assets, the adequacy of its policy and loss reserves, the adequacy of its surplus, its capital structure, its risk management practices and the experience and objectives of its management. These ratings are based on factors relevant to policyholders, agents, insurance brokers and intermediaries and are not specifically related to securities issued by the company.

At December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, the following ratings were assigned to our insurance companies:


AM Best
~~A.M. Best~~
RLI Ins., Mt. Hawley and CBIC* (group-rated)		A+, Superior

Standard & Poor’s
RLI Ins. and Mt. Hawley		A+, Strong

Moody’s
RLI Ins. and Mt. Hawley		A2, Good

*CBIC is only rated by ~~A.M.~~AM Best

For ~~A.M.~~AM Best, Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s, the financial strength ratings represented above are affirmations of previously assigned ratings. ~~A.M.~~AM Best, in addition to assigning a financial strength rating, also assigns financial size categories. In ~~September 2017,~~November 2019, RLI Ins., Mt. Hawley and CBIC, which are collectively rated as a group, were assigned a financial size category of ~~“XI”~~XII (adjusted policyholders’ surplus of between ~~$750 million~~$1 billion and $1$1.25 billion). As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, the policyholders’ statutory surplus of RLI Insurance Group totaled ~~$864.6 million,~~$1.0 billion, which continues to result in ~~A.M.~~AM Best’s financial size category ~~“XI”.~~XII.

REINSURANCE

We reinsure a portion of our insurance exposure, paying or ceding to the reinsurer a portion of the premiums received on such policies. Earned premiums ceded to non-affiliated reinsurers totaled $182.2 million, $146.8 million and $129.7 million ~~$134.6 million~~in 2019, 2018 and ~~$132.7 million in~~ 2017, ~~2016 and 2015,~~ respectively. Insurance is ceded principally to reduce net liability on individual risks and to protect against catastrophic losses. We use reinsurance as an alternative to using our own capital to take risks and reduce volatility. Retention levels are evaluated each year to maintain a balance between the growth in surplus and the cost of reinsurance. Although reinsurance does not legally discharge an insurer from its primary liability for the full amount of the policies, it does make the assuming reinsurer liable to the insurer to the extent of the insurance ceded.

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Reinsurance is subject to certain risks, specifically market risk, ~~(which~~which affects the cost and ability to secure reinsurance ~~contracts)~~contracts, and credit risk, ~~(which~~which relates to the ability to collect from the reinsurer on our ~~claims).~~claims. We purchase reinsurance from financially strong reinsurers. We evaluate reinsurers’ ability to pay based on their financial results, level of surplus, financial strength ratings and other risk characteristics. A reinsurance committee, comprised of senior management, reviews and approves our security guidelines and reinsurer usage. More than 94 percent of our reinsurance recoverables are due from companies with financial strength ratings of ~~“A”~~A or better by ~~A.M.~~AM Best and Standard & Poor’s rating services. ~~For more information regarding our largest reinsurers, see note 5 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.~~

We utilize both treaty and facultative reinsurance coverage for our risks. Treaty coverage refers to a reinsurance contract under which the company agrees to cede all risks within a defined class of business to the reinsurer, who agrees to provide coverage on all risks ceded without individual underwriting. Facultative coverage is applied to individual risks at the company’s discretion and is subject to underwriting by the reinsurer. It is used for a variety of reasons, including supplementing the limits provided by the treaty coverage or covering risks or perils excluded from treaty reinsurance.

Much of our reinsurance is purchased on an excess of loss basis. Under an excess of loss arrangement, we retain losses on a risk up to a specified amount and the reinsurers assume any losses above that amount. We may choose to participate in the reinsurance layers purchased by retaining a percentage of the layer. It is common to find conditions in excess of loss covers such as occurrence limits, aggregate limits and reinstatement premium charges. Occurrence limits cap our recovery for multiple losses caused by the same event. Aggregate limits cap our recovery for all losses ceded during the contract term. We may be required to pay additional premium to reinstate or have access to use the reinsurance limits for potential future recoveries during the same contract year. Some property and surety treaties include reinstatement provisions which require ~~us,~~the Company, in certain circumstances, to pay reinstatement premiums after a loss has occurred in order to preserve coverage.

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Excluding CAT reinsurance, the table below summarizes the reinsurance treaty coverage currently in effect. We may purchase facultative coverage in excess of the per risk limits shown.


					Per Risk
(in millions)		Renewal	Attachment		Limit		Maximum
Product Line(s) Covered	Contract Type	Date	Point		Purchased		Retention		*

General liability	Excess of Loss	1/1	$	1.0	$	9.0	$	1.9
Commercial excess	Excess of Loss	1/1		1.0		9.0		1.9
Personal umbrella	Excess of Loss	1/1		1.0		9.0		1.9
Commercial transportation	Excess of Loss	1/1		1.0		9.0		1.9
Package - liability and workers' comp	Excess of Loss	1/1		1.0		10.0		1.9
Workers' compensation catastrophe	Excess of Loss	1/1		11.0		14.0		—	**
Professional services - professional liability	Excess of Loss	4/1		1.0		9.0		3.3
Executive products	Quota Share	7/1		N/A		25.0		5.6
Property - risk cover	Excess of Loss	1/1		1.0		24.0		1.2
Marine	Excess of Loss	6/1		2.0		28.0		2.0
Surety	Excess of Loss	4/1		2.0		73.0		9.7	***

(in millions)








Per Risk


Renewal

First-Dollar

Limit

Maximum

Product Line(s) Covered

Contract Type

Date

Retention

Purchased

Retention
*

General liability

Excess of Loss

1/1

$
1.0

$
9.0

$
1.9

Commercial umbrella and excess

Excess of Loss

1/1

1.0

9.0

1.9

Personal umbrella and eXS

Excess of Loss

1/1

1.0

9.0

1.9

Commercial transportation

Excess of Loss

1/1

0.5

4.5

1.1

Package - liability and workers' comp

Excess of Loss

1/1

1.0

10.0

1.9

Workers' compensation catastrophe

Excess of Loss

1/1

11.0

14.0

11.0

Medical professional liability

Excess of Loss

1/1

1.0

9.0

1.9

Professional services - professional liability

Excess of Loss

4/1

1.0

9.0

3.3

Executive products

Quota Share

7/1

N/A

25.0

8.8

Property - risk cover

Excess of Loss

1/1

1.0

24.0

1.2

Marine

Excess of Loss

6/1

2.0

28.0

2.0

Surety

Excess of Loss

4/1

2.0

73.0

9.7
**

*	Maximum retention includes first-dollar retention plus any co-participation we retain through the reinsurance tower.

**	The workers’ compensation catastrophe treaty responds after our package liability and workers’ compensation excess of loss treaty with no additional retention.

***	A limited number of commercial surety accounts are permitted to exceed the $75.0 million limit. These accounts are subject to additional levels of review and are monitored on a monthly basis.

*Maximum retention includes first-dollar retention plus any co-participation we retain through the reinsurance tower.

**A limited number of commercial and energy surety accounts are permitted to exceed the $75.0 million limit. These accounts are subject to additional levels of review and are monitored on a monthly basis.

At each renewal, we consider any plans to change the underlying insurance coverage we offer, as well as updated loss activity, the level of RLI Insurance Group’s surplus, changes in our risk appetite and the cost and availability of reinsurance treaties. In the last renewal cycle, we maintained similar retentions on most lines of business.

PROPERTY REINSURANCE — CATASTROPHE COVERAGE

Our property ~~CAT~~catastrophe (CAT) reinsurance reduces the financial impact of a CAT event involving multiple claims and ~~policyholders.~~policyholders, including earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, convective storms, terrorist acts and other aggregating events. Reinsurance limits purchased fluctuate due to changes in the amount of exposure we insure, reinsurance costs, insurance company surplus levels and our risk appetite. In addition, we monitor the expected rate of return for each of our CAT lines of business. At high rates of return, we grow the book of business and may purchase additional reinsurance to increase our

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capacity. As the rate of return decreases, we shrink the book and may purchase less reinsurance as this capacity becomes unnecessary. Our reinsurance coverage for ~~the last three years and for~~ 2018 through 2020 are shown in the following table:

Catastrophe Coverages

(in millions)


	2018			2017			2016			2015
	First- Dollar Retention		Limit	First- Dollar Retention		Limit	First- Dollar Retention		Limit	First- Dollar Retention		Limit

													2020				2019				2018
													First- Dollar Retention			Limit	First- Dollar Retention			Limit	First- Dollar Retention			Limit
California Earthquake	$	25	300	$	25	300	$	25	300	$	25	300	$	25	$	400	$	25	$	400	$	25	$	300
Non-California Earthquake		25	325		25	325		25	325		25	325		25		425		25		425		25		325
Other Perils		25	225		25	225		25	225		25	225		25		275		25		275		25		225

These CAT limits are in addition to the per-occurrence coverage provided by facultative and other treaty coverages. We have participated in the CAT layers purchased by retaining a percentage of each layer throughout this period. Our participation has varied based on price and the amount of risk transferred by each layer. ~~Since 2014, all~~All layers of the treaty ~~have included~~include one prepaid reinstatement.

Our property CAT program continues to be applied on an excess of loss basis. It attaches after all other reinsurance has been considered. Although covered in one program, limits and attachment points differ for California earthquakes and all other perils. The following charts use information from our CAT modeling software to illustrate our pre-tax net retention resulting from particular events that would generate the gross losses.

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Catastrophe - California Earthquake

(in millions)


		2018				2017				2016
Projected		Ceded		Net		Ceded		Net		Ceded		Net

															2020				2019				2018
Modeled														Modeled	Ceded		Net		Ceded		Net		Ceded		Net
Gross Loss	Gross Loss	Losses		Losses		Losses		Losses		Losses		Losses		Gross Loss	Losses		Losses		Losses		Losses		Losses		Losses
$	50	$	29	$	21	$	29	$	21	$	29	$	21	50	$	29	$	21	$	29	$	21	$	29	$	21
	100		72		28		73		27		73		27
	200		163		37		163		37		163		37
	350		302		48		302		48		302		48
														100		73		27		73		27		72		28
														200		164		36		163		37		163		37
														300		258		42		257		43		256		44
														450		397		53		396		54		391		59

Catastrophe - Other (Earthquake outside of California, Wind, Other)

(in millions)


		2018				2017				2016
Projected		Ceded		Net		Ceded		Net		Ceded		Net

															2020				2019				2018
Modeled														Modeled	Ceded		Net		Ceded		Net		Ceded		Net
Gross Loss	Gross Loss	Losses		Losses		Losses		Losses		Losses		Losses		Gross Loss	Losses		Losses		Losses		Losses		Losses		Losses
$	25	$	6	$	19	$	5	$	20	$	6	$	19	25	$	7	$	18	$	7	$	18	$	6	$	19
	50		24		26		20		30		22		28
	100		64		36		59		41		63		37
	250		182		68		191		59		198		52
														50		24		26		24		26		24		26
														100		63		37		63		37		64		36
														200		145		55		144		56		143		57
														300		225		75		226		74		224		76

In the above table, projected losses for ~~2018~~2020 were estimated based on our exposure as of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, utilizing the treaty structure in place as of January 1, ~~2018.~~2020. All previous years were estimated similarly by utilizing the treaty structure in place at the start of the listed year and the exposure at the end of the previous year.

The previous tables were generated using theoretical probabilities of events occurring in areas where our portfolio of ~~currently~~ in-force policies could generate the level of loss illustrated. Actual results could vary significantly from these tables as the actual nature or severity of a particular event cannot be predicted with any reasonable degree of accuracy. Reinsurance limits are purchased based on the anticipated losses from large events. The largest losses shown above are possible, but have a low probability of actually occurring. However, there is a remote chance that a larger event could occur. If the actual event losses are larger than anticipated, we could retain additional losses above the limit of our CAT reinsurance.

We continuously monitor and quantify our exposure to ~~catastrophes including earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, convective storms, terrorist acts and other aggregating events.~~catastrophes. In the normal course of business, we manage our concentrations of exposures to catastrophic events, primarily by limiting concentrations of locations insured to acceptable levels and by purchasing reinsurance. Exposure and coverage detail is recorded for each risk location. We quantify and monitor

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the total policy limit insured in each geographical region. In addition, we use third-party CAT exposure models and an internally developed analysis to assess each risk to ensure we include an appropriate charge for assumed CAT risks.

CAT exposure modeling is inherently uncertain due to the model’s reliance on an infrequent observation of actual events and exposure data, increasing the importance of capturing accurate policy coverage data. The model results are used both in the underwriting analysis of individual risks and at a corporate level for the aggregate book of CAT-exposed business. From both perspectives, we consider the potential loss produced by individual events that represent moderate-to-high loss potential at varying probabilities and magnitudes. In calculating potential losses, we select appropriate assumptions including, but not limited to, loss amplification and loss adjustment expense. We establish risk tolerances at the portfolio level based on market conditions, the level of reinsurance available, changes to the assumptions in the CAT models, rating agency capital constraints, underwriting guidelines and coverages and internal preferences. Our risk tolerances for each type of CAT, and for all perils in aggregate, change over time as these internal and external conditions change.

We are required to report to the rating agencies estimated loss to a single event that could include all potential earthquakes and hurricanes contemplated by the CAT modeling software. This reported loss includes the impact of insured losses based on the estimated frequency and severity of potential events, loss adjustment expense, reinstatements paid after the loss, reinsurance recoveries and taxes. Based on the CAT reinsurance treaty purchased on January 1, ~~2018,~~2020, there is a 99.6 percent likelihood that the net loss will be less than ~~14.2~~15.1 percent of policyholders’ statutory surplus as of December 31, ~~2017.~~2019. The exposure levels are within our tolerances for this risk.

LOSSES AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES

OVERVIEW

Loss and loss adjustment expense (LAE) reserves represent our best estimate of ultimate payments for losses and related settlement expenses from claims that have been reported but not paid (case reserves) and losses that have been incurred but not yet reported (IBNR) to the Company. Loss reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability, but instead represent our estimates, generally utilizing individual claim estimates, actuarial expertise and estimation techniques at a given accounting date. The loss reserve estimates are expectations of what ultimate settlement and administration of claims will cost upon final resolution. These estimates are based on facts and circumstances then known to the Company, review of historical settlement patterns, estimates of trends in claims frequency and severity, projections of loss costs, expected interpretations of legal theories of liability and many other factors. In establishing reserves, we also take into account estimated recoveries from reinsurance, salvage and subrogation. The reserves are reviewed regularly by a team of actuaries we employ.

Net loss and loss adjustment reserves by product line at year-end 2019 and 2018 are illustrated in the following table. LAE is classified in the table as either allocated loss adjustment expense (ALAE) or unallocated loss adjustment expense (ULAE). ALAE refers to estimates of claim settlement expenses that can be identified with a specific claim or case, while ULAE cannot be identified with a specific claim. For a detailed discussion of loss reserves, refer to our critical accounting policy in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

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(as of December 31, in thousands)	2019						2018
Product Line	Case		IBNR		Total		Case		IBNR		Total
Casualty segment net loss and ALAE reserves
Commercial excess	$	14,967	$	135,180	$	150,147	$	8,172	$	122,690	$	130,862
Personal umbrella		32,390		43,672		76,062		21,208		42,203		63,411
General liability		58,236		176,405		234,641		68,295		171,640		239,935
Commercial transportation		83,619		56,321		139,940		87,544		46,015		133,559
Professional services		35,076		85,518		120,594		35,127		85,002		120,129
Small commercial		16,660		47,030		63,690		19,351		37,885		57,236
Executive products		24,921		61,028		85,949		21,617		47,581		69,198
Other casualty		35,442		111,198		146,640		29,850		70,266		100,116
Property segment net loss and ALAE reserves
Marine		13,506		26,299		39,805		11,426		20,189		31,615
Commercial property		10,461		15,603		26,064		26,012		13,021		39,033
Specialty personal		1,746		4,794		6,540		2,465		3,490		5,955
Other property		982		3,266		4,248		2,060		3,751		5,811
Surety segment net loss and ALAE reserves
Miscellaneous		712		5,249		5,961		2,932		3,769		6,701
Commercial		1,425		8,889		10,314		2,332		8,726		11,058
Contract		2,234		7,264		9,498		4,311		7,639		11,950
Latent liability net loss and ALAE reserves		4,553		12,914		17,467		5,061		13,828		18,889
Total net loss and ALAE reserves	$	336,930	$	800,630	$	1,137,560	$	347,763	$	697,695	$	1,045,458
ULAE reserves		—		52,275		52,275		—		50,891		50,891
Total net loss and LAE reserves	$	336,930	$	852,905	$	1,189,835	$	347,763	$	748,586	$	1,096,349

Following is a table of significant risk factors involved in estimating losses grouped by major product line. We distinguish between loss ratio risk and reserve estimation risk. Loss ratio risk refers to the possible dispersion of loss ratios from year to year due to inherent volatility in the business, such as high severity or aggregating exposures. Reserve estimation risk recognizes the difficulty in estimating a given year’s ultimate loss liability. As an example, our property CAT business (included below in other property) has significant variance in year over year results; however, its reserving estimation risk is relatively moderate.

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Significant Risk Factors


		Emergence		Expected loss	Reserve
	Length of	patterns relied		ratio	estimation
Product line	Reserve Tail	upon	Other risk factors	variability	variability
Commercial excess	Long	Internal	Low frequency	High	High
			High severity
			Loss trend volatility
			Exposure growth
			Unforeseen tort potential
			Exposure changes/mix

Personal umbrella	Medium	Internal	Low frequency	Medium	Medium
			High severity
			Loss trend volatility
			Exposure growth
			Unforeseen tort potential

General liability	Long	Internal	Exposure changes/mix	Medium	High
			Unforeseen tort potential

Commercial transportation	Medium	Internal	High severity	Medium	Medium
			Exposure growth/mix
			Loss trend volatility
			Unforeseen tort potential

Professional services	Medium	Internal & external	Highly varied exposures	Medium	Medium
			Loss trend volatility
			Unforeseen tort potential

Small commercial	Long	Internal	Exposure growth/mix	Medium	Medium
			Unforeseen tort potential
			Small volume

Executive products	Long	Internal & significant external	Low frequency	High	High
			High severity
			Loss trend volatility
			Economic volatility
			Unforeseen tort potential
			Exposure growth/mix
			Small volume

Other casualty	Medium	Internal & external	Small volume	Medium	Medium

Marine	Medium	Internal & external	Exposure growth/mix	High	High

Other property	Short	Internal	CAT aggregation exposure	High	Medium
			Low frequency
			High severity

Surety	Medium	Internal	Economic volatility	Medium	Medium
			Uniqueness of exposure

Runoff including asbestos &	Long	Internal & external	Loss trend volatility	High	High
environmental			Mass tort/latent exposure

On a quarterly basis, actuaries perform a ground-up reserve study of the expected value of the unpaid loss and LAE derived using multiple standard actuarial methodologies. In addition, an emergence analysis is completed quarterly to determine if further adjustments are necessary. The purpose of this analysis is to provide validation of our carried loss reserves. These estimates are then compared to the carried loss reserves to determine the appropriateness of the current reserve balance.

The methodologies we have chosen to incorporate are a function of data availability and are reflective of our own book of business. From time to time, we evaluate the need to add supplementary methodologies. New methods are incorporated if it is believed they improve the estimate of our ultimate loss and LAE liability. All of the actuarial methods eventually converge to the same estimate as an accident year matures. Our core methodologies are listed below with a short description and their relative strengths and weaknesses:

Paid Loss Development — Historical payment patterns for prior claims are used to estimate future payment patterns for current claims. These patterns are applied to current payments by accident year to yield an expected ultimate loss.

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Strengths: The method reflects only the claim dollars that have been paid and is not subject to case-basis reserve changes or changes in case reserve practices.

Weaknesses: External claims environment changes can impact the rate at which claims are settled and losses paid (e.g. increase in attorney involvement or change in legal precedent). Adjustments to reflect changes in payment patterns on a prospective basis are difficult to quantify. For losses that have occurred recently, payments can be minimal and thus early estimates are subject to significant instability.

Incurred Loss Development — Historical case-incurred patterns (paid losses plus case reserves) for past claims are used to estimate future case-incurred amounts for current claims. These patterns are applied to current case-incurred losses by accident year to yield an expected ultimate loss.

Strengths: Losses are reported more quickly than paid, therefore, the estimates stabilize sooner. The method reflects more information in the analysis than the paid loss development method.

Weaknesses: Method involves additional estimation risk if significant changes to case reserving practices have occurred.

Case Reserve Development — Patterns of historical development in reported losses relative to historical case reserves are determined. These patterns are applied to current case reserves by accident year and the result is combined with paid losses to yield an expected ultimate loss.

Strengths: Like the incurred development method, this method benefits from using the additional information available in case reserves that is not available from paid losses only. It also can provide a more reasonable estimate than other methods when the proportion of claims still open for an accident year is unusually high or low.

Weaknesses: It is subject to the risk of changes in case reserving practices or philosophy. It may provide unstable estimates when an accident year is immature and more of the IBNR is expected to come from unreported claims rather than development on reported claims and when accident years are very mature with infrequent case reserves.

Expected Loss Ratio — Historical loss ratios, in combination with projections of frequency and severity trends, as well as estimates of price and exposure changes, are analyzed to produce an estimate of the expected loss ratio for each accident year. The expected loss ratio is then applied to the earned premium for each year to estimate the expected ultimate losses. The current accident year expected loss ratio is also the prospective loss and ALAE ratio used in our initial IBNR generation process.

Strengths: Reflects an estimate independent of how losses are emerging on either a paid or a case reserve basis. This method is particularly useful in the absence of historical development patterns or where losses take a long time to emerge.

Weaknesses: Ignores how losses are actually emerging and thus produces the same estimate of ultimate loss regardless of favorable/unfavorable emergence.

Paid and Incurred Bornhuetter/Ferguson (BF) — This approach blends the expected loss ratio method with either the paid or incurred loss development method. In effect, the BF methods produce weighted average indications for each accident year. As an example, if the current accident year for commercial automobile liability is estimated to be 20 percent paid, then the paid loss development method would receive a weight of 20 percent and the expected loss ratio method would receive an 80 percent weight. Over time, this method will converge with the ultimate estimated by the respective loss development method.

