirement benefits, net of tax of $24.4, $27.1, and $20.574.6 82.5 63.2 
Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)663.0 233.5 (653.6)
Comprehensive Income2,777.9 2,164.6 1,155.8 
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests15.8 44.4 49.4 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests38.8 (2.0)(19.9)
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Air Products$2,723.3 $2,122.2 $1,126.3 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Millions of dollars, except for share and per share data)

30 September20212020
Assets
Current Assets
Cash and cash items$4,468.9 $5,253.0 
Short-term investments1,331.9 1,104.9 
Trade receivables, net1,451.3 1,274.8 
Inventories453.9 404.8 
Prepaid expenses119.4 164.5 
Other receivables and current assets550.9 482.9 
Total Current Assets8,376.3 8,684.9 
Investment in net assets of and advances to equity affiliates1,649.3 1,432.2 
Plant and equipment, net13,254.6 11,964.7 
Goodwill, net911.5 891.5 
Intangible assets, net420.7 435.8 
Noncurrent lease receivables740.3 816.3 
Other noncurrent assets1,506.5 943.1 
Total Noncurrent Assets18,482.9 16,483.6 
Total Assets$26,859.2 $25,168.5 
Liabilities and Equity
Current Liabilities
Payables and accrued liabilities$2,218.3 $1,833.2 
Accrued income taxes93.9 105.8 
Short-term borrowings2.4 7.7 
Current portion of long-term debt484.5 470.0 
Total Current Liabilities2,799.1 2,416.7 
Long-term debt6,875.7 7,132.9 
Long-term debt – related party274.6 297.2 
Other noncurrent liabilities1,640.9 1,916.0 
Deferred income taxes1,180.9 962.6 
Total Noncurrent Liabilities9,972.1 10,308.7 
Total Liabilities12,771.2 12,725.4 
Commitments and Contingencies - See Note 1600
Air Products Shareholders’ Equity
Common stock (par value $1 per share; issued 2021 and 2020 - 249,455,584 shares)249.4 249.4 
Capital in excess of par value1,115.8 1,094.8 
Retained earnings15,678.3 14,875.7 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(1,515.9)(2,140.1)
Treasury stock, at cost (2021 - 28,058,829 shares; 2020 - 28,438,125 shares)(1,987.9)(2,000.0)
Total Air Products Shareholders' Equity13,539.7 12,079.8 
Noncontrolling Interests548.3 363.3 
Total Equity14,088.0 12,443.1 
Total Liabilities and Equity$26,859.2 $25,168.5 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Millions of dollars)

Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
Operating Activities
Net income$2,114.9 $1,931.1 $1,809.4 
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of continuing operations15.8 44.4 49.4 
Net income attributable to Air Products2,099.1 1,886.7 1,760.0 
(Income) Loss from discontinued operations(70.3)14.3 — 
Income from continuing operations attributable to Air Products2,028.8 1,901.0 1,760.0 
Adjustments to reconcile income to cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization1,321.3 1,185.0 1,082.8 
Deferred income taxes94.0 165.0 57.6 
Tax reform repatriation— — 49.4 
Facility closure23.2 — 29.0 
Undistributed earnings of equity method investments(138.2)(161.9)(75.8)
Gain on sale of assets and investments(37.2)(45.8)(24.2)
Share-based compensation44.5 53.5 41.2 
Noncurrent lease receivables98.8 91.6 94.6 
Other adjustments(116.7)116.4 (19.4)
Working capital changes that provided (used) cash, excluding effects of acquisitions:
Trade receivables(130.5)43.2 (69.0)
Inventories(47.2)(5.2)(3.0)
Other receivables75.5 84.4 79.8 
Payables and accrued liabilities187.9 (31.9)(41.8)
Other working capital(69.0)(130.6)8.7 
Cash Provided by Operating Activities3,335.2 3,264.7 2,969.9 
Investing Activities
Additions to plant and equipment, including long-term deposits(2,464.2)(2,509.0)(1,989.7)
Acquisitions, less cash acquired(10.5)(183.3)(123.2)
Investment in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates(76.0)(24.4)(15.7)
Proceeds from sale of assets and investments37.5 80.3 11.1 
Purchases of investments(2,100.7)(2,865.5)(172.1)
Proceeds from investments1,875.2 1,938.0 190.5 
Other investing activities5.8 3.9 (14.3)
Cash Used for Investing Activities(2,732.9)(3,560.0)(2,113.4)
Financing Activities
Long-term debt proceeds178.9 4,895.8 — 
Payments on long-term debt(462.9)(406.6)(428.6)
Net increase (decrease) in commercial paper and short-term borrowings1.0 (54.9)3.9 
Dividends paid to shareholders(1,256.7)(1,103.6)(994.0)
Proceeds from stock option exercises10.6 34.1 68.1 
Investments by noncontrolling interests136.6 17.1 — 
Other financing activities(28.4)(97.2)(19.9)
Cash Provided by (Used for) Financing Activities(1,420.9)3,284.7 (1,370.5)
Discontinued Operations
Cash provided by operating activities6.7 — — 
Cash provided by investing activities— — — 
Cash provided by financing activities— — — 
Cash Provided by Discontinued Operations6.7 — — 
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash27.8 14.9 (28.6)
Increase (Decrease) in cash and cash items(784.1)3,004.3 (542.6)
Cash and Cash items – Beginning of Year5,253.0 2,248.7 2,791.3 
Cash and Cash Items – End of Period$4,468.9 $5,253.0 $2,248.7 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(Millions of dollars, except for per share data)
Fiscal Year Ended 30 SeptemberCommon
Stock		Capital
in Excess
of Par
Value		Retained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Treasury
Stock		Air Products
Shareholders’
Equity		Non-
controlling
Interests		Total
Equity
Balance 30 September 2018$249.4 $1,029.3 $13,409.9 ($1,741.9)($2,089.2)$10,857.5 $318.8 $11,176.3 
Net income— — 1,760.0 — — 1,760.0 49.4 1,809.4 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — (633.7)— (633.7)(19.9)(653.6)
Dividends on common stock (per share $4.58)— — (1,008.3)— — (1,008.3)— (1,008.3)
Dividends to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (12.2)(12.2)
Share-based compensation— 40.7 — — — 40.7 — 40.7 
Issuance of treasury shares for stock option and award plans— 2.2 — — 59.7 61.9 — 61.9 
Cumulative change in accounting principle— — (17.1)— — (17.1)— (17.1)
Other equity transactions— (1.3)(6.1)— — (7.4)(1.4)(8.8)
Balance 30 September 2019$249.4 $1,070.9 $14,138.4 ($2,375.6)($2,029.5)$11,053.6 $334.7 $11,388.3 
Net income— — 1,886.7 — — 1,886.7 44.4 1,931.1 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — 235.5 — 235.5 (2.0)233.5 
Dividends on common stock (per share $5.18)— — (1,144.1)— — (1,144.1)— (1,144.1)
Dividends to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (31.8)(31.8)
Share-based compensation— 44.2 — — — 44.2 — 44.2 
Issuance of treasury shares for stock option and award plans— (14.1)— — 29.5 15.4 — 15.4 
Investments by noncontrolling interests— — — — — — 17.1 17.1 
Other equity transactions— (6.2)(5.3)— — (11.5)0.9 (10.6)
Balance 30 September 2020$249.4 $1,094.8 $14,875.7 ($2,140.1)($2,000.0)$12,079.8 $363.3 $12,443.1 
Net income— — 2,099.1 — — 2,099.1 15.8 2,114.9 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — 624.2 — 624.2 38.8 663.0 
Dividends on common stock (per share $5.84)— — (1,292.6)— — (1,292.6)— (1,292.6)
Dividends to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (5.3)(5.3)
Share-based compensation— 43.5 — — — 43.5 — 43.5 
Issuance of treasury shares for stock option and award plans— (21.5)— — 12.1 (9.4)— (9.4)
Investments by noncontrolling interests— — — — — — 139.8 139.8 
Purchase of noncontrolling interests— (1.2)— — — (1.2)(4.1)(5.3)
Other equity transactions— 0.2 (3.9)— — (3.7)— (3.7)
Balance 30 September 2021$249.4 $1,115.8 $15,678.3 ($1,515.9)($1,987.9)$13,539.7 $548.3 $14,088.0 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Millions of dollars unless otherwise indicated, except for share and per share data)

1.
59
2.
66
3.
67
4.
69
5.
71
6.
72
7.
72
8.
73
9.
73
10.
74
11.
75
12.
77
13.
81
14.
83
15.
85
16.
91
17.
96
18.
96
19.
98
20.
99
21.
100
22.
104
23.
106
24.
109
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1.  MAJOR ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation Principles
The accompanying consolidated financial statements of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and those of its controlled subsidiaries (“we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company,” “Air Products,” or “registrant”), which are generally majority owned. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.
We consolidate all entities that we control. The general condition for control is ownership of a majority of the voting interests of an entity. Control may also exist in arrangements where we are the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity ("VIE"). An entity that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of a VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits significant to the VIE is considered the primary beneficiary of that entity. We have determined that we are not a primary beneficiary of any material VIE.
The notes to the consolidated financial statements, unless otherwise indicated, are on a contract exceedcontinuing operations basis. The results of operations and cash flows for our discontinued operations have been segregated from the results of continuing operations and segment results. The comprehensive income related to discontinued operations has not been segregated and is included in the consolidated comprehensive income statements. There were no assets and liabilities presented as discontinued operations on the consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 5, Discontinued Operations, for additional information.
Certain prior year information has been reclassified to conform to the fiscal year 2021 presentation.
Estimates and Assumptions
The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates of total revenuesand assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
COVID-19 Risks and Uncertainties
COVID-19, which was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020, continues to impact our business operations and results. There continue to be earned, a provisionmany unknowns regarding the pandemic, including the ongoing spread and severity of the virus and the pace of vaccine rollouts globally. Given the dynamic nature of these circumstances, uncertainty remains related to how the pandemic may affect our business, results of operations, and overall financial performance.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue when or as performance obligations are satisfied, which occurs when control is transferred to the customer.
We determine the transaction price of our contracts based on the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for the entire estimated loss ongoods or services provided. Our contracts within the contract is recordedscope of revenue guidance do not contain payment terms that include a significant financing component.
Sales returns and allowances are not a business practice in the industry.
Our sale of gas contracts are either accounted for over time during the period in which we deliver or make available the loss is determined.agreed upon quantity of goods or at a point in time when the customer receives and obtains control of the product, which generally occurs upon delivery. We generally recognize revenue from our sale of gas contracts based on the right to invoice practical expedient.
In addition to the typical risks associated with underlying performance of project procurement and construction activities, our Jazan large air separation unitOur sale of equipment projectcontracts are generally comprised of a single performance obligation as the individual promised goods or services contained within our Industrial Gases – Global segment requires monitoring of risks associatedthe contracts are integrated with schedule, geography, andor dependent upon other aspects ofgoods or services in the contract and their effects on our estimates of total revenues and total costsfor a single output to complete the contract.
Changes in estimates on projects accounted for under the percentage-of-completion method, including the Jazan project, favorably impacted operating income by approximately $38, $27, and $20 in fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Our changes in estimates would not have significantly impacted amounts recorded in prior years.
We assess the performance ofcustomer. Revenue from our sale of equipment projectscontracts is generally recognized over time as we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date and our performance under the contract terms does not create an asset with alternative use. We recognize these contracts using a cost incurred input method by which costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion are used to measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations.
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Amounts billed for shipping and handling fees are classified as sales in the consolidated income statements. Shipping and handling activities for our sale of equipment contracts may be performed after the customer obtains control of the promised goods. In these cases, we have elected to apply the practical expedient to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the goods. For our sale of gas contracts, control generally transfers to the customer upon delivery.
Amounts billed for sales and use taxes, value-added taxes, and certain excise and other specific transactional taxes imposed on revenue-producing transactions are presented on a net basis and excluded from sales in the consolidated income statements.
For additional information, refer to Note 4, Revenue Recognition.
Cost of Sales
Cost of sales predominantly represents the cost of tangible products sold. These costs include labor, raw materials, plant engineering, power, depreciation, production supplies and materials packaging costs, and maintenance costs. Costs incurred for shipping and handling are also included in cost of sales.
Depreciation
Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method, which deducts equal amounts of the cost of each asset from earnings every year over its expected economic useful life. The principal lives for major classes of plant and equipment are summarized in Note 8, Plant and Equipment, net.
Selling and Administrative
The principal components of selling and administrative expenses are compensation, advertising, and promotional costs.
Postemployment Benefits
We provide termination benefits to employees as part of ongoing benefit arrangements and record a liability for termination benefits when probable and estimable. These criteria are met when management, with the appropriate level of authority, approves and commits to its plan of action for termination; the plan identifies the employees to be terminated and their related benefits; and the plan is to be completed within one year. We do not provide material one-time benefit arrangements.
Fair Value Measurements
We are required to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value, either upon initial measurement or for subsequent accounting or reporting. For example, fair value is used in the initial measurement of assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination; on a recurring basis in the measurement of derivative financial instruments; and on a nonrecurring basis when long-lived assets are written down to fair value when held for sale or determined to be impaired. Refer to Note 13, Fair Value Measurements, and Note 15, Retirement Benefits, for information on the methods and assumptions used in our fair value measurements.
Financial Instruments
We address certain financial exposures through a controlled program of risk management that includes the use of derivative financial instruments. The types of derivative financial instruments permitted for such risk management programs are specified in policies set by management. Refer to Note 12, Financial Instruments, for further detail on the types and use of derivative instruments into which we enter.
Major financial institutions are counterparties to all of these derivative contracts. We have established counterparty credit guidelines and generally enter into transactions with financial institutions of investment grade or better. Management believes the risk of incurring losses related to credit risk is remote, and any losses would be immaterial to the consolidated financial results, financial condition, or liquidity.
We recognize derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. On the date the derivative instrument is entered into, we generally designate the derivative as either (1) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge), (2) a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation (net investment hedge), or (3) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge).
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The following details the accounting treatment of our cash flow, fair value, net investment, and non-designated hedges:
•Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated as and meets the cash flow hedge criteria are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss ("AOCL") to the extent effective and then recognized in earnings when the hedged items affect earnings.
•Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated as and meets all the required criteria for a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current period earnings.
•Changes in the fair value of a derivative and foreign currency debt that are designated as and meet all the required criteria for a hedge of a net investment are recorded as translation adjustments in AOCL.
•Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is not designated as a hedge are recorded immediately in earnings.
We formally document the relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as our risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes relating derivatives that are designated as fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. We also formally assess, at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, whether derivatives are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged item. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge, or if a derivative ceases to be a highly effective hedge, we will discontinue hedge accounting with respect to that derivative prospectively.
Foreign Currency
Since we do business in many foreign countries, fluctuations in currency exchange rates affect our financial position and results of operations.
In most of our foreign operations, the local currency is considered the functional currency. Foreign subsidiaries translate their assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates in effect as of the balance sheet date. The gains or losses that result from this process are shown as translation adjustments in AOCL in the equity section of the balance sheet.
The revenue and expense accounts of foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates that prevail during the period. Therefore, the U.S. dollar value of these items on the consolidated income statements fluctuates from period to period, depending on the value of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies. Some transactions are made in currencies different from an entity’s functional currency. Gains and losses from these foreign currency transactions, and the impact of related hedges, are generally reflected in "Other income (expense), net" on our consolidated income statements as they progress. Our earnings couldoccur and were not material for the periods presented.
Foreign exchange gains and losses from the foreign currency remeasurement of balances associated with intercompany and third-party financing transactions, related income tax assets and liabilities, and the impact of related hedges are reflected within “Other non-operating income (expense), net" and were not material for the periods presented.
In addition, foreign currency forward points and currency swap basis differences that are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness of our cash flow hedges of intercompany loans (“excluded components”) are recorded within “Other non-operating income (expense), net" on a straight-line basis. Excluded components were expenses of $31.0, $33.5, and $33.3 in fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. In 2019, excluded components were recorded in “Interest expense” and were not restated upon adoption of accounting guidance in fiscal year 2020 on hedging activities.
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Environmental Expenditures
Accruals for environmental loss contingencies are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be positivelyreasonably estimated. Remediation costs are capitalized if the costs improve our property as compared with the condition of the property when originally constructed or negatively impacted by changesacquired, or if the costs prevent environmental contamination from future operations. We expense environmental costs related to existing conditions resulting from past or current operations and from which no current or future benefit is discernible. The amounts charged to income from continuing operations related to environmental matters totaled$18.6, $18.3, and $14.2 in fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. In addition, we recorded a pre-tax expense of $19.0 in results from discontinued operations to increase our forecastenvironmental accrual for the Pace facility in the second quarter of revenuesfiscal year 2020. Refer to the Pace discussion within Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information.
The measurement of environmental liabilities is based on an evaluation of currently available information with respect to each individual site and considers factors such as existing technology, presently enacted laws and regulations, and prior experience in remediation of contaminated sites. An environmental liability related to cleanup of a contaminated site might include, for example, a provision for one or more of the following types of costs: site investigation and testing costs, remediation costs, post-remediation monitoring costs, natural resource damages, and outside legal fees. These liabilities include costs related to other potentially responsible parties to the extent that we have reason to believe such parties will not fully pay their proportionate share. They do not consider any claims for recoveries from insurance or other parties and are not discounted.
As assessments and remediation progress at individual sites, the amount of projected cost is reviewed and the liability is adjusted to reflect additional technical and legal information that becomes available. Management has an established process in place to identify and monitor our environmental exposures. An environmental accrual analysis is prepared and maintained that lists all environmental loss contingencies, even where an accrual has not been established. This analysis assists in monitoring our overall environmental exposure and serves as a tool to facilitate ongoing communication among our technical experts, environmental managers, environmental lawyers, and financial management to ensure that required accruals are recorded and potential exposures disclosed.
Given inherent uncertainties in evaluating environmental exposures, actual costs to be incurred at identified sites in future periods may vary from the estimates. Refer to Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information on our environmental loss contingencies.
The accruals for environmental liabilities are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets, primarily as part of other noncurrent liabilities.
Litigation
In the normal course of business, we are involved in legal proceedings. We accrue a liability for such matters when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued. The accrual for a litigation loss contingency includes estimates of potential damages and other directly related costs expected to be incurred. Refer to Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information on our current legal proceedings.
Share-Based Compensation
We expense the grant-date fair value of our share-based awards over the vesting period during which employees perform related services. Expense recognition is accelerated for retirement-eligible individuals who would meet the requirements for vesting of awards upon their retirement. Refer to Note 18, Share-Based Compensation, for additional information regarding these projects.awards and the models and assumptions used to determine the grant-date fair value of our awards.
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Income Taxes
We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the tax effects of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be recovered or settled. At 30 September 2018, accruedA principal temporary difference results from the excess of tax depreciation over book depreciation because accelerated methods of depreciation and shorter useful lives are used for income taxes, including the amount recordedtax purposes. The cumulative impact of a change in noncurrent, was $244.0 and net deferred tax liabilities was $653.7. Tax liabilities related to uncertain tax positions as of 30 September 2018 were $233.6, excluding interest and penalties. Income tax expense for the year ended 30 September 2018 was $524.3 and includes a discrete netrates or regulations is included in income tax expense of $180.6 related to the Tax Act. The net expense was recorded based on provisional estimates pursuant to the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118. Subsequent adjustments, if any, will be accounted for in the period such adjustments are identified. Disclosures related to income taxes are included in Note 22, Income Taxes, tothat includes the consolidated financial statements.
Management judgment is required concerning the ultimate outcome of tax contingencies and the realization of deferred tax assets.
Actual income taxes paid may vary from estimates, depending upon changes in income tax laws, actual results of operations, and the final audit of tax returns by taxing authorities. Tax assessments may arise several years after tax returns have been filed.enactment date. We believe that our recorded tax liabilities adequately provide for these assessments.

Deferred tax assets are recorded for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. However, when we do not expect sufficient sources of future taxable income to realize the benefit of the operating losses or tax credit carryforwards, theserecognize deferred tax assets net of existing valuation allowances to the extent we believe that these assets are reduced by a valuation allowance. more likely than not to be realized considering all available evidence.
A valuation allowancetax benefit for an uncertain tax position is recognized if, based on the weight of available evidence,when it is considered more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination based on its technical merits. This position is measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized as a component of income tax expense. For additional information regarding our income taxes, refer to Note 21, Income Taxes.
Other Non-Operating Income (Expense), net
Other non-operating income (expense), net includes interest income associated with our cash and cash items and short-term investments, certain foreign currency remeasurements and impacts from the related hedging activities discussed in the Foreign Currency section above, and non-service cost components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost. Our non-service costs primarily include interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of actuarial gains and losses, and settlements.
Cash and Cash Items
Cash and cash items include cash, time deposits, and treasury securities acquired with an original maturity of three months or less.
Short-term Investments
Short-term investments include time deposits and treasury securities with original maturities greater than three months and less than one year.
Credit Losses
We are exposed to credit losses through sales of products and services. When extending credit, we evaluate customer creditworthiness based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative factors that include, but are not limited to, the customer’s credit score from external providers, financial condition, and past payment experience.
We assess allowances for credit losses on our trade receivables and lease receivable portfolios. Allowances are evaluated by portfolio on a collective basis where similar characteristics exist. A provision for customer defaults is made on a general formula basis as the risk of some default is expected but cannot yet be associated with specific customers. The assessment of the likelihood of default is based on various factors, including the length of time the receivables are past due, historical experience, existing economic conditions, and forward-looking information. When we identify specific customers with known collectability issues, the assessment for credit losses is performed on an individual basis, considering current and forward-looking information of the customer.
The use of forward-looking information considers economic conditions that may affect the customers’ ability to pay. Although we historically have not experienced significant credit losses, our exposure to credit losses may increase if our customers are adversely affected by economic pressures or uncertainty associated with local or global economic recessions, disruption associated with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, or other customer-specific factors. We review our reserves for credit losses on a quarterly basis.
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Trade receivables comprise amounts owed to us through our operating activities and are presented net of allowances for credit losses. Changes to the carrying amount of the allowance for credit losses on trade receivables are summarized below:
Balance at 30 September 2018$26.4 
Provision for credit losses7.7 
Write-offs charged against the allowance(6.8)
Currency translation and other(2.5)
Balance at 30 September 2019$24.8 
Provision for credit losses7.7 
Write-offs charged against the allowance(8.3)
Currency translation and other(0.3)
Balance at 30 September 2020$23.9 
Adoption of new credit losses standard0.5 
Provision for credit losses2.7 
Write-offs charged against the allowance(3.8)
Currency translation and other1.8 
Balance at 30 September 2021$25.1
In addition, our lease receivables are presented net of allowances for credit losses. As of 30 September 2021 and 2020, the credit quality of lease receivables did not require a material allowance for credit losses. For additional information on our lease arrangements, refer to Note 11, Leases.
Inventories
We carry inventory that is comprised of finished goods, work-in-process, raw materials and supplies. Refer to Note 6, Inventories, for further detail.
Inventories on our consolidated balance sheets are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We determine the cost of all our inventories on a first-in, first-out basis ("FIFO"). We write down our inventories for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventory based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions.
Equity Method Investments
The equity method of accounting is used when we exercise significant influence but do not have operating control, generally assumed to be 20% – 50% ownership. Under the equity method, original investments are recorded at cost and adjusted by our share of undistributed earnings or losses of these companies. We use the cumulative earnings approach for determining cash flow presentation of cash distributions received from equity method investees. Equity investments are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment may not be recoverable.
Plant and Equipment, net
Plant and equipment, net is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Construction costs, labor, and applicable overhead related to installations are capitalized. Expenditures for additions and improvements that extend the lives or increase the capacity of plant assets are capitalized. The costs of maintenance and repairs of plant and equipment are charged to expense as incurred.
Fully depreciated assets are retained in the gross plant and equipment and accumulated depreciation accounts until they are removed from service. In the case of disposals, assets and related depreciation are removed from the accounts, and the net amounts, less proceeds from disposal, are included in income. Refer to Note 8, Plant and Equipment, net, for further detail.
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Computer Software
We capitalize costs incurred to purchase or develop software for internal use. Capitalized costs include purchased computer software packages, payments to vendors/consultants for development and implementation or modification to a purchased package to meet our requirements, payroll and related costs for employees directly involved in development, and interest incurred while software is being developed. Capitalized costs are reflected in "Plant and equipment, net" on the consolidated balance sheets and are depreciated over the estimated useful life of the software, generally a period of three to five years.
We capitalize costs incurred with the implementation of a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract, consistent with our policy for software developed or obtained for internal use. However, the capitalized costs are reflected in "Other noncurrent assets" on our consolidated balance sheets and expensed over the term of the related hosting arrangement.
Capitalized Interest
As we build new plant and equipment, we include in the cost of these assets a portion orof the interest payments we make during the year. The amount of capitalized interest was $28.3, $15.9, and $13.5 in fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
Leases
As lessee, we recognize a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term in excess of 12 months. We determine if an arrangement contains a lease at inception. The arrangement contains a lease when there is an identifiable asset, we obtain substantially all of the deferred taxeconomic benefits from that asset, and we direct how and for what purpose the asset is used during the term of the arrangement. If the initial term of an arrangement is 12 months or less, we have made an accounting election to not assess if these arrangements contain a lease for inclusion on our balance sheet.
ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Since our leases generally do not provide an implicit discount rate, we use our incremental borrowing rates based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. To determine the incremental borrowing rate, we consider our unsecured borrowings and published market rates, and then adjust those rates to assume full collateralization and to factor in the individual lease term, geography, and payment structure.
Our lease term includes periods covered by options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise an option to extend or not exercise an option to terminate. Lease payments consider our practical expedient to combine amounts for lease and related non-lease components for all classes of underlying assets in which we are lessee. Fixed payments and payments associated with escalation clauses based on an index are included in the ROU asset and lease liability at commencement. Variable lease payments are excluded from the ROU assets and lease liabilities and are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. Our variable lease payments primarily include the impact from escalation clauses that are not fixed or based on an index. Prepaid lease payments are included in the recognition of ROU assets. Our lease agreements do not contain any material lease incentives, residual value guarantees or restrictions or covenants.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets are grouped for impairment testing at the lowest level for which there are identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be realized. recoverable. We assess recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. If an asset group is considered impaired, the impairment loss to be recognized is measured as the amount by which the asset group’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Long-lived assets meeting the held for sale criteria are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.
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Asset Retirement Obligations
The factors usedfair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation is recognized in the period in which it is incurred. The fair value of the liability is measured using discounted estimated cash flows and is adjusted to assessits present value in subsequent periods as accretion expense is recorded. The corresponding asset retirement costs are capitalized as part of the likelihoodcarrying amount of realization include forecasted future taxable incomethe related long-lived asset and available tax planning strategiesdepreciated over the asset’s useful life. Our asset retirement obligations are primarily associated with on-site long-term supply contracts under which we have built a facility on land owned by the customer and are obligated to remove the facility at the end of the contract term. Our asset retirement obligations totaled $269.6and $241.4 at 30 September 2021 and 2020, respectively. Refer to Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, for further detail.
Goodwill
Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The purchase price is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. Any excess purchase price (plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interest and previously held equity interest in the acquiree) over the fair market value of the net assets acquired, including identified intangibles, is recorded as goodwill. Preliminary purchase price allocations are made at the date of acquisition and finalized when information about facts and circumstances that could be implementedexisted as of the acquisition date needed to realizefinalize underlying estimates is obtained or renew net deferred tax assets in orderwhen we determine that such information is not obtainable, within a maximum measurement period of one year.
Goodwill is subject to avoid the potential loss of future tax benefits. The effect ofimpairment testing at least annually. In addition, goodwill is tested more frequently if a change in circumstances or the valuation allowance is reported in the income tax expense.occurrence of events indicates that potential impairment exists. Refer to Note 9, Goodwill, for further detail.
A 1% point increase/decrease in our effective tax rate would decrease/increase net income by approximately $20.
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
The amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements for pension and other postretirement benefits are determined on an actuarial basis utilizing numerous assumptions. The discussion that follows provides information on the significant assumptions, expense, and expenseobligations associated with the defined benefit plans.
Actuarial models are used in calculating the expense and liability related to the various defined benefit plans. These models have an underlying assumption that the employees render service over their service lives on a relatively consistent basis; therefore, the expense of benefits earned should follow a similar pattern.
Several assumptions and statistical variables are used in the models to calculate the expense and liability related to the plans. We determine assumptions about the discount rate, the expected rate of return on plan assets, and the rate of compensation increase. Note 16, 15, Retirement Benefits, to the consolidated financial statements includes disclosure of these rates on a weighted-average basis for both the U.S. and international plans. The actuarial models also use assumptions about demographic factors such as retirement age, mortality, and turnover rates. Mortality rates are based on the most recent U.S. and international mortality tables. We believe the actuarial assumptions are reasonable. However, actual results could vary materially from these actuarial assumptions due to economic events and differentdifferences in rates of retirement, mortality, and turnover.
One of the assumptions used in the actuarial models is the discount rate used to measure benefit obligations. This rate reflects the prevailing market rate for high-quality, fixed-income debt instruments with maturities corresponding to the expected timing of benefit payments as of the annual measurement date for each of the various plans. The Company measuresWe measure the service cost and interest cost components of pension expense by applying spot rates along the yield curve to the relevant projected cash flows. The rates along the yield curve are used to discount the future cash flows of benefit obligations back to the measurement date. These rates change from year to year based on market conditions that affect corporate bond yields. A higher discount rate decreases the present value of the benefit obligations and results in lower pension expense. A 50 bp increase/increase or decrease in the discount rate decreases/increasesmay result in a decrease or increase to pension expense, byrespectively, of approximately $32$20 per year.
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The expected rate of return on plan assets represents an estimate of the long-term average rate of return to be earned by plan assets over the period that the benefits included in the benefit obligation are to be paid. The expected return on plan assets assumption is based on a weighted average of estimated long-term returns of majorreflecting current asset classes and the historical performance of plan assets.allocations. In determining estimated asset class returns, we take into account historical and future expected long-term returns and the value of active management, as well as the interest rate environment. Asset allocation is determined based on long-term return, volatility and correlation characteristics of the asset classes, the profiles of the plans’ liabilities, and acceptable levels of risk. Lower returns on the plan assets result in higher pension expense. A 50 bp increase/increase or decrease in the estimated rate of return on plan assets decreases/increasesmay result in a decrease or increase to pension expense, byrespectively, of approximately $21$23 per year.
We use a market-related valuation method for recognizing certain investment gains or losses for our significant pension plans. Investment gains or losses are the difference between the expected return and actual return on plan assets. The expected return on plan assets is determined based on a market-related value of plan assets. For equities, thisThis is a calculated value that recognizes investment gains and losses in fair value related toon equities over a five-year period from the year in which they occur and reduces year-to-year volatility. The market-related value for fixed incomenon-equity investments equals the actual fair value. Expense in future periods will be impacted as gains or losses are recognized in the market-related value of assets.
The expected rate of compensation increase is another key assumption. We determine this rate based on review of the underlying long-term salary increase trend characteristic of labor markets and historical experience, as well as comparison to peer companies. A 50 bp increase/increase or decrease in the expected rate of compensation increases/decreasesmay result in an increase or decrease to pension expense, byrespectively, of approximately $11$7 per year.

Loss Contingencies
In the normal course of business, we encounter contingencies, or situations involving varying degrees of uncertainty as to the outcome and effect on the Company.our company. We accrue a liability for loss contingencies when it is considered probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within
this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued.
Contingencies include those associated with litigation and environmental matters, for which our accounting policy is discussed in Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements, and details are provided in Note 17, 16, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements. Significant judgment is required to determine both the probability and whether the amount of loss associated with a contingency can be reasonably estimated. These determinations are made based on the best available information at the time. As additional information becomes available, we reassess probability and estimates of loss contingencies. Revisions to the estimates associated with loss contingencies could have a significant impact on our results of operations in the period in which an accrual for loss contingencies is recorded or adjusted. For example, due to the inherent uncertainties related to environmental exposures, a significant increase to environmental liabilities could occur if a new site is designated, the scope of remediation is increased, a different remediation alternative is identified, or our proportionate share is increased.of the liability increases. Similarly, a future charge for regulatory fines or damage awards associated with litigation could have a significant impact on our net income in the period in which it is recorded.
NEW ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE
See Note 2, New Accounting Guidance, to the consolidated financial statements for information concerning the implementationItem 7A. Quantitative and impact of new accounting guidance.
ITEM 7A.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKQualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Our earnings, cash flows, and financial position are exposed to market risks relating toarising from fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. It is our policy to minimize our cash flow exposure to adverse changes in currency exchange rates and to manage the financial risks inherent in funding with debt capital.
We address these financial exposures through a controlled program of risk management that includes the use of derivative financial instruments. We have established counterparty credit guidelines and generally enter into
transactions with financial institutions of investment grade or better, thereby minimizing the risk of credit loss. All instruments are entered into for other than trading purposes. For details on the types and use of these derivative instruments and therelated major accounting policies, seerefer to Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, and Note 13, 12, Financial Instruments, to the consolidated financial statements, for additional information.statements. Additionally, we mitigate adverse energy price impacts through our cost pass-through contracts with customers and price increases.
Our derivative and other financial instruments consist of long-term debt, (includingincluding the current portion and amounts owed to related party portions),parties; interest rate swaps,swaps; cross currency interest rate swaps,swaps; and foreign exchange-forward contracts. The net market value of these financial instruments combined is referred to below as the net"net financial instrument positionposition" and is disclosed in Note 14, 13, Fair Value Measurements, to the consolidated financial statements. At 30 September 2018 and 2017, the
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Our net financial instrument position wasdecreased from a liability of $3,736.2 and $3,832.3, respectively.$8,220.7 at 30 September 2020 to a liability of $7,850.3 at 30 September 2021. The decrease was primarily due to the repayment of a €350.0 million Eurobond ($428) on its maturity date in June 2021.
The analysis below presents the sensitivity of the market value of our financial instruments to selected changes in market rates and prices. Market values are the present valuevalues of projected future cash flows based on the market rates and prices chosen. The market values for interest rate risk and foreign currency risk are calculated by us using a third-party software model that utilizes standard pricing models to determine the present value of the instruments based on market conditions (interestas of the valuation date, such as interest rates, spot and forward exchange rates, and implied volatilities) as of the valuation date.

volatilities.
Interest Rate Risk
Our debt portfolio as of 30 September 2018,2021 and 2020, including the effect of currency and interest rate swap agreements, was composed of 66%89% fixed-rate debt and 34% variable-rate debt. Our debt portfolio as of 30 September 2017, including the effect of currency and interest rate swap agreements, was composed of 65% fixed-rate debt and 35%11% variable-rate debt.
The sensitivity analysis related to the interest rate risk on the fixed portion of our debt portfolio assumes an instantaneous 100 bp parallel move in interest rates from the level at 30 September 2018,2021, with all other variables held constant. A 100 bp increase in market interest rates would result in a decrease of $96$587 and $112$711 in the net liability position of financial instruments at 30 September 20182021 and 2017,2020, respectively. A 100 bp decrease in market interest rates would result in an increase of $101$692 and $119$846 in the net liability position of financial instruments at 30 September 20182021 and 2017,2020, respectively.
Based on the variable-rate debt included in our debt portfolio, including the interest rate swap agreements, a 100 bp increase in interest rates would result in an additional $13 and $14$8 of interest incurred per year at the end of 30 September 20182021 and 2017, respectively.2020. A 100 bp decline in interest rates would lower interest incurred by $13 and $14$8 per year at 30 September 20182021 and 2017, respectively.2020.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
The sensitivity analysis related to foreign currency exchange rates assumes an instantaneous 10% change in the foreign currency exchange rates from their levels at 30 September 20182021 and 2017,2020, with all other variables held constant. A 10% strengthening or weakening of the functional currency of an entity versus all other currencies would result in a decrease or increase, respectively, of $329$343 and $312$360 in the net liability position of financial instruments at 30 September 20182021 and 2017,2020, respectively.
The primary currency pairs for which we have exchange rate exposure are the Euro and U.S. Dollar and Chinese Renminbi and U.S. Dollar. Foreign currency debt, cross currency interest rate swaps, and foreign exchange-forward contracts are used in countries where we do business, thereby reducing our net asset exposure. Foreign exchange-forward contracts and cross currency interest rate swaps are also used to hedge our firm and highly anticipated foreign currency cash flows. Thus, there is either an asset/asset or liability or cash flow exposure related to all of the financial instruments in the above sensitivity analysis for which the impact of a movement in exchange rates would be in the opposite direction and materially equal to the impact on the instruments in the analysis.
The majority of the Company’sour sales are derived from outside of the United States and denominated in foreign currencies. Financialcurrencies as they are derived outside the United States. Therefore, financial results therefore will be affected by changes in foreign currency rates. The Chinese Renminbi and the Euro represent the largest exposures in terms of our foreign earnings. We estimate that a 10% reduction in either the Chinese Renminbi or the Euro versus the U.S. Dollar would lower our annual operating income by approximately $30$45 and $25, respectively.


ITEM
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

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MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Air Products’ management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting, which is defined in the following sentences, is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:
(i)pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
(ii)provide reasonable assurance that the transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and
(iii)provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
(i)pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
(ii)provide reasonable assurance that the transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and
(iii)provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting can only provide reasonable assurance and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting may vary over time. Our processes contain self-monitoring mechanisms, and actions are taken to correct deficiencies as they are identified.
Management has evaluated the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that, as of 30 September 2018,2021, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.
KPMGDeloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued its opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of 30 September 20182021 as stated in its report which appears herein.


