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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

 

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20212023

OR

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                     to                     

Commission file number 1-10524

UDR, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland

54-0857512

(State or other jurisdiction of

(I.R.S. Employer

incorporation or organization)

Identification No.)

1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado 80129

(Address of principal executive offices) (zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (720) 283-6120

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

Common Stock, $0.01 par value

UDR

New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

(Title of Class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

Large Accelerated Filer þ

Accelerated Filer

Non-Accelerated Filer

Smaller Reporting Company 

Emerging Growth Company 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.Yes No

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No

The aggregate market value of the shares of common stock of UDR, Inc. held by non-affiliates on June 30, 20212023 was approximately $9.5$5.5 billion. This calculation excludes shares of common stock held by the registrant’s officers and directors and each person known by the registrant to beneficially own more than 5% of the registrant’s outstanding shares, as such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status should not be deemed conclusive for any other purpose. As of February 11, 2022,16, 2024, there were 318,264,646329,224,105 shares of UDR, Inc.’s common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The information required by Part III of this Report, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated by reference from UDR, Inc.’s definitive proxy statement for the 20222024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

PART I

Item 1. Business

4

Item 1A. Risk Factors

1514

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

3231

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

31

Item 2. Properties

3234

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

3234

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

3334

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

3435

Item 6. [Reserved]

3637

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

3738

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

5856

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

5856

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

5856

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

5856

Item 9B. Other Information

5957

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

5957

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

6058

Item 11. Executive Compensation

6058

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

6058

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

6058

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

6058

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

6159

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

6967

Table of Contents

PART I

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this Report to “UDR,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to UDR, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries, including United Dominion Realty, L.P. (the “Operating Partnership” or the “OP”) and UDR Lighthouse DownREIT L.P. (the “DownREIT Partnership”).

Forward-Looking Statements

This Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Such forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements concerning property acquisitions and dispositions, development activity and capital expenditures, capital raising activities, rent growth, occupancy and rental expense growth and expected or potential impacts of the novel coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”) pandemic.growth. Words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “likely,” “will,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from the results of operations or plans expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such factors include, among other things, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures intended to prevent its spread or address its effects, unfavorable changes in the apartment market, changing economic conditions, the impact of inflation/deflation on rental rates and property operating expenses, expectations concerning the availability of capital and the stability of the capital markets, the impact of competition and competitive pricing, acquisitions, developments and redevelopments not achieving anticipated results, delays in completing developments and redevelopments, delays in completing lease-ups on schedule or at expected rent and occupancy levels, expectations on job growth, home affordability and demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing, expectations concerning development and redevelopment activities, expectations on occupancy levels and rental rates, expectations concerning joint ventures and partnerships with third parties, expectations that automation will help grow net operating income, and expectations on annualized net operating income.

The following factors, among others, could cause our future results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements:

the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures intended to prevent its spread or address its effects;

general market and economic conditions;

the impact of inflation/deflation;

unfavorable changes in apartment market and economic conditions that could adversely affect occupancy levels and rental rates, including as a result of COVID-19;rates;

the failure of acquisitions, developments or redevelopments to achieve anticipated results;

possible difficulty in selling apartment communities;

competitive factors that may limit our ability to lease apartment homes or increase or maintain rents;

insufficient cash flow that could affect our debt financing and create refinancing risk;

failure to generate sufficient revenue, which could impair our debt service payments and distributions to stockholders;

development and construction risks that may impact our profitability;

potential damage from natural disasters, including hurricanes and other weather-related events, which could result in substantial costs to us;

risks from climate change that impacts our properties or operations;

risks from extraordinary losses for which we may not have insurance or adequate reserves;

risks from cybersecurity breaches of our information technology systems and the information technology systems of our third party vendors and other third parties;

1

Tablethe availability of Contentscapital and the stability of the capital markets;

changes in job growth, home affordability and the demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing;

the failure of automation or technology to help grow net operating income;

uninsured losses due to insurance deductibles, self-insurance retention, uninsured claims or casualties, or losses in excess of applicable coverage;

delays in completing developments and lease-ups on schedule;schedule or at expected rent and occupancy levels;

1

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our failure to succeed in new markets;

risks that third parties who have an interest in or are otherwise involved in projects in which we have an interest, including mezzanine borrowers, joint venture partners or other investors, do not perform as expected;

changing interest rates, which could increase interest costs and affect the market price of our securities;

potential liability for environmental contamination, which could result in substantial costs to us;

the imposition of federal taxes if we fail to qualify as a REIT under the Code in any taxable year;

our internal control over financial reporting may not be considered effective which could result in a loss of investor confidence in our financial reports, and in turn have an adverse effect on our stock price; and

changes in real estate laws, tax laws, rent control or stabilization laws or other laws affecting our business.

A discussion of these and other factors affecting our business and prospects is set forth in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors. We encourage investors to review these risk factors.

Although we believe that the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements contained herein are reasonable, any of the assumptions could be inaccurate, and therefore such statements included in this Report may not prove to be accurate. In light of the significant uncertainties inherent in the forward-looking statements included herein, the inclusion of such information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the results or conditions described in such statements or our objectives and plans will be achieved.

Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law.

Summary of Risk Factors

Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. These risks are discussed more fully in Item 1A. Risk Factors herein. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

The Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic and Measures Intended to Prevent its Spread Could Have a Material Adverse Effect on our Business, Results of Operations, Cash Flows and Financial Condition.
Unfavorable Apartment Market and Economic Conditions Could Adversely Affect Occupancy Levels, Rental Revenues and the Value of Our Real Estate Assets.
The Geographic Concentration of Our Communities in Certain Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Operations if a Particular Market is Adversely Impacted by Economic or Other Conditions.
We May Be Unable to Renew Leases or Relet Apartment Units as Leases Expire, or the Terms of Renewals or New Leases May Be Less Favorable Than Current Leases.
We Face Risks Related to Inflation/Deflation.
Competition Could Limit Our Ability to Lease Apartment Homes or Increase or Maintain Rents.
We May Not Realize the Anticipated Benefits of Past or Future Acquisitions, and the Failure to Integrate Acquired Communities and New Personnel Successfully Could Create Inefficiencies.
Competition Could Adversely Affect Our Ability to Acquire Properties.
Development and Construction Risks Could Impact Our Profitability.
An Epidemic, Pandemic or Other Health Crisis, and Measures Intended to Prevent the Spread of Such an Event, Could Have a Material Adverse Effect on our Business, Results of Operations, Cash Flows and Financial Condition.
Bankruptcy or Defaults of Our Counterparties Could Adversely Affect Our Performance.

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Table of Contents

Development and Construction Risks Could Impact Our Profitability.
Bankruptcy or Defaults of Our Counterparties Could Adversely Affect Our Performance.
We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.
The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.
A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.
Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.
Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.
Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.
Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flow and the Market Price of Our Securities.
Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.
Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of UDR’sOur Common Stock.
We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if UDRWe Failed to Qualify as a REIT.
Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of UDR’sOur Common Stock.
We May Change the Dividend Policy for UDR’sOur Common Stock in the Future.
Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of UDR’sOur Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company RestrictsRestrict the Transferability of UDR’sOur Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to UDR’sOur Stockholders.

3

Table of Contents

Item 1. BUSINESS

General

UDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2021,2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 160168 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 53,22955,550 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 6,57010,045 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 3,7335,618 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2021,2023, the Company was developing fivetwo wholly-owned communities totaling 1,417415 homes, none of which 56 have been completed.

UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2021,2023, we declared total distributions of $1.45$1.68 per common share and paid dividends of $1.4475$1.64 per common share.

    

Dividends

    

Dividends

    

Dividends

    

Dividends

Declared in

Paid in

Declared in

Paid in

2021

2021

2023

2023

First Quarter

$

0.3625

$

0.3600

$

0.4200

$

0.3800

Second Quarter

 

0.3625

 

0.3625

 

0.4200

 

0.4200

Third Quarter

 

0.3625

 

0.3625

 

0.4200

 

0.4200

Fourth Quarter

 

0.3625

 

0.3625

 

0.4200

 

0.4200

Total

$

1.4500

$

1.4475

$

1.6800

$

1.6400

UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.

As of December 31, 2021,2023, there were 186.1189.9 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.2176.4 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 94.7%92.9%, were owned by UDR and 9.913.5 million OP Units, or 5.3%7.1%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2021,2023, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 20.621.4 million, or 63.6%66.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 11.811.0 million, or 36.4%34.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.

Human Capital Management

As of February 11, 2022, we had 1,219December 31, 2023, our team at UDR comprises 1,397 full-time associates and 1013 part-time associates, all of whom were employed by UDR. Of such number 815are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 991 associates are employed infocused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment to social responsibility extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated workforce that are located at or that are solely relatedfuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our communitiesUDR culture and values directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the remainder are employed in corporate roles. Recruitingoverall success of our organization.

Our UDR culture is defined by choice, transparency, and retainingtrust, empowering our associates to make decisions that align with their individual interests and benefit the Company as well as assisting them in their professional development, are critically important in successfully managing our business. UDR’s culture is one based on innovation, inclusion, empowerment, adaptability,a whole. By prioritizing and execution, and understanding and maintaining our culture is fundamentalenhancing the associate experience, we hope to recruiting and retaining associates. To that end, in 2020 we updated our culture statement and launched an associate facing culture websiteenhance engagement levels, leading to ensure that our associates understand our culture and have an opportunity to participate in its evolution.

increased customer satisfaction, higher employee

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retention, and superior results. We report to our Board of Directors at least annually with respect to our human capital initiatives, including evaluations and analyses.

Associate Compensation

Attracting, developing,nurturing, and retaining high-quality andtop-tier, diverse associates are criticaltalent across our organization is essential to theour long-term successsuccess. An integral part of our Company. Implementing fair, non-biased compensation practicesthis process is our starting point.commitment to fair and attractive compensation practices. We continue to utilize our compensation market data tool that enables us to access near real-time market insights. This tool has been helpful in helping us to make informed decisions and adjust our salary ranges accordingly, helping us to remain competitive and attract and retain top talent. By staying up-to-date with the latest trends in the job market, we seek to provide fair and competitive compensation packages to our associates. We also useconduct annual assessments of pay equity across various recruiting methods depending ondimensions, such as gender, age, and ethnicity, for each job function, including an associate referral program, internet-based recruiting platforms, and third-party recruiting agencies. With respect to compensation, we utilize market surveys and other third-party information when determining salary ranges, and we design ourtitle. Our compensation programs are designed to include bonus potential to incentivize performance. In addition, we evaluate gender- and diversity-based job-title-specific compensationperformance-driven bonuses. These metrics quarterly to actively monitor pay equity, identify areas for improvement and as part of the Company’s on-going Next Generation Platform implementation. These results are providedpresented annually to our executive leadership and Board of Directors.Directors for oversight purposes.

Associate Growth and Development

We firmly believe that frequent training is important to our associates’essential for associate job satisfaction, is essential to furthering their effectiveness, career progression, and helpsretention. New associates participate in career advancementa comprehensive two-day onboarding process that covers our culture, values, mission, and associate retention, helping us to create a more efficient workforce. Accordingly, weadministrative procedures. We offer a wide varietyrange of training opportunities. opportunities tailored to individual needs.

In addition to training designed to addressmandatory regulatory and statutory matterstraining (e.g., harassment, cybersecurity, fair housing, etc.)housing), associates have the option of participating incan opt to receive management development training through our Certified Managerprograms like the ULEAD and the Level Up! Career Mobility Programs. These programs are designed to enableinitiatives equip our associates to acquirewith valuable skills that will be useful to them as they progress in their career.for career advancement. In total, thereover 6,000 courses are over 5,000 courses available to our associates. Examples of programassociates, spanning topics include:such as leasing skills, basic property maintenance, customer service, project management, and system applications. In aggregate,2023, our associates engagedcollectively invested 13,924 hours in 24,422 hours of training, in 2021, or an average of 20averaging 10 hours per full time associate. In addition, we enhanced ourWe also implemented improved controls around timely completion of required training to ensure that associates complete these courses in a timely manner. Ascourses. By the end of our 2021 year end measurement, 91%2023, 95% of associates had completed annual technology IT security training, 99% of associateswhile 95% had completed fair housing, training, 96% of associates completed annual harassment, training, 97% of associates completed diversity and inclusion, training, and 95% of associates completed our annual business ethics training.

Certifications are importantplay a crucial role in career progression in the apartment business, and weindustry. We actively encourage our associates to become professionally certified in areaspursue professional certifications that interest themalign with their interests and are beneficial tobenefit the Company. CertificationsThese certifications range from master’smaster's degree programs to certified property manager programs to technical licenses for HVAC systems, all of which equip our associates with knowledge and the potential for career-expansion opportunities. UDR offerslicenses. We offer partial tuition reimbursement related to support associates in attaining these certifications.

Each UDR associate is required to engageparticipates in an annual performance review with their direct supervisor. Among other things, the performance review establishes the associate’s training plans for the upcoming year and providessupervisor, providing feedback on career development for each associate.and engagement levels.

In addition, we monitor associate turnoverAdditionally, in 2023, the Company hired a Vice President of Organizational Development and take action when issuesSuccession Planning. Organizational development and succession planning are identified if appropriate.critical components of the Company's long-term strategy as they help UDR to have the right talent in the right positions to drive success and growth.

Diversity and Inclusion

We are committedprioritize respect, fairness, and the promotion of diverse perspectives, which contribute to creatingour Company's growth and maintainingsuccess. Our commitment extends to fostering a diverse and inclusive workplace environment that supportsfacilitates the development and advancement of all associates.

As of December 31, 2021, our total workforce is 59% male and 41% female. The ethnicity of2023, our workforce is 56%comprised of 60% male and 40% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 53% White, 26% Hispanic/Latino, 10%13% Black, 3%2% Asian, and 5%6% Other. “Other” includes: American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, Not Specified or two or more races.

As of December 31, 2021, ourOur management team (associates with the title of community director or director(including resident services managers and highermore senior job classifications) is 53%reflects a gender balance of 57% male and 47% female. The ethnicity43% female, with an ethnic breakdown of our management team is 80%61% White and 20%39% non-White.

Over the three-year period ending December 31, 2021, 642 associates were promoted. Of the associates that were2023, 520 promotions occurred, with 48% of those promoted to the positions of community director,resident services manager, director, or a highermore senior job classification during the period, 51% wereclassifications being female and 22% were26% non-White.

We provide resources, webinars, trainings, workshops, and tools to educate our associates on DEI-related topics. Our commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion remains as we strive to create a healthy and diverse work environment and attract candidates from all backgrounds, ethnicities, and genders.

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Associate Engagement and Outreach

We conduct anThroughout 2023, we placed greater emphasis on increasing associate engagement and focused efforts on achieving this goal.  We implemented a quarterly pulse survey every twoprogram and several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. Centralizing information, creating an HR Monthly Newsletter, and initiating internal publications and recognition programs for associates were among the initiatives we undertook to three years, whichfacilitate better communication and foster a sense of community.

The quarterly pulse surveys all associateswe implemented in 2023 give us valuable insights into associate engagement, views on a variety of issues. The results of our 2021 survey showed that 94% of associates feel that they can build relationships with colleagues, 89% of associates feel that they are treated fairlyUDR culture, and 87% of associates feel that they can succeedwork-life balance, among other key performance indicators. We find these surveys to be incredibly helpful and thrive at work. plan to continue conducting them to receive ongoing feedback.

We believe that our associates should also be involvedactive in their communities, and that we should assist with thosesupport their efforts. In 2019,2023, UDR provided 2,5581,041 hours of paid time off for ourto associates to be used for volunteer work with more than 25over 20 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations that makeand causes, fostering a difference in the communities in which we operate. UDR provides paid time off during specified, Company-wide volunteer days in 2019 and our associates responded with a 25% year-over-year increase in volunteer hours. While the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the program in 2020, we were able to re-implement it on a limited basis in 2021.culture of giving back.

COVID-19Employee Health, Wellness and Employee Safety, Health and WellnessBenefits

The safety, health, wellness, and wellnesssafety of our associates is a top priority for our associates. The COVID-19 pandemic provided unique challengesare paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the Company. In response, we developed a number of integrated policies and programs since the beginning of the pandemic to help ensure the safety and well-being of our associates:

Personal Protective Equipment
Additional time off for COVID-related matters
One-time bonuses
Flexible work schedules
Work-from-home options
Vacation buy-out programs
Mental wellness programs

These policiesassociates. Our monthly Wellness Newsletter covers a range of topics, including preventative care, fitness, mental health, and programs have continued to evolve as the landscape has changed during the pandemic.healthy eating habits.

In 2023, we reduced the benefits waiting period from two months to one month. In addition, in connection with on-going efforts with respect to associate health and well-being in 2020, we distributed to all associates a brochure setting forth the mental health programs thatenhanced our associates may access. In early 2021, we rolled out access to a confidential on-demand behavioral health support mobile application, providing associates with 24/7 access to a care team comprised of coaches and mental health professionals throughvia text-based chats and self-guided activities at no additional cost to associates. This program was also expanded in 2023 to provide support to teen-age children for parents with teen-aged children. Finally, a new associate resource program was introduced, providing our associates with a comprehensive set of tools to assist them in every aspect of their life. This resource provides professional counseling and expert referrals for a wide array of personal and work-related concerns.

Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2023, where 77% of respondents believed that UDR offered benefits meeting their needs. Utilizing feedback from this survey and our engagement survey, we enhanced the associate.Lifestyle Spending Account. The Lifestyle Spending Account provides flexibility by allowing associates to allocate $1,000 annually to various health, wellness, and lifestyle categories. Furthermore, we implemented a 401(k) auto-enrollment for new hires at 3% of their salary that started in January 2024. We also provide all associates with the opportunity to participate in a widecomprehensive set of employee benefits, including health, dental, and vision insurance coverage.coverage for all associates.

Reporting Segments

We report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other.

Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2020,2022, and held as of December 31, 2021.2023. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.

Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report.

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Business Objectives

Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:

own and operate a diversified portfolio of apartments in targeted markets in the United States, which are characterized by strong total income growth, high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability and measured new favorable demand/supply growth,ratio for multifamily housing, thus enhancing stability and predictability of returns to our stockholders;
manage real estate cycles by taking an opportunistic approach to buying, selling, renovating, redeveloping, and developing apartment communities;
empower site associates to manage our communities efficiently and effectively;
measure and reward associates based on specific performance targets; and
manage our capital structure to provide a lowwith the intent of lowering our relative cost of capital to enhance profitability and predictability of liquidity, earnings and dividends.

20212023 Highlights

Commitment to Shareholders

In July 2021,2023, the Company marked its 4951thst year as a REIT and, in November 2021,October 2023, paid its 196204th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 20212023 dividend of $1.45$1.68 represented a 0.7%10.5% increase over the previous year.

Property Operations

Net income attributable to common stockholders was $145.8$439.5 million as compared to $60.0$82.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by higher total net operating income (“NOI”), higher gains from dispositions of real estate, higher investmenttotal net operating income from unconsolidated entities(“NOI”), and higher interest income and other income/(expense) primarily due to realized and unrealized gains from our direct investment in SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”), a portfolio investment and higher interest income driven by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher depreciation expense primarily due to communities acquired and completion of an unconsolidated fund, becoming a public company, lowerdevelopments in 2023 and 2022, and higher interest expense primarily due to lower debt extinguishment costs and lowerhigher average interest rates partially offset byand higher overall debt balances.

Total revenues increased 4.0%7.3% over the prior year primarily due to overall market rent growth and communities acquired and completion of developments during 20212023 and 2020 and overall rent growth.2022, partially offset by dispositions of real estate in 2023.

We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 1.5%5.6% and Same-Store NOI growth of 0.5%6.0%.

Investing and Developments

We acquired a to-be-developed parcel of landsix operating communities located in Tampa, Florida,Dallas, Texas, and Austin, Texas, for approximately $6.6$354.6 million.

We contributed four wholly-owned operating communities to a newly formed joint venture in exchange for a 51.0% interest in the venture. We received approximately $247.9 million in cash proceeds from our joint venture partner at formation and we recognized gains of $325.9 million from the partial sale of the operating communities. The joint venture also acquired an operating community located in Norwood, Massachusetts, from a third party for $114.3 million.

We previously had a secured note with an unaffiliated third party with an aggregate commitment of $20.0 million. The note was secured by a parcel of land and related land improvements located in Alameda, California. The developer defaulted on the loan, and as a result of the default, we took title to the property pursuant to a deed in lieu of foreclosure.

We commencedcompleted the development of one community located in Addison, Texas,Washington, D.C., with a total of 405300 apartment homes.

We acquired or increased our ownership interest in twelve operating communities with a total of 5,426 apartment homes located in markets within which we already operate for a combined purchase price of approximately $1.5 billion.

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We recognized gainsa gain of $136.1$25.3 million from the sale of twoan operating communitiescommunity located in Anaheim, California.Hillsboro, Oregon.

We funded an additional $21.8 million to two of our Developer Capital Program preferred equity investments.

We contributed $64.6funded an additional $85.3 million to threefive of our notes receivable investments under our Developer Capital Program, which earn preferred returns ranging between 9.0% and 9.7%.

Balance Sheet

We assumed three fixed rate mortgage notes payable with an aggregate outstanding balance of $183.3 million and a fair value of $201.3 million in connection with the acquisition of three operating properties, which carry a weighted average interest rate of 3.93%.

We entered into an amended and restated credit agreement, which increased our maximum aggregate borrowing capacity on our unsecured revolving credit facility to $1.3 billion from $1.1 billion, extended the maturity date to January 31, 2026, with two six-month extensions, and lowered the margin range for the interest rate. The amended agreement also extended the maturity date of our $350.0 million unsecured term loan to January 31, 2027 and lowered the margin range for the interest rate.

We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 14, 202212, 2024 to January 12, 2024 and lowered the margin range for the interest rate.2025, plus a one-year extension option.

We issued $300.0 million of 2.10% senior unsecured medium-term notes due June 15, 2033. The proceeds were used to redeem all of our $300.0 million 4.00% senior unsecured medium-term notes due October 2025.

We issued an additional $200.0 million of our 3.00% medium-term notes due 2031. This was a further issuance of and forms a single series with the $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 2031 Notes that were issued in August 2019. The notes were priced at 106.388% of the principal amount to yield 2.259%.

We settled 19.5repurchased 0.6 million shares under forward sales agreements as part of our ATM programs and previously announced forward sales agreementscommon stock for net proceeds of approximately $899.1$25.0 million.

Corporate ResponsibilityESG Report

We have published our 2021 Annual Corporate Responsibility2023 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG)ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework.

Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2021.

COVID-19 Update

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic, and on March 13, 2020, the United States declared a national emergency with respect to COVID-19. The pandemic led governments and other authorities around the world, including federal, state and local authorities in the United States, to impose measures intended to control its spread, including restrictions on freedom of movement and business operations such as travel bans, border closings, business closures, quarantines and shelter-in-place or similar orders. While many of such measures have been lifted, they may be reinstated or other measures imposed. Further, while vaccines have been developed and are being administered, it is unclear when or if vaccines may allow a return to full pre-pandemic activity levels.2023.

While operations have been allowed to fully or partially re-open, no assurance can be given that closures or restrictions will not be reinstated or new measures imposed in the future. Our headquarters, all of our properties and our

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corporate offices are located in areas that have been subject to shelter-in-place orders and restrictions on the types of businesses that may continue to operate or the manner in which they may operate, for example restrictions on capacity. These orders and restrictions and other impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have adversely affected, and could continue to adversely affect, the ability of our residents and retail and commercial tenants to pay their rent. It is still uncertain how various legislation or orders adopted by the federal government and state and local governments, or those that may be modified or enacted in the future, may continue to impact the ability of our residents and retail and commercial tenants to pay their rent. The governmental actions intended to prevent the spread of COVID-19 also caused us to reduce staffing at certain of our locations, and have impacted, and may continue to impact, our ability to conduct our business in the ordinary course. Further, the federal government and a number of the states, counties and municipalities in which we operate have adopted, and may extend or reinstate, eviction moratoriums, either directly or indirectly (such as through direction to law enforcement or courts not to serve notices or take actions related to eviction) or have otherwise modified their eviction processes or requirements, which have negatively impacted, and may continue to negatively impact, our ability to enforce our legal and contractual rights and our ability to remove, in a timely manner, residents or retail and commercial tenants who are not paying their rent and our ability to rent their units or other space to new residents or retail and commercial tenants, respectively. In addition, certain jurisdictions have restricted our ability to charge certain fees, including fees for late payment of rent, and certain jurisdictions have adopted limits on our ability to increase rents. Earlier in the pandemic, we received more requests from our residents and retail and commercial tenants for assistance with respect to paying rent than we have historically received. In response, we instituted a number of initiatives to assist residents and other tenants, including rent deferrals, payment plans, and waiving late payment fees when appropriate. Recently, the federal government has allocated funds to rent relief programs run by state and local authorities. Certain of such programs were slow to begin operating and in certain locations funds are taking longer than expected to be distributed. Further, in certain locations, adequate funds may not exist to assist with all unpaid rent. Additionally, certain of our residents with past due rent may not qualify to receive assistance under such programs. In addition, some of such programs have required, and programs in the future may require, the forgiveness of a portion of the past due rent or other limitations or restrictions in order to participate, or may only provide funds to pay a portion of the past due rent. It remains uncertain how such programs will impact our business. Also vaccine mandates that have been adopted or may be adopted by the federal government or in states and localities in which we operate may impact our ability to operate our business in the ordinary course.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company performed an analysis in accordance with the ASC 842, Leases, guidance to assess the collectibility of its operating lease receivables in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. This analysis included an assessment of collectibility of current and future rents and whether those lease payments were no longer probable of collection. In accordance with the leases guidance, if lease payments are no longer deemed to be probable over the life of the lease contract, we recognize revenue only when cash is received, and all existing contractual operating lease receivables and straight-line lease receivables are reserved.

As a result of its analysis, the Company reduced its reserve to approximately $13.2 million for multifamily tenant lease receivables and increased its reserve to approximately $6.1 million for retail tenant lease receivables (inclusive of $4.0 million of reserves on straight-line lease receivables) for its wholly-owned communities and communities held by joint ventures. In aggregate, the reduction in reserve is reflected as a $0.1 million increase to Rental income and a $0.1 million increase to Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company reserved approximately $13.5 million of multifamily tenant lease receivables and approximately $6.0 million of retail tenant lease receivables (inclusive of $3.3 million of reserves on straight-line lease receivables) for its wholly-owned communities and communities held by joint ventures. In aggregate, the reserve is reflected as a $18.4 million reduction to Rental income and a $1.1 million reduction to Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. The impact to deferred leasing commissions was not material for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $3.1 million on its investment in equity securities of a non-core investment. The Company did not recognize any other adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets or asset impairment charges due to the COVID-19 pandemic for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

As of January 31, 2022, we had collected 97.3%, 96.7% and 95.7% of billed monthly rents for our multifamily residents for October, November and December, respectively. January cash rents received are similar when compared to those for October, November and December at corresponding times of prior months.

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Our Strategic Vision

Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice.choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:

1.Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities
2.Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet
3.Consistently Driving Operating Excellence
4.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and EnsuringStriving for High Resident Satisfaction

Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities

We believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, and lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio.portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:

our consolidated apartment portfolio includes 160168 communities located in 21 markets throughout the U.S., including both coastal and sunbelt locations;
our communities that are located proximate to each other within a market provide enhanced economics; and
our mix of urban/suburban communities is approximately 30%31%/70%69% and our mix of A/B quality properties is approximately 42%44%/58%56%.

We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, low single-family homestrong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research.

Acquisitions and Dispositions

When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including:

high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability, measured long-term new supply growth, overall potential for strong total income growth;

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the tax and regulatory environment of the market in which the property is located;
geographic location, including proximity to jobs, entertainment, transportation, and our existing communities which can deliver significant economies of scale;
our climate assessments for the market and sub-market in which the property is located;
construction quality, condition and design of the property;
current and projected cash flow of the property and the ability to increase cash flow;
ability of the property’s projected returns to exceed our cost of capital;
potential for capital appreciation of the property;
ability to increase the value and profitability of the property through operations and redevelopment;
terms of resident leases, including the potential for rent increases;
occupancy and demand by residents for properties of a similar type in the vicinity;
prospects for liquidity through sale, financing or refinancing of the property; and
competition from existing multifamily communities and the potential for the construction of new multifamily properties in the area.

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We regularly monitor our assets to increase the quality and performance of our portfolio. Factors we consider in deciding whether to dispose of a property include:

whether it is in a market targeted for divestment or a reduction in investment;
current market price for an asset compared to projected economics for that asset;
potential increases in new construction in the market area;
areas with low job growth prospects;
near- and long-term capital expenditure needs for the asset; and
operating efficiencies.

The following table summarizes our apartment community acquisitions and dispositions and our consolidated year-end ownership position for the past five years (dollars in thousands):

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

    

2018

    

2017

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

Homes acquired

 

5,426

 

1,642

 

7,079

 

 

462

 

1,889

(a)

433

 

5,426

 

1,642

 

7,079

Homes disposed

 

651

 

599

 

 

868

 

218

 

1,604

(b)

90

 

651

 

599

 

Homes owned at December 31,

 

53,229

 

48,283

 

47,010

 

39,931

 

39,998

 

55,550

 

54,999

 

53,229

 

48,283

 

47,010

Total real estate owned, at cost

$

14,740,803

$

13,071,472

$

12,602,101

$

10,196,159

$

10,177,206

$

16,023,859

$

15,570,072

$

14,740,803

$

13,071,472

$

12,602,101

(a)Excludes 173 apartment homes related to the consolidation of a joint venture that owns one operating community. In January 2024, the Company acquired the remaining interest in the operating community from the joint venture.
(b)Includes 1,328 apartment homes from the partial sale of four operating communities to a newly formed joint venture.

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Development Activities

Our objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2021,2023, the Company was developing fivetwo wholly-owned communities located in Addison, Texas Denver, Colorado, Dublin, California, Washington, D.C., and King of Prussia, Pennsylvania,Tampa, Florida, totaling 1,417415 homes, none of which 56 have been completed, with a budget of $501.5$187.5 million, in which we have an investment of $388.6$160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed betweenin the second quarter of 2022 and the second quarter of 2023.2024.

Redevelopment Activities

Our objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2021,2023, we incurred $40.3$123.3 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2021,2023, the Company had no communities at which it was not redeveloping any communities.conducting substantial redevelopment activities.

Joint Venture and Partnership Activities

We have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we would own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement.

Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet

We maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate.

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As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities.

Consistently Driving Operational Excellence

Investment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helphelps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and completeincluding completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application.

As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes.

Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident Satisfaction

Refer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture.

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Competitive Conditions

Competition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do.

We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include:

a fully integrated organization with property management, development, redevelopment, acquisition, marketing, sales and financing expertise;
scalable operating and support systems, which include automated systems to meet the changing electronic needs of our residents and to effectively focus on our internetinternet-based marketing efforts;
access to diversified sources of capital;
geographic diversification with a presence in 21 markets across the country; and
significant presence in many of our major markets that allows us to be a local operating expert.

Moving forward, we will continue to optimizeimprove lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.

Communities

At December 31, 2021,2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 160168 communities with a total of 53,22955,550 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio generally enables us to raise rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents.

At December 31, 2021,2023, the Company was developing fivetwo wholly-owned communities located in Addison, Texas, Denver, Colorado, Dublin, California, Washington, D.C., and King of Prussia, Pennsylvania,Tampa, Florida, totaling 1,417415 homes, none of which 56 have been completed, with a budget of $501.5$187.5 million, in which we have an investment of $388.6$160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed betweenin the second quarter of 2022 and the second quarter of 2023.2024.

At December 31, 2021,2023, the Company had no communities at which it was not redeveloping any communities.conducting substantial redevelopment activities.

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Same-Store Community Comparison

We believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year.

Net income attributable to common stockholders was $145.8$439.5 million as compared to $60.0$82.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by higher total NOI, higher gains from dispositions of real estate, higher investmenttotal NOI, and higher interest income from unconsolidated entitiesand other income/(expense) primarily due to realized and unrealized gains from our direct investment in SmartRent, a portfolio investmentInc. (“SmartRent”) and higher interest income driven by higher notes receivable balances, partially offset by higher depreciation expense due to communities acquired and completion of an unconsolidated fund becoming a public company, lowerdevelopments in 2023 and 2022, and higher interest expense primarily due to lower debt extinguishment costs and lowerhigher average interest rates partially offset byand higher overall debt balances.

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For the year ended December 31, 2021,2023, our Same-Store NOI increased by $3.9$58.8 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 91.2%93.1% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2021.2023. The increase in NOI for the 45,14351,368 Same-Store apartment homes, or 84.8%92.5% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by lower rent concessions, lower vacancy, lower bad debt expense, a decreasean increase in personnel expense andmarket rental rates, an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income and a decrease in insurance expense, partially offset by a decrease in rental rates andthe impact from rent concessions, higher bad debt, higher vacancy loss, higher repair and maintenance expense, insurancehigher utility expense and higher real estate tax expense.

Revenue growth in 20222024 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic,a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.

Tax Matters

UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.

We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes.

Inflation

Inflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2021.2023.

Environmental Matters

Various environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party.

To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous

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materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards.

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Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities.

We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition.

Insurance

We carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage in amounts necessary to reimburse us on a replacement cost basis, for costs incurred to repair or rebuild each property, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period.

Available Information

We file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com.

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Item 1A.

RISK FACTORS

There are many factors that affect the business and the results of operations of the Company, some of which are beyond its control. The following is a description of important factors that may cause the Company’s actual results of operations in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or discussed in forward-looking statements set forth in this Report relating to our financial results, operations and business prospects. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law.

Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our Operations

The Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic and Measures Intended to Prevent its Spread Could Have a Material Adverse Effect on our Business, Results of Operations, Cash Flows and Financial Condition.

Since being first reported in December 2019, COVID-19 has spread globally, including to every state in the United States. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic, and on March 13, 2020, the United States declared a national emergency with respect to COVID-19. The pandemic led governments and other authorities around the world, including federal, state and local authorities in the United States, to impose measures intended to control its spread, including restrictions on freedom of movement and business operations such as travel bans, border closings, business closures, quarantines and shelter-in-place orders. While operations have been allowed to fully or partially re-open, no assurance can be given that similar closures or restrictions will not be reinstated or new restrictions imposed in the future. Our headquarters and all of our properties and our corporate offices are located in areas that have been subject to shelter-in-place orders and restrictions on the types of businesses that may continue to operate or the manner in which they may operate, and no assurance can be given that such restrictions or other restrictions will not be reinstated in the future.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures to prevent its spread could materially and adversely affect our business in a number of ways. Our rental revenue and operating results depend significantly on the occupancy levels at our properties and the ability of our residents and retail and commercial tenants to meet their rent obligations to us, which have been in certain cases, and could continue to be, adversely affected by, among other things, job losses, furloughs, store closures, lower incomes and uncertainty about the future as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and related governmental actions. In addition, numerous state, local and federal efforts, including eviction moratoriums, shelter-in-place orders, prohibitions on charging certain fees and limitations on collection laws, have affected, and, if such restrictions are not lifted, or are reinstated, or new restrictions imposed, may continue to affect our ability to collect rent or enforce legal or contractual remedies for the failure to pay rent, which have negatively impacted, and may continue to negatively impact, our ability to remove residents or retail and commercial tenants who are not paying rent and our ability to rent their units or other space to new residents or retail and commercial tenants, respectively. Although many of these measures have been lifted, additional cases of COVID-19 and new variants thereof have resulted in, and may continue to result in, governments reinstating these or similar measures. Early in 2021, the federal government allocated funds to rent relief programs to be run by state and local authorities. Under certain of such programs funds have not been, and may not be distributed in a timely manner. In certain locations the funds available may not be sufficient to pay all past due rent and reallocation of such funds may result in markets in which we operate not having access to the funds anticipated. Further, certain of our residents with past due rent may not qualify to participate in such programs. In addition, some of such programs have required, and programs in the future may require, the forgiveness of a portion of the past due rent or agreeing to other limitations that may adversely affect our business in order to participate or may only provide funds to pay a portion of the past due rent. In addition, while certain locations have adopted programs that may reimburse past due rent owed by residents who have left a community, such programs have only been adopted in a minority of our markets and most of the programs that have been adopted are not yet distributing funds. It is uncertain how the rent relief programs will impact our business. State, local, and federal governments also have increased, and may in the future increase, property taxes or other taxes, or fees, or may enact new taxes or fees, in order to increase revenue, which has in the past increased, and may in the future increase our expenses. Our development and construction projects, including those in our Developer Capital Program, also could be adversely affected, including as a result of disruptions in supply chains or as a result of delayed construction schedules due to social distancing efforts, vaccine mandates impacting staffing, or occurrences of the virus at a construction site although, to date, such impacts have not been material. The COVID-19 pandemic or related impacts thereof also could adversely affect the businesses and financial conditions of our counterparties, including our joint venture partners, participants in the Developer Capital Program, and general contractors and their subcontractors, and their ability to satisfy their obligations to us and to

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complete transactions or projects with us as intended. Further, state and local governments have instituted, or such authorities or the federal government could in the future institute, vaccine mandates that apply to our associates in certain jurisdictions, which may impact our ability to operate our business in the ordinary course or result in an increased cost to do so. In addition, a significant number of our retail tenants were, and may in the future be, forced to close, either temporarily or completely, or operate on a limited basis as a result of COVID-19 and related government actions, including staffing challenges created thereby, which has resulted in, and could continue to result in, delays in rent payments, rent concessions, early lease terminations or tenant bankruptcies.

The extent of the COVID-19 pandemic’s effect on our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, including the duration and intensity of the pandemic, the emergence and characteristics of new variants, the timing and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines (including against COVID-19 variant strains), the creation and duration of, or the reinstatement of, government measures to mitigate the pandemic or address its effects, including vaccine mandates, the timing and effectiveness of government rent relief programs and the timing and effectiveness of vaccine administration, all of which are uncertain and difficult to predict. Due to the uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, we are not able at this time to estimate the full effect of these factors on our business, but the adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be material.

Unfavorable Apartment Market and Economic Conditions Could Adversely Affect Occupancy Levels, Rental Revenues and the Value of Our Real Estate Assets. Unfavorable market conditions in the areas in which we operate or unfavorable economic conditions generally, including as a result of COVID-19, may significantly affect our occupancy levels, our rental rates and collections, the value of our properties and our ability to acquire or dispose of apartment communities on economically favorable terms. Our ability to lease our properties at favorable rates is adversely affected by the increase in supply in the multifamily and other rental markets and is dependent upon the overall level in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, recession, debt levels, housing markets, stock market volatility and uncertainty about the future. Some of our major expenses generally do not decline when related rents decline. We would expect that declines in our occupancy levels and rental revenues would cause us to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness and to distribute to UDR’sour stockholders, which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market value of our securities. Factors that have in the past and may in the future affect our occupancy levels, our rental revenues, and/or the value of our properties include the following, among others:

downturns in the global, national, regional and local economic conditions, particularly increases in unemployment;
declines in mortgage interest rates, making alternative housing options more affordable;
government or builder incentives with respect to home ownership, making alternative housing options more attractive;
local real estate market conditions, including oversupply of, or reduced demand for, apartment homes;
declines in the financial condition of our tenants, which may make it more difficult for us to collect rents from some tenants;
changes in market rental rates;
our ability to renew leases or re-lease space on favorable terms;
the timing and costs associated with property improvements, repairs or renovations;
changes in household formation; and
rent control or stabilization laws, or other laws regulating or impacting rental housing, which could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs or otherwise impact us.

The Geographic Concentration of Our Communities in Certain Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Operations if a Particular Market is Adversely Impacted by Economic or Other Conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2021,2023, approximately 56.6%73.3% of our total NOI was generated from communities located in Metropolitan D.C. (17.0%(14.9%), Boston, MA (11.3%), Orange County, CA (13.3%(10.9%), Boston, MA (11.7%Dallas, TX (8.6%),the San Francisco Bay Area, CA (7.6%(8.2%), New York, NY (7.7%), Seattle, WA (6.3%) and Seattle, WA (7.0%Tampa, FL (5.4%). As a result, if any one or more of these markets is adversely impacted by regional or local economic conditions or real estate market conditions, such conditions may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. For example, the urban core markets of New York, NY, San Francisco Bay Area, CA, and Boston, MA have been more adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in

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comparison to our other markets, resulting in larger decreases in rental income from elevated rent concessions and lower occupancy in those markets. In addition, if one or more of these markets is adversely affected by changes in regional or local regulations, including those related to rent control or stabilization, such regulations may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operationoperations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse.

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We May Be Unable to Renew Leases or Relet Apartment Units as Leases Expire, or the Terms of Renewals or New Leases May Be Less Favorable Than Current Leases. When our residents decide to leave our apartments, whether because they decidetheir leases are not to renew their leasesrenewed or they leave prior to their lease expiration date, we may not be able to relet their apartment units. Even if the residents do renewleases are renewed or we can relet the apartment units, the terms of renewal or reletting may be less favorable than current lease terms. Furthermore, because the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, our rental revenues are impacted by declines in market rents more quickly than if our leases were for longer terms. If we are unable to promptly renew the leases or relet the apartment units, or if the rental rates upon renewal or reletting are lower than expected rates, then our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected. If residents do not experience increases in their income or if they experience decreases in their income or job losses, we may be unable to increase or maintain rent and/or delinquencies may increase.

We Face Certain Risks Related to Our Retail and Commercial Space. Certain of our properties include retail or commercial space that we lease to third parties. The long termlong-term nature of our retail and commercial leases (generally five to ten years with market-based or fixed-price renewal options) and the characteristics of many of our tenants (generally small and/or local businesses) may subject us to certain risks, including risks related to such tenants being required not to operate, or to operate on a limited basis, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.risks. The longer termlonger-term leases could result in below market lease rates over time, particularly in an inflationary environment. TenantsWe may providerequire guarantees and other credit support which may prove to be inadequate or uncollectable, and the failure rate of small and/or local businesses may be higher than average. We may not be able to lease new space for rents that are consistent with our projections or for market rates. Also, when leases for our retail or commercial space terminate either at the end of the lease or because a tenant leaves early, the space may not be relet or the terms of reletting, including the cost of allowances and concessions to tenants, may be less favorable than the prior lease terms or we may incur additional expenses related to modifications of the spaces in order to satisfy new tenants. Our properties compete with other properties with retail or commercial space. The presence of competitive alternatives may adversely affect our ability to lease space and the level of rents we can obtain. Our retail or commercial tenants have experienced in the past, and may experience in the future, experience financial distress or bankruptcy, or may fail to comply with their contractual obligations, seek concessions in order to continue operations, or cease their operations, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Risk ofWe Face Risks Related to Inflation/Deflation. Substantial inflationary or deflationary pressures could have a negative effect on rental rates and property operating expenses. The U.S. economy has recently experienced high rates of inflation, which has increased our operating expenses due to higher third party vendor costs and increased our interest expense due to higher interest rates on our variable rate debt. Although the short-term nature of our apartment leases may, absent other factors, enable us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes, an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases. The general risk of inflation is that interest on our debt, general and administrative expenses, materials costs, labor costs, and other expenses increase at a rate faster than increases in our rental rates, which could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

We Are Subject to Certain Risks Associated with Selling Apartment Communities, Which Could Limit Our Operational and Financial Flexibility. We periodically dispose of apartment communities that no longer meet our strategic objectives, but adverse market conditions may make it difficult to sell apartment communities we own. We cannot predict whether we will be able to sell any property for the price or on the terms we set, or whether any price or other terms offered by a prospective purchaser would be acceptable to us. We also cannot predict the length of time needed to find a willing purchaser andor to close the sale of a property. Furthermore, we may be required to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements before a property can be sold or the purchase price may be reduced to cover any cost of correcting defects or making improvements. These conditions may limit our ability to dispose of properties and to change our portfolio in order to meet our strategic objectives, which could in turn adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations or our ability to fund other activities in which we may want to engage such as the purchase of properties, development or redevelopment, or funding the Developer Capital Program. We are also subject to the following risks in connection with sales of our apartment communities, among others:

a significant portion of the proceeds from some property sales may be held by intermediaries in order for such sales to qualify as like-kind exchanges under Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the “Code,” so that any related capital gain can be deferred for federal income tax purposes. As a result, we may not have immediate access to all of the cash proceeds generated from our property sales; and

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federal tax laws limit our ability to profit on the sale of communities or interests in communities that we have owned for less than two years, and this limitation may prevent us from selling communities when market conditions are favorable.

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Competition Could Limit Our Ability to Lease Apartment Homes or Increase or Maintain Rents. Our apartment communities compete with numerous housing alternatives in attracting residents, including other apartment communities, condominiums and single-family rental homes, as well as owner occupied single- and multi-family homes. Competitive housing in a particular area, including new supply, could adversely affect our ability to lease apartment homes and increase or maintain rents, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We May Not Realize the Anticipated Benefits of Past or Future Acquisitions, and the Failure to Integrate Acquired Communities and New Personnel Successfully Could Create Inefficiencies. We have selectively acquired in the past, and if presented with attractive opportunities we intend to selectively acquire in the future, apartment communities that meet our investment criteria. Our acquisition activities and their success are subject to the following risks, among others:

we may be unable to obtain financing for acquisitions on favorable terms, including but not limited to interest rates, term and/or loan-to-value ratios, or at all, all of which could cause us to delay or even abandon potential acquisitions;
even if we are able to finance thean acquisition, cash flow from the acquisition may be insufficient to meet our required principal and interest payments on the debt used to finance the acquisition;
even if we enter into an acquisition agreement for an apartment community, we may not complete the acquisition for a variety of reasons after incurring certain acquisition-related costs;
we may incur significant costs and divert management attention in connection with the evaluation and negotiation of potential acquisitions, including potential acquisitions that we subsequently do not complete;
when we acquire an apartment community, we may invest additional amounts in it with the intention of increasing profitability, and these additional investments may not produce the anticipated improvements in profitability;
the expected occupancy rates, and rental rates and expenses may differ from actual results; and
we may be unable to quickly and efficiently integrate acquired apartment communities and new personnel into our existing operations, and the failure to successfully integrate such apartment communities or personnel will result in inefficiencies that could materially and adversely affect our expected return on our investments and our overall profitability.

Competition Could Adversely Affect Our Ability to Acquire Properties. In the past, other real estate investors, including insurance companies, pension and investment funds, developer partnerships, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, have competed with us to acquire existing properties and to develop new properties, and such competition in the future may make it more difficult for us to acquirelimit attractive investment opportunities, on favorable terms, which could adversely affect our ability to grow or acquire properties profitably or with attractive returns.

Development and Construction Risks Could Impact Our Profitability. In the past we have selectively pursued the development and construction of apartment communities, and we intend to do so in the future as appropriate opportunities arise. Development activities have been, and in the future may be, conducted through wholly-owned affiliated companies or through joint ventures with unaffiliated parties. Our development and construction activities are subject to the following risks, among others:

we may be unable to obtain construction financing for development activities on favorable terms, including but not limited to interest rates, term and/or loan-to-value ratios, or at all, which could cause us to delay or even abandon potential developments;
we may experience supply chain constraints, which could result in increased development costs or delay initial occupancy dates for all or a portion of a development community;
we may be unable to obtain, or face delays in obtaining, necessary zoning, land-use, building, occupancy and other required governmental or quasi-governmental permits and authorizations, which could result in increased development costs, could delay initial occupancy dates for all or a portion of a development community, and could require us to abandon our activities entirely with respect to a project for which we are unable to obtain permits or authorizations;

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costcosts may be higher or yields may be less than anticipated as a result of delays in completing projects, costs that exceed budget, defaults by our counterparties, and/or higher than expected concessions for lease-up and lower rents than expected;

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we may abandon development opportunities that we have already begun to explore, and we may fail to recover expenses already incurred in connection with exploring such development opportunities;
we may be unable to complete construction and lease-up of a community on schedule, or we may incur development or construction costs that exceed our original estimates, and we may be unable to charge rents that would compensate for any increase in such costs;
occupancy rates, rents and concessions at a newly developed community may fluctuate depending on a number of factors, including market and economic conditions, preventing us from meeting our expected return on our investment and our overall profitability goals; and
when we sell communities or properties that we developed or renovated to third parties, we may be subject to warranty or construction defect claims that are uninsured or exceed the limits of our insurance.

An Epidemic, Pandemic or Other Health Crisis, and Measures Intended to Prevent the Spread of Such an Event, Could Have a Material Adverse Effect on our Business, Results of Operations, Cash Flows and Financial Condition. We face risks related to an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis, which have impacted, and in the future could impact, the markets in which we operate and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. The impact of an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis, and measures to prevent the spread of such an event, could materially and adversely affect our business in a number of ways. Our rental revenue and operating results depend significantly on the occupancy levels at our properties and the ability of our residents and retail and commercial tenants to meet their rent obligations to us, which have been in certain cases, and could in the future be, adversely affected by, among other things, job losses, furloughs, store closures, lower incomes, uncertainty about the future as a result of an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis and related governmental actions, including eviction moratoriums, shelter-in-place orders, prohibitions or limits on charging certain fees, and limitations on collections and or rent increases, which have affected, and, if such restrictions are not lifted, or are reinstated, or new restrictions imposed, may continue toaffect our ability to collect rent or enforce legal or contractual remedies for the failure to pay rent, which have negatively impacted, and may continue to negatively impact, our ability to remove residents or retail and commercial tenants who are not paying rent and our ability to rent their units or other space to new residents or retail and commercial tenants, respectively. In addition, the federal government has in the past allocated, and federal, state or local governments may in the future allocate, funds to rent relief programs. In certain locations, the funds available may not be sufficient to pay all past due rent and reallocation of such funds may result in markets in which we operate not having access to the funds anticipated. Further, certain of our residents with past due rent have not qualified, and may not in the future qualify, to participate in such programs. In addition, some of such programs have required, and programs in the future may require, the forgiveness of a portion of the past due rent or agreeing to other limitations that may adversely affect our business in order to participate or may only provide funds to pay a portion of the past due rent. In addition, while certain locations have adopted programs that may reimburse past due rent owed by residents who have left a community, such programs have only been adopted in a minority of our markets. It is uncertain how any rent relief programs will impact our business in the future.

State, local, and federal governments also have increased, and may in the future increase, property taxes or other taxes or fees, or may enact new taxes or fees, in order to increase revenue in connection with an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis, which has in the past increased, and may in the future increase, our expenses. Our development and construction projects, including those in our Developer Capital Program, also have been and could in the future be adversely affected by factors related to an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis. An epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis, or related impacts thereof also could adversely affect the businesses and financial conditions of our counterparties, including our joint venture partners, participants in the Developer Capital Program, and general contractors and their subcontractors, and their ability to satisfy their obligations to us and to complete transactions or projects with us as intended.

Bankruptcy or Defaults of Our Counterparties Could Adversely Affect Our Performance. We have relationships with and from time to time, we execute transactions with or receive services from many counterparties, such as general contractors engaged in connection with our development activities, borrowers, or joint venture partners, among others. As a result, bankruptcies or defaults by these counterparties or their subcontractors have resulted in, and in the future could result in, services not being provided as expected, projects not being completed on time, or on budget, or at all, or contractual obligations to us not being satisfied, orsatisfied. Further, volatility in the financial markets and economic weakness could affect the counterparties’ ability to complete transactions with us as intended, both of whichintended. Either circumstance could result in disruptions to our operations that may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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Property Ownership Through Partnerships and Joint Ventures May Limit Our Ability to Act Exclusively in Our Interest. We have in the past and may in the future develop and/or acquire properties inthrough partnerships and joint ventures, including those in which we own a preferred interest, with other persons or entities when we believe circumstances warrant the use of such structures. As of December 31, 2021,2023, we had active unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships, including our preferred equity investments, with a total equity investment of $702.5$952.9 million. We have in the past, and could in the future, become engaged in a dispute with one or more of our partners which could adversely impact us. Moreover, our partners may have business, economic or other objectives that are inconsistent with our objectives, including objectives that relate to the appropriate timing and terms of any sale or refinancing of a property. In some instances, our partners may have competing interests in our markets that could create conflicts of interest. Also, our partners mighthave in the past failed and may in the future fail to make capital contributions when due and our partners or the project may otherwise not act or perform as expected, which may require us to contribute additional capital or take other actions that may negatively impact the project.project or our return. In addition, we may be responsible to our partners for indemnifiable losses. In general, we and our partners may each have the right to trigger a buy-sell or other similar arrangement, which arrangement or other factors could cause us to sell our interest, or acquire our partner’s interest or other property, at a time when we otherwise would not have initiated such a transaction and may result in the valuation of our interest in the partnership or joint venture (if we are the seller) or of the other partner’s interest in the partnership or joint venture (if we are the buyer) at levels which may not be representative of the valuation that would result from an arm’s length marketing process and could cause us to recognize unanticipated capital gains or losses or the loss of fee income.

We aremay also be subject to other risks in connection with partnerships or joint ventures, including (i) a deadlock if we and our partner are unable to agree upon certain major and other decisions (which could result in litigation or disposing of an asset at a time at which we otherwise would not sell the asset), (ii) limitations on our ability to liquidate our position in the partnership or joint venture without the consent of the other partner, and (iii) requirements to provide guarantees in favor of lenders with respect to the indebtedness of the joint venture.

We May Not be Permitted to Dispose of Certain Properties or Pay Down the Indebtedness Associated with Those Properties When We Might Otherwise Desire to do so Without Incurring Additional Costs. In connection with certain property acquisitions, we have agreed with the sellers that we will not dispose of the acquired properties or reduce the mortgage indebtedness on such properties for significant periods of time unless we pay certain of the resulting tax costs of the sellers or dispose of the property in a transaction in which a gain is not recognized for federal income tax purposes by such sellers, and we may enter into similar agreements in connection with future property acquisitions. These agreements could result in us retaining properties that we would otherwise sell or not paying down or refinancing indebtedness that we would otherwise pay down or refinance. However, subject to certain conditions, we retain the right to substitute other property or debt to meet these obligations to the sellers.

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We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance. We have a comprehensive insurance program covering our properties and operating activities with limits of liability, deductibles and self-insured retentions customarythat we believe are comparable to similarly situated companies, including within the multifamily industry. We believe the policy specifications and insured limits of these policies are adequate and appropriate. There are, however, certain types of extraordinary losses whichthat may not be adequately covered under our insurance program. In addition, we will sustain losses due to insurance deductibles, self-insured retention, uninsured claims or casualties, or losses in excess of applicable coverage.

If an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occurs, we could lose all or a portion of the capital we have invested in a property, as well as the anticipated future revenue from the property. In such an event, we might nevertheless remain obligated for any mortgage debt or other financial obligations related to the property. Material losses in excess of insurance proceeds may occur in the future. If one or more of our properties were to experience a catastrophic loss, it could seriously disrupt our operations, delay revenue and result in large expenses to repair or rebuild the property. Such events could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The cost of insuring our apartment communities and our operations is a component of expense. Insurance premiums and the terms and conditions of insurance policies are subject to significant fluctuations and changes, which are generally outside of our control. We insure our properties and our operations with insurance companies that we believe have a good rating at the time our policies are put into effect. The financial condition of one or more insurance companies that insure us may be negatively impacted, which could result in their inability to pay on future insurance claims. Their inability to pay future claims may have a negative impact on our financial results. In addition, the failure, or exit or partial exit from an insurance market, of one or more insurance companies or other changes in insurance markets in general may affect our ability to obtain insurance coverage in the amounts that we seek, or at all, or increase the

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costs to renew or replace our insurance policies, or cause us to self-insure a portion of the risk, or increase the cost of insuring properties.

Failure to Succeed in New Markets May Limit Our Growth. We have acquired in the past, and we may acquire in the future if opportunities we believe are appropriate arise, apartment communities that are outside of our existing markets. Entering into new markets may expose us to a variety of risks, and we may not be able to operate successfully in new markets. These risks include, among others:

inability to accurately evaluate local apartment market conditions and local economies;
inability to hire and retain key personnel;
lack of familiarity with local governmental and permitting rules and procedures; and
inability to achieve budgeted financial results.

Failure to Succeed with New Initiatives May Limit Our Ability to Grow NOI. We have in the past developed and may in the future develop initiatives that are intended to drive operating efficiencies and grow NOI, including smart home technologies and self-service options that are accessible to residents through smart devices or otherwise. Such initiatives in the past have involved and in the future may involve our associates having new or different responsibilities and processes. We may incur significant costs and divert resources in connection with such initiatives, and these initiatives may not perform as projected, which could adversely affect our results of operations and the market price of UDR’sour common stock.

Potential Liability for Environmental Contamination Could Result in Substantial Costs. Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, as a current or former owner or operator of real estate, we could be required to investigate and remediate the effects of contamination of currently or formerly owned real estate by hazardous or toxic substances, often regardless of our knowledge of or responsibility for the contamination and solely by virtue of our current or former ownership or operation of the real estate. In addition, we could be held liable to a governmental authority or to third parties for property damage and for investigation and clean-up costs incurred in connection with the contamination or we could be required to incur additional costs to change how the property is constructed or operated due to presence of such substances. These costs could be substantial, and in many cases environmental laws create liens in favor of governmental authorities to secure their payment. The presence of such substances or a failure to properly remediate any resulting contamination could materially and adversely affect our ability to borrow against, sell or rent an affected property.

In addition, our properties are subject to various federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws, including laws governing the management of wastes and underground and aboveground storage tanks. Noncompliance

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with these environmental, health and safety laws could subject us to liability. Changes in laws could increase the potential costs of compliance with environmental laws, health and safety laws or increase liability for noncompliance. This may result in significant unanticipated expenditures or may otherwise adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

As the owner or operator of real property, we may also incur liability based on various building conditions. For example, buildings and other structures on properties that we currently own or operate or those we acquire or operate in the future contain, may contain, or may have contained, asbestos-containing material, or ACM, or other hazardous substances. Environmental, health and safety laws require that ACM and other hazardous substances be properly managed and maintained and may impose fines or penalties on owners, operators or employers for non-compliance with those requirements.

These requirements include special precautions, such as removal, abatement or air monitoring, if ACM would be disturbed during maintenance, renovation or demolition of a building, potentially resulting in substantial costs. In addition, we may be subject to liability for personal injury or property damage sustained as a result of exposure to ACM or other hazardous substances or releases of ACM or other hazardous substances into the environment.

We cannot assure you that costs or liabilities incurred as a result of environmental or building condition issues will not adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our Properties May Contain or Develop Harmful Mold or Suffer from Other Indoor Air Quality Issues, Which Could Lead to Liability for Adverse Health Effects or Property Damage or Cost for Remediation. When excessive

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moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Indoor air quality issues can also stem from inadequate ventilation, chemical contamination from indoor or outdoor sources, and other biological contaminants such as pollen, viruses and bacteria. Indoor exposure to airborne toxins or irritants can be alleged to cause a variety of adverse health effects and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. As a result, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold or other airborne contaminants or to increase ventilation, which could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow.flows. In addition, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants could expose us to liability from our tenants or others for property damage or personal injury.

Compliance or Failure to Comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 or Other Safety Regulations and Requirements Could Result in Substantial Costs. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended (the “Americans with Disabilities Act”) generally requires that public buildings, including our properties, be made accessible to disabled persons. Noncompliance could result in the imposition of fines by the federal government or the award of damages to private litigants. Claims have been asserted, and in the future claims may be asserted, against us with respect to some of our properties or operations under the Americans with Disabilities Act. If, under the Americans with Disabilities Act, we are required to make substantial alterations and capital expenditures in one or more of our properties or otherwise related to our operations, including the removal of access barriers, it could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if claims arise, we may expend resources and incur costs in investigating and resolving such claims even if we or our property was in compliance with the law.

Our properties are subject to various federal, state and local regulatory requirements, such as state and local fire and life safety requirements and federal, state and local accessibility requirements in addition to those imposed by the Americans with Disabilities Act. If we fail to comply with these requirements, we could incur fines or private damage awards. We do not know whether existing requirements will change or whether compliance with future requirements will require significant unanticipated expenditures that could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values. Various state and local governments as well as the Federal government have enacted and may continue to enact rent control, rent stabilization, or limitations, and similar laws, regulations and regulationspolicies that could limit our ability to raise rents or charge certain fees, including laws or court orders, either of which could have a retroactive effect. For example, in June 2019, the State of New York enacted new rent control regulations known as the Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019 and, in October of 2019, the State of California enacted the Tenant Protection Act of 2019. We have seen a recent increase in governments enacting or considering, or being urged to consider, such laws and regulations. Federal, state and local governments or courts also have made, and may make in the future, changes to laws related to allowable fees and rents,

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eviction and other tenants’ rights laws and regulations (including changes in response to COVID-19 and other changes that apply retroactively) that could adversely impact our results of operations and the value of our properties. Laws and regulations regarding rent control, rent stabilization, eviction, tenants’ rights, and similar matters, as well as any lawsuits against us arising from such laws and regulations, may limit our ability to charge market rents, limit our ability to increase rents, evict delinquent tenants or changecharge fees, or recover increases in our operating expenses, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of our properties.

Compliance with or Changes in Real Estate Tax and Other Laws and Regulations Could Adversely Affect Our Funds from Operations and Our Ability to Make Distributions to Stockholders. We are subject to federal, state and local laws, regulations, rules and ordinances at locations where we operate regarding a wide variety of matters that could affect, directly or indirectly, our operations. Generally, we do not directly pass through costs resulting from compliance with or changes in real estate tax laws to residential property tenants. We also do not generally pass through increases in income, service or other taxes to tenants under leases. These costs may adversely affect net operating income and the ability to make distributions to stockholders. Similarly, compliance with or changes in (i) laws increasing the potential liability for environmental conditions existing on properties or the restrictions on discharges or other conditions, (ii) laws and regulations regulating housing, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, or (iii) employment related laws, among others, may result in significant unanticipated expenditures, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, changes in federal and state legislation and regulation on climate change may result in increased capital expenditures to improve the energy efficiency of our existing communities and also may require us to spend more on our new development communities

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without a corresponding increase in revenue. In addition, existing laws could be interpreted in a manner that restricts our ability to use systems that we currently use in our operations and we may face litigation or regulatory risk in connection with such laws. Future compliance with new laws of general applicability, laws applicable to companies in our industry, or laws applicable to public companies generally could increase our costs and could have an adverse effect on our financial performance.

Risk of Litigation. From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings, lawsuits, and other claims with respect to our properties or operations. For example, we are currently a defendant in a consolidated class action lawsuit and a lawsuit filed by the District of Columbia involving RealPage, which is one of our vendors.An unfavorable resolution of any litigation may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, litigation may result in substantial costs and expenses and significantly divert the attention of management.

Risk of Damage from Catastrophic Weather and Natural Events. Our communities are located in areas that have orexperienced, and in the future may experience, catastrophic weather and other natural events from time to time, including mudslides, fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, deep freezes, snow or ice storms, or other severe inclement weather. These adverse weather and natural events could cause damage or losses that may be greater than insured levels. In the event of a loss in excess of insured limits, we could lose our capital invested in the affected community, as well as anticipated future revenue from that community. We would also continue to be obligated to repay any mortgage indebtedness or other obligations related to the community. Any such loss could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Risk of Potential Climate Change. To the extent significant changes in the climate in areas where our communities are located occur, we may experience extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation and temperature or water levels, all of which could result in physical damage to, and/or a decrease in demand for, our communities located in these areas or communities that are otherwise affected by these changes. Should the impact of such climate changes be material in nature, or occur for lengthy periods of time, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Risk of Earthquake Damage. Some of our communities are located in areas subject to earthquakes, including in the general vicinity of earthquake faults. We cannot assure you that an earthquake would not cause damage or losses greater than insured levels. In the event of a loss in excess of insured limits, we could lose our capital invested in the affected community, as well as anticipated future revenue from that community. We may also continue to be obligated to repay any mortgage indebtedness or other obligations related to the community. Any such loss could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Insurance coverage for earthquakes can be costly due to limited industry capacity. As a result, we may experience shortages in desired coverage levels if market conditions are such that insurance is not available or the cost of insurance makes it, in management’s view, economically impractical.

Risk of Accidental Death or Injury Due to Fire, Natural Disasters or Other Hazards. The accidental death or injury of persons living in our communities due to fire, natural disasters, other hazards, or acts or omissions of third parties could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Our insurance coverage may not cover all losses associated with such events, and we may experience difficulty marketing communities where any such events have occurred, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Actual or Threatened Terrorist Attacks May Have an Adverse Effect on Our Business and Operating Results and Could Decrease the Value of Our Assets. Actual or threatened terrorist attacks and other acts of violence, destruction or war could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results. Attacks or other similar actions that directly impact one or more of our apartment communities could significantly affect our ability to operate those communities and thereby impair our ability to achieve our expected results. Further, our insurance coverage may not cover all losses caused by a terrorist attack or similar events. In addition, the adverse effects that such violent acts and threats of future

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attacks could have on the U.S. economy could similarly have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Mezzanine Loan or Other Loan Assets Involve Greater Risks of Loss than Senior Loans Secured by Income-Producing Properties. We have originated in the past and may in the future originate mezzanine loans, which take the form of subordinated loans secured by second mortgages on the underlying property, which may be under development, or subordinated loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of either the entity owning the property, which may be under development, or a pledge of the ownership interests of the entity that owns the interest in the entity owning the property.property, which may be under development, or loans that are not secured. Mezzanine loans may involve a higher degree

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of risk than a senior mortgage secured by real property, because the security for the loan may lose all or substantially all of its value as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender and because it is in second position and there may not be adequate equity in the property.property and unsecured loans involve higher risk by virtue of being unsecured. In the event of a bankruptcy of the entity providing the pledge of its ownership interests as security, we may not have full recourse to the assets of such entity, or the assets of the entity may not be sufficient to satisfy our mezzanine loan. If a borrower defaults on our mezzanine loan or debt senior to our loan, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, our mezzanine or other loan will be satisfied only after the senior debt. As a result, we may not recover some of or all our investment. In addition, mezzanine loans typically have higher loan-to-value ratios than conventional mortgage loans, resulting in less equity in the property and increasing the risk of loss of principal. Further, foreclosing on our security interest may be delayed or otherwise impacted by the existence of the senior loan, the senior lender’s decision regarding whether to enforce its remedies, or the timing of the senior lender’s foreclosure or enforcement of other remedies with respect to such loan. If there is a default on the senior debt or an inability to refinance the senior debt, we may contribute additional capital or take other actions that we would not otherwise pursue absent such default or failure. In addition, in the event of a default or other changes in the circumstances of an investment, including a change in the value of the applicable property, we may be required to change the manner in which the investment is accounted for, including our ability to recognize earnings, or recognize an allowance for loan loss or a loss on consolidation.

Risk Related to Preferred Equity Investments. We have made in the past and may in the future make preferred equity investments in corporations, limited partnerships, limited liability companies or other entities that have been formed for the purpose of directly or indirectly acquiring, developing and/or managing real property. Generally, we will not have the ability to control the daily operations of the entity, and we will not have the ability to select or remove a majority of the members of the board of directors, managers, general partner or partners or similar governing body of the entity or otherwise control its operations. Although we would seek to maintain sufficient influence over the entity to achieve our objectives, our partners may have interests that differ from ours and may be in a position to take actions without our consent or that are inconsistent with our interests. Further, if our partners were to fail to invest additional capital in the entity when required, which has happened in the past, or otherwise do not perform as expected, we may have to invest additional capital to protect our investment. Our partners have in the past failed, and may in the future fail, to develop or operate the real property, operate the entity, refinance property indebtedness or sell the real property in the manner intended and as a result the entity may not be able to redeem our investment or pay the return expected to us in a timely manner ifor at all. In addition, we may not be able to dispose of our investment in the entity in a timely manner or at the price at which we would want to divest.divest or at all. Further, the entity may need to refinance third-party debt on terms that are inconsistent with our interests or are terms on which we would not elect to incur debt, or the entity may default on third-party debt. To the extent the entity defaults on third-party debt or is unable to refinance such debt or a portion thereof, we may acquire such debt or otherwise take action, including contributing additional capital, to protect our position that we would not take absent the default or inability to refinance. Such activities have in the past involved and may in the future involve foreclosing on the security interest in the property secured by such debt or seeking a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure or similar remedy, and such activities may involve delays or create other risks, including the risk of claims from our partners. In the event that such an entity fails to meet expectations, defaults on its debt, or becomes insolvent or the investment or the underlying property otherwise does not perform as expected, we may lose all or part of our entire investment in the entity.entity, be delayed in recovering our investment or the expected returns or directly or indirectly take over the property or the management thereof at a time at which we would not done so absent the failure to meet expectations or the default. In addition, in the event of a default or other changes in the circumstances of an investment, including a change in the value of the applicable property, we may be required to change the manner in which the investment is accounted for, including our ability to recognize earnings, or recognize an impairment or a loss on consolidation.

Risks Related to Ground Leases. We have entered into in the past and may in the future enter into, as either landlord or tenant, a long-term ground lease with respect to a property or a portion thereof. Such ground leases may contain a rent reset provision that requires both parties to agree to a new rent or is based upon factors, for example fair market rent, that are not objective and are not within our control. We may not be able to agree with the counterparty to a revised rental rate, or the revised rental rate may be set by external factors, which could result in a different rental rate than we forecasted. In the past we have had disagreements with respect to revised rental rates and certain of such disagreements have gone to arbitration (for resolution as provided in the applicable lease agreement) and have been resolved in a manner adverse to us. In addition, the other party may not perform as expected under the ground lease or there may be a dispute with the other party to the ground lease. Any of these circumstances could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.

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We May Experience a Decline in the Fair Value of Our Assets and Be Forced to Recognize Impairment Charges, Which Could Adversely Impact Our Financial Condition, Liquidity and Results of Operations and the Market Price of UDRsOur Common Stock. A decline in the fair value of our assets may require us to recognize an impairment against such assets under generally accepted accounting principles as in effect in the United States (“GAAP”), if we were to determine that, with respect to any assets in unrealized loss positions, we do not have the ability and intent to hold such assets for a period of time sufficient to allow for recovery to the amortized cost of such assets. If such a determination were to be made, we would recognize unrealized losses through earnings and write down the amortized cost of such assets to a new cost basis, based on the fair value of such assets on the date they are considered to be impaired. Such impairment charges reflect non-cash losses at the time of recognition; subsequent disposition or sale of such assets could further affect our future losses or gains, as they are based on the difference between the sale price received and adjusted amortized cost of such assets at the time of sale. If we are required to recognize asset impairment charges in the future, these charges could adversely affect our financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and the per share tradingmarket price of UDR’sour common stock.