Strengths: Reflects actual emergence that is favorable/unfavorable, but assumes remaining emergence will continue as previously expected. Does not overreact to the early emergence (or lack of emergence) where patterns are most unstable.

Weaknesses: Could potentially understate favorable or unfavorable development by putting weight on the expected loss ratio.

In most cases, multiple estimation methods will be valid for the particular facts and circumstances of the claim liabilities being evaluated. Each estimation method has its own set of assumption variables and its own advantages and disadvantages, with no single estimation method being better than the others in all situations, and no one set of assumption variables being meaningful for all product line components. The relative strengths and weaknesses of the particular estimation methods, when

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applied to a particular group of claims, can also change over time. Therefore, the weight given to each estimation method will likely change by accident year and with each evaluation.

The actuarial central estimates typically follow a progression that places significant weight on the BF methods when accident years are younger and claim emergence is immature. As accident years mature and claims emerge over time, increasing weight is placed on the incurred development method, the paid development method and the case reserve development method. For product lines with faster loss emergence, the progression to greater weight on the incurred and paid development methods occurs more quickly.

For our long and medium-tail products, the BF methods are typically given the most weight for the first 36 months of evaluation. These methods are also predominant for the first 12 months of evaluation for short-tail lines. Beyond these time periods, our actuaries apply their professional judgment when weighting the estimates from the various methods deployed but place significant reliance on the expected stage of development in normal circumstances.

Judgment can supersede this natural progression if risk factors and assumptions change, or if a situation occurs that amplifies a particular strength or weakness of a methodology. Extreme projections are critically analyzed and may be adjusted, given less credence or discarded altogether. Internal documentation is maintained that records any substantial changes in methods or assumptions from one loss reserve study to another.

RESERVE SENSITIVITIES

There are three major parameters that have significant influence on our actuarial estimates of ultimate liabilities by product. They are the actual losses that are reported, the expected loss emergence pattern and the expected loss ratios used in the analyses. If the actual losses reported do not emerge as expected, it may cause the Company to challenge all or some of our previous assumptions. We may change expected loss emergence patterns, the expected loss ratios used in our analysis and/or the weights we place on a given actuarial method. The impact will be much greater and more leveraged for products with longer emergence patterns. Our general liability product is an example of a product with a relatively long emergence pattern. The following chart illustrates the sensitivity of our general liability reserve estimates to these key parameters. We believe the scenarios to be reasonable as similar favorable variations have occurred in recent years. For example, our general liability emergence has ranged from 8 percent to 22 percent favorable and our management liability emergence has ranged from 1 percent to 34 percent adverse over the last three years, while our overall emergence for all products combined has ranged from 9 percent to 33 percent favorable. The numbers below are the changes in estimated ultimate loss and ALAE in millions of dollars as of December 31, 2019, resulting from the change in the parameters shown. These parameters were applied to a general liability net loss and LAE reserve balance of $234.6 million, in addition to associated ULAE and latent liability reserves, at December 31, 2019.


	Result from favorable		Result from unfavorable
(in millions)	change in parameter		change in parameter

+/-5 point change in expected loss ratio for all accident years	$	(13.8)	$	13.8

+/-10% change in expected emergence patterns	$	(6.2)	$	5.9

+/-30% change in actual loss emergence over a calendar year	$	(10.0)	$	10.0

Simultaneous change in expected loss ratio (5pts), expected emergence patterns (10%) and actual loss emergence (30%).	$	(29.5)	$	30.1

There are often significant inter-relationships between our reserving assumptions that have offsetting or compounding effects on the reserve estimate. Thus, in almost all cases, it is impossible to discretely measure the effect of a single assumption or construct a meaningful sensitivity expectation that holds true in all cases. The scenario above is representative of general liability, one of our largest and longest-tailed products. It is unlikely that all of our products would have variations as wide as illustrated in the example. It is also unlikely that all of our products would simultaneously experience favorable or unfavorable loss development in the same direction or at their extremes during a calendar year. Because our portfolio is made up of a

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diversified mix of products, there would ordinarily be some offsetting favorable and unfavorable emergence by product as actual losses start to emerge and our loss estimates become more reliable.

OPERATING RATIOS

PREMIUMS TO SURPLUS RATIO

The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory ratios of net premiums written to policyholders’ surplus. While there is no statutory requirement applicable to the Company that establishes a permissible net premiums written to surplus ratio, guidelines established by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) provide that this ratio should generally be no greater than 3 to 1. While the NAIC provides this general guideline, rating agencies often require a more conservative ratio to maintain strong or superior ratings.


	Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018		2017		2016		2015
Statutory net premiums written	$	860,337	$	823,175	$	749,854	$	740,952	$	722,189
Policyholders’ surplus		1,029,671		829,775		864,554		859,976		865,268
Ratio		0.8 to 1		1.0 to 1		0.9 to 1		0.9 to 1		0.8 to 1

COMBINED RATIO AND STATUTORY COMBINED RATIO

Our underwriting experience is best indicated by our combined ratio, which is the sum of (a) the ratio of incurred losses and settlement expenses to net premiums earned (loss ratio) and (b) the ratio of policy acquisition costs and other operating expenses to net premiums earned (expense ratio). The difference between the combined ratio and 100 reflects the per-dollar rate of underwriting income or loss, with ratios below 100 indicating underwriting profit and ratios above 100 indicating underwriting loss.


	Year Ended December 31,
	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015
Loss ratio	49.3	54.1	54.4	48.0	42.7
Expense ratio	42.6	40.6	42.0	41.5	41.8
Combined ratio	91.9	94.7	96.4	89.5	84.5

We also calculate the statutory combined ratio, which is not indicative of underwriting income due to accounting for policy acquisition costs differently for statutory accounting purposes. The statutory combined ratio is the sum of (a) the ratio of statutory loss and settlement expenses incurred to statutory net premiums earned (loss ratio) and (b) the ratio of statutory policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to statutory net premiums written (expense ratio). The difference between the combined ratio and 100 reflects the per-dollar rate of underwriting income or loss.


	Year Ended December 31,
Statutory	2019		2018		2017		2016		2015
Loss ratio	49.3		54.1		54.4		48.0		42.7
Expense ratio	41.8		39.9		41.8		41.0		41.2
Combined ratio	91.1		94.0		96.2		89.0		83.9

P&C industry combined ratio	96.8	*	99.2	**	103.9	**	100.7	**	97.9	**

*Source: Conning (2019). Property-Casualty Forecast & Analysis: By Line of Insurance, Fourth Quarter 2019. Estimated for the year ended December 31, 2019.

**Source: AM Best (2019). Aggregate & Averages – Property/Casualty, United States & Canada. 2015 – 2018.

INVESTMENTS

Our investment portfolio serves as the primary resource for loss payments and secondly as a source of income to support operations. Our investment strategy is based on preservation of capital as the first priority, with a secondary focus on growing book value through total return. Investments of the highest quality and marketability are critical for preserving our claims-paying ability. Our portfolio contains no derivatives or off-balance sheet structured investments. In addition, we have a

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diversified investment portfolio that distributes credit risk across many issuers and a policy that limits aggregate credit exposure. Despite periodic fluctuations in market value, our equity portfolio is part of a long-term asset allocation strategy and has contributed significantly to our growth in book value.

Investment portfolios are managed both internally and externally by experienced portfolio managers. We follow an investment policy that is reviewed quarterly and revised periodically, with oversight conducted by our senior officers and board of directors.

Our investments include fixed income debt securities, common stock equity securities, exchange traded funds (ETFs) and a small number of limited partnership interests. The fixed income portfolio decreased to 77 percent of the total portfolio, while the equity allocation increased to 18 percent of the overall portfolio. Other invested assets represented 3 percent of the total portfolio and include investments in low income housing tax credit partnerships, membership stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago and investments in private funds. The remaining 2 percent was made up of cash and cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2019, 85 percent of the fixed income portfolio was rated A or better and 66 percent was rated AA or better.

We classify all of the securities in our fixed income portfolio as available-for-sale, which are carried at fair value. Beyond available operating cash flow, the portfolio provides an additional source of liquidity and can be used to address potential future changes in our asset/liability structure.

Aggregate maturities for the fixed-income portfolio as of December 31, 2019, are as follows:


	Par		Amortized		Fair		Carrying
(in thousands)	Value		Cost		Value		Value
2020	$	49,993	$	49,951	$	50,170	$	50,170
2021		102,351		102,828		104,607		104,607
2022		81,609		82,273		84,095		84,095
2023		110,305		110,813		115,582		115,582
2024		97,592		99,142		102,723		102,723
2025		171,253		172,202		180,827		180,827
2026		140,953		140,534		146,951		146,951
2027		120,129		120,787		127,592		127,592
2028		67,002		69,415		74,199		74,199
2029		74,025		77,372		83,530		83,530
2030		42,433		45,920		48,209		48,209
2031		20,060		21,216		22,590		22,590
2032		4,030		4,641		4,948		4,948
2033		5,742		6,675		7,098		7,098
2034		3,010		3,039		3,071		3,071
2035 and later		164,500		173,830		181,859		181,859
Total excluding Mtge/ABS/CMBS*	$	1,254,987	$	1,280,638	$	1,338,051	$	1,338,051

Mtge/ABS/CMBS*	$	627,652	$	634,640	$	645,035	$	645,035

Grand Total	$	1,882,639	$	1,915,278	$	1,983,086	$	1,983,086

*Mortgage-backed, asset-backed and commercial mortgage-backed

We had cash, short-term investments and fixed income securities maturing within one year of $96.4 million at year-end 2019. This total represented 4 percent of cash and investments, similar to year-end 2018. Our short-term investments consist of investments with original maturities of 90 days or less, primarily AAA-rated prime and government money market funds.

REGULATION

STATE REGULATION

As an insurance holding company, we, as well as our insurance company subsidiaries, are subject to regulation by the states and territories in which the insurance subsidiaries are domiciled or transact business. Registration in each insurer’s state of domicile requires periodic reporting to such state’s insurance regulatory authority of the financial, operational and

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management information regarding the insurers within the holding company system. All transactions within a holding company system affecting insurers must have fair and reasonable terms, and the insurers’ policyholders’ surplus following any transaction must be both reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities and adequate for its needs. Notice to and, in some cases, consent from regulators is required prior to the consummation of certain transactions affecting insurance company subsidiaries of the holding company system. Each state and territory individually regulates the insurance operations of both insurance companies and insurance agents/brokers. Most insurance regulations are designed to protect the interests of policyholders rather than shareholders and other investors.

Two primary focuses of state regulation of insurance companies are financial solvency and market conduct practices. Regulations designed to ensure financial solvency of insurers are enforced by various filing, reporting and examination requirements. Marketplace oversight is conducted by monitoring and periodically examining trade practices, approving policy forms, licensing of agents and brokers and requiring the filing and, in some cases, approval of premiums and commission rates to ensure they are fair and adequate.

Because our insurance company subsidiaries operate in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Guam, we must comply with the individual insurance laws, regulations, rules and case law of each state and territory, including those regulating the filing of insurance rates and forms. Each of our three insurance company subsidiaries is domiciled in Illinois, with the Illinois Department of Insurance (IDOI) as its principal insurance regulator.

As a holding company, the amount of dividends we are able to pay depends upon the funds available for distribution, including dividends or distributions from our subsidiaries. The Illinois insurance laws applicable to our insurance company subsidiaries impose certain restrictions on their ability to pay dividends. The Illinois insurance holding company laws require that ordinary dividends paid by an insurance company be reported to the IDOI prior to payment of the dividend and that extraordinary dividends may not be paid without such regulator’s prior approval (or non-disapproval). An extraordinary dividend is generally defined under Illinois law as a dividend that, together with all other dividends made within the past 12 months, exceeds the greater of 100 percent of the insurer’s statutory net income for the 12-month period ending as of December 31 of the preceding year or 10 percent of the insurer’s statutory policyholders’ surplus as of the preceding year-end. The IDOI has broad authority to prevent the reduction of statutory surplus to inadequate levels, and there is no assurance that extraordinary dividend payments would be permitted.

In addition, changes to the state insurance regulatory requirements are frequent, including changes caused by state legislation, regulations by the state insurance departments and court rulings. State insurance regulators are members of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). The NAIC is a non-governmental regulatory support organization that seeks to promote uniformity and to enhance state regulation of insurance through various activities, initiatives and programs. Among other regulatory and insurance company support activities, the NAIC maintains a state insurance department accreditation program and proposes model laws, regulations and guidelines for adoption by state legislatures and insurance regulators. Such proposed laws and regulations cover areas including risk assessments, corporate governance and financial and accounting rules. To the extent such proposed model laws and regulations are adopted by states, they will apply to insurance carriers.

Illinois has adopted the Amended Holding Company Model Act, which imposes reporting obligations on parents and other affiliates of licensed insurers or reinsurers, with the purpose of protecting the licensed companies from enterprise risk. The Amended Holding Company Model Act requires the ultimate controlling person (in our case RLI Corp.) to file an annual enterprise risk report identifying the material risks within the insurance holding company system that could pose enterprise risk to the licensed companies. An enterprise risk is generally defined as an activity or event involving affiliates of an insurer that could have a material adverse effect on the insurer or the insurer’s holding company system. We report on these risks on an annual basis and are in compliance with this law.

Illinois has adopted the Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (ORSA) model act. ORSA is applicable to Illinois-domiciled insurance companies meeting certain size requirements, including ours. The ORSA program is a key component of an insurance company’s overall enterprise risk management (ERM) framework, which is the process by which organizations identify, measure, monitor and manage key risks affecting the entire enterprise. The Company files an ORSA summary report with the IDOI each year which includes an internal identification, description and assessment of the risks associated with our business plan and the sufficiency of capital resources to support those risks.

The NAIC uses a risk-based capital (RBC) model to monitor and regulate the solvency of licensed property and casualty insurance companies. Illinois has adopted a version of the NAIC’s model law. The RBC calculation is used to measure an insurer’s capital adequacy with respect to: the risk characteristics of the insurer’s premiums written and unpaid losses and loss

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adjustment expenses, rate of growth and quality of assets, among other measures. Depending on the results of the RBC calculation, insurers may be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action. RBC is calculated annually by insurers, as of December 31 of each year. As of December 31, 2019, each of our insurance company subsidiaries had RBC levels significantly in excess of the company action level RBC, defined as being 200 percent of the authorized control level RBC, which would prompt corrective action under Illinois law. RLI Ins., our principal insurance company subsidiary, had an authorized control level RBC of $191.0 million compared to actual statutory capital and surplus of $1.0 billion as of December 31, 2019, resulting in statutory capital that is more than five times the authorized control level. The calculation of RBC requires certain judgments to be made, and, accordingly, each of our insurance company subsidiaries’ current RBC may be greater or less than the RBC calculated as of any date of determination.

Each of our insurance company subsidiaries is required to file detailed annual reports, including financial statements, in accordance with prescribed statutory accounting rules, with regulatory officials in the jurisdictions in which they conduct business. The quarterly and annual financial reports filed with the states utilize statutory accounting principles (SAP) that are different from generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP). As a basis of accounting, SAP was developed to monitor and regulate the solvency of insurance companies. In developing SAP, insurance regulators were primarily concerned with assuring an insurer’s ability to pay all its current and future obligations to policyholders. As a result, statutory accounting focuses on conservatively valuing the assets and liabilities of insurers, generally in accordance with standards specified by the insurer’s domiciliary state. The values for assets, liabilities and equity reflected in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP are usually different from those reflected in financial statements prepared under SAP.

As part of their routine regulatory oversight process, state insurance departments conduct periodic detailed examinations, generally once every three to five years, of the books, records, accounts and operations of insurance companies that are domiciled in their states. Examinations are generally carried out in cooperation with the insurance departments of other, non-domiciliary states under guidelines promulgated by the NAIC. The most recent examination report of our insurance company subsidiaries completed by the IDOI was issued on November 27, 2018 for the five-year period ending December 31, 2017. The examination report is available to the public.

Each of our insurance company subsidiaries is subject to Illinois laws and regulations that impose restrictions on the amount and type of investments our insurance company subsidiaries may have. Such laws and regulations generally require diversification of the insurer’s investment portfolio and limit the amounts of investments in certain asset categories, such as below investment grade fixed income securities, real estate-related equity, other equity investments and derivatives. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations would generally cause investments that exceed regulatory limitations to be treated as non-admitted assets for measuring statutory surplus and, in some instances, could require the divestiture of such non-qualifying investments.

Many jurisdictions have laws and regulations that limit an insurer’s ability to withdraw from a particular market. For example, states may limit an insurer’s ability to cancel or non-renew policies. Furthermore, certain states prohibit an insurer from withdrawing one or more lines of business from the state, except pursuant to a plan that is approved by the state insurance department. The state insurance department may disapprove a withdrawal plan that may lead to marketplace disruption. Laws and regulations that limit cancellation and non-renewal, and that subject program withdrawals to prior approval requirements, may restrict our ability to exit unprofitable marketplaces in a timely manner.

Virtually all states require licensed insurers to participate in various forms of guaranty associations in order to bear a portion of the loss suffered by qualified policyholders of insurance companies that become insolvent. Depending upon state law, licensed insurers can be assessed a small percentage of the annual premiums written for the relevant lines of insurance in that state to contribute to paying the claims of insolvent insurers. These assessments may increase or decrease in the future, depending upon the rate of insurance company insolvencies. In some states, these assessments may be wholly or partially recovered through policy fees paid by insureds. We cannot predict the amount and timing of future assessments. Therefore, the liabilities we have currently established for these potential assessments may not be adequate and an assessment may materially impact our financial condition.

In addition, the insurance holding company laws require advance approval by state insurance commissioners of any change in control of an insurance company that is domiciled, or in some cases, having such substantial business that it is deemed to be commercially domiciled in that state. “Control” is generally presumed to exist through the ownership of 10 percent or more of the voting securities of a domestic insurance company or of any company that controls a domestic insurance company. In addition, insurance laws in many states contain provisions that require pre-notification to the insurance commissioners of a change in control of a non-domestic insurance company licensed in those states. Any future transactions

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that would constitute a change in control of our insurance company subsidiaries, including a change of control of RLI Ins., would generally require the party acquiring control to obtain the prior approval by the insurance departments of the insurance company subsidiaries’ state of domicile (Illinois) or commercial domicile, if applicable. It may also require pre-acquisition notification in applicable states that have adopted pre-acquisition notification provisions. Obtaining these approvals could result in a material delay of, or deter, any such transaction.

In light of the number and severity of recent U.S. company data breaches, some states have enacted new insurance laws that require certain regulated entities to implement and maintain comprehensive information security programs to safeguard the personal information of insureds. In 2017, the New York State Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) enacted a cybersecurity regulation. This regulation requires banks, insurance companies and other financial services institutions regulated by the NYDFS to establish and maintain a cybersecurity program “designed to protect consumers and ensure the safety and soundness of New York State’s financial services industry.” We have implemented the requirements of the regulation and are in compliance with it. We anticipate that the NYDFS will examine the cybersecurity programs of financial institutions in the future and that may result in additional regulatory scrutiny, expenditure of resources and possible regulatory actions and reputational harm.

The rates, policy terms and conditions of reinsurance agreements generally are not subject to regulation by any regulatory authority. However, the ability of a ceding insurer to take credit for the reinsurance purchased from reinsurance companies is a significant component of reinsurance regulation. Typically, a ceding insurer will only enter into a reinsurance agreement if it can obtain credit against its reserves on its statutory basis financial statements for the reinsurance ceded to the reinsurer. With respect to U.S.-domiciled ceding companies, credit is usually granted when the reinsurer is licensed or accredited in the state where the ceding company is domiciled. States also generally permit ceding insurers to take credit for reinsurance if the reinsurer is: (1) domiciled in a state with a credit for reinsurance law that is substantially similar to the credit for reinsurance law in the primary insurer’s state of domicile and (2) meets certain financial requirements. Credit for reinsurance purchased from a reinsurer that does not meet the foregoing conditions is generally allowed to the extent that such reinsurer secures its obligations with qualified collateral.

Insurers are also subject to state laws regulating claim handling practices. The NAIC created a model unfair claims practices law which most states have fully or partially adopted. These laws and regulations set the standards by which insurers must investigate and resolve claims; however, a private cause of action for violation is not available to claimants. These laws typically prohibit: (1) misrepresentation of policy provisions, (2) failing to adopt and act promptly when claims are presented and (3) refusing to pay claims without an investigation. Market conduct examinations or insurance regulator investigations may be prompted through annual reviews or excessive numbers of complaints against an insurer. After an investigation or market conduct review by an insurance regulator, insurers found to be in violation of these laws and regulations face potential fines, cease and desist orders, remediation orders or loss of authority to write business in the particular state.

FEDERAL LEGISLATION AND REGULATION

The U.S. insurance industry is not currently subject to any significant federal regulation and instead is regulated principally at the state level. However, the federal Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Sarbanes-Oxley Act), the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank Act) and creation of the Federal Insurance Office (summarized below) include elements that affect the insurance industry, insurance companies and public companies such as ours.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act established several significant corporate governance-related laws and SEC regulations applicable to public companies. The Dodd-Frank Act created significant changes in regulatory structures of banking and other financial institutions, created new governmental agencies (while merging and removing others), increased oversight of financial institutions and enhanced regulation of capital markets. The legislation also mandates new rules affecting executive compensation and corporate governance for public companies such as ours. Federal agencies have been given significant discretion in drafting the rules and regulations that implement the Dodd-Frank Act. We will continue to monitor, implement

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and comply with all Dodd-Frank Act-related changes to our regulatory environment. Changes in general political, economic or market conditions, including U.S. presidential and congressional elections, could affect the scope, timing and final implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act. We cannot predict if or when future legislation or administrative guidance will be enacted or issued or what impact any changing regulation may have on our operations.

In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act contains insurance industry-specific provisions, including establishment of the Federal Insurance Office (FIO) and streamlining the regulation and taxation of surplus lines insurance and reinsurance among the states. The FIO, part of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, has limited authority and no direct regulatory authority over the business of insurance. The FIO’s principal mandates include monitoring the insurance industry, collecting insurance industry information and data and representing the U.S. with international insurance regulators. Although the FIO does not provide substantive regulation of the insurance industry at this time, we will monitor its activities carefully for any regulatory impact on our company.