/s/ Seifi Ghasemi/s/ M. Scott CroccoMelissa N. Schaeffer
Seifi GhasemiM. Scott CroccoMelissa N. Schaeffer
Chairman, President, andExecutiveSenior Vice President and
Chief Executive OfficerChief Financial Officer
2018 November 201820212018 November 20182021

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholdersshareholders and the Board of Directors of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.:
Opinions on theConsolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Overover Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiariessubsidiaries (the Company)"Company") as of September 30, September 20182021 and 2017,2020, the related consolidated income statements, consolidated comprehensive income statements, consolidatedstatements of equity, and statements of cash flows, and consolidated statements of equity for each of the three years in the three-year period ended September 30, September 2018,2021, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule(collectively referred to in Item 15(a)(2) in this Form 10-K (collectively,as the consolidated financial statements)"financial statements"). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, September 2018,2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control -— Integrated Framework(2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, September 20182021 and 2017,2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the three-year period ended September 30, September 2018,2021, in conformity with U.S.accounting principles generally accepted accounting principles.in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, September 2018,2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control -— Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Management’sManagement’s Report on Internal Control overOver Financial Reporting”.Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidatedthese financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures thatto respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Overover Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Revenue Recognition – On-site Customer Contracts – Refer to Notes 1 and 4 to the Financial Statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
On-site industrial gas customer contracts involve large capital investments to serve customers who require large volumes of gases and have relatively constant demand. The Company builds, owns and operates facilities on or near the customer’s facilities to produce and supply the customer with gases under a long-term arrangement. Typically, these contracts have 15- to 20-year terms and contain fixed monthly charges and/or minimum purchase requirements. Revenue associated with these contracts is generally recognized over time during the period in which the Company delivers or makes available the agreed upon quantity of gases. In addition, certain on-site industrial gas contracts contain complex terms and provisions such as tolling arrangements, minimum payment requirements, pricing provisions, and variable components that are specific to a customer arrangement, including certain contracts with related parties. These arrangements may require greater judgment in determining when contractual requirements have been met, impacting the timing and amount of revenue to be recorded.
We identified revenue recognition for certain on-site industrial gas customer contracts with complex terms and provisions as a critical audit matter because of the judgments necessary for management to evaluate these contract terms, including amendments, when determining the amount of revenue to be recognized. This required a high degree of auditor judgment when performing procedures to audit management’s identification and assessment of contract terms when determining the amount and timing of revenue recognition and evaluating the results of those procedures.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to revenue recognition for certain on-site industrial gas customer contracts with complex terms and provisions included the following procedures, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of the Company’s controls related to the amount and timing of revenue recognition, including controls over the evaluation of complex terms and provisions in certain on-site industrial gas customer contracts.
•We evaluated the terms included within original customer contracts and related amendments to assess the accounting for provisions such as minimum payment requirements, pricing provisions, settlement terms, and variable components that require management to apply judgment in determining revenue recognition associated with the contract.
•We tested the probability of collection of variable components, including penalties, which impacts the amount and timing of revenue which the Company expects to collect.
•We inquired of personnel who oversee operations, customer relations, and revenue recognition as to the presence of contract amendments, and interpretation of contract terms.
•We considered the nature of transactions with related parties and any potential impact on revenue recognition.
•We evaluated customer transactions and agreed the amount of revenue recognized to underlying contracts, customer invoices, and cash receipts.
•We considered customer payment history, subsequent events, write-offs of customer receivables, collectability, modification of contract terms, and other factors that could impact the amount and timing of revenue recognition.
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Revenue Recognition – Cost Incurred Input Method – Refer to Notes 1 and 4 to the Financial Statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company enters into sale of equipment contracts with customers for which the promised goods or services contained within the contracts are integrated with or dependent upon other goods or services for a single output to the customer. Revenue from the sale of equipment contracts is generally recognized over time as the Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance, as completed, and performance under the contract terms does not create an asset with an alternative use. The Company uses a cost incurred input method to recognize revenue by which costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion are used to measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations.
Accounting for contracts using the cost incurred input method requires a high degree of judgment to estimate total costs used to recognize revenue. Changes in estimated costs could have a significant impact on the timing of revenue recognition. Auditing these estimates requires extensive audit effort due to the complexity around the cost estimation process which involves multiple inputs and variables for sale of equipment contracts and a high degree of auditor judgment when evaluating the results of those procedures.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to complex contracts with customers for sales of equipment included the following, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of the Company’s controls related to the amount and timing of revenue recognition for sale of equipment contracts, including controls over developing the estimated costs at completion and the evaluation of changes in estimated total costs for sale of equipment contracts.
•We evaluated the appropriateness and consistency of the methods and assumptions used by management to evaluate estimated total costs and changes in estimated costs to determine if the estimated total costs at completion for sale of equipment contracts were reasonable.
•With the assistance of our professionals having expertise in accounting for sale of equipment contracts, we performed the following:
◦Evaluated management’s ability to estimate total costs at completion for each selected contract by performing corroborating inquiries with the Company’s project managers and personnel involved with the selected contracts, including inquiries related to the timeline for completion and estimates of future costs to complete the contract.
◦Selected a sample of estimates of future costs to complete and evaluated management’s estimates of total costs at completion by performing one of the following:
▪Comparing management’s estimates to documents such as work plans, customer purchase orders, third-party supplier invoices, and subcontractor agreements, or
▪Developing independent estimates of total costs to completion and comparing our estimates to management’s estimates. Our independent estimates were based on information such as work plans, customer purchase orders, third-party supplier invoices, subcontractor agreements, and similar historical project experience.
◦We compared the gross margin on sale of equipment contracts to that of historical periods in order to evaluate the Company's ability to accurately estimate costs at completion.
/s/ KPMGDeloitte & Touche LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
November 18, 2021
We have served as the Company’sCompany's auditor since 2002.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania2018.
20 November 2018

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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS
(Millions of dollars, except for share and per share data)
Year ended 30 September (Millions of dollars, except for share and per share data)2018
2017
2016
Sales
$8,930.2

$8,187.6

$7,503.7
Cost of sales6,189.5
5,751.5
5,177.3
Selling and administrative760.8
713.5
683.8
Research and development64.5
57.6
71.8
Business separation costs—
32.5
50.6
Cost reduction and asset actions—
151.4
34.5
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge—
162.1
—
Other income (expense), net50.2
121.0
49.4
Operating Income1,965.6
1,440.0
1,535.1
Equity affiliates' income174.8
80.1
147.0
Interest expense130.5
120.6
115.2
Other non-operating income (expense), net5.1
16.6
(5.4)
Loss on extinguishment of debt—
—
6.9
Income From Continuing Operations Before Taxes2,015.0
1,416.1
1,554.6
Income tax provision524.3
260.9
432.6
Income From Continuing Operations1,490.7
1,155.2
1,122.0
Income (Loss) From Discontinued Operations, net of tax42.2
1,866.0
(460.5)
Net Income1,532.9
3,021.2
661.5
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests of Continuing Operations35.1
20.8
22.5
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests of Discontinued Operations—
—
7.9
Net Income Attributable to Air Products
$1,497.8

$3,000.4

$631.1
    
Net Income Attributable to Air Products   
Income from continuing operations
$1,455.6

$1,134.4

$1,099.5
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations42.2
1,866.0
(468.4)
Net Income Attributable to Air Products
$1,497.8

$3,000.4

$631.1
Basic Earnings Per Common Share Attributable to Air Products   
Income from continuing operations
$6.64

$5.20

$5.08
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations.19
8.56
(2.16)
Net Income Attributable to Air Products
$6.83

$13.76

$2.92
Diluted Earnings Per Common Share Attributable to Air Products   
Income from continuing operations
$6.59

$5.16

$5.04
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations.19
8.49
(2.15)
Net Income Attributable to Air Products
$6.78

$13.65

$2.89
Weighted Average Common Shares — Basic (in millions)
219.3
218.0
216.4
Weighted Average Common Shares — Diluted (in millions)
220.8
219.8
218.3

Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
Sales$10,323.0 $8,856.3 $8,918.9 
Cost of sales7,186.1 5,858.1 5,975.5 
Facility closure23.2 — 29.0 
Selling and administrative828.4 775.9 750.0 
Research and development93.5 83.9 72.9 
Cost reduction actions— — 25.5 
Gain on exchange with joint venture partner36.8 — 29.1 
Company headquarters relocation income (expense)— 33.8 — 
Other income (expense), net52.8 65.4 49.3 
Operating Income2,281.4 2,237.6 2,144.4 
Equity affiliates' income294.1 264.8 215.4 
Interest expense141.8 109.3 137.0 
Other non-operating income (expense), net73.7 30.7 66.7 
Income From Continuing Operations Before Taxes2,507.4 2,423.8 2,289.5 
Income tax provision462.8 478.4 480.1 
Income From Continuing Operations2,044.6 1,945.4 1,809.4 
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax70.3 (14.3)— 
Net Income2,114.9 1,931.1 1,809.4 
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of continuing operations15.8 44.4 49.4 
Net Income Attributable to Air Products$2,099.1 $1,886.7 $1,760.0 
Net Income Attributable to Air Products
Net income from continuing operations$2,028.8 $1,901.0 $1,760.0 
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations70.3 (14.3)— 
Net Income Attributable to Air Products$2,099.1 $1,886.7 $1,760.0 
Per Share Data*
Basic EPS from continuing operations$9.16 $8.59 $7.99 
Basic EPS from discontinued operations0.32 (0.06)— 
Basic EPS Attributable to Air Products$9.47 $8.53 $7.99 
Diluted EPS from continuing operations$9.12 $8.55 $7.94 
Diluted EPS from discontinued operations0.32 (0.06)— 
Diluted EPS Attributable to Air Products$9.43 $8.49 $7.94 
Weighted Average Common Shares (in millions)
Basic221.6 221.2 220.3 
Diluted222.5 222.3 221.6 
*Earnings per share ("EPS") is calculated independently for each component and may not sum to total EPS due to rounding.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED COMPREHENSIVE INCOME STATEMENTS
(Millions of dollars)
Year ended 30 September (Millions of dollars) 2018
 2017
 2016
Net Income 
$1,532.9
 
$3,021.2
 
$661.5
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax:      
Translation adjustments, net of tax of $1.1, ($19.3), and ($19.8) (244.6) 101.9
 9.9
Net gain (loss) on derivatives, net of tax of $9.7, ($11.0), and $9.1 45.9
 (12.6) 13.7
Pension and postretirement benefits, net of tax of $55.2, $109.0, and ($157.4) 179.4
 251.6
 (335.1)
Reclassification adjustments:      
Currency translation adjustment 3.1
 57.3
 2.7
Derivatives, net of tax of ($9.2), $11.7, and ($9.4) (30.4) 24.2
 (36.0)
Pension and postretirement benefits, net of tax of $44.9, $50.7, and $43.0 133.1
 110.7
 87.2
Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) 86.5
 533.1
 (257.6)
Comprehensive Income 1,619.4
 3,554.3
 403.9
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests 35.1
 20.8
 30.4
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests (19.0) 3.7
 4.8
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Air Products 
$1,603.3
 
$3,529.8
 
$368.7

Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
Net Income$2,114.9 $1,931.1 $1,809.4 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax:
Translation adjustments, net of tax of $2.8, ($29.4), and $25.1267.3 233.4 (356.2)
Net gain (loss) on derivatives, net of tax of ($9.0), $23.7, and ($1.5)3.3 43.5 (44.1)
Pension and postretirement benefits, net of tax of $91.4, ($15.6), and ($97.9)274.3 (68.2)(326.2)
Reclassification adjustments:
   Currency translation adjustment— — (2.6)
Derivatives, net of tax of $13.9, ($17.7), and $4.543.5 (57.7)12.3 
Pension and postretirement benefits, net of tax of $24.4, $27.1, and $20.574.6 82.5 63.2 
Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)663.0 233.5 (653.6)
Comprehensive Income2,777.9 2,164.6 1,155.8 
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests15.8 44.4 49.4 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests38.8 (2.0)(19.9)
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Air Products$2,723.3 $2,122.2 $1,126.3 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Millions of dollars, except for share and per share data)
30 September (Millions of dollars, except for share and per share data)2018
2017
Assets  
Current Assets  
Cash and cash items
$2,791.3

$3,273.6
Short-term investments184.7
404.0
Trade receivables, net1,207.2
1,174.0
Inventories396.1
335.4
Contracts in progress, less progress billings77.5
84.8
Prepaid expenses129.6
191.4
Other receivables and current assets295.8
403.3
Current assets of discontinued operations—
10.2
Total Current Assets5,082.2
5,876.7
Investment in net assets of and advances to equity affiliates1,277.2
1,286.9
Plant and equipment, net9,923.7
8,440.2
Goodwill, net788.9
721.5
Intangible assets, net438.5
368.3
Noncurrent capital lease receivables1,013.3
1,131.8
Other noncurrent assets654.5
641.8
Total Noncurrent Assets14,096.1
12,590.5
Total Assets
$19,178.3

$18,467.2
Liabilities and Equity  
Current Liabilities  
Payables and accrued liabilities
$1,817.8

$1,814.3
Accrued income taxes59.6
98.6
Short-term borrowings54.3
144.0
Current portion of long-term debt406.6
416.4
Current liabilities of discontinued operations—
15.7
Total Current Liabilities2,338.3
2,489.0
Long-term debt2,967.4
3,402.4
Long-term debt – related party384.3
—
Other noncurrent liabilities1,536.9
1,611.9
Deferred income taxes775.1
778.4
Total Noncurrent Liabilities5,663.7
5,792.7
Total Liabilities8,002.0
8,281.7
Commitments and Contingencies – See Note 17


Air Products Shareholders’ Equity  
Common stock (par value $1 per share; issued 2018 and 2017 - 249,455,584 shares)249.4
249.4
Capital in excess of par value1,029.3
1,001.1
Retained earnings13,409.9
12,846.6
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(1,741.9)(1,847.4)
Treasury stock, at cost (2018 - 29,940,339 shares; 2017 - 31,109,510 shares)(2,089.2)(2,163.5)
Total Air Products Shareholders' Equity10,857.5
10,086.2
Noncontrolling Interests318.8
99.3
Total Equity11,176.3
10,185.5
Total Liabilities and Equity
$19,178.3

$18,467.2

30 September20212020
Assets
Current Assets
Cash and cash items$4,468.9 $5,253.0 
Short-term investments1,331.9 1,104.9 
Trade receivables, net1,451.3 1,274.8 
Inventories453.9 404.8 
Prepaid expenses119.4 164.5 
Other receivables and current assets550.9 482.9 
Total Current Assets8,376.3 8,684.9 
Investment in net assets of and advances to equity affiliates1,649.3 1,432.2 
Plant and equipment, net13,254.6 11,964.7 
Goodwill, net911.5 891.5 
Intangible assets, net420.7 435.8 
Noncurrent lease receivables740.3 816.3 
Other noncurrent assets1,506.5 943.1 
Total Noncurrent Assets18,482.9 16,483.6 
Total Assets$26,859.2 $25,168.5 
Liabilities and Equity
Current Liabilities
Payables and accrued liabilities$2,218.3 $1,833.2 
Accrued income taxes93.9 105.8 
Short-term borrowings2.4 7.7 
Current portion of long-term debt484.5 470.0 
Total Current Liabilities2,799.1 2,416.7 
Long-term debt6,875.7 7,132.9 
Long-term debt – related party274.6 297.2 
Other noncurrent liabilities1,640.9 1,916.0 
Deferred income taxes1,180.9 962.6 
Total Noncurrent Liabilities9,972.1 10,308.7 
Total Liabilities12,771.2 12,725.4 
Commitments and Contingencies - See Note 1600
Air Products Shareholders’ Equity
Common stock (par value $1 per share; issued 2021 and 2020 - 249,455,584 shares)249.4 249.4 
Capital in excess of par value1,115.8 1,094.8 
Retained earnings15,678.3 14,875.7 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(1,515.9)(2,140.1)
Treasury stock, at cost (2021 - 28,058,829 shares; 2020 - 28,438,125 shares)(1,987.9)(2,000.0)
Total Air Products Shareholders' Equity13,539.7 12,079.8 
Noncontrolling Interests548.3 363.3 
Total Equity14,088.0 12,443.1 
Total Liabilities and Equity$26,859.2 $25,168.5 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

55
Table of Contents
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Year ended 30 September (Millions of dollars)2018
2017
2016
Operating Activities   
Net income
$1,532.9

$3,021.2

$661.5
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of continuing operations35.1
20.8
22.5
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of discontinued operations—
—
7.9
Net income attributable to Air Products1,497.8
3,000.4
631.1
(Income) Loss from discontinued operations(42.2)(1,866.0)468.4
Income from continuing operations attributable to Air Products1,455.6
1,134.4
1,099.5
Adjustments to reconcile income to cash provided by operating activities:   
Depreciation and amortization970.7
865.8
854.6
Deferred income taxes(55.4)(38.0)61.8
Loss on extinguishment of debt—
—
6.9
Tax reform repatriation240.6
—
—
Undistributed earnings of unconsolidated affiliates(52.3)(60.1)(51.1)
Gain on sale of assets and investments(6.9)(24.3)(7.3)
Share-based compensation38.8
39.9
31.0
Noncurrent capital lease receivables97.4
92.2
85.5
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge—
162.1
—
Equity method investment impairment charge—
79.5
—
Write-down of long-lived assets associated with cost reduction actions—
69.2
—
Other adjustments131.6
165.4
156.7
Working capital changes that provided (used) cash, excluding effects of acquisitions and divestitures:   
Trade receivables(42.8)(73.6)(44.8)
Inventories(64.2)6.4
32.2
Contracts in progress, less progress billings4.7
(19.3)28.2
Other receivables123.6
124.7
(6.7)
Payables and accrued liabilities(277.7)163.8
60.1
Other working capital(9.0)(154.0)(47.8)
Cash Provided by Operating Activities2,554.7
2,534.1
2,258.8
Investing Activities   
Additions to plant and equipment(1,568.4)(1,039.7)(907.7)
Acquisitions, less cash acquired(345.4)(8.2)—
Investment in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates—
(8.1)—
Proceeds from sale of assets and investments48.8
42.5
44.6
Purchases of investments(530.3)(2,692.6)—
Proceeds from investments748.2
2,290.7
—
Other investing activities(2.0)(2.3)(1.7)
Cash Used for Investing Activities(1,649.1)(1,417.7)(864.8)
Financing Activities   
Long-term debt proceeds.5
2.4
386.9
Payments on long-term debt(418.7)(483.9)(480.4)
Net decrease in commercial paper and short-term borrowings(78.5)(798.6)(144.2)
Dividends paid to shareholders(897.8)(787.9)(721.2)
Proceeds from stock option exercises76.2
68.4
141.3
Other financing activities(41.5)(41.3)(42.6)
Cash Used for Financing Activities(1,359.8)(2,040.9)(860.2)
Discontinued Operations   
Cash (used for) provided by operating activities(12.8)(966.2)401.9
Cash (used for) provided by investing activities18.6
3,750.6
(204.2)
Cash provided by financing activities—
69.5
555.9
Cash Provided by Discontinued Operations5.8
2,853.9
753.6
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash(33.9)13.4
7.5
(Decrease) Increase in cash and cash items(482.3)1,942.8
1,294.9
Cash and Cash items – Beginning of Year3,273.6
1,330.8
206.4
Cash and Cash Items – End of Period
$2,791.3

$3,273.6

$1,501.3
Less: Cash and Cash Items – Discontinued Operations
$—

$—

$208.1
Cash and Cash Items – Continuing Operations
$2,791.3

$3,273.6

$1,293.2
(Millions of dollars)

Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
Operating Activities
Net income$2,114.9 $1,931.1 $1,809.4 
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of continuing operations15.8 44.4 49.4 
Net income attributable to Air Products2,099.1 1,886.7 1,760.0 
(Income) Loss from discontinued operations(70.3)14.3 — 
Income from continuing operations attributable to Air Products2,028.8 1,901.0 1,760.0 
Adjustments to reconcile income to cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization1,321.3 1,185.0 1,082.8 
Deferred income taxes94.0 165.0 57.6 
Tax reform repatriation— — 49.4 
Facility closure23.2 — 29.0 
Undistributed earnings of equity method investments(138.2)(161.9)(75.8)
Gain on sale of assets and investments(37.2)(45.8)(24.2)
Share-based compensation44.5 53.5 41.2 
Noncurrent lease receivables98.8 91.6 94.6 
Other adjustments(116.7)116.4 (19.4)
Working capital changes that provided (used) cash, excluding effects of acquisitions:
Trade receivables(130.5)43.2 (69.0)
Inventories(47.2)(5.2)(3.0)
Other receivables75.5 84.4 79.8 
Payables and accrued liabilities187.9 (31.9)(41.8)
Other working capital(69.0)(130.6)8.7 
Cash Provided by Operating Activities3,335.2 3,264.7 2,969.9 
Investing Activities
Additions to plant and equipment, including long-term deposits(2,464.2)(2,509.0)(1,989.7)
Acquisitions, less cash acquired(10.5)(183.3)(123.2)
Investment in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates(76.0)(24.4)(15.7)
Proceeds from sale of assets and investments37.5 80.3 11.1 
Purchases of investments(2,100.7)(2,865.5)(172.1)
Proceeds from investments1,875.2 1,938.0 190.5 
Other investing activities5.8 3.9 (14.3)
Cash Used for Investing Activities(2,732.9)(3,560.0)(2,113.4)
Financing Activities
Long-term debt proceeds178.9 4,895.8 — 
Payments on long-term debt(462.9)(406.6)(428.6)
Net increase (decrease) in commercial paper and short-term borrowings1.0 (54.9)3.9 
Dividends paid to shareholders(1,256.7)(1,103.6)(994.0)
Proceeds from stock option exercises10.6 34.1 68.1 
Investments by noncontrolling interests136.6 17.1 — 
Other financing activities(28.4)(97.2)(19.9)
Cash Provided by (Used for) Financing Activities(1,420.9)3,284.7 (1,370.5)
Discontinued Operations
Cash provided by operating activities6.7 — — 
Cash provided by investing activities— — — 
Cash provided by financing activities— — — 
Cash Provided by Discontinued Operations6.7 — — 
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash27.8 14.9 (28.6)
Increase (Decrease) in cash and cash items(784.1)3,004.3 (542.6)
Cash and Cash items – Beginning of Year5,253.0 2,248.7 2,791.3 
Cash and Cash Items – End of Period$4,468.9 $5,253.0 $2,248.7 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

56
Table of Contents
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(Millions of dollars, except for per share data)
Year ended 30 September
(Millions of dollars)
Common
Stock

Capital
in Excess
of Par
Value

Retained
Earnings

Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)

Treasury
Stock

Air Products
Shareholders’
Equity

Non-
controlling
Interests

Total
Equity

Balance 30 September 2015
$249.4

$904.7

$10,580.4

($2,125.9)
($2,359.6)
$7,249.0

$132.1

$7,381.1
Fiscal Year Ended 30 SeptemberFiscal Year Ended 30 SeptemberCommon
Stock		Capital
in Excess
of Par
Value		Retained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Treasury
Stock		Air Products
Shareholders’
Equity		Non-
controlling
Interests		Total
Equity
Balance 30 September 2018Balance 30 September 2018$249.4 $1,029.3 $13,409.9 ($1,741.9)($2,089.2)$10,857.5 $318.8 $11,176.3 
Net income—
—
631.1
—
—
631.1
30.4
661.5
Net income— — 1,760.0 — — 1,760.0 49.4 1,809.4 
Other comprehensive income (loss)—
—
—
(262.4)—
(262.4)4.8
(257.6)Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — (633.7)— (633.7)(19.9)(653.6)
Dividends on common stock (per share $3.39)—
—
(733.7)—
—
(733.7)—
(733.7)
Dividends on common stock (per share $4.58)Dividends on common stock (per share $4.58)— — (1,008.3)— — (1,008.3)— (1,008.3)
Dividends to noncontrolling interests—
—
—
—
—
—
(33.6)(33.6)Dividends to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (12.2)(12.2)
Share-based compensation—
37.6
—
—
—
37.6
—
37.6
Share-based compensation— 40.7 — — — 40.7 — 40.7 
Issuance of treasury shares for stock option and award plans—
(5.5)—
—
132.6
127.1
—
127.1
Issuance of treasury shares for stock option and award plans— 2.2 — — 59.7 61.9 — 61.9 
Tax benefit of stock option and award plans—
33.2
—
—
—
33.2
—
33.2
Cumulative change in accounting principleCumulative change in accounting principle— — (17.1)— — (17.1)— (17.1)
Other equity transactions—
—
(2.3)—
—
(2.3).1
(2.2)Other equity transactions— (1.3)(6.1)— — (7.4)(1.4)(8.8)
Balance 30 September 2016
$249.4

$970.0

$10,475.5

($2,388.3)
($2,227.0)
$7,079.6

$133.8

$7,213.4
Balance 30 September 2019Balance 30 September 2019$249.4 $1,070.9 $14,138.4 ($2,375.6)($2,029.5)$11,053.6 $334.7 $11,388.3 
Net income—
—
3,000.4
—
—
3,000.4
20.8
3,021.2
Net income— — 1,886.7 — — 1,886.7 44.4 1,931.1 
Other comprehensive income—
—
—
529.4
—
529.4
3.7
533.1
Dividends on common stock (per share $3.71)—
—
(808.5)—
—
(808.5)—
(808.5)
Other comprehensive income (loss)Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — 235.5 — 235.5 (2.0)233.5 
Dividends on common stock (per share $5.18)Dividends on common stock (per share $5.18)— — (1,144.1)— — (1,144.1)— (1,144.1)
Dividends to noncontrolling interests—
—
—
—
—
—
(28.0)(28.0)Dividends to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (31.8)(31.8)
Share-based compensation—
40.7
—
—
—
40.7
—
40.7
Share-based compensation— 44.2 — — — 44.2 — 44.2 
Issuance of treasury shares for stock option and award plans—
(9.6)—
—
63.5
53.9
—
53.9
Issuance of treasury shares for stock option and award plans— (14.1)— — 29.5 15.4 — 15.4 
Spin-off of Versum—
—
175.0
11.5
—
186.5
(33.9)152.6
Cumulative change in accounting principle—
—
8.8
—
—
8.8
—
8.8
Investments by noncontrolling interestsInvestments by noncontrolling interests— — — — — — 17.1 17.1 
Other equity transactions—
—
(4.6)—
—
(4.6)2.9
(1.7)Other equity transactions— (6.2)(5.3)— — (11.5)0.9 (10.6)
Balance 30 September 2017
$249.4

$1,001.1

$12,846.6

($1,847.4)
($2,163.5)
$10,086.2

$99.3

$10,185.5
Balance 30 September 2020Balance 30 September 2020$249.4 $1,094.8 $14,875.7 ($2,140.1)($2,000.0)$12,079.8 $363.3 $12,443.1 
Net income—
—
1,497.8
—
—
1,497.8
35.1
1,532.9
Net income— — 2,099.1 — — 2,099.1 15.8 2,114.9 
Other comprehensive income (loss)—
—
—
105.5
—
105.5
(19.0)86.5
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — 624.2 — 624.2 38.8 663.0 
Dividends on common stock (per share $4.25)—
—
(931.8)—
—
(931.8)—
(931.8)
Dividends on common stock (per share $5.84)Dividends on common stock (per share $5.84)— — (1,292.6)— — (1,292.6)— (1,292.6)
Dividends to noncontrolling interests—
—
—
—
—
 (29.9)(29.9)Dividends to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (5.3)(5.3)
Share-based compensation—
38.1
—
—
—
38.1
—
38.1
Share-based compensation— 43.5 — — — 43.5 — 43.5 
Issuance of treasury shares for stock option and award plans—
(11.3)—
—
74.3
63.0
—
63.0
Issuance of treasury shares for stock option and award plans— (21.5)— — 12.1 (9.4)— (9.4)
Lu'An joint venture—
—
—
—
—
—
227.4
227.4
Investments by noncontrolling interestsInvestments by noncontrolling interests— — — — — — 139.8 139.8 
Purchase of noncontrolling interestsPurchase of noncontrolling interests— (1.2)— — — (1.2)(4.1)(5.3)
Other equity transactions—
1.4
(2.7)—
—
(1.3)5.9
4.6
Other equity transactions— 0.2 (3.9)— — (3.7)— (3.7)
Balance 30 September 2018
$249.4

$1,029.3

$13,409.9

($1,741.9)
($2,089.2)
$10,857.5

$318.8

$11,176.3
Balance 30 September 2021Balance 30 September 2021$249.4 $1,115.8 $15,678.3 ($1,515.9)($1,987.9)$13,539.7 $548.3 $14,088.0 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

57
Table of Contents
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Millions of dollars unless otherwise indicated, except for share and per share data)

1.
59
2.
66
3.
67
4.
69
5.
71
6.
72
7.
72
8.
73
9.
73
10.
74
11.
75
12.
77
13.
81
14.
83
15.
85
16.
91
17.
96
18.
96
19.
98
20.
99
21.
100
22.
104
23.
106
24.
109
58

Table of Contents
1.  MAJOR ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation Principles
The accompanying consolidated financial statements of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and those of its controlled subsidiaries (“we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company,” “Air Products,” or “registrant”), which are generally majority owned. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.
We consolidate all entities that we control. The general condition for control is ownership of a majority of the voting interests of an entity. Control may also exist in arrangements where we are the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (VIE)("VIE"). An entity that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of a VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits significant to the VIE is considered the primary beneficiary of that entity. We have determined that we are not a primary beneficiary inof any material VIE.
The notes to the consolidated financial statements, unless otherwise indicated, are on a continuing operations basis. The results of operations and cash flows for our discontinued operations have been segregated from the results of continuing operations and segment results for all periods presented. The assets and liabilities of the discontinued operations are segregated in the consolidated balance sheets.results. The comprehensive income related to discontinued operations has not been segregated and is included in the consolidated comprehensive income statement for all periods presented.statements. There were no assets and liabilities presented as discontinued operations on the consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 3, 5, Discontinued Operations for detail of the businesses presented in discontinued operations.
The notes to the consolidated financial statements, unless otherwise indicated, are on a continuing operations basis. The term "total company" includes both continuing and discontinued operations.
Reclassifications
The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes reflect accounting guidance that was adopted during fiscal year 2018. Refer to Note 2, New Accounting Guidance,, for additional information.
Certain prior year information has been reclassified to conform to the fiscal year 20182021 presentation.
Estimates and Assumptions
The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
COVID-19 Risks and Uncertainties
COVID-19, which was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020, continues to impact our business operations and results. There continue to be many unknowns regarding the pandemic, including the ongoing spread and severity of the virus and the pace of vaccine rollouts globally. Given the dynamic nature of these circumstances, uncertainty remains related to how the pandemic may affect our business, results of operations, and overall financial performance.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue from product salesWe recognize revenue when or as performance obligations are satisfied, which occurs when control is recognized as risk and titletransferred to the product transfercustomer.
We determine the transaction price of our contracts based on the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for the customer (which generally occurs atgoods or services provided. Our contracts within the time shipment is made), the sales price is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. scope of revenue guidance do not contain payment terms that include a significant financing component.
Sales returns and allowances are not a business practice in the industry.
Our sale of gas contracts are either accounted for over time during the period in which we deliver or make available the agreed upon quantity of goods or at a point in time when the customer receives and obtains control of the product, which generally occurs upon delivery. We generally recognize revenue from our sale of gas contracts based on the right to invoice practical expedient.
Our sale of equipment contracts are generally comprised of a single performance obligation as the individual promised goods or services contained within the contracts are integrated with or dependent upon other goods or services in the contract for a single output to the customer. Revenue from our sale of equipment sale contracts is recorded primarilygenerally recognized over time as we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date and our performance under the contract terms does not create an asset with alternative use. We recognize these contracts using the percentage-of-completion method. Under thisa cost incurred input method revenue from the sale of major equipment, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) heat exchangers and large air separation units, is primarily recognized based onby which costs incurred to date compared withrelative to total estimated costs at completion are used to be incurred. When adjustments in estimated total contract revenues or estimated total costs are required, any changes in the estimated profit from prior estimates are recognized in the current period for the inception-to-date effectmeasure progress toward satisfying performance obligations.
59
Table of such change. Changes in estimates on projects accounted for under the percentage-of-completion method favorably impacted operating income by approximately $38, $27, and $20 in fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Our changes in estimates would not have significantly impacted amounts recorded in prior years.Contents
Certain contracts associated with facilities that are built to provide product to a specific customer are required to be accounted for as leases. In cases where operating lease treatment is appropriate, there is no difference in revenue recognition over the life of the contract as compared to accounting for the contract as product sales. In cases where capital lease treatment is appropriate, the timing of revenue and expense recognition is impacted. Revenue and expense are recognized up front for the sale of equipment component of the contract as compared to revenue recognition over the life of the arrangement under contracts not qualifying as capital leases. Additionally, a portion of the revenue representing interest income from the financing component of the lease receivable is reflected as sales over the life of the contract. Allowances for credit losses associated with capital lease receivables are recorded using the specific identification method. As of 30 September 2018 and 2017, the credit quality of capital lease receivables did not require a material allowance for credit losses.

If an arrangement involves multiple deliverables, the delivered items are considered separate units of accounting if the items have value on a stand-alone basis. Revenues are allocated to each deliverable based upon relative selling prices derived from company specific evidence.
Amounts billed for shipping and handling fees are classified as sales in the consolidated income statements. Shipping and handling activities for our sale of equipment contracts may be performed after the customer obtains control of the promised goods. In these cases, we have elected to apply the practical expedient to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the goods. For our sale of gas contracts, control generally transfers to the customer upon delivery.
Amounts billed for sales and use taxes, value-added taxes, and certain excise and other specific transactional taxes imposed on revenue-producing transactions are presented on a net basis and excluded from sales in the consolidated income statements. We record a liability until remitted
For additional information, refer to the respective taxing authority.Note 4, Revenue Recognition.
Cost of Sales
Cost of sales predominantly represents the cost of tangible products sold. These costs include labor, raw materials, plant engineering, power, depreciation, production supplies and materials packaging costs, and maintenance costs. Costs incurred for shipping and handling are also included in cost of sales.
Depreciation
Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method, which deducts equal amounts of the cost of each asset from earnings every year over its expected economic useful life. The principal lives for major classes of plant and equipment are summarized in Note 9, 8, Plant and Equipment, net.net.
Selling and Administrative
The principal components of selling and administrative expenses are compensation, advertising, and promotional costs. Selling and administrative expenses also include costs for functional support previously provided to the former Electronic Materials and Performance Materials Divisions and in support of transition services agreements with Versum and with Evonik, for which the reimbursement is reflected in "Other income (expense), net" on our consolidated income statements.
Postemployment Benefits
We provide termination benefits to employees as part of ongoing benefit arrangements and record a liability for termination benefits when probable and estimable. These criteria are met when management, with the appropriate level of authority, approves and commits to its plan of action for termination; the plan identifies the employees to be terminated and their related benefits; and the plan is to be completed within one year. We do not provide material one-time benefit arrangements.
Fair Value Measurements
We are required to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value, either upon initial measurement or for subsequent accounting or reporting. For example, fair value is used in the initial measurement of assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination; on a recurring basis in the measurement of derivative financial instruments; and on a nonrecurring basis when long-lived assets are written down to fair value when held for sale or determined to be impaired. Refer to Note 14, 13, Fair Value Measurements, and Note 16, 15, Retirement Benefits, for information on the methods and assumptions used in our fair value measurements.
Financial Instruments
We address certain financial exposures through a controlled program of risk management that includes the use of derivative financial instruments. The types of derivative financial instruments permitted for such risk management programs are specified in policies set by management. Refer to Note 13, 12, Financial Instruments, for further detail on the types and use of derivative instruments into which we enter.
Major financial institutions are counterparties to all of these derivative contracts. We have established counterparty credit guidelines and generally enter into transactions with financial institutions of investment grade or better. Management believes the risk of incurring losses related to credit risk is remote, and any losses would be immaterial to the consolidated financial results, financial condition, or liquidity.
We recognize derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. On the date the derivative instrument is entered into, we generally designate the derivative as either (1) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge), (2) a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation (net investment hedge), or (3) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge).

60
Table of Contents
The following details the accounting treatment of our cash flow, fair value, net investment, and non-designated hedges:
•Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated as and meets the cash flow hedge criteria are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL)("AOCL") to the extent effective and then recognized in earnings when the hedged items affect earnings.
•Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated as and meets all the required criteria for a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current period earnings.
•Changes in the fair value of a derivative and foreign currency debt that are designated as and meet all the required criteria for a hedge of a net investment are recorded as translation adjustments in AOCL.
•Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is not designated as a hedge are recorded immediately in earnings.
We formally document the relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as our risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes relating derivatives that are designated as fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. We also formally assess, at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, whether derivatives are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged item. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge, or if a derivative ceases to be a highly effective hedge, we will discontinue hedge accounting with respect to that derivative prospectively.
Foreign Currency
Since we do business in many foreign countries, fluctuations in currency exchange rates affect our financial position and results of operations.
In most of our foreign operations, the local currency is considered the functional currency. Foreign subsidiaries translate their assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates in effect at the endas of the fiscal period.balance sheet date. The gains or losses that result from this process are shown as translation adjustments in AOCL in the equity section of the balance sheet.
The revenue and expense accounts of foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates that prevail during the period. Therefore, the U.S. dollar value of these items on the consolidated income statements fluctuates from period to period, depending on the value of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies. Some transactions are made in currencies different from an entity’s functional currency. Gains and losses from these foreign currency transactions, and the impact of related hedges, are generally reflected in "Other income (expense), net" on our consolidated income statements as they occur.occur and were not material for the periods presented.
Foreign exchange gains and losses from the foreign currency remeasurement of balances associated with intercompany and third-party financing transactions, related income tax assets and liabilities, and the impact of related hedges are reflected within “Other non-operating income (expense), net" and were not material for the periods presented.
In addition, foreign currency forward points and currency swap basis differences that are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness of our cash flow hedges of intercompany loans (“excluded components”) are recorded within “Other non-operating income (expense), net" on a straight-line basis. Excluded components were expenses of $31.0, $33.5, and $33.3 in fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. In 2019, excluded components were recorded in “Interest expense” and were not restated upon adoption of accounting guidance in fiscal year 2020 on hedging activities.
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Environmental Expenditures
Accruals for environmental loss contingencies are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Remediation costs are capitalized if the costs improve the Company’sour property as compared with the condition of the property when originally constructed or acquired, or if the costs prevent environmental contamination from future operations. We expense environmental costs related to existing conditions resulting from past or current operations and from which no current or future benefit is discernible. The amounts charged to income from continuing operations related to environmental matters totaled $12.8, $11.4,$18.6, $18.3, and $12.2$14.2 in fiscal years 20182021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. In addition, we recorded a pre-tax expense of $19.0 in results from discontinued operations to increase our environmental accrual for the Pace facility in the second quarter of fiscal year 2020. Refer to the Pace discussion within Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, 2017, and 2016, respectively.for additional information.
The measurement of environmental liabilities is based on an evaluation of currently available information with respect to each individual site and considers factors such as existing technology, presently enacted laws and regulations, and prior experience in remediation of contaminated sites. An environmental liability related to cleanup of a contaminated site might include, for example, a provision for one or more of the following types of costs: site investigation and testing costs, remediation costs, post-remediation monitoring costs, natural resource damages, and outside legal fees. These liabilities include costs related to other potentially responsible parties to the extent that we have reason to believe such parties will not fully pay their proportionate share. They do not consider any claims for recoveries from insurance or other parties and are not discounted.