Any Material Weaknesses Identified in Our Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Could Have an Adverse Effect on UDRs Stock Price.the Market Price of Our Common Stock. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires us to evaluate and report on our

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internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls over financial reporting, including any failure to implement required new or improved controls as a result of changes to our business or otherwise, or if we experience difficulties in their implementation, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely harmedaffected and we could fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, if we have one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which in turn could have an adverse effect on the per share tradingmarket price of UDR’sour common stock.

A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation. We rely on information technology systems, including the internet and networks and systems and software developed, maintained and controlled by third party vendors and other third parties, to process, transmit and store information and to manage or support our business processes. Third party vendors may collect and hold personally identifiable information and other confidential information of our tenants, prospective tenants and employees. We also maintain such information and financial and business information regarding us and persons and entities with which we do business on our information technology systems. While we take steps, and generally require third party vendors to take steps, to protect the security of the information maintained in our and third party vendors’ information technology systems, including associate training and testing and the use of commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring to provide security for processing, transmitting and storing of the information, it is possible that our or our third party vendors’ security measures will not be able to prevent human error or the systems’ or software’s improper functioning, or the loss, misappropriation, disclosure or corruption of personally identifiable information or other confidential or sensitive information, including information about our tenants and employees. Cybersecurity breaches, including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, malware, phishing scams, attacks by hackers, breaches due to employee error or misconduct, and similar breaches, can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized access to information maintained on our information technology systems or the information technology systems of our third party vendors or other third parties or otherwise cause disruption or negative impacts to occur to our business and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. While we maintain cyber risk insurance to provide some coverage for certain risks arising out of cybersecurity breaches, there is no assurance that such insurance would cover all or a significant portion of the costs or consequences associated with a cybersecurity breach or other occurrence or that such insurance will continue to be available at rates that we consider reasonable or at all. We have in the past experienced cybersecurity breaches on our information technology systems or relating to software that we utilize, and, while none to date have been material, we expect such breaches may occur in the future. As the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to information technology systems become more varied and sophisticated and the occurrence of such breaches becomes more frequent, we and our third party vendors and other third parties may be unable to adequately anticipate these techniques or breaches or implement appropriate preventative measures. Any failure to prevent cybersecurity breaches and maintain the proper function, security and availability of our or our third party vendors’ and other third parties’ information technology systems could interrupt our operations, damage our reputation and brand, damage our competitive position, make it difficult for us to attract and retain residents or other tenants, and subject us to liability claims or regulatory penalties that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our Business and Operations Would Suffer in the Event of Information Technology System Failures. Despite system redundancy and the existence of disaster recovery plans for our information technology systems, our information

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technology systems and the information technology systems maintained by our third party vendors are vulnerable to damage arising from any number of sources beyond our or our third party vendors’ control, including energy blackouts, natural disasters, terrorism, war, and telecommunication failures. Any failure to maintain proper function and availability of our or third parties’ information technology systems could interrupt our operations, damage our reputation, subject us to liability claims or regulatory penalties and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A Failure to Keep Pace with Developments in Technology Could Impair our Operations or Competitive Position. Our business continues to demand the use of sophisticated systems, software and technology. These systems, software and technologies must be refined, updated and replaced on a regular basis in order for us to meet our business requirements and our residents’ demands and expectations. If we are unable to do so on a timely basis or at a reasonable cost, or fail to do so, our business could suffer. Also, we may not achieve the benefits that we anticipate from any new system, software or technology, and a failure to do so could result in higher than anticipated costs or could adversely affect our results of operation.operations.

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Social Media Presents Risks. The use of social media could cause us to suffer brand damage or unintended information disclosure. Negative posts or communications about us on a social networking website could damage our reputation. Further, employees or others may disclose non-public information regarding us or our business or otherwise make negative comments regarding us on social networking or other websites, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. As social media evolves, we will be presented with new risks and challenges.

Our Success Depends on Our Senior Management. Our success depends upon the retention of our senior management, whose continued service is not guaranteed. We may not be able to find qualified replacements for the individuals who make up our senior management if their services should no longer be available to us. The loss of services of one or more members of our senior management team could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in U.S. Accounting Standards May Materially and Adversely Affect Our Reported Results of Operations. Accounting for public companies in the United States is in accordance with GAAP, which is established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”), an independent body whose standards are recognized by the SEC as authoritative for publicly held companies. Uncertainties posed by various initiatives of accounting standard-setting by the FASB and the SEC, which create and interpret applicable accounting standards for U.S. companies, may change the financial accounting and reporting standards or their interpretation and application of these standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. These changes could have a material impact on our reported financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in potentially material restatements of prior period financial statements.

Third-Party Expectations Relating to Environmental, Social and Governance Factors May Impose Additional Costs and Expose Us to New Risks. There is an increasing focus from certain investors, tenants, employees, and other stakeholders concerning corporate responsibility, specifically related to environmental, social and governance factors. In addition, there is an increased focus on such matters by various regulatory authorities.authorities, including the SEC and the state of California, and the activities and expense required to comply with new laws, regulations or standards may be significant. Some investors may use these factors to guide their investment strategies and, in some cases, may choose not to invest in us if they believe our policies relating to corporate responsibility are inadequate. Third-party providers of corporate responsibility ratings and reports on companies have increased in number, resulting in varied and in some cases inconsistent standards. In addition, the criteria by which companies’ corporate responsibility practices are assessed and the regulations applicable thereto are evolving, which could result in greater expectations of us and cause us to undertake costly initiatives or activities to satisfy such new criteria or regulations. Further, if we elect not to or are unable to satisfy such new criteria or do not meet the criteria of a specific third-party provider or investor, some investors may conclude that our policies with respect to corporate responsibility are inadequate. We may face reputational damage in the event that our corporate responsibility procedures or standards do not meet the standards set by various constituencies. Furthermore, if our competitors’ corporate responsibility performance is perceived to be greater than ours, potential or current investors may elect to invest in our competitors instead. In addition, in the event that we communicatehave communicated certain initiatives and goals regarding environmental, social and governance matters, and we may in the future communicate revised or additional initiatives or goals. We could fail, or be perceived to fail, in our achievement of such initiatives or goals, or we could be criticized for the scope of such initiatives or goals. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders, or our initiatives are not executed as planned, or we do not satisfy our goals, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected.

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Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and Financings

Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. We currently have, and expect to incur in the future, interest-bearing debt, including unsecured commercial paper, at rates that vary with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $479.7 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding, which constitutes approximately 8.3% of total outstanding indebtedness as of such date, and we have experienced increases in the interest rates on such indebtedness, which has increased our interest expense and adversely impacted our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, as a result of rising interest rates, the costs of hedging transactions have increased significantly and may continue to increase. Continued increases in interest rates would further increase our interest expenses and increase the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness and of issuing new debt, including unsecured commercial paper. The effect of prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact our ability to service our indebtedness, make distributions to security holders, make acquisitions and develop properties.

Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk. We are subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our operating income and cash flow willcould be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, could restrict or limit our ability to incur additional debt, or could restrict our borrowing capacity under our line of credit due to debt covenant restraints. Sufficient cash flow may not be available to make all required debt payments and satisfy UDR’sour distribution requirements to maintain itsour status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In addition, the amounts under our line of credit may not be available to us and we may not be able to access the commercial paper market if our operating performance falls outside the constraints of our debt covenants. We are also likely to need to refinance substantially all of our outstanding debt as it matures. We may not be able to refinance existing debt, or the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the existing debt, which could create pressurespressure to sell assets or to issue additional equity when we would otherwise not choose to do so. In addition, our failure to comply with our debt covenants could result in a requirement to repay our indebtedness prior to its maturity, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flow, and increase our financing costs and impact our ability to make distributions to UDR’sour stockholders.

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Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders. If our apartment communities do not generate sufficient revenue to meet rental expenses, our ability to make required payments of interest and principal on our debt securities and to pay dividends or distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected. The following factors, among others, may affect the income generated by our apartment communities:

the national and local economies;
local real estate market conditions, such as an oversupply of apartment homes;
tenants’ or prospective tenants’ perceptions of the safety, convenience, and attractiveness of our communities and the neighborhoods where they are located;
our ability to provide adequate management, maintenance and insurance;
rental expenses, including real estate taxes and utilities;
competition from other apartment communities;communities or alternative housing options;
changes in interest rates and the availability of financing;
changes in governmental regulations and the related costs of compliance; and
changes in tax and housing laws, including the enactment of rent control laws or other laws regulating multifamily housing.

Expenses associated with our investment in an apartment community, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance, labor costs and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in revenue from that community. If a community is mortgaged to secure payment of debt and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, we could sustain a loss as a result of foreclosure on the community or the exercise of other remedies by the mortgage holder.

Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flow and the Market Price of Our Securities. We currently have, and expect to incur in the future, interest-bearing debt, including unsecured commercial paper, at rates that vary with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2021, UDR had approximately $311.5 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding, which constitutes approximately 5.8% of total outstanding indebtedness as of such date. An increase in interest rates would increase our interest expenses and increase the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness and of issuing new debt, including unsecured commercial paper. Accordingly, higher interest rates could adversely affect cash flow and our ability to service our debt and to make distributions to security holders. The effect of prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact our ability to make acquisitions and develop properties.

The Phase-Out of LIBOR and Transition to an Alternative Benchmark Interest Rate Could Have Adverse Effects. The administrator of LIBOR ceased the publication of the one week and two month LIBOR settings immediately following the LIBOR publication on December 31, 2021, and intends to cease the publication of the remaining USD LIBOR settings immediately following the LIBOR publication on June 30, 2023. The Alternative Reference Rate Committee has identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as the preferred alternative to LIBOR. SOFR is a broad measure of the cost of borrowing cash overnight collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities, published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. It is expected that new contracts will not reference LIBOR and will instead use SOFR or other alternative reference rates. Due to the broad use of LIBOR as a reference rate, all financial market participants, including us, are impacted by the risks associated with this transition and therefore it could adversely affect our operations and cash flows.

Our Debt Level May Be Increased. Our ability to incur debt is limited by covenants in our bank and other credit agreements. We manage our debt to be in compliance with these debt covenants, but subject to compliance with these

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covenants, we may increase the amount of our debt at any time without a concurrent improvement in our ability to service the additional debt.

Financing May Not Be Available and Could Be Dilutive. Our ability to execute our business strategy depends on our access to an appropriate blend of debt financing, including unsecured lines of credit, construction loans and other forms of secured debt, commercial paper and other forms of unsecured debt, and equity financing, including common and preferred equity. We and other companies in the real estate industry have experienced limited availability of financing from time to time, including due to disruptions and uncertainty in the equity and credit markets and regulatory changes directly or indirectly affecting financing markets, for

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example the changes in terms on construction loans brought about by the Basel III capital requirements and the associated “High Volatility Commercial Real Estate” designation, which has adversely impacted the availability of loans, including construction loans, and the proceeds of and the interest raterates thereon. Restricted lending practices could impact our ability to obtain financing or refinancing for our properties. If we issue additional equity securities to finance developments and acquisitions instead of incurring debt, the interests of UDR’sour existing stockholders could be diluted.

Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets. Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s routinely evaluate our debt and have given us ratings on our senior unsecured debt, commercial paper program and preferred stock. These ratings are based on a number of factors, which includedinclude their assessment of our financial strength, liquidity, capital structure, asset quality, and sustainability of cash flowflows and earnings. Due to changes in these factors and market conditions, we may not be able to maintain our current credit ratings, which could adversely affect our cost of funds and related margins, liquidity, and access to capital markets, including our ability to access the commercial paper market.

Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of UDRsOur Common Stock. Our ability to make scheduled payments on, or to refinance, our debt obligations will depend on our operating and financial performance, which in turn is subject to prevailing economic conditions and to financial, business and other factors beyond our control. The global equity and credit markets have experienced in the past, and may experience in the future, periods of extraordinary turmoil and volatility. These circumstances may materially and adversely impact liquidity in the financial markets at times, making terms for certain financings less attractive or in some cases unavailable. Disruptions and uncertainty in the equity and credit markets, including as a result of bank failures and uncertainty in the banking sector generally, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of UDR’sour common stock. We also rely on the financial institutions that are parties to our revolving credit facility and other credit facilities. If these institutions become capital constrained, tighten their lending standards or become insolvent or if they experience excessive volumes of borrowing requests from other borrowers within a short period of time, they may be unable or unwilling to honor their funding commitments to us, which would adversely affect our ability to draw on our revolving credit facility. If we are not successful in refinancing our existing indebtedness when it becomes due, we may be forced to dispose of properties on disadvantageous terms, which might adversely affect our ability to service other debt and to meet our other obligations. A prolonged downturn in the financial markets may cause us to seek alternative sources of potentially less attractive financing and may require us to adjust our business plan accordingly. These events also may make it more difficult or costly for us to raise capital through the issuance of UDR’sour common or preferred stock.

A Change in U.S. Government Policy or Support Regarding Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac Could Have a Material Adverse Impact on Our Business. While in recent years we have decreased our borrowingborrowings from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are a major source of financing to participants in the multifamily housing marketmarkets including potential purchasers of our properties. Potential options for the future of agency mortgage financing in the U.S. have been, and may in the future be, suggested that could involve a reduction in the amount of financing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are able to provide, limitations on the loans that the agencies may make, which may not include loans secured by properties like our properties, or the phase out of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. While we believe Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will continue to provide liquidity to our sector, should they discontinue doing so, have their mandates changed or reduced or be disbanded or reorganized by the government, or if there is reduced government support for multifamily housing generally, it may adversely affect interest rates, capital availability, development of multifamily communities and the value of multifamily residential real estate and, as a result, may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The Soundness of Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Us. We have relationships with many financial institutions, including lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with

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counterparties in the financial services industry. As a result,Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, by,non-performance or even rumors or questions about,other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, could result in losses or defaults by these institutions.institutions or counterparties or could lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Disruptions and uncertainty with respect to financial institutions, including as a result of bank failures and liquidity concerns, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects theseour financial institutions or other counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Interest Rate Hedging Contracts May Be Ineffective and May Result in Material Charges. From time to time when we anticipate issuing debt securities, we may seek to limit our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates during the period prior to the pricing of the securities by entering into interest rate hedging contracts. We may do this to increase the predictability of our financing costs. Also, from time to time we may rely on interest rate hedging contracts to limit

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our exposure under variable rate debt to unfavorable changes in market interest rates. If the terms of new debt securities are not within the parameters of, or market interest rates fall below that which we incur under a particular interest rate hedging contract, the contract is ineffective. Furthermore, the settlement of interest rate hedging contracts has involved and may in the future involve material charges. In addition, our use of interest rate hedging arrangements may expose us to additional risks, including a risk that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Termination of these hedging agreements typically involves costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs.

Risks Related to Tax Laws

We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if UDRWe Failed to Qualify as a REIT. UDR hasWe have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. Our qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements, some on an annual and quarterly basis, established under highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend that our current organization and method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT, but we may not so qualify or we may not be able to remain so qualified in the future. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs and other corporations and the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or adversely affect UDR’sour stockholders.

If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal income tax (including, for periods prior to 2018, any applicable alternative minimum tax) on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and would not be allowed to deduct dividends paid to UDR’sour stockholders in computing our taxable income. Also, unless the Internal Revenue Service granted us relief under certain statutory provisions, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we first failed to qualify as a REIT. The additional tax liability from the failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to UDR’sour stockholders. This would likely have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities and our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, we would no longer be required to make distributions to UDR’sour stockholders. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.

Certain of our subsidiaries have also elected to be taxed as REITs under the Code, and are therefore subject to the same risks in the event that any such subsidiary fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year.

Dividends Paid by REITs Generally Do Not Qualify for Reduced Tax Rates. In general, the maximum U.S. federal income tax rate for dividends paid to individual U.S. stockholders is 20%. Unlike dividends received from a corporation that is not a REIT, our regular dividends (i.e., dividends other than capital gain dividends) paid to individual stockholders generally are not eligible for the reduced rates. However, individual U.S. stockholders generally may deduct 20% of such regular dividends under Section 199A of the Code, reducing the effective tax rate applicable to such dividends (although such provision will expire after 2025 absent future legislation).

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UDR ConductsWe Conduct a Portion of ItsOur Business Through Taxable REIT Subsidiaries, Which Are Subject to Certain Tax Risks. We have established or invested in and conduct a portion of our business through taxable REIT subsidiaries. Despite UDR’sour qualification as a REIT, its taxable REIT subsidiaries must pay income tax on their taxable income. In addition, we must comply with various tests to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, and our income from and investments in our taxable REIT subsidiaries generally do not constitute permissible income and investments for certain of these tests. While we will attempt to ensure that our dealings with our taxable REIT subsidiaries will not adversely affect our REIT qualification, we cannot provide assurance that we will successfully achieve that result. Furthermore, we may be subject to a 100% penalty tax, we may jeopardize our ability to retain future gains on real property sales, or our taxable REIT subsidiaries may be denied deductions, to the extent our dealings with our taxable REIT subsidiaries are not deemed to be arm’s length in nature or are otherwise not respected.

REIT Distribution Requirements Limit Our Available Cash. As a REIT, UDR iswe are subject to annual distribution requirements, which limit the amount of cash we retain for other business purposes, including amounts to fund our growth. We generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our net REIT taxable income, excluding any net capital gain, in order for our distributed earnings not to be subject to corporate income tax. We intend to make distributions to

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UDR’s our stockholders to comply with the requirements of the Code. However, differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash could require us to sell assets or borrow funds on a short-term or long-term basis to meet the 90% distribution requirement of the Code.

Certain Property Transfers May Generate Prohibited Transaction Income, Resulting in a Penalty Tax on Gain Attributable to the Transaction. From time to time, we may transfer or otherwise dispose of some of our properties. Under the Code, any gain resulting from transfers of properties that we hold as inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business would be treated as income from a prohibited transaction and subject to a 100% penalty tax. Since we acquire properties for investment purposes, we do not believe that our occasional transfers or disposals of property are prohibited transactions. However, whether property is held for investment purposes is a question of fact that depends on all the facts and circumstances surrounding the particular transaction. The Internal Revenue Service may contend that certain transfers or disposals of properties by us are prohibited transactions. If the Internal Revenue Service were to argue successfully that a transfer or disposition of property constituted a prohibited transaction, then we would be required to pay a 100% penalty tax on any gain allocable to us from the prohibited transaction and we may jeopardize our ability to retain future gains on real property sales. In addition, income from a prohibited transaction might adversely affect UDR’sour ability to satisfy the income tests for qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.

Changes to the U.S. Federal Income Tax Laws, including the Enactment of Certain Tax Reform Measures, Could Have an Adverse Impact on Our Business and Financial Results. In recent years, numerous legislative, judicial and administrative changes have been made to the U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to investments in real estate and REITs, including the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. Federal legislation intended to ameliorate the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), has been enacted that makes technical corrections to, or modifies on a temporary basis, certain of the provisions of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017, and it is possible that additional such legislation may be enacted in the future. The full impact of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017 and the CARES Act may not become evident for some period of time. In addition, thereThere can be no assurance that future changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulatory changes will not be proposed or enacted that could impact our business and financial results. The REIT rules are regularly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Treasury Department, which may result in revisions to regulations and interpretations in addition to statutory changes. If enacted, certain of such changes could have an adverse impact on our business and financial results.

We cannot predict whether, when or to what extent any new U.S. federal tax laws, regulations, interpretations or rulings will impact the real estate investment industry or REITs. Prospective investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the effect of potential future changes to the federal tax laws on an investment in our shares.

We May Be Adversely Affected by Changes in State and Local Tax Laws and May Become Subject to Tax Audits from Time to Time. Because UDR iswe are organized and qualifiesqualify as a REIT, it iswe are generally not subject to federal income taxes, but it iswe are subject to certain state and local taxes. From time to time, changes in state and local tax laws or regulations are enacted, which may result in an increase in our tax liability. A shortfall in tax revenues for states and local jurisdictions in which we own apartment communities may lead to an increase in the frequency and size of such changes. If such changes occur, we may be required to pay additional state and local taxes. These increased tax costs could adversely affect our financial condition and the amount of cash available for the payment of distributions to UDR’sour stockholders. In the normal course of business, we or our affiliates (including entities through which we own real estate) may also become subject to federal, state or local tax audits. If we (or such entities) become subject to federal, state or local tax audits, the ultimate result of such audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership Intend to Qualify as Partnerships, but Cannot Guarantee That They Will Qualify. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership intend to qualify as partnerships for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to take that position for all income tax reporting purposes. If classified as partnerships, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership generally will not be taxable entities and will not incur federal income tax liability. However, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership would be treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes if they were “publicly traded partnerships,” unless at least 90% of their income was qualifying income as defined in the Code. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership whose partnership interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). Although neither the Operating Partnership’s nor the DownREIT Partnership’s partnership units are traded on an established securities market, because of the redemption rights of their limited partners, the Operating Partnership’s and DownREIT Partnership’s units held by limited partners could be viewed as

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readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not qualify for one of the “safe harbors” under the applicable tax regulations. Qualifying income for the 90% test generally includes passive income, such as real property rents, dividends and interest. The income requirements applicable to REITs and the definition of qualifying income for purposes of this 90% test are similar in most respects. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not meet this qualifying income test. If either the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were to be taxed as a corporation, it would incur substantial tax liabilities, and UDRwe would then fail to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes, unless it qualified for relief under certain statutory savings provisions, and our ability to raise additional capital would be impaired. In addition, even if the 90% test were met if the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were a publicly traded partnership, there could be adverse tax impacts for certain limited partners.

Qualifying as a REIT Involves Highly Technical and Complex Provisions of the Code. Our qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the REIT income and asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals, and upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of UDR’sOur Stock

Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of UDRsOur Common Stock. The stock markets, including the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), on which we list UDR’sour common stock, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.fluctuations. As a result, the market price of UDR’sour common stock has been, and in the future could be similarly volatile, and investors in UDR’sour common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. In addition to the risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, a number of factors could negatively affect the price per share of UDR’sour common stock, including:

general market and economic conditions;
actual or anticipated variations in UDR’sour quarterly operating results or dividends or UDR’sour payment of dividends in shares of UDR’sour stock;
changes in our funds from operations or earnings estimates;
difficulties or inability to access capital or extend or refinance existing debt;
decreasing (or uncertainty in) real estate valuations;
changes in market valuations of similar companies;
publication of research reports about us or the real estate industry;

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the general reputation of real estate investment trustsREITs and the attractiveness of their equity securities in comparison to other equity securities (including securities issued by other real estate companies);
general stock and bond market conditions, including changes in interest rates on fixed income securities, that may lead prospective purchasers of UDR’sour common stock to demand a higher annual yield from future dividends;
a change in analyst ratings;
additions or departures of key management personnel;
adverse market reaction to any additional debt we incur in the future;
speculation in the press or investment community;

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terrorist activity or geopolitical events (including the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and the military conflict in Israel and Gaza), which may adversely affect the markets in which UDR’sour securities trade, possibly increasing market volatility and causing the further erosion of business and consumer confidence and spending;
failure to qualify as a REIT;
strategic decisions by us or by our competitors, such as acquisitions, divestments, spin-offs, joint ventures, strategic investments or changes in business strategy;
failure to satisfy listing requirements of the NYSE;
governmental regulatory action and changes in tax laws; and
the issuance of additional shares of UDR’sour common stock, or the perception that such sales might occur, including under UDR’sour at-the-market equity distribution program.

Many of the factors listed above are beyond our control. These factors may cause the market price of shares of UDR’sour common stock to decline, regardless of our financial condition, results of operations, business or our prospects.

We May Change the Dividend Policy for UDRsOur Common Stock in the Future. The decision to declare and pay dividends on UDR’sour common stock, as well as the timing, amount and composition of any such future dividends, will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our earnings, funds from operations, liquidity, financial condition, capital requirements, contractual prohibitions or other limitations under our indebtedness, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Code, state law and such other factors as our board of directors considers relevant. Any change in our dividend policy could have an adverse effect on the market price of UDR’sour common stock.

Maryland Law May Limit the Ability of a Third Party to Acquire Control of Us, Which May Not be in UDRsOur Stockholders Best Interests. Maryland business statutes may limit the ability of a third party to acquire control of us. As a Maryland corporation, we are subject to various Maryland laws which may have the effect of discouraging offers to acquire our Company and of increasing the difficulty of consummating any such offers, even if our acquisition would be in UDR’sour stockholders’ best interests. The Maryland General Corporation Law restricts mergers and other business combination transactions between us and any person who acquires beneficial ownership of shares of UDR’sour stock representing 10% or more of the voting power without our board of directors’ prior approval. Any such business combination transaction could not be completed until five years after the person acquired such voting power, and generally only with the approval of stockholders representing 80% of all votes entitled to be cast and 66 2/3 %3% of the votes entitled to be cast, excluding the interested stockholder, or upon payment of a fair price. Maryland law also provides generally that a person who acquires shares of our equity stock that represents 10% (and certain higher levels) of the voting power in electing directors will have no voting rights unless approved by a vote of two-thirds of the shares eligible to vote.

Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of UDRsOur Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company RestrictsRestrict the Transferability of UDRsOur Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to UDRsOur Stockholders. One of the requirements for maintenance of our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes is that no more than 50% in value of our outstanding capital stock may be owned by five or fewer individuals, including entities specified in the Code, during the last half of any taxable year. Our charter contains ownership and transfer restrictions relating to UDR’sour stock primarily to assist us in complying with this and other REIT ownership

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requirements; however, the restrictions may have the effect of preventing a change of control which does not threaten our REIT status. These restrictions include a provision that generally limits ownership by any person of more than 9.9% of the value of our outstanding equity stock, unless our board of directors exempts the person from such ownership limitation, provided that any such exemption shall not allow the person to exceed 13% of the value of our outstanding equity stock. Absent such an exemption from our board of directors, the transfer of UDR’sour stock to any person in excess of the applicable ownership limit, or any transfer of shares of such stock in violation of the ownership requirements of the Code for REITs, will be considered null and void, and the intended transferee of such stock will acquire no rights in such shares. These provisions of our charter may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing someone from taking control of us, even though a change of control might involve a premium price for UDR’sour stockholders or might otherwise be in UDR’sour stockholders’ best interests.interests.

Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Given the prevalence of cybersecurity threats, cybersecurity represents a critical component of the Company’s overall approach to risk management. The Company’s cybersecurity policies, standards and practices are integrated into the Company’s enterprise risk management (“ERM”) approach, and cybersecurity risks are among the core enterprise risks that are subject to oversight by the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”). The Company’s cybersecurity policies, standards and practices are derived from recognized frameworks established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) and other applicable industry standards, and the Company is working to obtain NIST certification. Many members of the Company’s cybersecurity team are certified by and have received training from the International Information Security Consortium (“IISC”). The Company generally approaches cybersecurity threats through a cross-functional, multilayered approach, with specific the goals of: (i) identifying, attempting to prevent and mitigating cybersecurity threats to the Company; (ii) preserving the confidentiality, security and availability of the information that we collect and store to use in our business; (iii) protecting the Company’s intellectual property; (iv) protecting personally identifiable data and maintaining the confidence of our customers, clients and business partners; and (v) providing appropriate public disclosure of cybersecurity risks and incidents when required.

Risk Management and Strategy

Consistent with overall ERM policies and practices, the Company’s cybersecurity program focuses on the following areas:

Vigilance: The Company operates cybersecurity threat functions 24/7 with the specific goal of identifying, attempting to prevent and mitigating cybersecurity threats and responding to cybersecurity incidents in accordance with our established incident response and recovery plans.
Systems Safeguards: The Company deploys systems safeguards that are designed to protect the Company’s information systems from cybersecurity threats, including firewalls, intrusion prevention and detection systems, anti-malware functionality and access controls, which are evaluated and improved through ongoing vulnerability assessments and cybersecurity threat intelligence.
Collaboration: The Company utilizes collaboration mechanisms established with public and private entities, including intelligence and enforcement agencies, industrygroups and third-party service providers, to identify, assess and respond to cybersecurity risks.
Third-Party Risk Management: The Company maintains a risk-based approach to identifying and overseeing cybersecurity risks presented by third parties, including vendors, service providers and other external users of the Company’s systems, as well as the systems of third parties that could adversely impact our business in the event of a cybersecurity incident affecting those third-party systems. Third-party vendors are assessed against a standardized vendor risk assessment process before being engaged and the Company requests vendors to annually recertify that their security controls comply with established industry standards and applicable legal requirements.

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Insider Threat Management: In order to try to mitigate cybersecurity threats to our systems, the Company attempts to provide associates with the minimum access to our systems required in order for a given associate to perform his or her assigned duties. We also perform reviews of access to both our administrative and financial systems as part of our annual compliance procedures, and, when duties and resources allow, rotate job responsibilities.
Training: Upon employment and at least annually thereafter the Company provides mandatory training for our associates regarding cybersecurity threats, which reinforces the Company’s information security policies, standards and practices, and such training is scaled to reflect the roles, responsibilities, and information systems access of such personnel. The Company’s cybersecurity team performs regular phishing tests for associates and provides remedial training for associates who fail such tests. In addition, members of our cybersecurity team received specialized cybersecurity training.
Incident Response and Recovery Planning: The Company has established and maintains incident response and recovery plans that address the Company’s response to a cybersecurity incident and the recovery from a cybersecurity incident, and such plans are assessed and evaluated on a regular basis. All meaningful cybersecurity incidents are reported to the Company’s legal department by our cybersecurity team.
Governance, Communication, Coordination and Disclosure: The Company utilizes a cross-functional approach to address the risk from cybersecurity threats, involving management personnel from the Company’s technology, operations, legal, risk management, internal audit and other key business functions, third-party vendors and consultants, as well as the members of the Board and the Audit and Risk Management Committee of the Board (the “Audit Committee”) in an ongoing dialogue regarding cybersecurity threats and incidents, while also implementing controls and procedures for the escalation of cybersecurity incidents when appropriate so that decisions regarding the disclosure and reporting of such incidents can be made by management in a timely manner. Our Senior Vice President – Chief Technology Officer reports on our cybersecurity posture to the Audit Committee quarterly and the Board is updated at least annually.

A key part of the Company’s strategy for managing risks from cybersecurity threats is the ongoing assessment and testing of the Company’s processes and practices through auditing, assessments, tabletop exercises, vulnerability testing and other exercises focused on evaluating the effectiveness of our cybersecurity measures. The Company engages third parties, including legal counsel, to perform assessments on our cybersecurity measures, including information security maturity assessments, penetration testing inclusive of our resident facing apps and devices, audits and independent reviews of our information security control environment and operating effectiveness. The material results of such assessments, audits and reviews are reported to the Audit Committee and the Board, and the Company adapts its cybersecurity policies, standards, processes, and practices as necessary based on the information provided by the assessments, audits, and reviews.In addition, in 2023 outside legal counsel conducted an exercise regarding preparation for cyber events attended by our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Financial Officer and other members of senior management.

Governance

The Board, in coordination with the Audit Committee, oversees the management of risks from cybersecurity threats, including the policies, standards, processes and practices that the Company’s management implements to address risks from cybersecurity threats. The Board and the Audit Committee each receive presentations and reports on cybersecurity risks, which address a wide range of topics including, for example, recent developments, evolving standards, vulnerability assessments, third-party and independent reviews, the threat environment, new tools and vendors being used by the Company related to cybersecurity, technological trends and information security considerations arising with respect to the Company’s peers and third parties. The Board and the Audit Committee also receive information regarding any cybersecurity incident when appropriate, as well as ongoing updates regarding such incident until it has been addressed. At least once each year the Board and the Audit Committee at least quarterly discuss the Company’s approach to cybersecurity risk management with the Company’s Chief Technology Officer.

The Company’s Chief Technology Officer is the member of the Company’s management that is principally responsible for overseeing the Company’s cybersecurity risk management program, in partnership with other business leaders across the Company. The Chief Technology Officer and our Vice President, Information Security work in coordination with the other members of the Information Security Management System Committee (“ISMS”), which includes department heads and IT personnel. The Chief Technology Officer also provides monthly reports regarding

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information technology including cybersecurity to our senior management including our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President – Chief Investment Officer, Senior Vice President – Operations, Senior Vice President – Chief Accounting Officer, Senior Vice President – Acquisitions and Dispositions, and Senior Vice President – General Counsel. The Company’s Chief Technology Officer has served in various roles in information technology and information security for over 23 years. The Chief Technology Officer holds an undergraduate degree in computer science and a master’s degree in business administration. The Company’s Vice President, Information Security holds an undergraduate degree in computer science and management science, has attained a professional certification of Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) from the IISC and has served in various roles in information technology and information security for over 15 years. In addition, our Vice President, Information Security is a member of InfraGard.

The Company’s Chief Technology Officer and Vice President, Information Security, in coordination with the ISMS, work collaboratively across the Company to implement a program designed to protect the Company’s information systems from cybersecurity threats and to promptly respond to any cybersecurity incidents. To facilitate the success of this program, our IT security team and, when necessary, multidisciplinary teams throughout the Company are deployed to address cybersecurity threats and to respond to cybersecurity incidents in accordance with the Company’s incident response and recovery plans. Through the ongoing communications from these teams, the Chief Technology Officer and the Vice President, Information Security monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents, and report such incidents to the ISMS and other members of management and the Audit Committee or the Board when appropriate.

To date the Company has not been materially affected by a cybersecurity incident or cybersecurity threat and no incident has occurred that is reasonably likely to affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

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Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

Item 2. PROPERTIES

At December 31, 2021,2023, our consolidated apartment portfolio included 160168 communities located in 21 markets, with a total of 53,22955,550 completed apartment homes.

The table below set forth a summary of real estate portfolio by geographic market of the Company at December 31, 2021.2023.

SUMMARY OF REAL ESTATE PORTFOLIO BY GEOGRAPHIC MARKET AT DECEMBER 31, 20212023

    

    

Percentage

    

Total

    

Average

    

    

Percentage

    

Total

    

Average

Number of

Number of

of Total

Carrying

Average

Home Size

Number of

Number of

of Total

Carrying

Average

Home Size

Apartment

Apartment

Carrying

Value

Encumbrances

Cost per

Physical

(in square

Apartment

Apartment

Carrying

Value

Encumbrances

Cost per

Physical

(in square

Communities

Homes

Value

(in thousands)

(in thousands)

Home

Occupancy

feet)

Communities

Homes

Value

(in thousands)

(in thousands)

Home

Occupancy

feet)

WEST REGION

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Orange County, CA

 

10

 

4,685

 

9.8

%  

$

1,441,597

$

$

307,705

 

97.5

%  

862

 

8

 

4,305

 

8.6

%  

$

1,371,309

$

$

318,539

 

96.4

%  

856

San Francisco, CA

 

11

 

2,751

 

6.1

%  

 

898,625

 

27,000

 

326,654

 

95.3

%  

841

 

14

 

3,309

 

7.5

%  

 

1,209,227

 

67,017

 

365,436

 

93.7

%  

837

Seattle, WA

 

15

 

2,984

 

7.7

%  

 

1,133,479

 

 

379,852

 

95.9

%  

872

 

14

 

2,702

 

6.9

%  

 

1,111,182

 

 

411,244

 

97.2

%  

859

Monterey Peninsula, CA

 

7

 

1,565

 

1.3

%  

 

188,913

 

 

120,711

 

97.0

%  

729

 

7

 

1,567

 

1.2

%  

 

197,561

 

 

126,076

 

95.6

%  

728

Los Angeles, CA

 

4

 

1,225

 

3.2

%  

 

467,815

 

 

381,890

 

96.0

%  

967

 

4

 

1,225

 

3.0

%  

 

482,945

 

 

394,241

 

96.2

%  

967

Other Southern California

 

3

 

817

 

1.5

%  

 

216,562

 

 

265,070

 

98.2

%  

1,021

 

3

 

821

 

1.4

%  

 

224,842

 

 

273,864

 

96.8

%  

1,016

Portland, OR

 

3

 

752

 

0.8

%  

 

121,565

 

 

161,656

 

97.5

%  

903

 

2

 

476

 

0.3

%  

 

56,055

 

 

117,763

 

97.1

%  

903

MID-ATLANTIC REGION

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

Metropolitan D.C.

 

25

 

9,415

 

17.7

%  

 

2,623,356

 

288,530

 

278,636

 

96.7

%  

927

 

24

 

9,119

 

16.4

%  

 

2,633,863

 

288,530

 

288,832

 

95.7

%  

918

Baltimore, MD

 

7

 

2,219

 

3.5

%  

 

522,492

 

58,600

 

235,463

 

97.0

%  

963

 

7

 

2,221

 

3.5

%  

 

562,075

 

58,600

 

253,073

 

95.7

%  

963

Richmond, VA

 

4

 

1,359

 

1.1

%  

 

156,904

 

 

115,455

 

98.2

%  

1,017

 

4

 

1,359

 

1.0

%  

 

166,013

 

 

122,158

 

96.9

%  

1,017

NORTHEAST REGION

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

  

 

Boston, MA

 

12

 

4,598

 

12.0

%  

 

1,775,080

 

323,350

 

386,055

 

96.5

%  

982

 

12

 

4,667

 

12.2

%  

 

1,947,236

 

323,350

 

417,235

 

96.7

%  

994

New York, NY

 

6

 

2,318

 

10.6

%  

 

1,557,443

 

 

671,891

 

96.6

%  

754

 

6

 

2,318

 

9.9

%  

 

1,584,275

 

 

683,466

 

97.8

%  

754

Philadelphia, PA

3

972

2.5

%  

366,351

376,904

95.8

%  

955

4

1,172

2.7

%  

438,465

374,117

96.6

%  

949

SOUTHEAST REGION

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

  

 

Tampa, FL

 

11

 

3,877

 

4.3

%  

 

640,550

 

 

165,218

 

97.4

%  

995

 

11

 

3,877

 

4.2

%  

 

673,942

 

 

173,831

 

96.7

%  

995

Orlando, FL

 

11

 

3,493

 

3.6

%  

 

524,739

 

 

150,226

 

97.0

%  

972

 

11

 

3,493

 

3.5

%  

 

559,956

 

 

160,308

 

96.2

%  

974

Nashville, TN

 

8

 

2,260

 

1.6

%  

 

229,633

 

 

101,608

 

97.9

%  

933

 

8

 

2,260

 

1.6

%  

 

249,705

 

 

110,489

 

96.2

%  

933

Other Florida

 

1

 

636

 

0.6

%  

 

92,007

 

 

144,665

 

97.9

%  

1,130

 

1

 

636

 

0.6

%  

 

95,798

 

 

150,626

 

96.7

%  

1,130

SOUTHWEST REGION

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

  

 

Dallas, TX

 

14

 

5,813

 

6.3

%  

 

927,960

 

336,283

 

159,635

 

96.2

%  

841

 

19

 

7,363

 

8.0

%  

 

1,283,970

 

476,227

 

174,381

 

96.6

%  

845

Austin, TX

 

4

 

1,272

 

1.2

%  

 

174,084

 

 

136,858

 

98.1

%  

913

 

6

 

1,880

 

2.0

%  

 

318,791

 

67,044

 

169,570

 

95.9

%  

891

Denver, CO

 

1

 

218

 

1.0

%  

 

145,495

 

 

667,408

 

95.6

%  

955

 

2

 

510

 

1.6

%  

 

249,653

 

 

489,516

 

93.5

%  

861

Total Operating Communities

 

160

 

53,229

 

96.4

%  

 

14,204,650

 

1,033,763

$

266,859

 

96.8

%  

913

 

167

 

55,280

 

96.1

%  

 

15,416,863

 

1,280,768

$

278,887

 

96.2

%  

908

Real Estate Under Development (a)

 

 

 

2.6

%  

 

388,569

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

56

 

1.0

%  

 

160,404

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

Land

 

 

 

0.6

%  

 

82,217

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

1.5

%  

 

232,365

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

Held for Disposition

 

1

 

214

 

0.7

%  

 

105,999

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

Other

 

 

 

0.4

%  

 

65,367

 

23,617

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

0.7

%  

 

108,228

 

(3,055)

 

  

 

  

 

  

Total Real Estate Owned

 

160

 

53,229

 

100.0

%  

$

14,740,803

$

1,057,380

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

168

 

55,550

 

100.0

%  

$

16,023,859

$

1,277,713

 

  

 

  

 

  

(a)As of December 31, 2021,2023, the Company was developing fivetwo wholly owned communities with a total of 1,417415 apartment homes, none of which 56 have been completed.

Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are subject to various legal proceedings and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. We cannot determine the ultimate liability with respect to such legal proceedings and claims at this time. We believe that such liability, to the extent not provided for through insurance or otherwise, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flow.

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Table of Contents

Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not Applicable.

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PART II

Item 5.   MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Capital Stock

Common Stock

UDR, Inc.’s common stock has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “UDR” since May 7, 1990.

On February 11, 2022,16, 2024, there were 2,9322,659 holders of record of the 318,264,646329,224,105 outstanding shares of our common stock.

We have determined that, for federal income tax purposes, approximately 68%88% of the distributions for 20212023 represented ordinary income, 3% represented qualified ordinary income, 24%10% represented long-term capital gain and 5%2% represented unrecaptured section 1250 gain.

UDR pays regular quarterly distributions to holders of its common stock. Future distributions will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our actual funds from operations, financial condition and capital requirements, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Code, and other factors.

Series E Preferred Stock

The Series E Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series E”) has no stated par value and a liquidation preference of $16.61 per share. Subject to certain adjustments and conditions, each share of the Series E is convertible at any time at the holder’s option into 1.083 shares of our common stock. The holders of the Series E are entitled to vote on an as-converted basis as a single class in combination with the holders of common stock at any meeting of our stockholders for the election of directors or for any other purpose on which the holders of common stock are entitled to vote. The Series E has no stated maturity and is not subject to any sinking fund or any mandatory redemption. In connection with a special dividend (declared on November 5, 2008), the Company reserved for issuance upon conversion of the Series E additional shares of common stock to reflect the number of shares a holder of the Series E would have received if the holder had converted the Series E immediately prior to the record date for this special dividend.

Distributions declared on the Series E for the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 20202022 were $1.5700$1.8192 per share, or $0.3925$0.4548 per quarter, and $1.5592$1.6456 per share, or $0.3898$0.4114 per quarter, respectively. The Series E is not listed on any exchange. At December 31, 2021,2023, a total of 2.7 million shares of the Series E were outstanding.

Series F Preferred Stock

We are authorized to issue up to 20.0 million shares of our Series F Preferred Stock (“Series F”). The Series F may be purchased by holders of limited partnership interests in the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership at a purchase price of $0.0001 per share. Certain OP/DownREIT unitholders were entitled to subscribe for and purchase one share of the Series F for each OP/DownREIT Unit held.

As of December 31, 2021,2023, a total of 12.611.9 million shares of the Series F were outstanding. Holders of the Series F are entitled to one vote for each share of the Series F they hold, voting together with the holders of our common stock, on each matter submitted to a vote of security holders at a meeting of our stockholders. The Series F does not entitle its holders to any other rights, privileges or preferences.

Distribution Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan

We have a Distribution Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan under which holders of our common stock may elect to automatically reinvest their distributions and make additional cash payments to acquire additional shares of our common stock. Stockholders who do not participate in the plan continue to receive distributions as and when declared. As of February 11, 2022,16, 2024, there were approximately 1,8831,703 participants in the plan.

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Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

From time to time we issue shares of our common stock in exchange for OP Units tendered to the Operating Partnership for redemption in accordance with the provisions of the Operating Partnership’s limited partnership agreement. Under the terms of the Operating Partnership’s limited partnership agreement, the holders of OP Units have the right to require the Operating Partnership to redeem all or a portion of the OP Units held by the holder in exchange for a cash payment based on the market value of our common stock at the time of redemption. However, the Operating Partnership’s obligation to pay the cash amount is subject to the prior right of the Company to acquire such OP Units in exchange for either the cash amount or the number of shares of our common stock equal to the number of OP Units being redeemed.

During the three months ended December 31, 2021,2023, we did not issue any shares of our common stock upon redemption of OP Units in reliance upon an exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933.

Purchases of Equity Securities

In February 2006, UDR’s Board of Directors authorized a 10 million share repurchase program. In January 2008, UDR’s Board of Directors authorized a new 15 million share repurchase program. Under the two share repurchase programs,program, UDR may repurchase shares of our common stock in open market purchases, block purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The following table summarizes all of UDR’s repurchases of shares of common stock under these programsthis program during the quarter ended December 31, 20212023 (shares in thousands):

    

    

Total Number

    

Maximum

    

    

Total Number

    

Maximum

of Shares

Number of

of Shares

Number of

Purchased as

Shares that

Purchased as

Shares that

Total

Part of

May Yet Be

Total

Part of

May Yet Be

Number of

Average

Publicly

Purchased

Number of

Average

Publicly

Purchased

Shares

Price Paid

Announced Plans

Under the Plans

Shares

Price Paid

Announced Plan

Under the Plan

Period

Purchased

per Share

or Programs

or Programs (a)

Purchased

per Share

or Program

or Program (a)

Beginning Balance

11,158

$

23.75

 

11,158

 

14,439

2,973

$

37.90

 

2,973

 

12,027

October 1, 2021 through October 31, 2021

 

 

 

14,439

November 1, 2021 through November 30, 2021

 

 

 

14,439

December 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021

 

 

 

14,439

Balance as of December 31, 2021

11,158

$

23.75

 

11,158

 

14,439

October 1, 2023 through October 31, 2023

 

 

 

12,027

November 1, 2023 through November 30, 2023

 

 

 

12,027

December 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023

 

 

 

12,027

Balance as of December 31, 2023

2,973

$

37.90

 

2,973

 

12,027

(a)This number reflects the amountnumber of shares that were available for purchase under our 10 million share repurchase program authorized in February 2006 and our 15 million share repurchase program authorized in January 2008.

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, certain of our employees surrendered shares of common stock owned by them to satisfy their statutory federal and state tax obligations associated with the vesting of restricted shares of common stock issued under our 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “LTIP”). The following table summarizes all of these repurchases during the three months ended December 31, 2023 (shares in thousands):

    

    

Total Number

    

Maximum

of Shares

Number of

Purchased as

Shares that

Total

Part of

May Yet Be

Number of

Average

Publicly

Purchased

Shares

Price Paid

Announced Plans

Under the Plans

Period

Purchased

per Share (a)

or Programs

or Programs

October 1, 2023 through October 31, 2023

2

$

35.14

 

N/A

 

N/A

November 1, 2023 through November 30, 2023

 

 

N/A

 

N/A

December 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023

1

 

38.29

 

N/A

 

N/A

Total

3

$

36.50

 

  

 

  

(a)The price paid per share is based on the closing price of our common stock as of the date of the determination of the federal and state tax obligations.

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Comparison of Five-year Cumulative Total Returns

The following graph compares the five-year cumulative total returns for UDR common stock with the comparable cumulative return of the Nareit Equity REIT Index, Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index, the Nareit Equity Apartment Index and the MSCI U.S. REIT Index. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2016,2018, in each of our common stock and the indices presented. Historical stock price performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. The comparison assumes that all dividends are reinvested.

Chart, line chart

Description automatically generatedGraphic

Period Ending

Period Ending

Index

    

12/31/2016

    

12/31/2017

    

12/31/2018

    

12/31/2019

    

12/31/2020

    

12/31/2021

    

12/31/2018

    

12/31/2019

    

12/31/2020

    

12/31/2021

    

12/31/2022

    

12/31/2023

UDR, Inc.

 

100.00

 

109.11

 

116.09

 

141.03

 

120.52

 

194.19

 

100.00

 

121.48

 

103.82

 

167.27

 

111.34

 

114.81

FTSE Nareit Equity Apartment Index

 

100.00

 

103.72

 

107.56

 

135.87

 

115.02

 

188.19

 

100.00

 

126.32

 

106.94

 

174.97

 

119.06

 

126.05

MSCI U.S. REIT Index

 

100.00

 

105.07

 

100.27

 

126.18

 

116.62

 

166.84

S&P 500 Index

 

100.00

 

121.83

 

116.49

 

153.17

 

181.35

 

233.41

 

100.00

 

131.49

 

155.68

 

200.37

 

164.08

 

207.21

FTSE Nareit Equity REIT Index

 

100.00

 

105.23

 

100.36

 

126.45

 

116.34

 

166.64

FTSE Nareit Equity REITs Index

 

100.00

 

126.00

 

115.92

 

166.04

 

125.58

 

142.83

The performance graph and the related chart and text, are being furnished solely to accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K pursuant to Item 201(e) of Regulation S-K, and are not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of ours, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

Item 6. [RESERVED]

Not Applicable.

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Item 7.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere herein and is based primarily on the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022.

This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2023 and 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022 of UDR, Inc. Discussions of 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Such forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements concerning property acquisitions and dispositions, development activity and capital expenditures, capital raising activities, rent growth, occupancy and rental expense growth and expected or potential impacts of the novel coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”) pandemic.growth. Words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “likely,” “will,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from the results of operations or plans expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such factors include, among other things, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures intended to prevent its spread or address its effects, unfavorable changes in the apartment market, changing economic conditions, the impact of inflation/deflation on rental rates and property operating expenses, expectations concerning the availability of capital and the stability of the capital markets, the impact of competition and competitive pricing, acquisitions, developments and redevelopments not achieving anticipated results, delays in completing developments and redevelopments, delays in completing lease-ups on schedule or at expected rent and occupancy levels, expectations on job growth, home affordability and demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing, expectations concerning development and redevelopment activities, expectations on occupancy levels and rental rates, expectations concerning joint ventures and partnerships with third parties, expectations that automation will help grow net operating income, and expectations on annualized net operating income.

The following factors, among others, could cause our future results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements:

general market and economic conditions;
the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures intended to prevent its spread or address its effects;inflation/deflation;
general economic conditions;
unfavorable changes in apartment market and economic conditions that could adversely affect occupancy levels and rental rates, including as a result of COVID-19;rates;
the failure of acquisitions, developments or redevelopments to achieve anticipated results;
possible difficulty in selling apartment communities;
competitive factors that may limit our ability to lease apartment homes or increase or maintain rents;
insufficient cash flow that could affect our debt financing and create refinancing risk;
failure to generate sufficient revenue, which could impair our debt service payments and distributions to stockholders;
development and construction risks that may impact our profitability;
potential damage from natural disasters, including hurricanes and other weather-related events, which could result in substantial costs to us;
risks from climate change that impacts our properties or operations;
risks from extraordinary losses for which we may not have insurance or adequate reserves;
risks from cybersecurity breaches of our information technology systems and the information technology systems of our third party vendors and other third parties;
the availability of capital and the stability of the capital markets;
changes in job growth, home affordability and the demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing;
the failure of automation or technology to help grow net operating income;

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uninsured losses due to insurance deductibles, self-insurance retention, uninsured claims or casualties, or losses in excess of applicable coverage;
delays in completing developments and lease-ups on schedule;schedule or at expected rent and occupancy levels;
our failure to succeed in new markets;
risks that third parties who have an interest in or are otherwise involved in projects in which we have an interest, including mezzanine borrowers, joint venture partners or other investors, do not perform as expected;
changing interest rates, which could increase interest costs and affect the market price of our securities;
potential liability for environmental contamination, which could result in substantial costs to us;
the imposition of federal taxes if we fail to qualify as a REIT under the Code in any taxable year;
our internal control over financial reporting may not be considered effective which could result in a loss of investor confidence in our financial reports, and in turn have an adverse effect on our stock price; and
changes in real estate laws, tax laws, rent control or stabilization laws or other laws affecting our business.

A discussion of these and other factors affecting our business and prospects is set forth in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors. We encourage investors to review these risk factors.

Although we believe that the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements contained herein are reasonable, any of the assumptions could be inaccurate, and therefore such statements included in this Report may not prove to be accurate. In light of the significant uncertainties inherent in the forward-looking statements included herein, the inclusion of such information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the results or conditions described in such statements or our objectives and plans will be achieved.

Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law.

COVID-19 Update

See Part I, Item 1. “Business – COVID-19 Update” above for more information on the impact of COVID-19 on the Company.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere herein and is based primarily on our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020.

This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2021 and 2020 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020 of UDR, Inc. Discussions of 2019 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2020 and 2019 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

Business Overview

We are a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities.communities in targeted markets located in the United States. We were formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our subsidiaries include the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this Report to “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” or “UDR” refer collectively to UDR, Inc., its consolidated subsidiaries and its consolidated joint ventures.

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Table of Contents

At December 31, 2021,2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 160168 communities in 13 states plus the District of Columbia totaling 53,22955,550 apartment homes. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 6,57010,045 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 3,7335,618 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. The Same-Store Community apartment home population for the year ended December 31, 2021,2023, was 45,143.51,368.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. A critical accounting policy is one that is both important to our financial condition and results of operations as well as involves some degree of uncertainty. Estimates are prepared based on management’s assessment after considering all evidence available. Changes in estimates could affect our financial position or results of

39

Table of Contents

operations. Below is a discussion of the accounting policies that we consider critical to understanding our financial condition or results of operations where there is uncertainty or where significant judgment is required. A discussion of our significant accounting policies, including further discussion of the accounting policies described below, can be found in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, to the Notes to the UDR, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report.

Cost Capitalization

In conformity with GAAP, we capitalize those expenditures that materially enhance the value of an existing asset or substantially extend the useful life of an existing asset. Expenditures necessary to maintain an existing property in ordinary operating condition are expensed as incurred.

In addition to construction costs, we capitalize costs directly related to the predevelopment, development, and redevelopment of a capital project, which include, but are not limited to, interest, real estate taxes, insurance, and allocated development and redevelopment overhead related to support costs for personnel working on the capital projects. We use our professional judgment in determining whether such costs meet the criteria for capitalization or must be expensed as incurred. These costs are capitalized only during the period in which activities necessary to ready an asset for its intended use are in progress and such costs are incremental and identifiable to a specific activity to get the asset ready for its intended use. As each home in a capital project is completed and becomes available for lease-up, the Company ceases capitalization on the related portion. The costs capitalized are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Total real estate owned, net of accumulated depreciation. Amounts capitalized during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 2020, and 2019 were $21.0$23.2 million, $19.0$31.3 million, and $13.5$21.0 million, respectively.

Investment in Unconsolidated Entities

We may enter into various joint venture agreements and/or partnerships with unrelated third parties to hold or develop real estate assets. We must determine for each of these ventures whether to consolidate the entity or account for our investment under the equity method of accounting. We determine whether to consolidate a joint venture or partnership based on our rights and obligations under the venture agreement, applying the applicable accounting guidance. The application of the rules in evaluating the accounting treatment for each joint venture or partnership is complex and requires substantial management judgment. We evaluate our accounting for investments on a regular basis including when a significant change in the design of an entity occurs. Throughout our financial statements, and in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, we use the term “joint venture” or “partnership” when referring to investments in entities in which we do not have a 100% ownership interest.

We continually evaluate our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures when events or changes in circumstances indicate that there may be an other-than-temporary decline in value. We consider various factors to determine if a decrease in the value of the investment is other-than-temporary. These factors include, but are not limited to, age of the venture, our intent and ability to retain our investment in the entity, the financial condition and long-term prospects of the entity, and the relationships with the other joint venture partners and its lenders. The amount of loss recognized is the excess of the investment’s carrying amount over its estimated fair value. If we believe that the decline in fair value is temporary, no impairment is recorded. The aforementioned factors are taken as a whole by management in determining the valuation of our investment property. Should the actual results differ from management’s judgment, the valuation could be negatively affected and may result in a negative impact to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Table of Contents

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Quarterly or when changes in circumstances warrant, we will assess our real estate properties for indicators

of impairment. The judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on certain factors. Such factors include, among other things, operational performance, market conditions, the Company’s intent and ability to hold the related asset, as well as any significant cost overruns on development properties.

If a real estate property has indicators of impairment, we assess whether the long-lived asset’s carrying value exceeds the community’s undiscounted future cash flows, which is representative of projected net operating income (“NOI”) plus the residual value of the community. Our future cash flow estimates are based upon historical results adjusted to reflect our best estimate of future market and operating conditions and our estimated holding periods. If such indicators of impairment are present and the carrying value exceeds the undiscounted cash flows of the community, an impairment loss is recognized equal to the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over its estimated fair value. Our estimates of fair value represent our best estimate based primarily upon unobservable inputs related to rental rates,

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Table of Contents

operating costs, growth rates, discount rates, capitalization rates, industry trends and reference to market rates and transactions.

For long-lived assets to be disposed of, impairment losses are recognized when the fair value of the asset less estimated cost to sell is less than the carrying value of the asset. Properties classified as real estate held for disposition generally represent properties that are actively marketed or contracted for sale with the closing expected to occur within the next twelve months. Real estate held for disposition is carried at the lower of cost, net of accumulated depreciation, or fair value, less the cost to sell, determined on an asset-by-asset basis. Expenditures for ordinary repair and maintenance costs on held for disposition properties are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures for improvements, renovations, and replacements related to held for disposition properties are capitalized at cost. Depreciation is not recorded on real estate held for disposition.

Real Estate Investment Properties

We purchase real estate investment properties from time to time and record the fair value to various components, such as land, buildings, and intangibles related to in-place leases, based on the fair value of each component. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, we utilize various sources, including independent appraisals, our own analysis of recently acquired and existing comparable properties in our portfolio and other market data. The fair value of buildings is determined as if the buildings were vacant upon acquisition and subsequently leased at market rental rates. As such, the determination of fair value considers the present value of all cash flows expected to be generated from the property including an initial lease-up period. We determine the fair value of in-place leases by assessing the net effective rent and remaining term of the lease relative to market terms for similar leases at acquisition. In addition, we consider the cost of acquiring similar leases, the foregone rents associated with the lease-up period, and the carrying costs associated with the lease-up period. The fair value of in-place leases is recorded and amortized as amortization expense over the remaining average contractual lease period.

REIT Status

We are a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated for federal income tax purposes as a REIT. A REIT is a legal entity that holds interests in real estate and is required by the Code to meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that a REIT must distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gain) to our stockholders. If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal and state income taxes at the regular corporate rates and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for four years. Based on the net earnings reported for the year ended December 31, 20212023 in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, we would have incurred federal and state GAAP income taxes if we had failed to qualify as a REIT.

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Summary of Real Estate Portfolio by Geographic Market

The following table summarizes our market information by major geographic markets as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021:2023:

December 31, 2021

Year Ended December 31, 2021

December 31, 2023

Year Ended December 31, 2023

  

  

  

Percentage

  

Total

  

  

Monthly

    

Net

  

  

  

Percentage

  

Total

  

  

Monthly

    

Net

Number of

Number of

of Total 

Carrying

Average

Income per 

Operating

Number of

Number of

of Total 

Carrying

Average

Income per 

Operating

Apartment

Apartment

Carrying

Value (in

Physical

Occupied

Income

Apartment

Apartment

Carrying

Value (in

Physical

Occupied

Income

Same-Store Communities

Communities

Homes

Value

thousands)

Occupancy

Home (a)

(in thousands)

Communities

Homes

Value

thousands)

Occupancy

Home (a)

(in thousands)

West Region

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Orange County, CA

 

10

 

4,685

 

9.8

$

1,441,386

 

97.5

$

2,608

$

111,261

 

8

 

4,305

 

8.6

$

1,370,945

 

96.4

$

3,013

$

116,798

San Francisco, CA

 

11

 

2,751

 

6.1

894,975

 

95.3

3,074

66,769

 

11

 

2,780

 

5.8

926,601

 

96.5

3,490

79,700

Seattle, WA

 

14

 

2,725

 

6.5

%

 

957,008

 

97.2

%

 

2,417

 

54,290

 

14

 

2,702

 

6.9

%

 

1,101,692

 

97.2

%

 

2,817

 

65,697

Los Angeles, CA

 

4

 

1,225

 

3.0

%

 

482,945

 

96.2

%

 

3,122

 

31,952

Monterey Peninsula, CA

 

7

 

1,565

 

1.3

%

 

188,914

 

97.0

%

 

2,012

 

28,556

 

7

 

1,567

 

1.2

%

 

197,561

 

95.6

%

 

2,289

 

31,798

Los Angeles, CA

 

4

 

1,225

 

3.2

%

 

467,814

 

96.0

%

 

2,728

 

27,116

Other Southern California

 

3

 

817

 

1.5

%

 

216,455

 

98.2

%

 

2,425

 

17,138

 

3

 

821

 

1.4

%

 

224,733

 

96.8

%

 

2,883

 

20,542

Portland, OR

 

2

 

476

 

0.4

%

 

53,306

 

98.3

%

 

1,726

 

7,211

 

2

 

476

 

0.3

%

 

56,055

 

97.1

%

 

1,949

 

7,833

Mid-Atlantic Region

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Metropolitan D.C.

 

22

 

8,003

 

15.0

%

 

2,229,593

 

96.7

%

 

2,138

 

135,905

 

23

 

8,819

 

15.4

%

 

2,473,552

 

97.2

%

 

2,298

 

162,251

Baltimore, MD

 

5

 

1,597

 

2.3

%

 

342,725

 

97.6

%

 

1,680

 

21,448

 

7

 

2,221

 

3.5

%

 

562,075

 

95.7

%

 

1,898

 

32,610

Richmond, VA

 

4

 

1,359

 

1.1

%

 

156,903

 

98.2

%

 

1,523

 

18,092

 

4

 

1,359

 

1.0

%

 

166,013

 

96.9

%

 

1,827

 

21,518

Northeast Region

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Boston, MA

 

10

 

4,139

 

10.6

%

 

1,557,982

 

96.5

%

 

2,689

 

91,483

 

11

 

4,234

 

10.9

%

 

1,724,245

 

96.7

%

 

3,145

 

111,009

New York, NY

 

5

 

1,825

 

8.5

%

 

1,255,445

 

96.7

%

 

3,731

 

40,238

 

6

 

2,318

 

9.8

%

 

1,573,293

 

97.8

%

 

4,640

 

73,093

Philadelphia, PA

1

313

0.7

%

108,042

96.6

%

2,294

5,610

3

972

2.3

%

372,000

96.8

%

2,552

20,145

Southeast Region

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Tampa, FL

 

9

 

2,911

 

2.9

%

 

427,964

 

97.6

%

 

1,655

 

36,438

 

11

 

3,877

 

4.2

%

 

673,742

 

96.7

%

 

2,118

 

63,085

Orlando, FL

 

9

 

2,500

 

1.7

%

 

245,992

 

97.4

%

 

1,475

 

30,332

 

11

 

3,493

 

3.5

%

 

559,956

 

96.2

%

 

1,914

 

53,283

Nashville, TN

 

8

 

2,260

 

1.6

%

 

229,634

 

97.9

%

 

1,431

 

26,472

 

8

 

2,260

 

1.6

%

 

249,705

 

96.2

%

 

1,760

 

33,664

Other Florida

 

1

 

636

 

0.6

%

 

92,007

 

97.9

%

 

1,779

 

8,819

 

1

 

636

 

0.6

%

 

95,798

 

96.7

%

 

2,350

 

12,058

Southwest Region

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Dallas, TX

 

11

 

3,866

 

4.0

%

 

584,254

 

97.1

%

 

1,536

 

43,150

 

14

 

5,813

 

6.1

%

 

983,508

 

96.7

%

 

1,777

 

76,557

Austin, TX

 

4

 

1,272

 

1.2

%

 

174,084

 

98.1

%

 

1,608

 

14,629

 

4

 

1,272

 

1.2

%

 

193,911

 

96.3

%

 

1,924

 

17,585

Denver, CO

1

218

1.0

%

145,451

95.6

%

3,138

5,541

1

218

0.9

%

147,523

95.7

%

3,587

6,515

Total/Average Same-Store Communities

 

141

 

45,143

 

80.0

%

 

11,769,934

 

97.1

%

$

2,182

 

790,498

 

153

 

51,368

 

88.2

%

 

14,135,853

 

96.7

%

$

2,502

 

1,037,693

Non-Mature, Commercial Properties & Other

 

19

 

8,086

 

17.4

%

 

2,582,300

 

  

 

  

 

77,044

 

14

 

3,912

 

10.1

%

 

1,621,603

 

  

 

  

 

71,455

Total Real Estate Held for Investment

 

160

 

53,229

 

97.4

%

 

14,352,234

 

  

 

  

 

867,542

 

167

 

55,280

 

98.3

%

 

15,757,456

 

  

 

  

 

1,109,148

Real Estate Under Development (b)

 

 

 

2.6

%

 

388,569

 

  

 

  

 

(417)

 

 

56

 

1.0

%

 

160,404

 

  

 

  

 

(387)

Real Estate Held for Disposition (c)

 

1

 

214

 

0.7

%

 

105,999

 

  

 

  

 

6,009

Total Real Estate Owned

 

160

 

53,229

 

100.0

%

 

14,740,803

 

  

 

  

$

867,125

 

168

 

55,550

 

100.0

%

 

16,023,859

 

  

 

  

$

1,114,770

Total Accumulated Depreciation

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

(5,137,096)

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

(6,267,830)

 

  

 

  

 

  

Total Real Estate Owned, Net of Accumulated Depreciation

 

  

 

  

 

  

$

9,603,707

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

$

9,756,029

 

  

 

  

 

  

(a)Monthly Income per Occupied Home represents total monthly revenues divided by the average physical number of occupied apartment homes in our Same-Store portfolio.
(b)As of December 31, 2021,2023, the Company was developing fivetwo wholly owned communities with a total of 1,417415 apartment homes, none of which 56 have been completed.
(c)The Company had one community located in Arlington, Virginia that met the criteria to be classified as held for disposition at December 31, 2023.

We report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other.

Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 20202022 and held as of December 31, 2021.2023. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.

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Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is the ability to meet present and future financial obligations either through operating cash flows, sales of properties, borrowings under our credit agreements, and/or the issuance of debt and/or equity securities. Our primary source of liquidity is our cash flow from operations, as determined by rental rates, occupancy levels, and operating expenses related to our portfolio of apartment homes, and borrowings under our credit agreements. We routinely use our working capital credit facility, our unsecured revolving credit facility and issuances of commercial paper to temporarily fund certain investing and financing activities prior to arranging for longer-term financing or the issuance of equity or debt securities. During the past several years, proceeds from the sale of real estate have been used for both investing and financing activities as we continue to execute on maintaining a diversified portfolio.

We expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements generally through net cash provided by property operations and borrowings under our credit agreements and our unsecured commercial paper program. We expect to meet certain long-term liquidity requirements such as scheduled debt maturities, the repayment of financing on development activities, and potential property acquisitions, through net cash provided by property operations, secured and unsecured borrowings, the issuance of debt or equity securities, and/or the disposition of properties. We believe that our net cash provided by property operations and borrowings under our credit agreements and our unsecured commercial paper program will continue to be adequate to meet both operating requirements and the payment of dividends by the Company in accordance with REIT requirements. Likewise, the budgeted expenditures for improvements and renovations of certain properties are expected to be funded from property operations, borrowings under credit agreements, the issuance of debt or equity securities, and/or dispositions of properties.

We have a shelf registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or “SEC,” which provides for the issuance of common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares, debt securities, guarantees of debt securities, warrants, subscription rights, purchase contracts and units to facilitate future financing activities in the public capital markets. Access to capital markets is dependent on market conditions at the time of issuance.

In July 2021, the Company entered into an ATM sales agreement under which the Company may offer and sell up to 20.0 million shares of its common stock, from time to time, to or through its sales agents and may enter into separate forward sales agreements to or through its forward purchasers. Upon entering into the ATM sales agreement, the Company simultaneously terminated the sales agreement for its prior at-the-market equity offering program, which was entered into in July 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2021,2023, the Company sold 1.6 milliondid not sell any shares of common stock through its ATM program pursuant to the Company’s forward sales agreements described below.program. As of December 31, 2021,2023, we had 18.414.0 million shares of common stock available for future issuance under the ATM program.

In connection with any forward sales agreement under the Company’s ATM program, including an aggregatethe relevant forward purchasers will borrow from third parties and, through the relevant sales agent, acting in its role as forward seller, sell a number of 4.4 million shares subjectof the Company’s common stock equal to the number of shares underlying the agreement. The Company does not initially receive any proceeds from any sale of borrowed shares by the forward sales agreements described below.seller.

During the year ended December 31, 2021,2023, the Company entered into forward sales agreements under its current or prior ATM programs for a total of 10.8 million shares of common stock at a weighted average initial forward price per share of $50.59, of which 4.4 million shares had not been settled. The actual forward price per share to be received by the Company upon settlement will be determined on the applicable settlement date based on adjustments made to the initial forward price to reflect the then-current federal funds rate and the amount of dividends paid to holders of UDR common stock over the term of the forward sales agreement. As of December 31, 2021, 6.4 million shares under the forward sales agreements under the ATM programs had been settled at a weighted average forward price per share of $47.79, which is inclusive of adjustments made to reflect the then-current federal funds rate, the amount of dividends paid to holders of UDR common stock and commissions paid to sales agents of approximately $2.6 million, for net proceeds of $306.6 million. The final dates by which the remaining shares sold under the forward sales agreements under the ATM programs must be settled range between August 1, 2022 and September 14, 2022.

In March 2021, the Company entered into forward sale agreements to sell 7.0repurchased 0.6 million shares of its common stock at an initial forwardaverage price of $40.13 per share of $43.51. The actual forward price per share to be received by the Company upon settlement was determined on the applicable settlement date based on adjustments made to the initial forward price to reflect the then-current federal funds rate and the amount of dividends paid to holders of UDR common stock over the term of the forward sales agreement. In September 2021, the Company settled all 7.0 million shares at a forward price per share of $42.65, which is inclusive of adjustments made to reflect the then-current federal funds rate, the amount of dividends paid to holders of UDR common stock and commissions paid to sales agentsfor total consideration of approximately $6.0$25.0 million for net proceeds of $298.5 million.

In June 2021, the Company entered into forward sale agreements to sell 6.1 million shares ofunder its common stock at an initial forward price per share of $49.22. The actual forward price per share to be received by the Company upon

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settlement will be determined on the applicable settlement date based on adjustments made to the initial forward price to reflect the then-current federal funds rate and the amount of dividends paid to holders of UDR common stock over the term of the forward sales agreement. In December 2021, the Company settled all 6.1 million shares at a forward price per share of $48.33, which is inclusive of adjustments made to reflect the then-current federal funds rate, the amount of dividends paid to holders of UDR common stock and commissions paid to sales agents of approximately $5.4 million, for net proceeds of $294.8 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company settled 19.5 million shares in aggregate under forward sales agreements under the ATM programs and previously announced forward sales agreements for net proceeds of $900.0 million. Aggregate net proceeds from such forward sales, after deducting related expenses, were $899.1 million.

In February 2021, the Company issued $300.0 million of 2.10% senior unsecured medium-term notes due June 15, 2033. The notes were priced at 99.592% of the principal amount of the notes. The Company used the net proceeds to redeem its $300.0 million 4.00% senior unsecured medium-term notes due October 2025 (the “2025 Notes”) (plus the make-whole amount and accrued and unpaid interest). The combined prepayment and make-whole amounts for the purchase of the 2025 Notes totaled approximately $40.8 million.repurchase program.