As part of the passage of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (TRIPRA) in January 2015, the National Association of Registered Agents and Brokers (NARAB) was established by federal law, which is expected to streamline insurance agent/broker licensing. There has been little progress in implementing the provisions of NARAB to date.

Other federal laws and regulations apply to many aspects of our company and its business operations. This federal regulation includes, without limitation, laws affecting privacy and data security and credit reporting — examples of which include the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act and Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act. It also includes international economic and trade sanctions — examples of which include the Office of Foreign Asset Control (OFAC), Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act and the Iran Threat Reduction and Syrian Human Rights Act (ITR/SHR). ITR/SHR generally prohibits U.S. companies from engaging in certain transactions with the government of Iran or certain Iranian businesses, including the provision of insurance or reinsurance. Under ITR/SHR, we must disclose whether RLI Corp. or any of its affiliates knowingly engaged in certain specified activities identified in that law. For the year 2019, neither RLI Corp. nor its affiliates have knowingly engaged in any transaction or dealing reportable under Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act, as required by the ITR/SHR.

LICENSES AND TRADEMARKS

We hold a U.S. federal service mark registration of our corporate logo “RLI” and several other company service marks and trademarks with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Such registrations protect our intellectual property nationwide from deceptively similar use. The duration of these registrations is 10 years, unless renewed. We monitor our trademarks and service marks and protect them from unauthorized use as necessary.

EMPLOYEES

As of December 31, 2019, we employed 905 associates. Of the 905 total associates, 23 were part-time and 882 were full-time.

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FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

Forward looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 appear throughout this report. These statements relate to our current expectations, beliefs, intentions, goals or strategies regarding the future and are based on certain underlying assumptions by the Company. These forward looking statements generally include words such as “expect,” “predict,” “estimate,” “will,” “should,” “anticipate,” “believe” and similar expressions. Such assumptions are, in turn, based on information available and internal estimates and analyses of general economic conditions, competitive factors, conditions specific to the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industries, claims development and the impact thereof on our loss reserves, the adequacy and financial security of our reinsurance programs, developments in the securities market and the impact on our investment portfolio, regulatory changes and conditions and other factors and are subject to various risks, uncertainties and other factors, including, without limitation those set forth below in “Item 1A Risk Factors.” Actual results could differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, these forward looking statements. We assume no obligation to update any such statements. You should review the various risks, uncertainties and other factors listed from time to time in our Securities and Exchange Commission filings.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Insurance Industry

Our results of operations and revenues may fluctuate as a result of many factors, including cyclical changes in the insurance industry, which may cause the price of our securities to be volatile.

The results of operations of companies in the property and casualty insurance industry historically have been subject to significant fluctuations and uncertainties. Our profitability can be affected significantly by:

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Competitive pressures impacting our ability to write new business or retain existing business at an adequate rate,

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Rising levels of loss costs that we cannot anticipate at the time we price our coverages,

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Volatile and unpredictable developments, including man-made, weather-related and other natural CATs, terrorist attacks or significant price changes of the commodities we insure,

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Changes in the level of reinsurance capacity,

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Changes in the amount of losses resulting from new types of claims and new or changing judicial interpretations relating to the scope of insurers’ liabilities and

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The ability of our underwriters to accurately select and price risk and our claim personnel to appropriately deliver fair outcomes.

In addition, the demand for property and casualty insurance, both admitted and excess and surplus lines, can vary significantly, rising as the overall level of economic activity increases and falling as that activity decreases, causing our revenues to fluctuate. These fluctuations in results of operations and revenues may not reflect long-term results and may cause the price of our securities to be volatile.

Our business is concentrated in several key states and a change in our business in one of those states could disproportionately affect our financial condition or results of operations.

Although we operate in all 50 states, nearly 50 percent of our direct premiums earned were generated in four states in 2019: California – 16 percent; New York – 14 percent: Florida – 10 percent; and Texas – 9 percent. An interruption in our operations, or a negative change in the business environment, insurance market or regulatory environment in one or more of these states could have a disproportionate effect on our business and direct premiums earned.

We compete with a large number of companies in the insurance industry for underwriting revenues.

We compete with a large number of other companies in our selected lines of business. We are vulnerable to the actions of other companies who may seek to write business without the appropriate regard for risk and profitability, especially during periods of intense competition for premium. During these times, it is very difficult to grow or maintain premium volume without sacrificing underwriting discipline and income.

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We face competition from specialty insurance companies, underwriting agencies and intermediaries, as well as diversified financial services companies that are significantly larger than we are and that have significantly greater financial, marketing, management and other resources. We may also face competition from new sources of capital such as institutional investors seeking access to the insurance market, sometimes referred to as alternative capital, which may depress pricing or limit our opportunities to write business. Some of these competitors also have greater experience and brand awareness than we do. We may incur increased costs in competing for underwriting revenues. If we are unable to compete effectively in the markets in which we operate or expand our operations into new markets, our underwriting revenues may decline, as well as overall business results.

A number of new, proposed or potential legislative or industry developments could further increase competition in our industry. These developments include:

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An increase in capital-raising by companies in our lines of business, which could result in new entrants to our markets and an excess of capital in the industry,

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The deregulation of commercial insurance lines in certain states and the possibility of federal regulatory reform of the insurance industry, which could increase competition from standard carriers for our excess and surplus lines of insurance business,

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Programs in which state-sponsored entities provide property insurance in CAT-prone areas or other alternative markets types of coverage,

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Changing practices, which may lead to greater competition in the insurance business and

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The emergence of insurtech companies and the development of new technologies, which may lead to disruption of current business models and the insurance value chain.

New competition from these developments could cause the supply and/or demand for insurance or reinsurance to change, which could affect our ability to price our coverages at attractive rates and thereby adversely affect our underwriting results.

A downgrade in our ratings from AM Best, Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s could negatively affect our business.

Financial strength ratings are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. Our insurance companies are rated for overall financial strength by AM Best, Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s. AM Best, Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s ratings reflect their opinions of our financial strength, operating performance, strategic position and ability to meet our obligations to policyholders, and are not evaluations directed to investors. Our ratings are subject to periodic review by such firms, and the criteria used in the rating methodologies is subject to change. As such, we cannot assure the continued maintenance of our current ratings. Rating agencies consider a number of factors in determining their ratings which often include their view of required capital to support our business. The view of required capital may differ between rating agencies as well as from RLI Corp.’s own view of desired capital.

All of our ratings were reviewed during 2019. AM Best reaffirmed its A+, Superior rating for the combined entity of RLI Ins., Mt. Hawley and CBIC (group-rated). Standard & Poor’s reaffirmed our A+, Strong rating for the group of RLI Ins. and Mt. Hawley and placed the group on negative outlook, indicating they believe the group may be downgraded over the next six to 24 months. Moody’s reaffirmed our group rating of A2, Good for RLI Ins. and Mt. Hawley. Because these ratings have become an increasingly important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies, if our ratings are significantly reduced from their current levels by AM Best, Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s, our competitive position in the industry, and therefore our business, could be adversely affected. A measurable downgrade could result in a substantial loss of business, as policyholders might move to other companies with greater financial strength ratings.

We are subject to extensive governmental regulation, which may adversely affect our ability to achieve our business objectives. Moreover, if we fail to comply with these regulations, we may be subject to penalties, including fines and suspensions, which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

Most insurance regulations are designed to protect the interests of policyholders rather than shareholders and other investors. These regulations, generally administered by a department of insurance in each state and territory in which we do business, relate to, among other things:

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Approval of policy forms and premium rates,

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Standards of solvency, including risk-based capital measurements,

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Licensing of insurers and their producers,

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Restrictions on agreements with our large revenue-producing agents,

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Cancellation and non-renewal of policies,

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Restrictions on the nature, quality and concentration of investments,

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Restrictions on the ability of our insurance company subsidiaries to pay dividends to the Company,

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Restrictions on transactions between insurance company subsidiaries and their affiliates,

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Restrictions on the size of risks insurable under a single policy,

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Requiring deposits for the benefit of policyholders,

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Requiring certain methods of accounting,

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Periodic examinations of our operations and finances,

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Prescribing the form and content of records of financial condition required to be filed and

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Requiring reserves for unearned premium, losses and other purposes.

State insurance departments also conduct periodic examinations of the conduct and affairs of insurance companies and require the filing of annual, quarterly and other reports relating to financial condition, holding company issues and other matters. These regulatory requirements may adversely affect or inhibit our ability to achieve some or all of our business objectives.

In addition, regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to deny or revoke licenses for various reasons, including the violation of regulations. In some instances, we follow practices based on our interpretations of regulations or practices that we believe may be generally followed by the industry. These practices may turn out to be different from the interpretations of regulatory authorities. If we do not have the requisite licenses and approvals or do not comply with applicable regulatory requirements, insurance regulatory authorities could initiate investigations or other proceedings, fine the Company, preclude or temporarily suspend the Company from carrying on some or all of its activities or otherwise penalize the Company. This could adversely affect our ability to operate our business. Further, changes in the level of regulation of the insurance industry or changes in laws or regulations themselves or interpretations by regulatory authorities could adversely affect our ability to operate our business as currently conducted.

In addition to regulations specific to the insurance industry, including the insurance laws of our principal state regulator (Illinois), as a public company we are also subject to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), each of which regulate many areas such as financial and business disclosures, corporate governance and shareholder matters. We are also subject to the corporation laws of Delaware, where we are incorporated. At the federal level, among other laws, we are subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Act, each of which regulate corporate governance, executive compensation and other areas, as well as laws relating to federal trade restrictions, privacy/data security and terrorism risk insurance laws. We monitor these laws, regulations and rules on an ongoing basis to ensure compliance and make appropriate changes as necessary. Implementing such changes may require adjustments to our business methods, increases to our costs and other changes that could cause the Company to be less competitive in the industry.

Our loss reserves are based on estimates and may be inadequate to cover our actual insured losses, which would negatively impact our profitability.

Significant periods of time often elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to the Company and the payment of that loss. To recognize liabilities for unpaid losses, we establish reserves as balance sheet liabilities representing estimates of amounts needed to pay reported and unreported losses and the related loss adjustment expenses. Loss reserves are estimates of the ultimate cost of claims and do not represent an exact calculation of liability. These estimates are based on historical information and on estimates of future trends that may affect the frequency and severity of claims that may be reported in the future. Estimating loss reserves is a difficult, complex and inherently uncertain process

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involving many variables and subjective judgments. As part of the reserving process, we review historical data and consider the impact of various factors such as:

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Loss emergence and cedant reporting patterns,

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Underlying policy terms and conditions,

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Business and exposure mix,

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Emerging coverage issues,

●

Trends in claim frequency and severity,

●

Changes in operations,

●

Emerging economic and social trends,

●

State reviver statutes that permit claims after a statute of limitation has expired,

●

Inflation in amounts awarded by courts and juries and

●

Changes in the regulatory and litigation environments.

This process assumes that past experience, adjusted for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future events. It also assumes adequate historical or other data exists upon which to make these judgments. For more information on the estimates used in the establishment of loss reserves, see the Loss and Settlement Expenses section of our Critical Accounting Policies contained within Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. However, there is no precise method for evaluating the impact of any specific factor on the adequacy of reserves and actual results are likely to differ from original estimates. If the actual amount of insured losses is greater than the amount we have reserved for these losses, our profitability could suffer.

Catastrophic losses, including those caused by natural disasters, such as earthquakes and hurricanes, or man-made events such as terrorist attacks, are inherently unpredictable and could cause the Company to suffer material financial losses. Our approaches to catastrophic risk mitigation are largely based on estimates and modeling and, thus, may be inadequate to cover the losses from such events. Climate change could further increase the severity and volatility of weather-related losses.

We face the risk of property damage resulting from catastrophic events, particularly earthquakes on the West Coast and hurricanes and tropical storms affecting the continental U.S. or Hawaii. We also face risk from lava flows in Hawaii impacting our homeowners business and from wildfires, particularly on the West Coast. Since the Northridge, California earthquake in 1994, most of our catastrophe-related claims have resulted from hurricanes and other seasonal storms such as tornadoes and hail storms.

The incidence and severity of CATs are inherently unpredictable. The extent of losses from a CAT is a function of both the total amount of insured values in the area affected by the event and the severity of the event. Most CATs are restricted to fairly specific geographic areas. However, hurricanes and earthquakes may produce significant damage in large, heavily populated areas. In addition to hurricanes and earthquakes, CAT losses can be due to windstorms, severe winter weather and fires and may include terrorist events. In addition, climate change could have an impact on longer-term natural CAT trends. Extreme weather events that are linked to rising temperatures, changing global weather patterns, sea, land and air temperatures, as well as sea levels, rain and snow could result in increased occurrence and severity of CATs. CATs can cause losses in a variety of our property and casualty products, and it is possible that a catastrophic event or multiple catastrophic events could cause the Company to suffer material financial losses. In addition, CAT claim costs may be higher than we originally estimate and could cause substantial volatility in our financial results for any fiscal quarter or year. Our ability to write new business could also be affected. We believe that increases in the value and geographic concentration of insured property, the effects of inflation and the growth of our workers’ compensation business could also increase the severity of claims from CAT events in the future.

For information on our approaches to catastrophe risk mitigation, including reinsurance and catastrophe modeling, see the Property Reinsurance – Catastrophe Coverage section within Item 1. Business and note 1.S. to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. However, since our CAT models cannot contemplate all possible CAT scenarios and include underlying assumptions based on a limited set of actual events, the losses we might

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incur from an actual catastrophe could be higher than our expectation of losses generated from modeled catastrophe scenarios and our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Our reinsurers may not pay on losses in a timely fashion, or at all, which may increase our costs and have an adverse effect on our business.

We purchase reinsurance to transfer part of the risk we have assumed (known as ceding) to a reinsurance company in exchange for part of the premium we receive in connection with the risk. Although reinsurance makes the reinsurer liable to the Company to the extent the risk is transferred or ceded to the reinsurer, it does not relieve the Company (the reinsured) of its liability to its policyholders. Accordingly, we bear credit risk with respect to our reinsurers. That is, our reinsurers may not pay claims made by the Company on a timely basis, or they may not pay some or all of these claims for a variety of reasons. Either of these events would increase our costs and could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

If we cannot obtain adequate reinsurance protection for the risks we have underwritten or at prices we deem acceptable, we may be exposed to greater losses from these risks or we may reduce the amount of business we underwrite, which would reduce our revenues.

Market conditions beyond our control determine the availability and cost of the reinsurance protection that we purchase. In addition, the historical results of reinsurance programs and the availability of capital also affect the availability of reinsurance. Our reinsurance agreements are generally subject to annual renewal. We cannot be sure that we can maintain our current reinsurance protection, obtain other reinsurance facilities in adequate amounts and at favorable rates or diversify our exposure among an adequate number of high quality reinsurance partners. If we are unable to renew our expiring facilities or to obtain new reinsurance facilities on terms we deem acceptable, either our net exposures would increase—which could increase the volatility of our results—or, if we were unwilling to bear an increase in net exposures, we would have to reduce the level of our underwriting commitments, which would reduce our revenues.

Financial and Investment

Adverse changes in the economy could lower the demand for our insurance products and could have an adverse effect on the revenue and profitability of our operations.

Factors such as business revenue, construction spending, government spending, the volatility and strength of the capital markets and inflation can all affect the business and economic environment. These same factors affect our ability to generate revenue and profits. Insurance premiums in our markets are heavily dependent on our customer revenues, value of goods transported, miles traveled and number of new projects initiated. In an economic downturn characterized by higher unemployment, declines in construction spending and reduced corporate revenues, the demand for insurance products is adversely affected. Adverse changes in the economy may lead our customers to have less need or desire for insurance coverage, to cancel existing insurance policies, to modify coverage or to not renew with the Company, all of which affect our ability to generate revenue.

Access to capital and market liquidity may adversely affect our ability to take advantage of business opportunities as they arise.

Our ability to grow our business depends in part on our ability to access capital when needed. We cannot predict capital market liquidity or the availability of capital. We also cannot predict the extent and duration of future economic and market disruptions, the impact of government interventions into the market to address these disruptions and their combined impact on our industry, business and investment portfolios. If our company needs capital but cannot raise it, our business and future growth could be adversely affected.

We are an insurance holding company and therefore may not be able to receive adequate or timely dividends from our insurance subsidiaries.

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desired dividends to shareholders. Ordinary dividends, which may be paid by our principal insurance subsidiary without prior regulatory approval, are subject to certain limitations based upon income, surplus and earned surplus. The maximum ordinary dividend distribution from our principal insurance subsidiary in a rolling 12-month period is limited by Illinois law to the greater of 10 percent of RLI Ins. policyholder surplus as of December 31 of the preceding year, or the net income of RLI Ins. for the 12-month period ending December 31 of the preceding year. Ordinary dividends are further restricted by the requirement that they be paid from earned surplus. Any dividend distribution in excess of the ordinary dividend limits is deemed extraordinary and requires prior approval (or non-disapproval) from the IDOI. Because the limitations are based upon a rolling 12-month period, the presence, amount and impact of these restrictions vary over time.

We may not be able to, or might not choose to, continue paying dividends on our common stock.

We have a history of paying regular, quarterly dividends and in recent years have paid special dividends. Any determination to pay either type of dividend to our stockholders in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our results of operations, financial condition and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Our ability to pay dividends depends largely on our subsidiaries’ earnings and operating capital requirements, and is subject to the regulatory, contractual and other constraints of our subsidiaries, including the effect of any such dividends or distributions on the AM Best rating or other ratings of our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, we may choose to retain capital to support growth or further mitigate risk, instead of returning excess capital to our shareholders.

Our investment results and, therefore, our financial condition may be impacted by changes in the business, financial condition or operating results of the entities in which we invest, as well as changes in interest rates, government monetary policies, general economic conditions, liquidity and overall market conditions.

We invest the premiums we receive from customers until they are needed to pay expenses or policyholder claims. Funds remaining after paying expenses and claims remain invested and are included in retained earnings. The value of our investment portfolio can fluctuate as a result of changes in the business, financial condition or operating results of the entities in which we invest. In addition, fluctuations can result from changes in interest rates, credit risk, government monetary policies, liquidity of holdings and general economic conditions. The equity portfolio will fluctuate with movements in the overall stock market. While the equity portfolio has been constructed to have lower downside risk than the market, the portfolio is positively correlated with movements in domestic stocks. The bond portfolio is affected by interest rate changes and movement in credit spreads. We attempt to mitigate our interest rate and credit risks by constructing a well-diversified portfolio of high-quality securities with varied maturities. These fluctuations may negatively impact our financial condition.

Operational

Our success will depend on our ability to maintain and enhance effective operating procedures and manage risks on an enterprise wide basis.

Operational risk and losses can result from, among other things, fraud, errors, failure to document transactions properly, failure to obtain proper internal authorization, failure to comply with regulatory requirements, information technology failures or external events. We continue to enhance our operating procedures and internal controls to effectively support our business and our regulatory and reporting requirements. The NAIC and state legislatures have increased their focus on risks within an insurer’s holding company system that may pose enterprise risk to insurers. The Illinois legislature has adopted the Risk Management and ORSA Law, which requires domestic insurers to maintain a risk management framework and establishes a legal requirement for domestic insurers to conduct an ORSA in accordance with the NAIC’s ORSA Guidance Manual. The ORSA Law also provides that, no less than annually, an insurer must submit an ORSA summary report. Under the Illinois insurance holding company laws, on an annual basis, we are also required to file with the IDOI an enterprise risk report, which is intended to identify the material risks within our insurance holding company system that could pose enterprise risk to our insurance company subsidiaries. We operate within an ERM framework designed to assess and monitor our risks. However, assurance that we can effectively review and monitor all risks or that all of our employees will operate within the ERM framework cannot be guaranteed. Assurances that our ERM framework will result in the Company accurately identifying all risks and accurately limiting our exposures based on our assessments also cannot be guaranteed.

We may not be able to effectively start up or integrate new product opportunities.

Our ability to grow our business depends, in part, on our creation, implementation or acquisition of new insurance products that are profitable and fit within our business model. Our ability to grow profitably requires that we identify market opportunities, which may include acquisitions, and that we attract and retain underwriting and claims expertise to support that

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growth. New product launches as well as resources to integrate business acquisitions are subject to many obstacles, including ensuring we have sufficient business and systems processes, determining appropriate pricing, obtaining reinsurance, assessing opportunity costs and regulatory burdens and planning for internal infrastructure needs. If we cannot effectively or accurately assess and overcome these obstacles or we improperly implement new insurance products, our ability to grow profitably could be impaired.

We may be unable to attract and retain qualified key employees.

We depend on our ability to attract and retain qualified executive officers, experienced underwriting talent and other skilled employees who are knowledgeable about our business. Providing suitable succession planning for such positions is also important. If we cannot attract or retain top-performing executive officers, underwriters and other employees, the quality of their performance decreases or we fail to implement succession plans for our key employees, we may be unable to maintain our current competitive position in the markets in which we operate or expand our operations into new markets.

We rely on third party vendors for a number of key components of our business.

We contract with a number of third party vendors to support our business. For example, we have license agreements for services that include natural catastrophe modeling, policy management, claims processing, producer management and accounting and financial management. The vendors range from large national companies, who are dominant in their area of expertise and would be difficult to quickly replace, to smaller or start-up vendors with leading technology, but with shorter operating histories and fewer financial resources. Failures of certain vendors to provide services could adversely affect our ability to deliver products and services to our customers, disrupting our business and causing the Company to incur significant expense. If one or more of our vendors fail to protect personal information of our customers, claimants or employees, we may incur operational impairments, or could be exposed to litigation, compliance costs or reputation damage. We maintain a vendor management program to establish procurement policies and to monitor vendor risk, including the security and stability of our critical vendors.