As assessments and remediation progress at individual sites, the amount of projected cost is reviewed and the liability is adjusted to reflect additional technical and legal information that becomes available. Management has an established process in place to identify and monitor the Company’sour environmental exposures. An environmental accrual analysis is prepared and maintained that lists all environmental loss contingencies, even where an accrual has not been established. This analysis assists in monitoring the Company’sour overall environmental exposure and serves as a tool to facilitate ongoing communication among the Company’sour technical experts, environmental managers, environmental lawyers, and financial management to ensure that required accruals are recorded and potential exposures disclosed.
Given inherent uncertainties in evaluating environmental exposures, actual costs to be incurred at identified sites in future periods may vary from the estimates. Refer to Note 17, 16, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information on the Company’sour environmental loss contingencies.
The accruals for environmental liabilities are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets, primarily as part of other noncurrent liabilities.
Litigation
In the normal course of business, we are involved in legal proceedings. We accrue a liability for such matters when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued. The accrual for a litigation loss contingency includes estimates of potential damages and other directly related costs expected to be incurred. Refer to Note 17, 16, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information on our current legal proceedings.
Share-Based Compensation
We have various share-based compensation programs, which include deferred stock units, stock options, and restricted stock. We expense the grant-date fair value of theseour share-based awards over the vesting period during which employees perform related services. Expense recognition is accelerated for retirement-eligible individuals who would meet the requirements for vesting of awards upon their retirement. Refer to Note 19, 18, Share-Based Compensation, for additional information regarding these awards and the models and assumptions used to determine the grant-date fair value of our awards.
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Income Taxes
We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the tax effects of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be recovered or settled. A principal temporary difference results from the excess of tax depreciation over book depreciation because accelerated methods of depreciation and shorter useful lives are used for income tax purposes. The cumulative impact of a change in tax rates or regulations is included in income tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date. We recognize deferred tax assets net of existing valuation allowances to the extent we believe that these assets are more likely than not to be realized considering all available evidence.
A tax benefit for an uncertain tax position is recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination based on its technical merits. This position is measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized as a component of income tax expense. For additional information regarding our income taxes, refer to Note 22, 21, Income Taxes.Taxes.
Other Non-Operating Income (Expense), net
Beginning in the second quarter of fiscal year 2017, otherOther non-operating income (expense), net includes interest income associated with our cash and cash items and short-term investments. Interest incomeinvestments, certain foreign currency remeasurements and impacts from the related hedging activities discussed in previous periods was included in "Other income (expense), net." In addition, other non-operating income (expense), net includesthe Foreign Currency section above, and non-service cost components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost. Our non-service costs primarily include interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of actuarial gains and losses, and settlements.
Cash and Cash Items
Cash and cash items include cash, time deposits, and treasury securities and certificates of deposit acquired with an original maturity of three months or less.

Short-term Investments
Short-term investments include time deposits and certificates of deposittreasury securities with original maturities greater than three months and less than one year.
Trade Receivables, netCredit Losses
We are exposed to credit losses through sales of products and services. When extending credit, we evaluate customer creditworthiness based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative factors that include, but are not limited to, the customer’s credit score from external providers, financial condition, and past payment experience.
We assess allowances for credit losses on our trade receivables and lease receivable portfolios. Allowances are evaluated by portfolio on a collective basis where similar characteristics exist. A provision for customer defaults is made on a general formula basis as the risk of some default is expected but cannot yet be associated with specific customers. The assessment of the likelihood of default is based on various factors, including the length of time the receivables are past due, historical experience, existing economic conditions, and forward-looking information. When we identify specific customers with known collectability issues, the assessment for credit losses is performed on an individual basis, considering current and forward-looking information of the customer.
The use of forward-looking information considers economic conditions that may affect the customers’ ability to pay. Although we historically have not experienced significant credit losses, our exposure to credit losses may increase if our customers are adversely affected by economic pressures or uncertainty associated with local or global economic recessions, disruption associated with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, or other customer-specific factors. We review our reserves for credit losses on a quarterly basis.
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Trade receivables comprise amounts owed to us through our operating activities and are presented net of allowances for doubtful accounts. Thecredit losses. Changes to the carrying amount of the allowance for credit losses on trade receivables are summarized below:
Balance at 30 September 2018$26.4 
Provision for credit losses7.7 
Write-offs charged against the allowance(6.8)
Currency translation and other(2.5)
Balance at 30 September 2019$24.8 
Provision for credit losses7.7 
Write-offs charged against the allowance(8.3)
Currency translation and other(0.3)
Balance at 30 September 2020$23.9 
Adoption of new credit losses standard0.5 
Provision for credit losses2.7 
Write-offs charged against the allowance(3.8)
Currency translation and other1.8 
Balance at 30 September 2021$25.1
In addition, our lease receivables are presented net of allowances for doubtful accounts represent estimated uncollectible receivables associated with potential customer defaults on contractual obligations. A provision for customer defaults is made on a general formula basis when it is determined that the risk of some default is probable and estimable but cannot yet be associated with specific customers. The assessment of the likelihood of customer defaults is based on various factors, including the length of time the receivables are past due, historical experience, and existing economic conditions. The allowance also includes amounts for certain customers where a risk of default has been specifically identified, considering factors such as the financial condition of the customer and customer disputes over contractual terms and conditions. Allowances for doubtful accounts were $91.3 and $93.5 ascredit losses. As of 30 September 20182021 and 2017, respectively. Provisions to2020, the credit quality of lease receivables did not require a material allowance for doubtful accounts charged against income were $24.0, $45.8, and $21.8 in fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.credit losses. For additional information on our lease arrangements, refer to Note 11, Leases.
Inventories
We carry inventory on our consolidated balance sheets that is comprised of finished goods, work-in-process, raw materials and supplies. Refer to Note 6, Inventories, for further detail.
Inventories on our consolidated balance sheets are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We determine the cost of all our inventories on a first-in, first-out basis ("FIFO"). We write down our inventories for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventory based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions.
Effective 1 July 2018, we changed our accounting method for U.S. industrial gases inventories from a last-in, first-out basis (LIFO) to a first-in, first-out basis (FIFO). Previously, the LIFO method was used to determine the cost of industrial gases inventories in the United States. We believe this change in accounting method is preferable as it is consistent with how we manage our business, results in a uniform method to value our inventory across all regions of our business, improves comparability with our peers, and is expected to better reflect the current value of inventory on the consolidated balance sheets. We applied this accounting change as a cumulative effect adjustment to cost of sales in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2018 and did not restate prior period financial statements because the impact was not material. Refer to Note 7, Inventories, for additional information.
Equity Method Investments
The equity method of accounting is used when we exercise significant influence but do not have operating control, generally assumed to be 20% – 50% ownership. Under the equity method, original investments are recorded at cost and adjusted by our share of undistributed earnings or losses of these companies. We use the cumulative earnings approach for determining cash flow presentation of cash distributions received from equity method investees. Equity investments are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment may not be recoverable.
Plant and Equipment, Netnet
Plant and equipment, net is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Construction costs, labor, and applicable overhead related to installations are capitalized. Expenditures for additions and improvements that extend the lives or increase the capacity of plant assets are capitalized. The costs of maintenance and repairs of plant and equipment are charged to expense as incurred.
Fully depreciated assets are retained in the gross plant and equipment and accumulated depreciation accounts until they are removed from service. In the case of disposals, assets and related depreciation are removed from the accounts, and the net amounts, less proceeds from disposal, are included in income. Refer to Note 9, 8, Plant and Equipment, net, for further detail.
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Computer Software
We capitalize costs incurred to purchase or develop software for internal use. Capitalized costs include purchased computer software packages, payments to vendors/consultants for development and implementation or modification to a purchased package to meet our requirements, payroll and related costs for employees directly involved in development, and interest incurred while software is being developed. Capitalized computer software costs are reflected in "Plant and equipment, net" on the consolidated balance sheets and are depreciated over the estimated useful life of the software, generally a period of three to five years.

We capitalize costs incurred with the implementation of a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract, consistent with our policy for software developed or obtained for internal use. However, the capitalized costs are reflected in "Other noncurrent assets" on our consolidated balance sheets and expensed over the term of the related hosting arrangement.
Capitalized Interest
As we build new plant and equipment, we include in the cost of these assets a portion of the interest payments we make during the year. The amount of capitalized interest was $19.5, $19.0,$28.3, $15.9, and $32.7$13.5 in fiscal years 2018, 2017,2021, 2020, and 2016,2019, respectively.
Leases
As lessee, we recognize a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term in excess of 12 months. We determine if an arrangement contains a lease at inception. The arrangement contains a lease when there is an identifiable asset, we obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from that asset, and we direct how and for what purpose the asset is used during the term of the arrangement. If the initial term of an arrangement is 12 months or less, we have made an accounting election to not assess if these arrangements contain a lease for inclusion on our balance sheet.
ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Since our leases generally do not provide an implicit discount rate, we use our incremental borrowing rates based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. To determine the incremental borrowing rate, we consider our unsecured borrowings and published market rates, and then adjust those rates to assume full collateralization and to factor in the individual lease term, geography, and payment structure.
Our lease term includes periods covered by options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise an option to extend or not exercise an option to terminate. Lease payments consider our practical expedient to combine amounts for lease and related non-lease components for all classes of underlying assets in which we are lessee. Fixed payments and payments associated with escalation clauses based on an index are included in the ROU asset and lease liability at commencement. Variable lease payments are excluded from the ROU assets and lease liabilities and are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. Our variable lease payments primarily include the impact from escalation clauses that are not fixed or based on an index. Prepaid lease payments are included in the recognition of ROU assets. Our lease agreements do not contain any material lease incentives, residual value guarantees or restrictions or covenants.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets are grouped for impairment testing at the lowest level for which there are identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. We assess recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. If an asset group is considered impaired, the impairment loss to be recognized is measured as the amount by which the asset group’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Long-lived assets meeting the held for sale criteria are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.
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Asset Retirement Obligations
The fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation is recognized in the period in which it is incurred. The fair value of the liability is measured using discounted estimated cash flows and is adjusted to its present value in subsequent periods as accretion expense is recorded. The corresponding asset retirement costs are capitalized as part of the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset and depreciated over the asset’s useful life. Our asset retirement obligations are primarily associated with on-site long-term supply contracts under which we have built a facility on land owned by the customer and are obligated to remove the facility at the end of the contract term. Our asset retirement obligations totaled $190.4 $269.6and $144.7$241.4 at 30 September 20182021 and 2017,2020, respectively. Refer to Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, for further detail.
Goodwill
Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The purchase price is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. Any excess purchase price (plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interest and previously held equity interest in the acquiree) over the fair market value of the net assets acquired, including identified intangibles, is recorded as goodwill. Preliminary purchase price allocations are made at the date of acquisition and finalized when information about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date needed to finalize underlying estimates is obtained or when we determine that such information is not obtainable, within a maximum allocationmeasurement period of one year.
Goodwill is subject to impairment testing at least annually. In addition, goodwill is tested more frequently if a change in circumstances or the occurrence of events indicates that potential impairment exists. Refer to Note 10, 9, Goodwill, for further detail.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets with determinable lives primarily consist of customer relationships, purchased patents and technology, and certain land use rights. The cost of intangible assets with determinable lives is amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated period of economic benefit. No residual value is estimated for these intangible assets. Indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of trade names and trademarks. Indefinite-lived intangibles are subject to impairment testing at least annually. In addition, intangible assets are tested more frequently if a change in circumstances or the occurrence of events indicates that potential impairment exists.
Customer relationships are generally amortized over periods of five to twenty-five years. Purchased patents and technology and other finite-lived intangibles are generally amortized over periods of five to fifteen years. LandOther intangibles includes certain land use rights, which are included in other intangibles, are generally amortized over a period of fifty years. Amortizable lives are adjusted whenever there is a change in the estimated period of economic benefit. Refer to Note 11, 10, Intangible Assets, for further detail.
Retirement Benefits
Our retirement benefit plans are discussed in Note 15, Retirement Benefits. The cost of pension benefits we contribute to defined contribution plans is recognized in the year earned. The cost of benefits under our defined benefit and other post-retirement plans is generally recognized over the employees’ service period. We use actuarial methods and assumptions in the valuation of defined benefit obligations and the determination of expense. Differences between actual and expected results or changes in the value of obligations and plan assets are not recognized in earnings as they occur but, rather, systematically and gradually over subsequent periods. Refer to Note 16, Retirement Benefits, for disclosures related to our pension and other postretirement benefits.


2.  NEW ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE
Accounting Guidance Implemented in Fiscal Year 20182021
Disclosure Simplification
In August 2018, the SEC issued a final rule on disclosure update and simplification, amending certain disclosure requirements that were redundant, duplicative, overlapping, outdated or superseded. This rule was effective on 5 November 2018. We adopted the amended guidance, which reduced or eliminated certain annual disclosure requirements outside the consolidated financial statements, including the elimination of the ratio of earnings to fixed charges previously filed under Exhibit 12. However, the amendments expanded interim disclosure requirements that will be adopted in our Form 10-Q for our first fiscal quarter ended 31 December 2018, including those related to the analysis of shareholders' equity. 
Income Taxes
In March 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued an update for Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) No. 118 issued by the SEC in December 2017 related to the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“the Tax Act"). We adopted the SEC guidance under SAB No. 118 in the first quarter of fiscal year 2018. We continue to report the impacts of the Tax Act as provisional based on reasonable estimates as of 30 September 2018. We are continuing to gather additional information and expect to complete our accounting by the first quarter of fiscal year 2019, within the prescribed one-year measurement period. For additional details, see Note 22, Income Taxes.
Presentation of Net Periodic Pension and Postretirement Benefit Cost
In March 2017, the FASB issued guidance for improving the presentation of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost. The amendments require the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost to be presented in the same operating income line items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by employees during the period. The non-service costs (e.g., interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of actuarial gains/losses, settlements) should be presented in the consolidated income statements outside of operating income. The amendments also allow only the service cost component to be eligible for capitalization when applicable. We early adopted this guidance during the first quarter of fiscal year 2018. The amendments have been applied retrospectively for the income statement presentation requirements and prospectively for the limit on costs eligible for capitalization. We applied the practical expedient to use the amounts disclosed in our retirement benefits note for the prior comparative periods as the estimation basis for applying the retrospective presentation requirements.
Prior to adoption of the guidance, we classified all net periodic benefit costs within operating costs, primarily within "Cost of sales" and "Selling and administrative" on the consolidated income statements. The line item classification changes required by the new guidance did not impact our pre-tax earnings or net income; however, "Operating income" and "Other non-operating income (expense), net" changed by immaterial offsetting amounts.
Derivative Contract Novations
In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance to clarify that a change in the counterparty to a derivative instrument that has been designated as a hedging instrument does not, in and of itself, require re-designation of that hedging relationship provided that all other hedge accounting criteria continue to be met. We adopted this guidance in the first quarter of fiscal year 2018. This guidance did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption.
New Accounting Guidance to be Implemented
Revenue Recognition
In May 2014, the FASB issued guidance based on the principle that revenue is recognized in an amount expected to be collected and to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for the transfer of goods or services. We will adopt this guidance in fiscal year 2019 under the modified retrospective approach. Upon adoption, we will no longer present "Contracts in progress, less progress billings" on our consolidated balance sheets and will have expanded disclosure requirements. Otherwise, we do not expect adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

The expected balance sheet impacts of no longer presenting "Contracts in progress, less progress billings" are summarized below:
 30 September 2018
New Revenue Standard Adjustments
1 October 2018
Assets   
Current Assets   
Cash and cash items
$2,791.3

$—

$2,791.3
Short-term investments184.7
—
184.7
Trade receivables, net1,207.2
—
1,207.2
Inventories396.1
—
396.1
Contracts in progress, less progress billings77.5
(77.5)—
Prepaid expenses129.6
—
129.6
Other receivables and current assets295.8
103.7
399.5
Total Current Assets5,082.2
26.2
5,108.4
Total Noncurrent Assets14,096.1
—
14,096.1
Total Assets
$19,178.3

$26.2

$19,204.5
Liabilities and Equity   
Current Liabilities   
Payables and accrued liabilities
$1,817.8

$26.2

$1,844.0
Accrued income taxes59.6
—
59.6
Short-term borrowings54.3
—
54.3
Current portion of long-term debt406.6
—
406.6
Total Current Liabilities2,338.3
26.2
2,364.5
Total Noncurrent Liabilities5,663.7
—
5,663.7
Total Liabilities8,002.0
26.2
8,028.2
Total Equity11,176.3
—
11,176.3
Total Liabilities and Equity
$19,178.3

$26.2

$19,204.5

Our expanded disclosure requirements will include the disaggregation of revenue and disclosure of the fixed transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations. We intend to disaggregate our revenue by supply mode. Our fixed transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations will primarily relate to our onsite gases business.
Leases
In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance that requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases, including operating leases, with a term in excess of 12 months. The guidance also expands the quantitative and qualitative disclosure requirements. The guidance is effective in fiscal year 2020, with early adoption permitted. The guidance must be applied using a modified retrospective approach with the option to apply either at the adoption date or at the earliest comparative period presented in the consolidated financial statements.
The Company is the lessee under various agreements for real estate, distribution equipment, aircraft, and vehicles that are currently accounted for as operating leases. The new guidance will require the Company to record all leases, including operating leases, on the balance sheet with a right-of-use asset and corresponding liability for future payment obligations.
We will adopt this guidance in fiscal year 2020 and are currently evaluating the impact it will have on our consolidated financial statements, including the assessment of our current lease population under the revised definition of what qualifies as a leased asset. In addition, we are implementing a new application to administer the accounting and disclosure requirements under the new guidance.

Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance on the measurement of credit losses, which requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets, including trade receivables and capital lease receivables, held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The method to determine a loss is different from the existingprevious guidance, which requiresdelayed recognition of a credit loss to be recognized whenuntil it is probable. The guidance is effective beginning in fiscal year 2021, with early adoption permitted beginning in fiscal year 2020.was probable that a loss had been incurred. We are currently evaluating the impactadopted this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.
Cash Flow Statement Classification
In August 2016, the FASB issued guidance to reduce diversity in practice on how certain cash receipts and cash payments are classified in the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective beginning in fiscal year 2019, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied retrospectively. We plan to adopt this guidance in fiscal year 2019 and do not expect adoption to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Intra-Entity Asset Transfers
In1 October 2016, the FASB issued guidance on accounting for the income tax effects of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory. Current guidance prohibits the recognition of current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer until the asset has been sold to an outside party. Under the new guidance, the income tax consequences of an intra-entity asset transfer are recognized when the transfer occurs. The guidance is effective beginning in fiscal year 2019, with early adoption permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. The guidance must be applied on2020 using a modified retrospective basis through aapproach with an after-tax cumulative-effect adjustment of $1.3 to retained earnings as of the date of adoption. We will adopt the guidance in fiscal year 2019 and do not expect adoption of this guidance to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets
In February 2017, the FASB issued an update to clarify the scope of guidance on gains and losses from the derecognition of nonfinancial assets and to add guidance for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. We will adopt this guidance in fiscal year 2019 under the modified retrospective approach. We do not expect this update to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Hedging Activities
In August 2017, the FASB issued guidance on hedging activities to expand the related presentation and disclosure requirements, change how companies assess effectiveness, and eliminate the separate measurement and reporting of hedge ineffectiveness. The guidance also enables more financial and nonfinancial hedging strategies to become eligible for hedge accounting. The guidance is effective in fiscal year 2020, with early adoption permitted. For cash flow and net investment hedges existing at the date of adoption, an entity should apply a cumulative-effect adjustment to eliminate the separate measurement of ineffectiveness within equity as of the beginning of the fiscal year the guidance is adopted. The amended presentation and disclosure guidance is applied prospectively. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.
Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
In February 2018, the FASB issued guidance allowing a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act. The guidance is effective in fiscal year 2020, with early adoption permitted, including adoption in any interim period. If elected, the reclassification can be applied in either the period of adoption or retrospectivelyearnings. Refer to the period“Major Accounting Polices – Credit Losses" section of the Tax Act's enactment (i.e.Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, for a description of our first quarteraccounting policy on credit losses.
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Table of fiscal year 2018). We are currently evaluating the adoption alternatives and the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.Contents
Fair Value Measurement Disclosures
In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance which modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The guidance is effective in fiscal year 2021, with early adoption permitted. Certain amendments must be applied prospectively and other amendments retrospectively. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on the disclosures in the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

Retirement Benefit Disclosures
In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance which modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. The guidance is effective in fiscal year 2021, with early adoption permitted, and must be applied on a retrospective basis. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on the disclosures in the notes to our consolidated financial statements.
Cloud Computing Implementation Costs
In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance which aligns the capitalization requirements for implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the existing capitalization requirements for implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. TheWe adopted this guidance is effectiveprospectively at the beginning of fiscal year 2021. Eligible implementation costs previously capitalized in "Plant and equipment, net" were reclassified to "Other noncurrent assets" on our consolidated balance sheets beginning in fiscal year 2021, with early adoption permitted,2021. This guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption.
Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes
In December 2019, the FASB issued an update to simplify the accounting for income taxes and improve consistent application by clarifying or amending existing guidance. We adopted this guidance at the beginning of fiscal year 2021. This guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption.
New Accounting Guidance to be Implemented
Reference Rate Reform
In March 2020, the FASB issued an update to provide practical expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. This update is primarily applicable to our contracts and hedging relationships that reference LIBOR. The amendments may be applied eitherto impacted contracts and hedges prospectively or retrospectively.through 31 December 2022. We are currently evaluatinghad no impacts on our hedging relationships related to reference rate reform in fiscal year 2021. We will continue to evaluate the impact this guidance willcould have on our consolidated financial statements.
Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities
In October 2018, the FASB issued an update which amends the guidance for determining whether a decision-making fee is a variable interest. The amendments require consideration of indirect interests held through related parties under common control on a proportional basis rather than as the equivalent of a direct interest in its entirety as currently required. The guidance is effective in fiscal year 2021, with early adoption permitted. The amendments must be applied retrospectively with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings at the beginning of the earliest period presented. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.

3.  DISCONTINUED OPERATIONSACQUISITIONS
In fiscal year 2018, income from discontinued operations, net of tax, of $42.2 includes an income tax benefit of $25.6 resulting from the resolution of uncertain tax positions taken in conjunction with the disposition of our former European Homecare business in fiscal year 2012. In addition, we recorded an after-tax benefit of $17.6 resulting from the resolution of certain post-closing adjustments associated with the sale of our former Performance Materials Division (PMD). Refer to Note 22, Income Taxes, for additional information. These benefits were partially offset by an after-tax loss of $1.0 related to Energy-from-Waste (EfW) project exit activities, which were completed during the first quarter of fiscal year 2018.Fiscal Year 2021
There were no assets or liabilities presented in discontinued operationsGain on the consolidated balance sheets as of 30 September 2018. Exchange With Joint Venture Partner
As of 30 September 2017, current assets of discontinued operations of $10.2 related to EfW and current liabilities of discontinued operations of $15.7 primarily related to reserves associated2020, we held a 50% ownership interest in Tyczka Industrie-Gases GmbH ("TIG"), a joint venture in Germany with the disposition of PMD.

The following table details income from discontinued operations, net of tax, on the consolidated income statementsTyczka Group that is primarily a merchant gases business. We accounted for fiscal year 2017:
   Total
 PerformanceEnergy-from-Discontinued
Year Ended 30 September 2017Materials
Waste(A)
Operations
Sales
$254.8

$—

$254.8
Cost of sales182.3
13.8
196.1
Selling and administrative22.5
.7
23.2
Research and development5.1
—
5.1
Other income (expense), net.3
(2.0)(1.7)
Operating Income (Loss)45.2
(16.5)28.7
Equity affiliates’ income.3
—
.3
Income (Loss) Before Taxes45.5
(16.5)29.0
Income tax benefit(B)
(50.8)(5.7)(56.5)
Income (Loss) From Operations of Discontinued Operations, net of tax96.3
(10.8)85.5
Gain (Loss) on disposal of business, net of tax(C)
1,827.6
(47.1)1,780.5
Income (Loss) From Discontinued Operations, net of tax
$1,923.9

($57.9)
$1,866.0
(A)
The loss from operations of discontinued operations for EfW primarily relates to costs incurred for ongoing project exit activities, administrative costs, and land lease obligations.
(B)
As a result of the expected gain on the sale of PMD, we released valuation allowances related to capital loss and net operating loss carryforwards primarily during the first quarter of 2017 that favorably impactedthis arrangement as an equity method investment in our income tax provision within discontinued operations by approximately $69.
(C)
After-tax gain on sale of $1,827.6 includes expense for income tax reserves for uncertain tax positions of $28.0 gross ($21.0 net) in various jurisdictions.
In fiscal year 2017, income from discontinued operations, net of tax, of $1,866.0 includes a gain of $2,870 ($1,828 after-tax, or $8.32 per share) for the sale of PMD to Evonik Industries AG (Evonik). The sale closed on 3 January 2017 for $3.8 billion in cash. In addition, we recorded a loss on the disposal of EfW of $59.3 ($47.1 after-tax) during the first quarter of 2017, primarily for land lease obligations and to update our estimate of the net realizable value of the plant assets. The loss on disposal was recorded as a component of discontinued operations while the liability associated with land lease obligations was and continues to be recorded in continuing operations. As of 30 September 2018, liabilities associated with EfW recorded in continuing operations were approximately $63 and primarily related to the land lease obligations.
On 1 October 2016 (the distribution date), Air Products completed the spin-off of its Electronic Materials Division (EMD) as Versum Materials, Inc. (Versum), a separate and independent public company. The spin-off was completed by way of a distribution to Air Products’ stockholders of all of the then issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Versum on the basis of one share of Versum common stock for every two shares of Air Products’ common stock held as of the close of business on 21 September 2016 (the record date for the distribution). Fractional shares of Versum common stock were not distributed to Air Products' common stockholders. Air Products’ stockholders received cash in lieu of fractional shares. Subsequent to the distribution, Versum became an independent public company, and its common stock is listed under the symbol “VSM” on the New York Stock Exchange. The spin-off of Versum was treated as a noncash transaction in the consolidated statements of cash flows in fiscal year 2017. Seifi Ghasemi, Director, Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer of Air Products, continues to serve as non-executive chairman of the Versum Board of Directors.

The following table details the loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, on the consolidated income statements for fiscal year 2016:

    Total
 ElectronicPerformanceEnergy-from-Discontinued
Year Ended 30 September 2016MaterialsMaterials
Waste(A)
Operations
Sales
$961.6

$1,059.1

$—

$2,020.7
Cost of sales521.6
704.5
24.6
1,250.7
Selling and administrative87.7
76.6
2.8
167.1
Research and development40.8
19.6
.9
61.3
Other income (expense), net2.2
4.2
(12.7)(6.3)
Operating Income (Loss)313.7
262.6
(41.0)535.3
Equity affiliates’ income.2
1.4
—
1.6
Interest expense.3
—
—
.3
Income (Loss) Before Taxes(B)
313.6
264.0
(41.0)536.6
Income tax provision (benefit)73.4
80.5
(3.4)150.5
Income (Loss) From Operations of Discontinued Operations, net of tax240.2
183.5
(37.6)386.1
Loss on disposal of business, net of tax—
—
(846.6)(846.6)
Income (Loss) From Discontinued Operations, net of tax240.2
183.5
(884.2)(460.5)
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests of Discontinued Operations7.9
—
—
7.9
Net Income (Loss) From Discontinued Operations
$232.3

$183.5

($884.2)
($468.4)
(A)
The loss from operations of discontinued operations for EfW primarily relates to project suspension costs, land lease obligations, and administrative costs.
(B)
In fiscal year 2016, income before taxes from operations of discontinued operations attributable to Air Products was $527.1.
In fiscal year 2016, the Company's Board of Directors approved the exit of the EfW business, and efforts to start up the two EfW projects located in Tees Valley, United Kingdom, were discontinued. The loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, of $460.5 includes a loss of $945.7 ($846.6 after-tax) from the write down of the EfW plant assets to their estimated net realizable value and a liability recorded for plant disposition and other costs. Income tax benefits related only to one of the projects as the other did not qualify for a local tax deduction. We estimated the net realizable value of the projects assuming an orderly liquidation of assets capable of being marketed on a secondary equipment market based on market quotes and our experience with selling similar equipment. An asset’s orderly liquidation value is the amount that could be realized from a liquidation sale, given a reasonable period of time to find a buyer, selling the asset in the existing condition where it is located, and assuming the highest and best use of the asset by market participants. A valuation allowance of $58.0 and unrecognized tax benefits of $7.9 were recorded relating to deferred tax assets on capital assets generated from the loss.
Fiscal year 2016 also includes the results of PMD and EMD prior to their dispositions.


4.  MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES SEPARATION
In fiscal year 2017, we completed the separation of the divisions comprising the former Materials Technologies segment through the spin-off of EMD as Versum and the sale of PMD to Evonik. For additional information on the dispositions, refer to Note 3, Discontinued Operations.
Business Separation Costs
In connection with the dispositions of EMD and PMD, we incurred net separation costs of $30.2 in fiscal year 2017. The net costs include legal and advisory fees of $32.5, which are reflected on the consolidated income statements as “Business separation costs,” and a pension settlement benefit of $2.3 presented within "Other non-operating income (expense), net." Our fiscal year 2017 income tax provision includes net tax benefits of $5.5, primarily related to changes in tax positions on business separation activities.
In fiscal year 2016, we incurred business separation costs of $50.6 for legal and advisory fees. Our fiscal year 2016 income tax provision includes additional tax expense related to the separation of $51.8, of which $45.7 resulted from a dividend that was declared in June 2016 to repatriate $443.8 from a subsidiary in South Korea to the U.S. in anticipation of the separation of EMD from the industrial gases business in South Korea.
Transition Services Agreements
We entered into transition services agreements by which we provided certain transition services to Versum for EMD and to Evonik for PMD subsequent to their respective separation dates. The reimbursement for costs in support of the agreements has been reflected on the consolidated income statements within “Other income (expense), net.” All transition services were completed during fiscal year 2018.
Loss on Extinguishment of Debt
On 30 September 2016, in anticipation of the spin-off, Versum entered into certain financing transactions to allow for a cash distribution of $550.0 and a distribution in-kind of senior unsecured notes (the "Notes") issued by Versum with an aggregate principal amount of $425.0 to Air Products. Air Products then exchanged these Notes with certain financial institutions for $418.3 of Air Products’ outstanding commercial paper. This noncash exchange, which was excluded from the consolidated statements of cash flows, resulted in a loss of $6.9 that has been reflected on the consolidated income statements as “Loss on extinguishment of debt.” This loss was deductible for tax purposes.

5.  COST REDUCTION AND ASSET ACTIONS
In fiscal year 2017, we recognized a net expense of $151.4. The year-to-date net expense included a charge of $154.8 for actions taken during fiscal year 2017, partially offset by the favorable settlement of the remaining $3.4 accrued balance associated with business restructuring actions taken in 2015. The charge included asset actions of $88.5 and severance actions of $66.3. The asset actions included charges resulting from the write-down of an air separation unit in the Industrial Gases – EMEA segment that was constructed mainly to provide oxygen to one of the Energy-from-Waste plants, the planned sale of a non-industrial gas hardgoods business in the Industrial Gases – Americas segment, and the closure of a facility in the Corporate and other segment that manufactured LNG heat exchangers. The severance actions related to the elimination or planned elimination of approximately 625 positions, primarily in the Corporate and other segment and in the Industrial Gases – EMEA segment. The actions in the Corporate and other segment were driven by the reorganization of our engineering, manufacturing, and technology functions.
The 2017 charge related to the segments as follows: $39.3 in Industrial Gases – Americas, $77.9 in Industrial Gases – EMEA, $.9 in Industrial Gases – Asia, $2.5 in Industrial Gases – Global, and $34.2 in Corporate and other.
In fiscal year 2016, we recognized an expense of $34.5 for severance and other benefits related to cost reduction actions which resulted in the elimination of approximately 610 positions. The expenses related primarily to the Industrial Gases – Americas segment and the Industrial Gases – EMEA segment.
The charges we record for cost reduction and asset actions have been excluded from segment operating income.

The following table summarizes the carrying amount of the accrual for cost reduction actions at 30 September 2018:
   
Severance and
Other Benefits
 
Asset
Actions/Other
 Total
2016 Charge 
$34.5
 
$—
 
$34.5
Cash expenditures (21.6) —
 (21.6)
Amount reflected in pension liability (.9) —
 (.9)
Currency translation adjustment .3
 —
 .3
30 September 2016 
$12.3
 
$—
 
$12.3
2017 Charge 66.3
 88.5
 154.8
Noncash expenses —
 (84.2) (84.2)
Cash expenditures (35.7) (1.2) (36.9)
Amount reflected in pension liability (2.0) —
 (2.0)
Amount reflected in other noncurrent liabilities —
 (2.2) (2.2)
Currency translation adjustment (.3) —
 (.3)
30 September 2017 
$40.6
 
$.9
 
$41.5
Cash expenditures (30.3) (.9) (31.2)
Amount reflected in pension liability (.4) —
 (.4)
30 September 2018 
$9.9
 
$—
 
$9.9


6.  ACQUISITIONS
Asset Acquisition
On 9 September 2017, Air Products signed an agreement to form a joint venture, Air Products Lu An (Changzhi) Co., Ltd. (“the JV”) with Lu’An Clean Energy Company ("Lu’An"). On 26 April 2018 ("the acquisitionEffective 23 February 2021 (the "acquisition date"), we completedagreed with our joint venture partner to separate TIG into 2 separate businesses. On the formationacquisition date, we acquired a portion of the JV, of which Air Products owns 60%business on a 100% basis, and Lu’An owns 40%. The JV receives coal, steam and power from Lu’An and supplies syngasour partner paid us $10.8 to Lu’An under a long-term onsite contract. The JV is consolidated withinacquire the resultsrest of the Industrial Gases – Asia segment.
Air Products contributed four large air separation units to the JVbusiness. The exchange resulted in a gain of $36.8 ($27.3 after-tax), which is reflected as “Gain on exchange with a carrying value of approximately $300, and the JV acquired gasification and syngas clean-up assets from Lu’An for 7.9 billion RMB (approximately $1.2 billion). As a result, the carrying value of the plant and equipment of the JV was approximately $1.5 billion at the acquisition date.
We accounted for the acquisition of the gasification and syngas clean-up assets as an asset acquisition. In connection with closing the acquisition, we paid net cash of approximately 1.5 billion RMB ($235) and issued equity of 1.4 billion RMB ($227) to Lu'An for their noncontrolling interest in the JV.
In addition, Lu'An made a loan of 2.6 billion RMB to the JV with regularly scheduled principal and interest payments at a fixed interest rate of 5.5%, and we established a liability of 2.3 billion RMB for cash payments expected to be made to orjoint venture partner” on behalf of Lu'An in fiscal year 2019.
As of 30 September 2018, long-term debt payable to Lu'An of 2.6 billion RMB ($384) is presented on theour consolidated balance sheets as "Long-term debt – related party," and our expected remaining cash payments of approximately 2.2 billion RMB ($330) are presented within "Payables and accrued liabilities."
The issuance of equity to Lu'An for their noncontrolling interest, the long-term debt, and the liability for the remaining cash payments were noncash transactions; therefore, they have been excluded from the consolidated statement of cash flowsincome statements for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2018.2021. The gain included $12.7 from the revaluation of our previously held equity interest in the portion of the business that we retained and $24.1 from the sale of our equity interest in the remaining business. The gain was not recorded in segment results.