In July 2021, the Company increased its maximum aggregate amount from $500.0 million to $700.0 million on its unsecured commercial paper program.

In September 2021, the Company entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) that provides for a $1.3 billion unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) and a $350.0 million unsecured term loan (the “Term Loan”). The Credit Agreement allows the total commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility and the total borrowings under the Term Loan to be increased to an aggregate maximum amount of up to $2.5 billion, subject to certain conditions, including obtaining commitments from one or more lenders. The Revolving Credit Facility has a scheduled maturity date of January 31, 2026, with two six-month extension options, subject to certain conditions. The Term Loan has a scheduled maturity date of January 31, 2027. The Credit Agreement also lowered the margin range for borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan.

The Credit Agreement amended and restated the Company’s prior credit agreement, which provided for: (i) a $1.1 billion revolving credit facility scheduled to mature in January 2023 and (ii) a $350.0 million term loan scheduled to mature in September 2023. The prior credit agreement allowed the total commitments under the revolving credit facility and total borrowings under the term loan to be increased to an aggregate maximum amount of up to $2.0 billion, subject to certain conditions.

Based on the Company’s current credit rating, the Revolving Credit Facility has an interest rate equal to LIBOR plus a margin of 77.5 basis points and a facility fee of 15 basis points, and the Term Loan has an interest rate equal to LIBOR plus a margin of 85 basis points. Depending on the Company’s credit rating, the margin under the Revolving Credit Facility ranges from 70 to 140 basis points, the facility fee ranges from 10 to 30 basis points, and the margin under the Term Loan ranges from 75 to 160 basis points.

In September 2021, the Company amended the Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 14, 2022 to January 12, 2024 and lower the margin range for the interest rate. Based on the Company’s current credit rating, the Working Capital Credit Facility now has an interest rate equal to LIBOR plus a margin of 77.5 basis points. Depending on the Company’s credit rating, the margin ranges from 70 to 140 basis points.

In September 2021, the Company issued an additional $200.0 million of 3.00% medium-term notes due 2031 (the “2031 Notes”). The notes were priced at 106.388% of the principal amount of the notes to yield 2.259%. This was a further issuance of and forms a single series with the $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 2031 Notes that were issued in August 2019.

Future Capital Needs

Future development and redevelopment expenditures may be funded through unsecured or secured credit facilities, unsecured commercial paper, proceeds from the issuance of equity or debt securities, sales of properties, joint ventures, and, to a lesser extent, from cash flows provided by property operations. Acquisition activity in strategic markets may be funded through joint ventures, by the reinvestment of proceeds from the sale of properties, through the

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Table of Contents

issuance of equity or debt securities, the issuance of operating partnership units and the assumption or placement of secured and/or unsecured debt.

During 2022,2024, we have approximately $1.1$97.6 million of secured debt maturing, comprised solelyinclusive of principal amortization, and $220.0$423.7 million of unsecured debt maturing, comprised solely of the unsecured commercial paper. Additionally, the Company has no secured or unsecured debt maturing in 2023, aside from principal amortization.maturing. We anticipate repaying the debt due in 2022 and 20232024 with cash

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flow from our operations, proceeds from debt or equity offerings, proceeds from dispositions of properties, or from borrowings under our credit agreements and our unsecured commercial paper program.

The following table summarizes our material cash requirements as of December 31, 20212023 (dollars in thousands):

Payments Due by Period

Payments Due by Period

Material Cash Requirements

    

2022

    

2023-2024

    

2025-2026

    

Thereafter

    

Total

    

2024

    

2025-2026

    

2027-2028

    

Thereafter

    

Total

Long-term debt obligations

$

221,140

$

143,179

$

527,537

$

4,507,096

$

5,398,952

$

521,297

$

579,843

$

1,123,449

$

3,584,491

$

5,809,080

Interest on debt obligations (a)

 

152,508

 

302,804

 

284,032

 

452,570

 

1,191,914

 

171,344

 

318,937

 

243,384

 

236,674

 

970,339

Letters of credit

 

2,841

 

 

 

 

2,841

 

2,235

 

76

 

 

 

2,311

Operating lease obligations:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Ground leases (b)

 

12,442

 

24,884

 

24,884

 

430,337

 

492,547

 

12,442

 

24,884

 

24,884

 

405,452

 

467,662

$

388,931

$

470,867

$

836,453

$

5,390,003

$

7,086,254

$

707,318

$

923,740

$

1,391,717

$

4,226,617

$

7,249,392

(a)Interest payments on variable rate debt instruments are based on each debt instrument’s respective year-end interest rate at December 31, 2021.2023.
(b)For purposes of our ground lease contracts, the Company uses the minimum lease payment, if stated in the agreement. For ground lease agreements where there is a rent reset provision based on fair market value or changes in the consumer price index but does not include a specified minimum lease payment, the Company uses the current rent over the remainder of the lease term.

During 2021,2023, we incurred gross interest costs of $196.0$191.0 million, of which $9.7$10.1 million was capitalized.

In January 2022, the entire $220.0 millionWe do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenue or expenses, results of outstanding unsecured commercial paper as of December 31, 2021 was repaid at maturity with additional proceeds of unsecured commercial paper with maturity dates in January 2022 and February 2022 and proceeds under the Working Capital Credit Facility. As of February 11, 2022, we had no borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility, leaving $1.3 billion of unused capacity (excluding $2.6 million of letters of credit), and we had no borrowings outstanding under the Working Capital Credit Facility, leaving $75.0 million of unused capacity.operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material.

Guarantor Subsidiary Summarized Financial Information

UDR has certain outstanding debt securities that are guaranteed by the Operating Partnership. With respect to this debt, as further outlined below, the Operating Partnership fully and unconditionally guarantees payment of any principal, premium and interest in full to the holders thereof. The Operating Partnership is a subsidiary of UDR, through which UDR conducts a significant portion of its business and holds a substantial amount of its assets. UDR also conducts business through other subsidiaries, including its taxable REIT subsidiaries. In addition to its ownership interest in the Operating Partnership, UDR holds interests in subsidiaries and joint ventures, owns and operates properties, issues securities from time to time and guarantees debt of certain of its subsidiaries. UDR, as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, owns 100 percent of the Operating Partnership’s general partnership interests and approximately 95 percent of its limited partnership interests and, by virtue thereof, has the ability to control all of the day-to-day operations of the Operating Partnership. UDR has concluded that it is the primary beneficiary of, and therefore consolidates, the Operating Partnership.

The Operating Partnership is the subsidiary guarantor of certain of our registered debt securities, including the $300 million of medium-term notes due September 2026, $300 million of medium-term notes due July 2027, $300 million of medium-term notes due January 2028, $300 million of medium-term notes due January 2029, $600 million of medium-term notes due January 2030, $600 million of medium-term notes due August 2031, $400 million of medium-term notes due August 2032, $350 million of medium-term notes due March 2033, $300 million of medium-term notes due in June 2033 and $300 million of medium-term notes due November 2034.

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The Operating Partnership fully and unconditionally guarantees payment of any principal, premium and interest in full to the holders of the notes described above. The guarantee forms part of the indenture under which the notes were issued. If, for any reason, we do not make any required payment in respect of the notes when due, the Operating Partnership will cause the payment to be made to, or to the order of, the applicable paying agent on behalf of the trustee. Holders of the notes may enforce their rights under the guarantee directly against the Operating Partnership without first making a demand or taking action against UDR or any other person or entity. The Operating Partnership may, without the consent of the holders of the notes, assume all of our rights and obligations under the notes and, upon such assumption, we will be released from our liabilities under the indenture and the notes.

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The notes are UDR’s unsecured general obligations and rank equally with all of UDR’s other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness outstanding from time to time. As a result, our payment of amounts due on the notes is subordinated to all of our existing and future secured obligations to the extent of the value of the collateral pledged toward any such secured obligation. Our payment of amounts due on the notes also is effectively subordinated to all liabilities, whether secured or unsecured, of any of our non-guarantor subsidiaries because, in the event of a bankruptcy, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or similar proceeding with respect to such subsidiaries, we, as an equity holder of such subsidiaries, would not receive distributions from such subsidiaries until claims of any creditors of such subsidiaries are satisfied.

In March 2020, the SEC adopted amendments to Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X and created Rule 13-01 to simplify disclosure requirements related to certain registered securities. The rule was effective for the Company on January 4, 2021. As a result of the amendments to Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X, subsidiary guarantors of obligations issued by the parent are no longer required to provide separate financial statements subject to certain criteria. Such criteria include, among other things, that the parent company is an issuer or co-issuer of the debt, the consolidated financial statements of the parent company have been filed and the subsidiary guarantor is consolidated into those financial statements, and the guaranteed security is debt or debt-like. If the applicable criteria are met, the parent company is able to utilize alternative disclosures described in Rule 13-01 of Regulation S-X, which include summarized financial information of the subsidiary guarantor. We evaluated the criteria and determined that we are eligible for the exceptions, which allow us to provide alternative disclosures for the Operating Partnership.

As a result of the amendments, the Operating Partnership, as subsidiary guarantor, is no longer subject to the filing requirements under Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act, and will no longer file separate periodic and current reports in reliance on Rule 12h-5 under the Exchange Act. As such, we have presented summarized financial information for the Operating Partnership below.

The following tables present the summarized financial information for the Operating Partnership as of December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, and for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 2019.2021. The information presented below excludes eliminations necessary to arrive at the information on a consolidated basis (dollars in thousands):

December 31, 

December 31, 

December 31, 

December 31, 

    

2021

    

2020

    

2023

    

2022

Total real estate, net

 

$

2,262,108

 

$

2,151,714

 

$

2,629,267

 

$

2,353,509

Cash and cash equivalents

 

21

 

26

 

5

 

9

Operating lease right-of-use assets

 

198,835

 

202,438

 

191,673

 

195,296

Other assets

 

96,553

 

103,389

 

75,464

 

67,186

Total assets

 

$

2,557,517

 

$

2,457,567

 

$

2,896,409

 

$

2,616,000

Secured debt, net

$

143,745

$

99,104

$

377,262

$

187,537

Notes payable to UDR (a)

972,283

810,700

1,298,903

1,162,308

Operating lease liabilities

193,892

197,135

186,939

190,495

Other liabilities

 

108,076

 

102,196

 

133,595

 

118,103

Total liabilities

 

1,417,996

 

1,209,135

 

1,996,699

 

1,658,443

Total capital

$

1,139,521

$

1,248,432

$

899,710

$

957,557

Year Ended

December 31, 

    

2021

    

2020

2019

Total revenue

$

440,631

 

$

428,747

$

441,773

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Year Ended

December 31, 

    

2023

    

2022

2021

Total revenue

$

561,441

 

$

511,560

$

440,631

Property operating expenses

 

(189,543)

 

(172,704)

 

(159,823)

 

(243,842)

 

(217,048)

 

(189,543)

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

(152,520)

 

(143,005)

 

(139,975)

 

(166,744)

 

(155,451)

 

(152,520)

Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate

57,960

Operating income/(loss)

 

98,568

 

170,998

 

141,975

 

150,855

 

139,061

 

98,568

Interest expense (a)

 

(33,098)

 

(29,357)

 

(29,667)

 

(55,729)

 

(37,792)

 

(33,098)

Other income/(loss)

 

9,316

 

(5,543)

 

(8,313)

 

6,231

 

(3,589)

 

9,316

Net income/(loss)

$

74,786

 

$

136,098

 

$

103,995

$

101,357

 

$

97,680

 

$

74,786

(a)All $972.3 million$1.3 billion and $810.7 million$1.2 billion notes payable to UDR as of December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively, and $30.8$47.2 million, $26.5$35.7 million and $28.0$30.8 million of interest expense on notes payable to UDR for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 2019,2021, respectively, eliminate upon consolidation of UDR’s consolidated financial statements.

Statements of Cash Flows

The following discussion explains the changes in Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities, Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities, and Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities that are presented in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020.2022.

Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2021,2023, our Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities was $664.0$832.7 million compared to $604.3$820.1 million for 2020.2022. The increase in cash flow from operating activities was primarily due to an increase in net operating income (“NOI”), primarily driven by higher revenue per occupied home, and NOI from additional operating communities, partially offset by a decrease in operating distributions from our unconsolidated joint ventures and changes in operating assets and liabilities and an increase in net operating income..

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Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2021,2023, Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities was $(1.3) billion$(289.1) million compared to $(460.8)$(929.5) million for 2020.2022. The increasedecrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily due to a decrease in acquisitions, an increase in acquisitions made during 2021, an increaseproceeds from sales of real estate, a decrease in spend for development of real estate assets, an increaseand a decrease in cash investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, partially offset by an increase in spend for capital expenditures and a decrease in distributions received from unconsolidated joint ventures partially offset by the repayment of notes receivable.and partnerships.

Acquisitions

In January 2021,February 2023, the Company acquiredtook title to a 300136 apartment home operating community located in Franklin,San Francisco, California, through a foreclosure proceeding. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company. (See Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships for more information).

In August 2023, the Company acquired a portfolio of six operating communities totaling 1,753 apartment homes, which included four operating communities in Dallas, Texas and two operating communities in Austin, Texas, for a purchase price of $354.6 million. The Company acquired the portfolio with a combination of cash, the assumption of six mortgage loans with an outstanding principal balance of approximately $209.4 million (fair value of $191.7 million), and the issuance of 3.6 million OP Units to the seller valued at $141.4 million. The OP Units were valued based on the closing price per share of UDR’s common stock on the date of acquisition in accordance with GAAP. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $344.8 million, recorded $9.8 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $17.6 million debt discount in connection with the below-market debt assumed.

In April 2022, the Company acquired a to-be-developed parcel of land located in Fort Lauderdale, Florida for approximately $16.0 million.

In June 2022, the Company acquired a 433 apartment home operating community located in Danvers, Massachusetts for approximately $77.4 million. In connection with the acquisition, the Company assumed an above-market mortgage note payable secured by the community with an outstanding balance of approximately $51.8$207.5 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $82.0$203.7 million and recorded $2.0$3.8 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $6.6 million debt premiumintangibles.

In June 2022, the Company acquired three contiguous to-be-developed parcels of land located in connection with the above-market debt assumed.Dallas, Texas for approximately $90.2 million.

In April 2021,June 2022, the Company acquired a 636 apartment hometo-be-developed parcel of land, which included two operating communityretail components, located in Farmers Branch, Texas,Riverside, California for approximately $110.2 million. In connection with the acquisition, the Company assumed an above-market mortgage note payable secured by the community with an outstanding balance of approximately $42.0$29.0 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $111.5$28.2 million and recorded $3.0$0.8 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $4.3 million debt premium in connection with the above-market debt assumed.intangibles.

Dispositions

In January 2023, the Company sold the retail component of a development community located in Washington D.C. for gross proceeds of approximately $14.4 million, resulting in a gain of less than $0.1 million. The gross proceeds were received ratably throughout the development of the community and are reflected as a reduction of capital expenditures.

In June 2023, the Company contributed four wholly owned operating communities, totaling 1,328 apartment homes located in various markets, to a newly formed joint venture in exchange for a 51.0% interest in the venture. The contribution resulted in the Company no longer retaining a controlling interest in the communities, and the Company deconsolidated the operating communities. The Company previously hadreceived approximately $247.9 million in cash proceeds from our joint venture partner at formation. The transaction was accounted for as a secured note with an unaffiliated third party with an aggregate commitmentpartial sale and resulted in a gain of $20.0 million. The noteapproximately $325.9 million, which was secured by a parcelrecorded in Gain/(loss) on sale of land and related land improvements located in Alameda, California. In September 2020, the developer defaulted on the loan. As a result of the default, in April 2021, the Company took title to the property pursuant to a deed in lieu of foreclosure. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $25.0 million, the fair market value of the property on the date of the title transfer, and recorded a $0.1 million gain on extinguishment of the secured note to Interest income and other income/(expense), net on the Consolidated StatementsStatement of Operations.Operations, which consisted of the gain on the partial sale and the initial measurement of our retained interest at fair value. (See Note 2,5, Significant Accounting Policies Joint Ventures and Partnershipsfor further discussion.)

In May 2021,December 2023, the Company acquired a to-be-developed parcel of landsold an operating community located in Tampa, Florida,Hillsboro, Oregon with a total of 276 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $78.6 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $6.6$25.3 million.

In November 2022, the Company sold an operating community located in Orange County, California with a total of 90 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $41.5 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $25.5 million.

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In May 2021, the Company acquired a 945 apartment home operating community located in Frisco, Texas, for approximately $166.9 million. In connection with the acquisition, the Company assumed an above-market mortgage note payable secured by the community with an outstanding balance of approximately $89.5 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $169.9 million, recorded $4.1 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $7.1 million debt premium in connection with the above-market debt assumed.

In June 2021, the Company acquired a 468 apartment home operating community located in Germantown, Maryland, for approximately $121.9 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $119.3 million and recorded $2.6 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In July 2021, the Company acquired a 259 apartment home operating community located in Bellevue, Washington, for approximately $171.9 million. The Company previously had a $115.0 million secured note receivable associated with this operating community. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $169.1 million and recorded $2.8 million of in-place lease intangibles. In connection with the acquisition of this community, the note and the unpaid accrued interest were paid in full. (See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion.)

In August 2021, the Company acquired a 544 apartment home operating community located in Germantown, Maryland, for approximately $127.2 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $124.4 million and recorded $2.8 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In September 2021, the Company acquired a 320 apartment home operating community located in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, for approximately $116.2 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $113.8 million and recorded $2.4 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In September 2021, the Company acquired a 192 apartment home operating community located in Towson, Maryland, for approximately $57.6 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $54.0 million and recorded $2.4 million of real estate tax intangibles and $1.2 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In September 2021, the Company acquired a 339 apartment home operating community located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for approximately $147.0 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $136.7 million and recorded $7.1 million of real estate tax intangibles and $3.2 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In October 2021, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s common equity interest in a 330 apartment home operating community located in Orlando, Florida, for a total purchase price of approximately $106.0 million. The Company paid for the community by issuing approximately 0.9 million OP Units (valued at $53.00 per unit per the agreement) to the seller, which equaled $47.9 million.In connection with the acquisition, the joint venture construction loan of approximately $39.6 million was repaid. The Company previously held a $16.4 million preferred equity investment in the entity on the date of acquisition, which it accounted for as an unconsolidated equity investment (see Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships). As a result, in October 2021, the Company increased its ownership interest to 100% and consolidated the operating community. The Company accounted for the consolidation as an asset acquisition resulting in no gain or loss upon consolidation. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $103.6 million and recorded $2.4 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In October 2021, the Company acquired a 663 apartment home operating community located in Orlando, Florida, for approximately $177.8 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $174.1 million and recorded $3.7 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In November 2021, the Company acquired a 430 apartment home operating community located in Towson, Maryland, for approximately $125.3 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $122.6 million and recorded $2.7 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In January 2020, the Company acquired a 294 apartment home operating community located in Tampa, Florida, for approximately $85.2 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $83.1 million and recorded approximately $2.1 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In January 2020, the Company increased its ownership interest from 49% to 100% in a 276 apartment home operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon, for a cash purchase price of approximately $21.6 million. In

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connection with the acquisition, the Company repaid approximately $35.6 million of joint venture construction financing. As a result, the Company consolidated the operating community. The Company had previously accounted for its 49% ownership interest as a preferred equity investment in an unconsolidated joint venture (see Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships). The Company accounted for the consolidation as an asset acquisition resulting in no gain or loss upon consolidation and increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $67.8 million and recorded approximately $1.7 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In August 2020, the Company acquired a to-be-developed parcel of land located in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, for approximately $16.2 million.

In November 2020, the Company acquired a 672 apartment home operating community located in Tampa, Florida, for approximately $122.5 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $119.4 million and recorded approximately $3.1 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In December 2020, the Company acquired a 400 apartment home operating community located in Herndon, Virginia, for approximately $128.6 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $125.9 million and recorded approximately $2.7 million of in-place lease intangibles.

Dispositions

In February 2021, the Company sold an operating community located in Anaheim, California, with a total of 386 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $156.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $50.8 million.

In October 2021, the Company sold an operating community located in Anaheim, California, with a total of 265 apartment homes for a sales price of $126.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $85.2 million.

In May 2020, the Company sold an operating community located in Bellevue, Washington, with a total of 71 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $49.7 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $29.6 million. The sale was partially financed by the Company through the issuance of a promissory note totaling $4.0 million which was repaid in January 2021. (See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion.) The proceeds were designated for a tax-deferred Section 1031 exchange that were used to pay a portion of the purchase price for the above mentioned acquisition of an operating community in Tampa, Florida, in January 2020.

In May 2020, the Company sold an operating community located in Kirkland, Washington, with a total of 196 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $92.9 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $31.7 million.

In October 2020, the Company sold an operating community located in Alexandria, Virginia, with a total of 332 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $145.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $58.0 million. The proceeds were designated for a tax-deferred Section 1031 exchange and were used to pay a portion of the purchase price for acquisitions in November and December 2020.

We plan to continue to pursue our strategy of exiting markets where long-term growth prospects are limited and redeploying capital to primary locations in markets we believe will provide the best investment returns.

Capital Expenditures

We capitalize those expenditures that materially enhance the value of an existing asset or substantially extend the useful life of an existing asset. Expenditures necessary to maintain an existing property in ordinary operating condition are expensed as incurred.

For the year ended December 31, 2021,2023, total capital expenditures of $153.3$303.7 million or $3,036$5,567 per stabilized home, which in aggregate include recurring capital expenditures and major renovations, were spent across our portfolio, excluding development, as compared to $165.8$234.0 million or $3,494$4,373 per stabilized home for the prior year.

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The decreaseincrease in total capital expenditures was primarily due to:

a decreasean increase of 16.5%46.7%, or $8.0$39.3 million, in major renovations, which includeincludes major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings;
a decreasean increase of 63.1%25.6%, or $7.5 million, in spend as compared to 2020 for our operations platform, which includes smart home installations at certain of our properties; and
a decrease of 8.3%, or $4.0$18.5 million, in NOI enhancing improvements, such as kitchen and bath remodels and upgrades to common areas.areas; and

This was partially offset by:

an increase of 12.1%15.9%, or $6.9$11.8 million, in recurring capital expenditures, which includeincludes asset preservation and turnover relatedturnover-related expenditures.

The following table outlines capital expenditures and repair and maintenance costs for all of our communities, excluding real estate under development, for the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 20202022 (dollars in thousands except Per Home amounts):

Per Home

 

Per Home

 

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

 

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

 

    

2021

    

2020

    

% Change

    

2021

    

2020

    

% Change

 

    

2023

    

2022

    

% Change

    

2023

    

2022

    

% Change

 

Turnover capital expenditures

$

15,407

$

12,978

 

18.7

%  

$

305

$

273

 

11.7

%

$

17,595

$

17,148

 

2.6

%  

$

323

$

320

 

0.9

%

Asset preservation expenditures

 

48,413

 

43,946

 

10.2

%  

 

959

 

926

 

3.6

%

 

68,017

 

56,713

 

19.9

%  

 

1,249

 

1,060

 

17.8

%

Total recurring capital expenditures

 

63,820

 

56,924

 

12.1

%  

 

1,264

 

1,199

 

5.4

%

 

85,612

 

73,861

 

15.9

%  

 

1,572

 

1,380

 

13.9

%

NOI enhancing improvements (a)

 

44,727

 

48,752

 

(8.3)

%  

 

886

 

1,027

 

(13.7)

%

 

90,627

 

72,165

 

25.6

%  

 

1,664

 

1,349

 

23.4

%

Major renovations (b)

 

40,339

 

48,317

 

(16.5)

%  

 

799

 

1,018

 

(21.5)

%

 

123,324

 

84,048

 

46.7

%  

 

2,264

 

1,571

 

44.1

%

Operations platform

4,371

11,853

(63.1)

%  

87

250

(65.4)

%

4,144

3,917

5.8

%  

76

73

4.1

%

Total capital expenditures (c)

$

153,257

$

165,846

 

(7.6)

%  

$

3,036

$

3,494

 

(13.1)

%

$

303,707

$

233,991

 

29.8

%  

$

5,576

$

4,373

 

27.5

%

Repair and maintenance expense

$

71,147

$

56,794

 

25.3

%  

$

1,409

$

1,196

 

17.8

%

$

94,958

$

84,663

 

12.2

%  

$

1,743

$

1,582

 

10.2

%

Average home count (d)

 

50,488

 

47,475

 

6.3

%  

 

54,476

 

53,514

 

1.8

%  

(a)NOI enhancing improvements are expenditures that result in increased income generation or decreased expense growth.
(b)Major renovations include major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings.
(c)Total capital expenditures includes amounts capitalized during the year. Cash paid for capital expenditures is impacted by the net change in related accruals.
(d)Average number of homes is calculated based on the number of homes outstanding at the end of each month.

We intend to continue to selectively add NOI enhancing improvements, which we believe will provide a return on investment in excess of our cost of capital. Our objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to meaningfully grow rental rates while also achieving cap rate compression through asset quality improvement.

Consolidated Real Estate Under Development and Redevelopment

At December 31, 2021,2023, our development pipeline consisted of fivetwo wholly-owned communities located in Denver, Colorado, Dublin, California, Addison, Texas Kingand Tampa, Florida, totaling 415 homes, of Prussia, Pennsylvania and Washington D.C., totaling 1,417 homes, none of which 56 have been completed, with a budget of $501.5$187.5 million, in which we have a gross carrying value of $388.6$160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed betweenin the second quarter of 2022 and the second quarter of 2023.2024. During 2021,2023, we incurred $178.0$159.3 million for development costs, an increasea decrease of $56.8$38.7 million as compared to costs incurred in 20202022 of $121.2$198.0 million.

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At December 31, 2021,2023, the Company had no communities at which it was not redeveloping any communities.conducting substantial redevelopment activities.

Unconsolidated Joint Ventures and Partnerships

The Company recognizes income or losses from our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships consisting of our proportionate share of the net income or losses of the joint ventures and partnerships. In

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addition, we may earn fees for providing management services to the communities held by the unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships.

The Company’s Investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships, net, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. For the year ended December 31, 2021:2023:

we made cash investments totaling $112.3$71.4 million in our unconsolidated joint ventures including contributions of $67.5 million to certain unconsolidated investments under our Developer Capital Program, each of which earns a preferred return;and partnerships;
our proportionate share of the net income/(loss) of the joint ventures and partnerships was $65.6 million;$4.7 million, which included a $24.3 million loss due to the consolidation of one of our preferred equity investment joint venture (described below); and
we received cash distributions of $60.7$30.3 million, of which $23.3$15.9 million were operating cash flows and $37.4$14.4 million were investing cash flows.

We evaluate our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships when events or changes in circumstances indicate that there may be an other-than-temporary decline in value. We consider various factors to determine if a decrease in the value of the investment is other-than-temporary. The Company did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairments in the value of its investments in unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships during the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020.2022.

Financing Activities

For the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities was $612.5$(538.9) million and $(152.6)$111.2 million, respectively.

The following significant financing activities occurred during the year ended December 31, 2021:2023:

issuancerepurchased 0.6 million shares of $300.0 millioncommon stock at an average price of 2.10% senior unsecured medium-term notes due June 2033,$40.13 per share for net proceeds of approximately $298.8$25.0 million;
issuance of a principal amount of $200.0 million of 3.00% senior unsecured medium-term notes due August 2031, priced at 106.388% of the principal amount to yield 2.259%, resulting inreceived net proceeds of approximately $212.8 million;
repayment of $300.0 million senior unsecured medium-term notes due October 2025;
net proceeds of $30.0$108.1 million on our unsecured commercial paper program;
issuance of 19.5repaid $23.4 million shares of common stock under forward sales agreements for aggregate net proceeds, after deducting related expenses, of approximately $899.1 million;on our revolving bank debt;
paid $35.6 million of distributions of $433.8 million to our common stockholders;redeemable noncontrolling interests; and
paymentpaid $539.9 million of prepayment and extinguishment costs of $40.8 million from the early prepayment of debt.distributions to our common stockholders.

The following significant financing activities occurred during the year ended December 31, 2020:2022:

repaymentsissued 11.4 million shares of secured debtcommon stock at an average price of $425.8 million, which was partially offset by$55.29 per share under forward sales agreements for aggregate net proceeds, from the issuanceafter deducting related expenses, of secured debt of $160.9approximately $629.6 million;
issuancerepurchased 1.2 million shares of $200.0 millioncommon stock at an average price of 3.20% senior unsecured medium-term notes due January 15, 2030,$41.14 per share for net proceeds of approximately $211.3$49.0 million;
issuance of $400.0 million of 2.10% senior unsecured medium-term notes due August 1, 2032, forreceived net proceeds of approximately $399.6 million;$80.0 million on our unsecured commercial paper program;
issuance of $350.0paid $34.3 million of 1.90% senior unsecured medium-term notes due March 15, 2023, for net proceeds of approximately $348.5 million;distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests; and
repayment of $300.0 million senior unsecured medium-term notes due July 2024, $116.9paid $483.6 million of which was pursuantdistributions to our tender offer;common stockholders.

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net repayment of $110.0 million on our unsecured commercial paper program;
issuance of 2.1 million shares of common stock under our forward sales agreement for aggregate net proceeds of $102.2 million at a price per share of $48.23;
repurchase of 0.6 million common shares for approximately $19.8 million;
distributions of $419.4 million to our common stockholders; and
payment of debt extinguishment costs of $62.6 million from the early prepayment of debt.

Credit Facilities and Commercial Paper Program

In September 2021, theThe Company entered into the Credit Agreement that provides forhas a $1.3 billion unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) and a $350.0 million unsecured term loan.loan (the “Term Loan”). The Credit Agreementcredit agreement for these facilities ( the “Credit Agreement”) allows the total commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility and the total borrowings under the Term Loan to be increased to an aggregate maximum amount of up to $2.5 billion, subject to certain conditions, including obtaining commitments from one or more lenders. The Revolving Credit Facility has a scheduled maturity date of January 31, 2026, with two six-month extension options, subject to certain conditions. The Term Loan has a scheduled maturity date of January 31, 2027. The Credit Agreement also lowered the margin range for the Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan.

The Credit Agreement amended and restated the Company’s prior credit agreement, which provided for: (i) a $1.1 billion revolving credit facility scheduled to mature in January 2023 and (ii) a $350.0 million term loan scheduled to mature in September 2023. The prior credit agreement allowed the total commitments under the revolving credit facility and total borrowings under the term loan to be increased to an aggregate maximum amount of up to $2.0 billion, subject to certain conditions.

Based on the Company’s current credit rating, the Revolving Credit Facility has an interest rate equal to LIBORAdjusted SOFR plus a margin of 77.575.5 basis points and a facility fee of 15 basis points, and the Term Loan has an interest rate equal to LIBORAdjusted SOFR plus a margin of 8583.0 basis points. Depending on the Company’s credit rating, the margin under the Revolving Credit Facility ranges from 70 to 140 basis points, the facility fee ranges from 10 to 30 basis points, and the margin under the Term Loan ranges from 75 to 160 basis points. Further, the Credit Agreement includes sustainability adjustments pursuant to which the applicable margin for the Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan were reduced bytwobasis points upon the Company receiving certain green building certifications, which is reflected in the margins noted above.

As of December 31, 2021,2023, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, leaving $1.3 billion of unused capacity (excluding $2.8$2.3 million of letters of credit at December 31, 2021)2023), and $350.0 million of outstanding borrowings under the Term Loan.

We haveThe Company has a working capital credit facility, which provides for a $75$75.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Working Capital Credit Facility”) with a previously scheduled maturity date of January 14, 2022.12, 2025. In September 2021,November 2023, the Company amended the Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 14, 202212, 2024 to January 12, 2024 and lower the margin range for the interest rate.2025, plus a one-year extension option. Based on the Company’s current credit rating, the Working Capital Credit Facility now has an interest rate equal to LIBORAdjusted SOFR plus a margin of 77.5 basis points. Depending on the Company’s credit rating, the margin ranges from 70 to 140 basis points.

As of December 31, 2021,2023, we had $29.5$4.6 million of outstanding borrowings under the Working Capital Credit Facility, leaving $45.5$70.4 million of unused capacity.

The bank revolving credit facilities and the term loan are subject to customary financial covenants and limitations, all of which we were in compliance with at December 31, 2021.2023.

We haveThe Company has an unsecured commercial paper program. Under the terms of the program, wethe Company may issue unsecured commercial paper up to a maximum aggregate amount outstanding of $700 million. In July 2021, the maximum aggregate amount was increased from $500.0 million to $700.0 million. The notes are sold under customary terms in the United States commercial paper market and rank pari passu with all of ourthe Company’s other unsecured indebtedness. The notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2021,2023, we had issued $220.0$408.1 million of commercial paper, for one month terms, at a weighted average annualized rate of 0.34%5.7%, leaving $480.0$291.9 million of unused capacity. In January 2022, the entire $220.0 million of outstanding unsecured commercial paper as of December 31, 2021 was repaid at maturity with additional proceeds of unsecured commercial paper with maturity dates in January 2022 and February 2022 and proceeds under the Working Capital Credit Facility.

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Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk associated with variable rate notes payable and maturing debt that has to be refinanced. We do not hold financial instruments for trading or other speculative purposes, but rather issue these financial instruments to finance our portfolio of real estate assets and operations. Interest rate sensitivity is the relationship between changes in market interest rates and the fair value of market rate sensitive assets and liabilities. Our earnings are affected as changes in short-term interest rates impact our cost of variable rate debt and maturing fixed rate debt. We had $311.5$479.7 million in variable rate debt that is not subject to interest rate swap contracts as of December 31, 2021.2023. If market interest rates for variable rate debt increased by 100 basis points, our interest expense would increase by $5.0 million based on the average balance outstanding during the year.

These amounts are determined by considering the impact of hypothetical interest rates on our borrowing cost. This analysis does not consider the effects of the adjusted level of overall economic activity that could exist in such an environment. Further, in the event of a change of such magnitude, management would likelyenvironment or actions we may take actions to further mitigate our exposure to the change. However, due to the uncertainty of the specific actions that would be taken and their possible effects, the sensitivity analysis assumes no change in our financial structure.

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The Company also utilizes derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk and generally designates these financial instruments as cash flow hedges. See Note 14, Derivatives and Hedging Activities, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report for additional discussion of derivative instruments.

A presentation of cash flow metrics based on GAAP is as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

2021

    

2020

2023

    

2022

Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities

    

$

663,960

    

$

604,316

    

$

832,664

    

$

820,071

Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities

 

(1,272,253)

 

 

(460,842)

 

(289,138)

 

 

(929,528)

Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities

 

612,540

 

 

(152,594)

 

(538,854)

 

 

111,233

Results of Operations

The following discussion explains the changes in results of operations that are presented in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020.2022.

Net Income/(Loss) Attributable to Common Stockholders

Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders was $145.8$439.5 million ($0.481.34 per diluted share) for the year ended December 31, 2021,2023, as compared to $60.0$82.5 million ($0.200.26 per diluted share) for the comparable period in the prior year. The increase resulted primarily from the following items, all of which are discussed in further detail elsewhere within this Report:

gains on the sale of real estate of $351.2 million from the partial sale of four operating communities located in various markets and the sale of an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon, during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to a gain of $25.5 million from the sale of one operating community located in Orange County, California, during the year ended December 31, 2022;
an increase in total property NOI of $13.4$74.4 million primarily due to higher revenue per occupied home and NOI from additional operating communities, acquired during 2021 and 2020, lower rent concessions, lower vacancy, and a decrease in personnel expense, partially offset by a decrease in rental rates,weighted average physical occupancy and an increase in property operating communities sold during 2021expenses; and 2020 and higher repair and maintenance expense, insurance expense, and real estate tax expense;
a decreasean increase in interest expenseincome and other income/(expense), net of $16.4$24.7 million primarily due to $42.3realized and unrealized gains/(losses) of $3.5 million of extinguishment cost from the prepayment of debtour direct investment in SmartRent during the year ended December 31, 20212023, as compared to $49.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, and lower interest rates partially offset by higher debt balances;
a gain of $136.1 million from the sale of two operating communities located in Anaheim, California, during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to gains of $119.3 million from the sale of three operating communities located in Kirkland, Washington, Bellevue, Washington, and Alexandria, Virginia, during the year ended December 31, 2020; and
an increase in income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities of $46.8 million, primarily attributable to $50.8 million of investment income from RETV I, which was primarily attributable to unrealized gains from SmartRent, a portfolio investment held by the fund, becoming a public company during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to $5.1$(15.7) million during the year ended December 31, 2020. A further2022, and $11.0 million of higher interest income from our notes receivables, partially offset by a $5.9 million gain from the sale of a technology investment in 2022.

This was partially offset by: 

an increase in net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership of $24.5 million primarily attributed to the noncontrolling interests’ share of the gain from the partial sale of four operating communities located in various markets and an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the noncontrolling interests’ share of the gain from the sale of an operating community located in Orange County, California during the year ended December 31, 2022;
an increase in interest expense of $25.0 million primarily due to an increase in average interest rates and higher overall debt balances during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared the year ended December 31, 2022; and
an increase in depreciation expense of $11.2 million primarily due to communities acquired and completion of developments in 2023 and 2022, partially offset by communities sold in 2023 and assets that became fully depreciated in 2023 and 2022.

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discussion can be found in Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships, to the Notes to the UDR, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report.

Apartment Community Operations

Our net income results are primarily from NOI generated from the operation of our apartment communities. The Company defines NOI, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, as rental income less direct property rental expenses. Rental income represents gross market rent less adjustments for concessions, vacancy loss and bad debt. Rental expenses include real estate taxes, insurance, personnel, utilities, repairs and maintenance, administrative and marketing. Excluded from NOI is property management expense, which is calculated as 3.0%3.25% of property revenue, and land rent. Property management expense covers costs directly related to consolidated property operations, inclusive of corporate management, regional supervision, accounting and other costs.

Management considers NOI a useful metric for investors as it is a more meaningful representation of a community’s continuing operating performance than net income as it is prior to corporate-level expense allocations, general and administrative costs, capital structure and depreciation and amortization.

Although the Company considers NOI a useful measure of operating performance, NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income or net cash flow from operating activities as determined in accordance with GAAP. NOI excludes several income and expense categories as detailed in the reconciliation of NOI to Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc. below.

The following table summarizes the operating performance of our total property NOI for each of the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended

Year Ended

Year Ended

Year Ended

December 31,  (a)

December 31,  (b)

December 31,  (a)

December 31,  (b)

    

2021

    

2020

    

% Change

    

2020

    

2019

    

% Change

    

2023

    

2022

    

% Change

    

2022

    

2021

    

% Change

Same-Store Communities:

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

Same-Store rental income

$

1,147,259

  

$

1,130,760

  

1.5

%  

$

924,138

  

$

953,121

(3.0)

%

$

1,490,837

  

$

1,411,495

  

5.6

%  

$

1,337,003

  

$

1,203,921

11.1

%

Same-Store operating expense (c)

 

(356,761)

  

 

(344,149)

  

3.7

%  

 

(279,940)

  

 

(268,718)

4.2

%

 

(453,144)

  

 

(432,630)

  

4.7

%  

 

(404,150)

  

 

(382,226)

5.7

%

Same-Store NOI

 

790,498

  

 

786,611

  

0.5

%  

 

644,198

  

 

684,403

(5.9)

%

 

1,037,693

  

 

978,865

  

6.0

%  

 

932,853

  

 

821,695

13.5

%

Non-Mature Communities/Other NOI:

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

Stabilized, non-mature communities NOI (d)

62,906

  

 

24,645

155.2

%  

161,258

98,193

64.2

%

34,726

  

 

17,651

96.7

%  

88,767

33,789

162.7

%

Acquired communities NOI

 

4,156

  

 

  

%  

 

7,919

  

 

762

939.2

%

Development communities NOI

 

(417)

  

 

(127)

  

NM

*

 

214

  

 

(8)

(2,775.0)

%

 

258

  

 

(1,387)

  

NM

*

 

2,306

  

 

(418)

NM

*

Non-residential/other NOI (e)

5,114

  

 

27,689

(81.5)

%  

27,694

12,954

113.8

%

18,287

  

 

14,801

23.6

%  

14,801

5,296

179.5

%

Sold and held for disposition communities NOI

4,868

  

 

14,884

(67.3)

%  

12,419

11,999

3.5

%

23,806

  

 

30,462

(21.9)

%  

1,665

6,763

(75.4)

%

Total Non-Mature Communities/Other NOI

 

76,627

  

 

67,091

  

14.2

%  

 

209,504

  

 

123,900

69.1

%

 

77,077

  

 

61,527

  

25.3

%  

 

107,539

  

 

45,430

136.7

%

Total property NOI

$

867,125

  

$

853,702

  

1.6

%

$

853,702

  

$

808,303

5.6

%

$

1,114,770

  

$

1,040,392

  

7.1

%

$

1,040,392

  

$

867,125

20.0

%

*

Not meaningful

(a)Same-Store consists of 45,14351,368 apartment homes.
(b)Same-Store consists of 37,60747,360 apartment homes.
(c)Excludes depreciation, amortization, and property management expenses.
(d)Represents non-mature communities that have achieved 90% occupancy for three consecutive months but do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities.
(e)Primarily non-residential revenue and expense and straight-line adjustment for concessions.

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The following table is our reconciliation of Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc. to total property NOI for each of the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc.

$

150,016

$

64,266

$

184,965

$

444,353

$

86,924

$

150,016

Joint venture management and other fees

 

(6,102)

 

(5,069)

 

(14,055)

 

(6,843)

 

(5,022)

 

(6,102)

Property management

 

38,540

 

35,538

 

32,721

 

52,671

 

49,152

 

38,540

Other operating expenses

 

21,649

 

22,762

 

13,932

 

20,222

 

17,493

 

21,649

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

606,648

 

608,616

 

501,257

 

676,419

 

665,228

 

606,648

General and administrative

 

57,541

 

49,885

 

51,533

 

69,929

 

64,144

 

57,541

Casualty-related charges/(recoveries), net

 

3,748

 

2,131

 

474

 

3,138

 

9,733

 

3,748

Other depreciation and amortization

 

13,185

 

10,013

 

6,666

 

15,419

 

14,344

 

13,185

(Gain)/loss on sale of real estate owned

 

(136,052)

 

(119,277)

 

(5,282)

 

(351,193)

 

(25,494)

 

(136,052)

(Income)/loss from unconsolidated entities

 

(65,646)

 

(18,844)

 

(137,873)

 

(4,693)

 

(4,947)

 

(65,646)

Interest expense

 

186,267

 

202,706

 

170,917

 

180,866

 

155,900

 

186,267

Interest income and other (income)/expense, net

(15,085)

(6,274)

(15,404)

(17,759)

6,933

(15,085)

Tax provision/(benefit), net

 

1,439

 

2,545

 

3,838

 

2,106

 

349

 

1,439

Net income/(loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

 

10,873

 

4,543

 

14,426

 

30,104

 

5,613

 

10,873

Net income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests

 

104

 

161

 

188

 

31

 

42

 

104

Total property NOI

$

867,125

$

853,702

$

808,303

$

1,114,770

$

1,040,392

$

867,125

Same-Store Communities

Our Same-Store Community properties (those acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 20202022 and held on December 31, 2021)2023) consisted of 45,14351,368 apartment homes and provided 91.2%93.1% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2021.2023.

NOI for our Same-Store Community properties increased 0.5%6.0%, or $3.9$58.8 million, for the year ended December 31, 20212023 compared to the same period in 2020.2022. The increase in property NOI was attributable to a 1.5%5.6%, or $16.5$79.3 million, increase in property rental income, which was partially offset by a 3.7%4.7%, or $12.6$20.5 million, increase in operating expenses. The increase in property rental income was primarily driven by an increase of $11.1 million from lower vacancy, a 4.7%6.1%, or $5.7$80.9 million, increase in rental rates, and a 6.4%, or $9.7 million, increase in reimbursement and ancillary and fee income, a decrease in bad debt expense of $5.6 million and a decrease of $5.1 million in rent concessions, partially offset by a 1.1%, or $11.5$4.9 million decreaseincrease in rental rates. Physicalbad debt based on probability of collection and a $3.4 million impact from higher concessions. Weighted average physical occupancy increaseddecreased by 1.0%0.1% to 97.1%96.7% and total monthly income per occupied home increased 0.4%5.7% to $2,182.$2,501.

The increase in operating expenses was primarily driven by a 17.2%10.3%, or $9.3$8.3 million, increase in repair and maintenance expense due to an increase in the increased usecost per home of those that were turned during the year, the impact of inflation on third party vendors,vendor costs, and weather-related events, a 29.4%10.6%, or $4.4$6.2 million, increase in insurance expenseutilities, which was primarily due to increased claims, andan increase in energy costs, a 2.8%3.2%, or $4.1$5.7 million, increase in real estate taxes which was primarily due to higher assessed valuations, and a 6.9%, or $2.0 million, increase in administrative and marketing expense, partially offset by a 12.7%, or $7.7$2.5 million decrease in personnelinsurance expense asprimarily due to a result of fewer employees.decrease in the impact from claims.

The operating margin (property net operating income divided by property rental income) was 68.9%69.6% and 69.6%69.3% for the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2019,2022, respectively.

Non-Mature Communities/Other

UDR’s Non-Mature Communities/Other represent those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, which include communities recently developed or acquired, redevelopment properties, sold or held for disposition properties, and non-apartment components of mixed use properties.

The remaining 8.8%6.9%, or $76.6$77.1 million, of our total NOI during the year ended December 31, 20212023 was generated from our Non-Mature Communities/Other. NOI from Non-Mature Communities/Other increased by 14.2%25.3%, or $9.5$15.6 million, for the year ended December 31, 20212023 as compared to the same period in 2020.2022. The increase was primarily attributable to a $38.3$17.1 million increase in NOI from stabilized, non-mature communities, primarily due to development communities acquiredcompleted in 20212023 and 20202022 and becoming stabilized, and a $4.2$3.5 million increase in acquired communities, partially offset by a $22.6 millionnon-

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decrease in non-residential/residential/other primarilyNOI due to changes in straight-line rent as a result of increaseda decrease in tenant rent concessions during 2020, and2023, partially offset by a $10.0$6.7 million decrease in sold and held for disposition communities.communities NOI due to the partial sale of four operating communities and the sale of one operating community in 2023, and one operating community held for disposition at December 31, 2023, as compared to the sale of one operating community in 2022.

Real estate depreciation and amortization

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized real estate depreciation and amortization of $676.4 million and $665.2 million, respectively. The increase in 2023 as compared to 2022 was primarily due to communities acquired and completions of developments in 2023 and 2022, partially offset by communities sold in 2023 and assets that became fully depreciated in 2023 and 2022.

Gain/(Loss) on Sale of Real Estate Owned

During the year ended December 31, 2021,2023, the Company recognized gainsa gain of $136.1$351.2 million from the partial sale of twofour operating communities located in Anaheim, California.various markets and the sale of an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon.

During the year ended December 31, 2020,2022, the Company recognized gainsa gain of $119.3$25.5 million from the sale of threeone operating communitiescommunity located in Kirkland, Washington, Bellevue, Washington, and Alexandria, Virginia.Orange County, California.

Income/(Loss) from Unconsolidated Entities

ForDuring the yearsyear ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we2023, the Company recognized income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities of $65.6$4.7 million, and $18.8 million, respectively. The increase in 2021 as compared to 2020which was primarily due to $50.8 million of investmentnet income from RETV I, which was primarily attributable to unrealized gains from SmartRent,our operating joint ventures and preferred equity investments, partially offset by a portfolio investment held by the fund, becoming a public company during$24.3 million loss on consolidation of one of our preferred equity investments.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared2022, the Company recognized income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities of $4.9 million, which was primarily due to $5.1net income from our operating joint ventures and preferred equity investments and $10.6 million duringof net variable upside participation recorded on the year ended December 31, 2020. A further discussion can be found in Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships,sale of a DCP community, partially offset by $(35.5) million of investment income/(loss) from RETV I, which primarily related to the Notes to the UDR, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report.unrealized gains/(losses) from one portfolio investment held by RETV I, SmartRent.

Interest expense

For the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, the Company recognized interest expense of $186.3$180.9 million and $202.7$155.9 million, respectively. The decreaseincrease in 20212023 as compared to 20202022 was primarily attributabledue to $42.3 million ofan increase in average interest rates and higher overall debt extinguishment costs from the prepayment of debtbalances during the year ended December 31, 20212023 as compared to $49.22022.

Interest income and other income/(expense), net

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized interest income and other income/(expense), net of $17.8 million forand $(6.9) million, respectively. The increase of $24.7 million was primarily due to realized and unrealized gains/(losses) of $3.5 million from our direct investment in SmartRent during the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, as compared to $(15.7) million during the year ended December 31, 2022, and lower$11.0 million of higher interest rates,income from our notes receivables, partially offset by higher debt balances.a $5.9 million gain from the sale of a technology investment in 2022.

Noncontrolling Interest

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership of $30.1 million and $5.6 million, respectively. The increase in 2023 as compared to 2022 was primarily attributed to the noncontrolling interests’ share of the gains from the partial sale of four operating communities located in various markets and a gain form the sale of an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the noncontrolling interests’ share of a gain from the sale of an operating community in Orange County, California during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Inflation

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Inflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenue or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material.

2023.

Funds from Operations, Funds from Operations as Adjusted, and Adjusted Funds from Operations

Funds from Operations

Funds from operations (“FFO”) attributable to common stockholders and unitholders is defined as Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate related to the main business of the Company or of investments in non-consolidated investees that are directly attributable to decreases in the fair value of depreciable real estate held by the investee, gains and losses from sales of depreciable real estate related to the main business of the Company and income taxes directly associated with those gains and losses, plus real estate depreciation and amortization, and after adjustments for noncontrolling interests, and the Company’s share of unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. This definition conforms with the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trust’s (“Nareit”) definition issued in April 2002 and restated in November 2018. Historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with GAAP implicitly assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values instead have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry investors and analysts have considered the presentation of operating results for real estate companies that use historical cost accounting to be insufficient by themselves. Thus, Nareit created FFO as a supplemental measure of a REIT’s operating performance. In the computation of diluted FFO, if

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OP Units, DownREIT Units, unvested restricted stock, unvested LTIP Units, stock options, and the shares of Series E Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock are dilutive, they are included in the diluted share count.

Management considers FFO a useful metric for investors as the Company uses FFO in evaluating property acquisitions and its operating performance, and believes that FFO should be considered along with, but not as an alternative to, net income and cash flow as a measure of the Company’s activities in accordance with GAAP. FFO does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP and is not necessarily indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs.

Funds from Operations as Adjusted

FFO as Adjusted (“FFOA”) attributable to common stockholders and unitholders is defined as FFO excluding the impact of non-comparable items including, but not limited to, acquisition-related costs, prepayment costs/benefits associated with early debt retirement, impairment write-downs or gains and losses on sales of real estate or other assets incidental to the main business of the Company and income taxes directly associated with those gains and losses, casualty-related expenses and recoveries, severance costs and legal and other costs.

Management believes that FFOA is useful supplemental information regarding our operating performance as it provides a consistent comparison of our operating performance across time periods and enables investors to more easily compare our operating results with other REITs. FFOA is not intended to represent cash flow or liquidity for the period, and is only intended to provide an additional measure of our operating performance. We believe that Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders is the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to FFOA. However, other REITs may use different methodologies for calculating FFOA or similar FFO measures and, accordingly, our FFOA may not always be comparable to FFOA or similar FFO measures calculated by other REITs. FFOA should not be considered as an alternative to net income (determined in accordance with GAAP) as an indication of financial performance, or as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities (determined in accordance with GAAP) as a measure of our liquidity.

Adjusted Funds from Operations

Adjusted FFO (“AFFO”) attributable to common stockholders and unitholders is defined as FFOA less recurring capital expenditures on consolidated communities that are necessary to help preserve the value of and maintain

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functionality at our communities. Therefore, management considers AFFO a useful supplemental performance metric for investors as it is more indicative of the Company’s operational performance than FFO or FFOA.

AFFO is not intended to represent cash flow or liquidity for the period, and is only intended to provide an additional measure of our operating performance. We believe that Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders is the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to AFFO. Management believes that AFFO is a widely recognized measure of the operations of REITs, and presenting AFFO enables investors to assess our performance in comparison to other REITs. However, other REITs may use different methodologies for calculating AFFO and, accordingly, our AFFO may not always be comparable to AFFO calculated by other REITs. AFFO should not be considered as an alternative to net income/(loss) (determined in accordance with GAAP) as an indication of financial performance, or as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities (determined in accordance with GAAP) as a measure of our liquidity, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to make distributions.

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The following table outlines our reconciliation of Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders to FFO, FFOA, and AFFO for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 20192021 (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders

$

145,787

$

60,036

$

180,861

$

439,505

$

82,512

$

145,787

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

606,648

 

608,616

 

501,257

 

676,419

 

665,228

 

606,648

Noncontrolling interests

 

10,977

 

4,704

 

14,614

 

30,135

 

5,655

 

10,977

Real estate depreciation and amortization on unconsolidated joint ventures

 

31,967

 

35,023

 

57,954

 

42,622

 

30,062

 

31,967

Net (gain)/loss on consolidation

24,257

Net gain on the sale of unconsolidated depreciable property

 

(2,460)

 

 

(125,407)

 

 

 

(2,460)

Net gain on the sale of depreciable real estate owned, net of tax

 

(136,001)

 

(118,852)

 

 

(349,993)

 

(25,494)

 

(136,001)

FFO attributable to common stockholders and unitholders, basic

$

656,918

$

589,527

$

629,279

$

862,945

$

757,963

$

656,918

Distributions to preferred stockholders — Series E (Convertible)

 

4,229

 

4,230

 

4,104

 

4,848

 

4,412

 

4,229

FFO attributable to common stockholders and unitholders, diluted

$

661,147

$

593,757

$

633,383

$

867,793

$

762,375

$

661,147

Income/(loss) per weighted average common share, diluted

$

0.48

$

0.20

$

0.63

$

1.34

$

0.26

$

0.48

FFO per weighted average common share and unit, basic

$

2.04

$

1.86

$

2.04

$

2.46

$

2.21

$

2.04

FFO per weighted average common share and unit, diluted

$

2.02

$

1.85

$

2.03

$

2.45

$

2.20

$

2.02

Weighted average number of common shares and OP/DownREIT Units outstanding — basic

 

322,744

 

316,855

 

308,020

 

351,175

 

343,149

 

322,744

Weighted average number of common shares, OP/DownREIT Units, and common stock equivalents outstanding — diluted

 

327,039

 

320,187

 

311,799

 

354,422

 

347,094

 

327,039

Impact of adjustments to FFO:

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

Debt extinguishment and other associated costs

$

42,336

$

49,190

$

29,594

$

$

$

42,336

Debt extinguishment and other associated costs on unconsolidated joint ventures

1,682

1,682

Promoted interest on settlement of note receivable, net of tax

(6,482)

Legal and other

 

5,319

 

8,973

 

3,660

Net gain on the sale of non-depreciable real estate owned

 

 

 

(5,282)

Variable upside participation on DCP, net

(204)

(10,622)

Legal and other costs

 

2,869

 

1,493

 

5,319

Realized (gain)/loss on real estate technology investments, net of tax

(1,980)

1,005

(9,864)

(6,992)

(1,980)

Unrealized (gain)/loss on real estate technology investments, net of tax

(55,947)

(4,587)

(3,300)

6,813

52,663

(55,947)

Joint venture development success fee

 

 

 

(3,750)

Severance costs

 

2,280

 

1,948

 

390

 

4,164

 

441

 

2,280

Casualty-related charges/(recoveries), net

 

3,960

 

2,545

 

636

 

3,138

 

9,733

 

3,960

Casualty-related charges/(recoveries) on unconsolidated joint ventures, net

 

 

31

 

(374)

$

(2,350)

$

59,105

$

15,092

Total impact of adjustments to FFO

$

6,916

$

46,716

$

(2,350)

FFOA attributable to common stockholders and unitholders, diluted

$

658,797

$

652,862

$

648,475

$

874,709

$

809,091

$

658,797

FFOA per weighted average common share and unit, diluted

$

2.01

$

2.04

$

2.08

$

2.47

$

2.33

$

2.01

Recurring capital expenditures

 

(63,820)

 

(56,924)

 

(51,246)

 

(90,917)

 

(77,710)

 

(63,820)

AFFO attributable to common stockholders and unitholders, diluted

$

594,977

$

595,938

$

597,229

$

783,792

$

731,381

$

594,977

AFFO per weighted average common share and unit, diluted

$

1.82

$

1.86

$

1.92

$

2.21

$

2.11

$

1.82

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The following table is our reconciliation of FFO share information to weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted, reflected on the UDR Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 20192021 (shares in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Weighted average number of common shares and OP/DownREIT Units outstanding — basic

 

322,744

 

316,855

 

308,020

 

351,175

 

343,149

 

322,744

Weighted average number of OP/DownREIT Units outstanding

 

(22,418)

 

(22,310)

 

(22,773)

 

(22,410)

 

(21,478)

 

(22,418)

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding — basic per the Consolidated Statements of Operations

 

300,326

 

294,545

 

285,247

 

328,765

 

321,671

 

300,326

Weighted average number of common shares, OP/DownREIT Units, and common stock equivalents outstanding — diluted

 

327,039

 

320,187

 

311,799

 

354,422

 

347,094

 

327,039

Weighted average number of OP/DownREIT Units outstanding

 

(22,418)

 

(22,310)

 

(22,773)

 

(22,410)

 

(21,478)

 

(22,418)

Weighted average number of Series E Cumulative Convertible Preferred shares outstanding

 

(2,918)

 

(2,950)

 

(3,011)

 

(2,908)

 

(2,916)

 

(2,918)

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding — diluted per the Consolidated Statements of Operations

 

301,703

 

294,927

 

286,015

 

329,104

 

322,700

 

301,703

Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Information required by this item is included in and incorporated by reference from Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Report.

Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The consolidated financial statements and related financial information required to be filed are attached to this Report. Reference is made to page F-1 of this Report for the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules of UDR, Inc.

Report of independent registered public accounting firm (PCAOB 00042); Ernst & Young LLP, Denver Colorado.

Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The disclosure controls and procedures of the Company are designed with the objective of ensuring that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and disclosed within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Our disclosure controls and procedures are also designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

It should be noted that the design of any system of controls is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, regardless of how remote. As a result, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that such disclosure controls and procedures will meet their objectives.

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As of December 31, 2021,2023, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the disclosure controls and procedures of the Company. Based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures of the Company are effective at the reasonable assurance level described above.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Company. Under the supervision and with the participation of the management, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (2013 Framework) (COSO). Based on such evaluation, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021.2023.

Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our consolidated financial statements included in this Report, has audited UDR, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021.2023. The report of Ernst & Young LLP, which expresses an unqualified opinion on UDR, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021,2023, is included under the heading “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” of UDR, Inc. contained in this Report.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during the fourth fiscal quarter to which this Report relates that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the internal control over financial reporting of the Company.

Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

NoneDuring the three months ended December 31, 2023, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURSIDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

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PART III

Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the headings “Proposal No. 1 Election of Directors,” “Corporate Governance Matters,” “Audit Committee Report,” “Corporate Governance Matters-Board Leadership Structure and Committees-Audit Committee Financial Expert,” “Corporate Governance Matters-Identification and Selection of Nominees for Directors,” “Corporate Governance Matters-Board of Directors and Committee Meetings” and “Executive Officers” in UDR, Inc.’s definitive proxy statement (our “definitive proxy statement”) for its 20222024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

We have a code of ethics for senior financial officers that applies to our principal executive officer, all members of our finance staff, including the principal financial officer, the principal accounting officer, the treasurer and the controller, our director of investor relations, our corporate secretary, and all other Company officers. We also have a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to all of our employees. Information regarding our codes is available on our website, www.udr.com, and is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the heading “Corporate Governance Matters” in our definitive proxy statement for UDR’s 20222024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirements under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding an amendment to, or a waiver from, a provision of our codes by posting such amendment or waiver on our website.

Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the headings “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management,” “Corporate Governance Matters-Board Leadership Structure and Committees-Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” “Executive Compensation,” “Compensation of Directors” and “Executive Compensation-Compensation Committee Report” in the definitive proxy statement for UDR’s 20222024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the headings “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management,” “Executive Compensation” and “Executive Compensation-Equity Compensation Plan Information” in the definitive proxy statement for UDR’s 20222024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the heading “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management,” “Corporate Governance Matters-Corporate Governance Overview,” “Corporate Governance Matters-Director Independence,” “Corporate Governance Matters-Board Leadership Structure and Committees-Independence of the Audit, Compensation, Governance and Nominating Committees,” and “Executive Compensation” in the definitive proxy statement for UDR’s 20222024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the headings “Audit Matters-Audit Fees” and “Audit Matters-Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures” in the definitive proxy statement for UDR’s 20222024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

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PART IV

Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)

The following documents are filed as part of this Report:

1. Financial Statements. See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules of UDR, Inc. on page F-1 of this Report.

2. Financial Statement Schedules. See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules of UDR, Inc. on page S-1 of this Report. All other schedules are omitted because they are not required, are inapplicable, or the required information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.

3. Exhibits. The exhibits filed with this Report are set forth in the Exhibit Index appearing immediately below.

EXHIBIT INDEX

The exhibits listed below are filed as part of this Report. References under the caption “Location” to exhibits or other filings indicate that the exhibit or other filing has been filed, that the indexed exhibit and the exhibit referred to are the same and that the exhibit referred to is incorporated by reference. Management contracts and compensatory plans or arrangements filed as exhibits to this Report are identified by an asterisk. The Commission file number for UDR, Inc.’s Exchange Act filings referenced below is 1-10524.

Exhibit

Description

Location

2.01

Partnership Interest Purchase and Exchange Agreement dated as of September 10, 1998, by and between UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P., American Apartment Communities Operating Partnership, L.P., AAC Management LLC, Schnitzer Investment Corp., Fox Point Ltd. and James D. Klingbeil including as an exhibit thereto the proposed form of the Third Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of United Dominion Realty, L.P.

Exhibit 2(d) to UDR, Inc.’s Form S-3 Registration Statement (Registration No. 333-64281) filed with the Commission on September 25, 1998.

2.02

Agreement of Purchase and Sale dated as of August 13, 2004, by and between United Dominion Realty, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, as Buyer, and Essex The Crest, L.P., a California limited partnership, Essex El Encanto Apartments, L.P., a California limited partnership, Essex Hunt Club Apartments, L.P., a California limited partnership, and the other signatories named as Sellers therein.

Exhibit 2.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 28, 2004 and filed with the Commission on September 29, 2004.

2.03

First Amendment to Agreement of Purchase and Sale dated as of September 29, 2004, by and between United Dominion Realty, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, as Buyer, and Essex The Crest, L.P., a California limited partnership, Essex El Encanto Apartments, L.P., a California limited partnership, Essex Hunt Club Apartments, L.P., a California limited partnership, and the other signatories named as Sellers therein.

Exhibit 2.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 29, 2004 and filed with the Commission on October 5, 2004.

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Exhibit

Description

Location

2.04

Second Amendment to Agreement of Purchase and Sale dated as of October 26, 2004, by and between United Dominion Realty, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, as Buyer, and Essex The Crest, L.P., a California limited partnership, Essex El Encanto Apartments, L.P., a California limited partnership, Essex Hunt Club Apartments, L.P., a California limited partnership, and the other signatories named as Sellers therein.

Exhibit 2.3 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A dated September 29, 2004 and filed with the Commission on November 1, 2004.

2.05

Agreement of Purchase and Sale dated as of January 23, 2008, by and between UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P., UDR Texas Properties LLC, UDR Western Residential, Inc., UDR South Carolina Trust, UDR Ohio Properties, LLC, UDR of Tennessee, L.P., UDR of NC, Limited Partnership, Heritage Communities L.P., Governour’s Square of Columbus Co., Fountainhead Apartments Limited Partnership, AAC Vancouver I, L.P., AAC Funding Partnership III, AAC Funding Partnership II and DRA Fund VI LLC.

Exhibit 2.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 23, 2008 and filed with the Commission on January 29, 2008.

2.06

First Amendment to Agreement of Purchase and Sale dated as of February 14, 2008, by and between UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P., UDR Texas Properties LLC, UDR Western Residential, Inc., UDR South Carolina Trust, UDR Ohio Properties, LLC, UDR of Tennessee, L.P., UDR of NC, Limited Partnership, Heritage Communities L.P., Governour’s Square of Columbus Co., Fountainhead Apartments Limited Partnership, AAC Vancouver I, L.P., AAC Funding Partnership III, AAC Funding Partnership II and DRA Fund VI LLC.

Exhibit 2.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A dated March 3, 2008 and filed with the Commission on May 2, 2008.

2.07

Contribution Agreement by and among Home Properties, L.P., UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P. and LSREF 4 Lighthouse Acquisitions, LLC, dated June 22, 2015 (UDR, Inc. and United Dominion Realty, L.P. have omitted certain schedules and exhibits pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K and shall furnish supplementally to the Commission copies of any of the omitted schedules and exhibits upon request by the Commission.)

Exhibit 2.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on June 22, 2015.

2.08

Amendment Agreement, dated as of August 27, 2015, by and among UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P., Home Properties, Inc., Home Properties, L.P., LSREF4 Lighthouse Acquisitions, LLC LSREF4 Lighthouse Corporate Acquisitions, LLC and LSREF4 Lighthouse Operating Acquisitions, LLC.

Exhibit 2.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015.

3.01

Articles of Restatement of UDR, Inc.

Exhibit 3.09 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 27, 2005 and filed with the Commission on August 1, 2005.

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Exhibit

Description

Location

3.02

Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Restatement of UDR, Inc. dated and filed with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of the State of Maryland on March 14, 2007.

Exhibit 3.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 14, 2007 and filed with the Commission on March 15, 2007.

3.03

Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Restatement of UDR, Inc. dated August 30, 2011 and filed with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of the State of Maryland on August 31, 2011.

Exhibit 3.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 29, 2011 and filed with the Commission on September 1, 2011.

3.04

Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Restatement of UDR, Inc. dated and filed with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of the State of Maryland on May 24, 2018.

Exhibit 3.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 24, 2018 and filed with the SEC on May 29, 2018.

3.05

Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Restatement of UDR, Inc. dated and filed with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of the State of Maryland on July 27, 2021.

Exhibit 3.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 29, 2021 and filed with the SEC on July 29, 2021.

3.06

Articles Supplementary relating to UDR, Inc.’s 6.75% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock dated and filed with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of the State of Maryland on May 30, 2007.

Exhibit 3.4 to UDR, Inc.’s Form 8-A Registration Statement dated and filed with the Commission on May 30, 2007.

3.07

Amended and Restated Bylaws of UDR, Inc. (as amended through May 24, 2018)..

Exhibit 3.6 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018.

4.01

Form of UDR, Inc. Common Stock Certificate.

Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 14, 2007 and filed with the Commission on March 15, 2007.

4.02

Senior Indenture dated as of November 1, 1995, by and between UDR, Inc. and First Union National Bank of Virginia, N.A., as trustee.

Exhibit 4(ii)(h)(1) to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1996.

4.03

Supplemental Indenture dated as of June 11, 2003, by and between UDR, Inc. and Wachovia Bank, National Association, as trustee.

Exhibit 4.03 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 17, 2004 and filed with the Commission on June 18, 2004.

4.04

Subordinated Indenture dated as of August 1, 1994 by and between UDR, Inc. and Crestar Bank, as trustee.

Exhibit 4(i)(m) to UDR, Inc.’s Form S-3 Registration Statement (Registration No. 33-64725) filed with the Commission on November 15, 1995.

4.05

Form of UDR, Inc. Senior Debt Security.

Exhibit 4(i)(n) to UDR, Inc.’s Form S-3 Registration Statement (Registration No. 33-64725) filed with the Commission on November 15, 1995.

4.06

Form of UDR, Inc. Subordinated Debt Security.

Exhibit 4(i)(p) to UDR, Inc.’s Form S-3 Registration Statement (Registration No. 33-55159) filed with the Commission on August 19, 1994.

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Exhibit

Description

Location

4.07

Form of UDR, Inc. Fixed Rate Medium-Term Note, Series A.

Exhibit 4.01 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 20, 2007 and filed with the Commission on March 22, 2007.

4.08

Form of UDR, Inc. Floating Rate Medium-Term Note, Series A.

Exhibit 4.02 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 20, 2007 and filed with the Commission on March 22, 2007.

4.09

Indenture dated as of April 1, 1994, by and between UDR, Inc. and Nationsbank of Virginia, N.A., as trustee.

Exhibit 4(ii)(f)(1) to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1994.

4.10

Supplemental Indenture dated as of August 20, 2009, by and between UDR, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, to UDR, Inc.’s Indenture dated as of April 1, 1994.

Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 20, 2009 and filed with the Commission on August 21, 2009.

4.11

Guaranty of United Dominion Realty, L.P. with respect to UDR, Inc.’s Indenture dated as of November 1, 1995.

Exhibit 99.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on September 30, 2010.

4.12

Guaranty of United Dominion Realty, L.P. with respect to UDR, Inc.’s Indenture dated as of October 12, 2006.

Exhibit 99.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on September 30, 2010.

4.13

First Supplemental Indenture among UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, dated as of May 3, 2011, relating to UDR, Inc.’s Medium-Term Notes, Series A, due Nine Months or More from Date of Issue.

Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 4, 2011.

4.14

UDR, Inc. 2.950% Medium-Term Note, Series A due September 2026, issued August 23, 2016.

Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2016.

4.15

UDR, Inc. 3.500% Medium-Term Note, Series A due July 2027, issued June 16, 2017.

Exhibit 10.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017.

4.16

UDR, Inc. 3.500% Medium-Term Note, Series A due January 2028, issued December 13, 2017.

Exhibit 4.21 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

4.17

UDR, Inc. 4.400% Medium-Term Note, Series A due January 2029, issued October 26, 2018.

Exhibit 4.21 to UDR, Inc’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

4.18

UDR, Inc. 3.200% Medium-Term Note, Series A due January 2030, issued July 2, 2019.

Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019.

4.19

UDR, Inc. 3.000% Medium-Term Note, Series A due August 2031, issued August 15, 2019.

Exhibit 4.2 to UDR, Inc’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019.

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Exhibit

Description

Location

4.20

UDR, Inc. 3.100% Medium-Term Note, Series A due November 2034, issued October 11, 2019.

Exhibit 4.22 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

4.21

UDR, Inc. 3.200% Medium-Term Note, Series A due January 2030, issued October 11, 2019.