Any significant interruption in the operation of our facilities, systems and business functions could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on multiple computer systems to interact with producers and customers, issue policies, pay claims, run modeling functions, assess insurance risks and complete various important internal processes including accounting and bookkeeping. Our business is highly dependent on our ability to access these systems to perform necessary business functions. Additionally, some of these systems may include or rely upon third-party systems not located on our premises. Any of these systems may be exposed to unplanned interruption, unreliability or intrusion from a variety of causes, including among others, storms and other natural disasters, terrorist attacks, utility outages or complications encountered as existing systems are replaced or upgraded.

Any such issues could materially impact our company including the impairment of information availability, compromise of system integrity/accuracy, misappropriation of confidential information, reduction of our volume of transactions and interruption of our general business. Although we believe our computer systems are securely protected and continue to take steps to ensure they are protected against such risks, we cannot guarantee such problems will not occur. If they do, interruption to our business and damage to our reputation, and related costs, could be significant, which could impair our profitability.

If we are unable to keep pace with the technological advancements in the insurance industry, our ability to compete effectively could be impaired.

Our operations rely upon complex and expensive information technology systems for interacting with policyholders, brokers and other business partners. The pace at which information systems must be upgraded is continually increasing, requiring an ongoing commitment of significant resources to maintain or upgrade to current standards. We are committed to developing and maintaining information technology systems that will allow our insurance subsidiaries to compete effectively. The development of current technology may result in our being competitively disadvantaged, especially with companies that have greater resources. If we are unable to keep pace with the advancements being made in technology, our ability to compete with other insurance companies who have advanced technological capabilities will be negatively affected. Further, if we are unable to effectively update or replace our key legacy technology systems as they become obsolete or as emerging technology renders them competitively inefficient, our competitive position and our cost structure could be adversely affected.

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Technology breaches or failures, including but not limited to cyber security incidents, could disrupt our operations, result in the loss of critical and confidential information and expose us to additional liabilities, which could adversely impact our reputation and results of operations.

Global cyber security threats can range from uncoordinated individual attempts to gain unauthorized access to our information technology systems and those of our business partners or service providers to sophisticated and targeted measures known as advanced persistent threats. Like other companies RLI Corp. is also subject to insider threats that may impact the confidentiality, integrity or availability of our data. While we, our business partners and service providers employ measures to prevent, detect, address and mitigate these threats (including access controls, data encryption, vulnerability assessments, continuous monitoring of information technology networks and systems and maintenance of backup and protective systems), cyber security incidents, depending on their nature and scope, could potentially result in the misappropriation, destruction, corruption or unavailability of critical data and confidential or proprietary information (our own or that of third parties) and the disruption of business operations. Security breaches could expose the Company to a risk of loss or misuse of our or our customers’ information, litigation and potential liability. In addition, cyber incidents that impact the availability, reliability, speed, accuracy or other proper functioning of our technology systems could impact our operations. We may not have the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate or prevent every type of cyber attack. A significant cyber incident, including system failure, security breach, disruption by malware or other damage could interrupt or delay our operations, result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, damage our reputation, cause a loss of customers or give rise to remediation costs, monetary fines and other penalties, which could be significant. It is possible that insurance coverage we have in place would not entirely protect the Company in the event that we experienced a cyber security incident, interruption or widespread failure of our information technology systems.

We may suffer losses from litigation, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and business operations.

As is typical in our industry, we continually face risks associated with litigation of various types, including general commercial and corporate litigation, and disputes relating to bad faith allegations that could result in the Company incurring losses in excess of policy limits. We are party to a variety of litigation matters throughout the year. Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and if there were an outcome unfavorable to the Company, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial position in the period in which the outcome occurs. Even if an unfavorable outcome does not materialize, we still may face substantial expense and disruption associated with the litigation.

Anti-takeover provisions affecting the Company could prevent or delay a change of control that is beneficial to you.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and by-laws, as well as applicable Delaware law, federal and state regulations and insurance company regulations may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, tender offer or other change of control that holders of our securities may consider favorable. Some of these provisions impose various procedural and other requirements that could make it more difficult for shareholders to effect certain corporate actions. These provisions could:

●

Have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company,

●

Discourage bids for our securities at a premium over the market price,

●

Adversely affect the market price, the voting and other rights of the holders of our securities or

●

Impede the ability of the holders of our securities to change our management.

In particular, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law which, under certain circumstances, restricts our ability to engage in a business combination, such as a merger or sale of assets, with any stockholder that, together with affiliates, owns 15 percent or more of our common stock, which similarly could prohibit or delay the accomplishment of a change of control transaction.

Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments - None.

Item 2.Properties

We own five commercial buildings totaling 173,000 square feet on our 23-acre campus that serves as our corporate headquarters in Peoria, Illinois. All of our branch offices and other company operations lease office space throughout the country. Management considers our office facilities suitable and adequate for our current levels of operations.

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

We are party to numerous claims, losses and litigation matters that arise in the normal course of our business. Many of such claims, losses or litigation matters involve claims under policies that we underwrite as an insurer. We believe that the resolution of these claims, losses and litigation matters is not reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. We are also involved in various other legal proceedings and litigation unrelated to our insurance business from time to time that arise in the ordinary course of business operations. Management believes that any liabilities that may arise as a result of these legal matters is not reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures - Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

RLI Corp. common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol RLI. RLI Corp. has paid dividends for 174 consecutive quarters and increased quarterly dividends in each of the last 44 years. In December 2019 and 2018, RLI Corp. paid special cash dividends of $1.00 per share to shareholders. As of February 7, 2020, there were 809 registered holders of the Company’s common stock.

Performance

The following graph provides a five-year comparison of RLI Corp.’s total return to shareholders compared to that of the S&P 500 and S&P 500 P&C Index:


		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019

RLI	--------------	$	100	$	131	$	140	$	140	$	164	$	218
S&P 500	••••••••••••••••		100		101		113		138		132		174
S&P 500 P&C Index	— — —		100		110		127		155		148		186

Assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2014, in RLI, S&P 500 and S&P 500 P&C Index, with reinvestment of dividends. Comparison of five-year annualized total return — RLI: 16.9%, S&P 500: 11.7% and S&P 500 P&C Index: 13.2%.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

Refer to Part III, Item 12, “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters,” of this document for information on securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plan.

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Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Uses of Proceeds from Registered Securities - Not applicable.

Equity Repurchases

In 2010, our board of directors implemented a $100 million share repurchase program. We last repurchased shares in 2011. We have $87.5 million of remaining capacity from the repurchase program. The repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice.

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Item 6.Selected Financial Data

The following is selected financial data of RLI Corp. and subsidiaries for the five years ended December 31, 2019:


(in thousands, except per share data and ratios)	2019			2018		2017		2016		2015
OPERATING RESULTS
Gross premiums written	$	1,065,002		983,216		885,312		874,864		853,586
Consolidated revenue (1)	$	1,003,591		818,123		797,224		816,328		794,634
Net earnings (1)	$	191,642		64,179		105,028		114,920		137,544
Comprehensive earnings	$	258,687		30,182		140,337		113,756		89,935
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	276,917		217,102		197,525		174,463		152,586

FINANCIAL CONDITION
Total investments and cash	$	2,560,360		2,194,230		2,140,790		2,021,827		1,951,543
Total assets	$	3,545,721		3,105,065		2,947,244		2,777,633		2,735,465
Unpaid losses and settlement expenses	$	1,574,352		1,461,348		1,271,503		1,139,337		1,103,785
Total debt	$	149,302		149,115		148,928		148,741		148,554
Total shareholders’ equity	$	995,388		806,842		853,598		823,572		823,469
Statutory surplus (2)	$	1,029,671		829,775		864,554		859,976		865,268

SHARE INFORMATION
Net earnings per share (1):
Basic	$	4.28		1.45		2.39		2.63		3.18
Diluted	$	4.23		1.43		2.36		2.59		3.12
Comprehensive earnings per share:
Basic	$	5.78		0.68		3.19		2.60		2.08
Diluted	$	5.72		0.67		3.15		2.56		2.04
Cash dividends declared per share:
Regular	$	0.91		0.87		0.83		0.79		0.75
Special	$	1.00		1.00		1.75		2.00		2.00
Book value per share	$	22.18		18.13		19.33		18.74		18.91
Closing stock price	$	90.02		68.99		60.66		63.13		61.75
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		44,734		44,358		44,033		43,772		43,299
Diluted		45,257		44,835		44,500		44,432		44,131
Common shares outstanding		44,869		44,504		44,148		43,945		43,544

OTHER NON-GAAP FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Net premiums written to statutory surplus (2)		84	%	99	%	87	%	86	%	83	%
Combined ratio (3)		91.9		94.7		96.4		89.5		84.5
Statutory combined ratio (2)(3)		91.1		94.0		96.2		89.0		83.9

(1)	Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities were included in consolidated revenue and net earnings in 2019 and 2018 and flowed through comprehensive earnings in prior years.

(2)

Ratios and surplus information are presented on a statutory basis. As discussed in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, statutory accounting principles differ from GAAP and are generally based on a solvency concept. Further discussion is included in note 9 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Reporting of statutory surplus is a required disclosure under GAAP.

(3)	See page 34 for information regarding non-GAAP financial measures.

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Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

OVERVIEW

RLI Corp. is a U.S.-based, specialty insurance company that underwrites select property and casualty insurance through major subsidiaries collectively known as RLI Insurance Group. Our focus is on niche markets and developing unique products that are tailored to customers’ needs. We hire underwriters and claim examiners with deep expertise and provide exceptional customer service and support. We maintain a highly diverse product portfolio and underwrite for profit in all market conditions. In 2019, we achieved our 24^th consecutive year of underwriting profitability. Over the 24 year period, we averaged an 88.3 combined ratio. This drives our ability to provide shareholder returns in three different ways: the underwriting income itself, net investment income from our investment portfolio and long-term appreciation in our equity portfolio.

We measure the results of our insurance operations by monitoring growth and profitability across three distinct business segments: casualty, property and surety. Growth is measured in terms of gross premiums written, and profitability is analyzed through combined ratios, which are further subdivided into their respective loss and expense components.

GAAP, NON-GAAP AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES

Throughout this annual report, we include certain non-generally accepted accounting principles (non-GAAP) financial measures. Management believes that these non-GAAP measures further explain the Company’s results of operations and allow for a more complete understanding of the underlying trends in the Company’s business. These measures should not be viewed as a substitute for those determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP). In addition, our definitions of these items may not be comparable to the definitions used by other companies.

Following is a list of non-GAAP measures found throughout this report with their definitions, relationships to GAAP measures and explanations of their importance to our operations.

Underwriting Income

Underwriting income or profit represents one measure of the pretax profitability of our insurance operations and is derived by subtracting losses and settlement expenses, policy acquisition costs and insurance operating expenses from net premiums earned, which are all GAAP financial measures. Each of these captions is presented in the statements of earnings but is not subtotaled. However, this information is available in total and by segment in note 12 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. The nearest comparable GAAP measure is earnings before income taxes which, in addition to underwriting income, includes net investment income, net realized gains or losses, net unrealized gains or losses on equity securities in 2019 and 2018, general corporate expenses, debt costs and our portion of earnings from unconsolidated investees.

Combined Ratio

The combined ratio, which is derived from components of underwriting income, is a common industry performance measure of profitability for underwriting operations and is calculated in two components. First, the loss ratio is losses and settlement expenses divided by net premiums earned. The second component, the expense ratio, reflects the sum of policy acquisition costs and insurance operating expenses divided by net premiums earned. All items included in these components of the combined ratio are presented in our GAAP consolidated financial statements. The sum of the loss and expense ratios is the combined ratio. The difference between the combined ratio and 100 reflects the per-dollar rate of underwriting income or loss. For example, a combined ratio of 90 implies that for every $100 of premium we earn, we record $10 of underwriting income.

Net Unpaid Loss and Settlement Expenses

Unpaid losses and settlement expenses, as shown in the liabilities section of our consolidated balance sheets, represents the total obligations to claimants for both estimates of known claims and estimates for incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims. The related asset item, reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses, is the estimate of known claims and estimates of IBNR that we expect to recover from reinsurers. The net of these two items is generally referred to as net unpaid loss and settlement expenses and is commonly used in our disclosures regarding the process of establishing these various estimated amounts.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

The most critical accounting policies involve significant estimates and include those used in determining the liability for unpaid losses and settlement expenses, investment valuation and other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI), recoverability of reinsurance balances, deferred policy acquisition costs and deferred taxes.

~~LOSSES~~RESERVE SENSITIVITIES


	Result from favorable		Result from unfavorable
(in millions)	change in parameter		change in parameter

+/-5 point change in expected loss ratio for all accident years	$	(13.8)	$	13.8

+/-10% change in expected emergence patterns	$	(6.2)	$	5.9

+/-30% change in actual loss emergence over a calendar year	$	(10.0)	$	10.0

Simultaneous change in expected loss ratio (5pts), expected emergence patterns (10%) and actual loss emergence (30%).	$	(29.5)	$	30.1

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diversified mix of products, there would ordinarily be some offsetting favorable and unfavorable emergence by product as actual losses start to emerge and our loss estimates become more reliable.

OPERATING RATIOS

PREMIUMS TO SURPLUS RATIO


	Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018		2017		2016		2015
Statutory net premiums written	$	860,337	$	823,175	$	749,854	$	740,952	$	722,189
Policyholders’ surplus		1,029,671		829,775		864,554		859,976		865,268
Ratio		0.8 to 1		1.0 to 1		0.9 to 1		0.9 to 1		0.8 to 1

COMBINED RATIO AND ~~SETTLEMENT EXPENSES~~STATUTORY COMBINED RATIO

~~OVERVIEW~~Our underwriting experience is best indicated by our combined ratio, which is the sum of (a) the ratio of incurred losses and settlement expenses to net premiums earned (loss ratio) and (b) the ratio of policy acquisition costs and other operating expenses to net premiums earned (expense ratio). The difference between the combined ratio and 100 reflects the per-dollar rate of underwriting income or loss, with ratios below 100 indicating underwriting profit and ratios above 100 indicating underwriting loss.


	Year Ended December 31,
	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015
Loss ratio	49.3	54.1	54.4	48.0	42.7
Expense ratio	42.6	40.6	42.0	41.5	41.8
Combined ratio	91.9	94.7	96.4	89.5	84.5

~~Loss~~We also calculate the statutory combined ratio, which is not indicative of underwriting income due to accounting for policy acquisition costs differently for statutory accounting purposes. The statutory combined ratio is the sum of (a) the ratio of statutory loss and settlement expenses incurred to statutory net premiums earned (loss ratio) and (b) the ratio of statutory policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to statutory net premiums written (expense ratio). The difference between the combined ratio and 100 reflects the per-dollar rate of underwriting income or loss.


	Year Ended December 31,
Statutory	2019		2018		2017		2016		2015
Loss ratio	49.3		54.1		54.4		48.0		42.7
Expense ratio	41.8		39.9		41.8		41.0		41.2
Combined ratio	91.1		94.0		96.2		89.0		83.9

P&C industry combined ratio	96.8	*	99.2	**	103.9	**	100.7	**	97.9	**

*Source: Conning (2019). Property-Casualty Forecast & Analysis: By Line of Insurance, Fourth Quarter 2019. Estimated for the year ended December 31, 2019.

**Source: AM Best (2019). Aggregate & Averages – Property/Casualty, United States & Canada. 2015 – 2018.

INVESTMENTS

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Aggregate maturities for the fixed-income portfolio as of December 31, 2019, are as follows:


	Par		Amortized		Fair		Carrying
(in thousands)	Value		Cost		Value		Value
2020	$	49,993	$	49,951	$	50,170	$	50,170
2021		102,351		102,828		104,607		104,607
2022		81,609		82,273		84,095		84,095
2023		110,305		110,813		115,582		115,582
2024		97,592		99,142		102,723		102,723
2025		171,253		172,202		180,827		180,827
2026		140,953		140,534		146,951		146,951
2027		120,129		120,787		127,592		127,592
2028		67,002		69,415		74,199		74,199
2029		74,025		77,372		83,530		83,530
2030		42,433		45,920		48,209		48,209
2031		20,060		21,216		22,590		22,590
2032		4,030		4,641		4,948		4,948
2033		5,742		6,675		7,098		7,098
2034		3,010		3,039		3,071		3,071
2035 and later		164,500		173,830		181,859		181,859
Total excluding Mtge/ABS/CMBS*	$	1,254,987	$	1,280,638	$	1,338,051	$	1,338,051

Mtge/ABS/CMBS*	$	627,652	$	634,640	$	645,035	$	645,035

Grand Total	$	1,882,639	$	1,915,278	$	1,983,086	$	1,983,086

*Mortgage-backed, asset-backed and commercial mortgage-backed

REGULATION

STATE REGULATION

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FEDERAL LEGISLATION AND REGULATION

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LICENSES AND TRADEMARKS

EMPLOYEES

As of December 31, 2019, we employed 905 associates. Of the 905 total associates, 23 were part-time and 882 were full-time.

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FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Insurance Industry

Our results of operations and revenues may fluctuate as a result of many factors, including cyclical changes in the insurance industry, which may cause the price of our securities to be volatile.

●

Competitive pressures impacting our ability to write new business or retain existing business at an adequate rate,

●

Rising levels of loss costs that we cannot anticipate at the time we price our coverages,

●

Volatile and unpredictable developments, including man-made, weather-related and other natural CATs, terrorist attacks or significant price changes of the commodities we insure,

●

Changes in the level of reinsurance capacity,

●

Changes in the amount of losses resulting from new types of claims and new or changing judicial interpretations relating to the scope of insurers’ liabilities and

●

The ability of our underwriters to accurately select and price risk and our claim personnel to appropriately deliver fair outcomes.

Our business is concentrated in several key states and a change in our business in one of those states could disproportionately affect our financial condition or results of operations.

We compete with a large number of companies in the insurance industry for underwriting revenues.

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A number of new, proposed or potential legislative or industry developments could further increase competition in our industry. These developments include:

●

An increase in capital-raising by companies in our lines of business, which could result in new entrants to our markets and an excess of capital in the industry,

●

Programs in which state-sponsored entities provide property insurance in CAT-prone areas or other alternative markets types of coverage,

●

Changing practices, which may lead to greater competition in the insurance business and

●

The emergence of insurtech companies and the development of new technologies, which may lead to disruption of current business models and the insurance value chain.

A downgrade in our ratings from AM Best, Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s could negatively affect our business.

●

Approval of policy forms and premium rates,

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●

Standards of solvency, including risk-based capital measurements,

●

Licensing of insurers and their producers,

●

Restrictions on agreements with our large revenue-producing agents,

●

Cancellation and non-renewal of policies,

●

Restrictions on the nature, quality and concentration of investments,

●

Restrictions on the ability of our insurance company subsidiaries to pay dividends to the Company,

●

Restrictions on transactions between insurance company subsidiaries and their affiliates,

●

Restrictions on the size of risks insurable under a single policy,

●

Requiring deposits for the benefit of policyholders,

●

Requiring certain methods of accounting,

●

Periodic examinations of our operations and finances,

●

Prescribing the form and content of records of financial condition required to be filed and

●

Requiring reserves for unearned premium, losses and other purposes.

Our loss reserves are based on estimates and may be inadequate to cover our actual insured losses, which would negatively impact our profitability.

Significant periods of time often elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to the Company and the payment of that loss. To recognize liabilities for unpaid losses, we establish reserves as balance sheet liabilities representing estimates of amounts needed to pay reported and unreported losses and the related loss adjustment ~~expense (LAE)~~expenses. Loss reserves ~~represent our best estimate~~are estimates of the ultimate ~~payments for losses~~cost of claims and ~~related settlement expenses from claims that have been reported but not paid and losses that have been incurred but not yet reported to~~

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~~us (IBNR). Loss reserves~~ do not represent an exact calculation of liability, but instead represent our estimates, generally utilizing individual claim estimates, actuarial expertise and estimation techniques at a given accounting date. The loss reserve estimates are expectations of what ultimate settlement and administration of claims will cost upon final resolution.liability. These estimates are based on ~~facts~~historical information and ~~circumstances then known to us, review of historical settlement patterns,~~on estimates of future trends ~~in claims~~that may affect the frequency and severity ~~projections~~ of loss costs, expected interpretations of legal theories of liability and many other factors. In establishing reserves, we also take into account estimated recoveries from reinsurance, salvage and subrogation. The reserves are reviewed regularly by a team of actuaries we employ.

~~Net loss and loss adjustment reserves by product line at year-end 2017 and 2016 are illustrated~~claims that may be reported in the ~~following table. LAE~~future. Estimating loss reserves is ~~classified~~a difficult, complex and inherently uncertain process

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involving many variables and subjective judgments. As part of the reserving process, we review historical data and consider the impact of various factors such as:

●

Loss emergence and cedant reporting patterns,

●

Underlying policy terms and conditions,

●

Business and exposure mix,

●

Emerging coverage issues,

●

Trends in claim frequency and severity,

●

Changes in operations,

●

Emerging economic and social trends,

●

State reviver statutes that permit claims after a statute of limitation has expired,

●

Inflation in amounts awarded by courts and juries and

●

Changes in the regulatory and litigation environments.

This process assumes that past experience, adjusted for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future events. It also assumes adequate historical or other data exists upon which to make these judgments. For more information on the estimates used in the table as either allocated loss adjustment expense (ALAE) or unallocated loss adjustment expense (ULAE). ALAE refers to estimates of claim settlement expenses that can be identified with a specific claim or case, while ULAE cannot be identified with a specific claim. For a detailed discussionestablishment of loss reserves, ~~refer to~~see the Loss and Settlement Expenses section of our ~~critical accounting policy in~~Critical Accounting Policies contained within Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. However, there is no precise method for evaluating the impact of any specific factor on the adequacy of reserves and actual results are likely to differ from original estimates. If the actual amount of insured losses is greater than the amount we have reserved for these losses, our profitability could suffer.