We estimated an acquisition date fair value of $15.4 for our previously held equity interest in the acquired portion of the business using a market approach, which considered historical earnings and the application of a market-based multiple derived from comparable transactions.
We accounted for the acquisition as a business combination within our Industrial Gases – EMEA segment. As a result of the acquisition, we recognized intangible assets of $16.7 for customer relationships, goodwill of $14.5, and plant and equipment of $10.3. The customer relationships have a weighted-average useful life of approximately 15 years.
The acquired assets were recorded at their estimated fair values based primarily on a preliminary purchase price allocation. We may record adjustments to these assets during the preliminary purchase price allocation period, which could be up to one year from the acquisition date.
We expect the acquisition to allow us to have more control over the business we retained and to serve customers more effectively. The results of this business did not materially impact our consolidated income statements for the periods presented.
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Fiscal Year 2020
Asset Acquisition
On 17 April 2020, we acquired 5 operating hydrogen production plants from PBF Energy Inc. ("PBF") and commenced contractual long-term supply of hydrogen from those plants to PBF's refineries. We accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition and recorded the aggregate purchase price of $580 to plant and equipment on our consolidated balance sheets.
Business Combinations
In fiscal year 2018, weWe completed eight3 acquisitions on 1 July 2020 that were accounted for as business combinations. These acquisitions had an aggregate purchase price, net of cash acquired, of $355.4.$185.4. The largest of thethese acquisitions was the purchase of Oxygen & Argon Works Ltd., the leading manufacturer and marketer of industrial gases in Israel, primarily offering merchant gas products. The results of this business are consolidated within our Industrial Gases – EMEA segment.
Fiscal Year 2019
As further discussed below, we completed during the first quarter of3 business combinations in fiscal year 20182019.
Exchange of Equity Affiliate Investments
We previously held 50% ownership interests in High-Tech Gases (Beijing) Co., Ltd. ("High-Tech Gases") and consisted primarilyWuXi Hi-Tech Gas Co., Ltd. ("WuXi"), both of three air separation units serving onsite and merchant customerswhich were joint ventures with another industrial gas company in China. ThisWe accounted for these arrangements as equity method investments in our Industrial Gases – Asia segment through 30 April 2019.
On 1 May 2019, we acquired our partner's 50% interest in WuXi in exchange for our 50% interest in High-Tech Gases. The exchange resulted in a net gain of $29.1, of which $15.0 resulted from the revaluation of our previously held equity interest in WuXi to its acquisition date fair value and $14.1 resulted from the disposition of our interest in High-Tech Gases. The net gain is expected to strengthenreflected as "Gain on exchange with joint venture partner" on our positionconsolidated income statements in fiscal year 2019 and was not recorded in results of the region.Industrial Gases – Asia segment.
We revalued our previously held 50% equity interest in WuXi based on an estimated acquisition date fair value of $27.0. We calculated this fair value using a discounted cash flow analysis under the income approach, which required estimates and assumptions regarding projected revenue growth, customer attrition rates, profit margin, and discount rate.
The acquisition of the remaining interest in WuXi was accounted for as a business combination. The results of this business are consolidated within our Industrial Gases – Asia segment.
OurOther Fiscal Year 2019 Business Combinations
The remaining business combinations completed in fiscal year 20182019 had total consideration, net of cash acquired, of $126.6. The largest of these business combinations resultedwas the acquisition of ACP Europe SA ("ACP"), the largest independent carbon dioxide business in the recognitionContinental Europe. The results of $178.4 of plant and equipment, $78.0 of goodwill, $17.7 of which is deductible for tax purposes, and $105.8 of intangible assets, primarily customer relationships, having a weighted-average useful life of twelve years. The goodwill recognized on the transactions is attributable to expected growth and cost synergies and was primarily recorded in the Industrial Gases – Asia and thethis business are consolidated within our Industrial Gases – EMEA segments.segment.
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4. REVENUE RECOGNITION
Nature of Goods and Services
The principal activities from which we generate sales from our contracts with customers, separated between our regional industrial gases businesses and industrial gases equipment businesses, are described below with their respective revenue recognition policies. For an overall summary of these policies and discussion on payment terms and presentation, refer to Note 1, Major Accounting Policies.
Industrial Gases – Regional
Our 2018regional industrial gases businesses produce and sell atmospheric gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, and argon (primarily recovered by the cryogenic distillation of air) and process gases such as hydrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, syngas, and specialty gases. We distribute gases to our sale of gas customers through different supply modes depending on various factors including the customer's volume requirements and location. Our supply modes are as follows:
•On-site Gases—Supply mode associated with customers who require large volumes of gases and have relatively constant demand. Gases are produced and supplied by large facilities on or near the customers’ facilities or by pipeline systems from centrally located production facilities. These sale of gas contracts generally have 15- to 20- year terms. We also deliver smaller quantities of product through small on-site plants (cryogenic or non-cryogenic generators), typically via 10- to 15- year sale of gas contracts. The contracts within this supply mode generally contain fixed monthly charges and/or minimum purchase requirements with price escalation provisions that are generally based on external indices. Revenue associated with this supply mode is generally recognized over time during the period in which we deliver or make available the agreed upon quantity of goods.
•Merchant Gases—Supply mode associated with liquid bulk and packaged gases customers. Liquid bulk customers receive delivery of product in liquid or gaseous form by tanker or tube trailer. The product is stored, usually in its liquid state, in equipment we typically design and install at the customer’s site for vaporizing into a gaseous state as needed. Packaged gases customers receive small quantities of product delivered in either cylinders or dewars. Both liquid bulk and packaged gases sales do not contain minimum purchase requirements as they are governed by contracts and/or purchase orders based on the customer's requirements. These contracts contain stated terms that are generally 5 years or less. Performance obligations associated with this supply mode are satisfied at a point in time when the customer receives and obtains control of the product, which generally occurs upon delivery.
The timing of revenue recognition for our regional industrial gases businesses is generally consistent with our right to invoice the customer. Variable components of consideration that may not be resolved within the month, such as the ability to earn an annual bonus or incur a penalty, are more relevant to on-site contracts and are considered constrained as they can be impacted by a single significant event such as a plant outage, which could occur at the end of a contract period. We consider contract modifications on an individual basis to determine appropriate accounting treatment. However, contract modifications are generally accounted for prospectively as they relate to distinct goods or services associated with future periods of performance.
We mitigate energy and natural gas price risk contractually through pricing formulas, surcharges, and cost pass-through arrangements.
Industrial Gases – Equipment
We design and manufacture equipment for air separation, hydrocarbon recovery and purification, natural gas liquefaction, and liquid helium and liquid hydrogen transport and storage. The Industrial Gases – Global and the Corporate and other segments serve our sale of equipment customers.
Our sale of equipment contracts are generally comprised of a single performance obligation as the individual promised goods or services contained within the contracts are integrated with or dependent upon other goods or services in the contract for a single output to the customer.
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Revenue from our sale of equipment contracts is generally recognized over time as we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date and our performance under the contract terms does not create an asset with alternative use. Otherwise, sale of equipment contracts are satisfied at the point in time the customer obtains control of the equipment, which is generally determined based on the shipping terms of the contract. For contracts recognized over time, we primarily recognize revenue using a cost incurred input method by which costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion are used to measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations. Costs incurred include material, labor, and overhead costs and represent work contributing and proportionate to the transfer of control to the customer.
Since our contracts are generally comprised of a single performance obligation, contract modifications are typically accounted for as part of the existing contract and are recognized as a cumulative adjustment for the inception-to-date effect of such change. In addition, changes in estimates on projects accounted for under the cost incurred input method are recognized as a cumulative adjustment for the inception-to-date effect of such change. Changes in estimates unfavorably impacted operating income by approximately $19 in fiscal year 2021. Changes in estimates favorably impacted operating income by approximately $7 and $37 in fiscal years 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our changes in estimates would not have significantly impacted amounts recorded in prior years.
Disaggregation of Revenue
The table below presents our consolidated sales disaggregated by supply mode for each of our reporting segments. We believe this presentation best depicts the nature, timing, type of customer, and contract terms for our sales.
Industrial
Gases–
Americas		Industrial
Gases–
EMEA		Industrial
Gases–
Asia		Industrial
Gases–
Global		Corporate
and other		Total%
2021
On-site$2,469.5 $873.1 $1,718.8 $— $— $5,061.4 49 %
Merchant1,698.1 1,571.8 1,202.0 — — 4,471.9 43 %
Sale of Equipment— — — 511.0 278.7 789.7 8 %
Total$4,167.6 $2,444.9 $2,920.8 $511.0 $278.7 $10,323.0 100 %
2020
On-site$2,040.2 $629.3 $1,652.8 $— $— $4,322.3 49 %
Merchant1,590.5 1,297.0 1,063.7 — — 3,951.2 45 %
Sale of Equipment— — — 364.9 217.9 582.8 6 %
Total$3,630.7 $1,926.3 $2,716.5 $364.9 $217.9 $8,856.3 100 %
2019
On-site$2,230.6 $728.4 $1,622.6 $— $— $4,581.6 52 %
Merchant1,642.9 1,274.1 1,041.0 — — 3,958.0 44 %
Sale of Equipment— — — 261.0 118.3 379.3 4 %
Total$3,873.5 $2,002.5 $2,663.6 $261.0 $118.3 $8,918.9 100 %
Remaining Performance Obligations
As of 30 September 2021, the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations is estimated to be approximately $24 billion. This amount includes fixed-charge contract provisions associated with our on-site and sale of equipment supply modes. We estimate that approximately half of this revenue will be recognized over approximately the next five years and the balance thereafter.
Expected revenue associated with new on-site plants that are not yet on stream is excluded from this amount. In addition, this amount excludes consideration associated with contracts having an expected duration of less than one year, and variable consideration for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice, including pass-through costs related to energy and natural gas.
In the future, actual amounts will differ due to events outside of our control, including, but not limited to, inflationary price escalations; currency exchange rates; and amended, terminated, or renewed contracts.
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Contract Balances
The table below details balances arising from contracts with customers:
30 SeptemberBalance Sheet Location20212020
Assets
Contract assets – currentOther receivables and current assets$119.4 $55.9 
Contract fulfillment costs – currentOther receivables and current assets125.5 109.9 
Liabilities
Contract liabilities – currentPayables and accrued liabilities366.8 313.8 
Contract liabilities – noncurrentOther noncurrent liabilities58.4 57.9 
Contract assets and liabilities result from differences in timing of revenue recognition and customer invoicing. These balances are reported on the consolidated balance sheets on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period.
Contract assets primarily relate to our sale of equipment contracts for which revenue is recognized over time. These balances represent unbilled revenue, which occurs when revenue recognized under the measure of progress exceeds the amount invoiced to our customers. Our ability to invoice the customer for contract asset balances is not only based on the passage of time, but also the achievement of certain contractual milestones.
Contract fulfillment costs primarily include deferred costs related to sale of equipment projects that cannot be inventoried and for which we expect to recognize revenue upon transfer of control at project completion or costs related to fulfilling a specific anticipated contract.
Costs to obtain a contract, or contract acquisition costs, are capitalized only after we have established a contract with the customer. We elected to apply the practical expedient to expense these costs as they are incurred if the amortization period of the asset that would have otherwise been recognized is one year or less. Our contract acquisition costs capitalized as of 30 September 2021 and 2020 were not material.
Contract liabilities include advance payments or right to consideration prior to performance under the contract. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue when or as we perform under the contract. The increase in our contract liabilities – current balance primarily relates to new sale of equipment projects as balances associated with our sale of gas contracts are generally related to fixed charges and are relatively consistent period over period. During the fiscal year ended 30 September 2021, we recognized approximately $240 in revenue associated with sale of equipment contracts that was included within our contract liabilities as of 30 September 2020. Advanced payments from our customers do not represent a significant financing component as these payments are intended for purposes other than financing, such as to meet working capital demands or to protect us from our customer failing to meet its obligations under the terms of the contract.
Changes in contract asset and liability balances during the fiscal year ended 30 September 2021 were not materially impacted by any other factors.
5.  DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
In fiscal year 2021, income from discontinued operations, net of tax, was $70.3. This included net tax benefits of $60.0 recorded upon release of tax liabilities related to uncertain tax positions for which the statute of limitations expired. Of this benefit, we recorded $51.8 in the fourth quarter for liabilities associated with our former Performance Materials Division ("PMD") and $8.2 in the third quarter for liabilities associated with our former Energy-from-Waste ("EfW") business. Additionally, we recorded a tax benefit of $10.3 in the first quarter of fiscal year 2021 primarily from the settlement of a state tax appeal related to the gain on the sale of PMD in fiscal year 2017. Our consolidated statement of cash flows for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2021 includes $6.7 received as part of the settlement.
In fiscal year 2020, loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, was $14.3. This resulted from a pre-tax loss of $19.0 recorded in the second quarter to increase our existing liability for retained environmental obligations associated with the sale of our former Amines business combinationsin September 2006. Refer to the Pace discussion within Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information. The loss did not materiallyhave an impact on our consolidated income statementscash flows for the periods presented.fiscal year ended 30 September 2020.

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7.6.  INVENTORIES
The components of inventories are as follows:
30 September 2018
 2017
Finished goods 
$125.4
 
$120.0
Work in process 21.2
 15.7
Raw materials, supplies and other 249.5
 223.0
Total FIFO Cost 396.1
 358.7
Less: Excess of FIFO cost over LIFO cost —
 (23.3)
Inventories 
$396.1
 
$335.4

30 September20212020
Finished goods$150.7 $134.5 
Work in process24.0 21.3 
Raw materials, supplies and other279.2 249.0 
Inventories$453.9 $404.8 
As discussed in Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, we changed our accounting method for U.S. inventories from a LIFO basis to a FIFO basis effective 1 July 2018. As of 30 September 2017, inventories valued using the LIFO method comprised approximately 49% of consolidated inventories before LIFO adjustment. Liquidation of LIFO inventory layers prior to our change in accounting policy in fiscal year 2018 and in fiscal years 2017 and 2016 did not materially affect the results of operations.
We did not restate prior period financial statements for the change in U.S. inventories as the impact was not material. Instead, the Company applied the accounting change as a cumulative effect adjustment to cost of sales in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2018. This change increased inventories by $24.1 at 1 July 2018 and increased pre-tax income from continuing operations by $24.1 for the quarter and fiscal year ended 30 September 2018.

8.7. SUMMARIZED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF EQUITY AFFILIATES
The summarized financial information below is on a combined 100% basis and has been compiled based on financial statements of the companies accounted for by the equity method. The amounts presented include the accounts of the following equity affiliates:
Abdullah Hashim Industrial Gases & Equipment Co., Ltd. (25%);INOX Air Products Limited (50%INFRA Group (40%);
Air Products South Africa (Proprietary) Limited (50%);Jazan Gas Projects Company (25%INOX Air Products Private Limited (50%);
Bangkok Cogeneration Company Limited (49%);Kulim Industrial Gases Sdn. Bhd. (50%Jazan Gas Projects Company (26%);
Bangkok Industrial Gases Co., Ltd. (49%);Sapio Produzione Idrogeno Ossigeno S.r.l. (49%Kulim Industrial Gases Sdn. Bhd. (50%);
Chengdu Air & Gas Products Ltd. (50%);Tecnologia en Nitrogeno S. de R.L. de C.V. (50%Sapio Produzione Idrogeno Ossigeno S.r.l. (49%);
Helios S.p.A. (49%);Tyczka Industrie-Gases GmbH (50%);
High-Tech Gases (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (50%);WuXi Hi-Tech Gas Co., Ltd. (50%);
INFRA Group (40%);and principally, other industrial gas producers.


30 September    2018
 2017
Current assets   
$1,556.9
 
$1,333.2
Noncurrent assets   4,340.8
 4,026.9
Current liabilities   635.7
 666.8
Noncurrent liabilities   2,652.5
 2,194.3
       
Year Ended 30 September 2018
 2017
 2016
Net sales 
$2,663.1
 
$2,343.3
 
$2,271.6
Sales less cost of sales 1,050.6
 878.6
 871.5
Operating income 635.3
 509.5
 482.1
Net income 388.0
 343.5
 334.1

30 September  20212020
Current assets$2,244.6 $1,943.5 
Noncurrent assets4,630.7 4,529.2 
Current liabilities774.0 765.3 
Noncurrent liabilities 2,852.5 2,958.8 
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
Net sales$3,338.1 $2,809.1 $2,885.6 
Gross profit1,492.9 1,212.5 1,193.4 
Operating income962.2 748.6 763.4 
Net income646.0 567.8 492.4 
Dividends received from equity affiliates were $122.5, $99.5,$157.3, $107.0, and $95.9$144.3 in fiscal years 2018, 2017,2021, 2020, and 2016,2019, respectively.
The investment in net assets of and advances to equity affiliates as of 30 September 20182021 and 20172020 included investment in foreign affiliates of $1,276.0$1,648.0 and $1,285.1,$1,431.3, respectively.
As of 30 September 20182021 and 2017,2020, the amount of investment in companies accounted for by the equity method included equity method goodwill of $42.4$55.3 and $45.8,$50.0, respectively.
U.S. Tax Cuts and JobsIndia Finance Act 2020
For theOur consolidated income statements in fiscal year ended 30 September 2018,2020 include a benefit of $33.8 reflected in equity affiliates' income includes an expense of $28.5 for our proportionate share of the impact of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act primarily recorded during the first quarter of fiscal year 2018. This expense is included in the fiscal year 2018 net income on a 100% basis in the table above. Referaccumulated dividend distribution taxes released with respect to Note 22, Income Taxes, for additional information.
Equity Affiliate Impairment Charge
During the third quarter of fiscal year 2017, we recordedINOX Air Products Private Limited, an other-than-temporary impairment charge of $79.5 on our investment in Abdullah Hashim Industrial Gases & Equipment Co., Ltd. (AHG), a 25%-owned equity affiliate investment in our Industrial Gases – EMEAAsia segment. The impairment charge is reflected on our consolidated income statements within “Equity affiliates' income." This chargebenefit, which related to tax legislation passed by the Indian government, was not deductiblerecorded in segment results. Refer to Note 21, Income Taxes, for tax purposes and has been excluded from segment results.
additional information. The declinebenefit is included in value resulted from expectations for lower future cash flows to be generated by AHG, primarily due to challenging economic conditions in Saudi Arabia, including the impacts of lower pricesfiscal year 2020 net income in the oil and gas industry, increased competition, and capital project growth opportunities not materializing as anticipated.
The AHG investment was valued based on the results of the income and market valuation approaches. The income approach utilized a discount rate basedtable above on a market-participant, risk-adjusted weighted average cost100% basis.
72
Table of capital, which considers industry required rates of return on debt and equity capital for a target industry capital structure adjusted for risks associated with size and geography. Other significant estimates and assumptions that drove our updated valuation of AHG included revenue growth rates and profit margins that were lower than those upon acquisition and our assessment of AHG's business improvement plan effectiveness. Under the market approach, we estimated fair value based on market multiples of revenue and earnings derived from publicly-traded industrial gases companies engaged in similar lines of business, adjusted to reflect differences in size and growth prospects.Contents
Jazan Gas Project Company
On 19 April 2015, Jazan Gas Project Company, a joint venture between Air Products and ACWA Holding, entered into a 20-year oxygen and nitrogen supply agreement to supply Saudi Aramco’s oil refinery and power plant being built in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Air Products owns 25%We own 26% of the joint venture and guarantees theguarantee repayment of itsour share of an equity bridge loan. ACWA also guarantees their share of the loan. We determined that the joint venture is a variable interest entity for which we are not the primary beneficiary.

As of 30 September 20182021, our consolidated balance sheets included $94.4 reflected within "Payables and 2017, other noncurrent liabilities included $94.4accrued liabilities" for our obligation to make future equity contributions in 2020 based on our proportionate share of the advances received by the joint venture under the loan. During fiscal year 2016, we recorded a noncash
Subsequent Event
As part of the Jazan Integrated Gasification and Power Company transaction that resulteddiscussed in an increase of $26.9Note 24, Subsequent Events, Jazan Gas Project Company sold its air separation units to our investmentAramco in net assets ofOctober 2021 and advances torepaid its outstanding debt, including the equity affiliates. This noncash transaction has been excluded from the consolidated statement of cash flows. In total, we expect to invest approximately $100 in this joint venture. There has been no change to our investment during fiscal years 2018 and 2017.bridge loan.

9.8. PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
The major classes of plant and equipment are as follows:
30 SeptemberUseful Life
in years		20212020
Land$312.1 $296.8 
Buildings301,083.1 997.8 
Production facilities(A)
10to2018,236.9 17,289.7 
Distribution and other machinery and equipment(B)
5to255,111.6 4,807.7 
Construction in progress2,745.1 1,784.2 
Plant and equipment, at cost27,488.8 25,176.2 
Less: Accumulated depreciation14,234.2 13,211.5 
Plant and equipment, net$13,254.6 $11,964.7 
30 September 
Useful Life
in years
 2018
 2017
Land     
$269.4
 
$231.0
Buildings   30 988.6
 977.8
Production facilities(A)
 10to20 15,082.8
 13,577.1
Distribution and other machinery and equipment(B)
 5to25 4,400.9
 3,944.0
Construction in progress     748.5
 817.9
Plant and equipment, at cost     21,490.2
 19,547.8
Less: Accumulated depreciation     11,566.5
 11,107.6
Plant and equipment, net     
$9,923.7
 
$8,440.2
(A)(A)
Depreciable lives of production facilities related to long-term customer supply contracts are matched to the contract lives.
(B)
The depreciable lives for various types of distribution equipment are 10 to 25 years for cylinders, depending on the nature and properties of the product; 20 years for tanks; 7.5 years for customer stations; and 5 to 15 years for tractors and trailers.

The increase in our production facilities during fiscal year 2018 primarily relatesrelated to long-term customer supply contracts are generally matched to the Lu'An asset acquisition completed in April 2018. Refercontract lives.
(B)The depreciable lives for various types of distribution equipment are: 10 to Note 6, Acquisitions,25 years for additional information.cylinders, depending on the nature and properties of the product; 20 years for tanks; generally 7.5 years for customer stations; and 5 to 15 years for tractors and trailers.
Depreciation expense was $940.7, $843.2,$1,284.1, $1,150.5, and $832.3$1,049.7 in fiscal years 2018, 2017,2021, 2020, and 2016,2019, respectively.

10.9.  GOODWILL
Changes to the carrying amount of consolidated goodwill by segment are as follows:
Industrial
Gases–
Americas		Industrial
Gases–
EMEA		Industrial
Gases–
Asia		Industrial
Gases–
Global		Corporate
 and other		Total
Goodwill, net at 30 September 2019$156.3 $432.3 $178.5 $19.6 $10.4 $797.1 
Acquisitions— 66.6 — — 4.5 71.1 
Currency translation and other(3.7)25.2 1.9 (0.1)— 23.3 
Goodwill, net at 30 September 2020$152.6 $524.1 $180.4 $19.5 $14.9 $891.5 
Acquisitions— 21.0 — — — 21.0 
Currency translation and other(1.6)(3.6)3.9 0.3 — (1.0)
Goodwill, net at 30 September 2021$151.0 $541.5 $184.3 $19.8 $14.9 $911.5 
 
Industrial
Gases–
Americas
Industrial
Gases–
EMEA
Industrial
Gases–
Asia
Industrial
Gases–
Global
Corporate and otherTotal
Goodwill, net at 30 September 2016
$309.1

$380.6

$135.2

$20.2

$—

$845.1
Impairment loss(145.3)—
—
—
—
(145.3)
Acquisitions—
3.5
—
—
—
3.5
Currency translation(.1)18.3
—
—
—
18.2
Goodwill, net at 30 September 2017
$163.7

$402.4

$135.2

$20.2

$—

$721.5
Acquisitions—
29.5
38.1
—
10.4
78.0
Currency translation(1.6)(7.5)(1.4)(.1)—
(10.6)
Goodwill, net at 30 September 2018
$162.1

$424.4

$171.9

$20.1

$10.4

$788.9

In fiscal year 2021, goodwill acquired is primarily attributable to expected cost synergies and growth opportunities related to a business combination completed in the second quarter. This goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. Refer to Note 3, Acquisitions, for additional information.
30 September2018
2017
2016
Goodwill, gross
$1,194.7

$1,138.7

$1,103.7
Accumulated impairment losses(A)
(405.8)(417.2)(258.6)
Goodwill, net
$788.9

$721.5

$845.1
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(A)
30 September202120202019
Goodwill, gross$1,239.2 $1,230.2 $1,162.2 
Accumulated impairment losses(A)
(327.7)(338.7)(365.1)
Goodwill, net$911.5 $891.5 $797.1 
(A)Accumulated impairment losses include the impacts of currency translation. These losses are attributable to our Latin America reporting unit ("LASA") within the Industrial Gases – Americas segment.
Accumulated impairment losses include the impacts of currency translation. These losses are attributable to our Latin America reporting unit (LASA) within the Industrial Gases – Americas segment.

We review goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of the fiscal year and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill might not be recoverable. The impairment test for goodwill involves calculating the fair value of each reporting unit and comparing that value to the carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the difference is recorded as a goodwill impairment charge, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2018,2021, we conducted our annual goodwill impairment test and determined that the fair value of all our reporting units exceeded their carrying value.
During the third quarter of fiscal year 2017, we conducted an interim impairment test of the goodwill associated with our Latin America Reporting unit (LASA) within the Industrial Gases – Americas segment. This was driven by Management's decision to lower long-term growth projections in response to declining volumes and weak economic conditions in Latin America during fiscal year 2017. We determined that the fair value of LASA was less than its carrying value and recorded a noncash impairment charge of $145.3, which is reflected on our consolidated income statements within “Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge.” This charge was not deductible for tax purposes and has been excluded from segment operating income.
LASA includes assets and goodwill associated with operations in Chile and other Latin American countries. We estimated the fair value of LASA based on two valuation approaches, the income approach and the market approach. We reviewed relevant facts and circumstances in determining the weighting of the approaches.
Under the income approach, we estimated the fair value of LASA based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. Cash flow projections were based on management’s estimates of revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins, taking into consideration business and market conditions for the Latin American countries and markets in which we operate. We calculated the discount rate based on a market-participant, risk-adjusted weighted average cost of capital, which considers industry‑specific rates of return on debt and equity capital for a target industry capital structure, adjusted for risks associated with business size and geography.
Under the market approach, we estimated fair value based on market multiples of revenue and earnings derived from publicly-traded industrial gases companies and regional manufacturing companies, adjusted to reflect differences in size and growth prospects.
Management judgment is required in the determination of each assumption utilized in the valuation model, and actual results could differ from our estimates.

11.10.  INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The table below provides detailssummarizes the major classes of acquiredour intangible assets:
  30 September 2018 30 September 2017
  Gross
 
Accumulated
Amortization/
Impairment

 Net
 Gross
 
Accumulated
Amortization/
Impairment

 Net
Customer relationships 
$491.9
 
($165.5) 
$326.4
 
$424.1
 
($142.3) 
$281.8
Patents and technology 34.0
 (11.9) 22.1
 13.4
 (10.6) 2.8
Other 72.6
 (33.8) 38.8
 73.4
 (36.6) 36.8
Total finite-lived intangibles 598.5
 (211.2) 387.3
 510.9
 (189.5) 321.4
Trade names and trademarks, indefinite-lived 64.8
 (13.6) 51.2
 67.8
 (20.9) 46.9
Total Intangible Assets 
$663.3
 
($224.8) 
$438.5
 
$578.7
 
($210.4) 
$368.3

20212020
30 SeptemberGrossAccumulated
Amortization/
Impairment		NetGrossAccumulated
Amortization/
Impairment		Net
Finite-lived:
Customer relationships$552.0 ($234.7)$317.3 $538.0 ($209.9)$328.1 
Patents and technology36.8 (16.9)19.9 39.1 (16.3)22.8 
Other80.5 (37.3)43.2 77.6 (33.7)43.9 
Total finite-lived intangible assets669.3 (288.9)380.4 654.7 (259.9)394.8 
Indefinite-lived:
Trade names and trademarks51.2 (10.9)40.3 52.2 (11.2)41.0 
Total Intangible Assets$720.5 ($299.8)$420.7 $706.9 ($271.1)$435.8 
The increasedecrease in net intangible assets duringin fiscal year 2018 is2021 was primarily attributable to amortization, partially offset by intangible assets acquired through business combinations, partially offset by amortization. For additional information on intangible assets acquired, refer to Note 6, Acquisitions.combinations.
Amortization expense for intangible assets was $30.0, $22.6,$37.2, $34.5, and $22.3$33.1 in fiscal years 2018, 2017,2021, 2020, and 2016,2019, respectively. Refer to Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, for the amortization periods associated with ourfor each major class of intangible assets.

Projected annualThe table below details the amount of amortization expense expected to be recorded for our finite-lived intangible assets asin each of 30 September 2018 is as follows:the next five years and thereafter:
2022$34.7 
202333.2 
202432.1 
202530.8 
202629.2 
Thereafter220.4 
Total$380.4 
2019
$32.7
202032.4
202130.5
202227.8
202327.3
Thereafter236.6
Total
$387.3
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Indefinite-lived intangible assets are subject to impairment testing at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that potential impairment exists. The impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets involves calculating the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets and comparing the fair value to their carrying value. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, the difference is recorded as an impairment loss. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2018,2021, we conducted our annual impairment test of indefinite-lived intangible assets and determined that the fair value of all our intangible assets exceeded their carrying value.
During the third quarter of fiscal year 2017, we conducted an interim impairment test of the indefinite-lived intangible assets associated with LASA within the Industrial Gases – Americas segment and recorded a noncash impairment charge of $16.8 to write down the carrying value of the trade names and trademarks to their fair value. The impairment charge has been excluded from segment operating income and is reflected on our consolidated income statements within “Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge." As discussed in Note 10, Goodwill, the reduction in value resulted from lowered long-term growth projections. We estimated the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangibles associated with LASA utilizing the royalty savings method, a form of the income approach.
In addition, we tested the recoverability of LASA long-lived assets, including finite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization, in fiscal year 2017 and concluded that they were recoverable from expected future undiscounted cash flows.11.  LEASES

12.  LEASES
Lessee Accounting
CapitalWe are the lessee under various agreements for real estate, vehicles, aircraft, and other equipment that are accounted for as operating leases. Our finance leases primarily forprincipally relate to the right to use machinery and equipment and are includednot material.
Operating lease expense was $89.5 and $80.1 for fiscal years 2021 and 2020, respectively. These amounts exclude short-term and variable lease expenses, which were not material.
Amounts associated with owned plantoperating leases and equipment within "Plant and Equipment, net"their presentation on theour consolidated balance sheets in the amount of $21.6 and $22.3 at 30 September 2018 and 2017, respectively. Related amounts of accumulated depreciation are $6.1 and $5.3, respectively.
Operating leases principally relate to real estate and also include aircraft, distribution equipment, and vehicles. Certain leases include escalation clauses, renewal, and/or purchase options. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the minimum lease term. Rent expense under operating leases, including month-to-month agreements, was $82.7, $65.8, and $67.6 in fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.
At 30 September 2018, minimum payments due under leases associated with continuing operations are as follows:
30 September20212020
Operating lease right-of-use assets
Other noncurrent assets$566.2 $376.8 
Operating lease liabilities
Payables and accrued liabilities78.6 70.7 
Other noncurrent liabilities503.4 335.8 
Total operating lease liabilities$582.0 $406.5 
  
Capital
Leases
 
Operating
Leases
2019 
$1.7
 
$65.9
2020 1.4
 50.4
2021 2.9
 41.4
2022 1.3
 30.4
2023 1.2
 23.3
Thereafter 14.3
 123.0
Total 
$22.8
 
$334.4
30 September20212020
Weighted-average remaining lease term in years(A)
17.215.7
Weighted-average discount rate(B)
1.9 %2.1 %

(A)Calculated on the basis of the remaining lease term and the lease liability balance for each lease as of the reporting date.
(B)Calculated on the basis of the discount rate used to calculate the lease liability for each lease and the remaining balance of the lease payments for each lease as of the reporting date.
The present valuefollowing maturity analysis of the above future capital lease payments totaled $10.5. Refer to Note 15, Debt.

Included in theour operating lease payments disclosed above are future minimum payments due under leases related toliabilities as of 30 September 2021 presents the Energy-from-Waste discontinued operations (i.e., Tees Valley, United Kingdom) of approximately $2 inundiscounted cash flows for each of the next five years and $40 thereafter with a reconciliation to the lease liability recognized on our balance sheet:
Operating
Leases
2022$88.4 
202371.3 
202460.4 
202551.1 
202640.4 
Thereafter361.5 
Total undiscounted lease payments673.1 
Imputed interest(91.1)
Present value of lease liability recognized on balance sheet$582.0 
The impacts associated with our operating leases on the consolidated statements of cash flows are reflected within "Other adjustments" within operating activities. This includes non-cash operating lease expense of $89.5 and $80.1, as well as a use of cash of $98.8 and $90.0 for a totalpayments on amounts included in the measurement of the lease commitmentliability for fiscal years 2021 and 2020, respectively.
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Table of Contents
We recorded $259 and $442 of noncash right-of-use asset additions during fiscal years 2021 and 2020, respectively.
We have additional operating leases that have not yet commenced as of 30 September 2021 having lease payments totaling approximately $50. As discussed in Note 3, Discontinued Operations, during the first quarter of 2017, we recorded an accrual for these lease obligations to other noncurrent liabilities in continuing operations.$195.
Lessor Accounting
As discussed under Revenue Recognition in Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, certainCertain contracts associated with facilities that are built to provide product to a specific customer are required to behave been accounted for as leases. As we generally control the operations and maintenance of the assets that provide the supply of gas to our customers, there have been no new arrangements that qualified as a lease in fiscal year 2021.
Operating Leases
Assets subject toIn cases where operating lease treatment is appropriate, there is no difference in revenue recognition over the life of the contract as compared to accounting for the contract under a sale of gas agreement. These contracts qualify for a practical expedient available to lessors to combine the lease and non-lease components and account for the combined component in accordance with the accounting treatment for the predominant component. We elected to apply this practical expedient and have accounted for the combined component as product sales under the revenue standard as we control the operations and maintenance of the assets that provide the supply of gas to our customers.
In cases where sales-type lease treatment is appropriate, revenue and expense are recognized up front for the sale of equipment component of the contract as compared to revenue recognition over the life of the arrangement under contracts not qualifying as sales-type leases. Additionally, a portion of the revenue representing interest income from the financing component of the lease receivable is reflected as sales over the life of the contract. During fiscal years 2021 and 2020, we recognized interest income of $67.4 and $71.2 on our lease receivables, respectively.
Our contracts generally do not have the option to extend or terminate the lease or provide the customer the right to purchase the asset at the end of the contract term. Instead, renewal of such contracts requires negotiation of mutually agreed terms by both parties. Unless the customer terminates within the required notice period, the contract will go into evergreen. Given the long-term duration of our contracts, there is no assumed residual value for the assets at the end of the lease term.
Lease receivables, net, primarily relate to sales-type leases on certain on-site assets which we are collected over the lessor are recorded within "Plant and equipment, net" on the consolidated balance sheets.contract term. As of 30 September 2018, plant2021 and equipment, at cost, was $2.4 billion,2020, our lease receivables, net were $824.7 and accumulated depreciation was $.4 billion. Assets subject to operating leases include those of the Lu’An joint venture, which is discussed in Note 6, Acquisitions.
At 30 September 2018, minimum lease payments expected to be collected are as follows:
2019
$261.5
 
2020259.1
 
2021255.8
 
2022251.5
 
2023244.9
 
Thereafter2,904.8
 
Total
$4,177.6
 



Capital Leases
$903.0, respectively. Lease receivables, net are primarily included within "Noncurrent capital lease receivables" on our consolidated balance sheets, with the remaining balance in "Other receivables and current assets."
The componentsmajority of our leases are of high credit quality and were originated prior to fiscal year 2017. As of 30 September 2021 and 2020, the credit quality of lease receivables were as follows:
30 September 2018
 2017
Gross minimum lease payments receivable 
$1,673.7
 
$1,897.0
Unearned interest income (568.3) (671.9)
Lease Receivables, net 
$1,105.4
 
$1,225.1

did not require a material allowance for credit losses.
Lease payments collected in fiscal years 2018, 2017,2021, 2020, and 20162019 were $182.7, $183.6,$166.2, $162.8, and $186.0,$171.6, respectively. These payments reduced the lease receivable balance by $97.4, $92.2,$98.8, $91.6, and $85.5$94.6 in fiscal years 2018, 2017,2021, 2020, and 2016,2019, respectively.
AtAs of 30 September 2018,2021, minimum lease payments expected to be collected, arewhich reconciles to lease receivables, net, were as follows:
2022$146.8 
2023143.1 
2024137.0 
2025131.4 
2026120.6 
Thereafter508.7 
Total1,187.6 
Unearned interest income(362.9)
Lease Receivables, net$824.7 
2019
$172.5
2020167.8
2021161.9
2022150.6
2023144.3
Thereafter876.6
Total
$1,673.7


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13.12.  FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Currency Price Risk Management
Our earnings, cash flows, and financial position are exposed to foreign currency risk from foreign currency-denominated transactions and net investments in foreign operations. It is our policy to seek to minimize our cash flow volatility from changes in currency exchange rates. This is accomplished by identifying and evaluating the risk that our cash flows will change in value due to changes in exchange rates and by executing the appropriate strategies necessary to manage such exposures. Our objective is to maintain economically balanced currency risk management strategies that provide adequate downside protection.
Forward Exchange Contracts
We enter into forward exchange contracts to reduce the cash flow exposure to foreign currency fluctuations associated with highly anticipated cash flows and certain firm commitments, such as the purchase of plant and equipment. We also enter into forward exchange contracts to hedge the cash flow exposure on intercompany loans.loans and third-party debt. This portfolio of forward exchange contracts consists primarily of Euros and U.S. Dollars. The maximum remaining term of any forward exchange contract currently outstanding and designated as a cash flow hedge at 30 September 20182021 is 1.93.2 years.
Forward exchange contracts are also used to hedge the value of investments in certain foreign subsidiaries and affiliates by creating a liability in a currency in which we have a net equity position. The primary currency pair in this portfolio of forward exchange contracts is Euros and U.S. Dollars.
In addition to the forward exchange contracts that are designated as hedges, weWe also utilize forward exchange contracts that are not designated as hedges. These contracts are used to economically hedge foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities, primarily working capital. The primary objective of these forward exchange contracts is to protect the value of foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities from the effects of volatility in foreign exchange rates that might occur prior to their receipt or settlement. This portfolio of forward exchange contracts consists of many different foreign currency pairs, with a profile that changes from time to time depending on our business activity and sourcing decisions.
The table below summarizes our outstanding currency price risk management instruments:
  30 September 2018 30 September 2017
  
US$
Notional

 
Years
Average
Maturity
 
US$
Notional

 
Years
Average
Maturity
Forward Exchange Contracts        
Cash flow hedges 
$2,489.1
 0.4 
$3,150.2
 0.4
Net investment hedges 457.5
 1.7 675.5
 3.0
Not designated 1,736.1
 0.8 273.8
 0.1
Total Forward Exchange Contracts 
$4,682.7
 0.7 
$4,099.5
 0.8


20212020
30 SeptemberUS$
Notional		Years
Average
Maturity		US$
Notional		Years
Average
Maturity
Forward Exchange Contracts
Cash flow hedges$3,465.2 0.6$2,842.1 0.5
Net investment hedges638.0 3.0636.6 3.8
Not designated692.6 0.11,685.2 0.3
Total Forward Exchange Contracts$4,795.8 0.8$5,163.9 0.8
The decrease in the notional value of forward exchange contracts that are not designated in the table above increased as a result of repayment of intercompany loans prior to their original maturity dates. The outstanding forward exchange contracts no longer qualified as cash flow hedgesis primarily due to the early repayment of the loans. In addition, as a result of changes in our currency exposures, we de-designated a portion of forward exchange contracts previously designated as net investment hedges. To eliminate any future earnings impact from these items, we entered into equal and offsetting forward exchange contracts.maturities.
In addition to the above, weWe also use foreign currency-denominated debt to hedge the foreign currency exposures of our net investment in certain foreign subsidiaries. The designated foreign currency-denominated debt and related accrued interest included €908.8was €1,297.5 million ($1,054.6)1,502.6) at 30 September 20182021 and €912.2€1,288.7 million ($1,077.7)1,510.8) at 30 September 2017.2020. The designated foreign currency-denominated debt is locatedpresented within "Long-term debt" on the consolidated balance sheets in the long-term debt line item.sheets.