Exhibit 4.23 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

4.22

Description of UDR, Inc’s Securities.

Filed herewith.Exhibit 4.22 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

4.23

UDR, Inc. 3.200% Medium-Term Note, Series A due January 2030, issued February 28, 2020.

Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020.

4.24

UDR, Inc. 2.100% Medium-Term Note, Series A due August 2032, issued July 21, 2020.

Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020.

4.25

UDR, Inc. 1.900% Medium-Term Note, Series A due March 2033, issued December 14, 2020.

Exhibit 4.26 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

4.26

UDR, Inc. 2.100% Medium-Term Note, Series A due June 2033, issued February 26, 2021.

Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021.

4.27

UDR, Inc. 3.000% Medium-Term Note, Series A due August 2031, issued September 24, 2021.

Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021.

10.01*

UDR, Inc. 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as amended and restated May 27, 2021)February 19, 2024).

Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 27, 2021 and filed with the SEC on June 1, 2021.Filed herewith.

10.02*

Form of UDR, Inc. Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan.

Exhibit 10.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

10.03*

Form of UDR, Inc. Restricted Stock Award Agreement for awards outside of the 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan.

Exhibit 99.3 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 19, 2007 and filed with the Commission on March 19, 2007.

10.04*

Description of UDR, Inc. Shareholder Value Plan.

Exhibit 10(x) to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1999.

10.05*

Description of UDR, Inc. Executive Deferral Plan.

Exhibit 10(xi) to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1999.

10.06*

Indemnification Agreement by and between UDR, Inc. and each of its directors and officers listed on Schedule A thereto.

Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021.

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Exhibit

Description

Location

10.07

Subordination Agreement dated as of April 16, 1998, by and between UDR, Inc. and United Dominion Realty, L.P.

Exhibit 10(vi)(a) to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1998.

10.08

Third Amended and Restated Distribution Agreement among UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P., as Guarantor, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as Agents, dated September 1, 2011, with respect to the issue and sale by UDR, Inc. of its Medium-Term Notes, Series A Due Nine Months or More From Date of Issue.

Exhibit 1.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on September 1, 2011.

10.09

Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of September 15, 2021, by and among UDR, Inc., as borrower, and the lenders and agents party thereto.

Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 15, 2021 and filed with the SEC on September 15, 2021).2021.

10.10

First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of September 19, 2022, by and among UDR, Inc., as borrower, and the lenders and agents party thereto.

Exhibit 10.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022.

10.11

Guaranty of United Dominion Realty, L.P., dated as of September 15, 2021, with respect to the Credit Agreement, dated as of September 15, 2021.

Exhibit 10.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 15, 2021 and filed with the SEC on September 15, 2021).2021.

10.11

Amended and Restated Aircraft Time Sharing Agreement dated as of February 18, 2019, by and between UDR, Inc. and Thomas W. Toomey.

Exhibit 10.15 to UDR, Inc’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

10.12

Amended and Restated Aircraft Time Sharing Agreement dated as of February 18, 2019, by and between UDR, Inc. and Warren L. TroupeThomas W. Toomey.

Exhibit 10.1610.15 to UDR, Inc’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

10.13

Amendment No. 1, dated July 29, 2014, to the Third Amended and Restated Distribution Agreement among UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P., as Guarantor, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as Agents, dated September 1, 2011, with respect to the issue and sale by UDR, Inc. of its Medium-Term Notes, Series A Due Nine Months or More From Date of Issue.

Exhibit 1.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 29, 2014 and filed with the Commission on July 31, 2014.

10.14

Agreement of Limited Partnership of UDR Lighthouse DownREIT L.P., dated as of October 5, 2015, as amended.

Exhibit 10.21 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

10.15*

Class 1 LTIP Unit Award Agreement.

Exhibit 10.22 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

10.16*

Notice of Class 2 LTIP Unit Award.

Exhibit 10.16 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

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Exhibit

Description

Location

10.17*

Notice of Restricted Stock Unit Award.

Exhibit 10.17 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

10.18

Amendment No. 2, dated April 27, 2017, to the Third Amended and Restated Distribution Agreement, dated September 1, 2011 and as amended July 29, 2014, among the Company and Citigroup Global Markets Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as Agents, with respect to the issue and sale by UDR, Inc. of its Medium Term Notes, Series A Due Nine Months or More From Date of Issue.

Exhibit 1.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 27, 2017 and filed with the Commission on April 27, 2017.

10.19

Letter Agreement, between UDR, Inc. and Warren L. Troupe (including the related release agreement and consulting agreement as exhibits thereto), dated December 31, 2019.

Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 31, 2019 and filed with the Commission on January 3, 2020.

10.20

Letter Agreement, between UDR, Inc. and Jerry A. Davis (including the related release agreement and Consulting Agreement as exhibits thereto), dated December 16, 2020.

Exhibit 10.2 to UDR Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on December 16, 2020.

10.21

Amendment No. 3, dated May 7, 2020, to the Third Amended and Restated Distribution Agreement, dated September 1, 2011 and as amended July 29, 2014 and April 27, 2017.

Exhibit 1.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on May 7, 2020.

10.22

Amendment No. 4, dated February 14, 2023, to the Third Amended and Restated Distribution Agreement, dated September 1, 2011 and as amended July 29, 2014, April 27, 2017 and May 7, 2020.

Exhibit 1.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on February 14, 2023.

10.23

Class 1 Performance LTIP Unit Award Agreement.

Exhibit 10.22 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

10.2310.24

Class 2 Performance LTIP Unit Award Agreement.

Exhibit 10.23 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

10.2410.25

Class 2 Performance LTIP Unit Award Agreement, STI.

Exhibit 10.24 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

10.2510.26

Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P. dated as of February 23, 2004.

Exhibit 10.23 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003.

10.2610.27

First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P. dated as of June 24, 2005.

Exhibit 10.06 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2005.

10.2710.28

Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P. dated as of February 23, 2006.

Exhibit 10.6 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2006.

10.28

Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P. dated as of February 2, 2007.

Exhibit 99.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2009.

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Exhibit

Description

Location

Realty, L.P. dated as of February 23, 2006.

2006.

10.29

Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P. dated as of February 2, 2007.

Exhibit 99.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2009.

10.30

Fourth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P. dated as of December 27, 2007.

Exhibit 10.25 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007.

10.3010.31

Fifth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P. dated as of March 7, 2008.

Exhibit 10.53 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008.

10.3110.32

Sixth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P. dated as of December 9, 2008.

Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 9, 2008 and filed with the Commission on December 10, 2008.

10.3210.33

Seventh Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P., dated as of March 13, 2009.

Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 18, 2009 and filed with the Commission on March 19, 2009.

10.3310.34

Eighth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P., dated as of November 17, 2010.

Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on November 18, 2010.

10.3410.35

Ninth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P., dated as of December 4, 2015.

Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 4, 2015 and filed with the Commission on December 10, 2015.

10.3510.36

Tenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P., dated as of October 29, 2018.

Exhibit 3.18 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018.

10.3610.37

Eleventh Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P., dated as of December 16, 2020.

Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on December 16, 2020.

10.3710.38

Twelfth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P., dated as of July 25, 2022.

Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022.

10.39

Form of UDR, Inc. Stock Option Agreement.

Filed herewith.Exhibit 10.37 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

21

Subsidiaries of UDR, Inc.

Filed herewith.

22.222.1

List of Guarantor Subsidiaries of UDR, Inc.

Exhibit 22.1 to UDR Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021.

23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for UDR, Inc.

Filed herewith.

66

Table of Contents

Exhibit

Description

Location

31.1

Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of UDR, Inc.

Filed herewith.

31.2

Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of UDR, Inc.

Filed herewith.

32.1

Section 1350 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of UDR, Inc.

Filed herewith.

32.2

Section 1350 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of UDR, Inc.

Filed herewith.

68

Table of Contents

97.1

UDR, Inc. Recoupment Policy.

Filed herewith.

Exhibit

Description

Location

101

Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language). The following materials from this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2021,2023, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) consolidated balance sheets of UDR, Inc., (ii) consolidated statements of operations of UDR, Inc., (iii) consolidated statements of comprehensive income/(loss) of UDR, Inc., (iv) consolidated statements of changes in equity of UDR, Inc., (v) consolidated statements of cash flows of UDR, Inc., and (vi) notes to consolidated financial statements of UDR, Inc. The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

Filed herewith.

104

Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

Filed herewith.

*

Management Contract or Compensatory Plan or Arrangement

Item 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

UDR, Inc.

Date:   February 15, 202220, 2024

By:

/s/ Thomas W. Toomey

Thomas W. Toomey

Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

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Table of Contents

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below on February 15, 202220, 2024 by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated.

/s/ Thomas W. Toomey

/s/ Katherine A. Cattanach

Thomas W. Toomey

Katherine A. Cattanach

Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

Director

/s/ Joseph D. Fisher

/s/ Jon A. Grove

Joseph D. Fisher

Jon A. Grove

Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Director

(Principal Financial Officer)

/s/ Tracy L. Hofmeister

/s/ Mary Ann King

Tracy L. Hofmeister

Mary Ann King

Senior Vice President – Chief Accounting Officer

Director

(Principal Accounting Officer)

/s/ James D. Klingbeil

/s/ Clint D. McDonnough

James D. Klingbeil

Clint D. McDonnough

Lead Independent Director

Director

/s/ Robert A. McNamara

Robert A. McNamara

Director

/s/ Diane M. Morefield

Diane M. Morefield

Director

/s/ Kevin C. Nickelberry

Kevin C. Nickelberry

Director

/s/ Mark R. Patterson

 Mark R. Patterson

Director

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Table of Contents

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULE

PAGE

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FILED AS PART OF THIS REPORT

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

F-2

Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 20212023 and 20202022

F-6F-5

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 20192021

F-7F-6

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income/(Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 20192021

F-8F-7

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 20192021

F-9F-8

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 20192021

F-10F-9

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

F-12F-11

SCHEDULES FILED AS PART OF THIS REPORT

Schedule III- Summary of Real Estate Owned

S-1

All other schedules are omitted since the required information is not present or is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or because the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of UDR, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of UDR, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income/(loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying Index at Item 15(a)(collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 15, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Indicators of Impairment of Real Estate Owned and Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

Description of the Matter

At December 31, 2021, the Company’s real estate owned, net and investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net were approximately $9.6 billion and $702.5 million, respectively. As more fully described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company periodically evaluates these assets for indicators of impairment, and this includes, among other things, judgments based on factors such as operational performance, market conditions, the Company’s intent and ability to hold each asset, as well as any significant cost overruns on development or redevelopment communities. During 2021, the Company did not recognize an impairment related to real estate

F - 2

Table of Contents

owned, net or any other than temporary impairments related to its investment in unconsolidated joint ventures.

Auditing the Company’s evaluation for indicators of impairment was complex due to a high degree of subjectivity in the identification of events or changes in circumstances that may indicate an impairment of its real estate owned or that the value of its investment in unconsolidated joint ventures may be other than temporarily impaired. Differences or changes in these judgments could have a material impact on the Company’s analysis.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

We tested the Company’s internal controls over the asset impairment evaluation process. This included testing controls over management’s determination and review of the considerations used in the impairment indicator analysis.  

Our procedures with regards to the Company’s evaluation for indicators of impairment included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of management’s impairment analysis and evaluating management’s judgments determining whether indicators of impairment were present. For example, we performed inquires of management, considered historical operating results and the current market conditions, performed an independent assessment using both internally and externally available information, read the minutes of the meetings of the Board of Directors, and reviewed the Company’s development and redevelopment costs.

Accounting for acquisitions of real estate investment properties

Description of the Matter

During 2021, the Company acquired real estate investment properties which were accounted for as asset acquisitions. The aggregate increase in real estate and other assets due to these acquisitions was approximately $1.5 billion. As more fully described in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the total consideration was allocated to land, land improvements, buildings and improvements, and real estate intangible assets based on their relative fair value.

Auditing the Company’s acquisition of real estate investment properties is complex and requires a higher degree of auditor judgment due to the significant assumptions that are utilized in the determination of the relative fair values of the assets acquired. The significant assumptions used in management’s analysis to estimate the fair value of these components includes capitalization rates, market comparable prices for similar land parcels, market rental rates, leasing commission rates as well as the time it would take to lease any acquired buildings that were vacant at acquisition.  

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

We tested the Company’s internal controls over the acquisition of real estate investment properties and the resulting purchase price allocations. This included testing controls over management’s identification of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed and evaluating the methods and significant assumptions used by the Company to develop such estimates.  

Our testing of the fair values of the assets acquired included, among others, evaluating the selection of the Company's valuation model and testing the significant assumptions discussed above as well as the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data. For example, we compared management’s assumptions to observable market transactions and replacement costs associated with the fair value of the land and buildings and improvements. For in-place leases, we compared management’s assumptions to published market data for comparable leases, related leasing commissions and the amount of time it would take to lease up the space to stabilization assuming the space was vacant at acquisition. We involved our real estate valuation specialists to assist in evaluating the significant assumptions listed above. In addition, we performed sensitivity tests on the significant assumptions to evaluate the change in the fair value resulting from changes in the assumptions.

F - 3

Table of Contents

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since at least 1984, but we are unable to determine the specific year.

Denver, Colorado

February 15, 2022

F - 4

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of UDR, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of UDR, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income/(loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)(collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 20, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Indicators of Impairment of Real Estate Owned and Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

Description of the Matter

At December 31, 2023, the Company’s real estate owned, net and investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net were approximately$9.8 billion and $952.9 million, respectively. As more fully described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company periodically evaluates these assets for indicators of impairment, and this includes, among other things, judgments based on factors such as operational performance, market conditions, the Company’s intent and ability to hold each asset, as well as any significant cost overruns on development or redevelopment communities. During 2023, the Company did not recognize an impairment related to real estate

F - 2

Table of Contents

owned, net or any other than temporary impairments related to its investment in unconsolidated joint ventures.

Auditing the Company’s evaluation for indicators of impairment was complex due to a high degree of subjectivity in the identification of events or changes in circumstances that may indicate an impairment of its real estate owned or that the value of its investment in unconsolidated joint ventures may be other than temporarily impaired. Differences or changes in these judgments could have a material impact on the Company’s analysis.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

We tested the Company’s internal controls over the asset impairment evaluation process. This included testing controls over management’s determination and review of the considerations used in the impairment indicator analysis.  

Our procedures with regards to the Company’s evaluation for indicators of impairment included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of management’s impairment analysis and evaluating management’s judgments determining whether indicators of impairment were present. For example, we performed inquires of management, considered historical operating results and the current market conditions, performed an independent assessment using both internally and externally available information, read the minutes of the meetings of the Board of Directors, and reviewed the Company’s development and redevelopment costs.

Accounting for acquisitions of real estate investment properties

Description of the Matter

During 2023, the Company acquired real estate investment properties which were accounted for as asset acquisitions. The aggregate increase in real estate and other assets due to these acquisitions was approximately $354.6 million. As more fully described in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the total consideration was allocated to land, land improvements, buildings and improvements, and real estate intangible assets based on their relative fair value.

Auditing the Company’s acquisition of real estate investment properties is complex and requires a higher degree of auditor judgment due to the significant assumptions that are utilized in the determination of the relative fair values of the assets acquired. The significant assumptions used in management’s analysis to estimate the fair value of these components includes capitalization rates, market comparable prices for similar land parcels, and market rental rates.  

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

We tested the Company’s internal controls over the acquisition of real estate investment properties and the resulting purchase price allocations. This included testing controls over management’s identification of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed and evaluating the methods and significant assumptions used by the Company to develop such estimates.  

Our testing of the fair values of the assets acquired included, among others, evaluating the selection of the Company's valuation model and testing the significant assumptions discussed above as well as the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data. For example, we compared management’s assumptions to observable market transactions and replacement costs associated with the fair value of the land and buildings and improvements. We involved our real estate valuation specialists to assist in evaluating the significant assumptions listed above. In addition, we performed sensitivity tests on the significant assumptions to evaluate the change in the fair value resulting from changes in the assumptions.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since at least 1984, but we are unable to determine the specific year.

Denver, Colorado

February 20, 2024

F - 3

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of UDR, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited UDR, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021,2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, UDR, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021,2023, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 20212023 and 2020, and2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income/(loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021,2023, and the related notes, and the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying Index at Item 15(a) and our report dated February 15, 202220, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Denver, Colorado

February 15, 202220, 2024

F - 54

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share data)

��

December 31, 

December 31, 

December 31, 

December 31, 

    

2021

    

2020

    

2023

    

2022

ASSETS

Real estate owned:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Real estate held for investment

$

14,352,234

$

12,706,940

$

15,757,456

$

15,365,928

Less: accumulated depreciation

 

(5,136,589)

 

(4,590,577)

 

(6,242,686)

 

(5,762,205)

Real estate held for investment, net

 

9,215,645

 

8,116,363

 

9,514,770

 

9,603,723

Real estate under development (net of accumulated depreciation of $507 and $1,010, respectively)

 

388,062

 

246,867

Real estate held for disposition (net of accumulated depreciation of $0 and $13,779, respectively)

 

 

102,876

Real estate under development (net of accumulated depreciation of $184 and $296, respectively)

 

160,220

 

189,809

Real estate held for disposition (net of accumulated depreciation of $24,960 and $0, respectively)

 

81,039

 

14,039

Total real estate owned, net of accumulated depreciation

 

9,603,707

 

8,466,106

 

9,756,029

 

9,807,571

Cash and cash equivalents

 

967

 

1,409

 

2,922

 

1,193

Restricted cash

 

27,451

 

22,762

 

31,944

 

29,001

Notes receivable, net

 

26,860

 

157,992

 

228,825

 

54,707

Investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net

 

702,461

 

600,233

 

952,934

 

754,446

Operating lease right-of-use assets

197,463

200,913

190,619

194,081

Other assets

 

216,311

 

188,118

 

209,969

 

197,471

Total assets

$

10,775,220

$

9,637,533

$

11,373,242

$

11,038,470

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Liabilities:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Secured debt, net

$

1,057,380

$

862,147

$

1,277,713

$

1,052,281

Unsecured debt, net

 

4,355,407

 

4,114,401

 

4,520,996

 

4,435,022

Operating lease liabilities

192,488

195,592

185,836

189,238

Real estate taxes payable

 

33,095

 

29,946

 

47,107

 

37,681

Accrued interest payable

 

45,980

 

44,760

 

47,710

 

46,671

Security deposits and prepaid rent

 

55,441

 

49,008

 

50,528

 

51,999

Distributions payable

 

124,729

 

115,795

 

149,600

 

134,213

Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities

 

136,954

 

110,999

 

141,311

 

153,220

Total liabilities

 

6,001,474

 

5,522,648

 

6,420,801

 

6,100,325

Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

 

1,299,442

 

856,294

 

961,087

 

839,850

Equity:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Preferred stock, 0 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

 

  

 

  

8.00% Series E Cumulative Convertible; 2,695,363 and 2,695,363 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively

 

44,764

 

44,764

Series F; 12,582,575 and 14,440,519 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively

 

1

 

1

Common stock, $0.01 par value; 450,000,000 and 350,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively:

 

  

 

  

318,149,635 and 296,611,579 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively

 

3,181

 

2,966

Preferred stock, no par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 

  

 

  

8.00% Series E Cumulative Convertible; 2,686,308 and 2,686,308 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively

 

44,614

 

44,614

Series F; 11,867,730 and 12,100,514 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively

 

1

 

1

Common stock, $0.01 par value; 450,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

 

  

 

  

329,014,512 and 328,993,088 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively

 

3,290

 

3,290

Additional paid-in capital

 

6,884,269

 

5,881,383

 

7,493,217

 

7,493,423

Distributions in excess of net income

 

(3,485,080)

 

(2,685,770)

 

(3,554,892)

 

(3,451,587)

Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), net

 

(4,261)

 

(9,144)

 

4,914

 

8,344

Total stockholders’ equity

 

3,442,874

 

3,234,200

 

3,991,144

 

4,098,085

Noncontrolling interests

 

31,430

 

24,391

 

210

 

210

Total equity

 

3,474,304

 

3,258,591

 

3,991,354

 

4,098,295

Total liabilities and equity

$

10,775,220

$

9,637,533

$

11,373,242

$

11,038,470

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F - 65

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share data)

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

    

2023

2022

2021

REVENUES:

  

  

  

  

  

  

Rental income

$

1,284,665

$

1,236,096

$

1,138,138

$

1,620,658

$

1,512,364

$

1,284,665

Joint venture management and other fees

 

6,102

 

5,069

 

14,055

 

6,843

 

5,022

 

6,102

Total revenues

 

1,290,767

 

1,241,165

 

1,152,193

 

1,627,501

 

1,517,386

 

1,290,767

OPERATING EXPENSES:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Property operating and maintenance

 

218,094

 

201,944

 

178,947

 

273,736

 

250,310

 

218,094

Real estate taxes and insurance

 

199,446

 

180,450

 

150,888

 

232,152

 

221,662

 

199,446

Property management

 

38,540

 

35,538

 

32,721

 

52,671

 

49,152

 

38,540

Other operating expenses

 

21,649

 

22,762

 

13,932

 

20,222

 

17,493

 

21,649

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

606,648

 

608,616

 

501,257

 

676,419

 

665,228

 

606,648

General and administrative

 

57,541

 

49,885

 

51,533

 

69,929

 

64,144

 

57,541

Casualty-related charges/(recoveries), net

 

3,748

 

2,131

 

474

 

3,138

 

9,733

 

3,748

Other depreciation and amortization

 

13,185

 

10,013

 

6,666

 

15,419

 

14,344

 

13,185

Total operating expenses

 

1,158,851

 

1,111,339

 

936,418

 

1,343,686

 

1,292,066

 

1,158,851

Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate owned

136,052

119,277

5,282

351,193

25,494

136,052

Operating income

 

267,968

 

249,103

 

221,057

 

635,008

 

250,814

 

267,968

Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities

 

65,646

 

18,844

 

137,873

 

4,693

 

4,947

 

65,646

Interest expense

(186,267)

(202,706)

(170,917)

(180,866)

(155,900)

(186,267)

Interest income and other income/(expense), net

 

15,085

 

6,274

 

15,404

 

17,759

 

(6,933)

 

15,085

Income/(loss) before income taxes

 

162,432

 

71,515

 

203,417

 

476,594

 

92,928

 

162,432

Tax (provision)/benefit, net

 

(1,439)

 

(2,545)

 

(3,838)

 

(2,106)

 

(349)

 

(1,439)

Net income/(loss)

 

160,993

 

68,970

 

199,579

 

474,488

 

92,579

 

160,993

Net (income)/loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

 

(10,873)

 

(4,543)

 

(14,426)

 

(30,104)

 

(5,613)

 

(10,873)

Net (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

 

(104)

 

(161)

 

(188)

 

(31)

 

(42)

 

(104)

Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc.

 

150,016

 

64,266

184,965

 

444,353

 

86,924

150,016

Distributions to preferred stockholders — Series E (Convertible)

 

(4,229)

 

(4,230)

 

(4,104)

 

(4,848)

 

(4,412)

 

(4,229)

Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders

$

145,787

$

60,036

$

180,861

$

439,505

$

82,512

$

145,787

Income/(loss) per weighted average common share:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Basic

$

0.49

$

0.20

$

0.63

$

1.34

$

0.26

$

0.49

Diluted

$

0.48

$

0.20

$

0.63

$

1.34

$

0.26

$

0.48

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Basic

 

300,326

 

294,545

 

285,247

 

328,765

 

321,671

 

300,326

Diluted

 

301,703

 

294,927

 

286,015

 

329,104

 

322,700

 

301,703

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F - 76

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS)

(In thousands)

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Net income/(loss)

$

160,993

$

68,970

$

199,579

$

474,488

$

92,579

$

160,993

Other comprehensive income/(loss), including portion attributable to noncontrolling interests:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Other comprehensive income/(loss) - derivative instruments:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Unrealized holding gain/(loss)

 

3,502

 

(3,382)

 

(8,437)

 

3,872

 

14,489

 

3,502

(Gain)/loss reclassified into earnings from other comprehensive income/(loss)

 

1,755

 

4,827

 

(2,770)

 

(7,533)

 

(998)

 

1,755

Other comprehensive income/(loss), including portion attributable to noncontrolling interests

 

5,257

 

1,445

 

(11,207)

 

(3,661)

 

13,491

 

5,257

Comprehensive income/(loss)

 

166,250

 

70,415

 

188,372

 

470,827

 

106,070

 

166,250

Comprehensive (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

 

(11,351)

 

(4,845)

 

(13,788)

 

(29,904)

 

(6,541)

 

(11,351)

Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc.

$

154,899

$

65,570

$

174,584

$

440,923

$

99,529

$

154,899

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F - 87

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(In thousands, except per share data)

    

    

    

    

Distributions

Accumulated Other Comprehensive

    

    

    

    

Distributions

Accumulated Other Comprehensive

Preferred

Common

Paid-in

in Excess of

Income/(Loss),

Noncontrolling

Preferred

Common

Paid-in

in Excess of

Income/(Loss),

Noncontrolling

Stock

Stock

Capital

Net Income

net

Interests

Total

Stock

Stock

Capital

Net Income

net

Interests

Total

Balance at December 31, 2018

$

46,201

$

2,755

$

4,920,732

$

(2,063,996)

$

(67)

$

17,152

$

2,922,777

Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc.

 

 

 

 

184,965

 

 

 

184,965

Net income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests

 

 

 

 

 

 

125

 

125

Contribution of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate

 

 

 

 

 

125

 

125

Long Term Incentive Plan Unit grants/(vestings), net

 

 

 

 

 

13,370

 

13,370

Other comprehensive income/(loss)

 

 

 

 

 

(10,381)

 

 

(10,381)

Issuance/(forfeiture) of common and restricted shares, net

 

 

 

2,088

 

 

 

 

2,088

Issuance of common shares through public offering, net

 

158

 

725,157

 

 

 

 

725,315

Adjustment for conversion of noncontrolling interest of unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

 

 

33

 

133,998

 

 

 

 

134,031

Common stock distributions declared ($1.37 per share)

 

 

 

 

(395,113)

 

 

 

(395,113)

Preferred stock distributions declared-Series E ($1.4832 per share)

 

 

 

 

(4,104)

 

 

 

(4,104)

Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests

 

 

 

 

(183,884)

 

 

 

(183,884)

Balance at December 31, 2019

 

46,201

 

2,946

 

5,781,975

 

(2,462,132)

 

(10,448)

 

30,772

 

3,389,314

Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc.

 

 

 

 

64,266

 

 

 

64,266

Net income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests

 

 

 

 

 

 

99

 

99

Redemption of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate

(125)

(125)

Long Term Incentive Plan Unit grants/(vestings), net

 

 

 

 

 

 

(6,355)

 

(6,355)

Other comprehensive income/(loss)

 

 

 

 

 

1,304

 

 

1,304

Issuance/(forfeiture) of common and restricted shares, net

 

 

1

 

2,886

 

 

 

 

2,887

Cumulative effect upon adoption of ASC 326

(2,182)

(2,182)

Issuance of common shares through public offering, net

 

21

 

102,213

 

 

 

 

102,234

Conversion of Series E Cumulative Convertible shares

(1,436)

1

1,435

Adjustment for conversion of noncontrolling interest of unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

 

 

3

 

12,663

 

 

 

 

12,666

Common stock distributions declared ($1.44 per share)

 

 

 

 

(425,233)

 

 

 

(425,233)

Repurchase of common shares

(6)

(19,789)

(19,795)

Preferred stock distributions declared-Series E ($1.5592 per share)

 

 

 

 

(4,230)

 

 

 

(4,230)

Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests

 

 

 

 

143,741

 

 

 

143,741

Balance at December 31, 2020

44,765

2,966

5,881,383

(2,685,770)

(9,144)

24,391

3,258,591

$

44,765

$

2,966

$

5,881,383

$

(2,685,770)

$

(9,144)

$

24,391

$

3,258,591

Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc.

150,016

150,016

 

 

 

 

150,016

 

 

 

150,016

Net income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests

80

80

 

 

 

 

 

 

80

 

80

Redemption of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate

(125)

(125)

(125)

 

(125)

Long Term Incentive Plan Unit grants/(vestings), net

7,084

7,084

 

 

 

 

 

7,084

 

7,084

Other comprehensive income/(loss)

4,883

4,883

 

 

 

 

 

4,883

 

 

4,883

Issuance/(forfeiture) of common and restricted shares, net

1

4,115

4,116

 

 

1

 

4,115

 

 

 

 

4,116

Issuance of common shares through public offering, net

195

898,858

899,053

 

195

 

898,858

 

 

 

 

899,053

Adjustment for conversion of noncontrolling interest of unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

19

99,913

99,932

 

 

19

 

99,913

 

 

 

 

99,932

Common stock distributions declared ($1.45 per share)

(442,329)

(442,329)

 

 

 

 

(442,329)

 

 

 

(442,329)

Preferred stock distributions declared-Series E ($1.570 per share)

(4,229)

(4,229)

 

 

 

 

(4,229)

 

 

 

(4,229)

Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests

(502,768)

(502,768)

 

 

 

 

(502,768)

 

 

 

(502,768)

Balance at December 31, 2021

$

44,765

$

3,181

$

6,884,269

$

(3,485,080)

$

(4,261)

$

31,430

$

3,474,304

 

44,765

 

3,181

 

6,884,269

 

(3,485,080)

 

(4,261)

 

31,430

 

3,474,304

Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc.

 

 

 

 

86,924

 

 

 

86,924

Long Term Incentive Plan Unit grants/(vestings), net

 

 

 

 

 

 

(31,220)

 

(31,220)

Other comprehensive income/(loss)

 

 

 

 

 

12,605

 

 

12,605

Issuance/(forfeiture) of common and restricted shares, net

 

 

1

 

4,847

 

 

 

 

4,848

Issuance of common shares through public offering, net

 

115

 

629,437

 

 

 

 

629,552

Conversion of Series E Cumulative Convertible shares

(150)

1

149

Adjustment for conversion of noncontrolling interest of unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

 

 

4

 

23,737

 

 

 

 

23,741

Common stock distributions declared ($1.52 per share)

 

 

 

 

(493,312)

 

 

 

(493,312)

Repurchase of common shares

(12)

(49,016)

(49,028)

Preferred stock distributions declared-Series E ($1.6456 per share)

 

 

 

 

(4,412)

 

 

 

(4,412)

Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests

 

 

 

 

444,293

 

 

 

444,293

Balance at December 31, 2022

44,615

3,290

7,493,423

(3,451,587)

8,344

210

4,098,295

Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc.

444,353

444,353

Other comprehensive income/(loss)

(3,430)

(3,430)

Issuance/(forfeiture) of common and restricted shares, net

2

6,558

6,560

Issuance of common shares through public offering, net

(551)

(551)

Adjustment for conversion of noncontrolling interest of unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

4

18,790

18,794

Common stock distributions declared ($1.68 per share)

(553,021)

(553,021)

Repurchase of common shares

(6)

(25,003)

(25,009)

Preferred stock distributions declared-Series E ($1.8192 per share)

(4,848)

(4,848)

Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests

10,211

10,211

Balance at December 31, 2023

$

44,615

$

3,290

$

7,493,217

$

(3,554,892)

$

4,914

$

210

$

3,991,354

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F - 98

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands, except for share data)

Year Ended December 31, 

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

Operating Activities

  

 

  

 

  

Net income/(loss)

$

160,993

$

68,970

$

199,579

Adjustments to reconcile net income/(loss) to net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities:

 

  

 

  

 

  

Depreciation and amortization

 

619,833

 

618,629

 

507,923

(Gain)/loss on sale of real estate owned

 

(136,052)

 

(119,277)

 

(5,282)

(Income)/loss from unconsolidated entities

 

(65,646)

 

(18,844)

 

(137,873)

Return on investment in unconsolidated joint ventures

 

23,269

 

20,664

 

5,179

Amortization of share-based compensation

 

22,052

 

19,616

 

24,330

Loss on extinguishment of debt, net

42,336

49,190

29,594

Other

 

19,182

 

12,193

 

10,364

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

 

 

  

 

  

(Increase)/decrease in operating assets

 

(33,454)

 

(44,670)

 

(10,956)

Increase/(decrease) in operating liabilities

 

11,447

 

(2,155)

 

7,846

Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities

 

663,960

 

604,316

 

630,704

Investing Activities

 

  

 

  

 

  

Acquisition of real estate assets

 

(1,244,508)

 

(407,829)

 

(1,370,770)

Proceeds from sales of real estate investments, net

 

280,077

 

277,886

 

38,000

Development of real estate assets

 

(178,029)

 

(121,240)

 

(25,401)

Capital expenditures and other major improvements — real estate assets

 

(156,384)

 

(163,105)

 

(167,188)

Capital expenditures — non-real estate assets

 

(10,140)

 

(11,008)

 

(17,159)

Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures

 

(112,321)

 

(76,073)

 

(93,059)

Distributions received from unconsolidated joint ventures

 

37,362

 

49,342

 

72,441

Purchase deposits on pending acquisitions

(1,530)

(12,160)

Repayment/(issuance) of notes receivable, net

 

111,690

 

(7,285)

 

(111,391)

Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities

 

(1,272,253)

 

(460,842)

 

(1,686,687)

Financing Activities

 

  

 

  

 

  

Payments on secured debt

 

(1,096)

 

(425,839)

 

(162,253)

Proceeds from the issuance of secured debt

 

 

160,930

 

162,500

Payments on unsecured debt

(300,000)

(300,000)

(700,000)

Net proceeds from the issuance of unsecured debt

 

511,552

 

959,419

 

1,099,816

Net proceeds/(repayment) of commercial paper

 

30,000

 

(110,000)

 

198,885

Net proceeds/(repayment) of revolving bank debt

 

1,522

 

11,441

 

16,567

Proceeds from the issuance of common shares through public offering, net

 

899,053

 

102,234

 

725,315

Repurchase of common shares

(19,795)

Distributions paid to redeemable noncontrolling interests

 

(33,663)

 

(32,038)

 

(31,580)

Distributions paid to preferred stockholders

 

(4,225)

 

(4,217)

 

(4,063)

Distributions paid to common stockholders

 

(433,780)

 

(419,350)

 

(383,079)

Payment of prepayment and extinguishment costs

(40,769)

(62,645)

(27,782)

Other

 

(16,054)

 

(12,734)

 

(13,943)

Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities

 

612,540

 

(152,594)

 

880,383

Net increase/(decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash

 

4,247

 

(9,120)

 

(175,600)

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of year

 

24,171

 

33,291

 

208,891

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of year

$

28,418

$

24,171

$

33,291

Supplemental Information:

 

  

 

  

 

  

Interest paid during the period, net of amounts capitalized

$

136,978

$

159,386

$

160,622

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:

Operating cash flows from operating leases

12,502

12,502

7,874

Cash paid/(refunds received) for income taxes

 

4,778

 

1,029

 

1,519

Non-cash transactions:

 

  

 

  

 

  

Secured debt assumed upon acquisition of real estate assets

$

201,296

$

Acquisition of land parcel pursuant to a deed in lieu of foreclosure

25,000

Cancellation of secured note receivable pursuant to a deed in lieu of foreclosure

24,869

Transfer of investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures to real estate owned

16,425

14,700

$

288,108

Transfer of investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures to joint venture member

60,625

Secured debt assumed in the consolidation of unconsolidated joint ventures

 

 

 

551,800

OP Units issued for real estate, net

48,533

Acquisition of intellectual property in exchange for cancellation of secured note receivable

2,250

Year Ended December 31, 

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Operating Activities

  

 

  

 

  

Net income/(loss)

$

474,488

$

92,579

$

160,993

Adjustments to reconcile net income/(loss) to net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities:

 

  

 

  

 

  

Depreciation and amortization

 

691,838

 

679,572

 

619,833

(Gain)/loss on sale of real estate owned

 

(351,193)

 

(25,494)

 

(136,052)

(Income)/loss from unconsolidated entities

 

(4,693)

 

(4,947)

 

(65,646)

Return on investment in unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships

 

15,944

 

22,369

 

23,269

Amortization of share-based compensation

 

32,896

 

27,505

 

22,052

Loss on extinguishment of debt, net

42,336

Other

 

9,791

 

31,835

 

19,182

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

 

 

  

 

  

(Increase)/decrease in operating assets

 

(33,579)

 

9,792

 

(33,454)

Increase/(decrease) in operating liabilities

 

(2,828)

 

(13,140)

 

11,447

Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities

 

832,664

 

820,071

 

663,960

Investing Activities

 

  

 

  

 

  

Acquisition of real estate assets

 

(17,848)

 

(341,149)

 

(1,244,508)

Proceeds from sales of real estate investments, net

 

325,767

 

40,808

 

280,077

Development of real estate assets

 

(155,875)

 

(198,022)

 

(178,029)

Capital expenditures and other major improvements — real estate assets

 

(295,440)

 

(214,833)

 

(156,384)

Capital expenditures — non-real estate assets

 

(16,907)

 

(21,180)

 

(10,140)

Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships

 

(71,395)

 

(201,412)

 

(112,321)

Distributions received from unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships

 

14,399

 

81,443

 

37,362

Proceeds from sale of equity securities

14,471

Purchase deposits on pending acquisitions

(1,000)

Repayment/(issuance) of notes receivable, net

 

(85,310)

 

(75,183)

 

111,690

Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities

 

(289,138)

 

(929,528)

 

(1,272,253)

Financing Activities

 

  

 

  

 

  

Payments on secured debt

 

(1,244)

 

(1,141)

 

(1,096)

Payments on unsecured debt

(300,000)

Net proceeds from the issuance of unsecured debt

 

 

 

511,552

Net proceeds/(repayment) of commercial paper

 

108,075

 

80,000

 

30,000

Net proceeds/(repayment) of revolving bank debt

 

(23,425)

 

(1,531)

 

1,522

Proceeds from the issuance of common shares through public offering, net

 

(551)

 

629,552

 

899,053

Repurchase of common shares

(25,009)

(49,028)

Distributions paid to redeemable noncontrolling interests

 

(35,582)

 

(34,255)

 

(33,663)

Distributions paid to preferred stockholders

 

(4,770)

 

(4,381)

 

(4,225)

Distributions paid to common stockholders

 

(539,852)

 

(483,624)

 

(433,780)

Payment of prepayment and extinguishment costs

(40,769)

Other

 

(16,496)

 

(24,359)

 

(16,054)

Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities

 

(538,854)

 

111,233

 

612,540

Net increase/(decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash

 

4,672

 

1,776

 

4,247

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of year

 

30,194

 

28,418

 

24,171

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of year

$

34,866

$

30,194

$

28,418

Supplemental Information:

 

  

 

  

 

  

Interest paid during the period, net of amounts capitalized

$

184,201

$

154,911

$

136,978

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:

Operating cash flows from operating leases

12,502

12,502

12,502

Cash paid/(refunds received) for income taxes

 

1,911

 

1,145

 

4,778

Non-cash transactions:

 

  

 

  

 

  

Secured debt assumed upon acquisition of real estate assets

$

191,737

$

$

201,296

Acquisition of land parcel pursuant to a deed in lieu of foreclosure

25,000

Cancellation of secured note receivable pursuant to a deed in lieu of foreclosure

24,869

Transfer of investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures to real estate owned

16,425

OP Units issued for real estate, net

141,359

48,533

Redeemable long-term and short-term incentive plan units

28,507

56,568

14,578

Development costs and capital expenditures incurred, but not yet paid

 

39,080

 

56,336

 

39,856

Conversion of Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership noncontrolling interests to common stock (470,800 shares; 502,868 shares; and 1,916,613 shares)

 

18,794

 

23,741

 

99,932

F - 109

UDR, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS – (Continued)

(In thousands, except for share data)

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Recognition of allowance for credit losses

2,182

Recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets

94,349

Recognition of operating lease liabilities

88,336

Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities remeasurement

111,055

Vesting of LTIP Units

14,578

23,501

14,742

Development costs and capital expenditures incurred, but not yet paid

 

39,856

 

31,387

 

16,635

Conversion of Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership noncontrolling interests to common stock (1,916,613 shares in 2021; 303,146 shares in 2020; and 3,165,780 shares in 2019)

 

99,932

 

12,666

 

134,031

Distribution of equity securities from unconsolidated real estate technology investments

7,749

18,018

Contribution of operating properties to unconsolidated joint venture

258,056

Transfer of preferred equity investment to note receivable

73,453

Dividends declared, but not yet paid

 

124,729

 

115,795

 

109,382

 

149,600

 

134,213

 

124,729

The following reconciles cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to amounts as shown above:

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of year:

Cash and cash equivalents

$

1,409

$

8,106

$

185,216

$

1,193

$

967

$

1,409

Restricted cash

22,762

25,185

23,675

29,001

27,451

22,762

Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as shown above

$

24,171

$

33,291

$

208,891

$

30,194

$

28,418

$

24,171

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of year:

Cash and cash equivalents

$

967

$

1,409

$

8,106

$

2,922

$

1,193

$

967

Restricted cash

27,451

22,762

25,185

31,944

29,001

27,451

Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as shown above

$

28,418

$

24,171

$

33,291

$

34,866

$

30,194

$

28,418

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F - 1110

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

1. CONSOLIDATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Organization and Formation

UDR, Inc. (“UDR,” the “Company,” “we,” or “our”) is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, and manages apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2021,2023, our consolidated apartment portfolio consisted of 160 consolidated168 communities with a total of 55,550 apartment homes located in 21 markets consisting of 53,229 apartment homes.markets. In addition, the Company has an ownership interest in 6,57010,045 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 3,7335,618 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of UDR include its wholly-owned and/or controlled subsidiaries (see Note 4, Variable Interest Entitiesand Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships, for further discussion). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain previously reported amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of UDR and its subsidiaries, including United Dominion Realty, L.P. (the “Operating Partnership” or the “OP”) and UDR Lighthouse DownREIT L.P. (the “DownREIT Partnership”). As of December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, there were 186.1189.9 million and 184.8186.1 million units, respectively, in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.2176.4 million, or 94.7%92.9% and 176.2176.3 million, or 95.3%94.7%, respectively, were owned by UDR and 9.913.5 million, or 5.3%7.1% and 8.69.8 million, or 4.7%5.3%, respectively, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 20.621.4 million, or 63.6%66.0% and 18.721.1 million, or 57.8%65.1%, respectively, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 11.811.0 million, or 36.4%34.0% and 13.711.3 million, or 42.2%34.9%, respectively, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.

The Company evaluated subsequent events through the date its financial statements were issued. No significant recognized or non-recognized subsequent events were noted other than those in Note 3, Real Estate Owned and Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships.

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the SEC adopted rules that amended the financial disclosure requirements for subsidiary issuers and guarantors of registered debt securities in Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X. Subsequently, in November 2020,December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2020-09, 2023-09, DebtIncome Taxes (Topic 470): Amendments740) Improvements to SEC Paragraphs PursuantIncome Tax Disclosures, which requires disclosure enhancements and further transparency to SEC Release No. 33-10762, which revised SEC paragraphs ofcertain income tax disclosures, most notably the codification to reflect, as appropriate, the amended disclosure requirements mentioned above. Under the amended rules, parent companies can provide alternative disclosures in lieu of separate audited financial statements of subsidiary issuerstax rate reconciliation and guarantors that meet certain criteria. We evaluated the criteria and determined that we are eligibleincome taxes paid. The ASU is effective for the exceptions, which allow us to provide alternative disclosures Companyfor the Operating Partnership, which guarantees certain outstanding debt securities issued byyear ended December 31, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the Company. As a result of the amendments, the Operating Partnership, as subsidiary guarantor, is no longer subject to the filing requirements under Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and will no longer file separate periodic and current reports in reliance on Rule 12h-5 under the Exchange Act. The alternative disclosures related to the Operating Partnership are presented in Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this report.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt With Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. The ASU simplifies the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including convertible instruments and contracts on an entity’s

F - 12

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

own equity. The updated standard will be effective on January 1, 2022; however, early adoption ofeffect that the ASU is permitted on January 1, 2021. The Company early adopted the guidance on January 1, 2021; however, the updated standard did notwill have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.disclosures.

In March 2020, November 2023,the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, 2023-07Reference Rate Reform,Segment Reporting (Topic 848)280) – Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures. ASU 2020-04 contains practical expedients2023-07 requires expanded disclosures of a public entity’s reportable segments, and requires more enhanced information regarding a reportable segment’s expenses on an interim and annual basis. The ASU is effective for reference rate reform related activities that impact debt, leases, derivatives and other contracts. The guidance in ASU 2020-04 is optional and may be elected over time as reference rate reform activities occur. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company elected to applyfor the hedge accounting expedients related to probabilityyear ended December 31, 2024, and interim periods commencing in 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the assessments of effectiveness for future LIBOR-indexed cash flows to assumeeffect that the index upon which future hedged transactionsASU will be based matches the index on the corresponding derivatives. Application of these expedients preserves the presentation of derivatives consistent with past presentation. The Company continues to evaluate the impact of the guidance and may apply other elections as applicable as additional changes in the market occur. The ASU has not had a material impacthave on the consolidated financial statements and the Company does not expect the ASU to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements on a prospective basis.related disclosures.

Real Estate

Real estate assets held for investment are carried at historical cost and consist of land, land improvements, buildings and improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment and other costs incurred during their development, acquisition and redevelopment.

F - 11

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

Expenditures for ordinary repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures for improvements, renovations, and replacements related to the acquisition and/or improvement of real estate assets are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives if the expenditures qualify as a betterment or the life of the related asset will be substantially extended beyond the original life expectancy.

UDR purchases real estate investment properties and records the tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities acquired based on their estimated fair value. The primary, although not only, identifiable intangible asset associated with our portfolio is the value of existing lease agreements. When recording the acquisition of a community, we first assign fair value to the estimated intangible value of the existing lease agreements and then to the estimated value of the land, building and fixtures assuming the community is vacant. The Company estimates the intangible value of the lease agreements by determining the lost revenue associated with a hypothetical lease-up. Depreciation on the building is based on the expected useful life of the asset and the in-place leases are amortized over their remaining average contractual life. Property acquisition costs are capitalized as incurred if the acquisition does not meet the definition of a business.

Quarterly or when changes in circumstances warrant, UDR will assess our real estate properties for indicators of impairment. The judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on certain factors. Such factors include, among other things, operational performance, market conditions, the Company’s intent and ability to hold the related asset, as well as any significant cost overruns on development properties.

If a real estate property has indicators of impairment, we assess whether the long-lived asset’s carrying value exceeds the community’s undiscounted future cash flows, which is representative of projected net operating income (“NOI”) plus the residual value of the community. Our future cash flow estimates are based upon historical results adjusted to reflect our best estimate of future market and operating conditions and our estimated holding periods. If such indicators of impairment are present and the carrying value exceeds the undiscounted cash flows of the community, an impairment loss is recognized equal to the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over its estimated fair value. Our estimates of fair value represent our best estimate based primarily upon unobservable inputs related to rental rates, operating costs, growth rates, discount rates, capitalization rates, industry trends and reference to market rates and transactions.

For long-lived assets to be disposed of, impairment losses are recognized when the fair value of the asset less estimated cost to sell is less than the carrying value of the asset. Properties classified as real estate held for disposition generally represent properties that are actively marketed or contracted for sale with the closing expected to occur within the next twelve months. Real estate held for disposition is carried at the lower of cost, net of accumulated depreciation, or fair value, less the cost to sell, determined on an asset-by-asset basis. Expenditures for ordinary repair and

F - 13

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

maintenance costs on held for disposition properties are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures for improvements, renovations, and replacements related to held for disposition properties are capitalized at cost. Depreciation is not recorded on real estate held for disposition.

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 20202023, 2022 and 2019,2021, we did not record any impairments on our real estate properties.

Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets which are 30 to 55 years for buildings, 10 to 35 years for major improvements, and 3 to 10 years for furniture, fixtures, equipment, and other assets.

Predevelopment, development, and redevelopment projects and related costs are capitalized and reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Total real estate owned, net of accumulated depreciation. The Company capitalizes costs directly related to the predevelopment, development, and redevelopment of a capital project, which include, but are not limited to, interest, real estate taxes, insurance, and allocated development and redevelopment overhead related to support costs for personnel working on the capital projects. We use our professional judgment in determining whether such costs meet the criteria for capitalization or must be expensed as incurred. These costs are capitalized only during the period in which activities necessary to ready an asset for its intended use are in progress and such costs are incremental and identifiable to a specific activity to get the asset ready for its intended use. These costs, excluding the direct costs of development and redevelopment and capitalized interest, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 2020, and 2019 were $11.3$13.1 million, $12.0$17.9 million and $8.4$11.3 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023,

F - 12

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

2022, and 2019,2021, total interest capitalized was $9.7$10.1 million, $7.0$13.4 million and $5.1$9.7 million, respectively. As each home in a capital project is completed and becomes available for lease-up, the Company ceases capitalization on the related portion and depreciation commences over the estimated useful life.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, demand deposits with financial institutions and short-term, highly liquid investments. We consider all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. The majority of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents are held at major commercial banks.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily consists of escrow deposits held by lenders for real estate taxes, insurance and replacement reserves, and security deposits. 

Real Estate Sales Gain Recognition 

 

For sale transactions resulting in a transfer of a controlling financial interest of a property, the Company generally derecognizes the related assets and liabilities from its Consolidated Balance Sheets and records the gain or loss in the period in which the transfer of control occurs. If control of the property has not been transferred toby the counterparty,Company, the criteria for derecognition are not met and the Company will continue to recognize the related assets and liabilities on its Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 

Sale transactions to entities in which the Company sells a controlling financial interest in a property but retains a noncontrolling interest are accounted for as partial sales. Partial sales resulting in a change in control are accounted for at fair value and a full gain or loss is recognized. Therefore, the Company will record a gain or loss on the partial interest sold, and the initial measurement of our retained interest will be accounted for at fair value. 

 

Sales of real estate to joint ventures or other noncontrolled investees are also accounted for at fair value and the Company will record a full gain or loss in the period the property is contributed.

To the extent that the Company acquires a controlling financial interest in a property that it previously accounted for as an equity method investment, the Company will not remeasure its previously held interest if the acquisition is treated as an asset acquisition. The Company will include the carrying amount of its previously held equity

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

method interest along with the consideration paid and transaction costs incurred in determining the amounts to allocate to the related assets and liabilities acquired on its Consolidated Balance Sheets. When treated as an asset acquisition, the Company will not recognize a gain or loss on consolidation of a property.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company accounts for allowance for credit losses under the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) impairment model for its financial assets, including trade and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other financial instruments, and presents the net amount of the financial instrument expected to be collected. The CECL impairment model excludes operating lease receivables. The CECL impairment model requires an estimate of expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of an instrument, that considers forecasts of future economic conditions in addition to information about past events and current conditions. Based on this model, we analyze the following criteria, as applicable in developing allowances for credit losses: historical loss information, the borrower’s ability to make scheduled payments, the remaining time to maturity, the value of underlying collateral, projected future performance of the borrower and macroeconomic trends.

The Company measures credit losses of financial assets on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. If the Company determines that a financial asset does not share risk characteristics with itsthe Company’s other financial assets, the Company evaluates the financial asset for expected credit losses on an individual basis. Allowance for credit losses are recorded as a direct reduction from an asset’s amortized cost basis. Credit losses and recoveries are recorded in Interest income and other income/(expense), net on the Consolidated Statements of

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

Operations. Recoveries of financial assets previously written off are recorded when received. For the years ended December 31, 20212023, 2022 and 2020,2021, the Company recorded net credit recoveriesrecoveries/(losses) of $0.6$(0.7) million, $(0.1) million and $0.7$0.6 million, respectively, on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company has made the optional election provided by the standard not to measure allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables as the Company writes off any uncollectible accrued interest receivables in a timely manner. The Company periodically evaluates the collectability of its accrued interest receivables. A write-off is recorded when the Company concludes that all or a portion of its accrued interest receivable balance is no longer collectible.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

Notes Receivable

Notes receivable relate to financing arrangements which are typically secured by assets of the borrower that may include real estate real estate related projects or other assets. Certain of the loans we extend may include characteristics such as options to purchase the project within a specific time window following expected project completion. These characteristics can cause the loans to fall under the definition of a variable interest entity (“VIE”), and thus trigger consolidation consideration. We consider the facts and circumstances pertinent to each loan, including the relative amount of financing we are contributing to the overall project cost, decision making rights or control we hold, and our rights to expected residual gains or our obligations to absorb expected residual losses from the project. If we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE due to holding a controlling financial interest, the majority of decision making control, or by other means, consolidation of the VIE would be required. The Company has concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary of the borrowing entities.entities of the existing loans.

Additionally, we analyze each loan arrangement that involves real estate development to consider whether the loan qualifies for accounting as a loan or as an investment in a real estate development project. The Company has evaluated its real estate loans, where appropriate, for accounting treatment as loans versus real estate development projects, as required by ASC 310-10. For each loan, the Company has concluded that the characteristics and the facts and circumstances indicate that loan accounting treatment is appropriate.

The following table summarizes our Notes receivable, net as of December 31, 20212023 and 20202022 (dollars in thousands):

Interest rate at

Balance Outstanding

Interest rate at

Balance Outstanding (a)

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

2021

2021

2020

2023

2023

2022

Note due February 2021 (a)

N/A

$

$

4,000

Note due May 2022 (b)

N/A

%

20,000

Note due May 2022 (c)

14.00

%

2,760

Note due October 2022 (d)

 

N/A

%  

115,000

Note due January 2023 (e)

10.00

%  

24,235

19,685

Notes Receivable

26,995

158,685

Notes due October 2024 (b)

10.50

%  

$

98,271

$

Note due December 2024 (c)

12.00

%  

37,022

30,377

Note due December 2026 (d)

11.00

%  

64,608

17,292

Note due December 2026 (e)

11.00

%  

26,164

5,813

Notes due June 2027 (f)

18.00

%  

3,737

1,500

Notes receivable

229,802

54,982

Allowance for credit losses

(135)

(693)

(977)

(275)

Total notes receivable, net

 

  

$

26,860

$

157,992

 

  

$

228,825

$

54,707

(a)In May 2020, the Company entered into a promissoryOutstanding note with an unaffiliated third party with an aggregate commitment of $4.0 million, in connection with the sale of an operating community. In January 2021, the unaffiliated third party repaid the $4.0 million promissory note in full.amounts include any accrued and unpaid interest, as applicable.
(b)In June 2023, the Company amended the agreement for a preferred equity investment in a joint venture that owns a 471 apartment home operating community located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which resulted in the Company’s investment, inclusive of accrued preferred return, being classified as a note receivable. In connection with the amendment, the Company also advanced $20.0 million to the joint venture, which is also classified as a note receivable (collectively the “Notes”) and was used to pay down the senior construction loan in connection with an extension of the maturity date of the senior construction loan to January 2024. Furthermore, the contractual interest rate on the Notes increased to 9.5% (previously 8.5%) in exchange for eliminating the Company’s upside participation in the joint venture. Interest payments accrue monthly and are due at maturity, but can be paid earlier. The Notes had an original scheduled maturity date in October 2023, with three one-year extension options. In September 2023, the developer extended the maturity date to October 2024. Commencing in October 2023, the

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

contractual interest rate on the Notes increased to 10.5% when the developer exercised its option to extend the maturity date of the Notes. (See Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships for further discussion.) In January 2024, the joint venture extended the senior construction loan from January 2024 to April 2024.
(c)The Company previously hadhas a secured note with an unaffiliated third party with an aggregate commitment of $20.0 million.$32.5 million, of which $31.5 million was funded as of December 31, 2023. During 2023, the terms of this secured note were amended to increase the aggregate commitment from $31.4 million to $32.5 million and to increase the interest rate from 10.0% to 12.0%. Interest payments are due monthly, with the exception of payments from June 2022 to December 2024, which are accrued and added to the principal balance and will be due at maturity of the note. The additional amount accrued and added to the principal balance was $5.5 million as of December 31, 2023. The note wasis secured by substantially all of the borrower’s assets and matures at the earliest of the following: (a) the closing of any private or public capital raising in the amount of $5.0 million or greater; (b) an acquisition; (c) acceleration in the event of default; or (d) December 2024.
(d)The Company has a parcelsecured mezzanine loan with a third party developer of land and related land improvementsa 482 apartment home community located in Alameda, California. In September 2020,Riverside, California, which is expected to be completed in 2025, with an aggregate commitment of $59.7 million (exclusive of accrued interest), of which $42.4 million was funded during the year ended December 31, 2023. Interest payments accrue for 36 months and are due monthly after the loan has been outstanding for 36 months. The secured mezzanine loan has a scheduled maturity date in December 2026, with two one-year extension options.
(e)The Company has a secured mezzanine loan with a third party developer defaulted onof a 237 apartment home community located in Menifee, California, which is expected to be completed in 2025, with an aggregate commitment of $24.4 million (exclusive of accrued interest), of which $18.6 million was funded during the loan. Asyear ended December 31, 2023. Interest payments accrue for 36 months and are due monthly after the loan has been outstanding for 36 months. The secured mezzanine loan has a resultscheduled maturity date in December 2026, with two one-year extension options.
(f)The Company and a syndicate of lenders previously entered into a $16.0 million secured credit facility with an unaffiliated third party. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the secured credit facility was amended to provide a new term loan in the amount of $19.0 million, and increase the Company’s commitment from $1.5 million to $3.0 million (exclusive of accrued interest), all of which has been funded. Interest payments will accrue and be due at maturity of the default,facility. The facility is secured by substantially all of the borrower’s assets and matures at the earliest of the following: (a) acceleration in April 2021, the Company took titleevent of default; or (b) June 2027.

The Company recognized $14.5 million, $3.5 million, and $5.3 million of interest income for the notes receivable described above during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, none of which was related party interest. Interest income is included in Interest income and other income/(expense), net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Investment in Joint Ventures and Partnerships

We use the equity method to account for investments in joint ventures and partnerships that qualify as VIEs where we are not the primary beneficiary and other entities that we do not control or where we do not own a majority of the economic interest but have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee. Throughout these financial statements we use the term “joint venture” or “partnership” when referring to investments in entities in which we do not have a 100% ownership interest. The Company also uses the equity method when we function as the managing partner and our venture partner has substantive participating rights or where we can be replaced by our venture partner as managing partner without cause. For a joint venture or partnership accounted for under the equity method, our share of net earnings or losses is reflected as income/loss when earned/incurred and distributions are credited against our investment in the joint venture or partnership as received.

In determining whether a joint venture or partnership is a VIE, the Company considers: the form of our ownership interest and legal structure; the size of our investment; the financing structure of the entity, including necessity of subordinated debt; estimates of future cash flows; ours and our partner’s ability to participate in the decision making related to acquisitions, disposition, budgeting and financing of the entity; obligation to absorb losses and

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

preferential returns; nature of our partner’s primary operations; and the degree, if any, of disproportionality between the economic and voting interests of the entity. As of December 31, 2023, the Company held one investment in a joint venture that qualified as a VIE where we were determined to be the primary beneficiary (See Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships, for further discussion).

We evaluate our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures for events or changes in circumstances that indicate there may be an other-than-temporary decline in value. We consider various factors to determine if a decrease in the value of the investment is other-than-temporary. These factors include, but are not limited to, age of the venture, our intent and ability to retain our investment in the entity, the financial condition and long-term prospects of the entity, the fair value of the property of the joint venture, and the relationships with the other joint venture partners and its lenders. The amount of loss recognized is the excess of the investment’s carrying amount over its estimated fair value. If we believe that the decline in fair value is temporary, no impairment is recorded. The aforementioned factors are taken into consideration as a whole by management in determining the valuation of our equity method investments. Should the actual results differ from management’s judgment, the valuation could be negatively affected and may result in a negative impact to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk and generally designates these financial instruments as cash flow hedges. Derivative financial instruments are recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as either an asset or liability and measured quarterly at their fair value. The changes in fair value for cash flow hedges that are deemed effective are reflected in other comprehensive income/(loss) and for non-designated derivative financial instruments in earnings. The ineffective component of cash flow hedges, if any, is recorded in earnings.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

Interests in the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership held by limited partners are represented by OP Units and DownREIT Units, respectively. The income is allocated to holders of OP Units/DownREIT Units based upon net income available to common stockholders and the weighted average number of OP Units/DownREIT Units outstanding to total common shares plus OP Units/DownREIT Units outstanding during the period. Capital contributions, distributions, and profits and losses are allocated to noncontrolling interests in accordance with the terms of the partnership agreements of the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership.

Limited partners of the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership have the right to require such partnership to redeem all or a portion of the OP Units/DownREIT Units held by the limited partner at a redemption price equal to and in the form of the Cash Amount (as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership, as applicable), provided that such OP Units/DownREIT Units have been outstanding for at least one year, subject to certain exceptions. UDR, as the general partner of the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may, in its sole discretion, purchase the OP Units/DownREIT Units by paying to the limited partner either the Cash Amount or the REIT Share Amount (generally one share of Common Stock of the Company for each OP Unit/DownREIT Unit), as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership, as applicable. Accordingly, the Company records the OP Units/DownREIT Units outside of permanent equity and reports the OP Units/DownREIT Units at their redemption value using the Company’s stock price at each balance sheet date.

Income Taxes

Due to the structure of the Company as a REIT and the nature of the operations for the operating properties, no provision for federal income taxes has been provided for at UDR. Historically, the Company has generally incurred only state and local excise and franchise taxes. UDR has elected for certain consolidated subsidiaries to be treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”).

Income taxes for our TRS are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities from a change in tax rate is recognized in earnings in the period of the enactment date. The Company’s deferred tax assets/(liabilities) are generally the result of differing depreciable lives on capitalized assets, temporary differences between book and tax basis of assets and liabilities and timing of expense recognition for certain accrued liabilities. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, UDR’s net deferred tax asset/(liability) was ($0.8) million and $(0.8) million, respectively, and are recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

GAAP defines a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. GAAP also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting for interim periods, disclosure and transition.

The Company recognizes and evaluates its tax positions using a two-step process. First, UDR determines whether a tax position is more likely than not (greater than 50 percent probability) to be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. Second, the Company will determine the amount of benefit to recognize and record the amount that is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement.

The Company invests in assets that qualify for federal investment tax credits (“ITC”) through our TRS. An ITC reduces federal income taxes payable when qualifying depreciable property is acquired. The ITC is determined as a percentage of cost of the assets. The Company accounts for ITCs under the deferral method, under which the tax benefit from the ITC is deferred and amortized as a tax benefit into Tax (provision)/benefit, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations over the book life of the qualifying depreciable property. The ITCs are recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

UDR had no material unrecognized tax benefit, accrued interest or penalties at December 31, 2023. UDR and its subsidiaries are subject to federal income tax as well as income tax of various state and local jurisdictions. The tax years 2020 through 2022 remain open to examination by tax jurisdictions to which we are subject. When applicable, UDR recognizes interest and/or penalties related to uncertain tax positions in Tax (provision)/benefit, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Principles of Consolidation

The Company accounts for subsidiary partnerships, joint ventures and other similar entities in which it holds an ownership interest in accordance with the consolidation guidance. The Company first evaluates whether each entity is a VIE. Under the VIE model, the Company consolidates an entity when it has control to direct the activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Under the voting model, the Company consolidates an entity when it controls the entity through ownership of a majority voting interest.

Discontinued Operations

In accordance with GAAP, a discontinued operation represents (1) a component of an entity or group of components that has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale in a single transaction and represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on an entity’s financial results, or (2) an acquired business that is classified as held for sale on the date of acquisition. A strategic shift could include a disposal of (1) a separate major line of business, (2) a separate major geographic area of operations, (3) a major equity method investment, or (4) other major parts of an entity.

We record sales of real estate that do not meet the definition of a discontinued operation in Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate owned on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Stock-Based Employee Compensation Plans

The Company measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of an equity instrument based on the award’s fair value on the grant date and recognizes the cost as stock-based compensation expense over the period during which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, which is

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

generally the vesting period. For performance based awards, the Company remeasures the fair value based on the estimated achievement of the performance criteria each balance sheet date with adjustments made on a cumulative basis until the award is settled and the final compensation is known. Stock-based compensation expense is only recognized for performance based awards that we expect to vest, which we estimate based upon an assessment of the probability that the performance criteria will be achieved. Stock-based compensation expense associated with awards is updated for actual forfeitures. The fair value for market based awards issued by the Company is calculated utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation and the fair value for stock options issued by the Company is calculated utilizing the Black-Scholes-Merton formula. For further discussion, see Note 10, Employee Benefit Plans.

Advertising Costs

All advertising costs are expensed as incurred and reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations within the line item Property operating and maintenance. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, total advertising expense was $9.2 million, $8.7 million, and $8.3 million, respectively.

Cost of Raising Capital

Costs incurred in connection with the issuance of equity securities are deducted from stockholders’ equity. Costs incurred in connection with the issuance or renewal of debt are recorded based on the terms of the debt issuance or renewal. Accordingly, if the terms of the renewed or modified debt instrument are deemed to be substantially different (i.e. a 10 percent or greater difference in the cash flows between instruments), all unamortized financing costs associated with the extinguished debt are charged to earnings in the current period and certain costs of new debt issuances are capitalized and amortized over the term of the debt. When the cash flows are not substantially different, the lender costs associated with the renewal or modification are capitalized and amortized into interest expense over the remaining term of the related debt instrument and other related costs are expensed. The balance of any unamortized financing costs associated with retired debt is expensed upon retirement. Deferred financing costs for new debt instruments include fees and costs incurred by the Company to obtain financing. Deferred financing costs are generally amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest method, over a period not to exceed the term of the related debt.

Comprehensive Income/(Loss)

Comprehensive income/(loss), which is defined as the change in equity during each period from transactions and other events and circumstances from nonowner sources, including all changes in equity during a period except for those resulting from investments by or distributions to stockholders, is displayed in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income/(Loss). For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company’s other comprehensive income/(loss) consisted of the gain/(loss) (effective portion) on derivative instruments that are designated as and qualify as cash flow hedges, (gain)/loss on derivative instruments reclassified from other comprehensive income/(loss) into earnings, and the allocation of other comprehensive income/(loss) to noncontrolling interests. The (gain)/loss on derivative instruments reclassified from other comprehensive income/(loss) is included in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 14, Derivatives and Hedging Activity, for further discussion. The allocation of other comprehensive income/(loss) to redeemable noncontrolling interests during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $(0.2) million, $0.9 million, and $0.4 million, respectively.

Forward Sales Agreements

From time to time the Company utilizes forward sales agreements for the future issuance of its common stock. When the Company enters into a forward sales agreement, the contract requires the Company to sell its shares to a counterparty at a predetermined price at a future date. The net sales price and proceeds attained by the Company will be determined on the dates of settlement, with adjustments during the term of the contract for the Company’s anticipated dividends as well as for a daily interest factor that varies with changes in the federal funds rate. The Company generally has the ability to determine the dates and method of settlement (i.e., gross physical settlement, net share settlement or cash settlement), subject to certain conditions and the right of the counterparty to accelerate settlement under certain circumstances.

The Company accounts for the shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon settlement as equity in accordance with ASC 815-40, Contracts in Entity's Own Equity, which permits equity classification when a contract is

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DECEMBER 31, 2023

considered indexed to the entity’s own stock and the contract requires or permits the issuing entity to settle the contract in shares (either physically or net in shares).

The guidance establishes a two-step process for evaluating whether an equity-linked financial instrument is considered indexed to the entity’s own stock, first, evaluating the instrument’s contingent exercise provisions and second, evaluating the instrument’s settlement provisions. When entering into forward sales agreements, we determined that (i) none of the agreement’s exercise contingencies are based on observable markets or indices besides those related to the market for our own stock price; and (ii) none of the settlement provisions preclude the agreements from being indexed to our own stock.

Before the issuance of shares of common stock, upon physical or net share settlement of the forward sales agreements, the Company expects that the shares issuable upon settlement of the forward sales agreements will be reflected in its diluted income/(loss) per share calculations using the treasury stock method. Under this method, the number of shares of common stock used in calculating diluted income/(loss) per share is deemed to be increased by the excess, if any, of the number of shares of common stock that would be issued upon full physical settlement of the forward sales agreements over the number of shares of common stock that could be purchased by the Company in the open market (based on the average market price during the period) using the proceeds receivable upon full physical settlement (based on the adjusted forward sale price at the end of the reporting period). When the Company physically or net share settles any forward sales agreement, the delivery of shares of common stock would result in an increase in the number of weighted average common shares outstanding and dilution to basic income/(loss) per share. (See Note 8, Income/(Loss) per Share for further discussion.)

Lease Receivables

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company performed an analysis in accordance with the ASC 842, Leases, guidance to assess the collectibility of its operating lease receivables. This analysis included an assessment of collectibility of current and future rents and whether those lease payments were no longer probable of collection. In accordance with the leases guidance, if lease payments are no longer deemed to be probable over the life of the lease contract, we recognize revenue only when cash is received, and all existing contractual operating lease receivables and straight-line lease receivables are reserved.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s multifamily tenant lease receivables balance, net of its reserve, was approximately $9.0 million, including its share from unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company’s retail tenant lease receivables balance (exclusive of straight-line rent receivables), net of its reserve, was approximately $0.3 million, including its share from unconsolidated joint ventures, as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s multifamily tenant lease receivables balance, net of its reserve, was approximately $8.7 million, including its share from unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company’s retail tenant lease receivables balance (exclusive of straight-line rent receivables), net of its reserve, was approximately $4.3 million, including its share from unconsolidated joint ventures, as of December 31, 2022.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual amounts realized or paid could differ from those estimates.

Market Concentration Risk

The Company is subject to increased exposure from economic and other competitive factors specific to markets where the Company holds a significant percentage of the carrying value of its real estate portfolio. At December 31, 2023, the Company held greater than 10% of the carrying value of its real estate portfolio in each of the Metropolitan D.C. and Boston, Massachusetts markets.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

3. REAL ESTATE OWNED

Real estate assets owned by the Company consist of income producing operating properties, properties under development, land held for future development, and held for disposition properties. As of December 31, 2023, the Company owned and consolidated 168 communities in 13 states plus the District of Columbia totaling 55,550 apartment homes. The following table summarizes the carrying amounts for our real estate owned (at cost) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

2023

2022

Land

$

2,549,716

$

2,539,499

Depreciable property — held and used:

 

 

  

Land improvements

 

255,706

 

254,578

Building, improvements, and furniture, fixtures and equipment

 

12,902,021

 

12,521,838

Real estate intangible assets

50,013

50,013

Under development:

 

  

 

  

Land and land improvements

 

16,576

 

43,711

Building, improvements, and furniture, fixtures and equipment

 

143,828

 

146,394

Real estate held for disposition:

 

  

 

  

Land and land improvements

 

13,734

 

Building, improvements, and furniture, fixtures and equipment

 

92,265

 

14,039

Real estate owned

 

16,023,859

 

15,570,072

Accumulated depreciation (a)

 

(6,267,830)

 

(5,762,501)

Real estate owned, net

$

9,756,029

$

9,807,571

(a)Accumulated depreciation is inclusive of $17.2 million and $13.1 million of accumulated amortization related to the property pursuant to a deed in lieureal estate intangible assets as of foreclosure. As such, tDecember 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.he

Acquisitions

In February 2023, the Company took title to a 136 apartment home operating community located in San Francisco, California, through a foreclosure proceeding. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company. (See Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships for more information).