(as of December 31, in thousands)

2017

2016

Product Line

Case

IBNR

Total

Case

IBNR

Total

Casualty segment net loss and ALAE reserves



















Commercial umbrella

$
9,724

$
99,745

$
109,469

$
8,181

$
82,472

$
90,653

Personal umbrella

21,452

39,395

60,847

18,339

35,027

53,366

General liability

78,360

149,102

227,462

81,720

135,024

216,744

Professional services

28,543

81,558

110,101

23,501

73,970

97,471

Commercial transportation

81,543

38,161

119,704

67,693

30,901

98,594

Small commercial

12,075

34,344

46,419
��

13,143

27,507

40,650

Executive products

11,327

44,484

55,811

6,943

45,664

52,607

Medical professional liability

16,621

10,526

27,147

12,008

8,013

20,021

Other casualty

6,595

31,302

37,897

4,725

21,184

25,909

Property segment net loss and ALAE reserves

Commercial property

21,375

10,615

31,990

6,488

5,812

12,300

Marine

11,512

18,095

29,607

9,344

16,271

25,615

Specialty personal

1,989

3,525

5,514

2,472

3,566

6,038

Other property

3,348

6,682

10,030

4,753

8,930

13,683

Surety segment net loss and ALAE reserves

Miscellaneous

2,550

5,035

7,585

2,321

4,919

7,240

Contract and commercial

(253)

13,914

13,661

1,727

13,044

14,771

Energy

2,843

2,254

5,097

2,671

2,666

5,337

Latent liability net loss and ALAE reserves

6,532

15,795

22,327

6,273

17,555

23,828

Total net loss and ALAE reserves

$
316,136

$
604,532

$
920,668

$
272,302

$
532,525

$
804,827

ULAE reserves

—

48,844

48,844

—

46,286

46,286

Total net loss and LAE reserves

$
316,136

$
653,376

$
969,512

$
272,302

$
578,811

$
851,113

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Our reinsurers may not pay on losses in a timely fashion, or at all, which may increase our costs and have an adverse effect on our business.

Financial and Investment

Adverse changes in the economy could lower the demand for our insurance products and could have an adverse effect on the revenue and profitability of our operations.

Access to capital and market liquidity may adversely affect our ability to take advantage of business opportunities as they arise.

We are an insurance holding company and therefore may not be able to receive adequate or timely dividends from our insurance subsidiaries.

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We may not be able to, or might not choose to, continue paying dividends on our common stock.

Operational

Our success will depend on our ability to maintain and enhance effective operating procedures and manage risks on an enterprise wide basis.

We may not be able to effectively start up or integrate new product opportunities.

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We may be unable to attract and retain qualified key employees.

We rely on third party vendors for a number of key components of our business.

Any significant interruption in the operation of our facilities, systems and business functions could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to keep pace with the technological advancements in the insurance industry, our ability to compete effectively could be impaired.

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We may suffer losses from litigation, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and business operations.

Anti-takeover provisions affecting the Company could prevent or delay a change of control that is beneficial to you.

●

Have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company,

●

Discourage bids for our securities at a premium over the market price,

●

Adversely affect the market price, the voting and other rights of the holders of our securities or

●

Impede the ability of the holders of our securities to change our management.

Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments - None.

Item 2.Properties

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures - Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Performance

The following graph provides a five-year comparison of RLI Corp.’s total return to shareholders compared to that of the S&P 500 and S&P 500 P&C Index:


		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019

RLI	--------------	$	100	$	131	$	140	$	140	$	164	$	218
S&P 500	••••••••••••••••		100		101		113		138		132		174
S&P 500 P&C Index	— — —		100		110		127		155		148		186

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

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Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Uses of Proceeds from Registered Securities - Not applicable.

Equity Repurchases

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Item 6.Selected Financial Data

The following is selected financial data of RLI Corp. and subsidiaries for the five years ended December 31, 2019:


(in thousands, except per share data and ratios)	2019			2018		2017		2016		2015
OPERATING RESULTS
Gross premiums written	$	1,065,002		983,216		885,312		874,864		853,586
Consolidated revenue (1)	$	1,003,591		818,123		797,224		816,328		794,634
Net earnings (1)	$	191,642		64,179		105,028		114,920		137,544
Comprehensive earnings	$	258,687		30,182		140,337		113,756		89,935
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	276,917		217,102		197,525		174,463		152,586

FINANCIAL CONDITION
Total investments and cash	$	2,560,360		2,194,230		2,140,790		2,021,827		1,951,543
Total assets	$	3,545,721		3,105,065		2,947,244		2,777,633		2,735,465
Unpaid losses and settlement expenses	$	1,574,352		1,461,348		1,271,503		1,139,337		1,103,785
Total debt	$	149,302		149,115		148,928		148,741		148,554
Total shareholders’ equity	$	995,388		806,842		853,598		823,572		823,469
Statutory surplus (2)	$	1,029,671		829,775		864,554		859,976		865,268

SHARE INFORMATION
Net earnings per share (1):
Basic	$	4.28		1.45		2.39		2.63		3.18
Diluted	$	4.23		1.43		2.36		2.59		3.12
Comprehensive earnings per share:
Basic	$	5.78		0.68		3.19		2.60		2.08
Diluted	$	5.72		0.67		3.15		2.56		2.04
Cash dividends declared per share:
Regular	$	0.91		0.87		0.83		0.79		0.75
Special	$	1.00		1.00		1.75		2.00		2.00
Book value per share	$	22.18		18.13		19.33		18.74		18.91
Closing stock price	$	90.02		68.99		60.66		63.13		61.75
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		44,734		44,358		44,033		43,772		43,299
Diluted		45,257		44,835		44,500		44,432		44,131
Common shares outstanding		44,869		44,504		44,148		43,945		43,544

OTHER NON-GAAP FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Net premiums written to statutory surplus (2)		84	%	99	%	87	%	86	%	83	%
Combined ratio (3)		91.9		94.7		96.4		89.5		84.5
Statutory combined ratio (2)(3)		91.1		94.0		96.2		89.0		83.9

(1)	Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities were included in consolidated revenue and net earnings in 2019 and 2018 and flowed through comprehensive earnings in prior years.

(2)

(3)	See page 34 for information regarding non-GAAP financial measures.

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Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

OVERVIEW

RLI Corp. is a U.S.-based, specialty insurance company that underwrites select property and casualty insurance through major subsidiaries collectively known as RLI Insurance Group. Our focus is on niche markets and developing unique products that are tailored to customers’ needs. We hire underwriters and claim examiners with deep expertise and provide exceptional customer service and support. We maintain a highly diverse product portfolio and underwrite for profit in all market conditions. In 2019, we achieved our 24^th consecutive year of underwriting profitability. Over the 24 year period, we averaged an 88.3 combined ratio. This drives our ability to provide shareholder returns in three different ways: the underwriting income itself, net investment income from our investment portfolio and long-term appreciation in our equity portfolio.

GAAP, NON-GAAP AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES

Following is a ~~table~~list of ~~significant risk factors involved~~non-GAAP measures found throughout this report with their definitions, relationships to GAAP measures and explanations of their importance to our operations.

Underwriting Income

Underwriting income or profit represents one measure of the pretax profitability of our insurance operations and is derived by subtracting losses and settlement expenses, policy acquisition costs and insurance operating expenses from net premiums earned, which are all GAAP financial measures. Each of these captions is presented in ~~estimating~~the statements of earnings but is not subtotaled. However, this information is available in total and by segment in note 12 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. The nearest comparable GAAP measure is earnings before income taxes which, in addition to underwriting income, includes net investment income, net realized gains or losses, ~~grouped by major product line. We distinguish between~~net unrealized gains or losses on equity securities in 2019 and 2018, general corporate expenses, debt costs and our portion of earnings from unconsolidated investees.

Combined Ratio

The combined ratio, which is derived from components of underwriting income, is a common industry performance measure of profitability for underwriting operations and is calculated in two components. First, the loss ratio ~~risk~~is losses and ~~reserve estimation risk.~~settlement expenses divided by net premiums earned. The second component, the expense ratio, reflects the sum of policy acquisition costs and insurance operating expenses divided by net premiums earned. All items included in these components of the combined ratio are presented in our GAAP consolidated financial statements. The sum of the loss and expense ratios is the combined ratio. The difference between the combined ratio and 100 reflects the per-dollar rate of underwriting income or loss. For example, a combined ratio of 90 implies that for every $100 of premium we earn, we record $10 of underwriting income.

Net Unpaid Loss ~~ratio risk refers to the possible dispersion of loss ratios from year to year due to inherent volatility~~and Settlement Expenses

Unpaid losses and settlement expenses, as shown in the ~~business, such~~liabilities section of our consolidated balance sheets, represents the total obligations to claimants for both estimates of known claims and estimates for incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims. The related asset item, reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses, is the estimate of known claims and estimates of IBNR that we expect to recover from reinsurers. The net of these two items is generally referred to as high severity or aggregating exposures. Reserve estimation risk recognizes the difficulty in estimating a given year’s ultimate loss liability. As an example, our property CAT business (included below in “other property”) has significant variance in year-over-year results; however, its reserving estimation risk is relatively moderate.

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~~Significant Risk Factors~~


		~~Emergence~~		~~Expected loss~~	~~Reserve~~
	~~Length of~~	~~patterns relied~~		~~ratio~~	~~estimation~~
~~Product line~~	~~Reserve Tail~~	~~upon~~	~~Other risk factors~~	~~variability~~	~~variability~~
~~Commercial umbrella~~	~~Long~~	~~Internal~~	~~Low frequency~~	~~High~~	~~High~~
			~~High severity~~
			~~Loss trend volatility~~
			~~Rapid growth~~
			~~Unforeseen tort potential~~
			~~Exposure changes/mix~~

~~Personal umbrella~~	~~Medium~~	~~Internal~~	~~Low frequency~~	~~Medium~~	~~Medium~~
			~~High severity~~
			~~Loss trend volatility~~
			~~Unforeseen tort potential~~

~~General liability~~	~~Long~~	~~Internal~~	~~Exposure growth/mix~~	~~Medium~~	~~High~~
			~~Unforeseen tort potential~~

~~Medical professional liability~~	~~Long~~	~~External~~	~~High severity~~	~~High~~	~~High~~
			~~Exposure changes/mix~~
			~~Unforeseen tort potential~~
			~~Small volume~~
			~~Loss trend volatility~~

~~Commercial transportation~~	~~Medium~~	~~Internal~~	~~High severity~~	~~Medium~~	~~Medium~~
			~~Exposure growth/mix~~
			~~Loss trend volatility~~
			~~Unforeseen tort potential~~

~~Executive products~~	~~Long~~	~~Internal & significant external~~	~~Low frequency~~	~~High~~	~~High~~
			~~High severity~~
			~~Loss trend volatility~~
			~~Economic volatility~~
			~~Unforeseen tort potential~~
			~~Small volume~~

~~Professional services~~	~~Medium~~	~~Internal & external~~	~~Exposure growth~~	~~High~~	~~Medium~~
			~~Highly varied exposures~~
			~~Loss trend volatility~~
			~~Unforeseen tort potential~~
			~~Small volume~~

~~Small commercial~~	~~Long~~	~~Internal~~	~~Exposure growth/mix~~	~~Medium~~	~~High~~
			~~Unforeseen tort potential~~
			~~Small volume~~

~~Other casualty~~	~~Medium~~	~~Internal & external~~	~~Small volume~~	~~Medium~~	~~Medium~~

~~Marine~~	~~Medium~~	~~Internal & external~~	~~Exposure changes/mix~~	~~High~~	~~High~~

~~Other property~~	~~Short~~	~~Internal~~	~~CAT aggregation exposure~~	~~High~~	~~Medium~~
			~~Low frequency~~
			~~High severity~~
			~~Reporting delay~~

~~Surety~~	~~Medium~~	~~Internal~~	~~Economic volatility~~	~~Medium~~	~~Medium~~
			~~Uniqueness of exposure~~

~~Runoff including asbestos &~~	~~Long~~	~~Internal & external~~	~~Loss trend volatility~~	~~High~~	~~High~~
~~environmental~~			~~Mass tort/latent exposure~~

~~On a quarterly basis, actuaries perform a ground-up reserve study of the expected value of the~~net unpaid loss and LAE derived using multiple standard actuarial methodologies that are described below. In addition, an emergence analysis is completed quarterly to determine if further adjustments are necessary. The purpose of this analysis is to provide validation of our carried loss reserves. These estimates are then compared to the carried loss reserves to determine the appropriateness of the current reserve balance.

~~Table of Contents~~

The methodologies we have chosen to incorporate are a function of data availability and are reflective of our own book of business. From time to time, we evaluate the need to add supplementary methodologies. New methods are incorporated if it is believed that they improve the estimate of our ultimate loss and LAE liability. All of the actuarial methods eventually converge to the same estimate as an accident year matures. Our core methodologies are listed below with a short description and their relative strengths and weaknesses:

~~Strengths: The method reflects only the claim dollars that have been paid~~settlement expenses and is ~~not subject to case-basis reserve changes or changes in case reserve practices.~~

~~Weaknesses~~: External claims environment changes can impact the rate at which claims are settled and losses paid (e.g. increase in attorney involvement or legal precedent). Adjustments to reflect changes in payment patterns on a prospective basis are difficult to quantify. For losses that have occurred recently, payments can be minimal and thus early estimates are subject to significant instability.

~~Strengths: Losses are reported more quickly than paid, therefore, the estimates stabilize sooner. The method reflects more information in the analysis than the paid loss development method.~~

~~Weaknesses: Method involves additional estimation risk if significant changes to case reserving practices have occurred.~~

~~Strengths~~: Like the incurred development method, this method benefits from using the additional information available in case reserves that is not available from paid losses only. It also can provide a more reasonable estimate than other methods when the proportion of claims still open for an accident year is unusually high or low.

~~Weaknesses~~: It is subject to the risk of changes in case reserving practices or philosophy. It may provide unstable estimates when an accident year is immature and more of the IBNR is expected to come from unreported claims rather than development on reported claims and when accident years are very mature with infrequent case reserves.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

~~Strengths: Reflects an estimate independent~~

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of ~~how losses are emerging on either a paid or a case reserve basis. This method is particularly useful in the absence of historical development patterns or where losses take a long time to emerge.~~

~~Weaknesses: Ignores how losses are actually emerging~~assets and ~~thus produces the same estimate of ultimate loss regardless of favorable/unfavorable emergence.~~

Paid and Incurred Bornhuetter/Ferguson (BF) — This approach blends the expected loss ratio method with either the paid or incurred loss development method. In effect, the BF methods produce weighted average indications for each accident year. As an example, if the current accident year for commercial automobile liability is estimated to be 20 percent paid, then the paid loss development method would receive a weight of 20 percentliabilities and the ~~expected loss ratio method would receive an 80 percent weight. Over time, this method will converge with~~disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the ~~ultimate estimated by~~date of the ~~respective loss development method.~~

~~Strengths: Reflects actual emergence that is favorable/unfavorable, but assumes remaining emergence will continue as previously expected. Does not overreact to~~consolidated financial statements and the ~~early emergence (or lack~~reported amounts of ~~emergence) where patterns are most unstable.~~

~~Table of Contents~~

~~Weaknesses: Could potentially understate favorable or unfavorable development by putting weight on the expected loss ratio.~~

~~In most cases, multiple estimation methods will be valid~~revenues and expenses for the particular facts and circumstances of the claim liabilities being evaluated. Each estimation method has its own set of assumption variables and its own advantages and disadvantages, with no single estimation method being better than the others in all situations, and no one set of assumption variables being meaningful for all product line components. The relative strengths and weaknesses of the particular estimation methods, when applied to a particular group of claims, can also change over time. Therefore, the weight given to each estimation method will likely change by accident year and with each evaluation.reporting period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

The ~~actuarial central~~most critical accounting policies involve significant estimates ~~typically follow a progression that places significant weight on~~and include those used in determining the ~~BF methods when accident years are younger~~liability for unpaid losses and ~~claim emergence is immature. As accident years mature~~settlement expenses, investment valuation and ~~claims emerge over time, increasing weight is placed on the incurred development method, the paid development method~~other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI), recoverability of reinsurance balances, deferred policy acquisition costs and ~~the case reserve development method. For product lines with faster loss emergence, the progression to greater weight on the incurred and paid development methods occurs more quickly.~~deferred taxes.

RESERVE SENSITIVITIES

There are three major parameters that have significant influence on our actuarial estimates of ultimate liabilities by product. They are the actual losses that are reported, the expected loss emergence pattern and the expected loss ratios used in the analyses. If the actual losses reported do not emerge as expected, it may cause usthe Company to challenge all or some of our previous assumptions. We may change expected loss emergence patterns, the expected loss ratios used in our analysis and/or the weights we place on a given actuarial method. The impact will be much greater and more leveraged for products with longer emergence patterns. Our general liability product is an example of a product with a relatively long emergence pattern. ~~We have constructed a~~The following chart ~~that~~ illustrates the sensitivity of our general liability reserve estimates to these key parameters. We believe the scenarios to be reasonable as similar favorable variations have occurred in recent years. For example, ~~while~~ our general liability emergence has ranged from 68 percent to 1022 percent favorable and our management liability emergence has ranged from 1 percent to 34 percent adverse over the last three years, while our overall emergence for all products combined ~~excluding general liability,~~ has ranged from 59 percent to 1533 percent favorable. The numbers below are the changes in estimated ultimate loss and ALAE in millions of dollars as of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, resulting from the change in the parameters shown. These parameters were applied to a general liability net loss and LAE reserve balance of ~~$227.5~~$234.6 million, ~~at December 31, 2017,~~ in addition to associated ULAE and latent liability ~~reserves.~~reserves, at December 31, 2019.


	Result from favorable		Result from unfavorable

					Result from favorable		Result from unfavorable
(in millions)	change in parameter		change in parameter		change in parameter		change in parameter


+/-5 point change in expected loss ratio for all accident years	$	(8.8)	$	8.8	$	(13.8)	$	13.8


+/-10% change in expected emergence patterns	$	(4.9)	$	4.6	$	(6.2)	$	5.9


+/-30% change in actual loss emergence over a calendar year	$	(10.8)	$	10.8	$	(10.0)	$	10.0

Simultaneous change in expected loss ratio (5pts), expected emergence patterns (10%), and actual loss emergence (30%).	$	(24.1)	$	24.6

Simultaneous change in expected loss ratio (5pts), expected emergence patterns (10%) and actual loss emergence (30%).					$	(29.5)	$	30.1

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diversified mix of products, there would ordinarily be some offsetting favorable and unfavorable emergence by product as actual losses start to emerge and our loss estimates become more reliable.

OPERATING RATIOS

PREMIUMS TO SURPLUS RATIO

The following table shows, for the periods indicated, our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory ratios of net premiums written to policyholders’ surplus. While there is no statutory requirement applicable to usthe Company that establishes a permissible net premiums written to surplus ratio, guidelines established by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) provide that this ratio should generally be no greater than 3 to 1. While the NAIC provides this general guideline, rating agencies often require a more conservative ratio to maintain strong or superior ratings.


	Year Ended December 31,

											Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2017		2016		2015		2014		2013		2019		2018		2017		2016		2015
Statutory net premiums written	$	749,854	$	740,952	$	722,189	$	703,152	$	666,322	$	860,337	$	823,175	$	749,854	$	740,952	$	722,189
Policyholders’ surplus		864,554		859,976		865,268		849,297		859,221		1,029,671		829,775		864,554		859,976		865,268
Ratio		0.9 to 1		0.9 to 1		0.8 to 1		0.8 to 1		0.8 to 1		0.8 to 1		1.0 to 1		0.9 to 1		0.9 to 1		0.8 to 1

~~GAAP~~COMBINED RATIO AND STATUTORY COMBINED ~~RATIOS~~RATIO

Our underwriting experience is best indicated by our ~~GAAP~~ combined ratio, which is the sum of (a) the ratio of incurred losses and settlement expenses to net premiums earned (loss ratio) and (b) the ratio of policy acquisition costs and other operating expenses to net premiums earned (expense ratio). The difference between the combined ratio and 100 reflects the per-dollar rate of underwriting income or loss, with ratios below 100 indicating underwriting profit and ratios above 100 indicating underwriting loss.


	Year Ended December 31,
GAAP	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013

						Year Ended December 31,
						2019	2018	2017	2016	2015
Loss ratio	54.4	48.0	42.7	43.2	41.2	49.3	54.1	54.4	48.0	42.7
Expense ratio	42.0	41.5	41.8	41.3	41.9	42.6	40.6	42.0	41.5	41.8
Combined ratio	96.4	89.5	84.5	84.5	83.1	91.9	94.7	96.4	89.5	84.5

We also calculate the statutory combined ratio, which is not indicative of ~~GAAP~~ underwriting income due to accounting for policy acquisition costs differently for statutory accounting ~~purposes compared to GAAP.~~purposes. The statutory combined ratio is the sum of (a) the ratio of statutory loss and settlement expenses incurred to statutory net premiums earned (loss ratio) and (b) the ratio of statutory policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to statutory net premiums written (expense ratio). The difference between the combined ratio and 100 reflects the per-dollar rate of underwriting income or loss.


	Year Ended December 31,
Statutory	2019		2018		2017		2016		2015
Loss ratio	49.3		54.1		54.4		48.0		42.7
Expense ratio	41.8		39.9		41.8		41.0		41.2
Combined ratio	91.1		94.0		96.2		89.0		83.9

P&C industry combined ratio	96.8	*	99.2	**	103.9	**	100.7	**	97.9	**

Year Ended December 31,

Statutory

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

Loss ratio

54.4

48.0

42.7

43.2

41.2

Expense ratio

41.8

41.0

41.2

40.9

41.0

Combined ratio

96.2

89.0

83.9

84.1

82.2

P&C industry combined ratio

107.3
*
100.6
**
97.9
**
97.2
**
95.8
**

*Source: Conning ~~(2017)~~(2019). Property-Casualty Forecast & Analysis: By Line of Insurance, Fourth Quarter ~~2017.~~2019. Estimated for the year ended December 31, ~~2017.~~2019.

**Source: ~~A.M.~~AM Best ~~(2017)~~(2019). Aggregate & Averages – Property/Casualty, United States & Canada. ~~2013~~ 2015 – ~~2016.~~2018.