Debt Portfolio Management
It is our policy to identify, on a continuing basis, the need for debt capital and to evaluate the financial risks inherent in funding the Company with debt capital. Reflecting the result of this ongoing review, theour debt portfolio and hedging program are managed with the objectives and intent to (1) reduce funding risk with respect to borrowings made by us to preserve our access to debt capital and provide debt capital as required for funding and liquidity purposes, and (2) manage the aggregate interest rate risk and the debt portfolio in accordance with certain debt management parameters.
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Interest Rate Management Contracts
We enter into interest rate swaps to change the fixed/variable interest rate mix of our debt portfolio in order to maintain the percentage of fixed- and variable-rate debt within the parameters set by management. In accordance with these parameters, the agreements are used to manage interest rate risks and costs inherent in our debt portfolio. Our interest rate management portfolio generally consists of fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps (which are designated as fair value hedges), pre-issuance interest rate swaps and treasury locks (which hedge the interest rate risk associated with anticipated fixed-rate debt issuances and are designated as cash flow hedges), and floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps (which are designated as cash flow hedges). AtAs of 30 September 2018,2021, the outstanding interest rate swaps were denominated in U.S. Dollars. The notional amount of the interest rate swap agreements is equal to or less than the designated debt being hedged. When interest rate swaps are used to hedge variable-rate debt, the indices of the swaps and the debt to which they are designated are the same. It is our policy not to enter into any interest rate management contracts which lever a move in interest rates on a greater than one-to-one basis.
Cross Currency Interest Rate Swap Contracts
We enter into cross currency interest rate swap contracts when our risk management function deems necessary. These contracts may entail both the exchange of fixed- and floating-rate interest payments periodically over the life of the agreement and the exchange of one currency for another currency at inception and at a specified future date. The contracts are used to hedge either certain net investments in foreign operations or nonfunctionalnon-functional currency cash flows related to intercompany loans. The current cross currency interest rate swap portfolio consists of fixed-to-fixed swaps primarily between U.S. Dollars and Chinese Renminbi, U.S. Dollars and Chilean Pesos,Indian Rupee, and U.S. Dollars and Indian Rupee.Chilean Pesos.
The following table below summarizes our outstanding interest rate management contracts and cross currency interest rate swaps:
20212020
30 SeptemberUS$
Notional		Average Pay %Average
Receive
%		Years
Average
Maturity		US$
Notional		Average Pay %Average
Receive
%		Years
Average
Maturity
Interest rate swaps (fair value hedge)$200.0 LIBOR2.76 %0.1$200.0 LIBOR2.76 %1.1
Cross currency interest rate swaps (net investment hedge)$210.2 4.32 %3.14 %2.2$201.6 4.27 %3.12 %3.2
Cross currency interest rate swaps (cash flow hedge)$1,005.7 4.98 %2.93 %2.7$1,057.9 4.83 %2.98 %2.5
Cross currency interest rate swaps (not designated)$4.2 5.39 %3.54 %2.2$12.8 5.39 %3.54 %3.2
  30 September 2018 30 September 2017
  
US$
Notional

 Average Pay %
 
Average
Receive
%

 
Years
Average
Maturity
 
US$
Notional

 Average Pay %
 
Average
Receive
%

 
Years
Average
Maturity
Interest rate swaps (fair value hedge) 
$600.0
 LIBOR
 2.60% 1.6 
$600.0
 LIBOR
 2.28% 1.3
Cross currency interest rate swaps (net investment hedge) 
$201.7
 4.42% 2.97% 3.1 
$539.7
 3.27% 2.59% 1.9
Cross currency interest rate swaps (cash flow hedge) 
$1,052.7
 4.99% 2.89% 2.3 
$1,095.7
 4.96% 2.78% 2.4
Cross currency interest rate swaps (not designated) 
$80.2
 4.88% 3.43% 3.9 
$41.6
 3.28% 2.32% 1.7
The table below provides the amounts recorded on the consolidated balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:
Carrying amounts of hedged itemCumulative hedging adjustment, included in carrying amount
30 September2021202020212020
Current portion of long-term debt$400.5 $— $0.5 $— 
Long-term debt— 405.4 — 5.7 
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The table below summarizes the fair value and balance sheet location of our outstanding derivatives:
  Balance Sheet 30 September Balance Sheet 30 September
  Location 2018
 2017
 Location 2018
 2017
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:            
Forward exchange contracts Other receivables 
$24.9
 
$81.7
 Accrued liabilities 
$37.0
 
$82.0
Interest rate management contracts Other receivables 24.3
 11.1
 Accrued liabilities 2.3
 10.7
Forward exchange contracts Other noncurrent assets 19.8
 27.1
 
Other noncurrent
 liabilities
 4.6
 13.8
Interest rate management contracts Other noncurrent assets 48.7
 102.6
 Other noncurrent
liabilities		 11.6
 22.2
Total Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments   
$117.7
 
$222.5
   
$55.5
 
$128.7
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:            
Forward exchange contracts Other receivables 7.9
 1.1
 Accrued liabilities 
$14.9
 
$2.2
Interest rate management contracts Other receivables 4.0
 —
 Accrued liabilities —
 1.0
Forward exchange contracts Other noncurrent assets 16.2
 —
 Other noncurrent liabilities 23.7
 —
Interest rate management contracts Other noncurrent assets .3
 4.2
 Other noncurrent
liabilities		 —
 —
Total Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments   
$28.4
 
$5.3
   
$38.6
 
$3.2
Total Derivatives   
$146.1
 
$227.8
   
$94.1
 
$131.9

derivatives. Refer to Note 14, 13, Fair Value Measurements, which defines fair value, describes the method for measuring fair value, and provides additional disclosures regarding fair value measurements.

30 September Balance Sheet Location20212020 Balance Sheet Location20212020
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Forward exchange contractsOther receivables and current assets$35.1 $51.1 Payables and accrued liabilities$57.2 $22.5 
Interest rate management contractsOther receivables and current assets16.0 14.7 Payables and accrued liabilities5.2 0.4 
Forward exchange contractsOther noncurrent assets5.5 0.8 Other noncurrent
 liabilities		25.2 33.0 
Interest rate management contractsOther noncurrent assets18.1 44.3 Other noncurrent
 liabilities		27.5 1.7 
Total Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments$74.7 $110.9 $115.1 $57.6 
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Forward exchange contractsOther receivables and current assets$8.7 $31.7 Payables and accrued liabilities$6.4 $28.0 
Interest rate management contractsOther noncurrent assets— 0.7 Other noncurrent
 liabilities		— — 
Total Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments$8.7 $32.4 $6.4 $28.0 
Total Derivatives$83.4 $143.3 $121.5 $85.6 
The table below summarizes gains (losses) recognized in other comprehensive income during the period related to our net investment and cash flow hedging relationships:
20212020
Net Investment Hedging Relationships
Forward exchange contracts$11.4 ($15.9)
Foreign currency debt18.1 (100.2)
Cross currency interest rate swaps(7.9)1.9 
Total Amount Recognized in OCI21.6 (114.2)
Tax effects(5.5)28.2 
Net Amount Recognized in OCI$16.1 ($86.0)
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
Forward exchange contracts$12.7 $116.6 
Forward exchange contracts, excluded components(11.7)(15.2)
Other(A)
(6.7)(34.2)
Total Amount Recognized in OCI(5.7)67.2 
Tax effects9.0 (23.7)
Net Amount Recognized in OCI$3.3 $43.5 
(A)Other primarily includes interest rate and cross currency interest rate swaps for which excluded components are recognized in “Payables and accrued liabilities” and “Other receivables and current assets” as a component of accrued interest payable and accrued interest receivable, respectively. These excluded components are recorded in “Other non-operating income (expense), net” over the life of the cross currency interest rate swap. Other also includes the recognition of our share of gains and losses, net of tax, related to interest rate swaps held by our equity affiliates.
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The table below summarizes the gain or losslocation and amounts recognized in income related to our cash flow hedges,and fair value hedges, net investment hedges,hedging relationships by contract type:
SalesCost of SalesInterest ExpenseOther Non-Operating Income (Expense), Net
20212020202120202021202020212020
Total presented in consolidated income statements that includes effects of hedging below$10,323.0 $8,856.3 $7,186.1 $5,858.1 $141.8 $109.3 $73.7 $30.7 
(Gain) Loss Effects of Cash Flow Hedging:
Forward Exchange Contracts:
Amount reclassified from OCI into income($0.8)($0.2)($0.8)($1.0)$— $— $5.2 ($117.9)
Amount excluded from effectiveness testing recognized in earnings based on amortization approach— — — — — — 9.1 17.0 
Other:
Amount reclassified from OCI into income— — — — 5.6 4.2 39.1 22.5 
Total (Gain) Loss Reclassified from OCI to Income(0.8)(0.2)(0.8)(1.0)5.6 4.2 53.4 (78.4)
Tax effects0.2 — 0.5 0.2 (2.1)(1.4)(12.5)18.9 
Net (Gain) Loss Reclassified from OCI to Income($0.6)($0.2)($0.3)($0.8)$3.5 $2.8 $40.9 ($59.5)
(Gain) Loss Effects of Fair Value Hedging:
Other:
Hedged items$— $— $— $— ($5.2)$0.5 $— $— 
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments— — — — 5.2 (0.5)— — 
Total (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 

The table below summarizes the location and amounts recognized in income related to our derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:instruments by contract type:
Other Income (Expense), NetOther Non-Operating Income (Expense), Net
2021202020212020
The Effects of Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Forward Exchange Contracts$2.8 ($1.5)($2.7)$1.1 
Other— — 0.5 0.7 
Total (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income$2.8 ($1.5)($2.2)$1.8 
  Year Ended 30 September
  
Forward
Exchange Contracts
 
Foreign
Currency
Debt
 
Other(A)
 Total
  2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017
Cash Flow Hedges, net of tax:                
Net gain (loss) recognized in OCI (effective portion) 
$2.4
 
$.3
 
$—
 
$—
 
$43.5
 
($12.9) 
$45.9
 
($12.6)
Net (gain) loss reclassified from OCI to sales/cost of sales (effective portion) 7.1
 18.3
 —
 —
 —
 —
 7.1
 18.3
Net (gain) loss reclassified from OCI to other income (expense), net (effective portion) (7.8) (3.8) —
 —
 (33.8) 10.5
 (41.6) 6.7
Net (gain) loss reclassified from OCI to interest expense (effective portion) 1.2
 (2.1) —
 —
 3.9
 2.9
 5.1
 .8
Net (gain) loss reclassified from OCI to other income (expense), net (ineffective portion) (.5) (1.6) —
 —
 (.5) —
 (1.0) (1.6)
Fair Value Hedges:                
Net gain (loss) recognized in interest expense(B)
 
$—
 
$—
 
$—
 
$—
 
($10.1) 
($14.7) 
($10.1) 
($14.7)
Net Investment Hedges, net of tax:                
Net gain (loss) recognized in OCI 
($.6) 
($11.1) 
$10.2
 
($32.8) 
$11.0
 
($15.6) 
$20.6
 
($59.5)
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:                
Net gain (loss) recognized in other income (expense), net(C)
 
($4.0) 
$4.1
 
$—
 
$—
 
($.8) 
($2.4) 
($4.8) 
$1.7
(A)
Other includes the impact on other comprehensive income (OCI) and earnings primarily related to interest rate and cross currency interest rate swaps.
(B)
The impact of fair value hedges noted above was largely offset by recognized gains and losses resulting from the impact of changes in related interest rates on outstanding debt.
(C)
The impact of the non-designated hedges noted above was largely offset by recognized gains and losses resulting from the impact of changes in exchange rates on assets and liabilities denominated in nonfunctional currencies.
The amount of cash flow hedges’ unrealized gains and losses atrelated to cash flow hedges as of 30 September 20182021 that are expected to be reclassified to earnings in the next twelve months is not material.
The cash flows related to all derivative contracts are reported in the operating activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows.
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Credit Risk-Related Contingent Features
Certain derivative instruments are executed under agreements that require us to maintain a minimum credit rating with both Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s. If our credit rating falls below this threshold, the counterparty to the derivative instruments has the right to request full collateralization on the derivatives’ net liability position. The net liability position of derivatives with credit risk-related contingent features was $33.4$53.4 and $30.0 as of 30 September 20182021 and $34.6 as of 30 September 2017.2020, respectively. Because our current credit rating is above the various pre-established thresholds, no collateral has been posted on these liability positions.

Counterparty Credit Risk Management
We execute financial derivative transactions with counterparties that are highly rated financial institutions, all of which are investment grade at this time. Some of our underlying derivative agreements give us the right to require the institution to post collateral if its credit rating falls below the pre-established thresholds with Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s. The collateral that the counterparties would be required to post was $97.6$38.1 and $76.5 as of 30 September 20182021 and $138.5 as of 30 September 2017.2020, respectively. No financial institution is required to post collateral at this time, as all have credit ratings at or above the threshold.

14.13. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair value is defined as an exit price, i.e.,or the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels as follows:
•Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2—Inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3—Inputs that are unobservable for the asset or liability based on our own assumptions (about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability).
•Level 2—Inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
•Level 3—Inputs that are unobservable for the asset or liability based on our own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.
The methods and assumptions used to measure the fair value of financial instruments are as follows:
Short-term Investments
Short-term investments primarily include time deposits with original maturities greater than three months and less than one year. TheWe estimated the fair value of theour short-term investments, which approximates carrying value as of 30 September 2018 and 2017, was determinedthe balance sheet date, using levelLevel 2 inputs within the fair value hierarchy. Level 2 measurements were based on current interest rates for similar investments with comparable credit risk and time to maturity.
Derivatives
The fair value of our interest rate management contracts and forward exchange contracts are quantified using the income approach and are based on estimates using standard pricing models. These models take into accountconsider the value of future cash flows as of the balance sheet date, discounted to a present value using discount factors that match both the time to maturity and currency of the underlying instruments. The computation of the fair values of these instruments is generally performed by the Company. These standard pricing models utilize inputs whichthat are derived from or corroborated by observable market data such as interest rate yield curves as well as currency spot and forward rates. Therefore,rates; therefore, the fair value of our derivatives is classified as a levelLevel 2 measurement. On an ongoing basis, we randomly test a subset of our valuations against valuations received from the transaction’s counterparty to validate the accuracy of our standard pricing models. Counterparties to these derivative contracts are highly rated financial institutions.
Refer to Note 13, 12, Financial Instruments, for a description of derivative instruments, including details onrelated to the balance sheet line classifications.
Long-term Debt, Including Related Party
The fair value of our debt is based on estimates using standard pricing models that take into accountconsider the value of future cash flows as of the balance sheet date, discounted to a present value using discount factors that match
both the time to maturity and currency of the underlying instruments. These standard valuation models utilize observable market data such as interest rate yield curves and currency spot rates. Therefore,rates; therefore, the fair value of our debt is classified as a levelLevel 2 measurement. We generally perform the computation of the fair value of these instruments.

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The carrying values and fair values of financial instruments were as follows:
  30 September 2018 30 September 2017
  Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value 
Assets        
Derivatives        
Forward exchange contracts 
$68.8
 
$68.8
 
$109.9
 
$109.9
Interest rate management contracts 77.3
 77.3
 117.9
 117.9
Liabilities        
Derivatives        
Forward exchange contracts 
$80.2
 
$80.2
 
$98.0
 
$98.0
Interest rate management contracts 13.9
 13.9
 33.9
 33.9
Long-term debt, including current portion 3,758.3
 3,788.2
 3,818.8
 3,928.2

20212020
30 SeptemberCarrying ValueFair ValueCarrying ValueFair Value 
Assets
Derivatives
Forward exchange contracts$49.3 $49.3 $83.6 $83.6 
Interest rate management contracts34.1 34.1 59.7 59.7 
Liabilities
Derivatives
Forward exchange contracts$88.8 $88.8 $83.5 $83.5 
Interest rate management contracts32.7 32.7 2.1 2.1 
Long-term debt, including current portion and related party7,634.8 7,812.2 7,900.1 8,278.4 
The carrying amounts reported on the consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash items, short-term investments, trade receivables, payables and accrued liabilities, accrued income taxes, and short-term borrowings approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Accordingly, these items have been excluded from the above table.
The following table summarizes assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis in thebasis:
20212020
30 SeptemberTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3 
Assets at Fair Value
Derivatives
Forward exchange contracts$49.3 $— $49.3 $— $83.6 $— $83.6 $— 
Interest rate management contracts34.1 — 34.1 — 59.7 — 59.7 — 
Total Assets at Fair Value$83.4 $— $83.4 $— $143.3 $— $143.3 $— 
Liabilities at Fair Value
Derivatives
Forward exchange contracts$88.8 $— $88.8 $— $83.5 $— $83.5 $— 
Interest rate management contracts32.7 — 32.7 — 2.1 — 2.1 — 
Total Liabilities at Fair Value$121.5 $— $121.5 $— $85.6 $— $85.6 $— 

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14. DEBT
The table below summarizes our total outstanding debt as reflected on our consolidated balance sheets:
30 September20212020
Short-term borrowings(A)
$2.4 $7.7 
Current portion of long-term debt(B)
484.5 470.0 
Long-term debt6,875.7 7,132.9 
Long-term debt – related party274.6 297.2 
Total Debt$7,637.2 $7,907.8 
  30 September 2018 30 September 2017
  Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 
Assets at Fair Value                
Derivatives                
Forward exchange contracts 
$68.8
 
$—
 
$68.8
 
$—
 
$109.9
 
$—
 
$109.9
 
$—
Interest rate management contracts 77.3
 —
 77.3
 —
 117.9
 —
 117.9
 —
Total Assets at Fair Value 
$146.1
 
$—
 
$146.1
 
$—
 
$227.8
 
$—
 
$227.8
 
$—
Liabilities at Fair Value                
Derivatives                
Forward exchange contracts 
$80.2
 
$—
 
$80.2
 
$—
 
$98.0
 
$—
 
$98.0
 
$—
Interest rate management contracts 13.9
 —
 13.9
 —
 33.9
 —
 33.9
 —
Total Liabilities at Fair Value 
$94.1
 
$—
 
$94.1
 
$—
 
$131.9
 
$—
 
$131.9
 
$—

(A)Includes bank obligations with weighted average interest rates of 0.6% and 1.6% as of 30 September 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(B)Includes current portion of long-term debt owed to a related party of $83.8 and $41.3 as of 30 September 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Total related party debt, including the current portion, was $358.4 and $338.5 as of 30 September 2021 and 30 September 2020, respectively. This debt primarily relates to a loan with our joint venture partner, Lu’An Clean Energy Company, which partially funded the acquisition of their assets by a consolidated joint venture in 2018.
The following istable below summarizes the coupon interest rates, fiscal year maturities, and carrying amounts of our long-term debt, including current portion and amounts owed to related parties:
30 SeptemberMaturities20212020
Payable in U.S. Dollars
Debentures
8.75%2021$— $18.4 
Medium-term Notes (weighted average rate)
Series E 7.6%202617.2 17.2 
Senior Notes
Note 3.0%2022400.0 400.0 
Note 2.75%2023400.0 400.0 
Note 3.35%2024400.0 400.0 
Note 1.50%2026550.0 550.0 
Note 1.85%2027650.0 650.0 
Note 2.05%2030900.0 900.0 
Note 2.70%2040750.0 750.0 
Note 2.80%2050950.0 950.0 
Other (weighted average rate)
Variable-rate industrial revenue bonds 0.02%2035 to 2050618.9 631.9 
Other 1.57%2024 to 203214.4 — 
Payable in Other Currencies
Eurobonds 0.375%2021— 410.3 
Eurobonds 1.0%2025347.4 351.7 
Eurobonds 0.50%2028579.1 586.2 
Eurobonds 0.80%2032579.1 586.2 
New Taiwan Dollar 1.86%2023 to 2028161.8 — 
Other20230.3 0.6 
Related Party
Chinese Renminbi 5.5%2022 to 2027355.0 338.5 
Chinese Renminbi 5.7%20333.4 — 
Capital Lease Obligations (weighted average rate)
Foreign 11.6%2022 to 20368.1 9.2 
Total Principal Amount7,684.7 7,950.2 
Less: Unamortized discount and debt issuance costs(50.4)(55.8)
Less: Fair value hedge accounting adjustments(A)
0.5 5.7 
Total Long-term Debt7,634.8 7,900.1 
Less: Current portion of long-term debt(484.5)(470.0)
Less: Long-term debt – related party(274.6)(297.2)
Long-term Debt$6,875.7 $7,132.9 
(A)We entered into LIBOR-based interest rate swaps with various financial institutions to hedge a tabular presentationportion of nonrecurringthe 3.0% Senior Note maturing in fiscal year 2022. These interest rate swaps have been designated as fair value measurements along withhedges of the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls:
 30 June 20172017 Loss
 Total Level 1Level 2Level 3
Investment in Equity Affiliate(A)

$68.5
 
$—

$—

$68.5

$79.5
(A)
In fiscal year 2017, we assessed the recoverability of the carrying value of our equity investment in AHG. We estimated the fair value of our investment using weighting of the results of the income and market approaches. An impairment loss was recognized for the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the investment as of 30 June 2017. There have been no events during fiscal year 2018 requiring reassessment of our investment. For additional information, see Note 8, Summarized Financial Information of Equity Affiliates.

During the third quarter ended 30 June 2017, we recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $145.3 and an intangible asset impairment charge of $16.8 associated with our LASA reporting unit.Note. Refer to Note 10, Goodwill, and Note 11, Intangible Assets,12, Financial Instruments, for more information related to these charges and the associated fair value measurement methods and significant inputs/assumptions, which were classified as Level 3 since unobservable inputs were utilized in the fair value measurements.

15. DEBTadditional information.
The tables below summarize our outstanding debt at 30 September 2018 and 2017:
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Total Debt
30 September 2018
 2017
Short-term borrowings 
$54.3
 
$144.0
Current portion of long-term debt 406.6
 416.4
Long-term debt 2,967.4
 3,402.4
Long-term debt – related party(A)
 384.3
 —
Total Debt 
$3,812.6
 
$3,962.8

(A)
Refer to Note 6, Acquisitions, for additional information regarding related party debt.
Short-term Borrowings
Short-term borrowings consisted of bank obligations of $54.3 and $144.0 at 30 September 2018 and 2017, respectively. The weighted average interest rate of short-term borrowings outstanding at 30 September 2018 and 2017 was 5.0% and 4.6%, respectively.

Long-term Debt
30 September 
Fiscal Year
Maturities
 2018
 2017
Payable in U.S. Dollars      
Debentures      
8.75% 2021 
$18.4
 
$18.4
Medium-term Notes (weighted average rate)      
Series E 7.6% 2026 17.2
 17.2
Senior Notes      
Note 1.2% 2018 —
 400.0
Note 4.375% 2019 400.0
 400.0
Note 3.0% 2022 400.0
 400.0
Note 2.75% 2023 400.0
 400.0
Note 3.35% 2024 400.0
 400.0
Other (weighted average rate)
      
Variable-rate industrial revenue bonds 1.51% 2035 to 2050 631.9
 631.9
Other .25% 2019 to 2022 .9
 10.9
Payable in Other Currencies      
Eurobonds 2.0% 2020 348.1
 354.4
Eurobonds .375% 2021 406.2
 413.5
Eurobonds 1.0% 2025 348.1
 354.4
Other 4.3% 2019 to 2023 8.0
 25.8
Related Party(A)
      
Chinese Renminbi 5.5% 2020 to 2026 384.3
 —
Capital Lease Obligations      
United States 5.0% 2018 —
 .2
Foreign 10.4% 2019 to 2036 10.5
 10.6
Total Principal Amount   3,773.6
 3,837.3
Less: Unamortized discount and debt issuance costs   (15.3) (18.5)
Total Long-term Debt   3,758.3
 3,818.8
Less: Current portion of long-term debt   (406.6) (416.4)
Less: Long-term debt – related party   (384.3) —
Long-term Debt   
$2,967.4
 
$3,402.4

(A)
Refer to Note 6, Acquisitions, for additional information regarding related party debt.
MaturitiesPrincipal maturities of long-term debt, including current portion and amounts owed to related party,parties, in each of the next five years and beyondthereafter are as follows:
2022$484.0 
2023475.8 
2024492.5 
2025449.2 
2026662.7 
Thereafter5,120.5 
Total$7,684.7 
2019
$406.6
2020380.9
2021473.9
2022448.3
2023448.8
Thereafter1,615.1
Total
$3,773.6
Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized, was $150.4, $67.2, and $155.9 in fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.

Subsequent Event
In November 2021, we repaid the 3.0% Senior Note of $400, plus interest, on its maturity date.
Debt Covenants
Various debt agreements to which we are a party include financial covenants and other restrictions, including restrictions pertaining to the ability to create property liens and enter into certain sale and leaseback transactions. As of 30 September 2018,2021, we are in compliance with all the financial and other covenants under our debt agreements.
Additional commitments totaling $7.0 are maintained by our foreign subsidiaries, all of which were borrowed and outstanding at 30 September 2018.

Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized, was $123.1, $125.9, and $120.6 in fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.
2017 Credit AgreementFacilities
On 31 March 2017,2021, we entered into a five-year $2,500.0$2,500 revolving credit agreement maturing 31 March 2022 with a syndicate of banks (the “2017“2021 Credit Agreement”), under which senior unsecured debt is available to both the Companyus and certain of itsour subsidiaries. On 28 September 2018, we amended the 2017 Credit Agreement to reduce the maximum borrowing capacity to $2,300.0. No other terms were impacted by the amendment.
The 20172021 Credit Agreement provides a source of liquidity for the Company and supports itsour commercial paper program. The Company’s only financial covenant underin the 20172021 Credit Agreement is a maximum ratio of total debt to total capitalization (total(equal to total debt plus total equity) no greater thannot to exceed 70%. No borrowings were outstanding under the 20172021 Credit Agreement as of 30 September 2018.2021.
LossThe 2021 Credit Agreement replaced our previous five-year $2,300 revolving credit agreement, which was to have matured on Extinguishment31 March 2022. No borrowings were outstanding under the previous agreement as of 30 September 2020 or at the time of its termination. No early termination penalties were incurred.
We have credit facilities available to certain of our foreign subsidiaries totaling $296.7, of which $176.2 was borrowed and outstanding as of 30 September 2021.
2020 Debt Issuance
In fiscal year 2020, we issued U.S. Dollar- and Euro-denominated fixed-rate notes with aggregate principal amounts of $3.8 billion and €1.0 billion, respectively. Our consolidated statement of cash flows for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2016, we exchanged notes issued to us by Versum in anticipation2020 includes long-term debt proceeds of the spin-off. The exchange resulted in a loss$4,895.8 from these issuances.
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Table of $6.9. Refer to Note 4, Materials Technologies Separation, for additional information.Contents

16.15. RETIREMENT BENEFITS
The CompanyWe and certain of itsour subsidiaries sponsor defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution plans that cover a substantial portion of itsour worldwide employees. The principal defined benefit pension plans are the U.S. salaried pension plan and the U.K. pension plan. These plans were closed to new participants in 2005, after which defined contribution plans were offered to new employees. The principal defined contribution plan is the Retirement Savings Plan, in which a substantial portion of the U.S. employees participate. A similar plan is offered to U.K. employees. We also provide other postretirement benefits consisting primarily of healthcare benefits to U.S. retirees who meet age and service requirements.
Defined Benefit Pension Plans
Pension benefits earned are generally based on years of service and compensation during active employment. The components of net periodic (benefit) cost offor our defined benefit pension plans infor fiscal years 2018, 2017,2021, 2020, and 2016 included the following components:2019 were as follows:
 2018 2017 2016
 U.S.
International
 U.S.
International
 U.S.
International
Service cost
$25.5

$25.5
 
$29.0

$25.9
 
$36.5

$24.3
Interest cost107.2
37.3
 107.5
32.2
 110.7
44.3
Expected return on plan assets(201.6)(81.7) (207.7)(75.2) (202.0)(78.3)
Amortization        
Net actuarial loss87.4
40.2
 88.7
54.7
 85.3
35.6
Prior service cost (credit)1.6
—
 2.3
(.1) 2.8
(.2)
Settlements45.0
3.5
 10.5
1.7
 5.1
1.3
Curtailments—
—
 4.3
(1.3) —
(1.1)
Special termination benefits.4
—
 2.8
.4
 2.0
—
Other—
1.5
 —
1.1
 (.3)2.1
Net Periodic Benefit Cost – Total
$65.5

$26.3
 
$37.4

$39.4
 
$40.1

$28.0
Less: Discontinued Operations—
—
 (.7)(4.1) (7.9)(4.4)
Net Periodic Benefit Cost – Continuing Operations
$65.5

$26.3
 
$36.7

$35.3
 
$32.2

$23.6

202120202019
Fiscal Year Ended 30 SeptemberU.S.InternationalU.S.InternationalU.S.International
Service cost$21.3 $23.4 $23.4 $23.3 $21.4 $19.3 
Interest cost68.9 25.2 91.2 24.8 113.4 35.8 
Expected return on plan assets(194.5)(83.4)(188.7)(77.4)(172.5)(75.1)
Prior service cost amortization1.2 — 1.2 — 1.1 — 
Actuarial loss amortization78.5 19.3 83.7 19.5 65.3 10.9 
Settlements1.3 0.5 5.0 0.2 6.2 0.2 
Special termination benefits— — — — 0.7 0.1 
Other— 1.0 — 0.8 — 0.8 
Net Periodic (Benefit) Cost($23.3)($14.0)$15.8 ($8.8)$35.6 ($8.0)

As discussed in Note 2, New Accounting Guidance, we early adopted guidance on the presentation of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost during the first quarter of fiscal year 2018. The amendments require the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost to be presented within the same line items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by employees during the period. Accordingly, ourOur service costs are primarily included within "Cost of sales" and "Selling and administrative expense"administrative" on our consolidated income statements. The amount of service costs capitalized in fiscal years 2021, 2020 and 2019 were not material. The non-service related costs, including pension settlement losses, are presented outside operating income within "Other non-operating income (expense), net." The amount of service costs capitalized in fiscal year 2018 and the amount of net periodic benefit costs capitalized in fiscal years 2017 and 2016 were not material.
During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2018, we recognized a pension settlement loss of $43.7 primarily resulting from the transfer of certain pension payment obligations for our U.S. salaried and hourly plans to an insurer through the purchase of an irrevocable, nonparticipating group annuity contract with plan assets on 17 September 2018. The transaction does not change the amount of the monthly pension benefits received by affected retirees.
Certain of our pension plans provide for a lump sum benefit payment option at the time of retirement, or for corporate officers, six months after their retirement date. A participant’s vested benefit is considered settled upon cash payment of the lump sum. We recognize pension settlement losses when cash payments exceed the sum of the service and interest cost components of net periodic benefit cost of the plan for the fiscal year. We recognized pension settlement losses of $10.5$1.3, $5.0 and $5.1$6.2 in fiscal years 20172021, 2020 and 2016,2019, respectively, to accelerate recognition of a portion of actuarial losses deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss primarily associated with the U.S. Supplementary Pension Plan.supplementary pension plan.
We calculate net periodic benefit cost for a given fiscal year based on assumptions developed at the end of the previous fiscal year. The following table sets forth the weighted average assumptions used in the calculation of net periodic benefit cost:
 202120202019
  U.S.InternationalU.S.InternationalU.S.International
Discount rate – Service cost3.0 %1.6 %3.3 %1.5 %4.3 %2.5 %
Discount rate – Interest cost2.1 %1.2 %2.9 %1.3 %4.0 %2.2 %
Expected return on plan assets6.8 %4.7 %7.0 %5.0 %7.0 %5.3 %
Rate of compensation increase3.5 %3.3 %3.5 %3.3 %3.5 %3.5 %
 2018 2017 2016
  U.S.
International
 U.S.
International
 U.S.
International
Discount rate – Service cost3.9%2.6% 3.6%2.1% 4.5%3.4%
Discount rate – Interest cost3.3%2.2% 3.0%1.8% 3.6%2.9%
Expected return on plan assets7.5%5.8% 8.0%6.1% 8.0%6.3%
Rate of compensation increase3.5%3.6% 3.5%3.5% 3.5%3.5%
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Table of Contents
The projected benefit obligation (PBO)("PBO") is the actuarial present value of benefits attributable to employee service rendered to date, including the effects of estimated future salary increases. The following table sets forth the weighted average assumptions used in the calculation of the PBO:
  2018 2017
  U.S.
 International
 U.S.
 International
Discount rate 4.3% 2.5% 3.8% 2.4%
Rate of compensation increase 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.6%


20212020
U.S.InternationalU.S.International
Discount rate2.9 %1.8 %2.7 %1.5 %
Rate of compensation increase3.5 %3.3 %3.5 %3.3 %
The following tables reflect the change in the PBO and the change in the fair value of plan assets based on the plan year measurement date, as well as the amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets:
20212020
U.S.InternationalU.S.International
Change in Projected Benefit Obligation
Obligation at beginning of year$3,423.8 $1,949.7 $3,281.6 $1,864.0 
Service cost21.3 23.4 23.4 23.3 
Interest cost68.9 25.2 91.2 24.8 
Amendments0.5 — 1.6 — 
Actuarial (gain) loss(17.7)(30.9)190.5 (11.6)
Settlements(3.0)(1.8)(11.7)(0.9)
Special termination benefits— — — — 
Participant contributions— 1.3 — 1.2 
Benefits paid(158.5)(52.8)(152.5)(49.8)
Currency translation and other— 55.5 (0.3)98.7 
Obligation at End of Year$3,335.3 $1,969.6 $3,423.8 $1,949.7 
  2018 2017
  U.S.
 International
 U.S.
 International
Change in Projected Benefit Obligation        
Obligation at beginning of year 
$3,357.7
 
$1,749.5
 
$3,477.7
 
$1,849.6
Service cost 25.5
 25.5
 29.0
 25.9
Interest cost 107.2
 37.3
 107.5
 32.2
Amendments .1
 .7
 1.9
 —
Actuarial gain (217.8) (33.9) (68.0) (132.4)
Divestitures —
 —
 —
 (34.1)
Curtailments —
 —
 (17.3) (4.2)
Settlements (193.0) (24.6) 7.0
 —
Special termination benefits .4
 —
 2.8
 —
Participant contributions —
 1.4
 —
 1.4
Benefits paid (157.3) (51.3) (182.9) (46.5)
Currency translation/other —
 (44.1) —
 57.6
Obligation at End of Year 
$2,922.8
 
$1,660.5
 
$3,357.7
 
$1,749.5
20212020
U.S.InternationalU.S.International
Change in Plan Assets
Fair value at beginning of year$3,048.3 $1,726.8 $2,832.4 $1,672.4 
Actual return on plan assets450.0 140.1 364.6 (3.1)
Company contributions6.9 37.7 15.5 22.0 
Participant contributions— 1.3 — 1.2 
Benefits paid(158.5)(52.8)(152.5)(49.8)
Settlements(3.0)(1.8)(11.7)(0.9)
Currency translation and other— 53.7 — 85.0 
Fair Value at End of Year$3,343.7 $1,905.0 $3,048.3 $1,726.8 
Funded Status at End of Year$8.4 ($64.6)($375.5)($222.9)

20212020
U.S.InternationalU.S.International
Amounts Recognized
Noncurrent assets$90.5 $128.7 $26.5 $— 
Accrued liabilities19.6 0.5 10.5 0.2 
Noncurrent liabilities62.5 192.8 391.5 222.7 
Net Asset (Liability) Recognized$8.4 ($64.6)($375.5)($222.9)
  2018 2017
  U.S.
 International
 U.S.
 International
Change in Plan Assets        
Fair value at beginning of year 
$2,869.2
 
$1,540.0
 
$2,705.3
 
$1,411.1
Actual return on plan assets 150.2
 115.5
 319.6
 87.9
Company contributions 14.6
 53.7
 27.2
 42.2
Participant contributions —
 1.4
 —
 1.4
Divestitures —
 —
 —
 (3.0)
Benefits paid (157.3) (51.3) (182.9) (46.5)
Settlements (191.8) (24.6) —
 (5.3)
Currency translation/other —
 (46.5) —
 52.2
Fair Value at End of Year 
$2,684.9
 
$1,588.2
 
$2,869.2
 
$1,540.0
Funded Status at End of Year 
($237.9) 
($72.3) 
($488.5) 
($209.5)
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Amounts Recognized        
Noncurrent assets 
$28.2
 
$103.5
 
$5.3
 
$13.1
Accrued liabilities 23.5
 1.2
 12.6
 —
Noncurrent liabilities 242.6
 174.6
 481.2
 222.6
Net Liability Recognized 
$237.9
 
$72.3
 
$488.5
 
$209.5


Settlements in the table above primarily reflect the impact of the transfer of certain pension obligations and plan assets of our U.S. salaried and hourly plans to an insurer through the purchase of an irrevocable, nonparticipating group annuity contract in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2018.

The changes in plan assets and benefit obligation that have been recognized in other comprehensive income on a pretax basis during fiscal years 20182021 and 20172020 consist of the following:
  2018 2017
  U.S.
 International
 U.S.
 International
Net actuarial gain arising during the period 
($167.7) 
($64.6) 
($189.8) 
($162.0)
Amortization of net actuarial loss (132.4) (43.7) (103.3) (55.7)
Prior service cost arising during the period .1
 .7
 1.9
 —
Amortization of prior service cost (1.6) —
 (2.3) .1
Total 
($301.6) 
($107.6) 
($293.5) 
($217.6)

20212020
U.S.InternationalU.S.International
Net actuarial (gain)/loss arising during the period($273.2)($87.6)$14.6 $68.9 
Amortization of net actuarial loss(79.8)(19.8)(88.7)(19.7)
Prior service cost arising during the period0.5 — 1.6 — 
Amortization of prior service cost(1.2)— (1.2)— 
Total($353.7)($107.4)($73.7)$49.2 
The net actuarial gain representsgains and losses represent the actual changes in the estimated obligation and plan assets that have not yet been recognized in the consolidated income statements and are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Actuarial gains arising during fiscal year 20182021 are primarily attributable to higher discount rates and higher than expected return on plan assets.assets and higher discount rates. Accumulated actuarial gains and losses that exceed a corridor are amortized over the average remaining service period of active U.S. participants, which was approximately eightseven years as of 30 September 2018.2021. For U.K. participants, accumulated actuarial gains and losses that exceed a corridor are amortized over the average remaining life expectancy, which was approximately 26twenty-four years as of 30 September 2018.2021.
The components recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss on a pretax basis at 30 September consisted of the following:
  2018 2017
  U.S.
 International
 U.S.
 International
Net actuarial loss 
$680.4
 
$443.6
 
$980.5
 
$551.9
Prior service cost (credit) 6.6
 (1.1) 8.1
 (1.8)
Net transition liability —
 .4
 —
 .4
Total 
$687.0
 
$442.9
 
$988.6
 
$550.5

The amount of accumulated other comprehensive loss at 30 September 2018 that is expected to be recognized as a component of net periodic pension cost during fiscal year 2019, excluding discontinued operations and amounts that may be recognized through settlement losses, is as follows:
  U.S.
 International
Net actuarial loss 
$65.1
 
$11.2
Prior service cost (credit) 1.0
 (.2)

20212020
U.S.InternationalU.S.International
Net actuarial loss$444.7 $535.8 $797.7 $643.2 
Prior service cost6.3 3.6 7.0 3.6 
Net transition liability— 0.4 — 0.4 
Total$451.0 $539.8 $804.7 $647.2 
The accumulated benefit obligation (ABO)("ABO") is the actuarial present value of benefits attributed to employee service rendered to a particular date, based on current salaries. The ABO for all defined benefit pension plans was $4,376.4$5,140.0 and $4,842.8$5,166.5 as of 30 September 20182021 and 2017,2020, respectively.