In August 2023, the Company acquired a portfolio of six operating communities totaling 1,753 apartment homes, which included four operating communities in Dallas, Texas and two operating communities in Austin, Texas, for a purchase price of $354.6 million. The Company acquired the portfolio with a combination of cash, the assumption of six mortgage loans with an outstanding principal balance of approximately $209.4 million (fair value of $191.7 million), and the issuance of 3.6 million OP Units to the seller valued at $141.4 million. The OP Units were valued based on the closing price per share of UDR’s common stock on the date of acquisition in accordance with GAAP. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $344.8 million, recorded $9.8 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $17.6 million debt discount in connection with the below-market debt assumed.

In January 2024, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s commonequity interest in a 173 apartment home operating community located in Oakland, California for $1.4 million. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company. (See Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships for more information).

In April 2022, the Company acquired a to-be-developed parcel of land located in Fort Lauderdale, Florida for approximately $16.0 million.

In June 2022, the Company acquired a 433 apartment home operating community located in Danvers, Massachusetts for approximately $207.5 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $203.7 million and recorded $3.8 million of in-place lease intangibles.

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DECEMBER 31, 2023

In June 2022, the Company acquired three contiguous to-be-developed parcels of land located in Dallas, Texas for approximately $90.2 million.

In June 2022, the Company acquired a to-be-developed parcel of land, which included two operating retail components, located in Riverside, California for approximately $29.0 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $28.2 million and recorded $0.8 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In January 2021, the Company acquired a 300 apartment home operating community located in Franklin, Massachusetts, for approximately $77.4 million. In connection with the acquisition, the Company assumed an above-market mortgage note payable secured by the community with an outstanding balance of approximately $51.8 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $82.0 million, recorded $2.0 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $6.6 million debt premium in connection with the above-market debt assumed.

In April 2021, the Company acquired a 636 apartment home operating community located in Farmers Branch, Texas, for approximately $110.2 million. In connection with the acquisition, the Company assumed an above-market mortgage note payable secured by the community with an outstanding balance of approximately $42.0 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $111.5 million, recorded $3.0 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $4.3 million debt premium in connection with the above-market debt assumed.

The Company previously had a secured note with an unaffiliated third party with an aggregate commitment of $20.0 million. The note was secured by a parcel of land and related land improvements located in Alameda, California. In September 2020, the developer defaulted on the loan. As a result of the default, in April 2021, the Company took title to the property pursuant to a deed in lieu of foreclosure. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $25.0 million, the fair market value of the property on the date of the title transfer, and recorded a $0.1 million gain on extinguishment of the secured note to Interest income and other income/(expense), net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

In May 2021, the Company acquired a to-be-developed parcel of land located in Tampa, Florida, for approximately $6.6 million.

In May 2021, the Company acquired a 945 apartment home operating community located in Frisco, Texas, for approximately $166.9 million. In connection with the acquisition, the Company assumed an above-market mortgage note payable secured by the community with an outstanding balance of approximately $89.5 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $169.9 million, recorded $4.1 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $7.1 million debt premium in connection with the above-market debt assumed.

In June 2021, the Company acquired a 468 apartment home operating community located in Germantown, Maryland, for approximately $121.9 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $119.3 million and recorded $2.6 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In July 2021, the Company acquired a 259 apartment home operating community located in Bellevue, Washington, for approximately $171.9 million. The Company previously had a $115.0 million secured note receivable associated with this operating community. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $169.1 million and recorded $2.8 million of in-place lease intangibles. In connection with the acquisition of this community, the note and the unpaid accrued interest were paid in full.

In August 2021, the Company acquired a 544 apartment home operating community located in Germantown, Maryland, for approximately $127.2 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $124.4 million and recorded $2.8 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In September 2021, the Company acquired a 320 apartment home operating community located in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, for approximately $116.2 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $113.8 million and recorded $2.4 million of in-place lease intangibles.

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

In September 2021, the Company acquired a 192 apartment home operating community located in Towson, Maryland, for approximately $57.6 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $54.0 million and recorded $2.4 million of real estate tax intangibles and $1.2 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In September 2021, the Company acquired a 339 apartment home operating community located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for approximately $147.0 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $136.7 million and recorded $7.1 million of real estate tax intangibles and $3.2 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In October 2021, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s common equity interest in a 330 apartment home operating community located in Orlando, Florida, for a total purchase price of approximately $106.0 million. The Company paid for the community by issuing approximately 0.9 million OP Units (valued at $53.00 per unit per the agreement) to the seller, which equaled $47.9 million.In connection with the acquisition, the joint venture construction loan of approximately $39.6 million was repaid. The Company previously held a $16.4 million preferred equity investment in the entity on the date of acquisition, which it accounted for as an unconsolidated equity investment. As a result, in October 2021, the Company increased its ownership interest to 100% and consolidated the operating community. The Company accounted for the consolidation as an asset acquisition resulting in no gain or loss upon consolidation. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $103.6 million and recorded $2.4 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In October 2021, the Company acquired a 663 apartment home operating community located in Orlando, Florida, for approximately $177.8 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $174.1 million and recorded and $3.7 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In November 2021, the Company acquired a 430 apartment home operating community located in Towson, Maryland, for approximately $125.3 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $122.6 million and recorded and $2.7 million of in-place lease intangibles.

Dispositions

In January 2023, the Company sold the retail component of a development community located in Washington D.C. for gross proceeds of approximately $14.4 million, resulting in a gain of less than $0.1 million. The gross proceeds were received ratably throughout the development of the community and are reflected as a reduction of capital expenditures.

In June 2023, the Company contributed four wholly owned operating communities, totaling 1,328 apartment homes located in various markets, to a newly formed joint venture in exchange for a 51.0% interest in the venture. The contribution resulted in the Company no longer retaining a controlling interest in the communities, and the Company deconsolidated the operating communities. The Company received approximately $247.9 million in cash proceeds from our joint venture partner at formation. The transaction was accounted for as a partial sale and resulted in a gain of approximately $325.9 million, which was recorded in Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate owned on the Consolidated Statement of Operations, which consisted of the gain on the partial sale and the initial measurement of our retained interest at fair value. (See Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships for further discussion.)

In December 2023, the Company sold an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon with a total of 276 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $78.6 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $25.3 million.

In February 2024, the Company sold an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia with a total of 214 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $100.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $17.3 million. This operating community was classified as held for disposition as of December 31, 2023.

In November 2022, the Company sold an operating community located in Orange County, California with a total of 90 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $41.5 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $25.5 million.

In February 2021, the Company sold an operating community located in Anaheim, California, with a total of 386 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $156.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $50.8 million.

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

In October 2021, the Company sold an operating community located in Anaheim, California, with a total of 265 apartment homes for a sales price of $126.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $85.2 million.

Developments

At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed, in which we have an investment of $160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed in the second quarter of 2024.

Other Activity

In connection with the acquisition of certain properties, the Company agreed to pay certain of the tax liabilities of certain contributors if the Company sells one or more of the properties contributed in a taxable transaction prior to the expiration of specified periods of time following the acquisition. The Company may, however, sell, without being required to pay any tax liabilities, any of such properties in a non-taxable transaction, including, but not limited to, a tax deferred Section 1031 exchange. 

Further, the Company has agreed to maintain certain debt that may be guaranteed by certain contributors for specified periods of time following the acquisition. The Company, however, has the ability to refinance or repay guaranteed debt or to substitute new debt if the debt and the guaranty continue to satisfy certain conditions.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

The following table provides a summary of the aggregate amortization for the intangible assets acquired in the acquisition of real estate for each of the next five years and thereafter (in thousands):

Unamortized Balance as of December 31, 2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

Thereafter

Real estate intangible assets, net (a)

$

32,770

$

3,995

$

3,858

$

3,723

$

3,590

$

2,436

$

15,168

In-place lease intangible assets, net (b)

13,104

8,997

626

519

450

326

2,186

Total

$

45,874

$

12,992

$

4,484

$

4,242

$

4,040

$

2,762

$

17,354

(a)Real estate intangible assets, net is recorded net of accumulated amortization of $17.2 million in Real estate held for investment, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, $4.2 million and $4.3 million, respectively, of amortization expense was recorded in Depreciation and Amortization on the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(b)In-place lease intangible assets, net is recorded net of accumulated amortization of $9.5 million in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, $7.3 million and $22.5 million, respectively, was recorded in Depreciation and Amortization on the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

4. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

The Company has determined that the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership are VIEs as the limited partners lack substantive kick-out rights and substantive participating rights. The Company has concluded that it is the primary beneficiary of, and therefore consolidates, the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership based on its role as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership. The Company’s role as community manager and its equity interests give us the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance and the obligation to absorb potentially significant losses or the right to receive potentially significant benefits of the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.

F - 23

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

5. JOINT VENTURES AND PARTNERSHIPS

UDR has entered into joint ventures and partnerships with unrelated third parties to own, operate, acquire, renovate, develop, redevelop, dispose of, and manage real estate assets that are either consolidated and included in Real estate owned on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or are accounted for under the equity method of accounting, and are included in Investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company consolidates the entities that we control as well as any variable interest entity where we are the primary beneficiary. Under the VIE model, the Company consolidates an entity when it has control to direct the activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Under the voting model, the Company consolidates an entity when it controls the entity through ownership of a majority voting interest.

UDR’s joint ventures and partnerships are funded with a combination of debt and equity. Our losses are typically limited to our investment and except as noted below, the Company does not guarantee any debt, capital payout or other obligations associated with our joint ventures and partnerships.

Consolidated joint venture

The Company previously held a preferred equity investment in a joint venture that owned a 136 apartment home community located in San Francisco, California. In 2022, the joint venture was deemed to be a VIE and the Company concluded that it was the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and therefore began consolidating the joint venture. In February 2023, the Company took title to the property pursuant to a foreclosure resulting in it being a wholly-owned community.

The Company has a preferred equity investment in a joint venture that owns a 173 apartment home community located in Oakland, California. In December 2023, the developer informed the Company that it would not fund its share of a capital call and subsequently entered into an agreement to transfer its equity interest in the joint venture to the Company for $1.4 million. As a result, the joint venture was deemed to be a VIE. The Company concluded that it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and therefore began consolidating the joint venture, resulting in a $24.3 million loss on consolidation which is recorded in Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The consolidated assets and liabilities related to the VIE were initially recorded at fair value during December 2023 and were approximately $68.0 million and $42.5 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. The Company took title to the developer’s equity interest in the joint venture in January 2024. (See Note 3, Real Estate Owned for more information).

Unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships

The Company recognizes earnings or losses from our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships consisting of our proportionate share of the net earnings or losses of the joint ventures and partnerships. In addition, we may earn fees for providing management services for the communities held by the unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships.

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Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

The following table summarizes the Company’s investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships, net, which are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Number of

Number of

Operating

Apartment

UDR's Weighted Average

 

Communities

Homes

Ownership Interest

Investment at

Income/(loss) from investments

  

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

 

  

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

Joint Ventures

  

2023

    

2023

2023

  

2022

 

  

2023

  

2022

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Operating:

  

  

  

  

 

  

  

UDR/MetLife (a)

13

2,837

50.1

%  

50.1

%

$

225,195

$

247,160

$

(5,378)

$

(7,604)

$

(17,785)

UDR/LaSalle (b)

5

1,590

51.0

%

%

286,723

(3,660)

Total Joint Ventures

18

 

4,427

  

 

  

$

511,918

$

247,160

$

(9,038)

$

(7,604)

$

(17,785)

Number of

Apartment

Communities

Homes

Weighted

Investment at

Income/(loss) from investments

Developer Capital Program

  

December 31, 

December 31, 

Average

  

Years To

UDR

  

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

and Real Estate Technology Investments (c)

  

2023

2023

Rate

  

Maturity

Commitment (d)

  

2023

  

2022

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Preferred equity investments:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

  

  

Operating (e)

21

4,545

9.3

%

3.3

$

252,889

304,699

282,766

$

27,260

$

20,202

$

10,928

Development

2

1,073

10.7

%

3.2

68,207

83,072

74,648

8,425

6,172

92

Total Preferred Equity Investments

23

5,618

9.6

%

3.3

321,096

387,771

357,414

35,685

26,374

11,020

Real estate technology and sustainability investments:

RETV I (f)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

18,000

10,062

16,601

(614)

(35,507)

50,795

RETV II

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

18,000

15,371

11,670

1,364

(265)

1,101

RETV III

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

15,000

1,329

(212)

RET Strategic Fund

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

25,000

13,980

8,078

(174)

496

RET ESG

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

10,000

3,640

2,898

(260)

(153)

Total Preferred Equity Investments and Real Estate Technology Investments

432,153

396,661

35,789

(9,055)

62,916

Sold joint ventures and other investments (g)

103,173

(22,058)

21,606

20,515

Total Joint Ventures, Developer Capital Program and Real Estate Technology Investments, net (a)

$

944,071

$

746,994

$

4,693

$

4,947

$

65,646

(a)As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s negative investment in one UDR/MetLife community of $8.9 million and $7.5 million, respectively, is recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(b)In June 2023, the Company formed a new real estate joint venture, UDR/LaSalle, with LaSalle Investment Management on behalf of an institutional client (“LaSalle”). Four operating communities, located in various markets, were contributed by the Company. The joint venture partner paid the Company approximately $247.9 million at formation of the joint venture. The Company will have the potential to earn a promoted return should certain return hurdles be achieved. Our initial investment was $258.2 million and consisted solely of our equity in the four operating communities contributed to the joint venture.

In December 2023, the joint venture acquired an operating community with 262 apartment homes, located in Norwood, Massachusetts, for approximately $114.3 million.

(c)The Developer Capital Program is the program through which the Company makes investments, including preferred equity investments, mezzanine loans or other structured investments that may receive a fixed yield on the investment and may include provisions pursuant to which the Company participates in the increase in value of the property upon monetization of the applicable property. At December 31, 2023, our preferred equity investment portfolio consisted of 23 communities located in various markets, consisting of 5,618 completed or under development homes. In addition, the Company’s preferred equity investments include four investments that receive a variable percentage of the value created from the project upon a capital or liquidating event. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not enter into or fund any new preferred equity investments and no preferred equity investments were redeemed.
(d)Represents UDR’s maximum funding commitment only and therefore excludes other activity such as income from investments.
(e)In June 2023, two preferred equity investment agreements were amended. In connection with the amendments, the Company funded an incremental $17.0 million to one joint venture, which was used to pay down the senior

F - 25

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

construction loan in connection with an extension of the maturity date of the senior construction loan to April 2025, and funded an incremental $3.8 million to the other joint venture, which was used to pay down the senior construction loan in connection with an extension of the maturity date of the senior construction loan to June 2025.
(f)The Company recognized $(0.6) million, $(35.5) million and $50.8 million of investment income/(loss) from RETV I for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which primarily related to unrealized gains/(losses) from one portfolio investment held by RETV I, SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”).
(g)In June 2023, the agreement for one preferred equity investment was amended, resulting in the Company’s investment, inclusive of accrued preferred return, being classified as a note receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023. (See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion.)

As disclosed above, the Company began consolidating one preferred investment in December 2023, resulting in a $24.3 million loss on consolidation classified in Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had deferred fees of $7.6 million and $8.1 million, respectively, which will be recognized through earnings over the weighted average life of the related properties, upon the disposition of the properties to a third party, or upon completion of certain development obligations.

The Company recognized management fees of $6.8 million, $5.0 million, and $6.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, for management of the communities held by the joint ventures and partnerships. The management fees are included in Joint venture management and other fees on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company may, in the future, make additional capital contributions to certain of our joint ventures and partnerships should additional capital contributions be necessary to fund acquisitions or operations.

We consider various factors to determine if a decrease in the value of our Investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net is other-than-temporary. These factors include, but are not limited to, age of the venture, our intent and ability to retain our investment in the entity, the financial condition and long-term prospects of the entity, and the relationships with the other joint venture partners and its lenders. Based on the significance of the unobservable inputs, we classify these fair value measurements within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company did not incur any other-than-temporary impairments in the value of its investments in unconsolidated joint ventures during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

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Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

Condensed summary financial information relating to the unconsolidated joint ventures’ and partnerships’ operations (not just our proportionate share) is presented below for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

    

Developer

Capital Program

 

As of and For the

UDR/

UDR/

and Other

 

Year Ended December 31, 2023

MetLife 

LaSalle

RETV I

Investments

Total

Condensed Statements of Operations:

  

  

Total revenues

$

139,073

$

20,514

$

28

$

109,725

$

269,340

Property operating expenses

 

58,298

 

6,896

 

1,396

 

53,046

 

119,636

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

54,895

 

21,182

 

 

43,407

 

119,484

Operating income/(loss)

 

25,880

 

(7,564)

 

(1,368)

 

13,272

 

30,220

Interest expense

 

(32,720)

 

(126)

 

(103)

 

(53,282)

 

(86,231)

Other income/(loss)

 

 

 

 

537

 

537

Net realized gain/(loss) on held investments

 

 

 

33,941

 

2,113

 

36,054

Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments

(29,346)

16,695

(12,651)

Net income/(loss)

$

(6,840)

$

(7,690)

$

3,124

$

(20,665)

$

(32,071)

Condensed Balance Sheets:

 

  

 

 

 

  

 

  

Total real estate, net

$

1,214,525

$

595,976

$

$

1,347,556

$

3,158,057

Investments, at fair value

57,700

200,132

257,832

Cash and cash equivalents

 

14,826

 

4,809

 

260

 

41,775

 

61,670

Other assets

 

16,406

 

9,986

 

22

 

120,562

 

146,976

Total assets

 

1,245,757

 

610,771

 

57,982

 

1,710,025

 

3,624,535

Third party debt, net

 

855,050

 

45,126

 

 

1,112,640

 

2,012,816

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities

 

14,856

 

5,510

 

118

 

151,018

 

171,502

Total liabilities

 

869,906

 

50,636

 

118

 

1,263,658

 

2,184,318

Total equity

$

375,851

$

560,135

$

57,864

$

446,367

$

1,440,217

Developer

Capital Program

 

As of and For the

UDR/

and Other

 

Year Ended December 31, 2022

MetLife 

RETV I

Investments

Total

Condensed Statements of Operations:

  

  

Total revenues

$

130,229

$

42

$

38,145

$

168,416

Property operating expenses

 

55,262

 

1,596

 

23,622

 

80,480

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

55,580

 

 

20,064

 

75,644

Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate

127,542

127,542

Operating income/(loss)

 

19,387

 

(1,554)

 

122,001

 

139,834

Interest expense

 

(30,510)

 

(21)

 

(16,383)

 

(46,914)

Other income/(loss)

 

 

 

(90)

 

(90)

Net realized gain/(loss) on held investments (a)

 

101,954

 

3,601

 

105,555

Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments (a)

(308,202)

(569)

(308,771)

Net income/(loss)

$

(11,123)

$

(207,823)

$

108,560

$

(110,386)

Condensed Balance Sheets:

 

  

 

 

  

Total real estate, net

$

1,257,952

$

$

1,481,832

$

2,739,784

Investments, at fair value

96,118

117,625

213,743

Cash and cash equivalents

 

15,554

 

1,160

 

22,285

 

38,999

Other assets

 

14,420

 

52

 

107,287

 

121,759

Total assets

 

1,287,926

 

97,330

 

1,729,029

 

3,114,285

Third party debt, net

 

857,909

 

 

1,079,420

 

1,937,329

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities

 

14,155

 

70

 

202,923

 

217,148

Total liabilities

 

872,064

 

70

 

1,282,343

 

2,154,477

Total equity

$

415,862

$

97,260

$

446,686

$

959,808

(a)Net unrealized and realized gain/(loss) on held investments related to RETV I primarily related to unrealized and realized gains from SmartRent. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded its share of net losses related to RETV I of $(35.5) million. Of that amount, $(37.2) million related to an unrealized loss on SmartRent, which is recorded in Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated Statement Operations.

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Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

    

    

Developer

West Coast

Capital Program

For the

UDR/

Development

and Other

 

Year Ended December 31, 2021

MetLife 

Joint Ventures

RETV I

Investments

Total

Condensed Statements of Operations:

  

  

Total revenues

$

114,124

$

184

$

6

$

18,509

$

132,823

Property operating expenses

 

51,761

 

333

 

1,445

 

15,626

 

69,165

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

58,486

 

 

 

8,429

 

66,915

Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate

 

34,757

34,757

Operating income/(loss)

 

3,877

 

34,608

 

(1,439)

 

(5,546)

 

31,500

Interest expense

 

(32,307)

 

(41)

 

(17)

 

(11,161)

 

(43,526)

Other income/(loss)

 

(1,238)

 

 

(623)

 

(1,861)

Net realized gain/(loss) on held investments

 

 

12,341

 

 

12,341

Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments (a)

285,155

16,276

301,431

Net income/(loss)

$

(28,430)

$

33,329

$

296,040

$

(1,054)

$

299,885

(a)Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments primarily related to unrealized gains from SmartRent, which became a public company in 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded its share of the net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments of $49.9 million, of which $48.9 million related to SmartRent, in Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated Statement Operations.

6. LEASES

Lessee - Ground Leases

UDR has six communities that are subject to ground leases, under which UDR is the lessee, that expire between 2043 and 2103, inclusive of extension options we are reasonably certain will be exercised. All of these leases are classified as operating leases through the lease term expiration based on our election of the practical expedient provided by the leasing standard. Rental expense for lease payments related to operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term. We currently do not hold any finance leases. The Company also elected the short-term lease exception provided by the leasing standard and therefore only recognizes right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term greater than one year. No leases qualified for the short-term lease exception during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Operating lease right-of-use assets were $190.6 million and $194.1 million, respectively, and the Operating lease liabilities were $185.8 million and $189.2 million, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets related to our ground leases. The value of the Operating lease right-of-use assets exceeds the value of the Operating lease liabilities due to prepaid lease payments. The calculation of these amounts includes minimum lease payments over the remaining lease term (described further in the table below). Variable lease payments are excluded from the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities and are recognized in earnings in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred.

As the discount rate implicit in the leases was not readily determinable, we determined the discount rate for these leases utilizing the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at a portfolio level, adjusted for the remaining lease term, and the form of underlying collateral.

The weighted average remaining lease term for these leases was 42.0 years and 42.6 years at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and the weighted average discount rate was 5.0% at both December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Future minimum lease payments and total operating lease liabilities from our ground leases as of December 31, 2023 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Ground Leases

2024

$

12,442

2025

12,442

2026

12,442

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

2027

12,442

2028

12,442

Thereafter

405,452

Total future minimum lease payments (undiscounted)

467,662

Difference between future undiscounted cash flows and discounted cash flows

(281,826)

Total operating lease liabilities (discounted)

$

185,836

For purposes of recognizing our ground lease contracts, the Company uses the minimum lease payments, if stated in the agreement. For ground lease agreements where there is a rent reset provision based on a change in an index or a rate (i.e., changes in fair market rental rates or changes in the consumer price index) but that does not include a specified minimum lease payment, the Company uses the current rent over the remainder of the lease term. If there is a contingency upon which some or all of the variable lease payments that will be paid over the remainder of the lease term are based, which is resolved such that those payments now meet the definition of lease payments, the Company will remeasure the right-of-use asset and lease liability on the reset date.

The components of operating lease expenses were as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 

2023

2022

2021

Lease expense:

Contractual lease expense

$

13,173

$

12,991

$

12,924

Variable lease expense (a)

155

112

78

Total operating lease expense (b)(c)

$

13,328

$

13,103

$

13,002

(a)Variable lease expense includes adjustments such as changes in the consumer price index and payments based on a percentage of a community’s revenue.
(b)Lease expense is reported within the line item Other operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations, which was based onOperations.
(c)For the note’s principal balance year ended December 31, 2023, Operating lease right-of-use assets and unpaid accrued interestOperating lease liabilities amortized by $3.5 million and $3.4 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022, Operating lease right-of-use assets and Operating lease liabilities amortized by $3.4 million and $3.3 million, respectively, and for the year ended December 31, 2021, Operating lease right-of-use assets and Operating lease liabilities amortized by $3.5 million and $3.1 million, respectively. Due to the net impact of $4.9 million.the amortization, the Company recorded $0.1 million, $0.1 million and $0.3 million of total operating lease expense during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Lessor - Apartment Home, Retail and Commercial Space Leases

UDR’s communities and retail and commercial space are leased to tenants under operating leases. As of December 31, 2023, our apartment home leases generally have initial terms of 12 months or less. As of December 31, 2023, our retail and commercial space leases generally have initial terms of between 5 and 15 years and represent approximately 1% to 2% of our total lease revenue. Our apartment home leases are generally renewable at the end of the lease term, subject to potential changes in rental rates, and our retail and commercial space leases generally have renewal options, subject to associated increases in rental rates due to market-based or fixed-price renewal options and certain other conditions. (See Note 16, Reportable Segments for further discussion around our major revenue streams and disaggregation of our revenue.)

Future minimum lease payments from our retail and commercial leases as of December 31, 2023 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Retail and Commercial Leases

2024

$

26,807

2025

24,432

2026

21,735

2027

18,121

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

2028

15,191

Thereafter

58,166

Total future minimum lease payments (a)

$

164,452

(a)We have excluded our apartment home leases from this table as our apartment home leases generally have initial terms of 12 months or less.

Certain of our leases with retail and commercial tenants provide for the payment by the lessee of additional variable rent based on a percentage of the tenant’s revenue. The amounts shown in the table above do not include these variable percentage rents. The Company recorded variable percentage rents of $1.1 million, $0.8 million and $0.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

7. SECURED AND UNSECURED DEBT, NET

The following is a summary of our secured and unsecured debt at December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Principal Outstanding

As of December 31, 2023

Weighted

Weighted

Average

Average

Number of

December 31, 

December 31, 

Interest

Years to

Communities

    

2023

    

2022

    

Rate

    

Maturity

    

Encumbered

Secured Debt:

  

  

  

  

  

Fixed Rate Debt

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Mortgage notes payable (a)

$

1,213,751

$

1,005,622

 

3.48

%  

4.7

 

20

Deferred financing costs and other non-cash adjustments (b)

 

(3,009)

 

19,712

 

  

 

  

 

  

Total fixed rate secured debt, net

 

1,210,742

 

1,025,334

 

3.48

%  

4.7

 

20

Variable Rate Debt

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Mortgage notes payable (c)

 

40,017

 

 

8.33

%  

1.3

 

1

Tax-exempt secured notes payable (d)

 

27,000

 

27,000

 

4.08

%  

8.2

 

1

Deferred financing costs

 

(46)

 

(53)

 

  

 

  

 

  

Total variable rate secured debt, net

 

66,971

 

26,947

 

6.61

%  

4.1

 

2

Total Secured Debt, net

 

1,277,713

 

1,052,281

 

3.64

%  

4.7

 

22

Unsecured Debt:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Variable Rate Debt

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Borrowings outstanding under unsecured credit facility due January 2026 (e) (n)

 

 

 

%  

2.1

 

  

Borrowings outstanding under unsecured commercial paper program due January 2024 (f) (n)

408,075

300,000

5.67

%  

0.1

Borrowings outstanding under unsecured working capital credit facility due January 2025 (g)

 

4,593

 

28,015

 

6.28

%  

1.0

 

  

Term Loan due January 2027 (e) (n)

 

 

175,000

 

%  

3.1

 

  

Fixed Rate Debt

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Term Loan due January 2027 (e) (n)

350,000

 

175,000

 

3.36

%  

3.1

8.50% Debentures due September 2024

 

15,644

 

15,644

 

8.50

%  

0.7

 

  

2.95% Medium-Term Notes due September 2026 (h) (n)

 

300,000

 

300,000

 

2.89

%  

2.7

 

  

3.50% Medium-Term Notes due July 2027 (net of discounts of $247 and $317, respectively) (i) (n)

299,753

299,683

4.03

%  

3.5

3.50% Medium-Term Notes due January 2028 (net of discounts of $479 and $598, respectively) (n)

299,521

299,402

3.50

%  

4.0

4.40% Medium-Term Notes due January 2029 (net of discounts of $3 and $4, respectively) (j) (n)

299,997

299,996

4.27

%  

5.1

3.20% Medium-Term Notes due January 2030 (net of premiums of $8,294 and $9,667, respectively) (k) (n)

608,294

609,667

3.32

%  

6.0

3.00% Medium-Term Notes due August 2031 (net of premiums of $9,109 and $10,304, respectively) (l) (n)

609,109

610,304

3.01

%  

7.6

2.10% Medium-Term Notes due August 2032 (net of discounts of $303 and $338, respectively) (n)

399,697

399,662

2.10

%  

8.6

1.90% Medium-Term Notes due March 2033 (net of discounts of $1,110 and $1,230, respectively) (n)

348,890

348,770

1.90

%  

9.2

2.10% Medium-Term Notes due June 2033 (net of discounts of $941 and $1,041, respectively) (n)

299,059

298,959

2.10

%  

9.5

3.10% Medium-Term Notes due November 2034 (net of discounts of $956 and $1,045, respectively) (m) (n)

299,044

298,955

3.13

%  

10.8

Other

 

2

 

5

 

  

 

  

 

  

Deferred financing costs

 

(20,682)

 

(24,040)

 

  

 

  

 

  

Total Unsecured Debt, net

 

4,520,996

 

4,435,022

 

3.30

%  

5.9

 

  

Total Debt, net

$

5,798,709

$

5,487,303

 

3.40

%  

5.6

 

  

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

For purposes of classification of the above table, variable rate debt with a derivative financial instrument designated as a cash flow hedge is deemed as fixed rate debt due to the Company having effectively established a fixed interest rate for the underlying debt instrument.

Our secured debt instruments generally feature either monthly interest and principal or monthly interest-only payments with balloon payments due at maturity. As of December 31, 2023, secured debt encumbered approximately 14% of UDR’s total real estate owned based upon gross book value (approximately 86% of UDR’s real estate owned based on gross book value is unencumbered).

(a) At December 31, 2023, fixed rate mortgage notes payable are generally due in monthly installments of principal and interest and mature at various dates from July 2024 through February 2031 and carry interest rates ranging from 2.62% to 4.39%.

The Company will from time to time acquire properties subject to fixed rate debt instruments. In those situations, the Company records the debt at its estimated fair value and amortizes any difference between the fair value and par value to interest expense over the term of the underlying debt instrument.

In August 2023, the Company assumed secured fixed rate mortgage notes payable with an outstanding balance of $209.4 million and a fair value of $191.7 million in connection with the acquisition of six operating communities. The six mortgages had outstanding balances ranging from $28.0 million to $40.0 million and carry interest rates from 3.24% to 4.12% (see Note 3, 

Principles of Consolidation

The Company accounts for subsidiary partnerships, joint ventures and other similar entities in which it holds an ownership interest in accordance with the consolidation guidance. The Company first evaluates whether each entity is a VIE. Under the VIE model, the Company consolidates an entity when it has control to direct the activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Under the voting model, the Company consolidates an entity when it controls the entity through ownership of a majority voting interest.

Discontinued Operations

In accordance with GAAP, a discontinued operation represents (1) a component of an entity or group of components that has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale in a single transaction and represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on an entity’s financial results, or (2) an acquired business that is classified as held for sale on the date of acquisition. A strategic shift could include a disposal of (1) a separate major line of business, (2) a separate major geographic area of operations, (3) a major equity method investment, or (4) other major parts of an entity.

We record sales of real estate that do not meet the definition of a discontinued operation in Real Estate OwnedGain/(loss) on sale of real estate owned on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Stock-Based Employee Compensation Plans

The Company measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of an equity instrument based on the award’s fair value on the grant date and recognizes the cost as stock-based compensation expense over the period during which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, which is

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

generally the vesting period. For performance based awards, the Company remeasures the fair value based on the estimated achievement of the performance criteria each balance sheet date with adjustments made on a cumulative basis until the award is settled and the final compensation is known. Stock-based compensation expense is only recognized for performance based awards that we expect to vest, which we estimate based upon an assessment of the probability that the performance criteria will be achieved. Stock-based compensation expense associated with awards is updated for actual forfeitures. The fair value for market based awards issued by the Company is calculated utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation and the fair value for stock options issued by the Company is calculated utilizing the Black-Scholes-Merton formula. For further discussion, see Note 10, Employee Benefit Plans.

Advertising Costs

All advertising costs are expensed as incurred and reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations within the line item Property operating and maintenance. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, total advertising expense was $9.2 million, $8.7 million, and $8.3 million, respectively.

Cost of Raising Capital

Costs incurred in connection with the issuance of equity securities are deducted from stockholders’ equity. Costs incurred in connection with the issuance or renewal of debt are recorded based on the terms of the debt issuance or renewal. Accordingly, if the terms of the renewed or modified debt instrument are deemed to be substantially different (i.e. a 10 percent or greater difference in the cash flows between instruments), all unamortized financing costs associated with the extinguished debt are charged to earnings in the current period and certain costs of new debt issuances are capitalized and amortized over the term of the debt. When the cash flows are not substantially different, the lender costs associated with the renewal or modification are capitalized and amortized into interest expense over the remaining term of the related debt instrument and other related costs are expensed. The balance of any unamortized financing costs associated with retired debt is expensed upon retirement. Deferred financing costs for new debt instruments include fees and costs incurred by the Company to obtain financing. Deferred financing costs are generally amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest method, over a period not to exceed the term of the related debt.

Comprehensive Income/(Loss)

Comprehensive income/(loss), which is defined as the change in equity during each period from transactions and other events and circumstances from nonowner sources, including all changes in equity during a period except for those resulting from investments by or distributions to stockholders, is displayed in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income/(Loss). For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company’s other comprehensive income/(loss) consisted of the gain/(loss) (effective portion) on derivative instruments that are designated as and qualify as cash flow hedges, (gain)/loss on derivative instruments reclassified from other comprehensive income/(loss) into earnings, and the allocation of other comprehensive income/(loss) to noncontrolling interests. The (gain)/loss on derivative instruments reclassified from other comprehensive income/(loss) is included in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 14, Derivatives and Hedging Activity, for further discussiondiscussion. The allocation of other comprehensive income/(loss) to redeemable noncontrolling interests during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $(0.2) million, $0.9 million, and $0.4 million, respectively.

Forward Sales Agreements

From time to time the Company utilizes forward sales agreements for the future issuance of its common stock. When the Company enters into a forward sales agreement, the contract requires the Company to sell its shares to a counterparty at a predetermined price at a future date. The net sales price and proceeds attained by the Company will be determined on the dates of settlement, with adjustments during the term of the contract for the Company’s anticipated dividends as well as for a daily interest factor that varies with changes in the federal funds rate. The Company generally has the ability to determine the dates and method of settlement (i.e., gross physical settlement, net share settlement or cash settlement), subject to certain conditions and the right of the counterparty to accelerate settlement under certain circumstances.

The Company accounts for the shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon settlement as equity in accordance with ASC 815-40, Contracts in Entity's Own Equity, which permits equity classification when a contract is

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

considered indexed to the entity’s own stock and the contract requires or permits the issuing entity to settle the contract in shares (either physically or net in shares).

The guidance establishes a two-step process for evaluating whether an equity-linked financial instrument is considered indexed to the entity’s own stock, first, evaluating the instrument’s contingent exercise provisions and second, evaluating the instrument’s settlement provisions. When entering into forward sales agreements, we determined that (i) none of the agreement’s exercise contingencies are based on observable markets or indices besides those related to the market for our own stock price; and (ii) none of the settlement provisions preclude the agreements from being indexed to our own stock.

Before the issuance of shares of common stock, upon physical or net share settlement of the forward sales agreements, the Company expects that the shares issuable upon settlement of the forward sales agreements will be reflected in its diluted income/(loss) per share calculations using the treasury stock method. Under this method, the number of shares of common stock used in calculating diluted income/(loss) per share is deemed to be increased by the excess, if any, of the number of shares of common stock that would be issued upon full physical settlement of the forward sales agreements over the number of shares of common stock that could be purchased by the Company in the open market (based on the average market price during the period) using the proceeds receivable upon full physical settlement (based on the adjusted forward sale price at the end of the reporting period). When the Company physically or net share settles any forward sales agreement, the delivery of shares of common stock would result in an increase in the number of weighted average common shares outstanding and dilution to basic income/(loss) per share. (See Note 8, Income/(Loss) per Share for further discussion.)

Lease Receivables

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company performed an analysis in accordance with the ASC 842, Leases, guidance to assess the collectibility of its operating lease receivables. This analysis included an assessment of collectibility of current and future rents and whether those lease payments were no longer probable of collection. In accordance with the leases guidance, if lease payments are no longer deemed to be probable over the life of the lease contract, we recognize revenue only when cash is received, and all existing contractual operating lease receivables and straight-line lease receivables are reserved.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s multifamily tenant lease receivables balance, net of its reserve, was approximately $9.0 million, including its share from unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company’s retail tenant lease receivables balance (exclusive of straight-line rent receivables), net of its reserve, was approximately $0.3 million, including its share from unconsolidated joint ventures, as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s multifamily tenant lease receivables balance, net of its reserve, was approximately $8.7 million, including its share from unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company’s retail tenant lease receivables balance (exclusive of straight-line rent receivables), net of its reserve, was approximately $4.3 million, including its share from unconsolidated joint ventures, as of December 31, 2022..)

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual amounts realized or paid could differ from those estimates.

Market Concentration Risk

The Company is subject to increased exposure from economic and other competitive factors specific to markets where the Company holds a significant percentage of the carrying value of its real estate portfolio. At December 31, 2023, the Company held greater than 10% of the carrying value of its real estate portfolio in each of the Metropolitan D.C. and Boston, Massachusetts markets.

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

3. REAL ESTATE OWNED

Real estate assets owned by the Company consist of income producing operating properties, properties under development, land held for future development, and held for disposition properties. As of December 31, 2023, the Company owned and consolidated 168 communities in 13 states plus the District of Columbia totaling 55,550 apartment homes. The following table summarizes the carrying amounts for our real estate owned (at cost) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

2023

2022

Land

$

2,549,716

$

2,539,499

Depreciable property — held and used:

 

 

  

Land improvements

 

255,706

 

254,578

Building, improvements, and furniture, fixtures and equipment

 

12,902,021

 

12,521,838

Real estate intangible assets

50,013

50,013

Under development:

 

  

 

  

Land and land improvements

 

16,576

 

43,711

Building, improvements, and furniture, fixtures and equipment

 

143,828

 

146,394

Real estate held for disposition:

 

  

 

  

Land and land improvements

 

13,734

 

Building, improvements, and furniture, fixtures and equipment

 

92,265

 

14,039

Real estate owned

 

16,023,859

 

15,570,072

Accumulated depreciation (a)

 

(6,267,830)

 

(5,762,501)

Real estate owned, net

$

9,756,029

$

9,807,571

(a)Accumulated depreciation is inclusive of $17.2 million and $13.1 million of accumulated amortization related to real estate intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(c)

Acquisitions

In February 2023, the Company took title to a 136 apartment home operating community located in San Francisco, California, through a foreclosure proceeding. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company. (See Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships for more information).

In August 2023, the Company acquired a portfolio of six operating communities totaling 1,753 apartment homes, which included four operating communities in Dallas, Texas and two operating communities in Austin, Texas, for a purchase price of $354.6 million. The Company hasacquired the portfolio with a secured note combination of cash, the assumption of six mortgage loans with an unaffiliated third partyoutstanding principal balance of approximately $209.4 million (fair value of $191.7 million), and the issuance of 3.6 million OP Units to the seller valued at $141.4 million. The OP Units were valued based on the closing price per share of UDR’s common stock on the date of acquisition in accordance with an aggregate commitmentGAAP. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $344.8 million, recorded $9.8 million of $2.8in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $17.6 million alldebt discount in connection with the below-market debt assumed.

In January 2024, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s commonequity interest in a 173 apartment home operating community located in Oakland, California for $1.4 million. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of which has been funded. The note is secured bythe Company. (See Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships for more information).

In April 2022, the Company acquired a to-be-developed parcel of land located in Kissimmee, Florida. Interest payments are due whenFort Lauderdale, Florida for approximately $16.0 million.

In June 2022, the loan maturesCompany acquired a 433 apartment home operating community located in May 2022.Danvers, Massachusetts for approximately $207.5 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $203.7 million and recorded $3.8 million of in-place lease intangibles.

(d)

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

In June 2022, the Company acquired three contiguous to-be-developed parcels of land located in Dallas, Texas for approximately $90.2 million.

In June 2022, the Company acquired a to-be-developed parcel of land, which included two operating retail components, located in Riverside, California for approximately $29.0 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $28.2 million and recorded $0.8 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In January 2021, the Company acquired a 300 apartment home operating community located in Franklin, Massachusetts, for approximately $77.4 million. In connection with the acquisition, the Company assumed an above-market mortgage note payable secured by the community with an outstanding balance of approximately $51.8 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $82.0 million, recorded $2.0 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $6.6 million debt premium in connection with the above-market debt assumed.

In April 2021, the Company acquired a 636 apartment home operating community located in Farmers Branch, Texas, for approximately $110.2 million. In connection with the acquisition, the Company assumed an above-market mortgage note payable secured by the community with an outstanding balance of approximately $42.0 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $111.5 million, recorded $3.0 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $4.3 million debt premium in connection with the above-market debt assumed.

The Company previously had a secured note with an unaffiliated third party with an aggregate commitment of $115.0$20.0 million. Interest payments were due when the loan matured. The note was secured by a first priorityparcel of land and related land improvements located in Alameda, California. In September 2020, the developer defaulted on the loan. As a result of the default, in April 2021, the Company took title to the property pursuant to a deed in lieu of trustforeclosure. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $25.0 million, the fair market value of the property on the date of the title transfer, and recorded a $0.1 million gain on extinguishment of the secured note to Interest income and other income/(expense), net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

In May 2021, the Company acquired a to-be-developed parcel of land located in Tampa, Florida, for approximately $6.6 million.

In May 2021, the Company acquired a 945 apartment home operating community located in Frisco, Texas, for approximately $166.9 million. In connection with the acquisition, the Company assumed an above-market mortgage note payable secured by the community with an outstanding balance of approximately $89.5 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $169.9 million, recorded $4.1 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $7.1 million debt premium in connection with the above-market debt assumed.

In June 2021, the Company acquired a 468 apartment home operating community located in Germantown, Maryland, for approximately $121.9 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $119.3 million and recorded $2.6 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In July 2021, the Company acquired a 259 apartment home operating community located in Bellevue, Washington, for approximately $171.9 million. The Company previously had a $115.0 million secured note receivable associated with this operating community. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $169.1 million and recorded $2.8 million of in-place lease intangibles. In connection with the acquisition of this community, the note and the unpaid accrued interest were paid in full.

In August 2021, the Company acquired a 544 apartment home operating community located in Germantown, Maryland, for approximately $127.2 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $124.4 million and recorded $2.8 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In September 2021, the Company acquired a 320 apartment home operating community located in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, for approximately $116.2 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $113.8 million and recorded $2.4 million of in-place lease intangibles.

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

In September 2021, the Company acquired a 192 apartment home operating community located in Towson, Maryland, for approximately $57.6 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $54.0 million and recorded $2.4 million of real estate tax intangibles and $1.2 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In September 2021, the Company acquired a 339 apartment home operating community located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for approximately $147.0 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $136.7 million and recorded $7.1 million of real estate tax intangibles and $3.2 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In October 2021, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s common equity interest in a 330 apartment home operating community located in Orlando, Florida, for a total purchase price of approximately $106.0 million. The Company paid for the community by issuing approximately 0.9 million OP Units (valued at $53.00 per unit per the agreement) to the seller, which equaled $47.9 million.In connection with the acquisition, the joint venture construction loan of approximately $39.6 million was repaid. The Company previously held a $16.4 million preferred equity investment in the entity on the date of acquisition, which it accounted for as an unconsolidated equity investment. As a result, in October 2021, the Company increased its ownership interest to 100% and consolidated the operating community. The Company accounted for the consolidation as an asset acquisition resulting in no gain or loss upon consolidation. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $103.6 million and recorded $2.4 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In October 2021, the Company acquired a 663 apartment home operating community located in Orlando, Florida, for approximately $177.8 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $174.1 million and recorded and $3.7 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In November 2021, the Company acquired a 430 apartment home operating community located in Towson, Maryland, for approximately $125.3 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $122.6 million and recorded and $2.7 million of in-place lease intangibles.

Dispositions

In January 2023, the Company sold the retail component of a development community located in Washington D.C. for gross proceeds of approximately $14.4 million, resulting in a gain of less than $0.1 million. The gross proceeds were received ratably throughout the development of the community and are reflected as a reduction of capital expenditures.

In June 2023, the Company contributed four wholly owned operating communities, totaling 1,328 apartment homes located in various markets, to a newly formed joint venture in exchange for a 51.0% interest in the venture. The contribution resulted in the Company no longer retaining a controlling interest in the communities, and the Company deconsolidated the operating communities. The Company received approximately $247.9 million in cash proceeds from our joint venture partner at formation. The transaction was accounted for as a partial sale and resulted in a gain of approximately $325.9 million, which was recorded in Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate owned on the Consolidated Statement of Operations, which consisted of the gain on the partial sale and the initial measurement of our retained interest at fair value. (See Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships for further discussion.)

In December 2023, the Company sold an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon with a total of 276 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $78.6 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $25.3 million.

In February 2024, the Company sold an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia with a total of 214 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $100.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $17.3 million. This operating community was classified as held for disposition as of December 31, 2023.

In November 2022, the Company sold an operating community located in Orange County, California with a total of 90 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $41.5 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $25.5 million.

In February 2021, the Company sold an operating community located in Anaheim, California, with a total of 386 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $156.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $50.8 million.

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

In October 2021, the Company sold an operating community located in Anaheim, California, with a total of 265 apartment homes for a sales price of $126.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $85.2 million.

Developments

At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed, in 2020which we have an investment of $160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed in the second quarter of 2024.

Other Activity

In connection with the acquisition of certain properties, the Company agreed to pay certain of the tax liabilities of certain contributors if the Company sells one or more of the properties contributed in a taxable transaction prior to the expiration of specified periods of time following the acquisition. The Company may, however, sell, without being required to pay any tax liabilities, any of such properties in a non-taxable transaction, including, but not limited to, a tax deferred Section 1031 exchange. 

Further, the Company has agreed to maintain certain debt that may be guaranteed by certain contributors for specified periods of time following the acquisition. The Company, however, has the ability to refinance or repay guaranteed debt or to substitute new debt if the debt and the guaranty continue to satisfy certain conditions.

.Amortization of Intangible Assets

The following table provides a summary of the aggregate amortization for the intangible assets acquired in the acquisition of real estate for each of the next five years and thereafter (in thousands):

Unamortized Balance as of December 31, 2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

Thereafter

Real estate intangible assets, net (a)

$

32,770

$

3,995

$

3,858

$

3,723

$

3,590

$

2,436

$

15,168

In-place lease intangible assets, net (b)

13,104

8,997

626

519

450

326

2,186

Total

$

45,874

$

12,992

$

4,484

$

4,242

$

4,040

$

2,762

$

17,354

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Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

In July 2021, the Company acquired the operating community. In connection with the acquisition of this community, the note and the unpaid accrued interest were paid in full. (See Note 3, Real Estate Owned for further discussion.)

(e)
(a)Real estate intangible assets, net is recorded net of accumulated amortization of $17.2 million in Real estate held for investment, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, $4.2 million and $4.3 million, respectively, of amortization expense was recorded in Depreciation and Amortization on the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(b)In-place lease intangible assets, net is recorded net of accumulated amortization of $9.5 million in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, $7.3 million and $22.5 million, respectively, was recorded in Depreciation and Amortization on the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

4. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

The Company has determined that the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership are VIEs as the limited partners lack substantive kick-out rights and substantive participating rights. The Company has concluded that it is the primary beneficiary of, and therefore consolidates, the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership based on its role as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership. The Company’s role as community manager and its equity interests give us the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance and the obligation to absorb potentially significant losses or the right to receive potentially significant benefits of the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

5. JOINT VENTURES AND PARTNERSHIPS

UDR has entered into joint ventures and partnerships with unrelated third parties to own, operate, acquire, renovate, develop, redevelop, dispose of, and manage real estate assets that are either consolidated and included in Real estate owned on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or are accounted for under the equity method of accounting, and are included in Investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company consolidates the entities that we control as well as any variable interest entity where we are the primary beneficiary. Under the VIE model, the Company consolidates an entity when it has control to direct the activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Under the voting model, the Company consolidates an entity when it controls the entity through ownership of a majority voting interest.

UDR’s joint ventures and partnerships are funded with a combination of debt and equity. Our losses are typically limited to our investment and except as noted below, the Company does not guarantee any debt, capital payout or other obligations associated with our joint ventures and partnerships.

Consolidated joint venture

The Company previously held a preferred equity investment in a joint venture that owned a 136 apartment home community located in San Francisco, California. In 2022, the joint venture was deemed to be a VIE and the Company concluded that it was the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and therefore began consolidating the joint venture. In February 2023, the Company took title to the property pursuant to a foreclosure resulting in it being a wholly-owned community.

The Company has a secured notepreferred equity investment in a joint venture that owns a 173 apartment home community located in Oakland, California. In December 2023, the developer informed the Company that it would not fund its share of a capital call and subsequently entered into an agreement to transfer its equity interest in the joint venture to the Company for $1.4 million. As a result, the joint venture was deemed to be a VIE. The Company concluded that it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and therefore began consolidating the joint venture, resulting in a $24.3 million loss on consolidation which is recorded in Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The consolidated assets and liabilities related to the VIE were initially recorded at fair value during December 2023 and were approximately $68.0 million and $42.5 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. The Company took title to the developer’s equity interest in the joint venture in January 2024. (See Note 3, Real Estate Owned for more information).

Unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships

The Company recognizes earnings or losses from our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships consisting of our proportionate share of the net earnings or losses of the joint ventures and partnerships. In addition, we may earn fees for providing management services for the communities held by the unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships.

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Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

The following table summarizes the Company’s investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships, net, which are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Number of

Number of

Operating

Apartment

UDR's Weighted Average

 

Communities

Homes

Ownership Interest

Investment at

Income/(loss) from investments

  

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

 

  

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

Joint Ventures

  

2023

    

2023

2023

  

2022

 

  

2023

  

2022

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Operating:

  

  

  

  

 

  

  

UDR/MetLife (a)

13

2,837

50.1

%  

50.1

%

$

225,195

$

247,160

$

(5,378)

$

(7,604)

$

(17,785)

UDR/LaSalle (b)

5

1,590

51.0

%

%

286,723

(3,660)

Total Joint Ventures

18

 

4,427

  

 

  

$

511,918

$

247,160

$

(9,038)

$

(7,604)

$

(17,785)

Number of

Apartment

Communities

Homes

Weighted

Investment at

Income/(loss) from investments

Developer Capital Program

  

December 31, 

December 31, 

Average

  

Years To

UDR

  

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

and Real Estate Technology Investments (c)

  

2023

2023

Rate

  

Maturity

Commitment (d)

  

2023

  

2022

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Preferred equity investments:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

  

  

Operating (e)

21

4,545

9.3

%

3.3

$

252,889

304,699

282,766

$

27,260

$

20,202

$

10,928

Development

2

1,073

10.7

%

3.2

68,207

83,072

74,648

8,425

6,172

92

Total Preferred Equity Investments

23

5,618

9.6

%

3.3

321,096

387,771

357,414

35,685

26,374

11,020

Real estate technology and sustainability investments:

RETV I (f)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

18,000

10,062

16,601

(614)

(35,507)

50,795

RETV II

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

18,000

15,371

11,670

1,364

(265)

1,101

RETV III

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

15,000

1,329

(212)

RET Strategic Fund

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

25,000

13,980

8,078

(174)

496

RET ESG

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

10,000

3,640

2,898

(260)

(153)

Total Preferred Equity Investments and Real Estate Technology Investments

432,153

396,661

35,789

(9,055)

62,916

Sold joint ventures and other investments (g)

103,173

(22,058)

21,606

20,515

Total Joint Ventures, Developer Capital Program and Real Estate Technology Investments, net (a)

$

944,071

$

746,994

$

4,693

$

4,947

$

65,646

(a)As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s negative investment in one UDR/MetLife community of $8.9 million and $7.5 million, respectively, is recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(b)In June 2023, the Company formed a new real estate joint venture, UDR/LaSalle, with LaSalle Investment Management on behalf of an institutional client (“LaSalle”). Four operating communities, located in various markets, were contributed by the Company. The joint venture partner paid the Company approximately $247.9 million at formation of the joint venture. The Company will have the potential to earn a promoted return should certain return hurdles be achieved. Our initial investment was $258.2 million and consisted solely of our equity in the four operating communities contributed to the joint venture.

In December 2023, the joint venture acquired an operating community with an unaffiliated262 apartment homes, located in Norwood, Massachusetts, for approximately $114.3 million.

(c)The Developer Capital Program is the program through which the Company makes investments, including preferred equity investments, mezzanine loans or other structured investments that may receive a fixed yield on the investment and may include provisions pursuant to which the Company participates in the increase in value of the property upon monetization of the applicable property. At December 31, 2023, our preferred equity investment portfolio consisted of 23 communities located in various markets, consisting of 5,618 completed or under development homes. In addition, the Company’s preferred equity investments include four investments that receive a variable percentage of the value created from the project upon a capital or liquidating event. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not enter into or fund any new preferred equity investments and no preferred equity investments were redeemed.
(d)Represents UDR’s maximum funding commitment only and therefore excludes other activity such as income from investments.
(e)In June 2023, two preferred equity investment agreements were amended. In connection with the amendments, the Company funded an incremental $17.0 million to one joint venture, which was used to pay down the senior

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Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

construction loan in connection with an extension of the maturity date of the senior construction loan to April 2025, and funded an incremental $3.8 million to the other joint venture, which was used to pay down the senior construction loan in connection with an extension of the maturity date of the senior construction loan to June 2025.
(f)The Company recognized $(0.6) million, $(35.5) million and $50.8 million of investment income/(loss) from RETV I for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which primarily related to unrealized gains/(losses) from one portfolio investment held by RETV I, SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”).
(g)In June 2023, the agreement for one preferred equity investment was amended, resulting in the Company’s investment, inclusive of accrued preferred return, being classified as a note receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023. (See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion.)

As disclosed above, the Company began consolidating one preferred investment in December 2023, resulting in a $24.3 million loss on consolidation classified in Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had deferred fees of $7.6 million and $8.1 million, respectively, which will be recognized through earnings over the weighted average life of the related properties, upon the disposition of the properties to a third party, with an aggregate commitmentor upon completion of $25.4certain development obligations.

The Company recognized management fees of $6.8 million, of which $24.2$5.0 million, has been funded, including $4.6and $6.1 million funded during the yearyears ended December 31, 2021. Interest payments are due monthly. The note matures at the earliest2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, for management of the following: (a)communities held by the closing of any private or public capital raisingjoint ventures and partnerships. The management fees are included in the amount of $5.0 million or greater; (b) an acquisition; (c) acceleration in the event of default; or (d) January 2023.

In August 2021, the terms of this secured note were amended to increase the aggregate commitment from $22.0 million to $25.4 million.

The Company recognized $5.3 million, $9.1 million, and $5.5 million of interest income and 0, 0, and $8.5 million of promoted interest from notes receivable during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, NaN of which was related party interest. Interest income and promoted interest are included in Interest income and other income/(expense), net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Investment in Joint Ventures and Partnerships

We use the equity method to account for investments in joint ventures and partnerships that qualify as VIEs where we are not the primary beneficiary and other entities that we do not control or where we do not own a majority of the economic interest but have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee. Throughout these financial statements we use the term “joint venture” or “partnership” when referring to investments in entities in which we do not have a 100% ownership interest. The Company also uses the equity method when we function as the managing partner and our venture partner has substantive participating rights or where we can be replaced by our venture partner as managing partner without cause. For a joint venture or partnership accounted for under the equity method, our share of net earnings or losses is reflected as income/loss when earned/incurred and distributions are credited against our investment in the joint venture or partnership as received.

In determining whether a joint venture or partnership is a VIE, the Company considers: the form of our ownership interest and legal structure; the size of our investment; the financing structure of the entity, including necessity of subordinated debt; estimates of future cash flows; ours and our partner’s ability to participate in the decision making related to acquisitions, disposition, budgeting and financing of the entity; obligation to absorb losses and preferential returns; nature of our partner’s primary operations; and the degree, if any, of disproportionality between the economic and voting interests of the entity. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not have investments in any joint ventures or partnerships that qualify as VIEs where we were determined to be the primary beneficiary.

We evaluate our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures for events or changes in circumstances that indicate there may be an other-than-temporary decline in value. We consider various factors to determine if a decrease in the value of the investment is other-than-temporary. These factors include, but are not limited to, age of the venture, our intent and ability to retain our investment in the entity, the financial condition and long-term prospects of the entity, the fair value of the property of the joint venture, and the relationships with the other joint venture partners and its lenders. The amount of loss recognized is the excess of the investment’s carrying amount over its estimated fair value. If we believe that the decline in fair value is temporary, no impairment is recorded. The aforementioned factors are taken into consideration as a whole by management in determining the valuation of our equity method investments. Should the actual results differ from management’s judgment, the valuation could be negatively affected and may result in a negative impact to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk and generally designates these financial instruments as cash flow hedges. Derivative financial instruments are recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as either an asset or liability and measured quarterly at their fair value. The changes in fair value for cash flow hedges that are deemed effective are reflected in other comprehensive income/(loss) and for non-designated derivative financial instruments in earnings. The ineffective component of cash flow hedges, if any, is recorded in earnings.

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Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

Interests in the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership held by limited partners are represented by OP Units and DownREIT Units, respectively. The income is allocated to holders of OP Units/DownREIT Units based upon net income available to common stockholders and the weighted average number of OP Units/DownREIT Units outstanding to total common shares plus OP Units/DownREIT Units outstanding during the period. Capital contributions, distributions, and profits and losses are allocated to noncontrolling interests in accordance with the terms of the partnership agreements of the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership.

Limited partners of the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership have the right to require such partnership to redeem all or a portion of the OP Units/DownREIT Units held by the limited partner at a redemption price equal to and in the form of the Cash Amount (as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership, as applicable), provided that such OP Units/DownREIT Units have been outstanding for at least one year, subject to certain exceptions. UDR, as the general partner of the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may, in its sole discretion, purchase the OP Units/DownREIT Units by paying to the limited partner either the Cash Amount or the REIT Share Amount (generally one share of Common Stock of the Company for each OP Unit/DownREIT Unit), as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership, as applicable. Accordingly, the Company records the OP Units/DownREIT Units outside of permanent equity and reports the OP Units/DownREIT Units at their redemption value using the Company’s stock price at each balance sheet date.

Income Taxes

Due to the structure of the Company as a REIT and the nature of the operations for the operating properties, 0 provision for federal income taxes has been provided for at UDR. Historically, the Company has generally incurred only state and local excise and franchise taxes. UDR has elected for certain consolidated subsidiaries to be treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”).

Income taxes for our TRS are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities from a change in tax rate is recognized in earnings in the period of the enactment date. The Company’s deferred tax assets/(liabilities) are generally the result of differing depreciable lives on capitalized assets, temporary differences between book and tax basis of assets and liabilities and timing of expense recognition for certain accrued liabilities. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, UDR’s net deferred tax asset/(liability) was ($0.8) million and $(3.2) million, respectively, and are recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

GAAP defines a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. GAAP also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting for interim periods, disclosure and transition.

The Company recognizes and evaluates its tax positions using a two-step process. First, UDR determines whether a tax position is more likely than not (greater than 50 percent probability) to be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. Second, the Company will determine the amount of benefit to recognize and record the amount that is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement.

The Company invests in assets that qualify for federal investment tax credits (“ITC”) through our TRS. An ITC reduces federal income taxes payable when qualifying depreciable property is acquired. The ITC is determined as a percentage of cost of the assets. The Company accounts for ITCs under the deferral method, under which the tax benefit from the ITC is deferred and amortized as a tax benefit into Tax (provision)/benefit, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations over the book life of the qualifying depreciable property. The ITCs are recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

UDR had 0 material unrecognized tax benefit, accrued interest or penalties at December 31, 2021. UDR and its subsidiaries are subject to federal income tax as well as income tax of various state and local jurisdictions. The tax years 2018 through 2020 remain open to examination by tax jurisdictions to which we are subject. When applicable, UDR recognizes interest and/or penalties related to uncertain tax positions in Tax (provision)/benefit, netJoint venture management and other fees on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company may, in the future, make additional capital contributions to certain of our joint ventures and partnerships should additional capital contributions be necessary to fund acquisitions or operations.

We consider various factors to determine if a decrease in the value of our Investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net is other-than-temporary. These factors include, but are not limited to, age of the venture, our intent and ability to retain our investment in the entity, the financial condition and long-term prospects of the entity, and the relationships with the other joint venture partners and its lenders. Based on the significance of the unobservable inputs, we classify these fair value measurements within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company did not incur any other-than-temporary impairments in the value of its investments in unconsolidated joint ventures during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

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Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

Condensed summary financial information relating to the unconsolidated joint ventures’ and partnerships’ operations (not just our proportionate share) is presented below for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

    

Developer

Capital Program

 

As of and For the

UDR/

UDR/

and Other

 

Year Ended December 31, 2023

MetLife 

LaSalle

RETV I

Investments

Total

Condensed Statements of Operations:

  

  

Total revenues

$

139,073

$

20,514

$

28

$

109,725

$

269,340

Property operating expenses

 

58,298

 

6,896

 

1,396

 

53,046

 

119,636

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

54,895

 

21,182

 

 

43,407

 

119,484

Operating income/(loss)

 

25,880

 

(7,564)

 

(1,368)

 

13,272

 

30,220

Interest expense

 

(32,720)

 

(126)

 

(103)

 

(53,282)

 

(86,231)

Other income/(loss)

 

 

 

 

537

 

537

Net realized gain/(loss) on held investments

 

 

 

33,941

 

2,113

 

36,054

Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments

(29,346)

16,695

(12,651)

Net income/(loss)

$

(6,840)

$

(7,690)

$

3,124

$

(20,665)

$

(32,071)

Condensed Balance Sheets:

 

  

 

 

 

  

 

  

Total real estate, net

$

1,214,525

$

595,976

$

$

1,347,556

$

3,158,057

Investments, at fair value

57,700

200,132

257,832

Cash and cash equivalents

 

14,826

 

4,809

 

260

 

41,775

 

61,670

Other assets

 

16,406

 

9,986

 

22

 

120,562

 

146,976

Total assets

 

1,245,757

 

610,771

 

57,982

 

1,710,025

 

3,624,535

Third party debt, net

 

855,050

 

45,126

 

 

1,112,640

 

2,012,816

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities

 

14,856

 

5,510

 

118

 

151,018

 

171,502

Total liabilities

 

869,906

 

50,636

 

118

 

1,263,658

 

2,184,318

Total equity

$

375,851

$

560,135

$

57,864

$

446,367

$

1,440,217

Developer

Capital Program

 

As of and For the

UDR/

and Other

 

Year Ended December 31, 2022

MetLife 

RETV I

Investments

Total

Condensed Statements of Operations:

  

  

Total revenues

$

130,229

$

42

$

38,145

$

168,416

Property operating expenses

 

55,262

 

1,596

 

23,622

 

80,480

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

55,580

 

 

20,064

 

75,644

Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate

127,542

127,542

Operating income/(loss)

 

19,387

 

(1,554)

 

122,001

 

139,834

Interest expense

 

(30,510)

 

(21)

 

(16,383)

 

(46,914)

Other income/(loss)

 

 

 

(90)

 

(90)

Net realized gain/(loss) on held investments (a)

 

101,954

 

3,601

 

105,555

Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments (a)

(308,202)

(569)

(308,771)

Net income/(loss)

$

(11,123)

$

(207,823)

$

108,560

$

(110,386)

Condensed Balance Sheets:

 

  

 

 

  

Total real estate, net

$

1,257,952

$

$

1,481,832

$

2,739,784

Investments, at fair value

96,118

117,625

213,743

Cash and cash equivalents

 

15,554

 

1,160

 

22,285

 

38,999

Other assets

 

14,420

 

52

 

107,287

 

121,759

Total assets

 

1,287,926

 

97,330

 

1,729,029

 

3,114,285

Third party debt, net

 

857,909

 

 

1,079,420

 

1,937,329

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities

 

14,155

 

70

 

202,923

 

217,148

Total liabilities

 

872,064

 

70

 

1,282,343

 

2,154,477

Total equity

$

415,862

$

97,260

$

446,686

$

959,808

(a)Net unrealized and realized gain/(loss) on held investments related to RETV I primarily related to unrealized and realized gains from SmartRent. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded its share of net losses related to RETV I of $(35.5) million. Of that amount, $(37.2) million related to an unrealized loss on SmartRent, which is recorded in Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated Statement Operations.

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

    

    

Developer

West Coast

Capital Program

For the

UDR/

Development

and Other

 

Year Ended December 31, 2021

MetLife 

Joint Ventures

RETV I

Investments

Total

Condensed Statements of Operations:

  

  

Total revenues

$

114,124

$

184

$

6

$

18,509

$

132,823

Property operating expenses

 

51,761

 

333

 

1,445

 

15,626

 

69,165

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

58,486

 

 

 

8,429

 

66,915

Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate

 

34,757

34,757

Operating income/(loss)

 

3,877

 

34,608

 

(1,439)

 

(5,546)

 

31,500

Interest expense

 

(32,307)

 

(41)

 

(17)

 

(11,161)

 

(43,526)

Other income/(loss)

 

(1,238)

 

 

(623)

 

(1,861)

Net realized gain/(loss) on held investments

 

 

12,341

 

 

12,341

Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments (a)

285,155

16,276

301,431

Net income/(loss)

$

(28,430)

$

33,329

$

296,040

$

(1,054)

$

299,885

(a)Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments primarily related to unrealized gains from SmartRent, which became a public company in 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded its share of the net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments of $49.9 million, of which $48.9 million related to SmartRent, in Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated Statement Operations.

6. LEASES

Lessee - Ground Leases

UDR has six communities that are subject to ground leases, under which UDR is the lessee, that expire between 2043 and 2103, inclusive of extension options we are reasonably certain will be exercised. All of these leases are classified as operating leases through the lease term expiration based on our election of the practical expedient provided by the leasing standard. Rental expense for lease payments related to operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term. We currently do not hold any finance leases. The Company also elected the short-term lease exception provided by the leasing standard and therefore only recognizes right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term greater than one year. No leases qualified for the short-term lease exception during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Operating lease right-of-use assets were $190.6 million and $194.1 million, respectively, and the Operating lease liabilities were $185.8 million and $189.2 million, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets related to our ground leases. The value of the Operating lease right-of-use assets exceeds the value of the Operating lease liabilities due to prepaid lease payments. The calculation of these amounts includes minimum lease payments over the remaining lease term (described further in the table below). Variable lease payments are excluded from the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities and are recognized in earnings in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred.

As the discount rate implicit in the leases was not readily determinable, we determined the discount rate for these leases utilizing the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at a portfolio level, adjusted for the remaining lease term, and the form of underlying collateral.

The weighted average remaining lease term for these leases was 42.0 years and 42.6 years at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and the weighted average discount rate was 5.0% at both December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Future minimum lease payments and total operating lease liabilities from our ground leases as of December 31, 2023 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Ground Leases

2024

$

12,442

2025

12,442

2026

12,442

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

2027

12,442

2028

12,442

Thereafter

405,452

Total future minimum lease payments (undiscounted)

467,662

Difference between future undiscounted cash flows and discounted cash flows

(281,826)

Total operating lease liabilities (discounted)

$

185,836

For purposes of recognizing our ground lease contracts, the Company uses the minimum lease payments, if stated in the agreement. For ground lease agreements where there is a rent reset provision based on a change in an index or a rate (i.e., changes in fair market rental rates or changes in the consumer price index) but that does not include a specified minimum lease payment, the Company uses the current rent over the remainder of the lease term. If there is a contingency upon which some or all of the variable lease payments that will be paid over the remainder of the lease term are based, which is resolved such that those payments now meet the definition of lease payments, the Company will remeasure the right-of-use asset and lease liability on the reset date.

The components of operating lease expenses were as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 

2023

2022

2021

Lease expense:

Contractual lease expense

$

13,173

$

12,991

$

12,924

Variable lease expense (a)

155

112

78

Total operating lease expense (b)(c)

$

13,328

$

13,103

$

13,002

(a)Variable lease expense includes adjustments such as changes in the consumer price index and payments based on a percentage of a community’s revenue.
(b)Lease expense is reported within the line item Other operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(c)For the year ended December 31, 2023, Operating lease right-of-use assets and Operating lease liabilities amortized by $3.5 million and $3.4 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022, Operating lease right-of-use assets and Operating lease liabilities amortized by $3.4 million and $3.3 million, respectively, and for the year ended December 31, 2021, Operating lease right-of-use assets and Operating lease liabilities amortized by $3.5 million and $3.1 million, respectively. Due to the net impact of the amortization, the Company recorded $0.1 million, $0.1 million and $0.3 million of total operating lease expense during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Lessor - Apartment Home, Retail and Commercial Space Leases

UDR’s communities and retail and commercial space are leased to tenants under operating leases. As of December 31, 2023, our apartment home leases generally have initial terms of 12 months or less. As of December 31, 2023, our retail and commercial space leases generally have initial terms of between 5 and 15 years and represent approximately 1% to 2% of our total lease revenue. Our apartment home leases are generally renewable at the end of the lease term, subject to potential changes in rental rates, and our retail and commercial space leases generally have renewal options, subject to associated increases in rental rates due to market-based or fixed-price renewal options and certain other conditions. (See Note 16, Reportable Segments for further discussion around our major revenue streams and disaggregation of our revenue.)

Future minimum lease payments from our retail and commercial leases as of December 31, 2023 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Retail and Commercial Leases

2024

$

26,807

2025

24,432

2026

21,735

2027

18,121

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

2028

15,191

Thereafter

58,166

Total future minimum lease payments (a)

$

164,452

(a)We have excluded our apartment home leases from this table as our apartment home leases generally have initial terms of 12 months or less.