INVESTMENTS

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Aggregate maturities for the fixed-income portfolio as of December 31, 2019, are as follows:


	Par		Amortized		Fair		Carrying
(in thousands)	Value		Cost		Value		Value
2020	$	49,993	$	49,951	$	50,170	$	50,170
2021		102,351		102,828		104,607		104,607
2022		81,609		82,273		84,095		84,095
2023		110,305		110,813		115,582		115,582
2024		97,592		99,142		102,723		102,723
2025		171,253		172,202		180,827		180,827
2026		140,953		140,534		146,951		146,951
2027		120,129		120,787		127,592		127,592
2028		67,002		69,415		74,199		74,199
2029		74,025		77,372		83,530		83,530
2030		42,433		45,920		48,209		48,209
2031		20,060		21,216		22,590		22,590
2032		4,030		4,641		4,948		4,948
2033		5,742		6,675		7,098		7,098
2034		3,010		3,039		3,071		3,071
2035 and later		164,500		173,830		181,859		181,859
Total excluding Mtge/ABS/CMBS*	$	1,254,987	$	1,280,638	$	1,338,051	$	1,338,051

Mtge/ABS/CMBS*	$	627,652	$	634,640	$	645,035	$	645,035

Grand Total	$	1,882,639	$	1,915,278	$	1,983,086	$	1,983,086

*Mortgage-backed, asset-backed and commercial mortgage-backed

REGULATION

STATE REGULATION

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FEDERAL LEGISLATION AND REGULATION

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LICENSES AND TRADEMARKS

EMPLOYEES

As of December 31, 2019, we employed 905 associates. Of the 905 total associates, 23 were part-time and 882 were full-time.

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FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Insurance Industry

Our results of operations and revenues may fluctuate as a result of many factors, including cyclical changes in the insurance industry, which may cause the price of our securities to be volatile.

●

Competitive pressures impacting our ability to write new business or retain existing business at an adequate rate,

●

Rising levels of loss costs that we cannot anticipate at the time we price our coverages,

●

Volatile and unpredictable developments, including man-made, weather-related and other natural CATs, terrorist attacks or significant price changes of the commodities we insure,

●

Changes in the level of reinsurance capacity,

●

Changes in the amount of losses resulting from new types of claims and new or changing judicial interpretations relating to the scope of insurers’ liabilities and

●

The ability of our underwriters to accurately select and price risk and our claim personnel to appropriately deliver fair outcomes.

Our business is concentrated in several key states and a change in our business in one of those states could disproportionately affect our financial condition or results of operations.

We compete with a large number of companies in the insurance industry for underwriting revenues.

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A number of new, proposed or potential legislative or industry developments could further increase competition in our industry. These developments include:

●

An increase in capital-raising by companies in our lines of business, which could result in new entrants to our markets and an excess of capital in the industry,

●

Programs in which state-sponsored entities provide property insurance in CAT-prone areas or other alternative markets types of coverage,

●

Changing practices, which may lead to greater competition in the insurance business and

●

The emergence of insurtech companies and the development of new technologies, which may lead to disruption of current business models and the insurance value chain.

A downgrade in our ratings from AM Best, Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s could negatively affect our business.

●

Approval of policy forms and premium rates,

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●

Standards of solvency, including risk-based capital measurements,

●

Licensing of insurers and their producers,

●

Restrictions on agreements with our large revenue-producing agents,

●

Cancellation and non-renewal of policies,

●

Restrictions on the nature, quality and concentration of investments,

●

Restrictions on the ability of our insurance company subsidiaries to pay dividends to the Company,

●

Restrictions on transactions between insurance company subsidiaries and their affiliates,

●

Restrictions on the size of risks insurable under a single policy,

●

Requiring deposits for the benefit of policyholders,

●

Requiring certain methods of accounting,

●

Periodic examinations of our operations and finances,

●

Prescribing the form and content of records of financial condition required to be filed and

●

Requiring reserves for unearned premium, losses and other purposes.

Our loss reserves are based on estimates and may be inadequate to cover our actual insured losses, which would negatively impact our profitability.

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involving many variables and subjective judgments. As part of the reserving process, we review historical data and consider the impact of various factors such as:

●

Loss emergence and cedant reporting patterns,

●

Underlying policy terms and conditions,

●

Business and exposure mix,

●

Emerging coverage issues,

●

Trends in claim frequency and severity,

●

Changes in operations,

●

Emerging economic and social trends,

●

State reviver statutes that permit claims after a statute of limitation has expired,

●

Inflation in amounts awarded by courts and juries and

●

Changes in the regulatory and litigation environments.

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Our reinsurers may not pay on losses in a timely fashion, or at all, which may increase our costs and have an adverse effect on our business.

Financial and Investment

Adverse changes in the economy could lower the demand for our insurance products and could have an adverse effect on the revenue and profitability of our operations.

Access to capital and market liquidity may adversely affect our ability to take advantage of business opportunities as they arise.

We are an insurance holding company and therefore may not be able to receive adequate or timely dividends from our insurance subsidiaries.

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We may not be able to, or might not choose to, continue paying dividends on our common stock.

Operational

Our success will depend on our ability to maintain and enhance effective operating procedures and manage risks on an enterprise wide basis.

We may not be able to effectively start up or integrate new product opportunities.

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We may be unable to attract and retain qualified key employees.

We rely on third party vendors for a number of key components of our business.

Any significant interruption in the operation of our facilities, systems and business functions could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to keep pace with the technological advancements in the insurance industry, our ability to compete effectively could be impaired.

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We may suffer losses from litigation, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and business operations.

Anti-takeover provisions affecting the Company could prevent or delay a change of control that is beneficial to you.

●

Have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company,

●

Discourage bids for our securities at a premium over the market price,

●

Adversely affect the market price, the voting and other rights of the holders of our securities or

●

Impede the ability of the holders of our securities to change our management.

Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments - None.

Item 2.Properties

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures - Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Performance

The following graph provides a five-year comparison of RLI Corp.’s total return to shareholders compared to that of the S&P 500 and S&P 500 P&C Index:


		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019

RLI	--------------	$	100	$	131	$	140	$	140	$	164	$	218
S&P 500	••••••••••••••••		100		101		113		138		132		174
S&P 500 P&C Index	— — —		100		110		127		155		148		186

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

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Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Uses of Proceeds from Registered Securities - Not applicable.

Equity Repurchases

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Item 6.Selected Financial Data

The following is selected financial data of RLI Corp. and subsidiaries for the five years ended December 31, 2019:


(in thousands, except per share data and ratios)	2019			2018		2017		2016		2015
OPERATING RESULTS
Gross premiums written	$	1,065,002		983,216		885,312		874,864		853,586
Consolidated revenue (1)	$	1,003,591		818,123		797,224		816,328		794,634
Net earnings (1)	$	191,642		64,179		105,028		114,920		137,544
Comprehensive earnings	$	258,687		30,182		140,337		113,756		89,935
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	276,917		217,102		197,525		174,463		152,586

FINANCIAL CONDITION
Total investments and cash	$	2,560,360		2,194,230		2,140,790		2,021,827		1,951,543
Total assets	$	3,545,721		3,105,065		2,947,244		2,777,633		2,735,465
Unpaid losses and settlement expenses	$	1,574,352		1,461,348		1,271,503		1,139,337		1,103,785
Total debt	$	149,302		149,115		148,928		148,741		148,554
Total shareholders’ equity	$	995,388		806,842		853,598		823,572		823,469
Statutory surplus (2)	$	1,029,671		829,775		864,554		859,976		865,268

SHARE INFORMATION
Net earnings per share (1):
Basic	$	4.28		1.45		2.39		2.63		3.18
Diluted	$	4.23		1.43		2.36		2.59		3.12
Comprehensive earnings per share:
Basic	$	5.78		0.68		3.19		2.60		2.08
Diluted	$	5.72		0.67		3.15		2.56		2.04
Cash dividends declared per share:
Regular	$	0.91		0.87		0.83		0.79		0.75
Special	$	1.00		1.00		1.75		2.00		2.00
Book value per share	$	22.18		18.13		19.33		18.74		18.91
Closing stock price	$	90.02		68.99		60.66		63.13		61.75
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		44,734		44,358		44,033		43,772		43,299
Diluted		45,257		44,835		44,500		44,432		44,131
Common shares outstanding		44,869		44,504		44,148		43,945		43,544

OTHER NON-GAAP FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Net premiums written to statutory surplus (2)		84	%	99	%	87	%	86	%	83	%
Combined ratio (3)		91.9		94.7		96.4		89.5		84.5
Statutory combined ratio (2)(3)		91.1		94.0		96.2		89.0		83.9

(1)	Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities were included in consolidated revenue and net earnings in 2019 and 2018 and flowed through comprehensive earnings in prior years.

(2)

(3)	See page 34 for information regarding non-GAAP financial measures.

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Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

OVERVIEW

RLI Corp. is a U.S.-based, specialty insurance company that underwrites select property and casualty insurance through major subsidiaries collectively known as RLI Insurance Group. Our focus is on niche markets and developing unique products that are tailored to customers’ needs. We hire underwriters and claim examiners with deep expertise and provide exceptional customer service and support. We maintain a highly diverse product portfolio and underwrite for profit in all market conditions. In 2019, we achieved our 24^th consecutive year of underwriting profitability. Over the 24 year period, we averaged an 88.3 combined ratio. This drives our ability to provide shareholder returns in three different ways: the underwriting income itself, net investment income from our investment portfolio and long-term appreciation in our equity portfolio.

GAAP, NON-GAAP AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES

Following is a list of non-GAAP measures found throughout this report with their definitions, relationships to GAAP measures and explanations of their importance to our operations.

Underwriting Income

Combined Ratio

Net Unpaid Loss and Settlement Expenses

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

LOSSES AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES

Overview

Loss and loss adjustment expense (LAE) reserves represent our best estimate of ultimate payments for losses and related settlement expenses from claims that have been reported but not paid and those losses that have occurred but have not yet been reported to the Company. Loss reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability, but instead represent our estimates, generally utilizing individual claim estimates, actuarial expertise and estimation techniques at a given accounting date. The loss reserve estimates are expectations of what ultimate settlement and administration of claims will cost upon final resolution. These estimates are based on facts and circumstances then known to the Company, review of historical settlement patterns, estimates of trends in claims frequency and severity, projections of loss costs, expected interpretations of legal theories of liability and many other factors. In establishing reserves, we also take into account estimated recoveries from reinsurance, salvage and subrogation. The reserves are reviewed regularly by a team of actuaries we employ.

The process of estimating loss reserves involves a high degree of judgment and is subject to a number of variables. These variables can be affected by both internal and external events, such as changes in claims handling procedures, claim personnel, economic inflation, legal trends and legislative changes, among others. The impact of many of these items on ultimate costs for loss and LAE is difficult to estimate. Loss reserve estimations also differ significantly by coverage due to differences in claim complexity, the volume of claims, the policy limits written, the terms and conditions of the underlying policies, the potential severity of individual claims, the determination of occurrence date for a claim and reporting lags (the time between the occurrence of the policyholder event and when it is actually reported to the insurer). Informed judgment is applied throughout the process. We continually refine our loss reserve estimates as historical loss experience develops and additional claims are reported and settled. We rigorously attempt to consider all significant facts and circumstances known at the time loss reserves are established.

Due to inherent uncertainty underlying loss reserve estimates, including, but not limited to, the future settlement environment, final resolution of the estimated liability may be different from that anticipated at the reporting date. Therefore, actual paid losses in the future may yield a significantly different amount than currently reserved — favorable or unfavorable.

The amount by which currently estimated losses differ from those estimated for a period at a prior valuation date is known as development. Development is unfavorable when the losses ultimately settle for more than the levels at which they were reserved or subsequent estimates indicate a basis for reserve increases on unresolved claims. Development is favorable when losses ultimately settle for less than the amount reserved or subsequent estimates indicate a basis for reducing loss reserves on unresolved claims. We reflect favorable or unfavorable developments of loss reserves in the results of operations in the period the estimates are changed.

We record two categories of loss and LAE reserves: case-specific reserves and IBNR reserves.

Within a reasonable period of time after a claim is reported, our claim department completes an initial investigation and establishes a case reserve. This case-specific reserve is an estimate of the ultimate amount we will have to pay for the claim, including related legal expenses and other costs associated with resolving and settling it. The estimate reflects all of the current information available regarding the claim, the informed judgment of our professional claim personnel regarding the nature and value of the specific type of claim and our reserving practices. During the life cycle of a particular claim, as more information becomes available, we may revise the estimate of the ultimate value of the claim either upward or downward. We may determine that it is appropriate to pay portions of the reserve to the claimant or related settlement expenses before final resolution of the claim. The amount of the individual case reserve will be adjusted accordingly and is based on the most recent information available.

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We establish IBNR reserves to estimate the amount we will have to pay for claims that have occurred, but have not yet been reported to the Company, claims that have been reported to the Company that may ultimately be paid out differently than reflected in our case-specific reserves and claims that have been closed but may reopen and require future payment.

Our IBNR reserving process involves three steps: (1) an initial IBNR generation process that is prospective in nature, (2) a loss and LAE reserve estimation process that occurs retrospectively and (3) a subsequent discussion and reconciliation between our prospective and retrospective IBNR estimates, which includes changes in our provisions for IBNR where deemed appropriate. These three processes are discussed in more detail in the following sections.

LAE represents the cost involved in adjusting and administering losses from policies we issued. The LAE reserves are frequently separated into two components: allocated and unallocated. Allocated loss adjustment expense (ALAE) reserves represent an estimate of claims settlement expenses that can be identified with a specific claim or case. Examples of ALAE would be the hiring of an outside adjuster to investigate a claim or an outside attorney to defend our insured. The claim adjuster typically estimates this cost separately from the loss component in the case reserve. Unallocated loss adjustment expense (ULAE) reserves represent an estimate of claims settlement expenses that cannot be identified with a specific claim. An example of ULAE would be the cost of an internal claim examiner to manage or investigate claims.

Our best estimate of ultimate loss and LAE reserves are proposed by our lead reserving actuary and approved by our Loss Reserve Committee (LRC). The LRC is made up of various members of the management team including the lead reserving actuary, chief executive officer, chief operating officer, chief financial officer, chief legal officer and other selected executives. We do not use discounting (recognition of the time value of money) in reporting our estimated reserves for losses and settlement expenses. Based on current assumptions used in calculating reserves, we believe that our reserve levels at December 31, 2019, make a reasonable provision to meet our future obligations.

Initial IBNR Generation Process

Initial carried IBNR reserves are determined through a reserve generation process. The intent of this process is to establish an initial total reserve that will provide a reasonable provision for the ultimate value of all unpaid loss and ALAE liabilities. For most casualty and surety products, this process involves the use of an initial loss and ALAE ratio that is applied to the earned premium for a given period. The result is our best initial estimate of the expected amount of ultimate loss and ALAE for the period by product. Payments and case reserves are subtracted from this initial estimate of ultimate loss and ALAE to determine a carried IBNR reserve.

For certain property products, we use an alternative method of determining an appropriate provision for initial IBNR. Since this segment is characterized by a shorter period of time between claim occurrence and claim settlement, the IBNR reserves are determined by IBNR percentages applied to premium earned. The percentages are determined based on expected loss ratios and loss development assumptions. The loss development assumptions are typically based on historical reporting patterns but could consider alternative sources of information. The IBNR percentages are reviewed and updated periodically. No deductions for paid or case reserves are made. This alternative method of determining initial IBNR allows incurred losses and ALAE to react more rapidly to the actual emergence and is more appropriate for our property products where final claim resolution occurs over a shorter period of time.

We do not reserve for natural or man-made catastrophes until an event has occurred. Shortly after such occurrence, we review insured locations exposed to the event and industry loss estimates of the event. We also consider our knowledge of frequency and severity from early claim reports to determine an appropriate reserve for the catastrophe. These reserves are reviewed frequently to consider actual losses reported and appropriate changes to our estimates are made to reflect the new information.

The initial loss and ALAE ratios that are applied to earned premium are reviewed at least semi-annually. Prospective estimates are made based on historical loss experience adjusted for exposure mix, price change and loss cost trends. The initial loss and ALAE ratios also reflect our judgment as to estimation risk. We consider estimation risk by product and coverage within product, if applicable. A product with greater volatility and uncertainty has greater estimation risk. Products or coverages with higher estimation risk include, but are not limited to, the following characteristics:

●

Significant changes in underlying policy terms and conditions,

●

A new business or one experiencing significant growth and/or high turnover,

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Small volume or lacking internal data requiring significant utilization of external data,

●

Unique reinsurance features including those with aggregate stop-loss, reinstatement clauses, commutation provisions or clash protection,

●

Longer emergence patterns with exposures to latent unforeseen mass tort,

●

Assumed reinsurance businesses where there is an extended reporting lag and/or a heavier utilization of ceding company data and claims and product expertise,

●

High severity and/or low frequency,

●

Operational processes undergoing significant change and/or

●

High sensitivity to significant swings in loss trends, economic change or judicial change.

The historical and prospective loss and ALAE estimates, along with the risks listed, are the basis for determining our initial and subsequent carried reserves. Adjustments in the initial loss ratio by product and segment are made where necessary and reflect updated assumptions regarding loss experience, loss trends, price changes and prevailing risk factors. The LRC approves changes in the initial loss and ALAE ratios.

Loss and LAE Reserve Estimation Process

Estimates of the expected value of the unpaid loss and LAE are derived using standard actuarial methodologies on a quarterly basis. In addition, an emergence analysis is completed quarterly to determine if further adjustments are necessary. These estimates are then compared to the carried loss reserves to determine the appropriateness of the current reserve balance.

The process of estimating ultimate payment for claims and claim expenses begins with the collection and analysis of current and historical claim data. Data on individual reported claims, including paid amounts and individual claim adjuster estimates, are grouped by common characteristics. There is judgment involved in this grouping. Considerations when grouping data include the volume of the data available, the credibility of the data available, the homogeneity of the risks in each cohort and both settlement and payment pattern consistency. We use this data to determine historical claim reporting and payment patterns, which are used in the analysis of ultimate claim liabilities. In some analyses, including business without sufficiently large numbers of policies or that have not accumulated sufficient historical statistics, our own data is supplemented with external or industry average data as available and when appropriate. For liabilities arising out of directors and officers, management liability, workers’ compensation and medical errors and omissions exposures, we utilize external data extensively.

In addition to the review of historical claim reporting and payment patterns, we also incorporate estimated losses relative to premium (loss ratios) by year into the analysis. The expected loss ratios are based on a review of historical loss performance, trends in frequency and severity and price level changes. The estimates are subject to judgment including consideration given to available internal and industry data, growth and policy turnover, changes in policy limits, changes in underlying policy provisions, changes in legal and regulatory interpretations of policy provisions and changes in reinsurance structure. For the most current year, these are equivalent with the ratios used in the initial IBNR generation process. Increased recognition is given to actual emergence as the years age.

We use historical development patterns, expected loss ratios and standard actuarial methods to derive an estimate of the ultimate level of loss and LAE payments necessary to settle all the claims occurring as of the end of the evaluation period.

Our reserve processes include multiple standard actuarial methods for determining estimates of IBNR reserves. Other supplementary methodologies are incorporated as necessary. Mass tort and latent liabilities are examples of exposures for which supplementary methodologies are used. Each method produces an estimate of ultimate loss by accident year. We review all of these various estimates and assign weights to each based on the characteristics of the product being reviewed.

Our estimates of ultimate loss and LAE reserves are subject to change as additional data emerges. This could occur as a result of change in loss development patterns, a revision in expected loss ratios, the emergence of exceptional loss activity, a change in weightings between actuarial methods, the addition of new actuarial methodologies, new information that merits inclusion or the emergence of internal variables or external factors that would alter our view.

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There is uncertainty in the estimates of ultimate losses. Significant risk factors to the reserve estimate include, but are not limited to, unforeseen or unquantifiable changes in:

●

Loss payment patterns,

●

Loss reporting patterns,

●

Frequency and severity trends,

●

Underlying policy terms and conditions,

●

Business or exposure mix,

●

Operational or internal processes affecting the timing of loss and LAE transactions,

●

Regulatory and legal environment and/or

●

Economic environment.

Our actuaries engage in discussions with senior management, underwriters and the claim department on a regular basis to ascertain any substantial changes in operations or other assumptions that are necessary to consider in the reserving analysis.

A considerable degree of judgment in the evaluation of all these factors is involved in the analysis of reserves. The human element in the application of judgment is unavoidable when faced with uncertainty. Different experts will choose different assumptions based on their individual backgrounds, professional experiences and areas of focus. Hence, the estimates selected by various qualified experts may differ significantly from each other. We consider this uncertainty by examining our historic reserve accuracy and through an internal and external review process.

Given the substantial impact of the reserve estimates on our financial statements, we subject the reserving process to significant diagnostic testing and reasonability checks. In addition, there are data validity checks and balances in our front-end processes. Data anomalies are researched and explained to reach a comfort level with the data and results. Leading indicators such as actual versus expected emergence and other diagnostics are also incorporated into the reserving processes.

Determination of Our Best Estimate

Upon completion of our loss and LAE estimation analysis, the results are discussed with the LRC. As part of this discussion, the analysis supporting the actuarial central estimate of the IBNR reserve by product is reviewed. The actuaries also present explanations supporting any changes to the underlying assumptions used to calculate the indicated central estimate. A review of the resulting variance between the indicated reserves and the carried reserves takes place. Our actuaries make a recommendation to management in regards to booked reserves that reflect both their analytical assessment and relevant qualitative factors, such as their view of estimation risk. After discussion of these analyses, recommendations and all relevant risk factors, the LRC determines whether the reserve balances require adjustment. Resulting reserve balances have always fallen within our actuaries’ reasonable range of estimates.

As a predominantly excess and surplus lines and specialty admitted insurer serving niche markets, we believe there are several reasons to carry, on an overall basis, reserves above the actuarial central estimate. We believe we are subject to above-average variation in estimates and that this variation is not symmetrical around the actuarial central estimate.

One reason for the variation is the above-average policyholder turnover and changes in the underlying mix of exposures typical of an excess and surplus lines business. This constant change can cause estimates based on prior experience to be less reliable than estimates for more stable, admitted books of business. Also, as a niche market insurer, there is little industry-level information for direct comparisons of current and prior experience and other reserving parameters. These unknowns create greater-than-average variation in the actuarial central estimates.