The following table provides information on pension plans where the benefit liability exceeds the value of plan assets:
 30 September 2018 30 September 2017
 U.S.
International
 U.S.
International
Pension Plans with PBO in Excess of Plan Assets:     
PBO
$2,733.6

$452.6
 
$3,116.7

$465.7
Fair value of plan assets2,467.5
276.8
 2,623.0
243.1
Pension Plans with ABO in Excess of Plan Assets:     
ABO
$2,608.6

$357.9
 
$2,951.0

$365.6
Fair value of plan assets2,467.5
228.2
 2,623.0
197.1

20212020
30 SeptemberU.S.InternationalU.S.International
Pension Plans with PBO in Excess of Plan Assets:
PBO$82.1 $456.6 $3,202.2 $1,949.7 
Fair value of plan assets— 263.4 2,800.3 1,726.7 
PBO in excess of plan assets$82.1 $193.2 $401.9 $223.0 
Pension Plans with ABO in Excess of Plan Assets:
ABO$79.2 $416.8 $3,081.4 $475.8 
Fair value of plan assets— 263.4 2,800.3 324.4 
ABO in excess of plan assets$79.2 $153.4 $281.1 $151.4 
The tables above include several pension arrangements that are not funded because of jurisdictional practice. The ABO and PBO related to these plans as of 30 September 20182021 were $92.8$86.2 and $100.9,$91.7, respectively. As of 30 September 2021, the U.S. salaried and U.K. pension plans had plan assets in excess of both PBO and ABO resulting in a decrease to the U.S. and International balances presented above. As of 30 September 2020, the PBO of these plans exceeded the fair value of plan assets.
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Table of Contents
Pension Plan Assets
Our pension plan investment strategy is to invest in diversified portfolios to earn a long-term return consistent with acceptable risk in order to pay retirement benefits and meet regulatory funding requirements while minimizing company cash contributions over time. De-risking strategies are also employed for closed plans as funding improves, generally resulting in higher allocations to long duration bonds. The plans invest primarily in passive and actively managed equity and debt securities. Equity investments are diversified geographically and by investment style and market capitalization. Fixed income investments include sovereign, corporate and asset-backed securities generally denominated in the currency of the plan.
Asset allocation targets are established based on the long-term return, volatility and correlation characteristics of the asset classes, the profiles of the plans’ liabilities, and acceptable levels of risk. Actual allocations vary from target due to market changes and are reviewed regularly. Assets are routinely rebalanced through contributions, benefit payments, and otherwise as deemed appropriate. The actual and target allocations at the measurement date are as follows:
  2018 Target Allocation 2018 Actual Allocation 2017 Actual Allocation
  U.S. International U.S.
 International
 U.S.
 International
Asset Category                
Equity securities 38-48% 40-49% 41% 46% 58% 53%
Debt securities 44-54% 50-60% 50% 53% 34% 46%
Real estate/other —-10% —-—% 8% —% 7% 1%
Cash   —%   —% 1% 1% 1% —%
Total         100% 100% 100% 100%

2021 Target Allocation2021 Actual Allocation2020 Actual Allocation
U.S.InternationalU.S.InternationalU.S.International
Asset Category
Equity securities20 - 35%29 - 38%30 %36 %51 %43 %
Debt securities61 - 76%62 - 71%64 %63 %43 %56 %
Real estate and other— - 10%— %6 %— %5 %— %
Cash— %2 %— %1 %1 %1 %
Total100 %100 %100 %100 %
In fiscal year 2018,2021, the 7.5%6.75% expected return for U.S. plan assets was based on a weighted average of estimated long-term returns of major asset classes and the historical performance of plan assets. The estimated long-term return for equity, debt securities, and real estate is 8.0%, 5.4%, and 6.9%, respectively. In determining asset class returns, we take into account historical long-term returns and the value of active management, as well as other economic and market factors.
In fiscal year 2018,2021, the 5.8%4.73% expected rate of return for international plan assets was based on a weighted average return for plans outside the U.S., which vary significantly in size, asset structure and expected returns. The expected asset return for the U.K. plan, which represents over 80% of the assets of our International plans, is 6.2%5.30% and was derived from expected equity and debt security returnsreturns.
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Table of 7.4% and 2.7%, respectively.Contents

The following table below summarizes pension plan assets measured at fair value by asset class (see Note 14, 13, Fair Value Measurements, for definition of the levels):
20212020
30 SeptemberTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
U.S. Qualified Pension Plans
Cash and cash equivalents$14.8 $14.8 $— $— $16.9 $16.9 $— $— 
Equity securities325.3 325.3 — — 573.9 573.9 — — 
Equity mutual funds243.4 243.4 — — 213.1 213.1 — — 
Equity pooled funds448.7 — 448.7 — 762.0 — 762.0 — 
Fixed income:
Bonds (government
and corporate)
2,125.6 — 2,125.6 — 1,312.7 — 1,312.7 — 
Total U.S. Qualified Pension Plans at Fair Value$3,157.8 $583.5 $2,574.3 $— $2,878.6 $803.9 $2,074.7 $— 
Real estate pooled funds(A)
185.9 169.7 
Total U.S. Qualified Pension Plans$3,343.7 $3,048.3 
International Pension Plans
Cash and cash equivalents$16.8 $16.8 $— $— $13.9 $13.9 $— $— 
Equity pooled funds676.4 — 676.4 — 746.8 — 746.8 — 
Fixed income pooled funds948.5 — 948.5 — 694.1 — 694.1 — 
Other pooled funds16.7 — 16.7 — 15.5 — 15.5 — 
Insurance contracts246.6 — — 246.6 256.5 — — 256.5 
Total International Pension Plans$1,905.0 $16.8 $1,641.6 $246.6 $1,726.8 $13.9 $1,456.4 $256.5 
 30 September 2018 30 September 2017
 TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3 TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
U.S. Qualified Pension Plans         
Cash and cash equivalents
$13.8

$13.8

$—

$—
 
$13.6

$13.6

$—

$—
Equity securities397.9
397.9
—
—
 598.6
598.6
—
—
Equity mutual funds173.8
173.8
—
—
 276.5
276.5
—
—
Equity pooled funds545.2
—
545.2
—
 787.0
—
787.0
—
Fixed income:         
Bonds (government
and corporate)
1,344.6
—
1,344.6
—
 985.7
—
985.7
—
Total U.S. Qualified Pension Plans at Fair Value
$2,475.3

$585.5

$1,889.8

$—
 
$2,661.4

$888.7

$1,772.7

$—
Real estate pooled funds(A)

$209.6
    
$207.8
   
Total U.S. Qualified Pension Plans
$2,684.9




  
$2,869.2




 
International Pension Plans         
Cash and cash equivalents
$15.8

$15.8

$—

$—
 
$7.3

$7.3

$—

$—
Equity pooled funds727.9
—
727.9
—
 821.4
—
821.4
—
Fixed income pooled funds615.2
—
615.2
—
 651.3
—
651.3
—
Other pooled funds11.6
—
11.6
—
 18.6
—
10.8
7.8
Insurance contracts217.7
—
—
217.7
 41.4
—
—
41.4
Total International Pension Plans
$1,588.2

$15.8

$1,354.7

$217.7
 
$1,540.0

$7.3

$1,483.5

$49.2

(A)Real estate pooled funds consist of funds that invest in properties. These funds generally allow for quarterly redemption with 30 days' notice. Timing for redemption could be delayed based on the priority of our request and the availability of funds. Interests in these funds are valued using the net asset value ("NAV") per share practical expedient and are not classified in the fair value hierarchy.
(A)
Real estate pooled funds consist of funds that invest in properties. Interests in these funds are valued using the net asset value ("NAV") per share practical expedient and are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. During fiscal year 2018, we identified that these investments were improperly included in the fair value hierarchy table of our 2017 Form 10-K. Accordingly, we have updated the prior period to conform with the appropriate current year presentation.
The following table below summarizes changes in fair value of the pension plan assets classified as Level 3, by asset class:which is comprised of investments in insurance contracts:
Balance at 30 September 2019$254.1 
Actual return on plan assets:
Assets held at end of year2.4 
Balance at 30 September 2020$256.5 
Actual return on plan assets:
Assets held at end of year(7.9)
Purchases, sales, and settlements, net(2.0)
Balance at 30 September 2021$246.6
  
Other
Pooled Funds

 
Insurance
Contracts

 Total
30 September 2016 
$7.3
 
$45.8
 
$53.1
Actual return on plan assets:      
Assets held at end of year 1.2
 (1.0) .2
Assets sold during the period .3
 —
 .3
Purchases, sales, and settlements, net (1.0) (3.4) (4.4)
30 September 2017 
$7.8
 
$41.4
 
$49.2
Actual return on plan assets:      
Assets held at end of year —
 .9
 .9
Assets sold during the period .5
 —
 .5
Purchases, sales, and settlements, net (8.3) 175.4
 167.1
30 September 2018 
$—
 
$217.7
 
$217.7
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The descriptions and fair value methodologies for the U.S. and International pension plan assets are as follows:
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents approximate fair value due to the short-term maturity.
Equity Securities
Equity securities are valued at the closing market price reported on a U.S. or international exchange where the security is actively traded and are therefore classified as Level 1 assets.
Equity Mutual and Pooled Funds
Shares of mutual funds are valued at the net asset value (NAV) ofdaily closing price as reported by the fundfund. The mutual funds are required to publish their daily NAV and to transact at that price. The mutual funds are deemed to be actively traded and are classified as Level 1 assets. Units of pooled funds are valued at the per unit NAV determined by the fund manager based on the value of the underlying traded holdings and are classified as Level 2 assets.
Corporate and Government Bonds
Corporate and government bonds are classified as Level 2 assets, as they are either valued at quoted market prices from observable pricing sources at the reporting date or valued based upon comparable securities with similar yields and credit ratings.
Fixed Income Pooled Funds
Fixed income pooled funds are classified as Level 2 assets, as they are valued at the NAV of the shares held at year end, which is determined by the fund manager based on quoted market pricing from observable pricing sources at the reporting date or valued based upon comparable securities with similar yields, credit ratings, or factors. Fixed income pooled funds may hold government bonds, index linked bonds, corporate bonds, cash and derivative instruments.
Other Pooled Funds
Other pooled funds are classified as Level 2 assets, as they are valued at the NAV of the shares held at year end, which is based on the fair value of the underlying investments. Securities and interests classified as Level 3 are carried at the estimated fair value. The estimated fair value is based on the fair value of the underlying investment values, which includes estimated bids from brokers or other third-party vendor sources that utilize expected cash flow streams and other uncorroborated data including counterparty credit quality, default risk, discount rates, and the overall capital market liquidity.
Insurance Contracts
Insurance contracts are classified as Level 3 assets, as they are carried at contract value, which approximates the estimated fair value. The estimated fair value is based on the fair value of the underlying investment of the insurance company and discount rates that require inputs with limited observability.
Contributions and Projected Benefit Payments
Pension contributions to funded plans and benefit payments for unfunded plans for fiscal year 20182021 were $68.3.$44.6. Contributions for funded plans resulted primarily from contractual and regulatory requirements. Benefit payments to unfunded plans were due primarily to the timing of retirements. We anticipate contributing $45$40 to $65$50 to the defined benefit pension plans in fiscal year 2019.2022. These contributions are anticipated to be driven primarily by contractual and regulatory requirements for funded plans and benefit payments for unfunded plans, which are dependent upon timing of retirements.
Projected benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, are as follows:
  U.S.
 International
2019 
$165.5
 
$52.8
2020 152.4
 53.9
2021 157.0
 55.6
2022 163.7
 56.0
2023 167.9
 60.6
2024-2028 900.2
 336.8

U.S.International
2022$179.3 $56.8 
2023170.4 60.2 
2024174.3 64.0 
2025178.1 64.6 
2026180.7 68.3 
2027-2031936.5 375.9 
These estimated benefit payments are based on assumptions about future events. Actual benefit payments may vary significantly from these estimates.

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On 26 October 2018, the United Kingdom High Court issued a ruling in a case relating to equalization of pension plan participants’ benefits for the gender effects of Guaranteed Minimum Pensions ("GMP equalization"). The ruling relates to the Lloyds Banking Group pension plans but impacts other U.K. defined benefit pension plans. We are still assessing the impact of this ruling. If we determine that the ruling impacts our U.K. pension plan, the approach to achieve GMP equalization may retroactively increase our benefit obligation for some participants in the plan and may impact funding requirements.
Defined Contribution Plans
We maintain a nonleveragednon-leveraged employee stock ownership plan (ESOP)("ESOP") which forms part of the Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Retirement Savings Plan (RSP)("RSP"). The ESOP was established in May of 2002. The balance of the RSP is a qualified defined contribution plan including a 401(k) elective deferral component. A substantial portion of U.S. employees are eligible and participate.
We treat dividends paid on ESOP shares as ordinary dividends. Under existing tax law, we may deduct dividends which are paid with respect to shares held by the plan. Shares of the Company’sour common stock in the ESOP totaled 2,378,3361,941,938 as of 30 September 2018.2021.
Our contributions to the RSP include a Company core contribution for certain eligible employees who do not receive their primary retirement benefit from the defined benefit pension plans, with the core contribution based on a percentage of pay that is dependent on years of service. For the RSP, we also make matching contributions on overall employee contributions as a percentage of the employee contribution and include an enhanced contribution for certain eligible employees that do not participate in the defined benefit pension plans. Worldwide contributions excluding discontinued operations, expensed to income in fiscal years 2018, 2017,2021, 2020, and 20162019 were $34.2, $33.7,$53.3, $45.6, and $34.6,$40.6, respectively.
Other Postretirement Benefits
We provide other postretirement benefits consisting primarily of healthcare benefits to certain U.S. retirees who meet age and service requirements. The healthcare benefit is a continued medical benefit until the retiree reaches age 65. Healthcare benefits are contributory, with contributions adjusted periodically. The retiree medical costs are capped at a specified dollar amount, with the retiree contributing the remainder. The cost of these benefits werewas not material in fiscal years 2018, 2017,2021, 2020, and 2016.2019. Accumulated postretirement benefit obligations as of the end of fiscal years 20182021 and 20172020 were $56.4$27.4 and $67.0,$38.6, respectively, of which $9.4$5.5 and $10.0$7.2 were current obligations, respectively.
TheWe recognize changes in other postretirement benefit plan obligations that have been recognized in other comprehensive income on a pretax basis duringbasis. In fiscal years 20182021 and 2017 were2020, we recognized gains of $3.1 and $10.7 that arose during the periods, respectively,period of $5.4 and $.3 and $.2 of$1.3, respectively. There was $1.8 net actuarial lossgain amortization respectively. in fiscal year 2021 and no actuarial gain amortization in 2020 as the corridor for the plan was not exceeded.
The net actuarial lossgain recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss on a pretax basis was $4.4 at$6.6 and $3.0 as of 30 September 20182021 and $7.8 at 30 September 2017.2020, respectively.
Expected per capita claims costs are currently assumed to be greater than the annual cap; therefore, the assumed healthcare cost trend rate, ultimate trend rate, and the year the ultimate trend rate is reached have no impact on plan obligations.


17.16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
LITIGATIONLitigation
We are involved in various legal proceedings, including commercial, competition, environmental, health, safety,intellectual property, regulatory, product liability, and insurance matters. We do not currently believe there are any legal proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, that are reasonably possible to have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
In September 2010, the Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense ("CADE") issued a decision against our Brazilian subsidiary, Air Products Brasil Ltda., and several other Brazilian industrial gas companies for alleged anticompetitive activities. CADE imposed a civil fine of R$179.2 million (approximately $44$33 at 30 September 2018)2021) on Air Products Brasil Ltda. This fine was based on a recommendation by a unit of the Brazilian Ministry of Justice, whosefollowing an investigation beganbeginning in 2003, allegingwhich alleged violation of competition laws with respect to the sale of industrial and medical gases. The fines are based on a percentage of our total revenue in Brazil in 2003.
We have denied the allegations made by the authorities and filed an appeal in October 2010 with the Brazilian courts. On 6 May 2014, our appeal was granted and the fine against Air Products Brasil Ltda. was dismissed. CADE has appealed that ruling and the matter remains pending. We, with advice of our outside legal counsel, have assessed the status of this matter and have concluded that, although an adverse final judgment after exhausting all appeals is possible, such a judgment is not probable. As a result, no provision has been made in the consolidated financial statements. WeIn the event of an adverse final judgment, we estimate the maximum possible loss to be the full amount of the fine of R$179.2 million (approximately $44$33 at 30 September 2018)2021) plus interest accrued thereon until final disposition of the proceedings.
Other than this matter, we do not currently believe there are any legal proceedings, individually or
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Additionally, Winter Storm Uri, a severe winter weather storm in the aggregate, thatU.S. Gulf Coast in February 2021, disrupted our operations and caused power and natural gas prices to spike significantly in Texas. We are currently in the early stages of litigation of a dispute regarding energy management services related to the impact of this unusual event, and other disputes may arise from such power price increases. In addition, legislative action may affect power supply and energy management charges. While it is reasonably possible that we could incur additional costs related to have a material impact on our financial condition, resultspower supply and energy management services in Texas related to the winter storm, it is too early to estimate potential losses, if any, given significant unknowns resulting from the unusual nature of operations, or cash flows.this event.
ENVIRONMENTALEnvironmental
In the normal course of business, we are involved in legal proceedings under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA:("CERCLA," the federal Superfund law);, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA);("RCRA"), and similar state and foreign environmental laws relating to the designation of certain sites for investigation or remediation. Presently, there are 3231 sites on which a final settlement has not been reached where we, along with others, have been designated a potentially responsible party by the Environmental Protection Agencyenvironmental authorities or are otherwise engaged in investigation or remediation, including cleanup activity at certain of our current and former manufacturing sites. We continually monitor these sites for which we have environmental exposure.
Accruals for environmental loss contingencies are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The consolidated balance sheets at 30 September 20182021 and 20172020 included an accrual of $76.8$76.7 and $83.6,$84.7, respectively, primarily as part of other noncurrent liabilities. The environmental liabilities will be paid over a period of up to 30 years. We estimate the exposure for environmental loss contingencies to range from $76 to a reasonably possible upper exposure of $90 as of 30 September 2018.2021.
Actual costs to be incurred at identified sites in future periods may vary from the estimates, given inherent uncertainties in evaluating environmental exposures. Using reasonably possible alternative assumptions of the exposure level could result in an increase to the environmental accrual. Due to the inherent uncertainties related to environmental exposures, a significant increase to the reasonably possible upper exposure level could occur if a new site is designated, the scope of remediation is increased, a different remediation alternative is identified, or a significant increase in our proportionate share occurs. We do not expect that any sum we may have to pay in connection with environmental matters in excess of the amounts recorded or disclosed above would have a material adverse impact on our financial position or results of operations in any one year.
Pace
At 30 September 2018, $26.02021, $39.8 of the environmental accrual was related to the Pace facility.
In 2006, we sold our Amines business, which included operations at Pace, Florida, and recognized a liability for retained environmental obligations associated with remediation activities at Pace. We are required by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP)("FDEP") and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)("USEPA") to continue our remediation efforts. We estimated that it would take a substantial period of time to complete the groundwater remediation, and the costs through completion were estimated to range from $42 to $52. As no amount within the range was a better estimate than another, we recognized a before-tax expense of $42 in fiscal year 2006 as a component of incomein results from discontinued operations and recorded an environmental accrual of $42 in continuing operations on the consolidated balance sheets.
During the second quarter of fiscal year 2020, we completed an updated cost review of the environmental remediation status at the Pace facility. The review was completed in conjunction with requirements to maintain financial assurance per the Consent Order issued by the FDEP discussed below. Based on our review, we expect ongoing activities to continue for 30 years. Additionally, we will require near-term spending to install new groundwater recovery wells and ancillary equipment, in addition to future capital to consider the extended time horizon for remediation at the site. As a result of these changes, we increased our environmental accrual for this site by $19 in continuing operations on the consolidated balance sheets and recognized a before-tax expense of $19 in results from discontinued operations in the second quarter of fiscal year 2020. There has been no change to the estimated exposure range related to the Pace facility.facility in fiscal year 2021.

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We have implemented many of the remedial corrective measures at the Pace facility required under 1995 Consent Orders issued by the FDEP and the USEPA. Contaminated soils have been bioremediated, and the treated soils have been secured in a lined on-site disposal cell.corrective action management unit. Several groundwater recovery systems have been installed to contain and remove contamination from groundwater. We completed an extensive assessment of the site to determine how wellthe efficacy of existing measures, are working, what additional corrective measures may be needed, and whether newer remediation technologies that were not available in the 1990s might be suitable to more quickly and effectively remove groundwater contaminants.remediate groundwater. Based on assessment results, we completed a focused feasibility study that has identified alternative approaches that may more effectively remove contaminants. We continue to review alternative remedial approaches with the FDEP and have started additional field work to support the design of an improved groundwater recovery network with the objective of targeting areas of higher contaminant concentration and avoiding areas of high groundwater iron which has proven to be a significant operability issue for the project. In the first quarter of 2015, we entered into a new Consent Order with the FDEP requiring us to continue our remediation efforts at the Pace facility. Thefacility, along with the completion of a cost review every 5 years. In the second quarter of fiscal year 2020, we completed an updated cost review which resulted in a change in assumptions regarding future operating costs we are incurring under the new Consent Order are consistent with our previous estimates.as discussed above.
Piedmont
At 30 September 2018, $15.72021, $9.5 of the environmental accrual was related to the Piedmont site.
On 30 June 2008, we sold our Elkton, Maryland, and Piedmont, South Carolina, production facilities and the related North American atmospheric emulsions and global pressure sensitive adhesives businesses. In connection with the sale, we recognized a liability for retained environmental obligations associated with remediation activities at the Piedmont site. This site is under active remediation for contamination caused by an insolvent prior owner.
We are required by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC)("SCDHEC") to address both contaminated soil and groundwater. Numerous areas of soil contamination have been addressed, and contaminated groundwater is being recovered and treated. The SCDHEC issued its final approval to the site-wide feasibility study on 13 June 2017 and the Record of Decision for the site on 27 June 2018. Field work has started to support the remedial design, and in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2018, after which we signed a Consent Agreement Amendment memorializing our obligations to complete the cleanup of the site. Remediation has started in accordance with the design, which includes in-situ chemical oxidation treatment, as well as the installation of a soil vapor extraction system to remove volatile organic compounds from the unsaturated soils beneath the impacted areas of the plant. We estimate that source area remediation and groundwater recovery and treatment will continue through 2029. Thereafter, we expect this site to go into a state of monitored natural attenuation through 2047.
We recognized a before-tax expense of $24 in 2008 as a component of income from discontinued operations and recorded an environmental liability of $24 in continuing operations on the consolidated balance sheets. There have been no significant changes to the estimated exposure.
Pasadena
At 30 September 2018, $11.72021, $11.2 of the environmental accrual was related to the Pasadena site.
During the fourth quarter of 2012, management committed to permanently shutting down our polyurethane intermediates (PUI)("PUI") production facility in Pasadena, Texas. In shutting down and dismantling the facility, we have undertaken certain obligations related to soil and groundwater contaminants. We have been pumping and treating groundwater to control off-site contaminant migration in compliance with regulatory requirements and under the approval of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)("TCEQ"). We estimate that the pump and treat system will continue to operate until 2042.
We plan to perform additional work to address other environmental obligations at the site. This additional work includes remediating, as required, impacted soils, investigating groundwater west of the former PUI facility, performing post closure care for two closed RCRA surface impoundment units, and establishing engineering controls.controls, and performing a pilot study to treat impacted soils. In 2012, we estimated the total exposure at this site to be $13. There have been no significant changes to the estimated exposure.

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ASSET RETIREMENT OBLIGATIONSAsset Retirement Obligations
Our asset retirement obligations are primarily associated with long-term on-site long-term supply contracts under which we have built a facility on land owned by the customer and are obligated to remove the facility at the end of the contract term. The retirement of assets includes the contractually required removal of a long-lived asset from service and encompasses the sale, removal, abandonment, recycling, or disposal of the assets as required at the end of the contract terms.term. These obligations are primarily reflected inwithin "Other noncurrent liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheets. The timing and/or method of settlement of these obligations are conditional on a future event that may or may not be within our control.
Changes to the carrying amount of our asset retirement obligations arewere as follows:
Balance at 30 September 20162019
$208.2 		$119.9
Additional accruals22.722.0 
Liabilities settled(4.1(2.8))
Accretion expense5.89.5 
Currency translation adjustment.44.5 
Balance at 30 September 20172020
$241.4 		$144.7
Additional accruals43.816.5 
Liabilities settled(2.6(4.1))
Accretion expense7.210.5 
Currency translation adjustment(2.75.3 )
Balance at 30 September 20182021
$269.6		$190.4

The increase in the liability during fiscal year 2018 primarily relates to new obligations associated with the Lu'An asset acquisition completed in April 2018.
GUARANTEES AND WARRANTIES
In April 2015, we entered into joint venture arrangements in Saudi Arabia. An equity bridge loan has been provided to the joint venture until 2020 to fund equity commitments. We guaranteed the repayment of our 25% share of this loan,Warranties and our venture partner guaranteed repayment of its share. Our maximum exposure under the guarantee is approximately $100. As of 30 September 2018 and 2017, we recorded a noncurrent liability of $94.4 for our obligation to make future equity contributions based on our proportionate share of the advances received by the joint venture under the loan.
Air Products has also entered into a long-term sale of equipment contract with the joint venture to engineer, procure, and construct the industrial gas facilities that will supply gases to Saudi Aramco. We provided bank guarantees to the joint venture to support our performance under the contract. As of 30 September 2018, our maximum potential payments were $249. Exposures under the guarantees decline over time and will be completely extinguished after completion of the project.Guarantees
We are partydo not expect that any sum we may have to an equity support agreement and operations guarantee related to an air separation facility constructed in Trinidad for a venture in which we own 50%. At 30 September 2018, maximum potential payments under joint and several guarantees were $27.0. Exposures under the guarantees decline over time and will be completely extinguished by 2024.
During the first quarter of 2014, we sold the remaining portion of our Homecare business and entered into an operations guarantee related to obligations under certain homecare contracts assignedpay in connection with the transaction. Our maximum potential payment under the guarantee is £20 million (approximately $25 at 30 September 2018),warranties and guarantees will have a material adverse effect on our exposure will be extinguished by 2020.consolidated financial condition, liquidity, or results of operations.
To date, no equity contributions or payments have been made since the inception of these guarantees. The fair value of the above guarantees is not material.Warranties
We, in the normal course of business operations, have issued product warranties related to equipment sales. Also, contracts often contain standard terms and conditions which typically include a warranty and indemnification to the buyer that the goods and services purchased do not infringe on third-party intellectual property rights. The provision for estimated future costs relating to warranties is not material to the consolidated financial statements.
Guarantees
To date, no equity contributions or payments have been made since the inception of the guarantees discussed below. The fair value of these guarantees is not material.
We do not expectare party to an equity support agreement and operations guarantee related to an air separation facility constructed in Trinidad for a venture in which we own 50%. At 30 September 2021, maximum potential payments under joint and several guarantees were $24.0. Exposures under the guarantees decline over time and will be completely extinguished by 2024.
We guaranteed the repayment of our 25% share of an equity bridge loan that any sum we may havehas been provided to payfund equity commitments to the Jazan Gas Project Company joint venture with ACWA Holding in connection withSaudi Arabia. ACWA also guarantees their share of the loan. As of 30 September 2021, our maximum exposure under the guarantee was approximately $100, and warranties will have a material adverse effectpayables and accrued liabilities on our consolidated financial condition, liquidity, or resultsbalance sheets included $94.4 for our obligation to make equity contributions.
We also have a long-term sale of operations.equipment contract with the joint venture to engineer, procure, and construct the industrial gas facilities that will supply gases to Aramco. We provided bank guarantees to the joint venture to support our performance under the contract. As of 30 September 2021, our maximum potential payments were$247.

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UNCONDITIONAL PURCHASE OBLIGATIONSSubsequent Event
As part of the Jazan Integrated Gasification and Power Company transaction discussed in Note 24, Subsequent Events, Jazan Gas Project Company sold its air separation units to Aramco in October 2021 and repaid its outstanding debt, including the equity bridge loan. Our bank guarantees that support performance under the sale of equipment contract remain in place.
Unconditional Purchase Obligations
We are obligated to make future payments under unconditional purchase obligations as summarized below:
2019
$851
2020362
2021342
2022318
2023326
Thereafter5,461
Total
$7,660

2022$1,656 
2023540 
2024543 
2025563 
2026545 
Thereafter6,135 
Total$9,982 
Approximately $6,800 $8.3 billion of our unconditional purchase obligations relate to helium purchases.and rare gases. The majority of these obligations occur after fiscal year 2023.2026. Helium purchases include crude feedstock supply to multiple helium refining plants in North America as well as refined helium purchases from sources around the world. As a rare byproduct of natural gas production in the energy sector, these helium sourcing agreements are medium- to long-term and contain take-if-tendered provisions. The refined helium is distributed globally and sold as a merchant gas, primarily under medium-term requirements contracts. While contract terms in the energy sectorour helium sourcing contracts are generally longer than those in merchant,our customer sales contracts, helium is a rare gas used in applications with few or no substitutions because of its unique physical and chemical properties.
Approximately $210 We estimate our maximum obligation for future purchases of plant and equipment to be approximately $1.0 billion based on open purchase orders as of 30 September 2021. Although open purchase orders are considered enforceable and legally binding, the terms generally allow us the option to reschedule, cancel, or otherwise modify based on our long-termbusiness needs. We have disclosed this obligation in fiscal year 2022; however, timing of actual satisfaction of the obligation may vary.
Our unconditional purchase obligations relate toalso include commitments for power and natural gas supply as well as feedstock supply for numerous HyCO (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and syngas) facilities. The price of feedstock supply is principally related to the price of natural gas. However,Our long-term take-or-pay sales contracts to HyCO customers are generally matched to the term of the feedstock supplythese obligations and provide recovery of price increases in the feedstock supply. Due to the matching of most long-term feedstock supply obligations to customer sales contracts,increases. As a result, we do not believe these purchase obligations would have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
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The unconditional purchase obligations also include other product supply and purchase commitments and electric power and natural gas supply purchase obligations, which are primarily pass-through contracts with our customers.
Purchase commitments to spend approximately $455 for additional plant and equipment are included in the unconditional purchase obligations in 2019.

18.17. CAPITAL STOCK
Common Stock
Authorized common stock consists of 300 million shares with a par value of $1 per share. As of 30 September 2018,2021, 249 million shares were issued, with 220221 million outstanding.
On 15 September 2011, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $1.0 billion of our outstanding common stock. We repurchase shares pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, through repurchase agreements established with several brokers. We did not purchase any of our outstanding shares during fiscal year 2018.2021. At 30 September 2018,2021, $485.3 in share repurchase authorization remains.
The following table reflectsA summary of the changes in common shares:shares in fiscal year 2021 is presented below:
Year ended 30 September 2018
 2017
 2016
Number of Common Shares Outstanding      
Balance, beginning of year 218,346,074
 217,350,825
 215,359,113
Issuance of treasury shares for stock option and award plans 1,169,171
 995,249
 1,991,712
Balance, end of year 219,515,245
 218,346,074
 217,350,825

Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
Number of common shares outstanding, beginning of year221,017,459 220,415,262 219,515,245 
Issuance of treasury shares for stock option and award plans379,296 602,197 900,017 
Number of common shares outstanding, end of year221,396,755 221,017,459 220,415,262 
Preferred Stock
Authorized preferred stock consistsconsisted of 25 million shares with a par value of $1 per share, of which 2.5 million were designated as Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock. There were no preferred shares issued or outstanding as of 30 September 20182021 and 2017.2020.


19.18. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
We have variousOur outstanding share-based compensation programs which include deferred stock units and stock options,options. During the fiscal year ended 30 September 2021, we granted market-based and restricted stock. Under all programs, thetime-based deferred stock units. We have not issued stock option awards since fiscal year 2015. The terms of theour share-based awards are fixed at the grant date. We issue shares from treasury stock upon the payout of deferred stock units theand exercise of stock options, andoptions.
At the issuanceannual shareholders meeting held on 28 January 2021, the shareholders approved a new Long-Term Incentive Plan ("LTIP"), which has an authorized pool of restricted stock awards. Share information presented is1,500,000 shares available for future grant, plus additional shares underlying awards outstanding on a total company basis.the date the LTIP was adopted but that are not issued. As of 30 September 2018,2021, there were 4,869,2121,566,433 shares available for future grant under our Long-Term Incentive Plan (LTIP), which is shareholder approved.LTIP.
Share-based compensation cost recognized inon the consolidated income statements is summarized below:
 2018
2017
2016
Before-Tax Share-Based Compensation Cost – Total
$38.8

$40.7

$37.6
Before-Tax Share-Based Compensation Cost – Discontinued Operations—
.8
6.6
Before-Tax Share-Based Compensation Cost – Continuing Operations
$38.8

$39.9

$31.0
Income tax benefit – Continuing Operations(9.1)(14.0)(10.8)
After-Tax Share-Based Compensation Cost – Continuing Operations
$29.7

$25.9

$20.2

202120202019
Before-tax share-based compensation cost$44.5 $55.8 $41.2 
Income tax benefit(11.0)(13.0)(9.7)
After-tax share-based compensation cost$33.5 $42.8 $31.5 
Before-tax share-based compensation cost relates to deferred stock units and is primarily included in selling"Selling and administrative expenseadministrative" on our consolidated income statements. The amount of share-based compensation cost capitalized in fiscal years 2018, 2017,2021, 2020, and 20162019 was not material.
On a total company basis, before-tax share-based compensation cost by type
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 2018
2017
2016
Deferred stock units
$38.3

$34.5

$29.9
Stock options.2
1.4
4.2
Restricted stock.3
4.8
3.5
Before-Tax Share-Based Compensation Cost – Total
$38.8

$40.7

$37.6

Deferred Stock Units
We have granted deferred stock units to executives, selected employees, and outside directors. These deferred stock units entitle the recipient to one share of common stock upon vesting, which is conditioned, for employee recipients, on continued employment during the deferral period and may be conditioned on achieving certain performance targets. We grant deferred stock unit awards with a two-two- to five-year deferral period that is subject to payout upon death, disability, or retirement. Deferred stock units issued to outside directors are paid after service on the Board of Directors ends at the time elected by the director (not to exceed 10 years after service ends). We generally expense the grant-date fair value of these awards on a straight-line basis over the vesting period; however, expense recognition is accelerated for retirement eligible individuals who meet the requirements for vesting upon retirement. We have elected to account for forfeitures as they occur, rather than to estimate them. Forfeitures have not been significant historically.
Market-based deferred stock units vest as long as the employee continues to be employed by the Company and upon the achievement of the performance target. The performance target, which is approved by the Compensation Committee, is the Company’s total shareholder return (shareour share price appreciation and dividends paid)paid, or "total shareholder return," in relation to a defined peer group over a three‑yearthree-year performance period beginning 1 October of the fiscal year of grant. We granted 105,268, 117,692,77,251, 80,215, and 130,167114,929 market-based deferred stock units in fiscal years 2018, 2017,2021, 2020, and 2016,2019, respectively.

The fair value of market-based deferred stock units was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model as these equity awards are tied to a market condition. The model utilizes multiple input variables that determine the probability of satisfying the market condition stipulated in the grant and calculates the fair value of the awards. We generally expense the grant-date fair value of these awards on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The estimated grant-date fair value of market-based deferred stock units was $202.50, $156.87,$235.48, $275.19, and $135.49$229.61 per unit in fiscal years 2018, 2017,2021, 2020, and 2016,2019, respectively. The calculation of the fair value of these market-based deferred stock units used the following assumptions:
  2018 20172016
Expected volatility 18.7% 20.6%20.5%
Risk-free interest rate 1.9% 1.4%1.2%
Expected dividend yield 2.6% 2.5%2.2%

202120202019
Expected volatility29.9 %17.8 %17.5 %
Risk-free interest rate0.2 %1.6 %2.8 %
Expected dividend yield2.1 %2.4 %2.6 %
In addition, during fiscal year 2018, we granted 143,379110,555 time-based deferred stock units at a weighted average grant-date fair value of $162.11.$282.48. In fiscal years 20172020 and 2016,2019, we granted 165,121123,448 and 164,711169,666 time-based deferred stock units at a weighted average grant-date fair value of $230.92 and $143.75 and $128.03,$168.68, respectively.
A summary of deferred stock unit activity in fiscal year 2021 is presented below:
Deferred Stock Units Shares (000)
 
Weighted Average
Grant-Date Fair Value

Outstanding at 30 September 2017 975
 
$127.29
Granted 249
 179.21
Paid out (237) 134.99
Forfeited/adjustments (47) 153.57
Outstanding at 30 September 2018 940
 
$137.78

Shares (000)Weighted Average
Grant-Date Fair Value
Deferred stock units outstanding at 30 September 2020926 $181.14 
Granted188 261.95 
Paid out(330)185.33 
Forfeited(17)241.55 
Adjusted87 161.64 
Deferred stock units outstanding at 30 September 2021854 $194.12 
Cash payments made for deferred stock units were $2.2, $2.1,totaled $5.2, $4.8, and $2.9$1.9 in fiscal years 2018, 2017,2021, 2020, and 2016,2019, respectively. As of 30 September 2018,2021, there was $40.5$47.0 of unrecognized compensation cost related to deferred stock units. TheThis cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.61.5 years. The total fair value of deferred stock units paid out during fiscal years 2018, 2017,2021, 2020, and 2016,2019, including shares vested in prior periods, was $38.5, $36.6,$88.0, $65.4, and $41.6,$19.2, respectively.
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Stock Options
We have granted awards of options to purchase common stock to executives and selected employees. The exercise price of stock options equals the market price of our stock on the date of the grant. Options generally vest incrementally over three years and remain exercisable for ten years from the date of grant. In fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016,As of 30 September 2021, there was no unrecognized compensation cost as all stock optionsoption awards were awarded.fully vested.
A summary of stock option activity in fiscal year 2021 is presented below:
Stock Options Shares (000)
 
Weighted Average
Exercise Price

Outstanding at 30 September 2017 3,202
 
$84.85
Exercised (1,015) 75.15
Forfeited (1) 124.76
Outstanding and Exercisable at 30 September 2018 2,186
 
$89.33
Shares (000)Weighted Average
Exercise Price
Stock options outstanding and exercisable at 30 September 2020941 $96.95 
Exercised(140)80.63 
Stock options outstanding and exercisable at 30 September 2021801 $99.79 
Stock Options Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding and Exercisable at 30 September 2018 3.9 
$170

The weighted average remaining contractual term of stock options outstanding and exercisable at 30 September 2021 was 1.9 years. The aggregate intrinsic value of these stock options was $125, which represents the amount by which our closing stock price of $167.05$256.11 as of 30 September 20182021 exceeds the exercise price multiplied by the number of in-the-money options outstanding or exercisable.
On a total company basis, the The intrinsic value of stock options exercised during fiscal years 2018, 2017,2021, 2020, and 20162019 was $90.4, $57.3,$29.0, $65.7, and $115.3,$87.2, respectively.