Certain of our leases with retail and commercial tenants provide for the payment by the lessee of additional variable rent based on a percentage of the tenant’s revenue. The amounts shown in the table above do not include these variable percentage rents. The Company recorded variable percentage rents of $1.1 million, $0.8 million and $0.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

F - 30

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

7. SECURED AND UNSECURED DEBT, NET

The following is a summary of our secured and unsecured debt at December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Principal Outstanding

As of December 31, 2023

Weighted

Weighted

Average

Average

Number of

December 31, 

December 31, 

Interest

Years to

Communities

    

2023

    

2022

    

Rate

    

Maturity

    

Encumbered

Secured Debt:

  

  

  

  

  

Fixed Rate Debt

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Mortgage notes payable (a)

$

1,213,751

$

1,005,622

 

3.48

%  

4.7

 

20

Deferred financing costs and other non-cash adjustments (b)

 

(3,009)

 

19,712

 

  

 

  

 

  

Total fixed rate secured debt, net

 

1,210,742

 

1,025,334

 

3.48

%  

4.7

 

20

Variable Rate Debt

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Mortgage notes payable (c)

 

40,017

 

 

8.33

%  

1.3

 

1

Tax-exempt secured notes payable (d)

 

27,000

 

27,000

 

4.08

%  

8.2

 

1

Deferred financing costs

 

(46)

 

(53)

 

  

 

  

 

  

Total variable rate secured debt, net

 

66,971

 

26,947

 

6.61

%  

4.1

 

2

Total Secured Debt, net

 

1,277,713

 

1,052,281

 

3.64

%  

4.7

 

22

Unsecured Debt:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Variable Rate Debt

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Borrowings outstanding under unsecured credit facility due January 2026 (e) (n)

 

 

 

%  

2.1

 

  

Borrowings outstanding under unsecured commercial paper program due January 2024 (f) (n)

408,075

300,000

5.67

%  

0.1

Borrowings outstanding under unsecured working capital credit facility due January 2025 (g)

 

4,593

 

28,015

 

6.28

%  

1.0

 

  

Term Loan due January 2027 (e) (n)

 

 

175,000

 

%  

3.1

 

  

Fixed Rate Debt

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Term Loan due January 2027 (e) (n)

350,000

 

175,000

 

3.36

%  

3.1

8.50% Debentures due September 2024

 

15,644

 

15,644

 

8.50

%  

0.7

 

  

2.95% Medium-Term Notes due September 2026 (h) (n)

 

300,000

 

300,000

 

2.89

%  

2.7

 

  

3.50% Medium-Term Notes due July 2027 (net of discounts of $247 and $317, respectively) (i) (n)

299,753

299,683

4.03

%  

3.5

3.50% Medium-Term Notes due January 2028 (net of discounts of $479 and $598, respectively) (n)

299,521

299,402

3.50

%  

4.0

4.40% Medium-Term Notes due January 2029 (net of discounts of $3 and $4, respectively) (j) (n)

299,997

299,996

4.27

%  

5.1

3.20% Medium-Term Notes due January 2030 (net of premiums of $8,294 and $9,667, respectively) (k) (n)

608,294

609,667

3.32

%  

6.0

3.00% Medium-Term Notes due August 2031 (net of premiums of $9,109 and $10,304, respectively) (l) (n)

609,109

610,304

3.01

%  

7.6

2.10% Medium-Term Notes due August 2032 (net of discounts of $303 and $338, respectively) (n)

399,697

399,662

2.10

%  

8.6

1.90% Medium-Term Notes due March 2033 (net of discounts of $1,110 and $1,230, respectively) (n)

348,890

348,770

1.90

%  

9.2

2.10% Medium-Term Notes due June 2033 (net of discounts of $941 and $1,041, respectively) (n)

299,059

298,959

2.10

%  

9.5

3.10% Medium-Term Notes due November 2034 (net of discounts of $956 and $1,045, respectively) (m) (n)

299,044

298,955

3.13

%  

10.8

Other

 

2

 

5

 

  

 

  

 

  

Deferred financing costs

 

(20,682)

 

(24,040)

 

  

 

  

 

  

Total Unsecured Debt, net

 

4,520,996

 

4,435,022

 

3.30

%  

5.9

 

  

Total Debt, net

$

5,798,709

$

5,487,303

 

3.40

%  

5.6

 

  

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

For purposes of classification of the above table, variable rate debt with a derivative financial instrument designated as a cash flow hedge is deemed as fixed rate debt due to the Company having effectively established a fixed interest rate for the underlying debt instrument.

Our secured debt instruments generally feature either monthly interest and principal or monthly interest-only payments with balloon payments due at maturity. As of December 31, 2023, secured debt encumbered approximately 14% of UDR’s total real estate owned based upon gross book value (approximately 86% of UDR’s real estate owned based on gross book value is unencumbered).

(a) At December 31, 2023, fixed rate mortgage notes payable are generally due in monthly installments of principal and interest and mature at various dates from July 2024 through February 2031 and carry interest rates ranging from 2.62% to 4.39%.

The Company will from time to time acquire properties subject to fixed rate debt instruments. In those situations, the Company records the debt at its estimated fair value and amortizes any difference between the fair value and par value to interest expense over the term of the underlying debt instrument.

In August 2023, the Company assumed secured fixed rate mortgage notes payable with an outstanding balance of $209.4 million and a fair value of $191.7 million in connection with the acquisition of six operating communities. The six mortgages had outstanding balances ranging from $28.0 million to $40.0 million and carry interest rates from 3.24% to 4.12% (see Note 3, 

Principles of Consolidation

The Company accounts for subsidiary partnerships, joint ventures and other similar entities in which it holds an ownership interest in accordance with the consolidation guidance. The Company first evaluates whether each entity is a VIE. Under the VIE model, the Company consolidates an entity when it has control to direct the activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Under the voting model, the Company consolidates an entity when it controls the entity through ownership of a majority voting interest.

Discontinued Operations

In accordance with GAAP, a discontinued operation represents (1) a component of an entity or group of components that has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale in a single transaction and represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on an entity’s financial results, or (2) an acquired business that is classified as held for sale on the date of acquisition. A strategic shift could include a disposal of (1) a separate major line of business, (2) a separate major geographic area of operations, (3) a major equity method investment, or (4) other major parts of an entity.

We record sales of real estate that do not meet the definition of a discontinued operation in Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate owned on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Stock-Based Employee Compensation Plans

The Company measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of an equity instrument based on the award’s fair value on the grant date and recognizes the cost as stock-based compensation expense over the period during which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, which is

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

generally the vesting period. For performance based awards, the Company remeasures the fair value based on the estimated achievement of the performance criteria each balance sheet date with adjustments made on a cumulative basis until the award is settled and the final compensation is known. Stock-based compensation expense is only recognized for performance based awards that we expect to vest, which we estimate based upon an assessment of the probability that the performance criteria will be achieved. Stock-based compensation expense associated with awards is updated for actual forfeitures. The fair value for market based awards issued by the Company is calculated utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation and the fair value for stock options issued by the Company is calculated utilizing the Black-Scholes-Merton formula. For further discussion, see Note 10, Employee Benefit Plans.

Advertising Costs

All advertising costs are expensed as incurred and reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations within the line item Property operating and maintenance. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 2019,2021, total advertising expense was $8.3$9.2 million, $7.9$8.7 million, and $6.5$8.3 million, respectively.

Cost of Raising Capital

Costs incurred in connection with the issuance of equity securities are deducted from stockholders’ equity. Costs incurred in connection with the issuance or renewal of debt are recorded based on the terms of the debt issuance or renewal. Accordingly, if the terms of the renewed or modified debt instrument are deemed to be substantially different (i.e. a 10 percent or greater difference in the cash flows between instruments), all unamortized financing costs associated with the extinguished debt are charged to earnings in the current period and certain costs of new debt issuances are capitalized and amortized over the term of the debt. When the cash flows are not substantially different, the lender costs associated with the renewal or modification are capitalized and amortized into interest expense over the remaining term of the related debt instrument and other related costs are expensed. The balance of any unamortized financing costs

F - 19

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

associated with retired debt is expensed upon retirement. Deferred financing costs for new debt instruments include fees and costs incurred by the Company to obtain financing. Deferred financing costs are generally amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest method, over a period not to exceed the term of the related debt.

Comprehensive Income/(Loss)

Comprehensive income/(loss), which is defined as the change in equity during each period from transactions and other events and circumstances from nonowner sources, including all changes in equity during a period except for those resulting from investments by or distributions to stockholders, is displayed in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income/(Loss). For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 2019,2021, the Company’s other comprehensive income/(loss) consisted of the gain/(loss) (effective portion) on derivative instruments that are designated as and qualify as cash flow hedges, (gain)/loss on derivative instruments reclassified from other comprehensive income/(loss) into earnings, and the allocation of other comprehensive income/(loss) to noncontrolling interests. The (gain)/loss on derivative instruments reclassified from other comprehensive income/(loss) is included in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 14, Derivatives and Hedging Activity, for further discussion. The allocation of other comprehensive income/(loss) to redeemable noncontrolling interests during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 2020, and 2019 was $0.4$(0.2) million, $0.1$0.9 million, and $(0.8)$0.4 million, respectively.

Forward Sales Agreements

TheFrom time to time the Company utilizes forward sales agreements for the future issuance of its common stock. When the Company enters into a forward sales agreement, the contract requires the Company to sell its shares to a counterparty at a predetermined price at a future date. The net sales price and proceeds attained by the Company will be determined on the dates of settlement, with adjustments during the term of the contract for the Company’s anticipated dividends as well as for a daily interest factor that varies with changes in the federal funds rate. The Company generally has the ability to determine the dates and method of settlement (i.e., gross physical settlement, net share settlement or cash settlement), subject to certain conditions and the right of the counterparty to accelerate settlement under certain circumstances.

The Company accounts for the shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon settlement as equity in accordance with ASC 815-40, Contracts in Entity's Own Equity, which permits equity classification when a contract is

F - 18

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

considered indexed to the entity’s own stock and the contract requires or permits the issuing entity to settle the contract in shares (either physically or net in shares).

The guidance establishes a two-step process for evaluating whether an equity-linked financial instrument is considered indexed to the entity’s own stock, first, evaluating the instrument’s contingent exercise provisions and second, evaluating the instrument’s settlement provisions. When entering into forward sales agreements, we determined that (i) none of the agreement’s exercise contingencies are based on observable markets or indices besides those related to the market for our own stock price; and (ii) none of the settlement provisions preclude the agreements from being indexed to our own stock.

Before the issuance of shares of common stock, upon physical or net share settlement of the forward sales agreements, the Company expects that the shares issuable upon settlement of the forward sales agreements will be reflected in its diluted income/(loss) per share calculations using the treasury stock method. Under this method, the number of shares of common stock used in calculating diluted income/(loss) per share is deemed to be increased by the excess, if any, of the number of shares of common stock that would be issued upon full physical settlement of the forward sales agreements over the number of shares of common stock that could be purchased by the Company in the open market (based on the average market price during the period) using the proceeds receivable upon full physical settlement (based on the adjusted forward sale price at the end of the reporting period). When the Company physically or net share settles any forward sales agreement, the delivery of shares of common stock would result in an increase in the number of weighted average common shares outstanding and dilution to basic income/(loss) per share. (See Note 8, Income/(Loss) per Share for further discussion.)

F - 20

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.Lease Receivables

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic

The Company continues to closely monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all aspects of its business. The extent of the pandemic’s effect on our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, including the duration and intensity of the pandemic, the timing and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines, the duration of government measures to mitigate the pandemic and the success of government rental assistance programs, all of which continue to be uncertain and difficult to predict.

Given the uncertainty, we cannot predict the effect on future periods, but the adverse impact that could occur on the Company’s future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be material, including, but not limited to, as a result of extended or reinstated eviction moratoriums or other restrictions or limitations imposed, the operation of government rent assistance programs, additional rent deferrals, payment plans, lease concessions, waiving late payment fees, charges from potential adjustments to the carrying amount of receivables, and asset impairment charges.

During the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, the Company performed an analysis in accordance with the ASC 842, Leases, guidance to assess the collectibility of its operating lease receivables in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.receivables. This analysis included an assessment of collectibility of current and future rents and whether those lease payments were no longer probable of collection. In accordance with the leases guidance, if lease payments are no longer deemed to be probable over the life of the lease contract, we recognize revenue only when cash is received, and all existing contractual operating lease receivables and straight-line lease receivables are reserved.

As a result of its analysis,December 31, 2023, the Company reduced its reserve to approximately $13.2 million forCompany’s multifamily tenant lease receivables and increasedbalance, net of its reserve, towas approximately $6.1$9.0 million, forincluding its share from unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company’s retail tenant lease receivables (inclusivebalance (exclusive of $4.0straight-line rent receivables), net of its reserve, was approximately $0.3 million, of reserves on straight-line lease receivables) forincluding its wholly-owned communities and communities held by joint ventures. In aggregate, the reduction in reserve is reflected as a $0.1 million increase to Rental income and a $0.1 million increase to Income/(loss)share from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated Statementsjoint ventures, as of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. During the year ended2023. As of December 31, 2020,2022, the Company reserved approximately $13.5 million ofCompany’s multifamily tenant lease receivables andbalance, net of its reserve, was approximately $6.0$8.7 million, ofincluding its share from unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company’s retail tenant lease receivables (inclusivebalance (exclusive of $3.3straight-line rent receivables), net of its reserve, was approximately $4.3 million, of reserves on straight-line lease receivables) forincluding its wholly-owned communities and communities held by joint ventures. In aggregate, the reserve is reflected as a $18.4 million reduction to Rental income and a $1.1 million reduction to Income/(loss)share from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated Statementsjoint ventures, as of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020.2022. The impact to deferred leasing commissions was not material for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $3.1 million on its investment in equity securities of a non-core investment. The Company did not recognize any other adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets or asset impairment charges due to the COVID-19 pandemic for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual amounts realized or paid could differ from those estimates.

Market Concentration Risk

The Company is subject to increased exposure from economic and other competitive factors specific to markets where the Company holds a significant percentage of the carrying value of its real estate portfolio. At December 31, 2021,2023, the Company held greater than 10% of the carrying value of its real estate portfolio in each of the Metropolitan D.C., and Boston, Massachusetts and New York, New York markets.

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

3. REAL ESTATE OWNED

Real estate assets owned by the Company consist of income producing operating properties, properties under development, land held for future development, and held for disposition properties. As of December 31, 2021,2023, the Company owned and consolidated 160168 communities in 13 states plus the District of Columbia totaling 53,22955,550 apartment homes. The following table summarizes the carrying amounts for our real estate owned (at cost) as of December 31, 20212023 and 20202022 (dollars in thousands):

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

2021

2020

2023

2022

Land

$

2,342,385

$

2,139,765

$

2,549,716

$

2,539,499

Depreciable property — held and used:

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

Land improvements

 

241,905

 

233,823

 

255,706

 

254,578

Building, improvements, and furniture, fixtures and equipment

 

11,717,931

 

10,292,782

 

12,902,021

 

12,521,838

Real estate intangible assets

50,013

40,570

50,013

50,013

Under development:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Land and land improvements

 

74,399

 

73,702

 

16,576

 

43,711

Building, improvements, and furniture, fixtures and equipment

 

314,170

 

174,175

 

143,828

 

146,394

Real estate held for disposition:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Land and land improvements

 

 

15,184

 

13,734

 

Building, improvements, and furniture, fixtures and equipment

 

 

101,471

 

92,265

 

14,039

Real estate owned

 

14,740,803

 

13,071,472

 

16,023,859

 

15,570,072

Accumulated depreciation (a)

 

(5,137,096)

 

(4,605,366)

 

(6,267,830)

 

(5,762,501)

Real estate owned, net

$

9,603,707

$

8,466,106

$

9,756,029

$

9,807,571

(a)Accumulated depreciation is inclusive of $8.8$17.2 million and $5.8$13.1 million of accumulated amortization related to real estate intangible assets as of December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively.

Acquisitions

In February 2023, the Company took title to a 136 apartment home operating community located in San Francisco, California, through a foreclosure proceeding. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company. (See Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships for more information).

In August 2023, the Company acquired a portfolio of six operating communities totaling 1,753 apartment homes, which included four operating communities in Dallas, Texas and two operating communities in Austin, Texas, for a purchase price of $354.6 million. The Company acquired the portfolio with a combination of cash, the assumption of six mortgage loans with an outstanding principal balance of approximately $209.4 million (fair value of $191.7 million), and the issuance of 3.6 million OP Units to the seller valued at $141.4 million. The OP Units were valued based on the closing price per share of UDR’s common stock on the date of acquisition in accordance with GAAP. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $344.8 million, recorded $9.8 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $17.6 million debt discount in connection with the below-market debt assumed.

In January 2024, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s commonequity interest in a 173 apartment home operating community located in Oakland, California for $1.4 million. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company. (See Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships for more information).

In April 2022, the Company acquired a to-be-developed parcel of land located in Fort Lauderdale, Florida for approximately $16.0 million.

In June 2022, the Company acquired a 433 apartment home operating community located in Danvers, Massachusetts for approximately $207.5 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $203.7 million and recorded $3.8 million of in-place lease intangibles.

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Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

In June 2022, the Company acquired three contiguous to-be-developed parcels of land located in Dallas, Texas for approximately $90.2 million.

In June 2022, the Company acquired a to-be-developed parcel of land, which included two operating retail components, located in Riverside, California for approximately $29.0 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $28.2 million and recorded $0.8 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In January 2021, the Company acquired a 300 apartment home operating community located in Franklin, Massachusetts, for approximately $77.4 million. In connection with the acquisition, the Company assumed an above-market mortgage note payable secured by the community with an outstanding balance of approximately $51.8 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $82.0 million, recorded $2.0 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $6.6 million debt premium in connection with the above-market debt assumed.

In April 2021, the Company acquired a 636 apartment home operating community located in Farmers Branch, Texas, for approximately $110.2 million. In connection with the acquisition, the Company assumed an above-market mortgage note payable secured by the community with an outstanding balance of approximately $42.0 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $111.5 million, recorded $3.0 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $4.3 million debt premium in connection with the above-market debt assumed.

The Company previously had a secured note with an unaffiliated third party with an aggregate commitment of $20.0 million. The note was secured by a parcel of land and related land improvements located in Alameda, California. In September 2020, the developer defaulted on the loan. As a result of the default, in April 2021, the Company took title to the property pursuant to a deed in lieu of foreclosure. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $25.0 million, the fair market value of the property on the date of the title transfer, and recorded a $0.1 million gain on extinguishment of the secured note to Interest income and other income/(expense), net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. (See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion.)

In May 2021, the Company acquired a to-be-developed parcel of land located in Tampa, Florida, for approximately $6.6 million.

In May 2021, the Company acquired a 945 apartment home operating community located in Frisco, Texas, for approximately $166.9 million. In connection with the acquisition, the Company assumed an above-market mortgage note

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Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

payable secured by the community with an outstanding balance of approximately $89.5 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $169.9 million, recorded $4.1 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $7.1 million debt premium in connection with the above-market debt assumed.

In June 2021, the Company acquired a 468 apartment home operating community located in Germantown, Maryland, for approximately $121.9 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $119.3 million and recorded $2.6 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In July 2021, the Company acquired a 259 apartment home operating community located in Bellevue, Washington, for approximately $171.9 million. The Company previously had a $115.0 million secured note receivable associated with this operating community. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $169.1 million and recorded $2.8 million of in-place lease intangibles. In connection with the acquisition of this community, the note and the unpaid accrued interest were paid in full. (See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion.)

In August 2021, the Company acquired a 544 apartment home operating community located in Germantown, Maryland, for approximately $127.2 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $124.4 million and recorded $2.8 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In September 2021, the Company acquired a 320 apartment home operating community located in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, for approximately $116.2 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $113.8 million and recorded $2.4 million of in-place lease intangibles.

F - 21

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

In September 2021, the Company acquired a 192 apartment home operating community located in Towson, Maryland, for approximately $57.6 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $54.0 million and recorded $2.4 million of real estate tax intangibles and $1.2 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In September 2021, the Company acquired a 339 apartment home operating community located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for approximately $147.0 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $136.7 million and recorded $7.1 million of real estate tax intangibles and $3.2 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In October 2021, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s common equity interest in a 330 apartment home operating community located in Orlando, Florida, for a total purchase price of approximately $106.0 million. The Company paid for the community by issuing approximately 0.9 million OP Units (valued at $53.00 per unit per the agreement) to the seller, which equaled $47.9 million. In connection with the acquisition, the joint venture construction loan of approximately $39.6 million was repaid. The Company previously held a $16.4 million preferred equity investment in the entity on the date of acquisition, which it accounted for as an unconsolidated equity investment (see Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships).investment. As a result, in October 2021, the Company increased its ownership interest to 100% and consolidated the operating community. The Company accounted for the consolidation as an asset acquisition resulting in 0no gain or loss upon consolidation. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $103.6 million and recorded $2.4 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In October 2021, the Company acquired a 663 apartment home operating community located in Orlando, Florida, for approximately $177.8 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $174.1 million and recorded and $3.7 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In November 2021, the Company acquired a 430 apartment home operating community located in Towson, Maryland, for approximately $125.3 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $122.6 million and recorded and $2.7 million of in-place lease intangibles.

Dispositions

In January 2020,2023, the Company acquiredsold the retail component of a 294 apartment home operatingdevelopment community located in Tampa, Florida,Washington D.C. for gross proceeds of approximately $85.2$14.4 million, resulting in a gain of less than $0.1 million. The gross proceeds were received ratably throughout the development of the community and are reflected as a reduction of capital expenditures.

In June 2023, the Company increased itscontributed four wholly owned operating communities, totaling 1,328 apartment homes located in various markets, to a newly formed joint venture in exchange for a 51.0% interest in the venture. The contribution resulted in the Company no longer retaining a controlling interest in the communities, and the Company deconsolidated the operating communities. The Company received approximately $247.9 million in cash proceeds from our joint venture partner at formation. The transaction was accounted for as a partial sale and resulted in a gain of approximately $325.9 million, which was recorded in Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate assets owned by approximately $83.1 million on the Consolidated Statement of Operations, which consisted of the gain on the partial sale and recorded approximately $2.1 millionthe initial measurement of in-place lease intangibles.

F - 23

Table of Contentsour retained interest at fair value. (See Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships for further discussion.)

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

In January 2020,December 2023, the Company increased its ownership interest from 49% to 100% in a 276 apartment homesold an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon with a total of 276 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $78.6 million, resulting in a cash purchase pricegain of approximately $21.6$25.3 million.

In connection with the acquisition,February 2024, the Company repaid approximately $35.6 million of joint venture construction financing. As a result, the Company consolidated the operating community. The Company had previously accounted for its 49% ownership interest as a preferred equity investment insold an unconsolidated joint venture (see Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships). The Company accounted for the consolidation as an asset acquisition resulting in 0 gain or loss upon consolidation and increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $67.8 million and recorded approximately $1.7 million of in-place lease intangibles.

In August 2020, the Company acquired a to-be-developed parcel of land located in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, for approximately $16.2 million.

In November 2020, the Company acquired a 672 apartment home operating community located in Tampa, Florida,Arlington, Virginia with a total of 214 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $100.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $122.5$17.3 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $119.4 million and recorded approximately $3.1 millionThis operating community was classified as held for disposition as of in-place lease intangibles.December 31, 2023.

In December 2020,November 2022, the Company acquired a 400 apartment homesold an operating community located in Herndon, Virginia,Orange County, California with a total of 90 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $41.5 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $128.6$25.5 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $125.9 million and recorded approximately $2.7 million of in-place lease intangibles.

Dispositions

In February 2021, the Company sold an operating community located in Anaheim, California, with a total of 386 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $156.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $50.8 million.

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Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

In October 2021, the Company sold an operating community located in Anaheim, California, with a total of 265 apartment homes for a sales price of $126.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $85.2 million.

In May 2020, the Company sold an operating community located in Bellevue, Washington, with a total of 71 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $49.7 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $29.6 million. The sale was partially financed by the Company through the issuance of a promissory note totaling $4.0 million which was repaid in January 2021. (See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion.) The proceeds were designated for a tax-deferred Section 1031 exchange that were used to pay a portion of the purchase price for an acquisition of an operating community in Tampa, Florida, in January 2020.

In May 2020, the Company sold an operating community located in Kirkland, Washington, with a total of 196 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $92.9 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $31.7 million.

In October 2020, the Company sold an operating community located in Alexandria, Virginia, with a total of 332 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $145.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $58.0 million. The proceeds were designated for a tax-deferred Section 1031 exchange and were used to pay a portion of the purchase price for acquisitions in November and December 2020.

In June 2019, the Company sold a parcel of land located in Los Angeles, California, for $38.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $5.3 million. Prior to the sale, the parcel of land was subject to a ground lease, under which UDR was the lessor, scheduled to expire in 2065. The ground lease included a purchase option for the lessee to acquire the land during specific periods of the ground lease term. During the second quarter of 2019, the lessee exercised the purchase option resulting in this sale by the Company and the ground lease being terminated.

Prior to the sale, the purchase option was not deemed to be a bargain purchase option. This ground lease existed as of the adoption of the new lease accounting guidance on January 1, 2019 and we did not reassess lease classification per the practical expedient provided by the standard. As a result, this ground lease continued to be classified as an operating lease and the land parcel subject to the ground lease continued to be recognized in Real estate held for investment on our Consolidated Balance Sheets until the sale in June 2019.

F - 24

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

Developments

At December 31, 2021,2023, the Company was developing 5two wholly-owned communities totaling 1,417415 homes, NaN of which 56 have been completed, in which we have an investment of $388.6$160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed betweenin the second quarter of 2022 and the second quarter of 2023.2024.

Other Activity

In connection with the acquisition of certain properties, the Company agreed to pay certain of the tax liabilities of certain contributors if the Company sells one or more of the properties contributed in a taxable transaction prior to the expiration of specified periods of time following the acquisition. The Company may, however, sell, without being required to pay any tax liabilities, any of such properties in a non-taxable transaction, including, but not limited to, a tax deferred Section 1031 exchange. 

Further, the Company has agreed to maintain certain debt that may be guaranteed by certain contributors for specified periods of time following the acquisition. The Company, however, has the ability to refinance or repay guaranteed debt or to substitute new debt if the debt and the guaranty continue to satisfy certain conditions.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

The following table provides a summary of the aggregate amortization for the intangible assets acquired in the acquisition of real estate for each of the next five years and thereafter (in thousands):

Unamortized Balance as of December 31, 2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

Thereafter

Unamortized Balance as of December 31, 2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

Thereafter

Real estate intangible assets, net (a)

$

41,243

$

4,311

$

4,162

$

3,995

$

3,858

$

3,723

$

21,194

$

32,770

$

3,995

$

3,858

$

3,723

$

3,590

$

2,436

$

15,168

In-place lease intangible assets, net (b)

21,413

18,812

571

533

489

382

626

13,104

8,997

626

519

450

326

2,186

Total

$

62,656

$

23,123

$

4,733

$

4,528

$

4,347

$

4,105

$

21,820

$

45,874

$

12,992

$

4,484

$

4,242

$

4,040

$

2,762

$

17,354

(a)Real estate intangible assets, net is recorded net of accumulated amortization of $8.8$17.2 million in Real estate held for investment, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020, $3.02022, $4.2 million and $3.1$4.3 million, respectively, of amortization expense was recorded in Depreciation and Amortization on the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

(b)In-place lease intangible assets, net is recorded net of accumulated amortization of $20.3$9.5 million in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020, $20.32022, $7.3 million and $46.1$22.5 million, respectively, was recorded in Depreciation and Amortization on the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

4. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

The Company has determined that the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership are VIEs as the limited partners lack substantive kick-out rights and substantive participating rights. The Company has concluded that it is the primary beneficiary of, and therefore consolidates, the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership based on its role as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership. The Company’s role as community manager and its equity interests give us the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance and the obligation to absorb potentially significant losses or the right to receive potentially significant benefits of the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.

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Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

5. JOINT VENTURES AND PARTNERSHIPS

UDR has entered into joint ventures and partnerships with unrelated third parties to own, operate, acquire, renovate, develop, redevelop, dispose of, and manage real estate assets that are either consolidated and included in Real estate owned on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or are accounted for under the equity method of accounting, and are

F - 25

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

included in Investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company consolidates the entities that we control as well as any variable interest entity where we are the primary beneficiary. Under the VIE model, the Company consolidates an entity when it has control to direct the activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Under the voting model, the Company consolidates an entity when it controls the entity through ownership of a majority voting interest.

UDR’s joint ventures and partnerships are funded with a combination of debt and equity. Our losses are typically limited to our investment and except as noted below, the Company does not guarantee any debt, capital payout or other obligations associated with our joint ventures and partnerships.

Consolidated joint venture

The Company previously held a preferred equity investment in a joint venture that owned a 136 apartment home community located in San Francisco, California. In 2022, the joint venture was deemed to be a VIE and the Company concluded that it was the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and therefore began consolidating the joint venture. In February 2023, the Company took title to the property pursuant to a foreclosure resulting in it being a wholly-owned community.

The Company has a preferred equity investment in a joint venture that owns a 173 apartment home community located in Oakland, California. In December 2023, the developer informed the Company that it would not fund its share of a capital call and subsequently entered into an agreement to transfer its equity interest in the joint venture to the Company for $1.4 million. As a result, the joint venture was deemed to be a VIE. The Company concluded that it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and therefore began consolidating the joint venture, resulting in a $24.3 million loss on consolidation which is recorded in Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The consolidated assets and liabilities related to the VIE were initially recorded at fair value during December 2023 and were approximately $68.0 million and $42.5 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. The Company took title to the developer’s equity interest in the joint venture in January 2024. (See Note 3, Real Estate Owned for more information).

Unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships

The Company recognizes earnings or losses from our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships consisting of our proportionate share of the net earnings or losses of the joint ventures and partnerships. In addition, we may earn fees for providing management services tofor the communities held by the unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships.

F - 24

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

The following table summarizes the Company’s investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships, net, which are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as of December 31, 20212023 and 20202022 (dollars in thousands):

Number of

Number of

Number of

Number of

Operating

Apartment

 

Operating

Apartment

UDR's Weighted Average

 

Communities

Homes

Investment at

UDR’s Ownership Interest

Income/(loss) from investments

Communities

Homes

Ownership Interest

Investment at

Income/(loss) from investments

  

Location of

  

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

 

Year Ended December 31, 

  

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

 

  

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

Joint Ventures

  

Properties

  

2021

    

2021

  

2021

  

2020

2021

  

2020

 

2021

    

2020

    

2019

  

2023

    

2023

2023

  

2022

 

  

2023

  

2022

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Operating:

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

 

  

  

  

  

 

  

  

UDR/MetLife I

Los Angeles, CA

1

150

$

23,880

$

26,426

50.0

%  

50.0

%

$

(2,544)

$

(2,639)

$

(2,108)

UDR/MetLife II

 

Various

 

7

 

1,250

 

181,023

 

151,353

50.0

%  

50.0

%

(3,303)

(1,044)

117,574

Other UDR/MetLife Joint Ventures (a)

 

Various

 

5

 

1,437

 

66,012

 

82,072

50.6

%  

50.6

%

(11,938)

(10,444)

(6,349)

West Coast Development Joint Ventures (b)

Los Angeles, CA

30,080

47.0

%

47.0

%

2,358

(371)

(1,440)

Investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net, before preferred equity investments and real estate technology investments

 

  

$

270,915

$

289,931

  

 

  

$

(15,427)

$

(14,498)

$

107,677

UDR/MetLife (a)

13

2,837

50.1

%  

50.1

%

$

225,195

$

247,160

$

(5,378)

$

(7,604)

$

(17,785)

UDR/LaSalle (b)

5

1,590

51.0

%

%

286,723

(3,660)

Total Joint Ventures

18

 

4,427

  

 

  

$

511,918

$

247,160

$

(9,038)

$

(7,604)

$

(17,785)

Investment at

Income/(loss) from investments

Developer Capital Program

  

  

  

Years To

UDR

  

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

  

Year Ended December 31, 

and Real Estate Technology Investments (c)

  

Location

  

Rate

  

Maturity

Commitment (d)

  

2021

  

2020

  

2021

    

2020

    

2019

Preferred equity investments:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

  

  

1532 Harrison

San Francisco, CA

11.0

%

0.5

$

24,645

$

35,248

$

34,135

$

2,354

$

3,519

$

3,147

Junction

Santa Monica, CA

12.0

%

0.6

8,800

13,183

11,699

1,484

1,321

1,169

1200 Broadway (e) (f)

Nashville, TN

12.25

%

0.7

55,558

61,326

69,330

6,043

5,309

4,888

1300 Fairmount (f)

Philadelphia, PA

8.5

%

1.6

51,393

64,780

59,544

5,237

4,843

3,098

Essex (g)

Orlando, FL

%

16,770

1,627

1,965

1,639

Modera Lake Merritt (f)

Oakland, CA

9.0

%

2.3

27,250

33,828

30,928

2,899

2,592

1,067

Thousand Oaks (f)

Thousand Oaks, CA

9.0

%

3.1

20,059

22,764

17,919

1,924

763

Vernon Boulevard (f)

Queens, NY

13.0

%

3.5

40,000

48,210

42,360

5,845

2,348

Makers Rise (f) (h)

Herndon, VA

9.0

%

4.0

30,208

22,828

926

121 at Watters (f) (i)

Allen, TX

9.0

%

4.2

19,846

14,134

749

Infield Phase I (j)

Kissimmee, FL

14.0

%

2.4

16,044

Upton Place (k)

Washington, D.C.

9.7

%

5.9

52,163

29,566

92

Real estate technology investments:

RETV I (l)

N/A

N/A

N/A

18,000

71,464

20,587

50,795

5,143

4,053

RETV II

N/A

N/A

N/A

18,000

8,130

2,283

1,101

(206)

Total Preferred Equity Investments and Real Estate Technology Investments

425,461

305,555

81,076

27,597

19,061

Sold joint ventures and other investments

(3)

5,745

11,135

Total Joint Ventures and Developer Capital Program and Real Estate Technology Investments, net (a)

$

696,376

$

595,486

$

65,646

$

18,844

$

137,873

Number of

Apartment

Communities

Homes

Weighted

Investment at

Income/(loss) from investments

Developer Capital Program

  

December 31, 

December 31, 

Average

  

Years To

UDR

  

December 31, 

  

December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

and Real Estate Technology Investments (c)

  

2023

2023

Rate

  

Maturity

Commitment (d)

  

2023

  

2022

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Preferred equity investments:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

  

  

Operating (e)

21

4,545

9.3

%

3.3

$

252,889

304,699

282,766

$

27,260

$

20,202

$

10,928

Development

2

1,073

10.7

%

3.2

68,207

83,072

74,648

8,425

6,172

92

Total Preferred Equity Investments

23

5,618

9.6

%

3.3

321,096

387,771

357,414

35,685

26,374

11,020

Real estate technology and sustainability investments:

RETV I (f)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

18,000

10,062

16,601

(614)

(35,507)

50,795

RETV II

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

18,000

15,371

11,670

1,364

(265)

1,101

RETV III

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

15,000

1,329

(212)

RET Strategic Fund

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

25,000

13,980

8,078

(174)

496

RET ESG

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

10,000

3,640

2,898

(260)

(153)

Total Preferred Equity Investments and Real Estate Technology Investments

432,153

396,661

35,789

(9,055)

62,916

Sold joint ventures and other investments (g)

103,173

(22,058)

21,606

20,515

Total Joint Ventures, Developer Capital Program and Real Estate Technology Investments, net (a)

$

944,071

$

746,994

$

4,693

$

4,947

$

65,646

(a)As of December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, the Company’s negative investment in 13th and Market Properties LLCone UDR/MetLife community of $6.1$8.9 million and $4.7$7.5 million, respectively, is included in Other UDR/MetLife Joint Ventures in the table above and recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance SheetSheets.
(b)In January 2021,June 2023, the Company formed a new real estate joint venture, UDR/LaSalle, with LaSalle Investment Management on behalf of an institutional client (“LaSalle”). Four operating communities, located in various markets, were contributed by the Company. The joint venture partner paid the Company approximately $247.9 million at formation of the joint venture sold its remaining community,venture. The Company will have the potential to earn a 293 homepromoted return should certain return hurdles be achieved. Our initial investment was $258.2 million and consisted solely of our equity in the four operating community located in Los Angeles, California, for a sales price of approximately $121.0 million.As a result,communities contributed to the Company recorded a gain onjoint venture.

F - 26

Table of ContentsIn December 2023, the joint venture acquired an operating community with 262 apartment homes, located in Norwood, Massachusetts, for approximately $114.3 million.

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

the sale of approximately $2.5 million, which is included in Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated Statement of Operations.
(c)The Developer Capital Program is the program through which the Company makes investments, including preferred equity investments, mezzanine loans or other structured investments that may receive a fixed yield on the investment and may include provisions pursuant to which the Company participates in the increase in value of the property upon monetization of the applicable property and/property. At December 31, 2023, our preferred equity investment portfolio consisted of 23 communities located in various markets, consisting of 5,618 completed or holds fixed price purchase options.under development homes. In addition, the Company’s preferred equity investments include four investments that receive a variable percentage of the value created from the project upon a capital or liquidating event. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not enter into or fund any new preferred equity investments and no preferred equity investments were redeemed.
(d)Represents UDR’s maximum funding commitment only and therefore excludes other activity such as income from investments.
(e)In April 2021, the investment balance was paid down by $12.5 million and the Company’s preferred return increased to 12.25%.

In January 2022, the joint venture sold its community, a 313 home operating community located in Nashville, Tennessee, for a sales price of approximately $294.0 million. The Company received cash of $74.1 million, consisting of its investment and contractually accrued preferred return of $62.4 million and $11.7 million of variable participation on the sale of the community.

(f)The Company’sJune 2023, two preferred equity investment receives a variable percentage ofagreements were amended. In connection with the value created from the project upon a capital or liquidating event.
(g)In October 2021,amendments, the Company acquired itsfunded an incremental $17.0 million to one joint venture, partner’s common equity interest in a 330 apartment home operating community located in Orlando, Florida, for a purchase price of approximately $47.9 million. As a result, in October 2021,which was used to pay down the Company consolidated the operating community and it is no longer accounted for as a preferred equity investment in an unconsolidated joint venture (see Note 3, Real Estate Owned).
(h)In January 2021, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement with an unaffiliated joint venture partner to develop and operate a 356 apartment home community in Herndon, Virginia. The Company’s preferred equity investment of $30.2 million earns a preferred return of 9.0% per annum and receives a variable percentage of the value created from the project upon a capital or liquidating event. The unaffiliated joint venture partner is the managing member of the joint venture and the developer of the community. The Company has concluded that it does not control the joint venture and accounts for it under the equity method of accounting.
(i)In March 2021, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement with an unaffiliated joint venture partner to develop and operate a 469 apartment home community in Allen, Texas. The Company’s preferred equity investment of $19.8 million earns a preferred return of 9.0% per annum and receives a variable percentage of the value created from the project upon a capital or liquidating event. The unaffiliated joint venture partner is the managing member of the joint venture and the developer of the community. The Company has concluded that it does not control the joint venture and accounts for it under the equity method of accounting.
(j)In May 2021, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement with an unaffiliated joint venture partner to develop and operate a 384 apartment home community in Kissimmee, Florida. The Company’s preferred equity investment of $16.0 million earns a preferred return of 14.0% per annum. The unaffiliated joint venture partner is the managing member of the joint venture and the developer of the community. The Company has concluded that it does not control the joint venture and accounts for it under the equity method of accounting.
(k)In December 2021, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement with an unaffiliated joint venture partner. The purpose of the joint venture is to make a preferred equity investment in a project to develop and operate a 689 apartment home community in Washington D.C. The Company’s share of the preferred equity investment of $52.2 million earns a preferred return of 9.7% per annum. The unaffiliated joint venture partner is the managing member of the joint venture. The Company has concluded that it does not control the joint venture and accounts for it under the equity method of accounting.
(l)The Company recognized approximately $50.8 million of investment income from RETV I for the year ended December 31, 2021, which primarily related to unrealized gains from one portfolio investment held by RETV I, SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”). In 2021, SmartRent, a provider of smart home automation solutions, went public through a merger with a publicly traded special purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”). As a result, SmartRent began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol “SMRT.” Due to the merger, all shares of SmartRent that RETV I held were converted to publicly traded SmartRent shares based on a pre-determinedsenior

F - 2725

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

construction loan in connection with an extension of the maturity date of the senior construction loan to April 2025, and funded an incremental $3.8 million to the other joint venture, which was used to pay down the senior construction loan in connection with an extension of the maturity date of the senior construction loan to June 2025.
(f)conversion factor. Following the mergerThe Company recognized $(0.6) million, $(35.5) million and stock conversion,$50.8 million of investment income/(loss) from RETV I began recording itsfor the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which primarily related to unrealized gains/(losses) from one portfolio investment held by RETV I, SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”).
(g)In June 2023, the agreement for one preferred equity investment was amended, resulting in SmartRent basedthe Company’s investment, inclusive of accrued preferred return, being classified as a note receivable on the share price at the endConsolidated Balance Sheet as of the reporting period less an illiquidity discount based upon a lock-up restriction on selling or transferring the investmentDecember 31, 2023. (See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies for a period of time.further discussion.)

In January 2022,As disclosed above, the Company entered intobegan consolidating one preferred investment in December 2023, resulting in a real estate technology investment as a limited partner, for a total commitment of $25.0 million. The Company funded $7.5$24.3 million to the limited partnership at closing. The Company has concluded that it does not control the limited partnership and accounts for it under the equity method of accounting.loss on consolidation classified in Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities.

As of December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, the Company had deferred fees of $8.7$7.6 million and $8.4$8.1 million, respectively, which will be recognized through earnings over the weighted average life of the related properties, upon the disposition of the properties to a third party, or upon completion of certain development obligations.

The Company recognized management fees of $6.1$6.8 million, $5.1$5.0 million, and $14.0$6.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 2019,2021, respectively, for management of the communities held by the joint ventures and partnerships. The management fees are included in Joint venture management and other fees on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company may, in the future, make additional capital contributions to certain of our joint ventures and partnerships should additional capital contributions be necessary to fund acquisitions or operations.

We consider various factors to determine if a decrease in the value of our Investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net is other-than-temporary. These factors include, but are not limited to, age of the venture, our intent and ability to retain our investment in the entity, the financial condition and long-term prospects of the entity, and the relationships with the other joint venture partners and its lenders. Based on the significance of the unobservable inputs, we classify these fair value measurements within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company did not incur any other-than-temporary impairments in the value of its investments in unconsolidated joint ventures during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 2019.2021.

F - 2826

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

Condensed summary financial information relating to the unconsolidated joint ventures’ and partnerships’ operations (not just our proportionate share), is presented below for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 20192021 (dollars in thousands):

    

    

Developer

    

    

Developer

Other

West Coast

Total

Capital Program

 

Capital Program

 

As of and For the

UDR/

UDR/

UDR/MetLife

Development

Excluding

and Other

 

UDR/

UDR/

and Other

 

Year Ended December 31, 2021

MetLife I

MetLife II

Joint Ventures

Joint Ventures

RETV I

DCP

Investments

Total

Year Ended December 31, 2023

MetLife 

LaSalle

RETV I

Investments

Total

Condensed Statements of Operations:

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

Total revenues

$

9,186

$

52,324

$

52,614

$

184

$

6

$

114,314

$

18,509

$

132,823

$

139,073

$

20,514

$

28

$

109,725

$

269,340

Property operating expenses

 

4,506

 

24,165

 

23,090

 

333

 

1,445

 

53,539

 

15,626

 

69,165

 

58,298

 

6,896

 

1,396

 

53,046

 

119,636

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

5,948

 

19,006

 

33,532

 

 

 

58,486

 

8,429

 

66,915

 

54,895

 

21,182

 

 

43,407

 

119,484

Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate

34,757

34,757

34,757

Operating income/(loss)

 

(1,268)

 

9,153

 

(4,008)

 

34,608

 

(1,439)

 

37,046

 

(5,546)

 

31,500

 

25,880

 

(7,564)

 

(1,368)

 

13,272

 

30,220

Interest expense

 

(3,068)

 

(11,873)

 

(17,366)

 

(41)

 

(17)

 

(32,365)

 

(11,161)

 

(43,526)

 

(32,720)

 

(126)

 

(103)

 

(53,282)

 

(86,231)

Other income/(loss)

 

 

 

 

(1,238)

 

 

(1,238)

 

(623)

 

(1,861)

 

 

 

 

537

 

537

Net realized gain/(loss) on held investments

 

 

 

 

12,341

 

12,341

 

 

12,341

 

 

 

33,941

 

2,113

 

36,054

Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments (a)

285,155

285,155

16,276

301,431

Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments

(29,346)

16,695

(12,651)

Net income/(loss)

$

(4,336)

$

(2,720)

$

(21,374)

$

33,329

$

296,040

$

300,939

$

(1,054)

$

299,885

$

(6,840)

$

(7,690)

$

3,124

$

(20,665)

$

(32,071)

Condensed Balance Sheets:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

  

 

  

Total real estate, net

$

108,340

$

636,674

$

558,680

$

$

$

1,303,694

$

739,464

$

2,043,158

$

1,214,525

$

595,976

$

$

1,347,556

$

3,158,057

Investments, at fair value

405,675

405,675

54,566

460,241

57,700

200,132

257,832

Real estate assets held for sale

168,668

168,668

Cash and cash equivalents

 

1,378

 

5,864

 

5,668

 

 

3,681

 

16,591

 

6,300

 

22,891

 

14,826

 

4,809

 

260

 

41,775

 

61,670

Other assets

 

1,804

 

10,483

 

5,419

 

 

14

 

17,720

 

11,228

 

28,948

 

16,406

 

9,986

 

22

 

120,562

 

146,976

Total assets

 

111,522

 

653,021

 

569,767

 

 

409,370

 

1,743,680

 

980,226

 

2,723,906

 

1,245,757

 

610,771

 

57,982

 

1,710,025

 

3,624,535

Third party debt, net

 

71,003

 

336,533

 

453,182

 

 

 

860,718

 

355,200

 

1,215,918

 

855,050

 

45,126

 

 

1,112,640

 

2,012,816

Liabilities held for sale

106,990

106,990

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities

 

1,059

 

7,360

 

5,866

 

 

90

 

14,375

 

37,314

 

51,689

 

14,856

 

5,510

 

118

 

151,018

 

171,502

Total liabilities

 

72,062

 

343,893

 

459,048

 

 

90

 

875,093

 

499,504

 

1,374,597

 

869,906

 

50,636

 

118

 

1,263,658

 

2,184,318

Total equity

$

39,460

$

309,128

$

110,719

$

$

409,280

$

868,587

$

480,722

$

1,349,309

$

375,851

$

560,135

$

57,864

$

446,367

$

1,440,217

Developer

Capital Program

 

As of and For the

UDR/

and Other

 

Year Ended December 31, 2022

MetLife 

RETV I

Investments

Total

Condensed Statements of Operations:

  

  

Total revenues

$

130,229

$

42

$

38,145

$

168,416

Property operating expenses

 

55,262

 

1,596

 

23,622

 

80,480

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

55,580

 

 

20,064

 

75,644

Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate

127,542

127,542

Operating income/(loss)

 

19,387

 

(1,554)

 

122,001

 

139,834

Interest expense

 

(30,510)

 

(21)

 

(16,383)

 

(46,914)

Other income/(loss)

 

 

 

(90)

 

(90)

Net realized gain/(loss) on held investments (a)

 

101,954

 

3,601

 

105,555

Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments (a)

(308,202)

(569)

(308,771)

Net income/(loss)

$

(11,123)

$

(207,823)

$

108,560

$

(110,386)

Condensed Balance Sheets:

 

  

 

 

  

Total real estate, net

$

1,257,952

$

$

1,481,832

$

2,739,784

Investments, at fair value

96,118

117,625

213,743

Cash and cash equivalents

 

15,554

 

1,160

 

22,285

 

38,999

Other assets

 

14,420

 

52

 

107,287

 

121,759

Total assets

 

1,287,926

 

97,330

 

1,729,029

 

3,114,285

Third party debt, net

 

857,909

 

 

1,079,420

 

1,937,329

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities

 

14,155

 

70

 

202,923

 

217,148

Total liabilities

 

872,064

 

70

 

1,282,343

 

2,154,477

Total equity

$

415,862

$

97,260

$

446,686

$

959,808

(a)Net unrealized and realized gain/(loss) on held investments related to RETV I primarily related to unrealized and realized gains from SmartRent. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded its share of net losses related to RETV I of $(35.5) million. Of that amount, $(37.2) million related to an unrealized loss on SmartRent, which is recorded in Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated Statement Operations.

F - 27

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

    

    

Developer

West Coast

Capital Program

For the

UDR/

Development

and Other

 

Year Ended December 31, 2021

MetLife 

Joint Ventures

RETV I

Investments

Total

Condensed Statements of Operations:

  

  

Total revenues

$

114,124

$

184

$

6

$

18,509

$

132,823

Property operating expenses

 

51,761

 

333

 

1,445

 

15,626

 

69,165

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

58,486

 

 

 

8,429

 

66,915

Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate

 

34,757

34,757

Operating income/(loss)

 

3,877

 

34,608

 

(1,439)

 

(5,546)

 

31,500

Interest expense

 

(32,307)

 

(41)

 

(17)

 

(11,161)

 

(43,526)

Other income/(loss)

 

(1,238)

 

 

(623)

 

(1,861)

Net realized gain/(loss) on held investments

 

 

12,341

 

 

12,341

Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments (a)

285,155

16,276

301,431

Net income/(loss)

$

(28,430)

$

33,329

$

296,040

$

(1,054)

$

299,885

(a)Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments primarily related to unrealized gains from SmartRent, which became a public company in 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded its share of the net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments of $49.9 million, of which $48.9 million related to SmartRent, in Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated Statement Operations (see footnote “l” from above).Operations.

F - 29

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

Developer

Other

West Coast

Total

Capital Program

 

As of and For the

UDR/

UDR/

UDR/MetLife

Development

Excluding

and Other

 

Year Ended December 31, 2020

MetLife I

MetLife II

Joint Ventures

Joint Ventures

RETV I

DCP

Investments

Total

Condensed Statements of Operations:

  

  

  

  

Total revenues

$

9,480

$

56,274

$

57,781

$

8,668

$

19

$

132,222

$

16,170

$

148,392

Property operating expenses

 

4,978

 

21,951

 

22,870

 

4,477

 

2,382

 

56,658

 

5,850

 

62,508

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

5,980

 

18,912

 

35,454

 

3,338

 

 

63,684

 

3,495

 

67,179

Operating income/(loss)

 

(1,478)

 

15,411

 

(543)

 

853

 

(2,363)

 

11,880

 

6,825

 

18,705

Interest expense

 

(3,075)

 

(15,386)

 

(17,457)

 

(1,344)

 

 

(37,262)

 

(3,121)

 

(40,383)

Other income/(loss)

 

 

204

 

 

63

 

 

267

 

35

 

302

Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments

36,151

36,151

(10)

36,141

Net income/(loss)

$

(4,553)

$

229

$

(18,000)

$

(428)

$

33,788

$

11,036

$

3,729

$

14,765

Condensed Balance Sheets:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

 

  

Total real estate, net

$

114,192

$

650,593

$

589,822

$

$

$

1,354,607

$

550,198

$

1,904,805

Investments, at fair value

114,026

114,026

5,490

119,516

Real estate assets held for sale

88,458

88,458

88,458

Cash and cash equivalents

 

2,585

 

4,369

 

7,049

 

 

1,364

15,367

6,911

 

22,278

Other assets

 

1,622

 

14,133

 

6,214

 

 

9

21,978

9,400

 

31,378

Total assets

 

118,399

 

669,095

 

603,085

 

88,458

 

115,399

 

1,594,436

 

571,999

 

2,166,435

Third party debt, net

 

70,946

 

416,364

 

454,153

 

 

941,463

247,247

 

1,188,710

Liabilities held for sale

55,440

55,440

55,440

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities

 

3,507

 

6,764

 

8,593

 

 

2,397

21,261

19,295

 

40,556

Total liabilities

 

74,453

 

423,128

 

462,746

 

55,440

 

2,397

 

1,018,164

 

266,542

 

1,284,706

Total equity

$

43,946

$

245,967

$

140,339

$

33,018

$

113,002

$

576,272

$

305,457

$

881,729

    

    

    

Developer

Other

West Coast

Total

Capital Program

For the

UDR/

UDR/

UDR/MetLife

Development

Excluding

and Other

 

Year Ended December 31, 2019

MetLife I

MetLife II

Joint Ventures

Joint Ventures

RETV I

DCP

Investments

Total

Condensed Statements of Operations:

  

  

  

  

Total revenues

$

9,834

$

151,226

$

102,888

$

14,058

$

96

$

278,102

$

11,146

$

289,248

Property operating expenses

 

4,533

 

54,445

 

39,542

 

6,829

 

2,909

108,258

523

 

108,781

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

5,787

 

44,077

 

50,579

 

5,440

 

105,883

 

105,883

Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate (a)

 

115,516

115,516

115,516

Operating income/(loss)

 

(486)

 

52,704

 

128,283

 

1,789

 

(2,813)

 

179,477

 

10,623

 

190,100

Interest expense

 

(3,070)

 

(44,825)

 

(27,647)

 

(4,656)

 

(80,198)

 

(80,198)

Net gain/(loss) on revaluation of assets and liabilities (b)

458,195

25,711

483,906

483,906

Other income/(loss)

 

 

 

159

 

159

(68)

 

91

Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments

26,417

26,417

26,417

Net income/(loss)

$

(3,556)

$

466,074

$

126,347

$

(2,708)

$

23,604

$

609,761

$

10,555

$

620,316

(a)

Represent the gains on the sale of 3 operating communities at the UDR/KFH joint venture level.

(b)

Represent the net gains on the revaluation of the assets and liabilities to fair value of 15 operating communities at the UDR/MetLife II joint venture level and 1 development community and 4 land parcels at the UDR/MetLife Vitruvian Park® joint venture level prior to their distribution to the Company or MetLife in November 2019. The net gain on revaluation of assets and liabilities to fair value was recognized at the joint venture level as the respective joint ventures distributed their equity interests in the real estate to the Company or MetLife at fair value.

For the approximately 50% ownership interest acquired in the 10 operating communities, 1 development community and 4 land parcels described above, the Company deferred its share of the net gain on revaluation of approximately $131.5 million and recorded it as a reduction of the carrying amount of real estate owned. (see Note 3, Real Estate Owned). For the 50% ownership interest acquired in the 5 communities by MetLife, the Company recognized a net gain on sale of $114.9 million at our share, when the communities were disposed of by the UDR/MetLife II joint venture.

F - 30

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

6. LEASES

Lessee - Ground and Office Leases

UDR owns 6has six communities that are subject to ground leases, under which UDR is the lessee, expiringthat expire between 2043 and 2103, inclusive of extension options we are reasonably certain will be exercised. All of these leases are classified as operating leases through the lease term expiration based on our election of the practical expedient provided by the leasing standard. Rental expense for lease payments related to operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term. We currently do not hold any finance leases. The Company also elected the short-term lease exception provided by the leasing standard and therefore only recognizes right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term greater than one year. No leases qualified for the short-term lease exception during the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020.2022.

As of December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, the Operating lease right-of-use assets were $197.5$190.6 million and $200.9$194.1 million, respectively, and the Operating lease liabilities were $192.5$185.8 million and $195.6$189.2 million, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance SheetSheets related to our ground leases. The value of the Operating lease right-of-use assets exceeds the value of the Operating lease liabilities due to prepaid lease payments and intangible assets for ground leases acquired in the purchase of real estate.payments. The calculation of these amounts includes minimum lease payments over the remaining lease term (described further in the table below). Variable lease payments are excluded from the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities and are recognized in earnings in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred.

As the discount rate implicit in the leases was not readily determinable, we determined the discount rate for these leases utilizing the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at a portfolio level, adjusted for the remaining lease term, and the form of underlying collateral.

The weighted average remaining lease term for these leases was 43.242.0 years and 43.942.6 years at December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively, and the weighted average discount rate was 5.0% at both December 31, 20212023 and 2020.2022.

Future minimum lease payments and total operating lease liabilities from our ground leases as of December 31, 20212023 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Ground Leases

2022

$

12,442

2023

12,442

2024

12,442

2025

12,442

2026

12,442

Thereafter

430,337

Total future minimum lease payments (undiscounted)

492,547

Difference between future undiscounted cash flows and discounted cash flows

(300,059)

Total operating lease liabilities (discounted)

$

192,488

Ground Leases

2024

$

12,442

2025

12,442

2026

12,442

F - 28

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

2027

12,442

2028

12,442

Thereafter

405,452

Total future minimum lease payments (undiscounted)

467,662

Difference between future undiscounted cash flows and discounted cash flows

(281,826)

Total operating lease liabilities (discounted)

$

185,836

For purposes of recognizing our ground lease contracts, the Company uses the minimum lease payments, if stated in the agreement. For ground lease agreements where there is a rent reset provision based on a change in an index or a rate (i.e., changes in fair market rental rates or changes in the consumer price index) but that does not include a specified minimum lease payment, the Company uses the current rent over the remainder of the lease term. If there is a contingency upon which some or all of the variable lease payments that will be paid over the remainder of the lease term are based, which is resolved such that those payments now meet the definition of lease payments, the Company will remeasure the right-of-use asset and lease liability on the reset date.

F - 31

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

The components of operating lease expenses were as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

2021

2020

2019

2023

2022

2021

Lease expense:

Contractual lease expense

$

12,924

$

12,821

$

8,272

$

13,173

$

12,991

$

12,924

Variable lease expense (a)

78

119

664

155

112

78

Total operating lease expense (b)(c)

$

13,002

$

12,940

$

8,936

$

13,328

$

13,103

$

13,002

(a)Variable lease expense includes adjustments such as changes in the consumer price index and payments based on a percentage of a community’s income.revenue.
(b)Lease expense is reported within the line item Other operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(c)For the year ended December 31, 2023, Operating lease right-of-use assets and Operating lease liabilities amortized by $3.5 million and $3.4 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022, Operating lease right-of-use assets and Operating lease liabilities amortized by $3.4 million and $3.3 million, respectively, and for the year ended December 31, 2021, Operating lease right-of-use assets and Operating lease liabilities amortized by $3.5 million and $3.1 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2020, Operating lease right-of-use assets and Operating lease liabilities amortized by $3.3 million and $3.0 million, respectively, and for the year ended December 31, 2019, Operating lease right-of-use assets and Operating lease liabilities amortized by $1.2 million and $0.8 million, respectively. Due to the net impact of the amortization, the Company recorded $0.3$0.1 million, $0.3$0.1 million and $0.4$0.3 million of total operating lease expense during the years ended December 31, 2021, 20202023, 2022 and 2019,2021, respectively.

Lessor - Apartment Home, Retail and Commercial Space Leases

UDR’s communities and retail and commercial space are leased to tenants under operating leases. As of December 31, 2021,2023, our apartment home leases generally have initial terms of 12 months or less and represent approximately 99.1% of our total lease revenue.less. As of December 31, 2021,2023, our retail and commercial space leases generally have initial terms of between 5 and 15 years and represent approximately 0.9%1% to 2% of our total lease revenue. Our apartment home leases are generally renewable at the end of the lease term, subject to potential increaseschanges in rental rates, and our retail and commercial space leases generally have renewal options, subject to associated increases in rental rates due to market-based or fixed-price renewal options and certain other conditions. (See Note 16, Reportable Segments for further discussion around our major revenue streams and disaggregation of our revenue.)

Future minimum lease payments from our retail and commercial leases as of December 31, 20212023 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Retail and Commercial Leases

Retail and Commercial Leases

2022

$

25,208

2023

23,746

2024

21,649

$

26,807

2025

18,541

24,432

2026

15,734

21,735

Thereafter

67,713

Total future minimum lease payments (a)

$

172,591

2027

18,121

F - 29

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

2028

15,191

Thereafter

58,166

Total future minimum lease payments (a)

$

164,452

(a)We have excluded our apartment home leases from this table as our apartment home leases generally have initial terms of 12 months or less.

Certain of our leases with retail and commercial tenants provide for the payment by the lessee of additional variable rent based on a percentage of the tenant’s revenue. The amounts shown in the table above do not include these variable percentage rents. The Company recorded variable percentage rents of $0.4$1.1 million, $0.2$0.8 million and $0.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2021, 20202023, 2022 and 2019,2021, respectively.

F - 3230

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

7. SECURED AND UNSECURED DEBT, NET

The following is a summary of our secured and unsecured debt at December 31, 20212023 and 20202022 (dollars in thousands):

��

Principal Outstanding

As of December 31, 2021

Principal Outstanding

As of December 31, 2023

Weighted

Weighted

Weighted

Weighted

Average

Average

Number of

Average

Average

Number of

December 31, 

December 31, 

Interest

Years to

Communities

December 31, 

December 31, 

Interest

Years to

Communities

    

2021

    

2020

    

Rate

    

Maturity

    

Encumbered

    

2023

    

2022

    

Rate

    

Maturity

    

Encumbered

Secured Debt:

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

Fixed Rate Debt

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Mortgage notes payable (a)

$

1,006,762

$

824,550

 

3.42

%  

6.4

 

14

$

1,213,751

$

1,005,622

 

3.48

%  

4.7

 

20

Deferred financing costs and other non-cash adjustments (b)

 

23,678

 

10,665

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

(3,009)

 

19,712

 

  

 

  

 

  

Total fixed rate secured debt, net

 

1,030,440

 

835,215

 

3.42

%  

6.4

 

14

 

1,210,742

 

1,025,334

 

3.48

%  

4.7

 

20

Variable Rate Debt

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Tax-exempt secured notes payable (c)

 

27,000

 

27,000

 

0.71

%  

10.2

 

1

Mortgage notes payable (c)

 

40,017

 

 

8.33

%  

1.3

 

1

Tax-exempt secured notes payable (d)

 

27,000

 

27,000

 

4.08

%  

8.2

 

1

Deferred financing costs

 

(60)

 

(68)

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

(46)

 

(53)

 

  

 

  

 

  

Total variable rate secured debt, net

 

26,940

 

26,932

 

0.71

%  

10.2

 

1

 

66,971

 

26,947

 

6.61

%  

4.1

 

2

Total Secured Debt, net

 

1,057,380

 

862,147

 

3.35

%  

6.5

 

15

 

1,277,713

 

1,052,281

 

3.64

%  

4.7

 

22

Unsecured Debt:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Variable Rate Debt

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Borrowings outstanding under unsecured credit facility due January 2026 (d) (o)

 

 

 

%  

4.1

 

  

Borrowings outstanding under unsecured commercial paper program due January 2022 (e) (o)

220,000

190,000

0.34

%  

0.1

Borrowings outstanding under unsecured working capital credit facility due January 2024 (f)

 

29,546

 

28,024

 

0.88

%  

2.0

 

  

Term Loan due January 2027 (d) (o)

 

35,000

 

35,000

 

0.95

%  

5.1

 

  

Borrowings outstanding under unsecured credit facility due January 2026 (e) (n)

 

 

 

%  

2.1

 

  

Borrowings outstanding under unsecured commercial paper program due January 2024 (f) (n)

408,075

300,000

5.67

%  

0.1

Borrowings outstanding under unsecured working capital credit facility due January 2025 (g)

 

4,593

 

28,015

 

6.28

%  

1.0

 

  

Term Loan due January 2027 (e) (n)

 

 

175,000

 

%  

3.1

 

  

Fixed Rate Debt

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Term Loan due January 2027 (d) (o)

315,000

 

315,000

 

1.02

%  

5.1

Term Loan due January 2027 (e) (n)

350,000

 

175,000

 

3.36

%  

3.1

8.50% Debentures due September 2024

 

15,644

 

15,644

 

8.50

%  

2.7

 

  

 

15,644

 

15,644

 

8.50

%  

0.7

 

  

4.00% Medium-Term Notes due October 2025 (net of discounts of $0 and $327, respectively) (g) (o)

 

 

299,673

 

%  

 

  

2.95% Medium-Term Notes due September 2026 (h) (o)(n)

 

300,000

 

300,000

 

2.89

%  

4.7

 

  

 

300,000

 

300,000

 

2.89

%  

2.7

 

  

3.50% Medium-Term Notes due July 2027 (net of discounts of $388 and $458, respectively) (i) (o)

299,612

299,542

4.03

%  

5.5

3.50% Medium-Term Notes due January 2028 (net of discounts of $717 and $835, respectively) (o)

299,283

299,165

3.50

%  

6.0

4.40% Medium-Term Notes due January 2029 (net of discounts of $4 and $5, respectively) (j) (o)

299,996

299,995

4.27

%  

7.1

3.20% Medium-Term Notes due January 2030 (net of premiums of $11,040 and $12,412, respectively) (k) (o)

611,040

612,412

3.32

%  

8.0

3.00% Medium-Term Notes due August 2031 (net of premiums/discounts of $11,498 and $1,027, respectively) (l) (o)

611,498

398,973

3.01

%  

9.6

2.10% Medium-Term Notes due August 2032 (net of discounts of $373 and $408, respectively) (o)

399,627

399,592

2.10

%  

10.6

1.90% Medium-Term Notes due March 2033 (net of discounts of $1,351 and $1,471, respectively) (o)

348,649

348,529

1.90

%  

11.2

2.10% Medium-Term Notes due June 2033 (net of discounts of $1,140 and $0, respectively) (m) (o)

298,860

2.10

%  

11.5

3.10% Medium-Term Notes due November 2034 (net of discounts of $1,133 and $1,221, respectively) (n) (o)

298,867

298,779

3.13

%  

12.8

3.50% Medium-Term Notes due July 2027 (net of discounts of $247 and $317, respectively) (i) (n)

299,753

299,683

4.03

%  

3.5

3.50% Medium-Term Notes due January 2028 (net of discounts of $479 and $598, respectively) (n)

299,521

299,402

3.50

%  

4.0

4.40% Medium-Term Notes due January 2029 (net of discounts of $3 and $4, respectively) (j) (n)

299,997

299,996

4.27

%  

5.1

3.20% Medium-Term Notes due January 2030 (net of premiums of $8,294 and $9,667, respectively) (k) (n)

608,294

609,667

3.32

%  

6.0

3.00% Medium-Term Notes due August 2031 (net of premiums of $9,109 and $10,304, respectively) (l) (n)

609,109

610,304

3.01

%  

7.6

2.10% Medium-Term Notes due August 2032 (net of discounts of $303 and $338, respectively) (n)

399,697

399,662

2.10

%  

8.6

1.90% Medium-Term Notes due March 2033 (net of discounts of $1,110 and $1,230, respectively) (n)

348,890

348,770

1.90

%  

9.2

2.10% Medium-Term Notes due June 2033 (net of discounts of $941 and $1,041, respectively) (n)

299,059

298,959

2.10

%  

9.5

3.10% Medium-Term Notes due November 2034 (net of discounts of $956 and $1,045, respectively) (m) (n)

299,044

298,955

3.13

%  

10.8

Other

 

7

 

10

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

2

 

5

 

  

 

  

 

  

Deferred financing costs

 

(27,222)

 

(25,937)

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

(20,682)

 

(24,040)

 

  

 

  

 

  

Total Unsecured Debt, net

 

4,355,407

 

4,114,401

 

2.72

%  

8.0

 

  

 

4,520,996

 

4,435,022

 

3.30

%  

5.9

 

  

Total Debt, net

$

5,412,787

$

4,976,548

 

2.80

%  

7.7

 

  

$

5,798,709

$

5,487,303

 

3.40

%  

5.6

 

  

F - 3331

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

For purposes of classification of the above table, variable rate debt with a derivative financial instrument designated as a cash flow hedge is deemed as fixed rate debt due to the Company having effectively established a fixed interest rate for the underlying debt instrument.

Our secured debt instruments generally feature either monthly interest and principal or monthly interest-only payments with balloon payments due at maturity. As of December 31, 2021,2023, secured debt encumbered approximately 12%14% of UDR’s total real estate owned based upon gross book value (approximately 88%86% of UDR’s real estate owned based on gross book value is unencumbered).

(a) At December 31, 2021,2023, fixed rate mortgage notes payable are generally due in monthly installments of principal and interest and mature at various dates from July 2024 through February 2031 and carry interest rates ranging from 2.62% to 4.39%.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company assumed 3 fixed rate mortgage notes payable with an aggregate outstanding balance of $183.3 million and a fair value of $201.3 million in connection with the acquisition of 3 operating properties, which carry a weighted average interest rate of 3.93%. (see Note 3, Real Estate Owned).

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company prepaid 0 and $111.1 million, respectively, of its fixed rate mortgage notes payable with proceeds from the issuance of senior unsecured medium-term notes. The Company incurred net extinguishment costs of zero, $8.5 million and 0 during years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, which was included in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company will from time to time acquire properties subject to fixed rate debt instruments. In those situations, the Company records the debt at its estimated fair value and amortizes any difference between the fair value and par value to interest expense over the lifeterm of the underlying debt instrument.

In August 2023, the Company assumed secured fixed rate mortgage notes payable with an outstanding balance of $209.4 million and a fair value of $191.7 million in connection with the acquisition of six operating communities. The six mortgages had outstanding balances ranging from $28.0 million to $40.0 million and carry interest rates from 3.24% to 4.12% (see Note 3, Real Estate Owned).

(b) During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 2019,2021, the Company had $3.9$3.4 million, $22.4$4.5 million, and $3.0$3.9 million, respectively, of amortization of the fair market adjustment of debt assumed in the acquisition of properties inclusive of its fixed rate mortgage notes payable, and credit facilities, which was included in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The unamortized fair market adjustment was a net premium of $27.0$1.5 million and $12.9$22.5 million at December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively. The change in net premium was primarily due to the assumption of fixed rate mortgages discussed in footnote (a) above.

(c) In December 2023, (c)the Company began consolidating a preferred equity investment which included a secured variable rate senior construction loan with an outstanding balance of $40.0 million. The senior construction loan had an interest rate of 8.33% as of December 31, 2023 (see Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships).

(d) The variable rate mortgage note payable secures a tax-exempt housing bond issue that matures in March 2032. Interest on this note is payable in monthly installments. As of December 31, 2021,2023, the variable interest rate on the mortgage note was 0.71%4.08%.