Actuarial methods attempt to quantify future outcomes. However, insurance companies are subject to unique exposures that are difficult to foresee at the point coverage is initiated and, often, many years subsequent. Judicial and regulatory bodies involved in interpretation of insurance contracts have increasingly found opportunities to expand coverage beyond that which was intended or contemplated at the time the policy was issued. Many of these policies are issued on an “all risk” and occurrence basis. Claimants have at times sought coverage beyond the insurer’s original intent, including seeking to void or limit exclusionary language.

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We believe that because of the inherent variation and the likelihood that there are unforeseen and under-quantified liabilities absent from the actuarial estimate, it is prudent to carry loss reserves above the actuarial central estimate. Most of our variance between the carried reserve and the actuarial central estimate is in the most recent accident years for our casualty segment, where the most significant estimation risks reside. These estimation risks are considered when setting the initial loss ratios. In the cases where these risks fail to materialize, favorable loss development will likely occur over subsequent accounting periods. It is also possible that the risks materialize above the amount we considered when booking our initial loss reserves. In this case, unfavorable loss development is likely to occur over subsequent accounting periods.

Our best estimate of loss and LAE reserves may change as a result of a revision in the actuarial central estimate, the actuary’s certainty in the estimates and processes and our overall view of the underlying risks. From time to time, we benchmark our reserving policies and procedures and refine them by adopting industry best practices where appropriate. A detailed, ground-up analysis of the reserve estimation risks associated with each of our products and segments, including an assessment of industry information, is performed annually. This information is used when determining management’s best estimate of booked reserves.

Loss reserve estimates are subject to a high degree of variability due to the inherent uncertainty of ultimate settlement values. Periodic adjustments to these estimates will likely occur as the actual loss emergence reveals itself over time. Our loss reserving processes reflect accepted actuarial practices and our methodologies result in a reasonable provision for reserves as of December 31, 2019.

INVESTMENT VALUATION AND OTTI

Throughout each year, we and our investment managers buy and sell securities to achieve investment objectives in accordance with investment policies established and monitored by our board of directors and executive officers.

Equity securities are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded within net earnings in 2019 and 2018. Prior to 2018, unrealized gains and losses on equity securities were recognized through other comprehensive earnings. We classify our investments in fixed income securities into one of three categories: trading, held-to-maturity or available-for-sale. We do not hold any securities classified as trading or held-to-maturity. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded as a component of comprehensive earnings and shareholders’ equity, net of deferred income taxes.

Fair value is defined as the price in the principal market that would be received for an asset to facilitate an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

We regularly evaluate our fixed income securities using both quantitative and qualitative criteria to determine impairment losses for other-than-temporary declines in the fair value of the investments. The following are some of the key factors we consider for determining if a security is other-than-temporarily impaired:

●

The length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost,

●

The probability of significant adverse changes to the cash flows,

●

The occurrence of a discrete credit event resulting in the issuer defaulting on a material obligation, the issuer seeking protection from creditors under the bankruptcy laws, or the issuer proposing a voluntary reorganization under which creditors are asked to exchange their claims for cash or securities having a fair value substantially lower than par value of their claims or

●

The probability that we will recover the entire amortized cost basis of our fixed income securities prior to maturity.

Quantitative criteria considered during this process include, but are not limited to: the degree and duration of current fair value as compared to the amortized cost of the security, degree and duration of the security’s fair value being below cost and whether the issuer is in compliance with the terms and covenants of the security. Qualitative criteria include the credit quality, current economic conditions, the anticipated speed of cost recovery, the financial health of and specific prospects for the issuer,

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as well as the absence of intent to sell or requirement to sell securities prior to recovery. In addition, we consider price declines in our OTTI analysis when they provide evidence of declining credit quality, and we distinguish between price changes caused by credit deterioration as opposed to rising interest rates.

Key factors that we consider in the evaluation of credit quality include:

●

Changes in technology that may impair the earnings potential of the investment,

●

The discontinuance of a segment of business that may affect future earnings potential,

●

Reduction or elimination of dividends,

●

Specific concerns related to the issuer’s industry or geographic area of operation,

●

Significant or recurring operating losses, poor cash flows and/or deteriorating liquidity ratios and

●

A downgrade in credit quality by a major rating agency.

For mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities that have significant unrealized loss positions and major rating agency downgrades, credit impairment is assessed using a cash flow model that estimates likely payments using security-specific collateral and transaction structure. All of our mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities remain AAA-rated by one of the major rating agencies and the fair value is not significantly less than amortized cost.

Under current accounting standards, an OTTI write-down of debt securities, where fair value is below amortized cost, is triggered by circumstances where (1) an entity has the intent to sell a security, (2) it is more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis or (3) the entity does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. If an entity intends to sell a security or if it is more likely than not the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery, an OTTI write-down is recognized in earnings equal to the difference between the security’s amortized cost and its fair value. If an entity does not intend to sell the security or it is not more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery, the OTTI write-down is separated into an amount representing the credit loss, which is recognized in earnings, and the amount related to all other factors, which is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Part of our evaluation of whether particular securities are other-than-temporarily impaired involves assessing whether we have both the intent and ability to continue to hold equity securities in an unrealized loss position. For fixed income securities, we consider our intent to sell a security (which is determined on a security-by-security basis) and whether it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before the recovery of our amortized cost basis. Significant changes in these factors could result in a charge to net earnings for impairment losses. Impairment losses result in a reduction of the underlying investment’s cost basis.

RECOVERABILITY OF REINSURANCE BALANCES

Ceded unearned premiums and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses and settlement expenses are reported separately as assets, rather than being netted with the related liabilities, since reinsurance does not relieve the Company of its liability to policyholders. Such balances are subject to the credit risk associated with the individual reinsurer. Additionally, the same uncertainties associated with estimating unpaid losses and settlement expenses impact the estimates for the ceded portion of such liabilities. We continually monitor the financial condition of our reinsurers. As part of our monitoring efforts, we review their annual financial statements, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings for reinsurers that are publicly traded, AM Best and S&P rating developments and insurance industry developments that may impact the financial condition of our reinsurers. In addition, we subject our reinsurance recoverables to detailed recoverability tests, including one based on average default by S&P rating. Based upon our review and testing, our policy is to charge to earnings, in the form of an allowance, an estimate of unrecoverable amounts from reinsurers. This allowance is reviewed on an ongoing basis to ensure that the amount makes a reasonable provision for reinsurance balances that we may be unable to recover.

DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

We defer incremental direct costs that relate to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts, including commissions and premium taxes. Acquisition-related costs may be deemed ineligible for deferral when they are based on contingent or performance criteria beyond the basic acquisition of the insurance contract, or when efforts to obtain or renew the insurance contract are unsuccessful. All eligible costs are capitalized and charged to expense in proportion to

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premium revenue recognized. The method followed in computing deferred policy acquisition costs limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value. This process contemplates the premiums to be earned, anticipated losses and settlement expenses and certain other costs expected to be incurred, but does not consider investment income. Judgments as to the ultimate recoverability of such deferred costs are reviewed on a segment basis and are highly dependent upon estimated future loss costs associated with the premiums written. This deferral methodology applies to both gross and ceded premiums and acquisition costs.

DEFERRED TAXES

We record deferred tax assets and liabilities to the extent that temporary differences between the tax basis and GAAP basis of an asset or liability result in future taxable or deductible amounts. Our deferred tax assets relate to expected future tax deductions arising from claim reserves and future taxable income related to changes in our unearned premium. We also have a significant amount of deferred tax liabilities from unrealized gains on the investment portfolio and deferred acquisition costs.

Periodically, management reviews our deferred tax positions to determine if it is more likely than not that the assets will be realized. These reviews include, among other things, the nature and amount of the taxable income and expense items, the expected timing of when assets will be used or liabilities will be required to be reported, as well as the reliability of historical profitability of businesses expected to provide future earnings. Furthermore, management considers tax-planning strategies it can use to increase the likelihood that the tax assets will be realized. After conducting the periodic review, if management determines that the realization of the tax asset does not meet the more likely than not criteria, an offsetting valuation allowance is recorded, thereby reducing net earnings and the deferred tax asset in that period. In addition, management must make estimates of the tax rates expected to apply in the periods in which future taxable items are realized. Such estimates include determinations and judgments as to the expected manner in which certain temporary differences, including deferred amounts related to our equity method investment, will be recovered. These estimates enter into the determination of the applicable tax rates and are subject to change based on the circumstances.

We consider uncertainties in income taxes and recognize those in our financial statements as required. As it relates to uncertainties in income taxes, our unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalty accruals, are not considered material to the consolidated financial statements. Also, no tax uncertainties are expected to result in significant increases or decreases to unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12-month period. Penalties and interest related to income tax uncertainties, should they occur, would be included in income tax expense in the period in which they are incurred.

Additional discussion of other significant accounting policies may be found in note 1 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2019 and 2018 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2019 and 2018. Discussions of 2017 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2018 and 2017 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, incorporated herein by reference.

Consolidated revenue totaled $1.0 billion in 2019, compared to $0.8 billion in 2018. Increased levels of earned premium and net investment income, as well as unrealized gains on equity securities, led to increased consolidated revenue in 2019. Net premiums earned increased 6 percent, as growth from products within our casualty and property segments more than offset the impact of our exit from certain underperforming products and the reduction in our participation on a quota share reinsurance agreement with Prime Holdings Insurance Services, Inc. (Prime). Net investment income increased by 11 percent in 2019, primarily due to a larger asset base relative to the prior year. We recorded net realized gains on our investment portfolio in both 2019 and 2018, due to portfolio rebalancing. Additionally, net unrealized gains on equity securities were recorded in 2019, as the overall equity market experienced positive returns. In contrast, equity markets experienced negative returns in 2018, resulting in net unrealized losses on equity securities.

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CONSOLIDATED REVENUE	Year ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2019		2018
Net premiums earned	$	839,111	$	791,366
Net investment income		68,870		62,085
Net realized gains		17,520		63,407
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		78,090		(98,735)
Total consolidated revenue	$	1,003,591	$	818,123

Net earnings for 2019 totaled $191.6 million, up from $64.2 million in 2018. Improved underwriting income, net investment income and equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees contributed to the overall increase. Additionally, 2019 experienced a larger benefit from increased gains on equity securities.


NET EARNINGS	Year ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2019		2018
Underwriting income	$	67,568	$	41,632
Net investment income		68,870		62,085
Net realized gains		17,520		63,407
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		78,090		(98,735)
Interest expense on debt		(7,588)		(7,437)
General corporate expenses		(12,686)		(9,427)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees		20,960		16,056
Earnings before income taxes	$	232,734	$	67,581
Income tax expense		(41,092)		(3,402)
Net earnings	$	191,642	$	64,179

UNDERWRITING RESULTS

Gross premiums written increased by 8 percent in 2019 to a record $1.1 billion. Excluding exited lines, such as the medical professional liability product and the reduction in our quota share reinsurance agreement with Prime, written premium increased by 15 percent. Positive rate movement across most of the casualty and property portfolio and market disruption provided for growth opportunities in established lines. Newer product initiatives within our casualty segment have also continued to gain scale.

The 2019 fiscal year benefited from a reduced level of catastrophe activity compared to 2018. In 2019, we incurred $9.5 million of losses from storms, which added 1.1 points to the combined ratio. Catastrophe losses totaled $40.5 million in 2018, adding 5.1 points to the combined ratio, with Hurricane Michael responsible for $23.0 million, Hurricane Florence responsible for $7.5 million and other storms and volcanic activity in Hawaii composing the balance. Apart from the impact of catastrophes, results for both years reflected a combination of positive underwriting results for the current accident year and favorable loss reserve development on prior accident years. Favorable development in prior accident years’ reserves was $75.3 million in 2019 and $50.0 million in 2018. Further discussion of reserve development can be found in note 6 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Incentive and profit-sharing amounts earned by executives, managers and associates are predominately influenced by corporate performance including operating return on equity, combined ratio and Market Value Potential (MVP). MVP is a compensation model that measures components of comprehensive earnings against a minimum required return on capital. MVP is the primary measure of executive bonus achievement and a significant component of manager and associate incentive targets. Incentive and profit sharing-related expenses attributable to the favorable reserve developments totaled $11.1 million and $7.8 million for 2019 and 2018, respectively. These performance-related expenses impact policy acquisition, insurance operating and general corporate expenses line items in the financial statements. Partially offsetting the 2019 and 2018 increases were $1.4 million and $6.1 million, respectively, in reductions to incentive and profit-sharing amounts earned due to losses associated with catastrophe activity.

In total, underwriting income was $67.6 million on a 91.9 combined ratio in 2019, compared to $41.6 million on a 94.7 combined ratio in 2018. We achieved our 24^th consecutive year of underwriting profit in 2019, with all three segments contributing to the positive performance. Our ability to continue to produce underwriting income, and to do so at margins which have consistently outperformed the broader industry, is a testament to our underwriters’ discipline throughout the insurance cycle and our continued commitment to underwriting for a profit. We believe our underwriting discipline can

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differentiate the Company from the broader insurance market by ensuring sound risk selection and appropriate pricing, which helps slow the pace of deterioration in our underwriting results.

The following tables and narrative provide a more detailed look at individual segment performance over the last two years.


GROSS PREMIUMS WRITTEN AND NET PREMIUMS EARNED

	Gross Premiums Written						Net Premiums Earned
(in thousands)	2019		2018		% Change		2019		2018		% Change
CASUALTY
Commercial excess and personal umbrella	$	183,098	$	153,540	19	%	$	140,483	$	124,350	13	%
General liability		99,345		100,997	(2)	%		98,880		93,928	5	%
Commercial transportation		105,592		101,267	4	%		83,213		81,053	3	%
Professional services		89,347		87,243	2	%		81,329		79,951	2	%
Small commercial		63,925		53,432	20	%		55,701		51,519	8	%
Executive products		96,828		68,501	41	%		27,088		21,326	27	%
Other casualty		66,057		89,214	(26)	%		71,764		71,345	1	%
Total	$	704,192	$	654,194	8	%	$	558,458	$	523,472	7	%

PROPERTY
Marine	$	91,315	$	71,784	27	%	$	74,887	$	59,795	25	%
Commercial property		126,358		110,974	14	%		68,310		71,501	(4)	%
Specialty personal		21,190		18,789	13	%		19,316		16,901	14	%
Other property		2,562		1,370	87	%		1,509		1,064	42	%
Total	$	241,425	$	202,917	19	%	$	164,022	$	149,261	10	%

SURETY
Miscellaneous	$	42,614	$	47,461	(10)	%	$	44,721	$	46,968	(5)	%
Commercial		47,436		48,505	(2)	%		43,553		43,469	0	%
Contract		29,335		30,139	(3)	%		28,357		28,196	1	%
Total	$	119,385	$	126,105	(5)	%	$	116,631	$	118,633	(2)	%
Grand total	$	1,065,002	$	983,216	8	%	$	839,111	$	791,366	6	%

Casualty

Gross premiums written from the casualty segment totaled $704.2 million, up 8 percent from 2018. Excluding certain exits and repositioning on Prime, a majority of products within this segment posted top line growth. Premiums from commercial excess and personal umbrella increased $29.6 million, due in part to an expanded distribution base in personal umbrella, larger scale in the energy casualty space and overall exposure growth. Our executive products group grew $28.3 million as substantial rate increases were achieved, submissions were up and newer initiatives gained traction. Production from small commercial increased $10.5 million as opportunities arose from market disruption and certain offerings expanded geographically. The third consecutive year of double digit rate increases led to growth within commercial transportation.

Property

Gross premiums written from our property segment totaled $241.4 million in 2019, up 19 percent from 2018. Market disruption created new business opportunities for our marine product and, along with rate increases, led to a 27 percent increase in premiums. Our commercial property business grew 14 percent in 2019, as an improving market has allowed our underwriters to find more opportunities with acceptable rate levels. Rates on wind-prone exposures increased for the second

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consecutive year, while rates on earthquake exposures increased after consecutive years of decreases. Specialty personal lines, which is primarily composed of homeowners’ insurance in Hawaii, grew 13 percent as a result of continued investment in relationships and distribution. Other property premium increased as a result of property exposed GBA business that continues to gain scale.

Surety

Gross premiums written from our surety segment totaled $119.4 million in 2019, down 5 percent from 2018. Competitive market conditions and selectively reducing exposures on high risk accounts, given the current stage in the credit cycle, led to the overall reduction. Exiting one program in the miscellaneous surety book and decreasing offshore energy activity within commercial surety also resulted in a decline in premium from 2018.


UNDERWRITING INCOME
(in thousands)	2019		2018
Casualty	$	20,601	$	11,140
Property		18,143		884
Surety		28,824		29,608
Total	$	67,568	$	41,632


COMBINED RATIO	2019	2018
Casualty	96.3	97.9
Property	88.9	99.4
Surety	75.3	75.0
Total	91.9	94.7

Casualty

Underwriting income for the casualty segment was $20.6 million on a 96.3 combined ratio in 2019, compared to $11.1 million on a 97.9 combined ratio in 2018. The improvement is the result of increased favorable development on prior accident years’ reserves. However, the current accident year combined ratio was modestly higher in 2019 due to a shift in business mix, our cautious approach to reserving for new initiatives and products with larger growth, along with increased bonus and profit sharing expenses, based on strong growth in overall earnings and book value.

Favorable development on prior accident years’ loss reserves benefited underwriting earnings in each of the past two years. The total benefit from favorable development on prior years’ reserves was $62.5 million for 2019, with the largest amounts of the development coming from accident years 2016 through 2018. Products which generated the majority of the favorable development include transportation, general liability, professional services, commercial excess, personal umbrella and small commercial. Partially offsetting these favorable impacts was adverse development on executive products and medical professional liability. Comparatively, overall results for the casualty segment in 2018 included favorable development of $33.3 million, with the bulk of the development attributable to commercial excess, personal umbrella, professional services, general liability and small commercial across accident years 2015 through 2017. Executive products and medical professional liability developed adversely in 2018. Increased favorable development on transportation was responsible for a significant amount of the difference between the release in 2019 and 2018.

The segment’s loss ratio was 59.1 in 2019, compared to 63.0 in 2018. The lower loss ratio in 2019 was due to the higher amounts of favorable development on prior years’ reserves. The expense ratio for the casualty segment was 37.2 in 2019, compared to 34.9 in 2018. The increase in expense ratio in 2019 was due to investments in technology and a larger amount of bonus and profit-sharing expenses.

Property

Underwriting income from the property segment was $18.1 million on an 88.9 combined ratio in 2019, compared to $0.9 million on a 99.4 combined ratio in 2018. Catastrophe losses for the property segment consisted of $8.8 million of storm losses in 2019, compared to total catastrophe losses of $38.3 million in 2018, which included $28.9 million from Hurricanes Michael and Florence and $6.1 million from volcanic activity in Hawaii. Partially offsetting the impact of catastrophes, favorable development in prior years’ reserves benefited underwriting results in each of the past two years. Results for 2019 included $4.5 million of net favorable development on prior years’ reserves. Marine experienced $2.4 million of the favorable development, primarily on accident years 2017 and 2018. Specialty personal and commercial property also contributed to the

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favorable development. Results for 2018 included $10.8 million of favorable development in prior years’ reserves, largely from marine, but commercial property products also contributed.

The segment’s loss ratio was 44.9 in 2019, compared to 56.2 in 2018. Catastrophe losses added 5 points to the loss ratio in 2019, compared to 26 points of impact from catastrophe losses in 2018. Partially offsetting this reduction were higher current accident year non-catastrophe losses from our commercial property and specialty personal lines, a shift in mix of business and lower favorable development on prior years’ reserves. The expense ratio for the property segment was 44.0 in 2019, compared to 43.2 in 2018. Strong growth in overall earnings and book value led to an increase in bonus and profit-sharing expenses and a higher expense ratio, the impact of which was partially offset by a larger premium base.

Surety

Underwriting income for the surety segment totaled $28.8 million on a 75.3 combined ratio in 2019, compared to $29.6 million on a 75.0 combined ratio in 2018. Underwriting performance for each year reflects a combination of positive current accident year results and favorable development in prior accident years’ loss reserves. The current accident year combined ratio for each period has been in the low 80s, with each product line contributing to underwriting profit. Results for 2019 included $8.3 million of favorable development in prior years’ reserves, compared to $5.9 million in 2018.

The segment’s loss ratio was 8.3 in 2019, compared to 12.3 in 2018. A larger amount of favorable development on prior years’ reserves resulted in the lower loss ratio in 2019. The expense ratio for the surety segment was 67.0 in 2019, compared to 62.7 in 2018. The increase in 2019 was due to increased investments in technology and higher bonus and profit-sharing expenses on a slightly lower premium base.

NET INVESTMENT INCOME AND REALIZED INVESTMENT GAINS

During 2019, net investment income increased by 11 percent. The increase was primarily due to a larger asset base relative to the prior year. The average annual yields on our investments were as follows for 2019 and 2018:


	2019		2018
PRETAX YIELD
Taxable (on book value)	3.39	%	3.31	%
Tax-exempt (on book value)	2.77	%	2.71	%
Equities (on fair value)	2.41	%	2.54	%

AFTER-TAX YIELD
Taxable (on book value)	2.68	%	2.61	%
Tax-exempt (on book value)	2.62	%	2.57	%
Equities (on fair value)	2.09	%	2.21	%

The after-tax yield reflects the different tax rates applicable to each category of investment. Our taxable fixed income securities were subject to a corporate tax rate of 21.0 percent, our tax-exempt municipal securities were subject to a tax rate of 5.3 percent and our dividend income was generally subject to a tax rate of 13.1 percent. During 2019, the average after-tax yield on the taxable fixed income portfolio was 2.7 percent, an increase from 2.6 percent in the prior year. The average after-tax yield on the tax-exempt portfolio remained at 2.6 percent.

The fixed income portfolio increased by $222.6 million during the year as the majority of operating cash flows were allocated to the fixed income portfolio and a decline in interest rates was experienced during the year, increasing the fair value of fixed income securities. The tax-adjusted total return on a mark-to-market basis was 8.3 percent. Our equity portfolio increased by $120.1 million to $460.6 million in 2019 as a result of the strong equity market returns during the year. The total return for the year on the equity portfolio was 28.7 percent.