Compensation cost is generally recognized over the stated vesting period consistent with the terms of the arrangement, (i.e.,which is either on a straight-line or graded-vesting basis).basis. Expense recognition is accelerated for retirement-eligible individuals who would meet the requirements for vesting of awards upon their retirement. As of 30 September 2018, there was no unrecognized compensation cost as all stock option awards were fully vested.
Cash received from option exercises during fiscal year 20182021 was $76.2.$10.6. The total tax benefit realized from stock option exercises in fiscal year 20182021 was $25.8,$6.8, of which $19.0$6.5 was the excess tax benefit.
Restricted Stock
The grant-date fair value of restricted stock is estimated on the date of grant based on the closing price of the stock, and compensation cost is generally amortized to expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period during which employees perform related services. Expense recognition is accelerated for retirement-eligible individuals who would meet the requirements for vesting of awards upon their retirement. We have elected to account for forfeitures as they occur, rather than to estimate them. Forfeitures have not been significant historically.
We have issued shares of restricted stock to certain officers. Participants are entitled to cash dividends and to vote their respective shares. Restrictions on shares lift in one to four years or upon the earlier of retirement, death, or disability. The shares are nontransferable while subject to forfeiture.
A summary of restricted stock activity is presented below:
Restricted Stock Shares (000)
 
Weighted Average
Grant-Date Fair Value

Outstanding at 30 September 2017 56
 
$135.74
Vested (14) 121.90
Outstanding at 30 September 2018 42
 
$140.28

As of 30 September 2018, there was $.1 of unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock awards. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.5 years. The total fair value of restricted stock vested during fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $2.2, $4.1, and $4.3, respectively.
As discussed in Note 3, Discontinued Operations, Air Products completed the spin-off of Versum on 1 October 2016. In connection with the spin-off, the Company adjusted the number of deferred stock units and stock options pursuant to existing anti-dilution provisions in the LTIP to preserve the intrinsic value of the awards immediately before and after the separation. The outstanding awards will continue to vest over the original vesting period defined at the grant date. Outstanding awards at the time of spin-off were primarily converted into awards of the holders' employer following the separation.
Stock awards held upon separation were adjusted based upon the conversion ratio of Air Products' New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) volume weighted-average closing stock price on 30 September 2016 ($150.35) to the NYSE volume weighted-average opening stock price on 3 October 2016 ($140.38), or 1.071. The adjustment to the awards did not result in incremental fair value, and no incremental compensation expense was recorded related to the conversion of these awards.


20.19. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
The table below summarizes changes in AOCL,accumulated other comprehensive loss ("AOCL"), net of tax, attributable to Air Products:
Derivatives
qualifying
as hedges		Foreign
currency
translation
adjustments		Pension and
postretirement
benefits		Total
Balance at 30 September 2018($37.6)($1,009.8)($694.5)($1,741.9)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications(44.1)(356.2)(326.2)(726.5)
Amounts reclassified from AOCL12.3 (2.6)63.2 72.9 
Net current period other comprehensive loss($31.8)($358.8)($263.0)($653.6)
Amount attributable to noncontrolling interests(8.0)(11.7)(0.2)(19.9)
Balance at 30 September 2019($61.4)($1,356.9)($957.3)($2,375.6)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications43.5 233.4 (68.2)208.7 
Amounts reclassified from AOCL(57.7)— 82.5 24.8 
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)($14.2)$233.4 $14.3 $233.5 
Amount attributable to noncontrolling interest(21.1)19.3 (0.2)(2.0)
Balance at 30 September 2020($54.5)($1,142.8)($942.8)($2,140.1)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications3.3 267.3 274.3 544.9 
Amounts reclassified from AOCL43.5 — 74.6 118.1 
Net current period other comprehensive income$46.8 $267.3 $348.9 $663.0 
Amount attributable to noncontrolling interest20.6 18.3 (0.1)38.8 
Balance at 30 September 2021($28.3)($893.8)($593.8)($1,515.9)
  
Derivatives
qualifying
as hedges
 
Foreign
currency
translation
adjustments
 
Pension and
postretirement
benefits
 Total
Balance at 30 September 2015 
($42.9) 
($956.5) 
($1,126.5) 
($2,125.9)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 13.7
 9.9
 (335.1) (311.5)
Amounts reclassified from AOCL (36.0) 2.7
 87.2
 53.9
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) 
($22.3) 
$12.6
 
($247.9) 
($257.6)
Amount attributable to noncontrolling interest (.2) 5.4
 (.4) 4.8
Balance at 30 September 2016 
($65.0) 
($949.3) 
($1,374.0) 
($2,388.3)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (12.6) 101.9
 251.6
 340.9
Amounts reclassified from AOCL 24.2
 57.3
 110.7
 192.2
Net current period other comprehensive income 
$11.6
 
$159.2
 
$362.3
 
$533.1
Spin-off of Versum .2
 6.0
 5.3
 11.5
Amount attributable to noncontrolling interest (.1) 3.0
 .8
 3.7
Balance at 30 September 2017 
($53.1) 
($787.1) 
($1,007.2) 
($1,847.4)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 45.9
 (244.6) 179.4
 (19.3)
Amounts reclassified from AOCL (30.4) 3.1
 133.1
 105.8
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) 
$15.5
 
($241.5) 
$312.5
 
$86.5
Amount attributable to noncontrolling interest —
 (18.8) (.2) (19.0)
Balance at 30 September 2018 
($37.6) 
($1,009.8) 
($694.5) 
($1,741.9)
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The table below summarizes the reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive lossAOCL and the affected line item on the consolidated income statements:
  2018 2017 2016
(Gain) Loss on Cash Flow Hedges, net of tax      
Sales/Cost of sales 
$7.1
 
$18.3
 
$.2
Other income (expense), net (42.6) 5.1
 (46.2)
Interest expense 5.1
 .8
 10.0
Total (Gain) Loss on Cash Flow Hedges, net of tax 
($30.4) 
$24.2
 
($36.0)
       
Currency Translation Adjustment      
Cost of sales(A)
 
$3.1
 
$—
 
$—
Cost reduction and assets actions(B)
 —
 8.2
 —
  Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax(C)
 —
 49.1
 2.7
Total Currency Translation Adjustment 
$3.1
 
$57.3
 
$2.7
       
Pension and Postretirement Benefits, net of tax(D)
 
$133.1
 
$110.7
 
$87.2
(A)
The fiscal year 2018 impact relates to an equipment sale resulting from the termination of a contract in the Industrial Gases – Asia segment during the first quarter.
(B)
The fiscal year 2017 impact relates to the planned sale of a non-industrial gas hardgoods business in the Industrial Gases – Americas segment recorded in the third quarter.
(C)
The fiscal year 2017 impact relates to the sale of PMD during the second quarter. The fiscal year 2016 impact primarily relates to the sale of an equity affiliate in the first quarter.
(D)
The components of net periodic benefit cost reclassified out of AOCL include items such as prior service cost amortization, actuarial loss amortization, and settlements and are included in “Other non-operating income (expense), net” on the consolidated income statements. Refer to Note 16, Retirement Benefits, for additional information.

Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
(Gain) Loss on Cash Flow Hedges, net of tax
Sales($0.6)($0.2)$0.4 
Cost of sales(0.3)(0.8)0.2 
Other income (expense), net— — (3.0)
Interest expense3.5 2.8 14.7 
Other non-operating income (expense), net(A)
40.9 (59.5)— 
Total (Gain) Loss on Cash Flow Hedges, net of tax$43.5 ($57.7)$12.3 
Currency Translation Adjustment(B)
$— $— ($2.6)
Pension and Postretirement Benefits, net of tax(C)
$74.6 $82.5 $63.2 
21.(A)The fiscal years 2021 and 2020 impacts include amortization of the excluded component and the effective portion of the related hedges.
(B)The fiscal year 2019 impact relates to a net gain on the exchange of two equity affiliates with a joint venture partner. Refer to Note 3, Acquisitions, for additional information.
(C)The components of net periodic benefit cost reclassified out of AOCL include items such as prior service cost amortization, actuarial loss amortization, and settlements and are included in “Other non-operating income (expense), net” on the consolidated income statements. Refer to Note 15, Retirement Benefits, for additional information.
20. EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table sets forthbelow details the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS)("EPS"):
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
Numerator
Net income from continuing operations$2,028.8 $1,901.0 $1,760.0 
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations70.3 (14.3)— 
Net Income Attributable to Air Products$2,099.1 $1,886.7 $1,760.0 
Denominator (in millions)
Weighted average common shares — Basic221.6 221.2 220.3 
Effect of dilutive securities
Employee stock option and other award plans0.9 1.1 1.3 
Weighted average common shares — Diluted222.5 222.3 221.6 
Per Share Data*
Basic EPS from continuing operations$9.16 $8.59 $7.99 
Basic EPS from discontinued operations0.32 (0.06)— 
Basic EPS Attributable to Air Products$9.47 $8.53 $7.99 
Diluted EPS from continuing operations$9.12 $8.55 $7.94 
Diluted EPS from discontinued operations0.32 (0.06)— 
Diluted EPS Attributable to Air Products$9.43 $8.49 $7.94 
30 September 2018
 2017
 2016
Numerator      
Income from continuing operations 
$1,455.6
 
$1,134.4
 
$1,099.5
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations 42.2
 1,866.0
 (468.4)
Net Income Attributable to Air Products 
$1,497.8
 
$3,000.4
 
$631.1
Denominator (in millions)
      
Weighted average common shares — Basic 219.3
 218.0
 216.4
Effect of dilutive securities      
Employee stock option and other award plans 1.5
 1.8
 1.9
Weighted average common shares — Diluted 220.8
 219.8
 218.3
Basic EPS Attributable to Air Products      
Income from continuing operations 
$6.64
 
$5.20
 
$5.08
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations .19
 8.56
 (2.16)
Net Income Attributable to Air Products 
$6.83
 
$13.76
 
$2.92
Diluted EPS Attributable to Air Products      
Income from continuing operations 
$6.59
 
$5.16
 
$5.04
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations .19
 8.49
 (2.15)
Net Income Attributable to Air Products 
$6.78
 
$13.65
 
$2.89
*EPS is calculated independently for each component and may not sum to total EPS due to rounding.
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Diluted EPS attributable to Air Products reflects the potential dilution that could occur if stock options or other share-based awards were exercised or converted into common stock. The dilutive effect is computed using the treasury stock method, which assumes all share-based awards are exercised, and the hypothetical proceeds from exercise are used by the Company to purchase common stock at the average market price during the period. TheTo the extent they would have been dilutive, the incremental shares, (differenceor the difference between shares assumed to be issued versus purchased), to the extent they would have been dilutive,purchased, are included in the denominator of the diluted EPS calculation. Outstanding share-based awards of .1 million and .2 million shares were antidilutive and therefore excluded from the computation of diluted EPS for 2018 and 2016, respectively. There were no antidilutive outstanding share-based awards in fiscal year 2017.years 2021, 2020 and 2019.

22.21. INCOME TAXES
The following table below summarizes the income offrom U.S. and foreign operations before taxes:
202120202019
United States income$924.6 $943.7 $723.3 
Foreign income1,288.7 1,215.3 1,350.8 
Equity affiliates' income294.1 264.8 215.4 
Income from continuing operations before taxes$2,507.4 $2,423.8 $2,289.5 
  2018
 2017
 2016
Income from Continuing Operations before Taxes      
United States 
$688.5
 
$669.8
 
$631.7
Foreign 1,151.7
 666.2
 775.9
Income from equity affiliates 174.8
 80.1
 147.0
Total 
$2,015.0
 
$1,416.1
 
$1,554.6
The table below details the components of our income tax provision:
202120202019
Current Tax Provision
Federal$85.6 $26.9 $163.7 
State28.4 23.8 23.3 
Foreign254.8 262.7 235.5 
Total current tax provision368.8 313.4 422.5 
Deferred Tax Provision
Federal54.7 108.8 9.7 
State(0.1)(3.6)2.4 
Foreign39.4 59.8 45.5 
Total deferred tax provision94.0 165.0 57.6 
Total income tax provision$462.8 $478.4 $480.1 
Cash Paid for Taxes (Net of Cash Refunds)
Income tax payments, net of refunds, were $383.8, $379.9, and $324.3 in fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Fiscal year 2021 reflects an income tax refund of $6.7 that is related to cash provided by discontinued operations.
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India Finance Act 2020
On 27 March 2020, the Indian government passed Finance Act 2020 (the "India Finance Act"), which amended rules regarding the taxation of dividends declared and distributed by Indian companies. Under the India Finance Act, future dividends declared or distributed by an Indian company are no longer subject to dividend distribution tax. Instead, any non-resident recipient is subject to a withholding tax. Our income tax provision for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2020 reflected an expense of $20.3 for estimated withholding taxes that we may incur on future dividends related to INOX Air Products Private Limited ("INOX"), an equity affiliate investment in our Industrial Gases – Asia segment. Additionally, we recorded a benefit of $33.8 within "Equity affiliates' income" for our share of accumulated dividend distribution taxes released with respect to INOX.
U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
On 22 December 2017, the United States enacted the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax(the “Tax Act” or "Tax reform"Reform"), which significantly changed existing U.S. tax laws, including a reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, a deemed repatriation tax on unremitted foreign earnings, as well as other changes. Our consolidated income statements for the twelve months ended 30 September 2018 reflect a discrete net income tax expense of $180.6 and a $28.5reduction$43.8 in equity affiliate income for thefiscal year 2019 related to impacts of the Tax Act. The $180.6 includesnet expense included the reversal of a $392.4 cost comprised of $322.1 for the deemed repatriation tax and $70.3 primarily for additional foreign taxes on the repatriation of foreign earnings. This cost is partially offset by a $211.8non-recurring $56.2 benefit primarily from the re-measurement of our net U.S. deferred tax liabilities at the lower corporate tax rate. 
The deemed repatriation tax includes a $56.2 non-recurring benefitinitially recorded in fiscal year 2018 related to the U.S. taxation of deemed foreign dividends, which was eliminated by regulations issued in fiscal year 2018,2019. The reversal in 2019 was partially offset by a benefit of $12.4 to reduce the year of enactment of the Tax Act. This benefit may be eliminated by future legislation.
After applying tax credits, the balancetotal expected costs of the deemed repatriation tax.
As of 30 September 2021, the remaining liability for the deemed repatriation tax obligation is $203.2,$177.7, $157.1 of which we intend to pay in installments over eight years. We have recorded $184.4 of this obligationis presented within noncurrent liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets in noncurrent liabilities.
In December 2017, the Securities and Exchange Commission staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, which addresses how a company recognizes provisional estimates when a company does not have the necessary information available, prepared or analyzed in reasonable detail to complete its accounting for the effect of the changes in the Tax Act.sheets. We are reporting the $392.4 cost of deemed repatriation tax and foreign repatriation taxes and the $211.8 re-measurement of our net U.S. deferred tax liabilities provisionally based upon reasonable estimates as of 30 September 2018. The impacts are not yet finalized as they are dependent on factors and analysis not yet known or fully completed, including but not limited to, changespaying this obligation in our estimates of book to U.S. tax adjustments for the earnings and foreign taxes of foreign and domestic entities, as well as our ongoing analysis of theinstallments over five remaining years.
Effective Tax Act. Estimates used in the provisional amounts include earnings, cash positions, foreign taxes and withholding taxes attributable to foreign subsidiaries as well as the anticipated reversal pattern of gross deferred balances. We are continuing to gather additional information and expect to complete our accounting by the first quarter of fiscal year 2019, within the prescribed one-year measurement period.
Due to the Company’s fiscal year, certain amounts cannot be finalized until the completion and filing of the Company’s U.S. federal 2018 tax return, which is due in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019, and any changes to the tax positions reflected in those returns could result in an adjustment to the impact of the Tax Act. In addition to final calculations of the earnings and taxes of foreign entities that would impact the deemed repatriation tax, estimates that are timing-related may result in adjustments due to the reduction of the U.S. tax rate. Foreign audit settlements, as well as future regulatory guidance, could also significantly impact the deemed repatriation tax.

We have historically asserted our intention to indefinitely reinvest foreign earnings in certain foreign subsidiaries. We have reevaluated our historic assertion as a result of enactment of the Tax Act and adjusted our position relative to the indefinitely reinvested earnings of various foreign subsidiaries. The impact of these changes is included in the $70.3 for additional foreign taxes on the repatriation of foreign earnings.
The Tax Act also enacted new provisions related to the taxation of foreign operations, known as Global Intangible Low Tax Income or (“GILTI”). We have elected as an accounting policy to account for GILTI as a period cost when incurred. This and various other provisions of the Tax Act do not become effective until fiscal year 2019 and did not impact our tax provision in fiscal year 2018. We have also elected as an accounting policy to record within income tax expense transaction gains and losses on foreign currency denominated withholding tax liabilities.
As a fiscal year-end taxpayer, certain provisions of the Tax Act become effective in our fiscal year 2018 while other provisions do not become effective until fiscal year 2019. The corporate tax rate reduction is effective as of 1 January 2018 and, accordingly, reduces our 2018 fiscal year U.S. federal statutory rate to a blended rate of approximately 24.5%. The 21% federal tax rate will apply to our fiscal year ended 30 September 2019 and each year thereafter.
The following table shows the components of the provision for income taxes:
  2018
 2017
 2016
Current Tax Provision      
Federal 
$305.1
 
$62.8
 
$171.0
State 17.7
 7.0
 21.2
Foreign 256.9
 229.1
 178.6
  579.7
 298.9
 370.8
Deferred Tax Provision      
Federal (121.7) 1.4
 45.0
State 12.5
 6.0
 2.8
Foreign 53.8
 (45.4) 14.0
  (55.4) (38.0) 61.8
Income Tax Provision 
$524.3
 
$260.9
 
$432.6

Total company income tax payments, net of refunds, were $372.0, $1,348.8, and $440.8 in fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Tax payments were higher in 2017 due to taxes related to the $2,870 gain on the sale of PMD.Rate
The effective tax rate equals the income tax provision divided by income from continuing operations before taxes. A reconciliation of the differences between the United States federal statutory tax rate and the effective tax rate is as follows:provided below:
(Percent of income before taxes) 2018
 2017
 2016
U.S. federal statutory tax rate 24.5 % 35.0 % 35.0 %
State taxes, net of federal benefit 1.0
 1.0
 1.2
Income from equity affiliates (2.1) (2.0) (3.3)
Foreign tax differentials (1.0) (7.9) (6.6)
Tax on foreign repatriated earnings (.4) (2.2) (3.1)
Domestic production activities (.4) (.8) (.8)
Share-based compensation (1.0) (1.2) —
Tax reform repatriation 19.5
 —
 —
Tax reform rate change and other (11.1) —
 —
Tax restructuring benefit (1.8) —
 —
Non-deductible goodwill impairment charge —
 3.6
 —
Non-U.S. subsidiary tax election —
 (7.7) —
Business separation costs —
 .2
 4.2
Other (1.2) .4
 1.2
Effective Tax Rate 26.0 % 18.4 % 27.8 %

(Percent of income before taxes)202120202019
U.S. federal statutory tax rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State taxes, net of federal benefit0.9 0.6 1.0 
Income from equity affiliates(2.5)(2.3)(2.0)
Foreign tax differentials0.5 0.1 1.0 
Tax on foreign repatriated earnings0.7 0.9 0.1 
Share-based compensation(0.7)(0.8)(0.6)
Tax reform repatriation— — 1.9 
Other(1.4)0.2 (1.4)
Effective Tax Rate18.5 %19.7 %21.0 %
Foreign tax differentials represent the differences between foreign earnings subject to foreign tax rates lower than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate. Some of our foreign earnings are subject to local country tax rates that are belowdifferent than the U.S. federal statutory rate and include tax holidays and incentives. As a result of the reductionOur income tax holidays relate to operations in the federal corporatejurisdictions that provide reduced income tax rates under the Tax Act our effective non-U.S.for certain qualifying activities and are conditional upon us meeting certain operating thresholds. The impact of these tax holidays decreased income tax expense by $26.9 ($0.12 per share) in fiscal year 2020, primarily related to a preferential tax rate in China that is now closereffective until 31 December 2030. This includes the impact of remeasurement of the deferred tax assets and liabilities in 2020 due to our blended current year U.S. statutory ratean extension of 24.5%.the holiday period in China. The impact of tax holidays in fiscal years 2021 and 2019 was not material.
Tax on foreign repatriated earnings includes benefits and costs related to U.S. and additional foreign taxation on the current and future repatriation of foreign earnings and a U.S. benefit for related foreign tax credits. As a result ofThe effective tax rate in 2020 reflects impacts from the India Finance Act 2020 discussed above. In addition, the Tax Act included new provisions related to the taxation of foreign operations, known as Global Intangible Low Tax Income (“GILTI”). We have elected as an accounting policy to account for GILTI as a period cost when incurred.
Share-based compensation reflects the impact on our effective rate from repatriationsrecognition of $17.0, $20.0, and credits has been significantly reduced. Due to the effective date of provisions under the Tax Act, certain benefits reported in fiscal year 2018 will not recur in fiscal year 2019.
The Tax Act repeals the domestic production activities deduction, effective for our fiscal 2019 tax year, and lowers the benefit taken in fiscal year 2018.
In fiscal year 2018, we recognized a tax benefit of $35.7, net of reserves for uncertain tax positions, and a corresponding decrease in net deferred tax liabilities resulting from the restructuring of several foreign subsidiaries.
During the first quarter of fiscal year 2017, we adopted new accounting guidance that requires excess tax benefits and deficiencies from share-based compensation to be recognized in the consolidated income statements rather than in additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets. As a result of applying this change prospectively, we recognized $21.5 and $17.6$14.6 of excess tax benefits in our provision for income taxes during fiscal year 2018years 2021, 2020, and 2017,2019, respectively.
Primarily due to
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In fiscal year 2021, other includes net tax benefits of $21.5, including interest, resulting from the impactrelease of U.S. unrecognized tax benefits upon expiration of the statute of limitations on uncertain tax positions taken in prior years.
Deferred Tax ActAssets and the restructuring benefit, our effective tax rate was 26% for the twelve months ended 30 September 2018.
In 2017, the effective tax rate was impacted by a tax election made with respect to a Chilean holding company resulting in an income tax benefit of $111.4 on tax losses related to investments in Chile. The effective tax rate was also impacted by a goodwill impairment charge of $145.3 for which no tax benefits were available. See Note 10, Goodwill, for additional information regarding the impairment charge.
In 2016, the effective tax rate was impacted by tax costs of $51.8 incurred in anticipation of the tax-free spin-off of Versum, primarily for a dividend declared during the third quarter of 2016 to repatriate $443.8 from a subsidiary in South Korea to the U.S. Previously, most of these foreign earnings were considered to be indefinitely reinvested. In addition, a tax benefit was not available on a significant portion of the business separation costs. See Note 4, Materials Technologies Separation, for additional information.Liabilities
The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
30 September 2018
 2017
Gross Deferred Tax Assets    
Retirement benefits and compensation accruals 
$153.1
 
$370.1
Tax loss carryforwards 143.5
 64.5
Tax credits and other tax carryforwards 17.1
 76.1
Reserves and accruals 42.5
 88.2
Currency losses 3.8
 20.7
Other 45.4
 37.2
Valuation allowance (105.0) (107.7)
Deferred Tax Assets 300.4
 549.1
Gross Deferred Tax Liabilities    
Plant and equipment 811.8
 1,035.6
Unremitted earnings of foreign entities 36.1
 20.9
Partnership and other investments 16.3
 5.4
Intangible assets 84.3
 81.9
Other 5.6
 9.2
Deferred Tax Liabilities 954.1
 1,153.0
Net Deferred Income Tax Liability 
$653.7
 
$603.9


30 September20212020
Gross Deferred Tax Assets
Retirement benefits and compensation accruals$69.4 $209.0 
Tax loss carryforwards120.9 112.6 
Tax credits and other tax carryforwards27.3 40.3 
Reserves and accruals74.5 67.0 
Currency losses30.4 30.4 
Other44.0 64.6 
Valuation allowance(97.6)(95.0)
Deferred Tax Assets268.9 428.9 
Gross Deferred Tax Liabilities
Plant and equipment1,171.8 1,110.9 
Unremitted earnings of foreign entities69.1 58.7 
Partnership and other investments15.3 19.3 
Intangible assets86.2 83.6 
Other7.2 3.9 
Deferred Tax Liabilities1,349.6 1,276.4 
Net Deferred Income Tax Liability$1,080.7 $847.5 
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are included within the consolidated financial statementsbalance sheets as follows:
  2018
 2017
Deferred Tax Assets    
Other noncurrent assets 
$121.4
 
$174.5
Deferred Tax Liabilities    
Deferred income taxes 775.1
 778.4
Net Deferred Income Tax Liability 
$653.7
 
$603.9

20212020
Deferred Tax Assets
Other noncurrent assets$100.2 $115.1 
Deferred Tax Liabilities
Deferred income taxes1,180.9 962.6 
Net Deferred Income Tax Liability$1,080.7 $847.5 
The various components of deferred tax assets and liabilities, including plant and equipment, retirement benefits and compensation accruals, and reserves and accruals were reduced by the re-measurement of our U.S. deferred tax accounts to the lower U.S. corporate tax rate. Tax loss carryforwards increased primarily due to the sale of plant and equipment related to our EfW business. The sale converted these assets into capital losses which are subject to a full valuation allowance. In addition, deferredDeferred tax liabilities related to plant and equipment also includes an increaseincreased due to the impact of accelerated tax depreciation deductions in excess of book depreciation primarily in the immediate expensing provision allowed for under the Tax Act. The balance of unremitted earnings of foreign entities and partnership and other investments were increased by additional foreign withholdingUnited States. Deferred tax liability recorded as a result of the Tax Act, net of tax payments. Retirementassets related to retirement benefits and compensation accruals are also impacted significantly by the changes in plan assets and benefit obligations that have been recognized in other comprehensive income. See Note 16, Retirement Benefits, for additional information.This balance decreased primarily due to higher than expected asset returns and higher discount rates. Deferred tax assets related to tax credits and other tax carryforwards decreased primarily due to the utilization of tax credits against our income tax liabilities.
As of 30 September 2018, the Company2021, we had the following deferred tax assets for certain tax credits:
JurisdictionGross Tax Asset
Expiration Period
U.S. State
$2.2 		$1.9
20192022 - 20342035
ForeignU.S. Federal21.62.1 
20192027 - 2030;2031
Foreign27.5 2022 - 2041; Indefinite
Of the $27.5 foreign tax credits, $14.2 have indefinite carryforward periods.
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AtAs of 30 September 2018, the Company2021, we had the following loss carryforwards:
JurisdictionGross Loss Carryforward
Expiration Period
U.S. State Net Operating Loss
$324.9
2019 - 2034
Foreign Net Operating Loss340.6
2019 - 2028; Indefinite
Foreign Capital Loss281.9
Indefinite

JurisdictionGross Loss CarryforwardExpiration Period
U.S. State Net Operating Loss$318.8 2022 - 2040
U.S. Federal Capital Loss26.5 2025
Foreign Net Operating Loss258.8 2022 - 2036; Indefinite
Foreign Capital Loss221.6 Indefinite
In fiscal year 2018 we utilized the balance of our federal tax credit carryforward against the deemed repatriation tax. Of the $340.6$258.8 of foreign net operating loss carryforwards, $121.8 have indefinite carryforward periods. Of the $21.6 foreign tax credits, $16.4$111.5 have indefinite carryforward periods.
The valuation allowance was $97.6 and $95.0 as of 30 September 20182021 and 2020, respectively. As of $105.0,30 September 2021, the balance primarily related to the tax benefit$35.1 of foreign credits and loss carryforwards of $56.0 as well as $55.4 related to foreign capital losses of $47.9 that were generated from the loss recorded on the exit from the Energy-from-Waste businessproject in 2016. If events warrant the reversal of the valuation allowance, it would result in a reduction of tax expense. We believe it is more likely than not that future earnings and reversal of deferred tax liabilities will be sufficient to utilize our deferred tax assets, net of existing valuation allowance, atas of 30 September 2018.2021.
As a result of the Tax Act we recorded $322.1 of federal income tax from the deemed repatriation tax on approximately $5.8 billion of previously undistributed earnings from our foreign subsidiaries and corporate joint ventures. These earnings are now eligible to be repatriated to the U.S. with reduced U.S. tax impacts. However, such earnings may be subject to foreign withholding and other taxes. We record foreign and U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries and corporate joint ventures unless those earnings are indefinitely reinvested. Such earnings may be subject to foreign withholding and other taxes. The cumulative undistributed earnings that are considered to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign subsidiaries and corporate joint ventures are included in retained earnings on the consolidated balance sheets and amounted to $3.2$5.9 billion as of 30 September 2018.2021. An estimated $420.4$540.4 in additional foreign withholding and other income taxes would be due if these earnings were remitted as dividends.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of the unrecognized tax benefits, which excludes interest and penalties, is as follows:
Unrecognized Tax Benefits 2018
 2017
 2016
Balance at beginning of year 
$146.4
 
$90.2
 
$83.8
Additions for tax positions of the current year 26.4
 47.5
 12.5
Additions for tax positions of prior years 119.2
 16.1
 2.9
Reductions for tax positions of prior years (41.3) (4.0) —
Settlements (14.2) (2.0) (5.6)
Statute of limitations expiration (2.6) (3.2) (2.9)
Foreign currency translation (.3) 1.8
 (.5)
Balance at End of Year 
$233.6
 
$146.4
 
$90.2

202120202019
Unrecognized tax benefits balance at beginning of year$237.0 $231.7 $233.6 
Additions for tax positions of the current year14.5 7.6 7.8 
Additions for tax positions of prior years3.5 17.7 14.2 
Reductions for tax positions of prior years(8.2)(4.1)(14.7)
Settlements(3.1)(1.2)(1.5)
Statute of limitations expiration(104.6)(14.0)(3.9)
Foreign currency translation1.2 (0.7)(3.8)
Unrecognized tax benefits balance at end of year$140.3 $237.0 $231.7 
At 30 September 2018 and 2017, we had $233.6 and $146.4 ofOf our unrecognized tax benefits excluding interest and penalties,as of which $88.6 and $73.8, respectively,30 September 2021, $73.7 would impact the effective tax rate from continuing operations if recognized.
In fiscal year 2021, reserves for unrecognized tax benefits decreased $104.6 due to statute of limitation expirations. We released reserves of $65.6 related to the sale of our former Performance Materials Division (“PMD”), $8.2 associated with our former Energy-from-Waste business (“EfW”), and $27.5 for other reserves, including those associated with a tax election benefit related to a non-U.S. subsidiary in 2017. Upon release of the reserves related to PMD and EfW, we recorded income tax benefits of $51.8 and $8.2, respectively, as a component of discontinued operations. The PMD reserve was net of related deferred tax assets of $13.8. The release of other reserves of $27.5 was net of related deferred tax assets of $8.4 and resulted in an income tax benefit, including interest, of $21.5.
Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recorded as a component of income tax expense and totaled ($2.4)0.2), $3.7,$6.1, and $1.8$12.0 in fiscal years 2018, 2017, 2021, 2020, and 2016,2019, respectively. Our 2021 expense reflects a benefit from the reversal of accrued interest on reserves released during the period. Our accrued balance for interest and penalties was $8.4$24.9 and $12.1$25.2 as of 30 September 20182021 and 2017,2020, respectively.

The additions for tax positions
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Table of prior years of $119.2 relates primarily to uncertain state tax filing positions taken related to the sale of PMD. Additions for tax positions of the current year of $26.4 included uncertain tax positions related to the restructuring of foreign subsidiaries and reserves for ongoing transfer pricing uncertainties.Contents
On 17 April 2018, we received a final audit settlement agreement that resolved uncertainties related to unrecognized tax benefits of $43.1, including interest. This settlement primarily related to tax positions taken in conjunction with the disposition of our Homecare business in 2012. As a result, we recorded an income tax benefit of $25.6, including interest, in income from discontinued operations during 2018. The settlement also resulted in an income tax benefit of approximately $9.1, including interest, in continuing operations for the release of tax reserves on other matters. The reduction in prior year positions and settlement payments also reflect the settlement of U.S. federal tax audits for 2012 through 2014 reported in the first quarter of the year.Income Tax Examinations
We are currently under examination in a number of tax jurisdictions, some of which may be resolved in the next twelve months. As a result, itjurisdictions. It is reasonably possible that a change in theour unrecognized tax benefits may occur in fiscal year 2022 if any of these examinations are resolved during the next twelve months. However, quantification of an estimated range cannot be made atas of the date of this time.report.
We generally remain subject to examination in the following major tax jurisdictions for the years indicated below:
Major Tax JurisdictionOpen Tax Years
North America   
United States – Federal2015-2018
United States – All States2011-2018
Canada2014-2018
Europe   
France2015-2018
Germany2013-2018
Netherlands2012-2018
Spain2015-2018
United Kingdom2014-2018
Asia   
China2013-2018
South Korea2010-2018
Taiwan2013-2018
Latin America   
Chile2015-2018



23. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
Other Receivables and Current Assets
30 September
2018
2017
Derivative instruments
$61.1

$93.9
Other receivables139.0
188.0
Current capital lease receivables92.1
93.3
Other3.6
28.1
Other receivables and current assets
$295.8

$403.3

Other Noncurrent Assets
30 September
2018
2017
Derivative instruments
$85.0

$133.9
Noncurrent customer receivable92.4
62.6
Prepaid tax13.2
5.1
Deferred tax assets121.4
174.5
Pension benefits131.7
18.4
Deposits—
34.8
Other210.8
212.5
Other noncurrent assets
$654.5

$641.8

Payables and Accrued Liabilities
30 September
2018
2017
Trade creditors
$594.6

$659.5
Payables associated with Lu'An330.0
—
Customer advances156.6
438.9
Accrued payroll and employee benefits201.4
187.1
Pension and postretirement benefits34.1
22.6
Dividends payable241.5
207.5
Outstanding payments in excess of certain cash balances9.1
4.5
Accrued interest expense49.5
42.2
Derivative instruments54.2
95.9
Severance and other costs associated with cost reduction actions9.9
41.5
Other136.9
114.6
Payables and accrued liabilities
$1,817.8

$1,814.3


Other Noncurrent Liabilities
30 September
2018
2017
Pension benefits
$417.2

$703.8
Postretirement benefits47.0
57.0
Other employee benefits94.4
99.3
Noncurrent customer liability92.4
62.6
Long-term accrued income taxes related to U.S. tax reform184.4
—
Contingencies related to uncertain tax positions113.2
130.6
Advance payments58.2
39.0
Environmental liabilities64.6
72.3
Derivative instruments39.9
36.0
Asset retirement obligations189.5
144.0
Obligation for future contribution to an equity affiliate94.4
94.4
Obligations associated with EfW63.3
65.3
Other78.4
107.6
Other noncurrent liabilities
$1,536.9

$1,611.9

Other Income (Expense), Net
30 September
2018
2017
2016
Technology and royalty income(A)

$22.8

$20.8

$19.0
Interest income(B)
—
1.5
6.1
Foreign exchange(3.9)4.3
(7.2)
Sale of assets and investments(C)
6.9
24.3
8.8
Contract settlements2.9
14.3
12.6
Transition service agreements reimbursement(D)
12.7
38.4
—
Other8.8
17.4
10.1
Other income (expense), net
$50.2

$121.0

$49.4

(A)Major Tax Jurisdiction
Primarily includes related party activity with our equity affiliates.Open Tax Years
North America
(B)United States – Federal
Beginning in the second quarter of fiscal year 2017, interest income associated with our cash and cash items and short-term investments is reflected on the consolidated income statements in "Other non-operating income (expense), net."2018 - 2021
United States – State2012 - 2021
Canada2015 - 2021
Europe
(C)France
Includes a gain of $12.2 resulting from the sale of a parcel of land during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2017.2018 - 2021
Germany2017 - 2021
Netherlands2016 - 2021
Spain2015 - 2021
United Kingdom2018 - 2021
Asia
(D)China
Reflects reimbursement for costs in support of transition services agreements with Versum for EMD and with Evonik for PMD. Refer to Note 4, Materials Technologies Separation, for additional information.2011 - 2021
Other Non-Operating Income (Expense), Net
30 September
2018
2017
2016
Interest income(A)

$46.3

$29.8

$—
Pension settlement loss(B)
(48.5)(10.5)(5.1)
Other non-service pension benefit (costs)7.7
(1.9)(.3)
Other(.4)(.8)—
Other non-operating income (expense), net
$5.1

$16.6

($5.4)
South Korea2010 - 2021
Taiwan2016 - 2021
Latin America
(A)Chile
Prior to the second quarter of fiscal year 2017, interest income associated with our cash and cash items and short-term investments was reflected on the consolidated income statements in "Other income (expense), net."2018 - 2021
(B)
Fiscal year 2018 includes a loss of $43.7 that primarily resulted from the transfer of certain pension payment obligations to an insurer through the purchase of an irrevocable, nonparticipating group annuity contract during the fourth quarter.


22. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
Other Receivables and Current Assets
30 September20212020
Contract assets$119.4 $55.9 
Contract fulfillment costs125.5 109.9 
Derivative instruments59.8 97.5 
Current lease receivables84.4 86.7 
Other161.8 132.9 
Other receivables and current assets$550.9 $482.9 
Other Noncurrent Assets
30 September20212020
Operating lease right-of-use assets$566.2 $376.8 
Pension benefits219.2 26.5 
Long-term deposits on plant and equipment200.0 100.0 
Deferred tax assets100.2 115.1 
Prepaid tax75.0 19.3 
Investments other than equity method66.9 17.0 
Derivative instruments23.6 45.8 
Other255.4 242.6 
Other noncurrent assets$1,506.5 $943.1 
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Payables and Accrued Liabilities
30 September20212020
Trade creditors$736.8 $546.2 
Contract liabilities366.8 313.8 
Dividends payable332.1 296.2 
Accrued payroll and employee benefits221.2 196.8 
Obligation for future contribution to an equity affiliate150.0 94.4 
Current lease obligations78.6 70.7 
Derivative instruments68.8 50.9 
Pension and postretirement benefits25.6 17.9 
Other238.4 246.3 
Payables and accrued liabilities$2,218.3 $1,833.2 
Other Noncurrent Liabilities
30 September20212020
Operating lease liabilities$503.4 $335.8 
Asset retirement obligations258.0 236.2 
Pension benefits255.3 614.2 
Postretirement benefits22.1 31.4 
Long-term accrued income taxes related to U.S. tax reform157.1 190.9 
Contingencies related to uncertain tax positions111.8 138.6 
Environmental liabilities68.5 73.6 
Contract liabilities58.4 57.9 
Derivative instruments52.7 34.7 
Other153.6 202.7 
Other noncurrent liabilities$1,640.9 $1,916.0 
Related Party SalesTransactions
We have related partyOur consolidated income statements include sales to some of our equity affiliates and joint venture partners.partners as well as other income primarily from fees charged for use of Air Products' patents and technology. Sales to and other income from related parties totaled approximately $340, $580,$225, $335, and $320 during$410 for the fiscal years 2018, 2017,ended 30 September 2021, 2020, and 2016, respectively, and primarily related to Jazan sale of equipment activity. Agreements2019, respectively. Sales agreements with related parties include terms that are consistent with those that we believe would have been negotiated at an arm’s length with an independent party. As of 30 September 2021 and 2020, our consolidated balance sheets included related party trade receivables of approximately $90 and $95, respectively.