(d) In September 2021, the(e) The Company entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) that provides forhas a $1.3 billion unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) and a $350.0 million unsecured term loan (the “Term Loan”). The Credit Agreementcredit agreement for these facilities ( the “Credit Agreement”) allows the total commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility and the total borrowings under the Term Loan to be increased to an aggregate maximum amount of up to $2.5 billion, subject to certain conditions, including obtaining commitments from one or more lenders. The Revolving Credit Facility has a scheduled maturity date of January 31, 2026, with 2 two six-month extension options, subject to certain conditions. The Term Loan has a scheduled maturity date of January 31, 2027.

The Credit Agreement amended and restated the Company’s prior credit agreement, which provided for: (i) a $1.1 billion revolving credit facility scheduled to mature in January 2023 and (ii) a $350.0 million term loan scheduled to mature in September 2023. The prior credit agreement allowed the total commitments under the revolving credit facility and total borrowings under the term loan to be increased to an aggregate maximum amount of up to $2.0 billion, subject to certain conditions.

Based on the Company’s current credit rating, the Revolving Credit Facility has an interest rate equal to LIBORAdjusted SOFR plus a margin of 77.575.5 basis points and a facility fee of 15 basis points, and the Term Loan has an interest rate equal to LIBORAdjusted SOFR plus a margin of 8583.0 basis points. Depending on the Company’s credit rating, the margin under the Revolving Credit Facility ranges from 70 to 140 basis points, the facility fee ranges from 10 to 30 basis points, and the margin under the Term Loan ranges from 75 to 160 basis points. Further, the Credit Agreement includes sustainability adjustments pursuant to which the applicable margin for the Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan were reduced bytwobasis points upon the Company receiving certain green building certifications, which is reflected in the margins noted above.

In August 2021 and March 2023, the Company entered into five interest rate swaps totaling a $350.0 million of notional value, which became effective in July 2022 and in March 2023, to hedge against interest rate risk on all or a

F - 3432

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

In November 2020, the Company entered into 3 interest rate swaps, which became effective in January 2021, to hedge against interest rate risk onportion of the Term Loan debt until July 2022. The all-in2025. $350.0 million of the Term Loan debt has a weighted average interest rate, inclusive of the impact of the interest rate swaps, was 1.02%. In August 2021, the Company entered into 2 interest rate swaps totaling a $175.0 of 3.36% from March 2023 until January 2024, $262.5 million notional value, which will become effective in July 2022, to hedge against interest rate risk onof the Term Loan until July 2025. The all-indebt has a weighted average interest rate, inclusive of the impact of the interest rate swaps, will be 1.48%of 2.68% from January 2024 until July 2024, and $175.0 million of the Term Loan debt has a weighted average interest rate, inclusive of the impact of interest rate swaps, of 1.43% from July 2024 until July 2025.

The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and financial and other affirmative and negative covenants. The Credit Agreement also includes customary events of default, in certain cases subject to customary periods to cure. The occurrence of an event of default, following the applicable cure period, would permit the lenders to, among other things, declare the unpaid principal, accrued and unpaid interest and all other amounts payable under the Credit Agreement to be immediately due and payable.

The following is a summary of short-term bank borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility at December 31, 20212023 and 20202022 (dollars in thousands):

    

December 31, 

    

December 31,

    

December 31, 

    

December 31,

 

2021

 

2020

 

2023

 

2022

Total revolving credit facility

$

1,300,000

$

1,100,000

$

1,300,000

$

1,300,000

Borrowings outstanding at end of period (1)

 

 

 

 

Weighted average daily borrowings during the period ended

 

13,068

 

42,186

 

2,055

 

3,776

Maximum daily borrowings during the period ended

 

305,000

 

375,000

 

250,000

 

205,000

Weighted average interest rate during the period ended

 

0.9

%  

 

1.4

%

 

5.6

%  

 

3.9

%

Interest rate at end of the period

 

%  

 

%

 

%  

 

%

(1)Excludes $2.6$2.3 million and $2.8$2.6 million of letters of credit at December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively.

(e)(f) The Company has an unsecured commercial paper program. Under the terms of the program, the Company may issue unsecured commercial paper up to a maximum aggregate amount outstanding of $700.0 million. The notes are sold under customary terms in the United States commercial paper market and rank pari passu with all of the Company’s other unsecured indebtedness. The notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Operating Partnership.

In July 2021, the maximum aggregate amount was increased from $500.0 million to $700.0 million.

The following is a summary of short-term bank borrowings under the unsecured commercial paper program at December 31, 20212023 and 20202022 (dollars in thousands):

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

 

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

 

2021

2020

 

2023

2022

 

Total unsecured commercial paper program

 

$

700,000

$

500,000

 

$

700,000

$

700,000

Borrowings outstanding at end of period

 

220,000

 

190,000

 

408,075

 

300,000

Weighted average daily borrowings during the period ended

 

419,563

 

227,090

 

384,068

 

405,671

Maximum daily borrowings during the period ended

 

700,000

 

500,000

 

505,000

 

700,000

Weighted average interest rate during the period ended

 

0.2

%  

 

0.9

%

 

5.4

%  

 

2.3

%

Interest rate at end of the period

 

0.3

%  

 

0.3

%

 

5.7

%  

 

4.7

%

In January 2022, the entire $220.0 million of outstanding unsecured commercial paper as of December 31, 2021 was repaid at maturity with additional proceeds of unsecured commercial paper with maturity dates in January 2022 and February 2022 and proceeds under the Working Capital Credit Facility.

(f)(g) The Company has a working capital credit facility, which provides for a $75.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Working Capital Credit Facility”) with a scheduled maturity date of January 12, 2024.2025. In September 2021,November 2023, the Company amended the Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 14, 202212, 2024 to January 12, 2024 and lower the margin range for the interest rate.2025, plus a one-year extension option. Based on the Company’s current credit rating, the Working Capital Credit Facility now has an interest rate equal to LIBORAdjusted SOFR plus a margin of 77.5 basis points. Depending on the Company’s credit rating, the margin ranges from 70 to 140 basis points.

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

The following is a summary of short-term bank borrowings under the Working Capital Credit Facility at December 31, 20212023 and 20202022 (dollars in thousands):

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

 

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

 

2021

2020

 

2023

2022

 

Total working capital credit facility

$

75,000

$

75,000

$

75,000

$

75,000

Borrowings outstanding at end of period

 

29,546

 

28,024

 

4,593

 

28,015

Weighted average daily borrowings during the period ended

 

10,473

 

20,132

 

15,829

 

15,080

Maximum daily borrowings during the period ended

 

46,038

 

54,974

 

57,107

 

55,812

Weighted average interest rate during the period ended

 

0.9

%  

 

1.4

%

 

5.9

%  

 

3.0

%

Interest rate at end of the period

 

0.9

%  

 

1.0

%

 

6.3

%  

 

5.2

%

(g) In February 2021, the Company redeemed all of its $300.0 million 4.00% senior unsecured medium-term notes due October 2025 (the “2025 Notes”) (plus the make-whole amount and accrued and unpaid interest). The Company incurred extinguishment costs of $42.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, which was included in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

(h) The Company previously entered into forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge against interest rate risk on $100.0 million of this debt. The all-in weighted average interest rate, inclusive of the impact of these interest rate swaps, was 2.89%.

(i) The Company previously entered into forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge against interest rate risk on $200.0 million of this debt. The all-in weighted average interest rate, inclusive of the impact of these interest rate swaps, was 4.03%.

(j) The Company previously entered into forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge against interest rate risk on $150.0 million of the initial $300.0 million issued. The all-in weighted average interest rate, inclusive of the impact of these interest rate swaps, was 4.27%.

(k) The Company previously entered into forward starting interest rate swaps and treasury lock to hedge against the interest rate risk of this debt. The all-in weighted average interest rate, inclusive of the impact of the forward starting swaps and treasury locks, was 3.32%.

(l) In September 2021, the Company issued an additional $200.0 million of its 3.00% medium-term notes due 2031 (the “2031 Notes”). The notes were priced at 106.388% of the principal amount of the notes to yield 2.259%. This was a further issuance of and forms a single series with the $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 2031 Notes that were issued in August 2019.

The Company entered into treasury lock agreements to hedge against interest rate risk on $250.0 million of the $600.0 million aggregate principal amount. The all-in weighted average interest rate, inclusive of the impact of the treasury locks, was 3.01%.

(m)In February 2021, the Company issued $300.0 million of 2.10% senior unsecured medium-term notes due June 15, 2033. The notes were priced at 99.592% of the principal amount of the notes. The Company used the net proceeds to redeem its 2025 Notes (see footnote (g) above).
(n) The Company previously entered into forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge against the interest rate risk of this debt. The all-in weighted average interest rate, inclusive of the impact of these interest rate swaps, was 3.13%.
(o)(n) The Operating Partnership is the guarantor of this debt.

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

The aggregate maturities, including amortizing principal payments on secured and unsecured debt, of total debt for the next ten years subsequent to December 31, 20212023 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

  �� 

Total Fixed

    

Total Variable

    

Total 

    

Total 

    

Total 

    

Total Fixed

    

Total Variable

    

Total 

    

Total 

    

Total 

Year

Secured Debt

Secured Debt

Secured Debt

Unsecured Debt

Debt

Secured Debt

Secured Debt

Secured Debt

Unsecured Debt

Debt

2022

$

1,140

$

$

1,140

$

220,000

(a)

$

221,140

2023

1,242

1,242

1,242

2024

 

96,747

 

 

96,747

 

45,190

 

141,937

$

97,578

$

$

97,578

$

423,719

$

521,297

2025

 

174,793

 

 

174,793

 

 

174,793

178,568

40,017

218,585

4,593

223,178

2026

 

52,744

 

 

52,744

 

300,000

 

352,744

 

56,665

 

 

56,665

 

300,000

 

356,665

2027

 

2,860

 

 

2,860

 

650,000

 

652,860

 

6,931

 

 

6,931

 

650,000

 

656,931

2028

 

162,310

 

 

162,310

 

300,000

 

462,310

 

166,518

 

 

166,518

 

300,000

 

466,518

2029

 

191,986

 

 

191,986

 

300,000

 

491,986

 

315,802

 

 

315,802

 

300,000

 

615,802

2030

 

162,010

 

 

162,010

 

600,000

 

762,010

 

230,759

 

 

230,759

 

600,000

 

830,759

2031

 

160,930

 

 

160,930

 

600,000

 

760,930

 

160,930

 

 

160,930

 

600,000

 

760,930

2032

 

 

27,000

 

27,000

 

400,000

 

427,000

2033

 

 

 

 

650,000

 

650,000

Thereafter

 

 

27,000

 

27,000

 

1,350,000

 

1,377,000

 

 

 

 

300,000

 

300,000

Subtotal

 

1,006,762

 

27,000

 

1,033,762

 

4,365,190

 

5,398,952

 

1,213,751

 

67,017

 

1,280,768

 

4,528,312

 

5,809,080

Non-cash (b)(a)

 

23,678

 

(60)

 

23,618

 

(9,783)

 

13,835

 

(3,009)

 

(46)

 

(3,055)

 

(7,316)

 

(10,371)

Total

$

1,030,440

$

26,940

$

1,057,380

$

4,355,407

$

5,412,787

$

1,210,742

$

66,971

$

1,277,713

$

4,520,996

$

5,798,709

(a)All unsecured debt due in the remainder of 2022 is related to the Company’s commercial paper program.
(b)Includes the unamortized balance of fair market value adjustments, premiums/discounts, and deferred financing costs. For the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, the Company amortized $4.7 million and $4.4$3.8 million, respectively, of deferred financing costs into Interest expense.

We were in compliance with the covenants of our debt instruments at December 31, 2021.2023. 

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

8. INCOME/(LOSS) PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted income/(loss) per share for the periods presented (dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data):

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Numerator for income/(loss) per share:

  

  

  

  

Net income/(loss)

$

160,993

$

68,970

$

199,579

$

474,488

$

92,579

$

160,993

Net (income)/loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

 

(10,873)

 

(4,543)

 

(14,426)

 

(30,104)

 

(5,613)

 

(10,873)

Net (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

 

(104)

 

(161)

 

(188)

 

(31)

 

(42)

 

(104)

Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc.

 

150,016

 

64,266

 

184,965

 

444,353

 

86,924

 

150,016

Distributions to preferred stockholders — Series E (Convertible)

 

(4,229)

 

(4,230)

 

(4,104)

 

(4,848)

 

(4,412)

 

(4,229)

Income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders - basic and diluted

$

145,787

$

60,036

$

180,861

$

439,505

$

82,512

$

145,787

Denominator for income/(loss) per share:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Weighted average common shares outstanding

 

300,579

 

294,808

 

285,509

 

329,136

 

321,949

 

300,579

Non-vested restricted stock awards

 

(253)

 

(263)

 

(262)

 

(371)

 

(278)

 

(253)

Denominator for basic income/(loss) per share

 

300,326

 

294,545

 

285,247

 

328,765

 

321,671

 

300,326

Incremental shares issuable from assumed conversion of unvested LTIP Units, unvested restricted stock and shares issuable upon settlement of forward sales agreements

 

1,377

 

382

 

768

Incremental shares issuable from assumed conversion of unvested LTIP Units, performance units, unvested restricted stock and shares issuable upon settlement of forward sales agreements

 

339

 

1,029

 

1,377

Denominator for diluted income/(loss) per share

 

301,703

 

294,927

 

286,015

 

329,104

 

322,700

 

301,703

Income/(loss) per weighted average common share:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Basic

$

0.49

$

0.20

$

0.63

$

1.34

$

0.26

$

0.49

Diluted

$

0.48

$

0.20

$

0.63

$

1.34

$

0.26

$

0.48

Basic income/(loss) per common share is computed based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted income/(loss) per common share is computed based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the common shares issuable from the assumed conversion of the OP Units and DownREIT Units, convertible preferred stock, stock options, unvested long-term incentive plan units (“LTIP Units”), performance units, unvested restricted stock and continuous equity program forward sales agreements. Only those instruments having a dilutive impact on our basic income/(loss) per share are included in diluted income/(loss) per share during the periods. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 2019,2021, the effect of the conversion of the OP Units, DownREIT Units and the Company’s Series E preferred stock was not dilutive and therefore not included in the above calculation.

In July 2021, the Company entered into an ATM sales agreement under which the Company may offer and sell up to 20.0 million shares of its common stock, from time to time, to or through its sales agents and may enter into separate forward sales agreements to or through its forward purchasers. Upon entering into the ATM sales agreement, the Company simultaneously terminated the sales agreement for its prior at-the-market equity offering program, which was entered into in July 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2021,2023, the Company sold 1.6 milliondid not sell any shares of common stock through its ATM program pursuant to the Company’s forward sales agreement described below.program. As of December 31, 2021,2023, we had 18.414.0 million shares of common stock available for future issuance under the ATM program, including an aggregate of 4.4 million shares subject to the forward sales agreements described below.program.

In connection with any forward sales agreement under the Company’s ATM program, the relevant forward purchasers will borrow from third parties and, through the relevant sales agent, acting in its role as forward seller, sell a number of shares of the Company’s common stock equal to the number of shares underlying the agreement. The Company does not initially receive any proceeds from any sale of borrowed shares by the forward seller.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company had entered into forward sales agreements under its current or prior ATM programs for a total of 10.8 million shares of common stock at a weighted average initial forward price per share of $50.59, of which 4.4 million shares had not been settled. The actual forward price per share to be received by the Company upon settlement will be determined on the applicable settlement date based on adjustments made to the initial forward price to reflect the then-current federal funds rate and the amount of dividends paid to holders of UDR common stock over the term of the forward sales agreement. As of December 31, 2021, 6.4 million shares under

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Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

the forward sales agreements under the ATM programs had been settled at a weighted average forward price per share of $47.79, which is inclusive of adjustments made to reflect the then-current federal funds rate, the amount of dividends paid to holders of UDR common stock and commissions paid to sales agents of approximately $2.6 million, for net proceeds of $306.6 million. The final dates by which the remaining shares sold under the forward sales agreements under the ATM programs must be settled range between August 1, 2022 and September 14, 2022.

In March 2021, the Company entered into forward sale agreements to sell 7.0 million shares of its common stock at an initial forward price per share of $43.51. The actual forward price per share to be received by the Company upon settlement was determined on the applicable settlement date based on adjustments made to the initial forward price to reflect the then-current federal funds rate and the amount of dividends paid to holders of UDR common stock over the term of the forward sales agreement. In September 2021, the Company settled all 7.0 million shares at a forward price per share of $42.65, which is inclusive of adjustments made to reflect the then-current federal funds rate, the amount of dividends paid to holders of UDR common stock and commissions paid to sales agents of approximately $6.0 million, for net proceeds of $298.5 million.

In June 2021, the Company entered into forward sale agreements to sell 6.1 million shares of its common stock at an initial forward price per share of $49.22. The actual forward price per share to be received by the Company upon settlement will be determined on the applicable settlement date based on adjustments made to the initial forward price to reflect the then-current federal funds rate and the amount of dividends paid to holders of UDR common stock over the term of the forward sales agreement. In December 2021, the Company settled all 6.1 million shares at a forward price per share of $48.33, which is inclusive of adjustments made to reflect the then-current federal funds rate, the amount of dividends paid to holders of UDR common stock and commissions paid to sales agents of approximately $5.4 million, for net proceeds of $294.8 million.

As described above, during the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company settled 19.5 million shares in aggregate under forward sales agreements under the ATM programs and previously announced forward sales agreements for net proceeds of $900.0 million. Aggregate net proceeds from such forward sales, after deducting related expenses, were $899.1 million.

As of February 11, 2022, we had 18.4 million shares of common stock available for future issuance under the ATM program, including an aggregate of 4.4 million shares subject to the forward sales agreements.

The Company generally has the ability to determine the dates and method of settlement (i.e., gross physical settlement, net share settlement or cash settlement), subject to certain conditions and the right of the counterparty to accelerate settlement under certain circumstances. The Company currently expects to fully physically settle each forward sales agreement with the relevant forward purchaser on one or more dates specified by the Company on or prior to the maturity date of that particular forward sales agreement, in which case the Company expects to receive aggregate net

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Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

cash proceeds at settlement equal to the number of shares underlying the particular forward sales agreement multiplied by the relevant forward sale price. However, subject to certain exceptions, the Company may also elect, in its discretion, to cash settle or net share settle a particular forward sales agreement, in which case the Company may not receive any proceeds (in the case of cash settlement) or will not receive any proceeds (in the case of net share settlement), and the Company may owe cash (in the case of cash settlement) or shares of UDR common stock (in the case of net share settlement) to the relevant forward purchaser.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not enter into any forward purchase agreements under its continuous equity program.

In June 2022, the Company settled all 4.4 million shares under the outstanding forward sales agreements under its ATM program at a weighted average forward price per share of $52.46, which is inclusive of adjustments made to reflect the then-current federal funds rate, the amount of dividends paid to holders of UDR common stock over the term of the agreements and commissions paid to sales agents of approximately $7.5 million, for net proceeds of $230.9 million.

In March 2022, in connection with an underwritten public offering, the Company entered into forward sales agreements to sell 7.0 million shares of its common stock at an initial forward price per share of $57.565. The actual forward price per share received by the Company upon settlement was determined on the applicable settlement dates based on adjustments made to the initial forward price to reflect the then-current federal funds rate and the amount of dividends paid to holders of UDR common stock over the term of the forward sales agreements. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company settled all 7.0 million shares under the forward sales agreements at a weighted average forward price per share of $57.07, which is inclusive of adjustments made to reflect the then-current federal funds rate and the amount of dividends paid to holders of UDR common stock, for net proceeds of $399.5 million.

As described above, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company settled all 11.4 million shares in aggregate under previously announced forward sales agreements, including under the ATM program, for net proceeds of $630.4 million. Aggregate net proceeds from such forward sales, after deducting related expenses, were $629.6 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 0.6 million shares of its common stock at an average price of $40.13 per share for total consideration of approximately $25.0 million under its share repurchase program. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 1.2 million shares of its common stock at an average price of $41.14 per share for total consideration of approximately $49.0 million under its share repurchase program.

The following table sets forth the additional shares of common stock outstanding by equity instrument if converted to common stock for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 20192021 (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

2021

2020

2019

2023

2022

2021

OP/DownREIT Units

    

22,418

    

22,310

    

22,773

    

22,410

    

21,478

    

22,418

Convertible preferred stock

 

2,918

 

2,950

 

3,011

 

2,908

 

2,916

 

2,918

Unvested LTIP Units and unvested restricted stock

 

1,377

 

382

 

768

 

339

 

1,029

 

1,377

9. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

UDR has an effective registration statement that allows the Company to sell an undetermined number of debt and equity securities as defined in the prospectus. The Company’s authorized capital was 450.0 million shares of common stock and 50.0 million shares of preferred stock as of December 31, 2023.

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

9. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

UDR has an effective registration statement that allows the Company to sell an undetermined number of debt and equity securities as defined in the prospectus. The Company had the ability to issue 450.0 million shares of common stock and 50.0 million shares of preferred shares as of December 31, 2021.

The following table presents the changes in the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common and preferred stock for the years ended December 31, 2021, 20202023, 2022 and 2019:2021:

Common

Preferred Stock

Common

Preferred Stock

Stock

Series E

Series F

Stock

Series E

Series F

Balance at December 31, 2018

    

275,546

    

2,781

    

15,802

Balance at December 31, 2020

    

296,612

    

2,695

    

14,441

Issuance/(forfeiture) of common and restricted shares, net

 

50

 

 

 

97

 

 

Issuance of common shares through public offering

 

7,500

Issuance of common shares though ATM program

6,988

Issuance of common shares through forward sales agreement

1,339

Issuance of common shares through forward sales public offering, net (forward sales agreement)

19,517

Adjustment for conversion of noncontrolling interest of unitholders in the Operating Partnership

 

1,969

 

 

 

44

 

 

Adjustment for conversion of noncontrolling interest of unitholders in the DownREIT Partnership

1,196

 

 

1,880

 

 

Forfeiture of Series F shares

 

 

(1,111)

Balance at December 31, 2019

 

294,588

 

2,781

 

14,691

Conversion of Series E Cumulative Convertible shares

Balance at December 31, 2021

 

318,150

 

2,695

 

12,583

Issuance/(forfeiture) of common and restricted shares, net

 

104

 

 

 

120

 

 

Issuance of common shares through forward sales public offering, net (forward sales agreement)

2,121

 

 

11,402

 

 

Repurchase of common shares

(597)

(1,192)

Adjustment for conversion of noncontrolling interest of unitholders in the Operating Partnership

 

3

 

 

 

4

 

 

Adjustment for conversion of noncontrolling interest of unitholders in the DownREIT Partnership

 

300

 

 

 

499

 

 

Conversion of Series E Cumulative Convertible shares

93

(86)

10

(9)

Forfeiture of Series F shares

 

 

 

(250)

 

 

 

(482)

Balance at December 31, 2020

 

296,612

 

2,695

 

14,441

Balance at December 31, 2022

 

328,993

 

2,686

 

12,101

Issuance/(forfeiture) of common and restricted shares, net

 

97

 

 

 

174

 

 

Issuance of common shares through forward sales public offering, net (forward sales agreement)

19,517

 

 

Repurchase of common shares

(623)

Adjustment for conversion of noncontrolling interest of unitholders in the Operating Partnership

 

44

 

 

 

148

 

 

Adjustment for conversion of noncontrolling interest of unitholders in the DownREIT Partnership

 

1,880

 

 

 

323

 

 

Forfeiture of Series F shares

 

 

 

(1,858)

 

 

 

(233)

Balance at December 31, 2021

 

318,150

 

2,695

 

12,583

Balance at December 31, 2023

 

329,015

 

2,686

 

11,868

Common Stock

In July 2021, the Company entered into an ATM sales agreement under which the Company may offer and sell up to 20.0 million shares of its common stock, from time to time, to or through its sales agents and may enter into separate forward sales agreements to or through its forward purchasers. Upon entering into the ATM sales agreement, the Company simultaneously terminated the sales agreement for its prior at-the-market equity offering program, which was entered into in July 2017. As of December 31, 2021, 18.42023, 14.0 million shares were available for sale under the ATM program, including an aggregate of 4.4 million shares subject to forward sales agreements.program.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company entered into the following equity transactions for our common stock:

Repurchased 0.6 million shares of common stock at a weighted average price per share of $40.13, for total consideration of approximately $25.0 million.
Issued 0.2 million shares, net of forfeitures, of common stock through the Company’s 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “LTIP”); and
Issued 0.5 million shares of common stock upon redemption of OP Units and DownREIT Units, resulting in the forfeiture of 0.2 million Series F Preferred shares.

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company entered into the following equity transactions for our common stock:

Settled 19.5 million shares in aggregate under forward sales agreements under the ATM programs and previously announced forward sales agreements at a weighted average forward price per share of $46.11, for net proceeds of approximately $900.0 million. Aggregate net proceeds from such forward sales, after deducting related expenses, were $899.1 million;
Issued 0.1 million shares, net of forfeitures, of common stock through the Company’s 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “LTIP”); and
Issued 1.9 million shares of common stock upon redemption of DownREIT Units, resulting in the forfeiture of 1.9 million Series F Preferred shares.

Distributions are subject to the approval of the Board of Directors and are dependent upon our strategy, financial condition and operating results. UDR’s common distributions for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 2020,totaled $1.68, $1.52, and 2019 totaled $1.45 $1.44, and $1.37 per share, respectively.

Preferred Stock

The Series E Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series E”) has 0no stated par value and a liquidation preference of $16.61 per share. Subject to certain adjustments and conditions, each share of the Series E is convertible at any time at the holder’s option into 1one share of our common stock prior to a “Special Dividend” declared in 2008 (1.083 shares after the Special Dividend). The holders of the Series E are entitled to vote on an as-converted basis as a single class in combination with the holders of common stock at any meeting of our stockholders for the election of directors or for any other purpose on which the holders of common stock are entitled to vote. The Series E has no stated maturity and is not subject to any sinking fund or any mandatory redemption.

Distributions declared on the Series E for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 2020,were $1.82, $1.65, and 2019 were $1.57 $1.56, and $1.48 per share, respectively. The Series E is not listed on any exchange. At December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, a total of 2.7 million and 2.7 million, respectively, shares of the Series E were outstanding.

UDR is authorized to issue up to 20.0 million shares of the Series F Preferred Stock (“Series F”). The Series F may be purchased by certain holders of OP Units and DownREIT Units, at a purchase price of $0.0001 per share. OP/DownREIT Unitholders are entitled to subscribe for and purchase one share of UDR’s Series F for each OP/DownREIT Unit held. During the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020, 1.92022, 0.2 million and 0.30.5 million of the Series F shares were forfeited upon the conversion of OP Units and DownREIT Units into Company common stock, respectively.

At December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, a total of 12.611.9 million and 14.412.1 million shares, respectively, of the Series F were outstanding with an aggregate purchase value of $1,258$1,187 and $1,444,$1,210, respectively. Holders of the Series F are entitled to one vote for each share of the Series F they hold, voting together with the holders of our common stock, on each matter submitted to a vote of security holders at a meeting of our stockholders. The Series F does not entitle its holders to dividends or any other rights, privileges or preferences.

Distribution Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan

UDR’s Distribution Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan (the “Stock Purchase Plan”) allows common and preferred stockholders the opportunity to purchase, through the reinvestment of cash dividends and by making additional cash payments, additional shares of UDR’s common stock. From inception through December 31, 2008, shareholders have elected to utilize the Stock Purchase Plan to reinvest their distribution for the equivalent of 10.0 million shares of Company common stock. Shares in the amount of 11.0 million were reserved for issuance under the Stock Purchase Plan as of December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, UDR acquired2023, all shares issued with respect to the plan were acquired through the open market.

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DECEMBER 31, 2021

10. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

In May 2021,2022, the stockholders of UDR approved an amendment and restatement to the LTIP. The LTIP authorizes the granting of awards which may take the form of options to purchase shares of common stock, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, dividend equivalents, partnership interests in the Operating Partnership designated as LTIP Units, performance partnership interests in the Operating Partnership designated as Performance Units, other stock-based awards, and any other right or interest relating to common stock or cash incentive awards to Company directors, employees and outside trustees to promote the success of the Company by linking individual’s compensation via grants of share based payment.

LTIP Units and Performance Units are designed to qualify as “profits interests” in the Operating Partnership for federal income tax purposes, meaning that initially they are not economically equivalent in value to a share of our common stock, but over time can increase in value to one-for-one parity with common stock by operation of special tax rules applicable to profits interests. Until and unless such parity is reached, the value that an executive will realize for a given number of vested LTIP Units or Performance Units is less than the value of an equal number of shares of our common stock.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

As of December 31, 2021,2023, 35.0 million shares were reserved on an unadjusted basis for issuance upon the grant or exercise of awards under the LTIP. As of December 31, 2021,2023, there were 16.710.6 million common shares available for issuance under the LTIP.

The LTIP contains double trigger change of control provisions allowing for the vesting of an award when certain conditions are met upon qualifying events such as a merger where UDR is not the surviving entity. Upon the death or disability of an award recipient, all outstanding instruments will vest and all restrictions will lapse. The LTIP specifies that in the event of a capital transaction, which includes but is not limited to stock dividends, stock splits, extraordinary cash dividends and spin-offs, the number of shares available for grant in totality or to a single individual is to be adjusted proportionately. The LTIP specifies that when a capital transaction occurs that would dilute the holder of the stock award, prior grants are to be adjusted such that the recipient is no worse as a result of the capital transaction.

A summary of UDR’s Performance Units, LTIP Units, and restricted stock and option activities during the year ended December 31, 20212023 is as follows (shares in thousands):

Unvested Performance Units Outstanding

Performance Units Exercisable

LTIP Units

Restricted Stock

Unvested Performance Units Outstanding

Performance Units Exercisable

Unvested Stock Options Outstanding

Stock Options Exercisable

LTIP Units

Restricted Stock

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

Weighted

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

Weighted

Weighted

Weighted

Weighted

Average Fair

Weighted

Weighted

Weighted

Weighted

Weighted

Average Fair

Average

Average

Average Fair

Value Per

Average

Average

Average

Average

Average Fair

Value Per

Number of

Exercise

Number of

Exercise

Number of

Value Per

Number

Restricted

Number of

Exercise

Number of

Exercise

Number of

Exercise

Number of

Exercise

Number of

Value Per

Number

Restricted

Units

Price

Units

Price

LTIP Units

LTIP Unit

of shares

Stock

Units

Price

Units

Price

Options

Price

Options

Price

LTIP Units

LTIP Unit

of shares

Stock

Balance, December 31, 2020

$

 

$

 

727

$

41.58

 

237

$

42.31

Balance, December 31, 2022

2,749

$

44.66

 

1,823

$

36.85

1,225

$

45.91

 

$

 

491

$

53.69

 

273

$

48.77

Granted

2,962

 

42.30

 

 

 

103

 

37.52

 

161

 

39.09

2,207

 

38.59

 

 

133

 

38.59

 

 

 

232

 

50.11

 

224

 

41.21

Exercised

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vested

 

 

 

 

(400)

 

40.05

 

(125)

 

39.91

(455)

 

40.28

 

455

 

40.28

(19)

 

59.90

 

19

 

59.90

 

(411)

 

54.09

 

(125)

 

47.84

Forfeited(a)

 

 

 

 

(10)

 

46.12

 

(25)

 

38.79

(784)

 

46.28

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(7)

 

47.03

Balance, December 31, 2021

2,962

$

42.30

 

$

-

 

420

$

41.94

 

248

$

40.30

Balance, December 31, 2023

3,717

$

41.25

 

2,278

$

37.53

1,339

$

44.99

 

19

$

59.90

 

312

$

50.51

 

365

$

44.53

(a)During the year ended December 31, 2023, UDR recorded a $4.1 million expense related to the cancellation of 0.8 million of unvested Performance Unit awards, which is included in General and administrative on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

As of December 31, 2021,2023, the Company had granted 6.66.9 million shares of restricted stock, 2.43.0 million LTIP Units, and 3.06.0 million Performance Units, and 1.4 million stock options under the LTIP.

Stock Option PlanAwards

UDR has granted stock options to our employees and Company directors. Subject to certain conditions, each stock option is exercisable into one share of UDR common stock.

The Company has 0 unexercisedtotal remaining compensation cost on unvested stock options was $2.9 million as of December 31, 2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, no stock options were exercised.

The weighted average remaining contractual life on all stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2023 is 8.6 years and 0 remainingsuch options have a weighted average exercise price of $44.99.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $0.6 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of net compensation expense related to unvestedoutstanding stock options. No compensation expense related to outstanding stock options as ofwas recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021.

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DECEMBER 31, 20212023

During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, we did not recognize any net compensation expense related to outstanding stock options.

Restricted Stock Awards

Restricted stock awards are granted to Companyour employees officers, and Company directors. The restricted stock awards are valued based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant. Compensation expense is recorded under either the straight-line method or graded vesting method over the vesting period, which is generally threeone to four years. Restricted stock awards earn dividends payable in cash.cash or dividend reinvestment shares. Some of the restricted stock grants are based on the Company’s performance and are subject to adjustment during the initial one to three year performance period. Forperiods. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 2019,2021, we recognized $4.1$6.4 million, $5.3$5.7 million, and $4.8$4.5 million of compensation expense, net of capitalization, related to the amortization of restricted stock awards, respectively. The total remaining compensation cost on unvested restricted stock awards was $4.2$5.4 million and had a weighted average remaining contractual life of 2.52.0 years as of December 31, 2021.2023.

Unit Awards

Unit awards are granted to our employees and Company directors. Compensation expense is recorded under either the straight-line method or graded vesting method over the vesting period, which is generally one to four years. Unit awards earn distributions payable in cash or distribution reinvestment units. Some of the Unit awards are based on the Company’s performance and are subject to adjustment during the initial one to three year performance periods. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we recognized $6.2 million, $15.9 million and $5.9 million, respectively, of compensation expense, net of capitalization, related to the amortization of the awards. The total remaining compensation cost on Unit awards was $3.7 million and had a weighted average remaining contractual life of 1.3 years as of December 31, 2023.

Performance Unit Awards

UDR has granted Performance Units to our employees and Company directors, subjectdirectors. Subject to certain conditions. Eachconditions, each Performance Unit is exercisable into 1one Operating Partnership common unit. Compensation expense is recorded under either the straight-line method or graded vesting method over the vesting period, which is generally one to four years. Performance Unit awards earn distributions payable in cash equivalent to 2% of regular distributions paid on OP Units. Some of the Performance Unit awards are based on the Company’s performance and are subject to adjustment during the initial one to three year performance periods.

The total remaining compensation cost on unvested Performance Units was $12.4$11.6 million as of December 31, 2021.2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, 02023, no Performance Units were exercised.

The weighted average remaining contractual life on all Performance Units outstanding as of December 31, 20212023 is 3.48.1 years and such Performance Units have a weighted average exercise price of $42.30.$41.25.

During the yearyears ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized $19.8 million, $5.2 million and $11.7 million, respectively, of net compensation expense related to outstanding Performance Units. NaN compensation expense was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2020, and 2019, respectively.

Short-Term Incentive Compensation

In January 2023, certain officers of the Company were awarded either a restricted stock grant, an STI Unit grant, or an STI Performance Unit grant, or a combination of all three, under the 2023 Long-Term Incentive Program (“2023 LTI”). All three of the awards represent short-term incentive compensation for the officers. The restricted stock award was valued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”), or $38.59 per share. The STI Unit award was valued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant in accordance with ASC 718, or $38.59 per unit, inclusive of a discount due to uncertainty associated with the STI Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock. The STI Performance Unit award was valued for compensation expense purposes on the date of grant in accordance with ASC 718 as determined by the lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 29.0%, an expected life of 5.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 4.09%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.3%, or $7.86 per unit, inclusive of a discount due to uncertainty associated with the STI Performance Unit reaching parity with the value of a

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DECEMBER 31, 2023

share of UDR common stock. The restricted stock awards, STI Unit awards, and STI Performance Unit awards are primarily based on the Company’s performance and are subject to adjustment based on performance against predefined metrics during the one-year performance period.

In January 2022, certain officers of the Company were awarded STI Unit grants under the 2022 Long-Term Incentive Program (“2022 LTI”). The STI Unit awards represent short-term incentive compensation for the officers and were valued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, or $51.10 per unit, inclusive of a discount due to uncertainty associated with the STI Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock. The STI Unit awards are primarily based on the Company’s performance and are subject to adjustment based on performance against predefined metrics during the one-year performance period.

In January 2021, certain officers of the Company were awarded STI Performance Unit grants under the 2021 Long-Term Incentive Program (“2021 LTI”). The STI Performance Unit awards represent short-term incentive compensation for the officers and were valued for compensation expense purposes on the date of grant in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 27.0%, an expected life of 5.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 0.49%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.4%, or $5.06 per unit, inclusive of a discount due to uncertainty associated with the STI Performance Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock. Compensation expense is recorded under the straight-line method over the vesting period, which is one year. The STI Performance Unit awards are primarily based on the Company’s performance and are subject to adjustment based on performance against predefined metrics during the one-year performance period. As

Long-Term Incentive Compensation

In January 2023, certain officers of the STICompany were awarded either a restricted stock grant, an LTIP Unit grant, or an LTIP Performance Unit awards vestgrant, or a combination of all three, under the 2023 LTI. For all three restricted stock grants, LTIP Unit grants and Performance Unit grants, thirty percent of the 2023 LTI award is based upon FFO as Adjusted over a one-year period thereand will vest fifty percent on the one-year anniversary and fifty percent on the two-year anniversary. Fifteen percent of the 2023 LTI award is based upon relative FFO as Adjusted over a three-year period and will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance period. The remaining fifty-five percent of the 2023 LTI award is based on Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) as measured relative to comparable apartment REITs over a three-year period and as measured relative to the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index over a three-year period whereby all three will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance periods. The portion of the restricted stock grant based upon FFO as Adjusted was 0 remaining unrecognizedvalued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant or $38.59 per share. Because LTIP Units are granted at the maximum potential payout and there is uncertainty associated with an LTIP Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock, the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the one-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $17.58 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of December 31, 2021an 8.9% discount, and the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the three-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $18.45 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 4.4% discount. Because LTIP Performance Units are granted at the maximum potential payout and there is uncertainty associated with an LTIP Performance Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock, the portion of the LTIP Performance Unit grant based upon the one-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $4.12 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of an 8.9% discount, a volatility factor of 29.0%, an expected life of 5.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 4.09%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.3%, and the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the three-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $4.29 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 4.4% discount, a volatility factor of 27.0%, an expected life of 6.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 4.08%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.3%. The portion of the restricted stock grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $44.85 per share for the comparable apartment REITs component and $43.30 per share for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 36.0%. The portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $21.62 per unit, inclusive of a 4.4% discount, for the comparable apartment REITs component and $20.89 per unit, inclusive of a 4.4% discount, for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 36.0%. The portion of the LTIP Performance Unit grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $6.02 per unit, inclusive of a 4.4% discount, for the comparable

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DECEMBER 31, 20212023

apartment REITs component and $5.86 per unit, inclusive of a 4.4% discount, for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 16.0%, an expected life of 6.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 4.08%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.2%.

In January 2020,2022, certain officers of the Company were awarded STIeither a restricted stock grant or an LTIP Unit grant, or a combination of both, under the 2022 LTI. For both restricted stock grants and LTIP Unit grants, underthirty percent of the 2020 Long-Term Incentive Program2022 LTI award is based upon FFO as Adjusted over an approximately one-year period and will vest fifty percent on the one-year anniversary and fifty percent on the two-year anniversary. Fifteen percent of the 2022 LTI award is based upon relative FFO as Adjusted over a three-year period and will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance period. The remaining fifty-five percent of the 2022 LTI award is based on Total Shareholder Return (“2020 LTI”TSR”). as measured relative to comparable apartment REITs over a three-year period and as measured relative to the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index over a three-year period whereby both will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance periods. The STI Unit awards represent short-term incentive compensation forportion of the officers and wererestricted stock grant based upon FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, or $40.77$59.90 per unit, inclusive of a discount due toshare. Because LTIP Units are granted at the maximum potential payout and there is uncertainty associated with the STIan LTIP Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock. Compensation expense is recorded understock, the straight-line method overportion of the vesting period, which is one year. The STILTIP Unit awards are primarilygrant based on the Company’s performance and are subject to adjustment based on performance against predefined metrics duringupon the one-year performance period. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized $3.1 million of compensation expense, net of capitalization, related to the amortization of STI Unit awards. As the STI Unit awards vest over a one-year period, thereFFO as Adjusted was 0 remaining unrecognized compensation expense as of December 31, 2020.

In January 2019, certain officers of the Company were awarded STI Unit grants under the 2019 Long-Term Incentive Program (“2019 LTI”). The STI Unit awards represent short-term incentive compensation for the officers and were valued for compensation expense purposes at $27.04 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 9.7% discount, and the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stockthree-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $28.72 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 4.1% discount. The portion of the restricted stock grant in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, or $33.40based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $66.83 per share for the comparable apartment REITs component and $68.02 per share for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 33.0%. The portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $31.95 per unit, inclusive of a 4.1% discount, due to uncertainty associated withfor the STI Unit reaching parity with the valuecomparable apartment REITs component and $32.85 per unit, inclusive of a share of UDR common stock. Compensation expense is recorded under4.1% discount, for the straight-line method overNareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the vesting period, which is one year. The STI Unit awards are primarilygrant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on the Company’s performance and are subject to adjustment based on performance against predefined metrics during the one-year performance period. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized $7.2 milliona Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of compensation expense, net of capitalization, related to the amortization of STI Unit awards. As the STI Unit awards vest over a one-year period, there was 0 remaining unrecognized compensation expense as of December 31, 2019.

Long-Term Incentive Compensation33.0%.

In January 2021, certain officers of the Company were awarded either a restricted stock grant, an LTIP Unit grant, or an LTIP Performance Unit grant, or a combination of all three, under the 2021 LTI. For all three restricted stock grants, LTIP Unit grants and Performance Unit grants, 30thirty percent of the 2021 LTI award is based upon FFO as Adjusted over aan approximately one-year period and will vest 50fifty percent on the one-year anniversary and 50fifty percent on the two-year anniversary. NaNFifteen percent of the 2021 LTI award is based upon relative FFO as Adjusted over a three-year period and will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance period. The remaining NaNfifty-five percent of the 2021 LTI award is based on Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) as measured relative to comparable apartment REITs over a three-year period and as measured relative to the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index over a three-year period whereby all three will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance periods. The portion of the restricted stock grant based upon FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant or $36.85 per share. Because LTIP Units are granted at the maximum potential payout and there is uncertainty associated with an LTIP Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock, the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the one-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $16.69 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 9.4% discount, and the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the three-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $17.71 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 3.9% discount. Because LTIP Performance Units are granted at the maximum potential payout and there is uncertainty associated with an LTIP Performance Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock, the portion of the LTIP Performance Unit grant based upon the one-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $2.67 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 9.4% discount, a volatility factor of 27.0%, an expected life of 5.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 0.49%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.4%, and the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the three-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $2.85 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 3.9% discount, a volatility factor of 26.0%, an expected life of 6.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 0.57%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.4%. The portion of the restricted stock grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $40.09 per share for the comparable apartment REITs component and $39.95 per share for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

simulation using a volatility factor of 33.0%. The portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $19.43 per unit, inclusive of a 3.9% discount, for the comparable apartment REITs component and $19.37 per unit, inclusive of a 3.9% discount, for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 33.0%. The portion of the LTIP Performance Unit grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $3.59 per unit, inclusive of a 3.9% discount, for the comparable apartment REITs component and $3.70 per unit, inclusive of a 3.9% discount, for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 33.0%, an expected life of 6.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 0.16%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.5%.

In January 2020, certain officers of the Company were awarded either a restricted stock grant or an LTIP Unit grant, or a combination of both, under the 2020 LTI. For both restricted stock grants and LTIP Unit grants, 30 percent of the 2020 LTI award is based upon FFO as Adjusted over a two-year period and will vest 50 percent on the two-year anniversary and 50 percent on the three-year anniversary. NaN percent of the 2020 LTI award is based upon relative FFO as Adjusted over a three-year period and will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance period. The remaining NaN percent of the 2020 LTI award is based on Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) as measured relative to comparable apartment REITs over a three-year period and as measured relative to the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index over a three-year period whereby both will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance periods. The portion of the restricted stock grant based upon FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant or $46.12 per share. Because LTIP Units are granted at the maximum potential payout and there is uncertainty associated with an LTIP Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock, the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the two-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $21.24 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 7.9% discount, and the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the three-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $22.23 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 3.6% discount. The portion of the restricted stock grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $53.94 per share for the comparable apartment REITs component and $49.35 per share for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 16.0%. The portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $26.18 per unit, inclusive of a 3.6% discount, for the comparable apartment REITs component and $23.98 per unit, inclusive of a 3.6% discount, for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 16.0%.

In January 2019, certain officers of the Company were awarded either a restricted stock grant or an LTIP Unit grant, or a combination of both, under the 2019 LTI. For both restricted stock grants and LTIP Unit grants, 30 percent of the 2019 LTI award is based upon FFO as Adjusted over a one-year period and will vest 50 percent on the one-year anniversary and 50 percent on the two-year anniversary. NaN percent of the 2019 LTI award is based upon relative FFO as Adjusted over a three-year period and will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance period. The remaining NaN percent of the 2019 LTI award is based on Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) as measured relative to comparable apartment REITs over a three-year period and as measured relative to the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index over a three-year period whereby both will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance periods. The portion of the restricted stock grant based upon FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant or $38.39 per share. Because LTIP Units are granted at the maximum potential payout and there is uncertainty associated with an LTIP Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock, the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the one-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $17.47 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 9% discount, and the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the three-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $18.24 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 5% discount. The portion of the restricted stock grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $43.63 per share for the comparable apartment REITs component and $43.42 per share for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 21.0%. The portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $20.89 per unit, inclusive of a 5% discount, for the comparable apartment REITs component and $20.79 per unit, inclusive of a 5% discount, for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 21.0%.

F - 45

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, we recognized $5.9 million, $10.2 million and $12.4 million, respectively, of compensation expense, net of capitalization, related to the amortization of the awards. The total remaining compensation cost on unvested LTI awards was $3.8 million and had a weighted average remaining contractual life of 1.2 years as of December 31, 2021.

Profit Sharing Plan

Our profit sharing plan (the “Plan”) is a defined contribution plan covering all eligible full-time employees. Under the Plan, UDR makes discretionary profit sharing and matching contributions to the Plan as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Aggregate provisions for contributions, both matching and discretionary, which are included in General and administrative on UDR’s Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, 2020,were $1.1 million, $1.7 million, and 2019, were $1.4 million, $1.5 million, and $1.2 million, respectively.

11. INCOME TAXES

For 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 2019,2021, UDR believes that we have complied with the REIT requirements specified in the Code. As such, the REIT would generally not be subject to federal income taxes.

For income tax purposes, distributions paid to common stockholders may consist of ordinary income, qualified dividends, capital gains, unrecaptured section 1250 gains, return of capital, or a combination thereof. Distributions that exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits constitute a return of capital rather than taxable income and reduce the stockholder’s basis in their common shares. To the extent that a distribution exceeds both current and accumulated earnings and profits and the stockholder’s basis in the common shares, it generally will be treated as a gain from the sale or exchange of that stockholder’s common shares. Taxable distributions paid per common share were taxable as follows for the years ended December 31, 2021, 20202023, 2022 and 20192021 (unaudited):

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

2021

2020

2019

2023

2022

2021

Ordinary income

    

$

0.9798

    

$

1.0320

    

$

0.9810

    

$

1.4384

    

$

1.3329

    

$

0.9798

Qualified ordinary income

 

0.0405

 

0.0039

 

0.0040

 

0.0001

 

0.0001

 

0.0405

Long-term capital gain

 

0.3577

 

0.2974

 

0.0210

 

0.1697

 

0.1521

 

0.3577

Unrecaptured section 1250 gain

 

0.0695

 

0.0892

 

0.0630

 

0.0318

 

0.0174

 

0.0695

Nondividend distributions

0.2810

Total

$

1.4475

$

1.4225

$

1.3500

$

1.6400

$

1.5025

$

1.4475

F - 44

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

We have a TRS that is subject to federal and state income taxes. A TRS is a C-corporation which has not elected REIT status and as such is subject to United States federal and state income tax. The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 20192021 (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

2021

2020

2019

2023

2022

2021

Income tax (benefit)/provision

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

Current

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Federal

$

2,693

$

(148)

$

1,466

$

69

$

$

2,693

State

 

1,236

 

1,374

 

735

 

2,036

 

440

 

1,236

Total current

 

3,929

 

1,226

 

2,201

 

2,105

 

440

 

3,929

Deferred

Federal

 

(1,770)

 

894

 

1,266

 

26

 

(27)

 

(1,770)

State

 

(672)

 

451

 

371

 

23

 

(16)

 

(672)

Investment tax credit

(48)

(26)

(48)

(48)

(48)

Total deferred

 

(2,490)

 

1,319

 

1,637

 

1

 

(91)

 

(2,490)

Total income tax (benefit)/provision

$

1,439

$

2,545

$

3,838

$

2,106

$

349

$

1,439

Deferred income taxes are provided for the change in temporary differences between the basis of certain assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and income tax reporting purposes. The expected future tax rates are based

F - 46

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

upon enacted tax laws. The components of our TRS deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 20192021 (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

2021

2020

2019

2023

2022

2021

Deferred tax assets:

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

Federal and state tax attributes

$

60

$

6

$

22

$

28

$

157

$

60

Other

 

102

 

147

 

87

 

153

 

64

 

102

Total deferred tax assets

 

162

 

153

 

109

 

181

 

221

 

162

Valuation allowance

 

(32)

 

(23)

 

(19)

 

(27)

 

(33)

 

(32)

Net deferred tax assets

 

130

 

130

 

90

 

154

 

188

 

130

Deferred tax liabilities:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Book/tax depreciation and basis

(860)

(638)

(367)

(881)

(876)

(860)

Other investment ventures

(2,665)

(1,291)

Other

 

(68)

 

(67)

 

(67)

 

(76)

 

(67)

 

(68)

Total deferred tax liabilities

 

(928)

 

(3,370)

 

(1,725)

 

(957)

 

(943)

 

(928)

Net deferred tax assets/(liabilities)

$

(798)

$

(3,240)

$

(1,635)

$

(803)

$

(755)

$

(798)

Income tax provision/(benefit), net from our TRS differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. statutory rate of 21% to pretax income/(loss) for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 20192021 as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

2021

2020

2019

2023

2022

2021

Income tax provision/(benefit)

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

U.S. federal income tax provision/(benefit)

$

1,058

$

1,240

$

2,905

$

105

$

(109)

$

1,058

State income tax provision

 

664

 

1,434

 

1,013

 

2,054

 

914

 

664

Other items

 

(246)

 

(165)

 

(139)

 

 

(409)

 

(246)

Solar credit amortization

(48)

(26)

(48)

(48)

(48)

ITC basis adjustment

 

2

 

58

 

56

 

 

 

2

Valuation allowance

 

9

 

4

 

3

 

(5)

 

1

 

9

Total income tax provision/(benefit)

$

1,439

$

2,545

$

3,838

$

2,106

$

349

$

1,439

As of December 31, 2021,2023, the Company had federal net operating loss carryovers (“NOL”) of $24.0$23.9 million expiring in 2032 through 2035 and state NOLs of $64.8$65.4 million expiring in 20212023 through 2032. A portion of these attributes are still available to the subsidiary REITs, but are carried at a zero effective tax rate.

F - 45

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

The Company’s Tax benefit/(provision), net was $(1.4)$(2.1) million, $(2.5)$(0.3) million and $(3.8)$(1.4) million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 20202023, 2022 and 2019,2021, respectively. The decreaseincrease of $1.1$1.8 million was primarily attributable to a decreasean increase in state taxes, as well as an increase in TRS income of $(0.4) million and a decrease in California state tax on gains of $(0.3)$1.0 million. GAAP defines a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The financial statements reflect expected future tax consequences of income tax positions presuming the taxing authorities’ full knowledge of the tax position and all relevant facts, but without considering time values. GAAP also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting for interim periods, disclosure and transition.

The Company evaluates our tax position using a two-step process. First, we determine whether a tax position is more likely than not (greater than 50 percent probability) to be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The Company will then determine the amount of benefit to recognize and record the amount of the benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement. As of December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, UDR has 0no material unrecognized income tax benefits/(provisions), net.

F - 47

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

The Company files income tax returns in federal and various state and local jurisdictions. The tax years 20182020 through 20202022 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject.

12. NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

Interests in the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership held by limited partners are represented by OP Units and DownREIT Units, respectively. The income is allocated to holders of OP Units/DownREIT Units based upon net income attributable to common stockholders and the weighted average number of OP Units/DownREIT Units outstanding to total common shares plus OP Units/DownREIT Units outstanding during the period. Capital contributions, distributions, and profits and losses are allocated to noncontrolling interests in accordance with the terms of the partnership agreements of the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership.

Limited partners of the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership have the right to require such partnership to redeem all or a portion of the OP Units/DownREIT Units held by the limited partner at a redemption price equal to and in the form of the Cash Amount (as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership, as applicable), provided that such OP Units/DownREIT Units have been outstanding for at least one year, subject to certain exceptions. UDR, as the general partner of the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may, in its sole discretion, purchase the OP Units/DownREIT Units by paying to the limited partner either the Cash Amount or the REIT Share Amount (generally one share of common stock of the Company for each OP Unit/DownREIT Unit), as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership, as applicable. Accordingly, the Company records the OP Units/DownREIT Units outside of permanent equity and reports the OP Units/DownREIT Units at their redemption value using the Company’s stock price at each balance sheet date.

F - 46

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

The following table sets forth redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership for the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 20202022 (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 

Year Ended December 31, 

2021

2020

2023

2022

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership, at beginning of year

    

$

856,294

    

$

1,018,665

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership at beginning of year

    

$

839,850

    

$

1,299,442

Mark-to-market adjustment to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

 

502,768

 

(143,741)

 

(10,211)

 

(444,293)

OP Units issued for real estate, net

 

48,533

 

 

141,359

 

Conversion of OP Units/DownREIT Units to Common Stock

 

(99,932)

 

(12,666)

Conversion of OP Units/DownREIT Units to Common Stock or Cash

 

(30,569)

 

(44,346)

Net income/(loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

 

10,873

 

4,543

 

30,104

 

5,613

Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

 

(34,044)

 

(34,149)

 

(39,072)

 

(34,020)

Vesting of Long-Term Incentive Plan Units

14,576

23,501

Redeemable Long-Term and Short-Term Incentive Plan Units

29,857

56,568

Allocation of other comprehensive income/(loss)

 

374

 

141

 

(231)

 

886

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership, at end of year

$

1,299,442

$

856,294

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership at end of year

$

961,087

$

839,850

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests represent interests of unrelated partners and unvested LTIP Units in certain consolidated affiliates, and are presented as part of equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets since these interests are not redeemable. Net (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests was less than $(0.1) million, $(0.2)less than $(0.1) million, and $(0.2)$(0.1) million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.

The Company grants LTIP Units to certain employees and non-employee directors. The LTIP Units represent an ownership interest in the Operating Partnership and have vesting terms of between one and three years, specific to the individual grants.

F - 48

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

Noncontrolling interests related to long-term incentive plan units represent the unvested LTIP Units of these employees and non-employee directors in the Operating Partnership. The net income/(loss) allocated to the unvested LTIP Units are included in Net (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

13. FAIR VALUE OF DERIVATIVES AND FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Fair value is based on the price that would be received to sell an asset or the exit price that would be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level valuation hierarchy prioritizes observable and unobservable inputs used to measure fair value. The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels, which are described below:

Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity has the ability to access.
Level 2 — Observable inputs other than prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated with observable market data.
Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets and liabilities. This includes certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

The estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments either recorded or disclosed on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

Fair Value at December 31, 2021, Using

Total

Quoted

Carrying

Prices in

Amount in

Active

Statement of

Markets

Significant

Financial

Fair Value

for Identical

Other

Significant

Position at

Estimate at

Assets or

Observable

Unobservable

December 31, 

December 31, 

Liabilities

Inputs

Inputs

2021 (a)

2021

(Level 1)

(Level 2)

(Level 3)

Description:

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

Notes receivable, net (b)

$

26,860

$

27,372

$

$

$

27,372

Equity securities (c)

3,230

3,230

3,230

Derivatives - Interest rate contracts (d)

 

3,279

 

3,279

 

 

3,279

 

Total assets

$

33,369

$

33,881

$

$

3,279

$

30,602

Secured debt instruments - fixed rate: (e)

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

Mortgage notes payable

$

1,033,764

$

1,032,582

$

$

$

1,032,582

Secured debt instruments - variable rate: (e)

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

Tax-exempt secured notes payable

 

27,000

 

27,000

 

 

 

27,000

Unsecured debt instruments: (e)

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

Working capital credit facility

29,546

29,546

29,546

Commercial paper program

220,000

220,000

220,000

Unsecured notes

4,133,083

4,199,363

4,199,363

Total liabilities

$

5,443,393

$

5,508,491

$

$

$

5,508,491

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership (f)

$

1,299,442

$

1,299,442

$

$

1,299,442

$

F - 4947

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

The estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments either recorded or disclosed on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

Fair Value at December 31, 2023, Using

Total

Quoted

Carrying

Prices in

Amount in

Active

Statement of

Markets

Significant

Financial

Fair Value

for Identical

Other

Significant

Position at

Estimate at

Assets or

Observable

Unobservable

December 31, 

December 31, 

Liabilities

Inputs

Inputs

2023 (a)

2023

(Level 1)

(Level 2)

(Level 3)

Description:

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

Notes receivable, net (b)

$

228,825

$

222,755

$

$

$

222,755

Equity securities (c)

7,210

7,210

7,210

Derivatives - Interest rate contracts (d)

 

10,103

 

10,103

 

 

10,103

 

Total assets

$

246,138

$

240,068

$

7,210

$

10,103

$

222,755

Secured debt instruments - fixed rate: (e)

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

Mortgage notes payable

$

1,215,228

$

1,124,140

$

$

$

1,124,140

Secured debt instruments - variable rate: (e)

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

Mortgage notes payable

40,017

40,017

 

 

 

40,017

Tax-exempt secured notes payable

 

27,000

 

27,000

 

 

 

27,000

Unsecured debt instruments: (e)

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

Working capital credit facility

4,593

4,593

4,593

Commercial paper program

408,075

408,075

408,075

Unsecured notes

4,129,010

3,611,697

3,611,697

Total liabilities

$

5,823,923

$

5,215,522

$

$

$

5,215,522

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership (f)

$

961,087

$

961,087

$

$

961,087

$

F - 48

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

Fair Value at December 31, 2020, Using

Total

Quoted

Carrying

Prices in

Amount in

Active

Statement of

Markets

Significant

Financial

Fair Value

for Identical

Other

Significant

Position at

Estimate at

Assets or

Observable

Unobservable

December 31, 

December 31, 

Liabilities

Inputs

Inputs

 

2020 (a)

2020

(Level 1)

(Level 2)

(Level 3)

Description:

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

Notes receivable, net (b)

$

157,992

$

170,411

$

$

$

170,411

Equity securities (c)

500

500

500

Derivatives - Interest rate contracts (d)

 

2

 

2

 

 

2

 

Total assets

$

158,494

$

170,913

$

$

2

$

170,911

Derivatives - Interest rate contracts (d)

$

167

$

167

$

$

167

$

Secured debt instruments - fixed rate: (e)

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

Mortgage notes payable

837,473

854,084

854,084

Secured debt instruments - variable rate: (e)

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

Tax-exempt secured notes payable

 

27,000

 

27,000

 

 

 

27,000

Unsecured debt instruments: (e)

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

Working capital credit facility

28,024

28,024

28,024

Commercial paper program

190,000

190,000

190,000

Unsecured notes

3,922,314

4,283,045

4,283,045

Total liabilities

$

5,004,978

$

5,382,320

$

$

167

$

5,382,153

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership (f)

$

856,294

$

856,294

$

$

856,294

$

Fair Value at December 31, 2022, Using

Total

Quoted

Carrying

Prices in

Amount in

Active

Statement of

Markets

Significant

Financial

Fair Value

for Identical

Other

Significant

Position at

Estimate at

Assets or

Observable

Unobservable

December 31, 

December 31, 

Liabilities

Inputs

Inputs

 

2022 (a)

2022

(Level 1)

(Level 2)

(Level 3)

Description:

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

Notes receivable, net (b)

$

54,707

$

55,514

$

$

$

55,514

Equity securities (c)

9,707

9,707

9,707

Derivatives - Interest rate contracts (d)

 

15,270

 

15,270

 

 

15,270

 

Total assets

$

79,684

$

80,491

$

9,707

$

15,270

$

55,514

Secured debt instruments - fixed rate: (e)

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

Mortgage notes payable

$

1,028,169

$

909,041

$

$

$

909,041

Secured debt instruments - variable rate: (e)

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

Tax-exempt secured notes payable

 

27,000

 

27,000

 

 

 

27,000

Unsecured debt instruments: (e)

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

Working capital credit facility

28,015

28,015

28,015

Commercial paper program

300,000

300,000

300,000

Unsecured notes

4,131,047

3,448,632

3,448,632

Total liabilities

$

5,514,231

$

4,712,688

$

$

$

4,712,688

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership (f)

$

839,850

$

839,850

$

$

839,850

$

(a)Certain balances include fair market value adjustments and exclude deferred financing costs.
(b)See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies.
(c)The Company holds ana direct investment in a publicly traded real estate technology company, SmartRent, that is subject to a lock-up restriction on selling or transferring the investment for a period of time.SmartRent. The investment is valued at the market price at the end of the period less an illiquidity discount of 15.0% as ofon December 31, 2021.2023 and 2022. The Company currently classifies the investment as Level 31 in the fair value hierarchy based uponhierarchy. During the lock-up restriction. Prioryears ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company increased its direct investment in SmartRent due to stock distributions from its unconsolidated real estate technology investments. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold 4.6 million shares of SmartRent becomingat an average price per share of $3.18 for net proceeds of $14.4 million and recognized a public companynet realized/unrealized gain on sale of $2.5 million recorded in 2021,Interest income and other income/(expense), net on the securitiesConsolidated Statement of Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company did not have a readily determinable fair value and were valued under the measurement alternative.sell any shares of SmartRent.
(d)See Note 14, Derivatives and Hedging Activity.
(e)See Note 7, Secured and Unsecured Debt, Net.
(f)See Note 12, Noncontrolling Interests.

There were 0no transfers into or out of any of the levels of the fair value hierarchy during the year ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020.2022.

Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

The fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts (or payments) and the discounted expected variable cash payments (or receipts). The variable cash payments (or receipts) are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

from observable market interest rate curves. The fair values of interest rate swaps and caps are determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that would occur if variable interest rates

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

rise above the strike rate of the caps. The variable interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts on the cap are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatilities.

The Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts, and guarantees.

Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. However, as of December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, the Company has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivatives. As a result, the Company has determined that its derivative valuations in their entirety are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. In conjunction with the FASB’s fair value measurement guidance, the Company made an accounting policy election to measure the credit risk of its derivative financial instruments that are subject to master netting agreements on a net basis by counterparty portfolio.

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership have a redemption feature and are marked to their redemption value. The redemption value is based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock at the redemption date, and therefore, is calculated based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock at the balance sheet date. Since the valuation is based on observable inputs such as quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership are classified as Level 2.

Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

At December 31, 2021,2023, the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, prepaids, real estate taxes payable, accrued interest payable, security deposits and prepaid rent, distributions payable and accounts payable approximated their carrying values because of the short term nature of these instruments. The estimated fair values of other financial instruments, which includes notes receivable and debt instruments, are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the significant unobservable inputs that are utilized in their respective valuations.

14. DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING ACTIVITY

Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives

The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its debt funding and through the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company may enter into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to the Company’s investments and borrowings.

Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps and caps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. Interest rate caps

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. Interest rate caps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium.

The changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 2019,2021, such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with existing variable-rate debt.

Amounts reported in Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to derivatives that will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company’s variable-rate debt. Through December 31, 2022,2024, the Company estimates that an additional $1.4$6.0 million will be reclassified as an increasea decrease to Interest expense.

As of December 31, 2021,2023, the Company had the following outstanding interest rate derivatives that were designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk (dollars in thousands):

    

Number of

    

Product

Instruments

Notional

Interest rate swaps and caps (a)

4

$

334,880

(a)In addition to the interest rate swaps summarized above, the Company entered into 2 additional interest rate swaps with a total notional value of $175.0 million that will become effective in July 2022 upon maturity of the $315.0 million notional value interest rate swaps included above.

    

Number of

    

Product

Instruments

Notional

Interest rate swaps and caps

6

$

369,880

Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and are used to manage the Company’s exposure to interest rate movements and other identified risks but do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements of GAAP. Changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated in hedging relationships are recorded directly in earnings. As of December 31, 2021, 02023, no derivatives not designated as hedges were held by the Company.

Tabular Disclosure of Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets

The table below presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 20212023 and 20202022 (dollars in thousands):

Asset Derivatives

Liability Derivatives

Asset Derivatives

Liability Derivatives

(included in Other assets)

(included in Other liabilities)

(included in Other assets)

(included in Other liabilities)

Fair Value at:

Fair Value at:

Fair Value at:

Fair Value at:

December 31, 

December 31, 

December 31, 

December 31, 

December 31, 

December 31, 

December 31, 

December 31, 

2021

2020

2021

2020

2023

2022

2023

2022

Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

    

  

Interest rate products

$

3,279

$

2

$

$

167

$

10,103

$

15,270

$

$

Tabular Disclosure of the Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations

The tables below present the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 20192021 (dollars in thousands):

Gain/(Loss) Recognized in

Gain/(Loss) Recognized in

Gain/(Loss) Reclassified

Interest expense

Gain/(Loss) Reclassified

Interest expense

Unrealized holding gain/(loss) 

from Accumulated OCI into

(Amount Excluded from

Unrealized holding gain/(loss) 

from Accumulated OCI into

(Amount Excluded from

Recognized in OCI

Interest expense

Effectiveness Testing)

Recognized in OCI

Interest expense

Effectiveness Testing)

Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Interest rate products

$

3,502

$

(3,382)

$

(8,437)

$

(1,755)

$

(4,827)

$

2,770

$

$

$

$

3,872

$

14,489

$

3,502

$

7,533

$

998

$

(1,755)

$

$

$

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

Year Ended

Year Ended

December 31, 

December 31, 

2021

2020

2019

2023

2022

2021

Total amount of Interest expense presented on the Consolidated Statements of Operations

$

186,267

$

202,706

$

170,917

$

180,866

$

155,900

$

186,267

Credit-risk-related Contingent Features

The Company has agreements with its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where the Company could be declared in default on its derivative obligations if repayment of the underlying indebtedness is accelerated by the lender due to the Company’s default on the indebtedness.

The Company has certain agreements with some of its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where, in the event of default by the Company or the counterparty, the right of setoff may be exercised. Any amount payable to one party by the other party may be reduced by its setoff against any amounts payable by the other party. Events that give rise to default by either party may include, but are not limited to, the failure to pay or deliver payment under the derivative agreement, the failure to comply with or perform under the derivative agreement, bankruptcy, a merger without assumption of the derivative agreement, or in a merger, a surviving entity’s creditworthiness is materially weaker than the original party to the derivative agreement.

Tabular Disclosure of Offsetting Derivatives

The Company has elected not to offset derivative positions on the consolidated financial statements. The tables below present the effect on its financial position had the Company made the election to offset its derivative positions as of December 31, 20212023 and 20202022 (dollars in thousands):

    

    

Gross

    

Net Amounts of

    

Gross Amounts Not Offset

    

    

Gross

    

Net Amounts of

    

Gross Amounts Not Offset

Amounts

Assets

in the Consolidated

Amounts

Assets

in the Consolidated

Gross

Offset in the

Presented in the

Balance Sheets

Gross

Offset in the

Presented in the

Balance Sheets

Amounts of

Consolidated

Consolidated

Cash

Amounts of

Consolidated

Consolidated

Cash

Recognized

Balance

Balance Sheets

Financial

Collateral

Recognized

Balance

Balance Sheets

Financial

Collateral

Offsetting of Derivative Assets

Assets

Sheets

(a)

Instruments

    

Received

    

Net Amount

Assets

Sheets

(a)

Instruments

    

Received

    

Net Amount

December 31, 2021

$

3,279

$

$

3,279

$

$

$

3,279

December 31, 2023

$

10,103

$

$

10,103

$

$

$

10,103

December 31, 2020

$

2

$

$

2

$

$

$

2

December 31, 2022

$

15,270

$

$

15,270

$

$

$

15,270

(a)Amounts reconcile to the aggregate fair value of derivative assets in the “Tabular Disclosure of Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets” located in this footnote.

    

    

Gross

    

Net Amounts of

    

Gross Amounts Not Offset

Amounts

Liabilities

in the Consolidated

Gross

Offset in the

Presented in the

Balance Sheets

Amounts of

Consolidated

Consolidated

Cash

Recognized

Balance

Balance Sheets

Financial

Collateral

Offsetting of Derivative Liabilities

    

Liabilities

    

Sheets

    

(a)

    

Instruments

    

Posted

    

Net Amount

December 31, 2021

$

$

$

$

$

$

December 31, 2020

$

167

$

$

167

$

$

$

167

Gross

Net Amounts of

Gross Amounts Not Offset

Amounts

Liabilities

in the Consolidated

Gross

Offset in the

Presented in the

Balance Sheets

Amounts of

Consolidated

Consolidated

Cash

Recognized

Balance

Balance Sheets

Financial

Collateral

Offsetting of Derivative Liabilities

Liabilities

Sheets

(a)

Instruments

Posted

Net Amount

December 31, 2023

$

$

$

$

$

$

December 31, 2022

$

$

$

$

$

$

(a)Amounts reconcile to the aggregate fair value of derivative liabilities in the “Tabular Disclosure of Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets” located in this footnote.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Commitments

Real Estate Commitments

The following summarizes the Company’s real estate commitments at December 31, 20212023 (dollars in thousands):

Number

UDR's

UDR's Remaining

Number

UDR's

UDR's Remaining

Properties

Investment (a)

Commitment

Properties

Investment (a)

Commitment

Real estate commitments

Wholly-owned — under development

 

5

$

388,569

$

112,931

 

 

2

$

160,404

$

27,096

 

Joint ventures:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

Preferred equity investments

 

4

66,528

(b)

53,652

(b)

Real estate technology investments:

RETV I (c)

-

71,464

5,220

RETV II

-

8,130

10,800

Wholly-owned — redevelopment (b)

 

14

73,869

123,030

 

Other unconsolidated investments:

Real estate technology and sustainability investments (c)

-

55,948

40,052

Total

 

  

$

534,691

$

182,603

 

 

  

$

290,221

$

190,178

 

(a)Represents UDR’s investment as of December 31, 2021.2023.
(b)Represents UDR’s investment in and remaining commitment for Makers Rise, 121 at Watters, Infield Phase I and Upton Place, which are under development asProjects consist of December 31, 2021.unit renovations and/or renovation of related common area amenities.
(c)IncludesAs of December 31, 2023, the impact of unrealized gains which primarily relateinvestments were recorded in either Investment in and advances to SmartRent becoming a public company. (See Note 5,unconsolidated joint ventures, net or Joint Ventures and Partnerships)Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Contingencies

Litigation and Legal Matters

The Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company cannot determine the ultimate liability with respect to such legal proceedings and claims at this time. The Company believes that such liability, to the extent not provided for through insurance or otherwise, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

16. REPORTABLE SEGMENTS

GAAP guidance requires that segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the Chief Operating Decision Maker to decide how to allocate resources and for purposes of assessing such segments’ performance. UDR’s Chief Operating Decision Maker is comprised of several members of its executive management team who use several generally accepted industry financial measures to assess the performance of the business for our reportable operating segments.