In addition, refer to Note 14, Debt, for information concerning debt owed to related parties.
Facility Closures
24. SUMMARY BY QUARTER (UNAUDITED)
These tables summarizeDuring the unaudited results of operations for eachsecond quarter of fiscal yearsyear 2021, we recorded a charge of $23.2 primarily for a noncash write-down of assets associated with a contract termination in the Industrial Gases – Americas segment. This charge is reflected as "Facility closure" on our consolidated income statements for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2021 and was not recorded in segment results.
In December 2018, one of our customers was subject to a government enforced shutdown due to environmental reasons. As a result, we recognized a charge of $29.0 during the first quarter of fiscal year 2019 primarily related to the write-off of onsite assets. This charge was reflected as “Facility closure” on our consolidated income statements for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2019 and 2017:was not recorded in segment results.
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2018Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Total 
Sales
$2,216.6
 
$2,155.7
 
$2,259.0
 
$2,298.9
 
$8,930.2
 
Gross profit644.8
 649.2
 713.6
 733.1
 2,740.7
 
Operating income460.7
 455.4
 515.8
 533.7
 1,965.6
 
Equity affiliates income13.8
(A) 
43.7
 58.1
 59.2
(A) 
174.8
(A) 
Income tax provision291.8
(A) 
56.2
(B) 
107.1
 69.2
(A)(B) 
524.3
(A)(B) 
Net income161.7
 423.6
 487.9
 459.7
 1,532.9
 
Net income attributable to Air Products          
Income from continuing operations155.6
 416.4
 430.7
 452.9
 1,455.6
 
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations(1.0) —
 43.2
(C) 
—
 42.2
(C) 
Net income attributable to Air Products154.6
 416.4
 473.9
 452.9
 1,497.8
 
Basic Earnings Per Common Share Attributable to Air Products          
Income from continuing operations.71
 1.90
 1.96
 2.06
 6.64
 
Income from discontinued operations—
 —
 .20
 —
 .19
 
Net income attributable to Air Products.71
 1.90
 2.16
 2.06
 6.83
 
Diluted Earnings Per Common Share Attributable to Air Products          
Income from continuing operations.70
 1.89
 1.95
 2.05
 6.59
 
Income from discontinued operations—
 —
 .20
 —
 .19
 
Net income attributable to Air Products.70
 1.89
 2.15
 2.05
 6.78
 
Weighted Average Common Shares — Diluted (in millions)220.4
 220.8
 220.9
 220.9
 220.8
 
Dividends declared per common share.95
 1.10
 1.10
 1.10
 4.25
 
Market price per common share – High164.78
 175.17
 170.29
 171.66
   
Market price per common share – Low150.55
 152.71
 154.67
 153.02
   
Company Headquarters Relocation Income (Expense)

During the second quarter of fiscal year 2020, we sold property at our former corporate headquarters located in Trexlertown, Pennsylvania, in anticipation of relocating our U.S. headquarters. We received net proceeds of $44.1 and recorded a gain of $33.8, which is reflected on our consolidated income statements as "Company headquarters relocation income (expense)" for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2020. The gain was not recorded in the results of the Corporate and other segment.
2017Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Total 
Sales
$1,882.5
 
$1,980.1
 
$2,121.9
 
$2,203.1
 
$8,187.6
 
Gross profit565.8
 576.3
 635.9
 658.1
 2,436.1
 
Business separation costs(D)
32.5
 —
 —
 —
 32.5
 
Cost reduction and assets actions(E)
50.0
 10.3
 42.7
 48.4
 151.4
 
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge(F)
—
 —
 162.1
 —
 162.1
 
Gain on land sale—
 —
 —
 12.2
 12.2
 
Operating income328.3
 395.6
 258.7
 457.4
 1,440.0
 
Equity affiliates income (loss)38.0
 34.2
 (36.9)
(G) 
44.8
 80.1
(G) 
Income tax provision (benefit)78.4
 94.5

89.3
 (1.3)
(H) 
260.9
(H) 
Net income306.4
 2,135.7
(I) 
104.1
 475.0
 3,021.2
(I) 
Net income attributable to Air Products          
Income from continuing operations251.6
 304.4
 104.2
 474.2
 1,134.4
 
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations48.2
 1,825.6
(I) 
(2.3) (5.5) 1,866.0
(I) 
Net income attributable to Air Products299.8
 2,130.0
 101.9
 468.7
 3,000.4
 
Basic Earnings Per Common Share Attributable to Air Products          
Income from continuing operations1.16
 1.40
 .48
 2.17
 5.20
 
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations.22
 8.38
 (.01) (.02) 8.56
 
Net income attributable to Air Products1.38
 9.78
 .47
 2.15
 13.76
 
Diluted Earnings Per Common Share Attributable to Air Products          
Income from continuing operations1.15
 1.39
 .47
 2.15
 5.16
 
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations.22
 8.31
 (.01) (.02) 8.49
 
Net income attributable to Air Products1.37
 9.70
 .46
 2.13
 13.65
 
Weighted Average Common Shares — Diluted (in millions)219.7
 219.7
 219.8
 220.1
 219.8
 
Dividends declared per common share.86
 .95
 .95
 .95
 3.71
 
Market price per common share – High150.45
 149.46
 147.66
 152.26
   
Market price per common share – Low129.00
 133.63
 134.09
 141.88
   

(A)
Includes the impacts of the Tax Act. For additional information, refer to Note 22, Income Taxes.
(B)
Includes the impacts of the restructuring of several foreign subsidiaries. For additional information, refer to Note 22, Income Taxes.
(C)
Primarily includes benefits resulting from the resolution of uncertain tax positions related to the disposition of our former European Homecare business and post-closing adjustments associated with the sale of PMD. For additional information, refer to Note 3, Discontinued Operations.
(D)
For additional information, refer to Note 4, Materials Technologies Separation.
(E)
For additional information, refer to Note 5, Cost Reduction and Asset Actions.
(F)
For additional information, refer to Note 10, Goodwill, and Note 11, Intangible Assets.
(G)
Includes the impact of an other-than-temporary impairment of an investment in an equity affiliate. For additional information, refer to Note 8, Summarized Financial Information of Equity Affiliates.
(H)
Includes the impact of a tax election benefit related to a non-U.S. subsidiary. For additional information, see Note 22, Income Taxes.
(I)
Includes the after-tax gain on the sale of PMD. For additional information, see Note 3, Discontinued Operations.

Cost Reduction Actions
25.In fiscal year 2019, we recognized an expense of $25.5 for severance and other benefits associated with position eliminations. These actions were taken to drive cost synergies primarily within the Industrial Gases – EMEA and the Industrial Gases – Americas segments. The charge is reflected on our consolidated income statements as "Cost reduction actions" for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2019 and was not recorded in segment results.
23. BUSINESS SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Our reporting segments reflect the manner in which our chief operating decision maker reviews results and allocates resources. Except in the Industrial Gases – EMEA and Corporate and other segments, each reporting segment meets the definition of an operating segment and does not include the aggregation of multiple operating segments. Our Industrial Gases – EMEA and Corporate and other segmentsegments each include the aggregation of two operating segments that meet the aggregation criteria under GAAP.
OurAs of 30 September 2021, our reporting segments are:
•Industrial Gases – AmericasAmericas;
•Industrial Gases – EMEA (Europe, Middle East, and Africa);
•Industrial Gases – AsiaAsia;
•Industrial Gases – GlobalGlobal; and
•Corporate and other
On 4 November 2021, we announced the reorganization of our industrial gases segments effective 1 October 2021. Refer to Note 24, Subsequent Events, for additional information.
Industrial Gases – Regional
The regional Industrial Gases segments (Americas, EMEA, and Asia) include the results of our regional industrial gas businesses, which produce and sell atmospheric gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and rare gases (primarily recovered by the cryogenic distillation of air),argon; process gases, such as hydrogen, helium, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide, and syngas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide),; and specialty gases. The industrial gases business also develops, builds, and operates equipment for the production or processing of gases, such as air separation units and non-cryogenic generators.
We supply gases to diversified customers in many industries, including those in refining, chemical, gasification, metals, electronics, manufacturing, and food and beverage. We distribute gases to our customersbeverage, through a variety of supply modes including liquid or gaseous bulk supply delivered by tanker or tube trailer and, for smaller customers, packaged gases delivered in cylinders and dewars or small on-sites (cryogenic or non-cryogenic generators).modes. For large-volume customers, we construct an on-site plant adjacentadditional information, refer to or near the customer’s facility or deliver product from one of our pipelines. We are the world’s largest provider of hydrogen, which is used by refiners to facilitate the conversion of heavy crude feedstock and lower the sulfur content of gasoline and diesel fuels.Note 4, Revenue Recognition.
Electricity is the largest cost component in the production of atmospheric gases, andgases. Steam methane reformers utilize natural gas isas the primary raw material, and gasifiers use liquid and solid hydrocarbons as the principal raw material for the production of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and syngas production.syngas. We mitigate energy, and natural gas, and hydrocarbon price fluctuations contractually through pricing formulas, surcharges, and cost pass-through and tolling arrangements.
The regional Industrial Gases segments also include our share of the results of several joint ventures accounted for by the equity method. The largest of these joint ventures operate in China, India, Italy, Mexico, Italy,Saudi Arabia, South Africa, India, Saudi Arabia, and Thailand.
Each of the regional Industrial Gases segments competes against global industrial gas companies as well as regional competitors. Competition is based primarily on price, reliability of supply, and the development of industrial gas applications. We derive a competitive advantage in locations where we have pipeline networks, which enable us to provide reliable and economic supply of products to larger customers.
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Industrial Gases – Global
The Industrial Gases – Global segment includes activity related to the sale of cryogenic and gas processing equipment for air separation. The equipment is sold worldwide to customers in a variety of industries, including chemical and petrochemical manufacturing, oil and gas recovery and processing, and steel and primary metals processing. The Industrial Gases – Global segment also includes centralized global costs associated with management of all the Industrial Gases segments. These costs include Industrial Gases global administrative costs, product development costs, and research and development costs. We compete with a large number of firms for all the offerings included in the Industrial Gases – Global segment. Competition in the equipment businessesbusiness is based primarily on technological performance, service, technical know-how, price, and performance guarantees.
Corporate and other
The Corporate and other segment includes our LNGliquefied natural gas, turbo machinery equipment and helium storageservices, and distribution sale of equipment businesses andas well as our corporate support functions that benefit all segments. Competition for the sale of equipment businesses is based primarily on technological performance, service, technical know-how, price, and performance guarantees.

The results of the Corporate and other segment also includesinclude income and expense that is not directly associated with the other segments, includingsuch as foreign exchange gains and losses and stranded costs. Stranded costs result from functional support previously provided to the two divisions comprising the former Materials Technologies segment. The majority of these costs are reimbursed to Air Products pursuant to short-term transition services agreements under which Air Products provides transition services to Versum for EMD and to Evonik for PMD. The reimbursement for costs in support of the transition services has been reflected on the consolidated income statements within “Other income (expense), net.” All transition services were completed during fiscal year 2018. Refer to Note 4, Materials Technologies Separation, for additional information.losses.
In addition to assets of the global businesses included in this segment, other assets include cash and cash items, short-term investments, deferred tax assets, and financial instruments.
Customers
We do not have a homogeneous customer base or end market, and no single customer accounts for more than 10% of our consolidated revenues.
Accounting Policies
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 1, Major Accounting Policies.Policies. We evaluate the performance of segments based upon reported segment operating income.
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Business Segment Information
 
Industrial
Gases–
Americas
Industrial
Gases–
EMEA
Industrial
Gases–
Asia
Industrial
Gases–
Global
Corporate
and other
Segment
Total
2018      
Sales
$3,758.8

$2,193.3

$2,458.0

$436.1

$84.0

$8,930.2
Operating income (loss)927.9
445.8
689.9
53.9
(176.0)1,941.5
Depreciation and amortization485.3
198.6
265.8
8.1
12.9
970.7
Equity affiliates' income82.0
61.1
58.3
1.9
—
203.3
Expenditures for long-lived assets546.5
163.1
791.9
17.3
49.6
1,568.4
Investments in net assets of and advances to equity affiliates312.1
503.3
445.6
16.2
—
1,277.2
Total assets5,904.0
3,280.4
5,899.5
240.1
3,854.3
19,178.3
2017      
Sales
$3,637.0

$1,780.4

$1,964.7

$722.9

$82.6

$8,187.6
Operating income (loss)946.1
395.5
532.6
71.1
(171.5)1,773.8
Depreciation and amortization464.4
177.1
203.2
8.9
12.2
865.8
Equity affiliates' income58.1
47.1
53.5
.9
—
159.6
Expenditures for long-lived assets427.2
143.2
337.8
25.6
105.9
1,039.7
Investments in net assets of and advances to equity affiliates287.5
508.6
471.8
19.0
—
1,286.9
Total assets5,840.8
3,276.1
4,412.1
279.6
4,648.4
18,457.0
2016      
Sales
$3,344.1

$1,704.4

$1,720.4

$498.8

$236.0

$7,503.7
Operating income (loss)891.3
387.0
452.8
(21.5)(89.4)1,620.2
Depreciation and amortization443.6
185.7
197.9
7.9
19.5
854.6
Equity affiliates' income52.7
36.5
57.8
—
—
147.0
Expenditures for long-lived assets406.6
159.5
313.3
6.0
22.3
907.7
Investments in net assets of and advances to equity affiliates250.6
580.5
442.5
10.0
—
1,283.6
Total assets5,896.7
3,178.6
4,232.7
367.6
2,384.5
16,060.1

Industrial
Gases–
Americas		Industrial
Gases–
EMEA		Industrial
Gases–
Asia		Industrial
Gases–
Global		Corporate
and other		Total
2021
Sales$4,167.6 $2,444.9 $2,920.8 $511.0 $278.7 $10,323.0 (A)
Operating income (loss)1,065.5 557.4 838.3 (60.6)(132.8)2,267.8 (B)
Depreciation and amortization611.9 229.8 444.4 10.9 24.3 1,321.3 
Equity affiliates' income112.5 93.7 81.4 6.5 — 294.1 (B)
Expenditures for long-lived assets909.6 371.3 792.3 112.6 278.4 2,464.2 
Investments in net assets of and advances to equity affiliates383.8 587.4 608.1 70.0 — 1,649.3 
Total assets7,092.5 4,353.2 7,627.1 648.4 7,138.0 26,859.2 
2020
Sales$3,630.7 $1,926.3 $2,716.5 $364.9 $217.9 $8,856.3 (A)
Operating income (loss)1,012.4 473.3 870.3 (40.0)(112.2)2,203.8 (B)
Depreciation and amortization559.5 195.9 399.4 9.6 20.6 1,185.0 
Equity affiliates' income84.3 74.8 61.0 10.9 — 231.0 (B)
Expenditures for long-lived assets1,264.7 327.6 690.3 35.3 191.1 2,509.0 
Investments in net assets of and advances to equity affiliates310.9 535.2 539.7 46.4 — 1,432.2 
Total assets6,610.1 3,917.0 6,842.9 397.8 7,400.7 25,168.5 
2019
Sales$3,873.5 $2,002.5 $2,663.6 $261.0 $118.3 $8,918.9 (A)
Operating income (loss)997.7 472.4 864.2 (11.7)(152.8)2,169.8 (B)
Depreciation and amortization505.2 189.5 361.5 8.6 18.0 1,082.8 
Equity affiliates' income84.8 69.0 58.4 3.2 — 215.4 (B)
Expenditures for long-lived assets545.8 216.3 1,105.5 33.8 88.3 1,989.7 

Below is a reconciliation of segment total operating income to consolidated operating income:
Operating Income2018
2017
2016
Segment total
$1,941.5

$1,773.8

$1,620.2
Change in inventory valuation method24.1
—
—
Business separation costs—
(32.5)(50.6)
Cost reduction and asset actions—
(151.4)(34.5)
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge—
(162.1)—
Gain on land sale—
12.2
—
Consolidated Total
$1,965.6

$1,440.0

$1,535.1

(A)

Below is a reconciliation of segment total equity affiliates' income to consolidated equity affiliates' income:
Equity Affiliates' Income201820172016
Segment total
$203.3

$159.6

$147.0
Equity method investment impairment charge—
(79.5)—
Tax reform repatriation - equity method investment(28.5)—
—
Consolidated Total
$174.8

$80.1

$147.0

Below is a reconciliation of segment total assets to consolidated total assets:
Total Assets2018
2017
2016
Segment total
$19,178.3

$18,457.0

$16,060.1
Discontinued operations—
10.2
1,968.5
Consolidated Total
$19,178.3

$18,467.2

$18,028.6

The sales information noted above relates to external customers only. All intersegment sales are eliminated in consolidation. The Industrial Gases – Global segment had intersegment sales of $254.3, $239.0, and $232.4 in fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. TheseIntersegment sales are generally transacted at market pricing.
We generally do not have intersegment sales from our regional industrial gases businesses. Equipment manufactured for our regional industrial gases segments are generally transferred at cost and are not reflected as an intersegment sale.

(B)Refer to the Reconciliations to Consolidated Results section below.
Reconciliations to Consolidated Results
Operating Income
The table below reconciles total operating income disclosed in the table above to consolidated operating income as reflected on our consolidated income statements:
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
Total$2,267.8 $2,203.8 $2,169.8 
Facility closure(23.2)— (29.0)
Cost reduction actions— — (25.5)
Gain on exchange with joint venture partner36.8 — 29.1 
Company headquarters relocation income (expense)— 33.8 — 
Consolidated Operating Income$2,281.4 $2,237.6 $2,144.4 
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Equity Affiliates' Income
The table below reconciles total equity affiliates' income disclosed in the table above to consolidated equity affiliates' income as reflected on our consolidated income statements:
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
Total$294.1 $231.0 $215.4 
India Finance Act 2020— 33.8 — 
Consolidated Equity Affiliates' Income$294.1 $264.8 $215.4 
Geographic Information
Sales to External Customers
Sales to External Customers2018
2017
2016
United States
$3,149.6

$2,886.8

$2,911.7
Europe, including Middle East2,292.5
2,478.5
2,186.5
Asia, excluding China and India904.0
849.6
721.4
China1,585.7
1,143.4
1,020.4
Other(A)
998.4
829.3
663.7
Total
$8,930.2

$8,187.6

$7,503.7
Long-Lived Assets(B)
2018
2017
2016
United States
$3,512.7

$3,407.4

$3,411.4
Europe, including Middle East1,283.3
1,279.0
1,292.5
Asia, excluding China and India899.8
778.5
707.0
China3,066.6
1,737.9
1,675.8
Other(A)
1,161.3
1,237.4
1,173.0
Total
$9,923.7

$8,440.2

$8,259.7
Fiscal Year Ended 30 September202120202019
United States$3,895.8 $3,359.6 $3,351.8 
China1,828.0 1,719.7 1,730.2 
Other foreign operations4,599.2 3,777.0 3,836.9 
Total$10,323.0 $8,856.3 $8,918.9 
Long-Lived Assets(A)
30 September202120202019
United States$5,187.8 $4,633.9 $3,721.3 
China4,137.7 3,719.4 3,302.6 
Other foreign operations3,929.1 3,611.4 3,313.7 
Total$13,254.6 $11,964.7 $10,337.6 
(A)
(A)Long-lived assets represents plant and equipment, net.
Includes Canada, Latin America, and India.
(B)
Long-lived assets include plant and equipment, net.
Geographic information is based on country of origin. Included
24. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Equity Affiliate Investment in United States revenuesJazan Integrated Gasification and Power Company (“JIGPC”)
On 27 October 2021, we made an initial investment of $1.6 billion in Jazan Integrated Gasification and Power Company ("JIGPC"). JIGPC is a joint venture with Saudi Aramco Power Company (a subsidiary of Aramco), ACWA Power, and Air Products Qudra in the Jazan Economic City, Saudi Arabia. Our investment, which was made primarily in the form of shareholder loans, represents a 55% interest in the joint venture, of which 4% is attributable to the non-controlling partner of Air Products Qudra. Our $1.6 billion investment includes approximately $130 received from the non-controlling partner in September 2021. This cash receipt is reflected within “Investments by noncontrolling interests” on our consolidated statements of equity and cash flows for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2021.
We expect to make an additional investment in JIGPC of approximately $1 billion in 2023.
We determined JIGPC is a variable interest entity for which we are export sales to third‑party customers of $33.1not the primary beneficiary. Therefore, we will account for our investment in JIGPC under the equity method within the Industrial Gases – Middle East segment, a new reporting segment in fiscal year 2018, $64.22022 as discussed below.
JIGPC Joint Venture
On 27 September 2021, JIGPC signed definitive agreements for the acquisition of $12 billion of assets from Aramco and related project financing for the purchase. JIGPC will complete the acquisition of the project assets, which include power blocks, gasifiers, air separation units, syngas cleanup assets, and utilities, in two phases. JIGPC will commission, operate, and maintain the project assets to supply electricity, steam, hydrogen and utilities to Aramco’s refinery and terminal complex under a 25-year agreement.
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The first phase was completed on 27 October 2021 and included $7 billion of the assets. The second phase is expected to be funded and completed in 2023. JIGPC will account for the asset transfer as a financing, recording a financing receivable upon acquisition and recognizing financing income over the supply term.
Jazan Gas Project Company
Jazan Gas Project Company (“JGPC”), a joint venture between Air Products and ACWA Holding, entered into a 20-year oxygen and nitrogen supply agreement in 2015 to supply Aramco’s oil refinery and power plant in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Air Products owns 26% of the joint venture. In October 2021, the supply agreement between JGPC and Aramco was terminated, and JGPC sold its air separation units to Aramco. We initially sold these assets to JGPC and deferred revenue and profit equal to our ownership percentage in the joint venture. With the termination of the supply agreement and sale of the air separation units complete, we will recognize the remaining deferred profit in equity affiliates’ income in the first quarter of fiscal year 2017, and $134.92022.
Segment Reorganization
On 4 November 2021, we announced the reorganization of our industrial gases segments. Beginning in the first quarter of fiscal year 2016.2022, we will report our results under the following five reporting segments:
•Industrial Gases – Americas;
•Industrial Gases – Asia;
•Industrial Gases – Europe;
•Industrial Gases – Middle East; and
•Corporate and other
The reorganization reflects the separation of our former Industrial Gases – EMEA segment into two separate reporting segments: Industrial Gases – Europe and Industrial Gases – Middle East. The results of an affiliate formerly reflected in the Industrial Gases – Asia segment will now be reported in the Industrial Gases – Middle East segment. Additionally, the results of our Industrial Gases – Global operating segment will be reflected in the Corporate and other segment. Except for the Corporate and other segment, each reporting segment will meet the definition of an operating segment and will not include the aggregation of multiple operating segments. Our Corporate and other segment will include the aggregation of three operating segments that meet the aggregation criteria under GAAP.
Beginning with our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the first quarter of fiscal year 2022, segment results will be presented on a retrospective basis to reflect the reorganization.
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ITEM 9.CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
Not applicable.
ITEMItem 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURESControls and Procedures.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain a comprehensive set of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Under the supervision of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the Company’sour management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’sour disclosure controls and procedures as of 30 September 2018.2021. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of 30 September 2018,2021, the disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Management has evaluated the effectiveness of itsour internal control over financial reporting as of 30 September 20182021 based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO)("COSO"). Based on that evaluation, management concluded that, as of 30 September 2018, the Company’s2021, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting is provided under Part II, Item 8, of this Form 10-K.
There was no change in the Company’sour internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 20182021 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’sour internal control over financial reporting.
KPMGDeloitte & Touche LLP, the Company’sour independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the Company’sour internal control over financial reporting as of 30 September 2018.2021. The Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm is provided under Part II, Item 8, of this Form 10-K.

ITEMItem 9B. OTHER INFORMATIONOther Information.
On 19 November 2018,M. Scott Crocco, the Management Development and Compensation Committee (the “Committee”) of the Board of Directors granted Dr. Samir Serhan,Company’s former Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, retired from the Company effective 30 September 2021. In connection with Mr. Crocco’s retirement, the Company and Mr. Crocco entered into a deferred stock unit retention awardproject bonus and release agreement (the “Agreement”) on 18 November 2021. Pursuant to the Agreement, Mr. Crocco will receive a lump sum payment of $1.5 million. This award will consist of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) with a 3 December 2018 grant date. The RSUs will vest in three equal installments beginning on 3 December 2019. The Committee took this action$1,775,000 in recognition of Dr. Serhan’s expanded scopehis significant contributions toward achieving the October 2021 financial closing of responsibilities in the Company’s operations, and in particularJazan gasification project. The Agreement also contains a customary release of claims arising from or relating to Mr. Crocco’s service with the leadership role he will play in winning and executing our largest projects and building out and integrating our global gasification technologies.Company.
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PART III
ITEMItem 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCEDirectors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The information required by this item relating to the Company’sour directors and nominees is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “The Board of Directors” in the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on 24 January 2019.3 February 2022. The information required by this item relating to the Company’sour executive officers is set forth in Part I, Item 1 of Part I of this report.Form 10-K.
The information required by this item relating to the Company’sour Audit and Finance Committee and itsour Audit and Finance Committee Financial Expert is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Standing“Board Structure–Standing Committees Of Theof the Board” and “Audit and Finance Committee” in the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on 24 January 2019.3 February 2022.
The information required by this item relating to the Company’sour procedures regarding the consideration of candidates recommended by shareholders and a procedure for submission of such candidates is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Selection“The Board of Directors–Selection of Directors” in the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on 24 January 2019.3 February 2022.
The information required by thethis item relating to Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance”Reporting” in the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on 24 January 2019.3 February 2022.
The Company hasWe have adopted a Code of Conduct that applies to all employees, including the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, and the Principal Accounting Officer. The Code of Conduct can be found at our website at www.airproducts.com/codeofconduct.company/governance/code-of-conduct.
ITEMItem 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATIONExecutive Compensation.
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Compensation of Executive Officers”“Executive Compensation” and “Compensation of Directors” in the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on 24 January 2019.3 February 2022.


ITEM 12.SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table provides information asItem 12. Security Ownership of 30 September 2018 about Company stock that may be issued upon the exercise of options, warrants,Certain Beneficial Owners and rights granted to employees or members of the Board under the Company’s existing equity compensation plans, including plans approved by shareholdersManagement and plans that have not been approved by shareholders in reliance on the NYSE’s former treasury stock exception or other applicable exception to the Exchange’s listing requirements.Related Stockholder Matters.
Plan CategoryNumber of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights
 Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights
Number of Securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
 
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders3,181,790
(1) 

$89.33
4,869,212
(2) 
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders63,060
(3) 
$—
—
 
Total3,244,850
 
$89.33
4,869,212
 
(1)
Represents Long-Term Incentive Plan outstanding stock options and deferred stock units that have been granted. Deferred stock units entitle the recipient to one share of Company common stock upon vesting, which is conditioned on continued employment during a deferral period and may also be conditioned on earn-out against certain performance targets. The amount presented assumes the maximum potential payout.
(2)
Represents authorized shares that were available for future grants as of 30 September 2018. These shares may be used for options, deferred stock units, restricted stock, and other stock-based awards to officers, directors, and key employees. Full value awards such as restricted stock are limited to 20% of cumulative awards after 1 October 2001.
(3)
This number represents deferred stock units issued under the Deferred Compensation Plan, which are purchased for the fair value of the underlying shares of stock with eligible deferred compensation.
The Deferred Compensation Plan was not approved by shareholders. It does not require shareholder approval because participants forego compensation equal to the full market value of any share units credited under the plans.
Deferred Compensation Plan—The Company’s Deferred Compensation Plan is an unfunded employee retirement benefit plan available to certain of the Company’s U.S.-based management and other highly compensated employees (and those of its subsidiaries) who receive awards under the Company’s Annual Incentive Plan, which is the annual cash bonus plan for executives and key salaried employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. Because participants forego current compensation to “purchase” deferred stock units for full value under the Plan, it is not required to be approved by shareholders under the NYSE listing standards. Under the Plan, participants may defer a portion of base salary (elective deferrals) which cannot be contributed to the Company’s Retirement Savings Plan, a 401(k) and profit-sharing plan offered to all salaried employees (RSP), because of tax limitations and earn matching contributions from the Company that they would have received if their elective deferrals had been contributed to the RSP (matching credits). In addition, participants in the Plan may defer all or a portion of their bonus awards under the Annual Incentive Plan (bonus deferrals) under the Deferred Compensation Plan. Finally, certain participants under the Plan who participate in the profit-sharing component of the RSP rather than the Company’s salaried pension plans receive contribution credits under the Plan which are a percentage ranging from 4%-6%, based on their years of service, of their salary in excess of tax limitations and their bonus awards under the Annual Incentive Plan (contribution credits). The dollar amount of elective deferrals, matching credits, bonus deferrals, and contribution credits is initially credited to an unfunded account, which earns interest credits. Participants are periodically permitted while employed by the Company to irrevocably convert all or a portion of their interest-bearing account to deferred stock units in a Company stock account. Upon conversion, the Company stock account is credited with deferred stock units based on the fair value of a share of Company stock on the date of crediting. Dividend equivalents corresponding to the number of units are credited quarterly to the interest-bearing account. Deferred stock units generally are paid after termination of employment in shares of Company stock.

The Deferred Compensation Plan was formerly known as the Supplementary Savings Plan. The name was changed in 2006 when the deferred bonus program, previously administered under the Annual Incentive Plan, was merged into this Plan.
Certain information required by this item regarding the beneficial ownership of the Company’s common stock is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Persons Owning More than 5% of Air Products Stock as of September 30, 2018” and “Air Products Stock Beneficially Owned by Officers and Directors” in the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on 24 January 2019.

ITEM 13.CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Director"Information About Stock Ownership" and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on 3 February 2022.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “The Board of Directors–Director Independence” and “Transactions“Board Practices, Processes and Policies–Transactions with Related Persons” in the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on 24 January 2019.3 February 2022.
ITEMItem 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICESPrincipal Accountant Fees and Services.
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Independent“Fees of Independent Registered Public Accountant”Accounting Firm” in the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on 24 January 2019.3 February 2022.
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PART IV
ITEMItem 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)The following documents below are filed as a part of this report:
(1)
 Financial Statements.

The Company’s 2018 consolidated financial statements and the Reportfollowing is a list of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm areConsolidated Financial Statements of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and its subsidiaries included in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data:
(2)
Financial Statement Schedules—Schedules.

Financial statement schedules are omitted as they are either not required or the following additional information should be readis otherwise included in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2018 consolidated financial statements.or notes thereto.
Schedule II Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the three fiscal years ended 30 September 2018
132
All other schedules are omitted because the required matter or conditions are not present or because the information required by the Schedules is submitted as part of the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.
(3)
Exhibits—(3) Exhibits.

The exhibits filed as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-Kreport as required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed in the Index to Exhibits locatedbeginning on page 126114 of this Report..

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.
ITEM 16.    FORM 10-K SUMMARYNone.
None

INDEX TO EXHIBITS
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INDEX TO EXHIBITS
Exhibit No.Description
Exhibit No.Description
(2)(3)Plan of acquisition, reorganization, arrangement, liquidation or succession.
(3)Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws.Bylaws.
3.1
Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Company. (Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K Report dated 21 November 2014.)*
3.2Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company. (Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K Report for the fiscal year ended 30 September 1987.)*
3.33.2
3.43.3
(4)3.4
(4)Instruments defining the rights of security holders, including indentures. Upon request of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Company hereby undertakes to furnish copies of the instruments with respect to its long-term debt.
4.1
4.2
Indenture, dated as of January 10, 1995, between the Company and The Bank of New York Trust, Company, N.A. (formerly Wachovia Bank, National Association and initially First Fidelity Bank Company, National Association), as Trustee. (Filed as Exhibit 4(a) to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed 19 January 1995, File No. 33-57357.033-57357.)*
(10)4.2Material Contracts
4.3
10.11990
(10)Material Contracts.
10.1
10.2
Annual Incentive Plan as Amended and Restated effective 1 October 2008. (Filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’son Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended 31 March 2009.December 2019.)*†
10.310.2
10.4
Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Program for Directors, effective 25 January 2017. (Filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Form 10-K Report for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2017.)*†
10.5
Amended and Restated Long-Term Incentive Plan of the Company effective 1 October 2014. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on 23 September 2014.)*†
10.5(a)10.2(a)
10.5(b)10.2(b)

10.3
Exhibit No.Description
10.3(a)
10.5(c)
10.5(d)10.3(b)
10.5(e)10.4
10.5(f)
Form of Award Agreement under the Long-Term Incentive Plan of the Company, used for FY2014 awards. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended 31 December 2013.)*†
10.5(g)
Form of Award Agreement under the Long-Term Incentive Plan of the Company, used for FY2015 awards. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended 31 December 2014.)*†
10.5(h)
Form of Award Agreement under the Long-Term Incentive Plan of the Company, used for FY2016 awards. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended 31 December 2015.)*†
10.5(i)
Form of Award Agreement under the Long-Term Incentive Plan of the Company, used for FY2017 awards. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 and 10.2 to the Company’s Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended 31 December 2016.)*†
10.5(j)
Form of Award Agreement under the Long-Term Incentive Plan of the Company, used for FY2018 awards. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 and 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended 31 December 2017.)*†
10.6
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Retirement Savings Plan as amended and restated effective 1 November 2017 with provisions effective 1 January 2018. (Filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended 31 December 2017.)*†
10.6(a)10.4(a)
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INDEX TO EXHIBITS
Exhibit No.Description
10.4(b)
10.710.4(c)
10.4(d)
10.4(e)
10.4(f)
10.4(g)
10.5
10.7(a)10.5(a)
10.7(b)10.5(b)
10.7(c)10.5(c)

Exhibit No.10.6Description
10.8
10.7
10.9
10.9(a)
Amendment and Appointment of Successor Administrative Agent dated 28 September 2018 to the Revolving Credit Agreement dated 31 March 2017
10.10
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Executive Separation Program as amended effective as of 20 July 2018. (Filed as Exhibit 10.10 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2018.)*†
10.1110.8
10.1210.9
10.13
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Corporate Executive Committee Retention Agreements effective as of 10 January 2014. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K Report dated 15 January 2014.)*†
10.14
Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated 14 November 2017, between the Company and Seifollah Ghasemi. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K Report filed 14 November 2017.)*†
10.1610.9(a)
10.10
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16.1INDEX TO EXHIBITS
Exhibit No.Description
10.11
10.12
10.13
1410.13(a)
21(21)
Subsidiaries of the registrant.Registrant.
21.1
(23)Consents of Experts and Counsel.
23.1
24(24)
Power of Attorney.
24.1
(31)
(31)Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications.
31.1
31.2
(32)Section 1350 Certifications.
32.1

Exhibit No.Description
99.1
Description of Common Stock (Filed as Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Form 10-K Report for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2014.)*
101.INS(101)Interactive Data Files.
101.INSInline XBRL Instance Document. The XBRL Instance Document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
Document.
*104Cover Page Interactive Data File, formatted in Inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101).
*Previously filed as indicated and incorporated herein by reference. Exhibits incorporated by reference are located in SEC File No. 001-04534 unless otherwise indicated.
†Indicated management contract or compensatory arrangement.
††The certification attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompanies this Annual Report on Form 10-K, is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange CommissionSEC and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Form 10-K, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

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Table of Contents
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.
(Registrant)
By:AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC./s/ Melissa N. Schaeffer
(Registrant)
By:/s/ M. Scott Crocco
M. Scott Crocco
ExecutiveMelissa N. Schaeffer
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)
Date:2018 November 20182021

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature and TitleDate
/s/ Seifi Ghasemi18 November 2021
(Seifi Ghasemi)
Director, Chairman, President, and
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Signature and TitleDate
/s/ Seifi Ghasemi20 November 2018
(Seifi Ghasemi)
Director, Chairman, President, and
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Russell A. Flugel2018 November 20182021
(Russell A. Flugel)

Senior Vice President, and Corporate Controller,
( and Principal Accounting Officer)
Officer
*20 November 2018
(Susan K. Carter)
Director
*20 November 2018
(Charles I. Cogut)
Director
*20 November 2018
(Chad C. Deaton)
Director
*20 November 2018
(David H. Y. Ho)
Director
*20 November 2018
(Margaret G. McGlynn)
Director

Signature and Title*Date18 November 2021
*(Charles I. Cogut)
Director		20 November 2018
(Edward L. Monser)
Director
*20 November 2018
(Matthew H. Paull)
Director
*18 November 2021
(Lisa A. Davis)
Director
*18 November 2021
(Chad C. Deaton)
Director
*18 November 2021
(David H. Y. Ho)
Director
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Signature and TitleDate
*18 November 2021
(Edward L. Monser)
Director
*18 November 2021
(Matthew H. Paull)
Director
*18 November 2021
(Wayne T. Smith)
Director
*Sean D. Major, Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, by signing his name hereto, does sign this document on behalf of the above noted individuals, pursuant to a power of attorney duly executed by such individuals, which is filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission herewith.

/s/ Sean D. Major
Sean D. Major
Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
Date:20 November 2018

AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
SCHEDULE II–VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
For the Years Ended 30 September 2018, 2017, and 2016
 
Balance at
Beginning
of Period

Additions
Charged to
Expense

Additions
Charged to
Other Accounts

Other
Changes(A)

Balance
at End of
Period

Year Ended 30 September 2018     
Allowance for doubtful accounts
$94

$17

$7

($27)
$91
Allowance for deferred tax assets 
108
3
4
(10)105
      
Year Ended 30 September 2017     
Allowance for doubtful accounts
$55

$7

$39

($7)
$94
Allowance for deferred tax assets (B)
165
6
7
(70)108
      
Year Ended 30 September 2016     
Allowance for doubtful accounts
$48

$9

$13

($15)
$55
Allowance for deferred tax assets(C)
112
1
52
—
165
(A)Date:
Other changes related to allowance for doubtful accounts primarily includes write-offs of uncollectible trade receivables, net of recoveries. Other Changes also includes the impact of foreign currency translation adjustments.18 November 2021
(B)
The decrease in the valuation allowance was primarily due to the utilization of federal and state loss carryforwards as a result of recognizing the gain on the sale of our PMD business. This benefit was recorded in discontinued operations. See Note 3, Discontinued Operations, for additional information.
(C)
The increase in the valuation allowance was primarily due to the loss recorded on the exit from the Energy-from-Waste business. These costs were recorded in discontinued operations. See Note 3, Discontinued Operations, for additional information.

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118