UDR owns and operates multifamily apartment communities that generate rental and other property related income through the leasing of apartment homes to a diverse base of tenants. The primary financial measures for UDR’s apartment communities are rental income and net operating income (“NOI”). Rental income represents gross market rent less adjustments for concessions, vacancy loss and bad debt. NOI is defined as rental income less direct property rental expenses. Rental expenses include real estate taxes, insurance, personnel, utilities, repairs and maintenance, administrative and marketing. Excluded from NOI is property management expense, which is calculated as 3.0%3.25% of property revenue, and land rent. Property management expense covers costs directly related to consolidated property operations, inclusive of corporate management, regional supervision, accounting and other costs. UDR’s Chief Operating Decision Maker utilizes NOI as the key measure of segment profit or loss.

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

UDR’s 2two reportable segments are Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other:

Same-Store Communities represent those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 20202022 and held as of December 31, 2021.2023. A comparison of operating results from the prior year is meaningful as these communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the community is not classified as held for disposition within the current year. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

Non-Mature Communities/Other represent those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties.

Management evaluates the performance of each of our apartment communities on a Same-Store Community and Non-Mature Community/Other basis, as well as individually and geographically. This is consistent with the aggregation criteria under GAAP as each of our apartment communities generally has similar economic characteristics, facilities, services, and tenants. Therefore, the Company’s reportable segments have been aggregated by geography in a manner identical to that which is provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker.

All revenues are from external customers and no single tenant or related group of tenants contributed 10% or more of UDR’s total revenues during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 2019.2021.

The following is a description of the principal streams from which the Company generates its revenue:

Lease Revenue

Lease revenue related to leases is recognized on an accrual basis when due from residents or tenants in accordance with ASC 842, Leases. Rental payments are generally due on a monthly basis and recognized on a straight-line basis over the noncancellable lease term because collection of the lease payments was probable at lease commencement, inclusive of any periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option. In addition, in circumstances where a lease incentive is provided to tenants, the incentive is recognized as a reduction of lease revenue on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Lease revenue also includes all pass-through revenue from retail and residential leases and common area maintenance reimbursements from retail leases. These services represent non-lease components in a contract as the Company transfers a service to the lessee other than the right to use the underlying asset. The Company has elected the practical expedient under the leasing standard to not separate lease and non-lease components from its resident and retail lease contracts as the timing and pattern of revenue recognition for the non-lease component and related lease component are the same and the combined single lease component would be classified as an operating lease.

Other Revenue

Other revenue is generated by services provided by the Company to its retail and residential tenants and other unrelated third parties. Revenue is measured based on consideration specified in contracts with customers. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by providing the services specified in a contract to the customer. These fees are generally recognized as earned.

Joint venture management and other fees

The Joint venture management and other fees revenue consists of management fees charged to our equity method joint ventures per the terms of contractual agreements and other fees. Joint venture fee revenue is recognized monthly as the management services are provided and the fees are earned or upon a transaction whereby the Company earns a fee. Joint venture management and other fees are not allocable to a specific reportable segment or segments.

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UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2021

The following table details rental income and NOI for UDR’s reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022, and 2019,2021, and reconciles NOI to Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc. on the Consolidated Statements of Operations (dollars in thousands):

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

Year Ended December 31, 

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

Reportable apartment home segment lease revenue

Same-Store Communities (a)

  

    

  

    

  

West Region

$

414,063

$

411,988

$

422,564

Mid-Atlantic Region

 

246,176

 

245,460

 

221,509

Northeast Region

211,368

209,222

172,658

Southeast Region

 

144,328

 

136,342

 

129,354

Southwest Region

 

97,213

 

93,557

 

67,804

Non-Mature Communities/Other

 

132,738

 

101,720

 

88,350

Total segment and consolidated lease revenue

$

1,245,886

$

1,198,289

$

1,102,239

Reportable apartment home segment other revenue

Same-Store Communities (a)

  

    

  

    

  

West Region

$

10,620

$

12,357

$

12,924

Mid-Atlantic Region

 

8,194

 

7,155

 

7,429

Northeast Region

 

4,867

 

5,315

 

4,003

Southeast Region

 

6,498

 

5,765

 

6,752

Southwest Region

 

3,932

 

3,599

 

2,897

Non-Mature Communities/Other

 

4,668

 

3,616

 

1,894

Total segment and consolidated other revenue

$

38,779

$

37,807

$

35,899

Total reportable apartment home segment rental income

Same-Store Communities (a)

  

    

  

    

  

West Region

$

424,683

$

424,345

$

435,488

Mid-Atlantic Region

 

254,370

 

252,615

 

228,938

Northeast Region

 

216,235

 

214,537

 

176,661

Southeast Region

 

150,826

 

142,107

 

136,106

Southwest Region

 

101,145

 

97,156

 

70,701

Non-Mature Communities/Other

 

137,406

 

105,336

 

90,244

Total segment and consolidated rental income

$

1,284,665

$

1,236,096

$

1,138,138

Reportable apartment home segment NOI

 

  

 

  

 

  

Same-Store Communities (a)

 

  

 

  

 

  

West Region

$

312,341

$

314,381

$

330,586

Mid-Atlantic Region

 

175,445

 

176,741

 

161,325

Northeast Region

 

137,331

 

140,090

 

121,800

Southeast Region

 

102,061

 

96,118

 

94,420

Southwest Region

 

63,320

 

59,281

 

44,018

Non-Mature Communities/Other

 

76,627

 

67,091

 

56,154

Total segment and consolidated NOI

 

867,125

 

853,702

 

808,303

Reconciling items:

 

  

 

  

 

  

Joint venture management and other fees

 

6,102

 

5,069

 

14,055

Property management

 

(38,540)

 

(35,538)

 

(32,721)

Other operating expenses

 

(21,649)

 

(22,762)

 

(13,932)

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

(606,648)

 

(608,616)

 

(501,257)

General and administrative

 

(57,541)

 

(49,885)

 

(51,533)

Casualty-related (charges)/recoveries, net

 

(3,748)

 

(2,131)

 

(474)

Other depreciation and amortization

 

(13,185)

 

(10,013)

 

(6,666)

Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate owned

136,052

119,277

5,282

Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities

 

65,646

 

18,844

 

137,873

Interest expense

 

(186,267)

 

(202,706)

 

(170,917)

Interest income and other income/(expense), net

 

15,085

 

6,274

 

15,404

Tax (provision)/benefit, net

 

(1,439)

 

(2,545)

 

(3,838)

Net (income)/loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

 

(10,873)

 

(4,543)

 

(14,426)

Net (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

 

(104)

 

(161)

 

(188)

Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc.

$

150,016

$

64,266

$

184,965

Year Ended December 31, 

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Reportable apartment home segment lease revenue

Same-Store Communities

  

    

  

    

  

West Region

$

463,119

$

443,435

$

399,692

Mid-Atlantic Region

 

301,785

 

286,825

 

249,455

Northeast Region

302,568

282,744

239,301

Southeast Region

 

226,352

 

210,156

 

166,800

Southwest Region

 

150,818

 

144,031

 

118,316

Non-Mature Communities/Other

 

125,868

 

97,643

 

72,323

Total segment and consolidated lease revenue

$

1,570,510

$

1,464,834

$

1,245,887

Reportable apartment home segment other revenue

Same-Store Communities

  

    

  

    

  

West Region

$

11,672

$

11,899

$

10,214

Mid-Atlantic Region

 

11,772

 

10,868

 

8,490

Northeast Region

 

7,005

 

6,895

 

5,241

Southeast Region

 

9,413

 

8,822

 

7,275

Southwest Region

 

6,333

 

5,820

 

4,924

Non-Mature Communities/Other

 

3,953

 

3,226

 

2,634

Total segment and consolidated other revenue

$

50,148

$

47,530

$

38,778

Total reportable apartment home segment rental income

Same-Store Communities

  

    

  

    

  

West Region

$

474,791

$

455,334

$

409,906

Mid-Atlantic Region

 

313,557

 

297,693

 

257,945

Northeast Region

 

309,573

 

289,639

 

244,542

Southeast Region

 

235,765

 

218,978

 

174,075

Southwest Region

 

157,151

 

149,851

 

123,240

Non-Mature Communities/Other

 

129,821

 

100,869

 

74,957

Total segment and consolidated rental income

$

1,620,658

$

1,512,364

$

1,284,665

Reportable apartment home segment NOI

 

  

 

  

 

  

Same-Store Communities

 

  

 

  

 

  

West Region

$

354,320

$

339,954

$

300,828

Mid-Atlantic Region

 

216,379

 

204,923

 

177,339

Northeast Region

 

204,247

 

189,922

 

151,521

Southeast Region

 

162,090

 

149,132

 

116,239

Southwest Region

 

100,657

 

94,934

 

75,993

Non-Mature Communities/Other

 

77,077

 

61,527

 

45,205

Total segment and consolidated NOI

 

1,114,770

 

1,040,392

 

867,125

Reconciling items:

 

  

 

  

 

  

Joint venture management and other fees

 

6,843

 

5,022

 

6,102

Property management

 

(52,671)

 

(49,152)

 

(38,540)

Other operating expenses

 

(20,222)

 

(17,493)

 

(21,649)

Real estate depreciation and amortization

 

(676,419)

 

(665,228)

 

(606,648)

General and administrative

 

(69,929)

 

(64,144)

 

(57,541)

Casualty-related (charges)/recoveries, net

 

(3,138)

 

(9,733)

 

(3,748)

Other depreciation and amortization

 

(15,419)

 

(14,344)

 

(13,185)

Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate owned

351,193

25,494

136,052

Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities

 

4,693

 

4,947

 

65,646

Interest expense

 

(180,866)

 

(155,900)

 

(186,267)

Interest income and other income/(expense), net

 

17,759

 

(6,933)

 

15,085

Tax (provision)/benefit, net

 

(2,106)

 

(349)

 

(1,439)

Net (income)/loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership

 

(30,104)

 

(5,613)

 

(10,873)

Net (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

 

(31)

 

(42)

 

(104)

Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc.

$

444,353

$

86,924

$

150,016

(a)Same-Store Community population consisted of 45,14351,368 apartment homes.

F - 5755

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

The following table details the assets of UDR’s reportable segments as of December 31, 20212023 and 20202022 (dollars in thousands):

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

    

December 31, 

2021

2020

2023

2022

Reportable apartment home segment assets:

 

  

 

�� 

 

  

 

  

Same-Store Communities (a):

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

West Region

$

4,219,858

$

4,174,776

$

4,360,532

$

4,295,073

Mid-Atlantic Region

 

2,729,221

 

2,698,049

 

3,201,640

 

3,140,167

Northeast Region

 

2,921,469

 

2,900,017

 

3,669,538

 

3,629,026

Southeast Region

 

995,597

 

974,754

 

1,579,201

 

1,521,489

Southwest Region

 

903,789

 

869,228

 

1,324,942

 

1,287,332

Non-Mature Communities/Other

 

2,970,869

 

1,454,648

 

1,888,006

 

1,696,985

Total segment assets

 

14,740,803

 

13,071,472

 

16,023,859

 

15,570,072

Accumulated depreciation

 

(5,137,096)

 

(4,605,366)

 

(6,267,830)

 

(5,762,501)

Total segment assets — net book value

 

9,603,707

 

8,466,106

 

9,756,029

 

9,807,571

Reconciling items:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Cash and cash equivalents

 

967

 

1,409

 

2,922

 

1,193

Restricted cash

 

27,451

 

22,762

 

31,944

 

29,001

Notes receivable, net

 

26,860

 

157,992

 

228,825

 

54,707

Investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net

 

702,461

 

600,233

 

952,934

 

754,446

Operating lease right-of-use assets

197,463

200,913

190,619

194,081

Other assets

 

216,311

 

188,118

 

209,969

 

197,471

Total consolidated assets

$

10,775,220

$

9,637,533

$

11,373,242

$

11,038,470

(a)Same-Store Community population consisted of 45,14351,368 apartment homes.

Markets included in the above geographic segments are as follows:

i.West Region — Orange County, San Francisco, Seattle, Monterey Peninsula, Los Angeles, Other Southern California and Portland
ii.Mid-Atlantic Region — Metropolitan D.C., Baltimore and Richmond
iii.Northeast Region — Boston, New York and Philadelphia
iv.Southeast Region — Tampa, Orlando, Nashville and Other Florida
v.Southwest Region — Dallas, Austin and Denver

F - 5856

Table of Contents

[This page is intentionally left blank.]

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

SCHEDULE III — REAL ESTATE OWNED

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

(In thousands)

Gross Amount at Which

Gross Amount at Which

Initial Costs

Carried at Close of Period

Initial Costs

Carried at Close of Period

    

    

    

    

    

Costs of 

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

Costs of 

    

    

    

    

    

    

Improvements 

Improvements 

Capitalized

Capitalized

Land and

Buildings

Total Initial

Subsequent

Land and

Buildings &

Total

Land and

Buildings

Total Initial

Subsequent

Land and

Buildings &

Total

Land

and 

Acquisition

to Acquisition 

Land

Buildings 

Carrying

Accumulated

Date of

Date

Land

and 

Acquisition

to Acquisition 

Land

Buildings 

Carrying

Accumulated

Date of

Date

Encumbrances

Improvements

Improvements

Costs

Costs

Improvements

Improvements

Value

Depreciation

Construction(a)

Acquired

Encumbrances

Improvements

Improvements

Costs

Costs

Improvements

Improvements

Value

Depreciation

Construction(a)

Acquired

WEST REGION

Harbor at Mesa Verde

$

$

20,476

$

28,538

$

49,014

$

24,270

$

22,485

$

50,799

$

73,284

$

39,973

1965/2003

Jun-03

$

$

20,476

$

28,538

$

49,014

$

28,532

$

22,789

$

54,757

$

77,546

$

44,469

1965/2003

Jun-03

27 Seventy Five Mesa Verde

99,329

110,644

209,973

108,534

116,594

201,913

318,507

157,467

1979/2013

Oct-04

99,329

110,644

209,973

114,805

117,402

207,376

324,778

175,675

1979/2013

Oct-04

Huntington Vista

8,055

22,486

30,541

15,025

9,420

36,146

45,566

28,499

1970

Jun-03

8,055

22,486

30,541

17,674

9,534

38,681

48,215

31,045

1970

Jun-03

Missions at Back Bay

229

14,129

14,358

4,520

11,141

7,737

18,878

6,184

1969

Dec-03

229

14,129

14,358

5,298

11,141

8,515

19,656

6,858

1969

Dec-03

Eight 80 Newport Beach - North

62,516

46,082

108,598

48,686

69,362

87,922

157,284

68,825

1968/2000/2016

Oct-04

62,516

46,082

108,598

58,082

71,036

95,644

166,680

76,215

1968/2000/2016

Oct-04

Eight 80 Newport Beach - South

58,785

50,067

108,852

41,597

60,996

89,453

150,449

63,553

1968/2000/2016

Mar-05

58,785

50,067

108,852

54,549

63,849

99,552

163,401

71,564

1968/2000/2016

Mar-05

Foxborough

12,071

6,187

18,258

5,477

12,750

10,985

23,735

8,652

1969

Sep-04

Beach & Ocean

12,878

12,878

40,134

13,139

39,873

53,012

17,318

2014

Aug-11

12,878

12,878

41,282

13,408

40,752

54,160

22,049

2014

Aug-11

The Residences at Bella Terra

25,000

25,000

130,685

25,847

129,838

155,685

65,446

2013

Oct-11

25,000

25,000

132,737

25,988

131,749

157,737

78,988

2013

Oct-11

Los Alisos at Mission Viejo

17,298

17,298

71,722

16,737

72,283

89,020

34,993

2014

Jun-04

The Residences at Pacific City

78,085

78,085

278,092

78,330

277,847

356,177

73,323

2018

Jan-14

78,085

78,085

281,051

79,025

280,111

359,136

106,653

2018

Jan-14

ORANGE COUNTY, CA

 

 

394,722

 

278,133

 

672,855

 

768,742

 

436,801

 

1,004,796

 

1,441,597

 

564,233

 

 

365,353

 

271,946

 

637,299

 

734,010

 

414,172

 

957,137

 

1,371,309

 

613,516

2000 Post Street

9,861

44,578

54,439

38,606

14,472

78,573

93,045

49,699

1987/2016

Dec-98

9,861

44,578

54,439

46,869

14,640

86,668

101,308

56,181

1987/2016

Dec-98

Birch Creek

4,365

16,696

21,061

11,024

1,419

30,666

32,085

19,849

1968

Dec-98

4,365

16,696

21,061

12,350

1,657

31,754

33,411

22,030

1968

Dec-98

Highlands Of Marin

5,996

24,868

30,864

29,356

8,190

52,030

60,220

40,691

1991/2010

Dec-98

5,996

24,868

30,864

31,919

8,352

54,431

62,783

43,701

1991/2010

Dec-98

Marina Playa

6,224

23,916

30,140

14,927

1,444

43,623

45,067

27,615

1971

Dec-98

6,224

23,916

30,140

16,822

1,541

45,421

46,962

30,318

1971

Dec-98

River Terrace

22,161

40,137

62,298

9,533

23,010

48,821

71,831

35,776

2005

Aug-05

22,161

40,137

62,298

10,955

23,027

50,226

73,253

39,624

2005

Aug-05

CitySouth

14,031

30,537

44,568

40,431

16,703

68,296

84,999

54,340

1972/2012

Nov-05

14,031

30,537

44,568

42,885

16,839

70,614

87,453

58,321

1972/2012

Nov-05

Bay Terrace

8,545

14,458

23,003

7,966

11,679

19,290

30,969

13,679

1962

Oct-05

8,545

14,458

23,003

9,849

11,718

21,134

32,852

15,228

1962

Oct-05

Highlands of Marin Phase II

5,353

18,559

23,912

11,422

5,782

29,552

35,334

21,746

1968/2010

Oct-07

5,353

18,559

23,912

11,848

5,783

29,977

35,760

23,105

1968/2010

Oct-07

Edgewater

30,657

83,872

114,529

13,468

30,832

97,165

127,997

64,604

2007

Mar-08

30,657

83,872

114,529

14,226

30,843

97,912

128,755

70,402

2007

Mar-08

Almaden Lake Village

27,000

594

42,515

43,109

10,542

1,001

52,650

53,651

35,563

1999

Jul-08

27,000

594

42,515

43,109

14,003

1,138

55,974

57,112

39,285

1999

Jul-08

388 Beale

14,253

74,104

88,357

19,341

14,689

93,009

107,698

51,983

1999

Apr-11

14,253

74,104

88,357

23,393

14,712

97,038

111,750

59,184

1999

Apr-11

Channel @ Mission Bay

23,625

23,625

132,104

24,104

131,625

155,729

63,693

2014

Sep-10

23,625

23,625

135,225

24,459

134,391

158,850

79,183

2014

Sep-10

5421 at Dublin Station

8,922

8,922

118,105

8,931

118,096

127,027

9,118

2022

Sep-16

HQ

19,938

65,816

85,754

657

19,938

66,473

86,411

5,248

2021

Sep-22

Residences at Lake Merritt

40,017

8,664

56,876

65,540

8,664

56,876

65,540

9

2023

Dec-23

SAN FRANCISCO, CA

 

27,000

 

145,665

 

414,240

 

559,905

 

338,720

 

153,325

 

745,300

 

898,625

 

479,238

 

67,017

 

183,189

 

536,932

 

720,121

 

489,106

 

192,242

 

1,016,985

 

1,209,227

 

550,937

Crowne Pointe

2,486

6,437

8,923

10,290

3,237

15,976

19,213

12,553

1987

Dec-98

2,486

6,437

8,923

11,598

3,293

17,228

20,521

13,719

1987

Dec-98

Hilltop

2,174

7,408

9,582

7,246

3,061

13,767

16,828

10,492

1985

Dec-98

2,174

7,408

9,582

7,917

3,145

14,354

17,499

11,648

1985

Dec-98

The Hawthorne

6,474

30,226

36,700

9,998

7,219

39,479

46,698

29,493

2003

Jul-05

The Kennedy

6,179

22,307

28,486

5,064

6,360

27,190

33,550

18,897

2005

Nov-05

6,179

22,307

28,486

6,826

6,440

28,872

35,312

21,185

2005

Nov-05

Hearthstone at Merrill Creek

6,848

30,922

37,770

9,784

7,312

40,242

47,554

26,254

2000

May-08

6,848

30,922

37,770

11,324

7,373

41,721

49,094

29,318

2000

May-08

Island Square

21,284

89,389

110,673

8,380

21,703

97,350

119,053

64,066

2007

Jul-08

21,284

89,389

110,673

11,121

21,753

100,041

121,794

69,982

2007

Jul-08

elements too

27,468

72,036

99,504

21,737

30,360

90,881

121,241

71,208

2010

Feb-10

27,468

72,036

99,504

25,300

30,381

94,423

124,804

77,695

2010

Feb-10

989elements

8,541

45,990

54,531

6,434

8,685

52,280

60,965

31,876

2006

Dec-09

8,541

45,990

54,531

8,485

8,703

54,313

63,016

35,723

2006

Dec-09

Lightbox

6,449

38,884

45,333

1,400

6,487

40,246

46,733

18,248

2014

Aug-14

6,449

38,884

45,333

1,818

6,490

40,661

47,151

22,778

2014

Aug-14

Ashton Bellevue

8,287

124,939

133,226

3,712

8,370

128,568

136,938

37,540

2009

Oct-16

8,287

124,939

133,226

6,296

8,395

131,127

139,522

49,989

2009

Oct-16

TEN20

5,247

76,587

81,834

4,478

5,308

81,004

86,312

23,884

2009

Oct-16

5,247

76,587

81,834

6,880

5,309

83,405

88,714

32,097

2009

Oct-16

Milehouse

5,976

63,041

69,017

1,275

6,043

64,249

70,292

21,113

2016

Nov-16

5,976

63,041

69,017

2,001

6,058

64,960

71,018

28,356

2016

Nov-16

CityLine

11,220

85,787

97,007

550

11,228

86,329

97,557

27,388

2016

Jan-17

11,220

85,787

97,007

1,627

11,249

87,385

98,634

37,002

2016

Jan-17

CityLine II

3,723

56,843

60,566

514

3,723

57,357

61,080

12,210

2018

Jan-19

3,723

56,843

60,566

596

3,724

57,438

61,162

20,469

2018

Jan-19

Brio

21,780

147,188

168,968

497

21,785

147,680

169,465

4,359

2020

Jul-21

21,780

147,188

168,968

3,973

21,802

151,139

172,941

22,342

2020

Jul-21

SEATTLE, WA

 

 

144,136

 

897,984

 

1,042,120

 

91,359

 

150,881

 

982,598

 

1,133,479

 

409,581

 

 

137,662

 

867,758

 

1,005,420

 

105,762

 

144,115

 

967,067

 

1,111,182

 

472,303

Boronda Manor

1,946

8,982

10,928

12,233

3,455

19,706

23,161

13,210

1979

Dec-98

1,946

8,982

10,928

13,564

3,499

20,993

24,492

14,708

1979

Dec-98

Garden Court

888

4,188

5,076

7,057

1,621

10,512

12,133

7,149

1973

Dec-98

888

4,188

5,076

7,963

1,831

11,208

13,039

7,938

1973

Dec-98

Cambridge Court

3,039

12,883

15,922

19,372

5,806

29,488

35,294

20,688

1974

Dec-98

3,039

12,883

15,922

20,972

5,961

30,933

36,894

22,925

1974

Dec-98

Laurel Tree

1,304

5,115

6,419

8,217

2,473

12,163

14,636

8,431

1977

Dec-98

1,304

5,115

6,419

8,850

2,549

12,720

15,269

9,532

1977

Dec-98

The Pointe At Harden Ranch

6,388

23,854

30,242

34,935

10,417

54,760

65,177

37,182

1986

Dec-98

6,388

23,854

30,242

37,173

10,516

56,899

67,415

41,266

1986

Dec-98

The Pointe At Northridge

2,044

8,028

10,072

13,115

3,695

19,492

23,187

13,340

1979

Dec-98

2,044

8,028

10,072

14,254

3,790

20,536

24,326

14,832

1979

Dec-98

The Pointe At Westlake

1,329

5,334

6,663

8,662

2,397

12,928

15,325

8,590

1975

Dec-98

1,329

5,334

6,663

9,463

2,408

13,718

16,126

9,667

1975

Dec-98

MONTEREY PENINSULA, CA

 

 

16,938

 

68,384

 

85,322

 

103,591

 

29,864

 

159,049

 

188,913

 

108,590

 

 

16,938

 

68,384

 

85,322

 

112,239

 

30,554

 

167,007

 

197,561

 

120,868

Rosebeach

8,414

17,449

25,863

7,386

9,011

24,238

33,249

18,613

1970

Sep-04

8,414

17,449

25,863

8,996

9,029

25,830

34,859

20,545

1970

Sep-04

Tierra Del Rey

39,586

36,679

76,265

10,021

40,065

46,221

86,286

30,889

1998

Dec-07

39,586

36,679

76,265

11,580

40,094

47,751

87,845

34,397

1998

Dec-07

The Westerly

48,182

102,364

150,546

46,082

51,107

145,521

196,628

96,215

1993/2013

Sep-10

48,182

102,364

150,546

49,562

51,276

148,832

200,108

105,696

1993/2013

Sep-10

Jefferson at Marina del Rey

55,651

55,651

96,001

61,713

89,939

151,652

62,688

2008

Sep-07

55,651

55,651

104,482

62,662

97,471

160,133

72,963

2008

Sep-07

LOS ANGELES, CA

 

 

151,833

 

156,492

 

308,325

 

159,490

 

161,896

 

305,919

 

467,815

 

208,405

 

 

151,833

 

156,492

 

308,325

 

174,620

 

163,061

 

319,884

 

482,945

 

233,601

Verano at Rancho Cucamonga Town Square

13,557

3,645

17,202

61,883

24,479

54,606

79,085

46,565

2006

Oct-02

13,557

3,645

17,202

65,582

24,699

58,085

82,784

51,712

2006

Oct-02

Windemere at Sycamore Highland

5,810

23,450

29,260

8,183

6,373

31,070

37,443

23,279

2001

Nov-02

5,810

23,450

29,260

11,498

6,524

34,234

40,758

26,115

2001

Nov-02

S - 1

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

SCHEDULE III — REAL ESTATE OWNED - (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

(In thousands)

Gross Amount at Which

Initial Costs

Carried at Close of Period

    

    

    

    

    

Costs of 

    

    

    

    

    

    

Improvements 

Capitalized

Land and

Buildings

Total Initial

Subsequent

Land and

Buildings &

Total

Land

and 

Acquisition

to Acquisition 

Land

Buildings 

Carrying

Accumulated

Date of

Date

Encumbrances

Improvements

Improvements

Costs

Costs

Improvements

Improvements

Value

Depreciation

Construction(a)

Acquired

Strata

14,278

84,242

98,520

2,780

14,439

86,861

101,300

20,265

2010

Nov-19

OTHER SOUTHERN CA

 

 

33,645

 

111,337

 

144,982

 

79,860

 

45,662

 

179,180

 

224,842

 

98,092

Tualatin Heights

3,273

9,134

12,407

12,035

4,526

19,916

24,442

15,900

1989

Dec-98

Hunt Club

6,014

14,870

20,884

10,729

6,806

24,807

31,613

20,539

1985

Sep-04

PORTLAND, OR

 

 

9,287

 

24,004

 

33,291

 

22,764

 

11,332

 

44,723

 

56,055

 

36,439

TOTAL WEST REGION

 

67,017

 

897,907

 

2,036,853

 

2,934,760

 

1,718,361

 

1,001,138

 

3,651,983

 

4,653,121

 

2,125,756

MID-ATLANTIC REGION

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Dominion Middle Ridge

3,311

13,283

16,594

18,932

4,695

30,831

35,526

22,740

1990

Jun-96

Dominion Lake Ridge

2,366

8,387

10,753

11,905

3,283

19,375

22,658

15,951

1987

Feb-96

Presidential Greens

11,238

18,790

30,028

19,387

11,924

37,491

49,415

29,612

1938

May-02

The Whitmore

6,418

13,411

19,829

27,977

7,846

39,960

47,806

34,052

1962/2008

Apr-02

Ridgewood -apts side

5,612

20,086

25,698

17,819

6,688

36,829

43,517

29,519

1988

Aug-02

Waterside Towers

13,001

49,657

62,658

39,976

51,284

51,350

102,634

39,970

1971

Dec-03

Wellington Place at Olde Town

13,753

36,059

49,812

24,224

15,157

58,879

74,036

48,790

1987/2008

Sep-05

Andover House

183

59,948

60,131

8,588

356

68,363

68,719

48,044

2004

Mar-07

Sullivan Place

1,137

103,676

104,813

21,760

2,069

124,504

126,573

89,499

2007

Dec-07

Delancey at Shirlington

21,606

66,765

88,371

11,279

21,714

77,936

99,650

54,376

2006/2007

Mar-08

View 14

5,710

97,941

103,651

8,977

5,788

106,840

112,628

66,547

2009

Jun-11

Capitol View on 14th

31,393

31,393

99,186

31,505

99,074

130,579

61,086

2013

Sep-07

Domain College Park

7,300

7,300

63,157

7,574

62,883

70,457

37,166

2014

Jun-11

1200 East West

9,748

68,022

77,770

6,274

10,003

74,041

84,044

32,093

2010

Oct-15

Courts at Huntington Station

27,749

111,878

139,627

8,532

28,230

119,929

148,159

59,972

2011

Oct-15

Eleven55 Ripley

15,566

107,539

123,105

9,413

15,984

116,534

132,518

49,554

2014

Oct-15

Arbor Park of Alexandria

160,930

50,881

159,728

210,609

13,063

51,798

171,874

223,672

85,235

1969/2015

Oct-15

Courts at Dulles

14,697

83,834

98,531

14,878

14,895

98,514

113,409

51,253

2000

Oct-15

Newport Village

127,600

50,046

177,454

227,500

23,888

50,912

200,476

251,388

102,925

1968

Oct-15

1301 Thomas Circle

27,836

128,191

156,027

4,896

27,885

133,038

160,923

38,762

2006

Aug-19

Station on Silver

16,661

109,198

125,859

1,904

16,759

111,004

127,763

23,720

2018

Dec-20

Seneca Place

21,184

98,173

119,357

10,778

21,201

108,934

130,135

23,787

1985

Jun-21

Canterbury Apartments

24,456

100,011

124,467

11,769

24,474

111,762

136,236

22,198

1986

Aug-21

The MO

27,135

27,135

114,283

27,135

114,283

141,418

6,332

2023

Jan-19

METROPOLITAN, D.C.

 

288,530

 

408,987

 

1,632,031

 

2,041,018

 

592,845

 

459,159

 

2,174,704

 

2,633,863

 

1,073,183

Calvert's Walk

4,408

24,692

29,100

14,247

5,434

37,913

43,347

30,123

1988

Mar-04

20 Lambourne

11,750

45,590

57,340

19,759

12,518

64,581

77,099

43,729

2003

Mar-08

Domain Brewers Hill

4,669

40,630

45,299

4,860

5,084

45,075

50,159

28,686

2009

Aug-10

Rodgers Forge

15,392

67,958

83,350

9,943

15,621

77,672

93,293

25,538

1945

Apr-19

Towson Promenade

58,600

12,599

78,847

91,446

9,223

12,780

87,889

100,669

23,089

2009

Nov-19

1274 at Towson

7,807

46,238

54,045

4,065

7,823

50,287

58,110

8,220

2020

Sep-21

Quarters at Towson Town Center

16,111

106,453

122,564

16,834

16,107

123,291

139,398

29,330

2008

Nov-21

BALTIMORE, MD

 

58,600

 

72,736

 

410,408

 

483,144

 

78,931

 

75,367

 

486,708

 

562,075

 

188,715

Gayton Pointe Townhomes

826

5,148

5,974

33,838

3,767

36,045

39,812

34,084

1973/2007

Sep-95

Waterside At Ironbridge

1,844

13,239

15,083

13,553

3,172

25,464

28,636

20,208

1987

Sep-97

Carriage Homes at Wyndham

474

30,997

31,471

13,168

4,523

40,116

44,639

33,610

1998

Nov-03

Legacy at Mayland

1,979

11,524

13,503

39,423

6,318

46,608

52,926

43,764

1973/2007

Dec-91

RICHMOND, VA

 

 

5,123

 

60,908

 

66,031

 

99,982

 

17,780

 

148,233

 

166,013

 

131,666

TOTAL MID-ATLANTIC REGION

 

347,130

 

486,846

 

2,103,347

 

2,590,193

 

771,758

 

552,306

 

2,809,645

 

3,361,951

 

1,393,564

NORTHEAST REGION

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Garrison Square

6,475

91,027

97,502

30,493

6,819

121,176

127,995

75,144

1887/1990

Sep-10

Ridge at Blue Hills

25,000

6,039

34,869

40,908

8,906

6,646

43,168

49,814

28,124

2007

Sep-10

Inwood West

80,000

20,778

88,096

108,874

19,287

20,257

107,904

128,161

71,094

2006

Apr-11

14 North

72,500

10,961

51,175

62,136

21,501

11,902

71,735

83,637

47,016

2005

Apr-11

100 Pier 4

24,584

24,584

206,485

24,857

206,212

231,069

91,084

2015

Dec-15

345 Harrison

32,938

32,938

332,575

44,982

320,531

365,513

98,041

2018

Nov-11

Currents on the Charles

12,580

70,149

82,729

3,372

12,790

73,311

86,101

22,586

2015

Jun-19

The Commons at Windsor Gardens

34,609

225,515

260,124

27,950

34,852

253,222

288,074

81,193

1969

Aug-19

S - 2

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

SCHEDULE III — REAL ESTATE OWNED - (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 2023

(In thousands)

Strata

14,278

84,242

98,520

1,514

14,278

85,756

100,034

10,198

2010

Nov-19

OTHER SOUTHERN CA

 

 

33,645

 

111,337

 

144,982

 

71,580

 

45,130

 

171,432

 

216,562

 

80,042

Tualatin Heights

3,273

9,134

12,407

10,697

4,419

18,685

23,104

14,229

1989

Dec-98

Hunt Club

6,014

14,870

20,884

9,319

6,613

23,590

30,203

18,978

1985

Sep-04

The Arbory

4,366

63,457

67,823

435

4,366

63,892

68,258

8,364

2018

Jan-20

PORTLAND, OR

 

 

13,653

 

87,461

 

101,114

 

20,451

 

15,398

 

106,167

 

121,565

 

41,571

TOTAL WEST REGION

 

27,000

 

900,592

 

2,014,031

 

2,914,623

 

1,553,933

 

993,295

 

3,475,261

 

4,468,556

 

1,891,660

MID-ATLANTIC REGION

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Dominion Middle Ridge

3,311

13,283

16,594

17,095

4,625

29,064

33,689

19,162

1990

Jun-96

Dominion Lake Ridge

2,366

8,387

10,753

10,830

3,238

18,345

21,583

14,265

1987

Feb-96

Presidential Greens

11,238

18,790

30,028

14,541

11,882

32,687

44,569

26,954

1938

May-02

The Whitmore

6,418

13,411

19,829

25,755

7,713

37,871

45,584

31,506

1962/2008

Apr-02

Ridgewood -apts side

5,612

20,086

25,698

14,476

6,583

33,591

40,174

26,787

1988

Aug-02

Waterside Towers

13,001

49,657

62,658

35,826

50,882

47,602

98,484

34,309

1971

Dec-03

Wellington Place at Olde Town

13,753

36,059

49,812

22,312

14,980

57,144

72,124

45,287

1987/2008

Sep-05

Andover House

183

59,948

60,131

7,355

347

67,139

67,486

43,926

2004

Mar-07

Sullivan Place

1,137

103,676

104,813

16,803

1,973

119,643

121,616

80,751

2007

Dec-07

Delancey at Shirlington

21,606

66,765

88,371

9,360

21,713

76,018

97,731

48,968

2006/2007

Mar-08

View 14

5,710

97,941

103,651

6,603

5,787

104,467

110,254

60,808

2009

Jun-11

Signal Hill Apartments

13,290

13,290

73,633

25,670

61,253

86,923

46,898

2010

Mar-07

Capitol View on 14th

31,393

31,393

97,990

31,490

97,893

129,383

52,070

2013

Sep-07

Domain College Park

7,300

7,300

61,688

7,541

61,447

68,988

30,028

2014

Jun-11

1200 East West

9,748

68,022

77,770

4,395

9,922

72,243

82,165

24,625

2010

Oct-15

Courts at Huntington Station

27,749

111,878

139,627

6,112

28,178

117,561

145,739

46,174

2011

Oct-15

Eleven55 Ripley

15,566

107,539

123,105

6,641

15,921

113,825

129,746

38,091

2014

Oct-15

Arbor Park of Alexandria

160,930

50,881

159,728

210,609

7,976

51,652

166,933

218,585

65,098

1969/2015

Oct-15

Courts at Dulles

14,697

83,834

98,531

11,467

14,871

95,127

109,998

39,860

2000

Oct-15

Newport Village

127,600

55,283

177,454

232,737

27,768

55,877

204,628

260,505

81,151

1968

Oct-15

1301 Thomas Circle

27,836

128,191

156,027

2,526

27,847

130,706

158,553

20,419

2006

Aug-19

Crescent Falls Church

13,687

88,692

102,379

1,795

13,700

90,474

104,174

12,556

2010

Nov-19

Station on Silver

16,661

109,198

125,859

1,063

16,677

110,245

126,922

8,213

2018

Dec-20

Seneca Place

21,184

98,173

119,357

2,559

21,188

100,728

121,916

6,384

1985

Jun-21

Canterbury Apartments

24,456

100,011

124,467

1,998

24,458

102,007

126,465

2,948

1986

Aug-21

METROPOLITAN, D.C.

 

288,530

 

414,066

 

1,720,723

 

2,134,789

 

488,567

 

474,715

 

2,148,641

 

2,623,356

 

907,238

Calvert's Walk

4,408

24,692

29,100

10,725

5,240

34,585

39,825

27,320

1988

Mar-04

20 Lambourne

11,750

45,590

57,340

13,082

12,486

57,936

70,422

38,943

2003

Mar-08

Domain Brewers Hill

4,669

40,630

45,299

3,014

4,917

43,396

48,313

26,081

2009

Aug-10

Rodgers Forge

15,392

67,958

83,350

6,583

15,607

74,326

89,933

14,164

1945

Apr-19

Towson Promenade

58,600

12,599

78,847

91,446

2,787

12,635

81,598

94,233

11,352

2009

Nov-19

1274 at Towson

7,807

46,238

54,045

2,676

7,807

48,914

56,721

1,112

2020

Sep-21

Quarters at Towson Town Center

16,111

106,453

122,564

481

16,111

106,934

123,045

1,728

2008

Nov-21

BALTIMORE, MD

 

58,600

 

72,736

 

410,408

 

483,144

 

39,348

 

74,803

 

447,689

 

522,492

 

120,700

Gayton Pointe Townhomes

826

5,148

5,974

32,000

3,696

34,278

37,974

32,446

1973/2007

Sep-95

Waterside At Ironbridge

1,844

13,239

15,083

10,879

2,768

23,194

25,962

18,370

1987

Sep-97

Carriage Homes at Wyndham

474

30,997

31,471

11,426

4,228

38,669

42,897

31,122

1998

Nov-03

Legacy at Mayland

1,979

11,524

13,503

36,568

5,873

44,198

50,071

40,415

1973/2007

Dec-91

RICHMOND, VA

 

 

5,123

 

60,908

 

66,031

 

90,873

 

16,565

 

140,339

 

156,904

 

122,353

TOTAL MID-ATLANTIC REGION

 

347,130

 

491,925

 

2,192,039

 

2,683,964

 

618,788

 

566,083

 

2,736,669

 

3,302,752

 

1,150,291

NORTHEAST REGION

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Garrison Square

6,475

91,027

97,502

28,004

6,648

118,858

125,506

65,391

1887/1990

Sep-10

Ridge at Blue Hills

25,000

6,039

34,869

40,908

6,744

6,472

41,180

47,652

24,834

2007

Sep-10

Inwood West

80,000

20,778

88,096

108,874

16,204

19,866

105,212

125,078

63,670

2006

Apr-11

14 North

72,500

10,961

51,175

62,136

16,369

11,552

66,953

78,505

41,519

2005

Apr-11

100 Pier 4

24,584

24,584

203,853

24,834

203,603

228,437

71,542

2015

Dec-15

345 Harrison

32,938

32,938

330,425

44,910

318,453

363,363

62,358

2018

Nov-11

Currents on the Charles

12,580

70,149

82,729

1,866

12,702

71,893

84,595

12,379

2015

Jun-19

The Commons at Windsor Gardens

34,609

225,515

260,124

20,533

34,683

245,974

280,657

47,677

1969

Aug-19

Charles River Landing

17,068

112,777

129,845

1,938

17,091

114,692

131,783

15,859

2010

Nov-19

Lenox Farms

94,050

17,692

115,899

133,591

4,705

17,699

120,597

138,296

16,896

2009

Nov-19

Lodge at Ames Pond

12,645

70,653

83,298

3,561

12,649

74,210

86,859

10,566

2010

Nov-19

Union Place

51,800

9,902

72,242

82,144

2,205

9,943

74,406

84,349

4,638

2005

Jan-21

BOSTON, MA

 

323,350

 

206,271

 

932,402

 

1,138,673

 

636,407

 

219,049

 

1,556,031

 

1,775,080

 

437,329

10 Hanover Square

41,432

218,983

260,415

31,466

41,830

250,051

291,881

125,878

2005

Apr-11

Gross Amount at Which

Initial Costs

Carried at Close of Period

    

    

    

    

    

Costs of 

    

    

    

    

    

    

Improvements 

Capitalized

Land and

Buildings

Total Initial

Subsequent

Land and

Buildings &

Total

Land

and 

Acquisition

to Acquisition 

Land

Buildings 

Carrying

Accumulated

Date of

Date

Encumbrances

Improvements

Improvements

Costs

Costs

Improvements

Improvements

Value

Depreciation

Construction(a)

Acquired

Charles River Landing

17,068

112,777

129,845

4,424

17,367

116,902

134,269

31,498

2010

Nov-19

Lenox Farms

94,050

17,692

115,899

133,591

13,857

17,911

129,537

147,448

34,277

2009

Nov-19

Union Place

51,800

9,902

72,242

82,144

7,291

10,027

79,408

89,435

16,313

2005

Jan-21

Bradlee Danvers

28,669

175,114

203,783

11,937

28,689

187,031

215,720

20,090

1874/2008

Jun-22

BOSTON, MA

 

323,350

 

222,295

 

1,036,863

 

1,259,158

 

688,078

 

237,099

 

1,710,137

 

1,947,236

 

616,460

10 Hanover Square

41,432

218,983

260,415

36,689

41,917

255,187

297,104

141,638

2005/2020

Apr-11

21 Chelsea

36,399

107,154

143,553

17,825

36,531

124,847

161,378

73,869

2001

Aug-11

View 34

114,410

324,920

439,330

126,178

116,145

449,363

565,508

273,754

1985/2013

Jul-11

95 Wall Street

57,637

266,255

323,892

18,381

58,718

283,555

342,273

180,171

2008

Aug-11

Leonard Pointe

38,010

93,204

131,214

2,537

38,078

95,673

133,751

31,102

2015

Feb-19

One William

6,422

75,527

81,949

2,312

6,478

77,783

84,261

22,787

2018

Aug-19

NEW YORK, NY

 

 

294,310

 

1,086,043

 

1,380,353

 

203,922

 

297,867

 

1,286,408

 

1,584,275

 

723,321

Park Square

10,365

96,050

106,415

2,646

10,615

98,446

109,061

31,893

2018

May-19

The Smith Valley Forge

17,853

95,973

113,826

2,198

17,861

98,163

116,024

15,740

2019

Sep-21

322 on North Broad

12,240

124,524

136,764

10,168

12,259

134,673

146,932

22,482

2018

Sep-21

The George Apartments

17,341

17,341

49,107

17,350

49,098

66,448

5,108

2022

Aug-20

PHILADELPHIA, PA

57,799

316,547

374,346

64,119

58,085

380,380

438,465

75,223

TOTAL NORTHEAST REGION

 

323,350

 

574,404

 

2,439,453

 

3,013,857

 

956,119

 

593,051

 

3,376,925

 

3,969,976

 

1,415,004

SOUTHEAST REGION

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Summit West

2,176

4,710

6,886

18,886

4,366

21,406

25,772

16,811

1972

Dec-92

The Breyley

1,780

2,458

4,238

22,178

4,432

21,984

26,416

21,465

1977/2007

Sep-93

Lakewood Place

1,395

10,647

12,042

17,428

3,312

26,158

29,470

22,144

1986

Mar-94

Cambridge Woods

1,791

7,166

8,957

16,314

3,811

21,460

25,271

17,819

1985

Jun-97

Inlet Bay

7,702

23,150

30,852

27,124

11,059

46,917

57,976

40,006

1988/1989

Jun-03

MacAlpine Place

10,869

36,858

47,727

20,413

12,818

55,322

68,140

43,583

2001

Dec-04

The Vintage Lofts at West End

6,611

37,663

44,274

26,103

16,061

54,316

70,377

43,176

2009

Jul-09

Peridot Palms

6,293

89,752

96,045

4,081

6,490

93,636

100,126

31,756

2017

Feb-19

The Preserve at Gateway

4,467

43,723

48,190

2,852

4,534

46,508

51,042

14,871

2013

May-19

The Slade at Channelside

10,216

72,786

83,002

6,573

10,440

79,135

89,575

21,437

2009

Jan-20

Andover Place at Cross Creek

11,702

107,761

119,463

10,314

11,742

118,035

129,777

29,407

1997/1999

Nov-20

TAMPA, FL

 

 

65,002

 

436,674

 

501,676

 

172,266

 

89,065

 

584,877

 

673,942

 

302,475

Seabrook

1,846

4,155

6,001

12,292

3,367

14,926

18,293

13,514

1984/2004

Feb-96

Altamira Place

1,533

11,076

12,609

26,314

4,115

34,808

38,923

32,713

1984/2007

Apr-94

Regatta Shore

757

6,608

7,365

21,453

2,766

26,052

28,818

23,655

1988/2007

Jun-94

Alafaya Woods

1,653

9,042

10,695

15,523

2,996

23,222

26,218

20,063

1989/2006

Oct-94

Los Altos

2,804

12,349

15,153

16,585

4,705

27,033

31,738

23,434

1990/2004

Oct-96

Lotus Landing

2,185

8,639

10,824

16,378

3,401

23,801

27,202

18,739

1985/2006

Jul-97

Seville On The Green

1,282

6,498

7,780

11,686

1,981

17,485

19,466

13,430

1986/2004

Oct-97

Ashton @ Waterford

3,872

17,538

21,410

9,727

4,894

26,243

31,137

20,825

2000

May-98

Arbors at Lee Vista

6,692

12,860

19,552

20,450

8,090

31,912

40,002

24,231

1992/2007

Aug-06

Arbors at Maitland Summit

15,929

158,079

174,008

19,614

15,977

177,645

193,622

40,338

1998

Oct-21

Essex Luxe

9,068

94,487

103,555

982

9,087

95,450

104,537

14,841

2020

Oct-21

ORLANDO, FL

 

 

47,621

 

341,331

 

388,952

 

171,004

 

61,379

 

498,577

 

559,956

 

245,783

Legacy Hill

1,148

5,867

7,015

13,107

2,192

17,930

20,122

15,790

1977

Nov-95

Hickory Run

1,469

11,584

13,053

18,525

2,910

28,668

31,578

22,077

1989

Dec-95

Carrington Hills

2,117

2,117

46,333

5,100

43,350

48,450

32,673

1999

Dec-95

Brookridge

708

5,461

6,169

9,556

1,643

14,082

15,725

11,695

1986

Mar-96

Breckenridge

766

7,714

8,480

9,240

1,895

15,825

17,720

12,855

1986

Mar-97

Colonnade

1,460

16,015

17,475

11,468

2,839

26,104

28,943

20,416

1998

Jan-99

The Preserve at Brentwood

3,182

24,674

27,856

17,700

4,437

41,119

45,556

31,814

1998

Jun-04

Polo Park

4,583

16,293

20,876

20,735

6,416

35,195

41,611

30,254

1987/2008

May-06

NASHVILLE, TN

 

 

15,433

 

87,608

 

103,041

 

146,664

 

27,432

 

222,273

 

249,705

 

177,574

The Reserve and Park at Riverbridge

15,968

56,401

72,369

23,429

17,229

78,569

95,798

61,221

1999/2001

Dec-04

OTHER FLORIDA

 

 

15,968

 

56,401

 

72,369

 

23,429

 

17,229

 

78,569

 

95,798

 

61,221

TOTAL SOUTHEAST REGION

 

 

144,024

 

922,014

 

1,066,038

 

513,363

 

195,105

 

1,384,296

 

1,579,401

 

787,053

S - 23

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

SCHEDULE III — REAL ESTATE OWNED - (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

(In thousands)

21 Chelsea

36,399

107,154

143,553

16,166

36,530

123,189

159,719

67,436

2001

Aug-11

View 34

114,410

324,920

439,330

116,670

116,094

439,906

556,000

246,965

1985/2013

Jul-11

95 Wall Street

57,637

266,255

323,892

11,397

58,114

277,175

335,289

169,531

2008

Aug-11

Leonard Pointe

38,010

93,204

131,214

1,483

38,071

94,626

132,697

18,542

2015

Feb-19

One William

6,422

75,527

81,949

(92)

6,467

75,390

81,857

12,677

2018

Aug-19

NEW YORK, NY

 

 

294,310

 

1,086,043

 

1,380,353

 

177,090

 

297,106

 

1,260,337

 

1,557,443

 

641,029

Park Square

10,365

96,050

106,415

1,626

10,485

97,556

108,041

18,182

2018

May-19

The Smith Valley Forge

17,853

95,973

113,826

123

17,853

96,096

113,949

2,175

2019

Sep-21

322 on North Broad

12,240

124,524

136,764

7,597

12,240

132,121

144,361

2,358

2018

Sep-21

PHILADELPHIA, PA

40,458

316,547

357,005

9,346

40,578

325,773

366,351

22,715

TOTAL NORTHEAST REGION

 

323,350

 

541,039

 

2,334,992

 

2,876,031

 

822,843

 

556,733

 

3,142,141

 

3,698,874

 

1,101,073

SOUTHEAST REGION

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Summit West

2,176

4,710

6,886

13,799

4,029

16,656

20,685

15,027

1972

Dec-92

The Breyley

1,780

2,458

4,238

20,497

4,244

20,491

24,735

20,113

1977/2007

Sep-93

Lakewood Place

1,395

10,647

12,042

14,595

3,261

23,376

26,637

19,941

1986

Mar-94

Cambridge Woods

1,791

7,166

8,957

13,663

3,613

19,007

22,620

15,912

1985

Jun-97

Inlet Bay

7,702

23,150

30,852

22,725

10,821

42,756

53,577

36,272

1988/1989

Jun-03

MacAlpine Place

10,869

36,858

47,727

15,855

12,782

50,800

63,582

39,112

2001

Dec-04

The Vintage Lofts at West End

6,611

37,663

44,274

24,069

15,884

52,459

68,343

38,409

2009

Jul-09

Peridot Palms

6,293

89,752

96,045

1,788

6,316

91,517

97,833

18,435

2017

Feb-19

The Preserve at Gateway

4,467

43,723

48,190

1,760

4,519

45,431

49,950

8,337

2013

May-19

The Slade at Channelside

10,216

72,786

83,002

4,095

10,278

76,819

87,097

10,071

2009

Jan-20

Andover Place at Cross Creek

11,702

107,761

119,463

6,028

11,708

113,783

125,491

13,315

1997/1999

Nov-20

TAMPA, FL

 

 

65,002

 

436,674

 

501,676

 

138,874

 

87,455

 

553,095

 

640,550

 

234,944

Seabrook

1,846

4,155

6,001

11,099

3,239

13,861

17,100

12,465

1984/2004

Feb-96

Altamira Place

1,533

11,076

12,609

24,241

4,049

32,801

36,850

30,870

1984/2007

Apr-94

Regatta Shore

757

6,608

7,365

19,954

2,490

24,829

27,319

21,992

1988/2007

Jun-94

Alafaya Woods

1,653

9,042

10,695

13,955

2,934

21,716

24,650

18,196

1989/2006

Oct-94

Los Altos

2,804

12,349

15,153

15,271

4,640

25,784

30,424

21,383

1990/2004

Oct-96

Lotus Landing

2,185

8,639

10,824

14,169

3,399

21,594

24,993

16,834

1985/2006

Jul-97

Seville On The Green

1,282

6,498

7,780

9,226

1,920

15,086

17,006

12,230

1986/2004

Oct-97

Ashton @ Waterford

3,872

17,538

21,410

8,059

4,611

24,858

29,469

18,838

2000

May-98

Arbors at Lee Vista

6,692

12,860

19,552

18,628

7,925

30,255

38,180

22,812

1992/2007

Aug-06

Arbors at Maitland Summit

15,929

158,079

174,008

815

15,933

158,890

174,823

4,240

1998

Oct-21

Essex Luxe

9,068

94,487

103,555

370

9,069

94,856

103,925

1,576

2020

Oct-21

ORLANDO, FL

 

 

47,621

 

341,331

 

388,952

 

135,787

 

60,209

 

464,530

 

524,739

 

181,436

Legacy Hill

1,148

5,867

7,015

11,848

2,113

16,750

18,863

14,461

1977

Nov-95

Hickory Run

1,469

11,584

13,053

16,264

2,834

26,483

29,317

19,412

1989

Dec-95

Carrington Hills

2,117

2,117

40,308

5,031

37,394

42,425

29,897

1999

Dec-95

Brookridge

708

5,461

6,169

8,055

1,527

12,697

14,224

10,542

1986

Mar-96

Breckenridge

766

7,714

8,480

7,964

1,814

14,630

16,444

11,522

1986

Mar-97

Colonnade

1,460

16,015

17,475

10,238

2,578

25,135

27,713

18,640

1998

Jan-99

The Preserve at Brentwood

3,182

24,674

27,856

12,506

4,307

36,055

40,362

29,168

1998

Jun-04

Polo Park

4,583

16,293

20,876

19,409

6,355

33,930

40,285

28,428

1987/2008

May-06

NASHVILLE, TN

 

 

15,433

 

87,608

 

103,041

 

126,592

 

26,559

 

203,074

 

229,633

 

162,070

The Reserve and Park at Riverbridge

15,968

56,401

72,369

19,638

16,962

75,045

92,007

55,305

1999/2001

Dec-04

OTHER FLORIDA

 

 

15,968

 

56,401

 

72,369

 

19,638

 

16,962

 

75,045

 

92,007

 

55,305

TOTAL SOUTHEAST REGION

 

 

144,024

 

922,014

 

1,066,038

 

420,891

 

191,185

 

1,295,744

 

1,486,929

 

633,755

SOUTHWEST REGION

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Thirty377

25,000

24,036

32,951

56,987

21,746

26,365

52,368

78,733

38,717

1999/2007

Aug-06

Legacy Village

90,000

16,882

100,102

116,984

24,295

21,493

119,786

141,279

81,246

2005/06/07

Mar-08

Addison Apts at The Park

22,041

11,228

33,269

14,859

31,319

16,809

48,128

12,155

1977/78/79

May-07

Addison Apts at The Park I

7,903

554

8,457

7,926

11,057

5,326

16,383

4,115

1970

May-07

Addison Apts at The Park II

10,440

634

11,074

2,075

8,458

4,691

13,149

3,379

1975

May-07

Savoye

8,432

50,483

58,915

2,300

8,518

52,697

61,215

7,422

2009

Nov-19

Savoye 2

6,451

56,615

63,066

1,689

6,467

58,288

64,755

8,064

2011

Nov-19

Fiori on Vitruvian Park

48,456

7,934

78,575

86,509

2,155

7,945

80,719

88,664

11,390

2013

Nov-19

Vitruvian West Phase I

41,317

6,273

61,418

67,691

1,460

6,283

62,868

69,151

9,051

2018

Nov-19

Vitruvian West Phase II

6,451

15,798

22,249

38,361

6,454

54,156

60,610

4,424

2021

Nov-19

The Canal

42,000

12,671

98,813

111,484

1,483

12,714

100,253

112,967

5,123

2017

Apr-21

Cool Springs at Frisco Bridges

89,510

18,325

151,982

170,307

2,619

18,335

154,591

172,926

9,395

2012

May-21

DALLAS, TX

 

336,283

 

147,839

 

659,153

 

806,992

 

120,968

 

165,408

 

762,552

 

927,960

 

194,481

Barton Creek Landing

3,151

14,269

17,420

25,417

5,506

37,331

42,837

32,431

1986/2012

Mar-02

Gross Amount at Which

Initial Costs

Carried at Close of Period

    

    

    

    

    

Costs of 

    

    

    

    

    

    

Improvements 

Capitalized

Land and

Buildings

Total Initial

Subsequent

Land and

Buildings &

Total

Land

and 

Acquisition

to Acquisition 

Land

Buildings 

Carrying

Accumulated

Date of

Date

Encumbrances

Improvements

Improvements

Costs

Costs

Improvements

Improvements

Value

Depreciation

Construction(a)

Acquired

SOUTHWEST REGION

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Thirty377

25,000

24,036

32,951

56,987

24,444

26,513

54,918

81,431

43,340

1999/2007

Aug-06

Legacy Village

90,000

16,882

100,102

116,984

34,852

23,814

128,022

151,836

93,415

2005/06/07

Mar-08

Addison Apts at The Park

22,041

11,228

33,269

21,406

31,798

22,877

54,675

16,244

1977/78/79

May-07

Addison Apts at The Park I

7,903

554

8,457

9,087

11,058

6,486

17,544

5,162

1970

May-07

Addison Apts at The Park II

10,440

634

11,074

2,869

8,458

5,485

13,943

4,208

1975

May-07

Savoye

8,432

50,483

58,915

6,024

8,976

55,963

64,939

14,891

2009

Nov-19

Savoye 2

6,451

56,615

63,066

4,266

7,021

60,311

67,332

16,234

2011

Nov-19

Fiori on Vitruvian Park

46,133

7,934

78,575

86,509

5,383

8,513

83,379

91,892

22,831

2013

Nov-19

Vitruvian West Phase I

41,317

6,273

61,418

67,691

3,316

6,576

64,431

71,007

17,875

2018

Nov-19

Vitruvian West Phase II

6,451

15,798

22,249

40,069

6,656

55,662

62,318

11,714

2021

Nov-19

Vitruvian West Phase III

7,141

2,754

9,895

64,013

7,371

66,537

73,908

7,550

2022

Nov-19

The Canal

41,941

12,671

98,813

111,484

4,584

12,719

103,349

116,068

19,654

2017

Apr-21

Cool Springs at Frisco Bridges

89,510

18,325

151,982

170,307

20,793

18,346

172,754

191,100

36,533

2012

May-21

Central Square at Frisco

37,700

7,661

52,455

60,116

878

7,662

53,332

60,994

1,387

2018

Aug-23

Villiaggio

32,500

6,186

41,813

47,999

1,110

6,186

42,923

49,109

1,124

2016

Aug-23

Lofts at Palisades

39,996

8,198

56,143

64,341

743

8,198

56,886

65,084

1,479

2018

Aug-23

Flats at Palisades

32,130

5,546

43,854

49,400

1,390

5,548

45,242

50,790

1,193

2017

Aug-23

DALLAS, TX

 

476,227

 

182,571

 

856,172

 

1,038,743

 

245,227

 

205,413

 

1,078,557

 

1,283,970

 

314,834

Barton Creek Landing

3,151

14,269

17,420

27,791

5,931

39,280

45,211

34,318

1986/2012

Mar-02

Residences at the Domain

4,034

55,256

59,290

18,543

4,999

72,834

77,833

51,904

2007

Aug-08

Red Stone Ranch

5,084

17,646

22,730

14,926

5,804

31,852

37,656

18,799

2000

Apr-12

Lakeline Villas

4,148

16,869

21,017

12,193

4,870

28,340

33,210

16,291

2002

Apr-12

Estancia Villas

28,020

6,384

52,946

59,330

932

6,384

53,878

60,262

1,390

2018

Aug-23

Palo Villas

39,024

5,975

57,880

63,855

764

5,975

58,644

64,619

1,487

2019

Aug-23

AUSTIN, TX

 

67,044

 

28,776

 

214,866

 

243,642

 

75,149

 

33,963

 

284,828

 

318,791

 

124,189

Steele Creek

8,586

130,400

138,986

8,586

8,888

138,684

147,572

47,925

2015

Oct-17

Cirrus

13,853

13,853

88,228

13,858

88,223

102,081

9,140

2022

Feb-19

DENVER, CO

 

22,439

 

130,400

 

152,839

 

96,814

 

22,746

 

226,907

 

249,653

 

57,065

TOTAL SOUTHWEST REGION

 

543,271

 

233,786

 

1,201,438

 

1,435,224

 

417,190

 

262,122

 

1,590,292

 

1,852,414

 

496,088

TOTAL OPERATING COMMUNITIES

 

1,280,768

 

2,336,967

 

8,703,105

 

11,040,072

 

4,376,791

 

2,603,722

 

12,813,141

 

15,416,863

 

6,217,465

REAL ESTATE UNDER DEVELOPMENT

Villas at Fiori

9,921

776

10,697

38,805

9,964

39,538

49,502

184

Meridian

6,611

6,611

104,291

6,611

104,291

110,902

TOTAL REAL ESTATE UNDER DEVELOPMENT

 

 

16,532

 

776

 

17,308

 

143,096

 

16,575

 

143,829

 

160,404

 

184

LAND

Vitruvian Park®

22,547

1,467

24,014

13,198

30,297

6,915

37,212

751

Alameda Point Block 11

25,006

25,006

6,994

25,006

6,994

32,000

Newport Village II

5,237

5,237

14,562

5,237

14,562

19,799

2727 Turtle Creek

90,205

90,205

8,942

90,205

8,942

99,147

488 Riverwalk

16,053

16,053

6,299

16,053

6,299

22,352

3001 Iowa Ave

13,468

13,468

8,387

13,468

8,387

21,855

TOTAL LAND

 

 

172,516

 

1,467

 

173,983

 

58,382

 

180,266

 

52,099

 

232,365

 

751

HELD FOR DISPOSITION

Crescent Falls Church

13,687

88,692

102,379

3,620

13,733

92,266

105,999

24,960

TOTAL HELD FOR DISPOSITION

 

 

13,687

 

88,692

 

102,379

 

3,620

 

13,733

 

92,266

 

105,999

 

24,960

COMMERCIAL

Brookhaven Shopping Center

30,900

7,793

23,107

30,900

15,741

3001 Iowa Ave Commercial

9,882

4,861

14,743

1

9,882

4,862

14,744

492

TOTAL COMMERCIAL

 

 

9,882

 

4,861

 

14,743

 

30,901

 

17,675

 

27,969

 

45,644

 

16,233

Other (b)

33,221

136

33,085

33,221

758

1745 Shea Center I

3,034

20,534

23,568

5,795

3,081

26,282

29,363

7,479

TOTAL CORPORATE

 

 

3,034

 

20,534

 

23,568

 

39,016

 

3,217

 

59,367

 

62,584

 

8,237

TOTAL COMMERCIAL & CORPORATE

 

 

12,916

 

25,395

 

38,311

 

69,917

 

20,892

 

87,336

 

108,228

 

24,470

Deferred Financing Costs and Other Non-Cash Adjustments

(3,055)

S - 34

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

SCHEDULE III — REAL ESTATE OWNED - (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

(In thousands)

Residences at the Domain

4,034

55,256

59,290

16,075

4,646

70,719

75,365

47,394

2007

Aug-08

Red Stone Ranch

5,084

17,646

22,730

7,298

5,740

24,288

30,028

15,344

2000

Apr-12

Lakeline Villas

4,148

16,869

21,017

4,837

4,691

21,163

25,854

13,627

2002

Apr-12

AUSTIN, TX

 

 

16,417

 

104,040

 

120,457

 

53,627

 

20,583

 

153,501

 

174,084

 

108,796

Steele Creek

8,586

130,400

138,986

6,509

8,706

136,789

145,495

33,231

2015

Oct-17

DENVER, CO

 

8,586

 

130,400

 

138,986

 

6,509

 

8,706

 

136,789

 

145,495

 

33,231

TOTAL SOUTHWEST REGION

 

336,283

 

172,842

 

893,593

 

1,066,435

 

181,104

 

194,697

 

1,052,842

 

1,247,539

 

336,508

TOTAL OPERATING COMMUNITIES

 

1,033,763

 

2,250,422

 

8,356,669

 

10,607,091

 

3,597,559

 

2,501,993

 

11,702,657

 

14,204,650

 

5,113,287

REAL ESTATE UNDER DEVELOPMENT

Cirrus

13,853

13,853

74,466

13,853

74,466

88,319

5421 at Dublin Station

8,922

8,922

93,675

8,922

93,675

102,597

The George Apartments

17,341

17,341

35,037

17,348

35,030

52,378

Vitruvian West Phase III

7,141

2,754

9,895

40,629

7,141

43,383

50,524

507

The MO

27,135

27,135

67,616

27,135

67,616

94,751

TOTAL REAL ESTATE UNDER DEVELOPMENT

 

 

74,392

 

2,754

 

77,146

 

311,423

 

74,399

 

314,170

 

388,569

 

507

LAND

Vitruvian Park®

32,468

2,243

34,711

11,160

39,806

6,065

45,871

2,649

Alameda Point Block 11

25,006

25,006

2,957

25,006

2,957

27,963

Meridian

6,611

6,611

1,772

6,611

1,772

8,383

TOTAL LAND

 

 

64,085

 

2,243

 

66,328

 

15,889

 

71,423

 

10,794

 

82,217

 

2,649

COMMERCIAL

Brookhaven Shopping Center

29,937

7,793

22,144

29,937

14,995

TOTAL COMMERCIAL

 

 

 

 

 

29,937

 

7,793

 

22,144

 

29,937

 

14,995

Other (b)

9,359

9,359

9,359

241

1745 Shea Center I

3,034

20,534

23,568

2,503

3,081

22,990

26,071

5,417

TOTAL CORPORATE

 

 

3,034

 

20,534

 

23,568

 

11,862

 

3,081

 

32,349

 

35,430

 

5,658

TOTAL COMMERCIAL & CORPORATE

 

 

3,034

 

20,534

 

23,568

 

41,799

 

10,874

 

54,493

 

65,367

 

20,653

Deferred Financing Costs and Other Non-Cash Adjustments

23,617

TOTAL REAL ESTATE OWNED

$

1,057,380

$

2,391,933

$

8,382,200

$

10,774,133

$

3,966,670

$

2,658,689

$

12,082,114

$

14,740,803

$

5,137,096

Gross Amount at Which

Initial Costs

Carried at Close of Period

    

    

    

    

    

Costs of 

    

    

    

    

    

    

Improvements 

Capitalized

Land and

Buildings

Total Initial

Subsequent

Land and

Buildings &

Total

Land

and 

Acquisition

to Acquisition 

Land

Buildings 

Carrying

Accumulated

Date of

Date

Encumbrances

Improvements

Improvements

Costs

Costs

Improvements

Improvements

Value

Depreciation

Construction(a)

Acquired

TOTAL REAL ESTATE OWNED

$

1,277,713

$

2,552,618

$

8,819,435

$

11,372,053

$

4,651,806

$

2,835,188

$

13,188,671

$

16,023,859

$

6,267,830

(a)

Date of original construction/date of last major renovation, if applicable.

(b)

Includes unallocated accruals and capital expenditures.

The aggregate cost for federal income tax purposes was approximately $14.0$15.2 billion at December 31, 20212023 (unaudited).

The estimated depreciable lives for all buildings in the latest Consolidated Statements of Operations are 30 to 55 years.

S - 45

Table of Contents

UDR, INC.

SCHEDULE III — REAL ESTATE OWNED - (Continued)

DECEMBER 31, 20212023

(In thousands)

3-YEAR ROLLFORWARD OF REAL ESTATE OWNED AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION

The following is a reconciliation of the carrying amount of total real estate owned at December 31, (in thousands):

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Balance at beginning of the year

$

13,071,472

$

12,602,101

$

10,196,159

$

15,570,072

$

14,740,803

$

13,071,472

Real estate acquired

 

1,513,106

 

413,488

 

2,241,163

Real estate acquired (including joint venture consolidation)

 

410,581

 

409,263

 

1,513,106

Capital expenditures and development

 

346,365

 

299,986

 

195,981

 

441,606

 

444,009

 

346,365

Real estate sold

 

(190,140)

 

(244,103)

 

(31,202)

 

(398,400)

 

(24,003)

 

(190,140)

Balance at end of the year

$

14,740,803

$

13,071,472

$

12,602,101

$

16,023,859

$

15,570,072

$

14,740,803

The following is a reconciliation of total accumulated depreciation for real estate owned at December 31, (in thousands):

    

2021

    

2020

    

2019

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Balance at beginning of the year

$

4,605,366

$

4,131,353

$

3,654,160

$

5,762,501

$

5,137,096

$

4,605,366

Depreciation expense for the year

 

584,228

 

560,876

 

477,193

 

668,899

 

634,424

 

584,228

Accumulated depreciation on sales

 

(52,498)

 

(86,863)

 

 

(163,570)

 

(9,019)

 

(52,498)

Balance at end of year

$

5,137,096

$

4,605,366

$

4,131,353

$

6,267,830

$

5,762,501

$

5,137,096

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