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Our investment results for the last five years are shown in the following table:


											Tax
									Pre-tax		Equivalent
									Annualized		Annualized
							Change in		Return on		Return on
	Average		Net				Unrealized		Avg.		Avg.
	Invested		Investment		Net Realized		Appreciation		Invested		Invested
(in thousands)	Assets (1)		Income (2)(3)		Gains (3)		(3)(4)		Assets		Assets
2015	$	1,957,914	$	54,644	$	39,829	$	(71,049)	1.2	%	1.5	%
2016		1,986,685		53,075		34,645		(2,313)	4.3	%	4.6	%
2017		2,081,309		54,876		4,411		53,719	5.4	%	5.8	%
2018		2,167,510		62,085		63,407		(140,513)	(0.7)	%	(0.6)	%
2019		2,377,295		68,870		17,520		161,848	10.4	%	10.5	%
5-yr Avg.	$	2,114,143	$	58,710	$	31,962	$	338	4.1	%	4.4	%

(1)	Average amounts at beginning and end of year (inclusive of cash and short-term investments).

(2)	Investment income, net of investment expenses.

(3)	Before income taxes.

(4)	Relates to available-for-sale fixed income and equity securities.

We realized a total of $17.5 million in net gains in 2019. Included in this number is $14.4 million in net realized gains in the equity portfolio, $3.2 million in net realized gains in the fixed income portfolio and $0.1 million in other net realized losses. In 2018, we realized $63.4 million in net gains. Included in this number is $69.9 million in net realized gains in the equity portfolio, $2.2 million in net realized losses in the fixed income portfolio and $4.2 million in other net realized losses, $4.4 million of which related to a non-cash impairment charge on goodwill and definite-lived intangibles.

We regularly evaluate the quality of our investment portfolio. When we determine that a fixed income security has suffered an other-than-temporary decline in value, the investment’s value is adjusted by reclassifying the decline from unrealized to realized losses. This has no impact on shareholders’ equity. We did not recognize any impairment losses in 2019. During 2018, we recognized $0.2 million in impairment losses on fixed income securities we no longer had the intent to hold until recovery.

The fixed income portfolio contained 154 positions at an unrealized loss as of December 31, 2019. Of these 154 securities, 65have been in an unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer and represent $0.9 million in unrealized losses. All fixed income securities in the investment portfolio continue to pay the expected coupon payments under the contractual terms of the securities. Based on our analysis, our fixed income portfolio is of a high credit quality and we believe we will recover the amortized cost basis.

Key components to our OTTI procedures are discussed in our critical accounting policy on investment valuation and OTTI and in note 2 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Based on our analysis, we have concluded that the securities in an unrealized loss position were not other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2019.

INVESTMENTS

We maintain a diversified investment portfolio with a prudent mix of fixed income and risk assets. We continually monitor economic conditions, our capital position and the insurance market to determine our tactical allocation. As of December 31, 2019, the portfolio had a fair value of $2.6 billion, an increase of $366.1 million from the end of 2018.

We determined the fair value of certain financial instruments based on their underlying characteristics and relevant transactions in the marketplace. We maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. For additional information, see notes 1 and 2 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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As of December 31, 2019, our investment portfolio had the following asset allocation breakdown:


PORTFOLIO ALLOCATION
(in thousands)
	Cost or				Unrealized		% of Total
Asset Class	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Gain/(Loss)		Fair Value		Quality*
U. S. government	$	186,699	$	193,661	$	6,962	7.6	%	AAA
U.S. agency		36,535		38,855		2,320	1.5	%	AAA
Non-U.S. government & agency		7,333		7,628		295	0.3	%	BBB+
Agency MBS		411,808		420,165		8,357	16.4	%	AAA
ABS/CMBS/MBS**		222,832		224,870		2,038	8.8	%	AAA
Corporate		659,640		692,067		32,427	27.0	%	BBB+
Municipal		390,431		405,840		15,409	15.8	%	AA
Total fixed income	$	1,915,278	$	1,983,086	$	67,808	77.4	%	AA-
Equities		262,131		460,630		198,499	18.0	%
Other invested assets		70,725		70,441		(284)	2.8	%
Cash		46,203		46,203		—	1.8	%
Total portfolio	$	2,294,337	$	2,560,360	$	266,023	100.0	%

*Quality ratings provided by Moody’s, S&P and Fitch

**Non-agency asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed

Quality in the previous table and in all subsequent tables is an average of each bond’s credit rating, adjusted for its relative weighting in the portfolio.

Fixed income represented 77 percent of our total 2019 portfolio, down 3 percent from 2018. As of December 31, 2019, the fair value of our fixed income portfolio consisted of 49 percent AAA-rated securities, 17 percent AA-rated securities, 19 percent A-rated securities, 9 percent BBB-rated securities and 6 percent non-investment grade or non-rated securities. This compares to 48 percent AAA-rated securities, 16 percent AA-rated securities, 20 percent A-rated securities, 10 percent BBB-rated securities and 6 percent non-investment grade or non-rated securities in 2018.

In selecting the maturity of securities in which we invest, we consider the relationship between the duration of our fixed income investments and the duration of our liabilities, including the expected ultimate payout patterns of our reserves. We believe that both liquidity and interest rate risk can be minimized by such asset/liability management. As of December 31, 2019, our fixed income portfolio’s duration was 4.8 years.

Consistent underwriting income allows a portion of our investment portfolio to be invested in equity securities and other risk asset classes. Our equity portfolio had a fair value of $460.6 million at December 31, 2019. Equities comprised 18 percent of our total 2019 portfolio, up 2 percent over 2018. Securities within the equity portfolio are well diversified and are primarily invested in large-cap issues with a preference for dividend income. Our strategy has a value tilt and security selection takes precedence over market timing. Likewise, low turnover throughout our long investment horizon minimizes transaction costs and taxes.

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FIXED INCOME PORTFOLIO

As of December 31, 2019, our fixed income portfolio had the following rating distributions:


FAIR VALUE									Below
									Investment
(in thousands)	AAA		AA		A		BBB		Grade		No Rating		Fair Value
Bonds:
U.S. government & agency (GSE)	$	222,993	$	9,523	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	232,516
Non-U.S. government & agency		—		—		1,897		5,731		—		—		7,628
Corporate - financial		—		26,380		140,523		37,364		5,136		—		209,403
All other corporate		20,809		22,912		115,242		102,632		20,211		—		281,806
Corporate financial - private placements		3,121		14,180		16,564		8,011		7,915		1,023		50,814
All other corporate - private placements		—		6,887		37,823		22,466		82,120		748		150,044
Municipal		102,064		247,433		53,938		—		—		2,405		405,840
Structured:
GSE - RMBS	$	311,247	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	311,247
Non-GSE RMBS		26,657		—		—		—		—		—		26,657
CLO		26,022		5,998		—		—		—		—		32,020
ABS - credit cards		33,116		—		—		—		—		—		33,116
ABS - auto loans		52,895		—		—		—		—		—		52,895
All other ABS/MBS		23,005		2,125		10,326		—		—		—		35,456
GSE - CMBS		108,918		—		—		—		—		—		108,918
CMBS		44,726		—		—		—		—		—		44,726
Total	$	975,573	$	335,438	$	376,313	$	176,204	$	115,382	$	4,176	$	1,983,086

Mortgage-Backed, Commercial Mortgage-Backed and Asset-Backed Securities

The following table summarizes the distribution of our mortgage-backed securities (MBS) portfolio by investment type, as of December 31,:


AGENCY MBS
(in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total
2019
Pass-throughs	$	276,423	$	282,594	67.3	%
Sequential		107,045		108,918	25.9	%
Planned amortization class		28,340		28,653	6.8	%
Total	$	411,808	$	420,165	100.0	%

2018
Pass-throughs	$	262,752	$	259,728	65.7	%
Sequential		107,951		103,975	26.3	%
Planned amortization class		32,289		31,550	8.0	%
Total	$	402,992	$	395,253	100.0	%

Our allocation to agency mortgage-backed securities totaled $420.2 million as of December 31, 2019. Agency MBS represented 21 percent of the fixed income portfolio compared to $395.3 million or 22 percent of that portfolio as of December 31, 2018.

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Variability in the average life of principal repayment is an inherent risk of owning mortgage-related securities. However, we reduce our portfolio’s exposure to prepayment risk by seeking characteristics that tighten the probable scenarios for expected cash flows. As of December 31, 2019, the agency MBS portfolio contained 67 percent of pure pass-throughs compared to 66 percent as of December 31, 2018. An additional 26 percent of the MBS portfolio was invested in sequential payer, the same as 2018.

The following table summarizes the distribution of our asset-backed and commercial mortgage-backed securities portfolio as of December 31,:


ABS/CMBS
	Amortized
(in thousands)	Cost		Fair Value		% of Total
2019
Auto	$	52,488	$	52,895	23.5	%
CMBS		43,435		44,726	19.9	%
Credit card		32,622		33,116	14.7	%
CLO		32,066		32,020	14.2	%
Non-GSE RMBS		26,770		26,657	11.9	%
Equipment		6,974		7,018	3.1	%
Other		28,477		28,438	12.7	%
Total	$	222,832	$	224,870	100.0	%

2018
Auto	$	50,062	$	49,990	36.6	%
CMBS		26,490		26,048	19.1	%
Credit card		31,058		31,100	22.7	%
CLO		15,582		15,508	11.3	%
Non-GSE RMBS		—		—	—
Equipment		5,870		5,878	4.3	%
Other		8,162		8,199	6.0	%
Total	$	137,224	$	136,723	100.0	%

An asset-backed security (ABS), commercial mortgage-backed security (CMBS) or non-agency residential mortgage-backed security (RMBS) is a securitization collateralized by the cash flows from a specific pool of underlying assets. These asset pools can include items such as credit card payments, auto loans, structured bank loans in the form of collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) and residential or commercial mortgages. As of December 31, 2019, ABS/CMBS/RMBS investments were $224.9 million (11 percent) of the fixed income portfolio, compared to $136.7 million (8 percent) as of December 31, 2018. Ninety-seven percent of the securities in the ABS/CMBS/RMBS portfolio were rated AAA as of December 31, 2019. We believe that ABS/CMBS investments add diversification and additional yield to the portfolio while often adding superior cash flow stability over mortgage pass-throughs or CMOs.

When making investments in MBS/ABS/CMBS, we evaluate the quality of the underlying collateral, the structure of the transaction, which dictates how any losses in the underlying collateral will be distributed, and prepayment risks. We had $1.0 million in unrealized losses in these asset classes as of December 31, 2019.

Municipal Fixed Income Securities

As of December 31, 2019, municipal bonds totaled $405.8 million (21 percent) of our fixed income portfolio, compared to $320.1 million (18 percent) as of December 31, 2018. We believe municipal fixed income securities can provide

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diversification and additional tax-advantaged yield to our portfolio. Our objective for the municipal fixed income portfolio is to provide reasonable cash flow stability and increased after-tax yield.

Our municipal fixed income portfolio is comprised of general obligation (GO) and revenue securities. The revenue sources include sectors such as sewer and water, public improvement, school, transportation and colleges and universities. As of December 31, 2019, approximately 42 percent of the municipal fixed income securities in the investment portfolio were GO and the remaining 58 percent were revenue based.

Eighty-sixpercent of our municipal fixed income securities were rated AA or better, while 99 percent were rated A or better. The municipal portfolio includes 74 percent tax-exempt and 26 percent taxable securities.

Corporate Debt Securities

As of December 31, 2019, our corporate debt portfolio totaled $692.1 million (35 percent) of the fixed income portfolio compared to $668.7 million (38 percent) as of December 31, 2018. The corporate allocation includes floating rate bank loans and bonds that are below investment grade in credit quality and offer incremental yield over our core fixed income portfolio. Non-investment grade bonds totaled $115.4 million at the end of 2019. The corporate debt portfolio has an overall quality rating of BBB+ diversified among 552 issues.

Private placements in the table below includes both Rule 144A and Regulation D securities. The table illustrates our corporate debt exposure to the financial and non-financial sectors as of December 31, 2019, including fair value, cost basis and unrealized gains and losses:


CORPORATES
					Gross		Gross
	Amortized				Unrealized		Unrealized
(in thousands)	Cost		Fair Value		Gains		Losses
Bonds:
Corporate - financial	$	197,952	$	209,403	$	11,502	$	(51)
All other corporate		265,895		281,806		15,970		(59)
Corporate financial - private placements		48,661		50,814		2,157		(4)
All other corporate - private placements		147,132		150,044		3,616		(704)
Total	$	659,640	$	692,067	$	33,245	$	(818)

We believe corporate debt investments add diversification and additional yield to our portfolio. Because corporates make up a large portion of the fixed income opportunity set, the corporate debt investments will continue to be a significant part of our investment program.

EQUITY SECURITIES

As of December 31, 2019, our equity portfolio totaled $460.6 million (18 percent) of the investment portfolio, compared to $340.5 million (16 percent) as of December 31, 2018. The securities within the equity portfolio remain primarily invested in large-cap issues with a focus on dividend income. In addition, we have investments in three broadly diversified, exchange traded funds (ETFs) that represent market indexes similar to the Russell 1000 Index, S&P 500 Index and S&P 600 Index. The ETF portfolio is congruent with the actively managed equity portfolios and solves for exposures that line up with our overall benchmark index, the Russell 3000.

INTEREST AND CORPORATE EXPENSE

We incurred $7.6 million of interest expense on outstanding debt during 2019 and $7.4 million in 2018. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, our long-term debt consisted of $150.0 million in senior notes maturing September 15, 2023, and paying interest semi-annually at the rate of 4.875 percent.

As discussed previously, general corporate expenses tend to fluctuate relative to our incentive compensation plans. Our compensation model measures components of comprehensive earnings against a minimum required return on our capital. Bonuses are earned as we generate earnings in excess of this required return. In 2019 and 2018, we exceeded the required return, resulting in the accrual of executive bonuses. Increased levels of comprehensive earnings in 2019 resulted in higher variable compensation earned than in 2018.

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INVESTEE EARNINGS

We maintain a 40 percent equity interest in Maui Jim, Inc. (Maui Jim), a manufacturer of high-quality sunglasses. Maui Jim’s chief executive officer owns a controlling majority of the outstanding shares of Maui Jim. Maui Jim is a private company and, as such, the market for its stock is limited. Our investment in Maui Jim is carried at the RLI Corp. holding company level, as it is not core to our insurance operations. While we have certain rights under our shareholder agreement with Maui Jim as a minority shareholder, we are subject to the decisions of the controlling shareholder, which may impact the value of our investment. In 2019, we recorded $13.6 million in earnings from this investment, compared to $12.5 million in 2018. Sunglass sales were up 5 percent in 2019, after increasing 1 percent in 2018.

In 2019 and 2018, we received a dividend from Maui Jim. Dividends from Maui Jim have been irregular in nature and while they provide added liquidity when received, we do not rely on those dividends to meet our liquidity needs. While these dividends do not flow through the investee earnings line, they do result in the recognition of a tax benefit, which is discussed in the income tax section that follows.

As of December 31, 2019, we had a 23 percent interest in the equity and earnings of Prime Holdings Insurance Services, Inc. (Prime). Prime writes business through two Illinois domiciled insurance carriers, Prime Insurance Company, an excess and surplus lines company, and Prime Property and Casualty Insurance Inc., an admitted insurance company. Prime is a private company and, as such, the market for its stock is limited. While we have certain rights under our shareholder agreement with Prime as a minority shareholder, we are subject to the decisions of the controlling shareholder, which may impact the value of our investment. In 2019, we recorded $7.4 million in investee earnings for Prime, compared to $3.6 million in 2018, reflective of significant growth in revenue and net earnings. Additionally, we maintain a quota share reinsurance treaty with Prime, which contributed $13.1 million of gross premiums written and $28.7 million of net premiums earned during 2019, compared to $41.1 million of gross premiums written and $34.2 million of net premiums earned during 2018. The decrease in gross written premium is reflective of our decreased quota share participation with Prime.

INCOME TAXES

Our effective tax rates were 17.7 percent and 5.0 percent for 2019 and 2018, respectively. Effective rates are dependent upon components of pretax earnings and the related tax effects. The effective rate was higher in 2019 primarily due to higher levels of pretax earnings, which caused the tax-favored adjustments to be smaller on a percentage basis in 2019 compared to 2018. Additionally, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and Treasury Department provided additional guidance on aspects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and we were able to finalize the accounting in 2018, resulting in a $2.3 million deferred tax benefit.

Our net earnings include equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees, Maui Jim and Prime. The investees do not have a policy or pattern of paying dividends. As a result, we record a deferred tax liability on the earnings at the recently revised corporate capital gains rate of 21 percent in anticipation of recovering our investments through means other than through the receipt of dividends, such as a sale. We received a $13.2 million dividend from Maui Jim in 2019 and recognized a $1.8 million tax benefit from applying the lower tax rate applicable to affiliated dividends (7.4 percent in 2019), as compared to the corporate capital gains rate on which the deferred tax liabilities were based. Standing alone, the dividend resulted in a 0.8 percent reduction to the 2019 effective tax rate. In the fourth quarter of 2017, Maui Jim gave notification that a $9.9 million dividend would be paid in January 2018. Even though no dividend was received in 2017, we were aware that the lower tax rate applicable to affiliated dividends would be applied when the dividend was paid in 2018 and we therefore recorded a $1.4 million tax benefit in 2017. As no additional dividends were declared from unconsolidated investees in 2018, there was no impact to the 2018 effective tax rate.

Dividends paid to our Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) also result in a tax deduction. Dividends paid to the ESOP in 2019 and 2018 resulted in tax benefits of $1.1 million and $1.2 million, respectively. These tax benefits reduced the effective tax rate for 2019 and 2018 by 0.5 percent and 1.8 percent, respectively.

In addition, our pretax earnings in 2019 included $18.0 million of investment income that is partially exempt from federal income tax, compared to $21.1 million in 2018.

NET UNPAID LOSSES AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES

The primary liability on our balance sheet relates to unpaid losses and settlement expenses, which represents our estimated liability for losses and related settlement expenses before considering offsetting reinsurance balances recoverable.

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The largest asset on our balance sheet, outside of investments, is the reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses, which serves to offset this liability.

The liability can be split into two parts: (1) case reserves representing estimates of losses and settlement expenses on known claims and (2) IBNR reserves representing estimates of losses and settlement expenses on claims that have occurred but have not yet been reported to the Company. Our gross liability for both case and IBNR reserves is reduced by reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses to calculate our net reserve balance. This net reserve balance increased to $1.2 billion at December 31, 2019, from $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2018. This reflects incurred losses of $413.4 million in 2019 offset by paid losses of $319.9 million, compared to incurred losses of $428.2 million offset by $301.4 million paid in 2018. For more information on the changes in loss and LAE reserves by segment, see note 6 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Gross reserves (liability) and the reinsurance balances recoverable (asset) are generally subject to the same influences that affect net reserves, though changes to our reinsurance agreements can cause reinsurance balances recoverable to behave differently. Total gross loss and LAE reserves increased to $1.6 billion at December 31, 2019, from $1.5 billion at December 31, 2018, while ceded loss and LAE reserves increased to $384.5 million from $365.0 million over the same period.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

OVERVIEW

We have three primary types of cash flows: (1) operating cash flows, which consist mainly of cash generated by our underwriting operations and income earned on our investment portfolio, (2) investing cash flows related to the purchase, sale and maturity of investments and (3) financing cash flows that impact our capital structure, such as changes in debt and shares outstanding. The following table summarizes these three cash flows over the last two years:


(in thousands)	2019		2018
Operating cash flows	$	276,917	$	217,102
Investing cash flows (uses)		(184,753)		(134,209)
Financing cash flows (uses)		(76,101)		(77,024)

We have posted positive operating cash flow in the last two years. Variations in operating cash flow between periods are largely driven by the volume and timing of premium receipt, claim payments, reinsurance and taxes. In addition, fluctuations in insurance operating expenses impact operating cash flow. During 2019, the majority of cash flow uses were related to financing and investing activities and associated with the payments of dividends and net purchases of investments, respectively.

We have entered into certain contractual obligations that require the Company to make recurring payments. The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2019:


CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
	Payments due by period
	Less than 1						More than
(in thousands)	yr.		1-3 yrs.		3-5 yrs.		5 yrs.		Total
Loss and settlement expense reserves	$	405,262	$	589,460	$	311,902	$	267,728	$	1,574,352
Long-term debt		—		—		150,000		—		150,000
Interest on long-term debt		7,313		14,625		5,179		—		27,117
Operating leases		5,983		11,872		6,720		1,366		25,941
Other invested assets		17,129		6,541		152		233		24,055
Total	$	435,687	$	622,498	$	473,953	$	269,327	$	1,801,465

Loss and settlement expense reserves represent our best estimate of the ultimate cost of settling reported and unreported claims and related expenses. As discussed previously, the estimation of loss and loss expense reserves is based on various complex and subjective judgments. Actual losses and settlement expenses paid may deviate, perhaps substantially, from the reserve estimates reflected in our financial statements. Similarly, the timing for payment of our estimated losses is not fixed and is not determinable on an individual or aggregate basis. The assumptions used in estimating the payments due by periods are based on our historical claims payment experience. Due to the uncertainty inherent in the process of estimating the timing of such payments, there is a risk that the amounts paid in any period can be significantly different than the amounts disclosed

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above. Amounts disclosed above are gross of anticipated amounts recoverable from reinsurers. Reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid loss and settlement reserves are reported separately as assets, instead of being netted with the related liabilities, since reinsurance does not discharge the Company of our liability to policyholders. Reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid loss and settlement reserves totaled $384.5 million at December 31, 2019, compared to $365.0 million in 2018.

The next largest contractual obligation relates to long-term debt outstanding. On October 2, 2013, we completed a public debt offering of $150.0 million in senior notes maturing September 15, 2023, (a 10-year maturity) and paying interest semi-annually at the rate of 4.875 percent. The notes were issued at a discount resulting in proceeds, net of discount and commission, of $148.6 million. We are not party to any off-balance sheet arrangements. See note 4 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for more information on our long-term debt. Additionally, see note 2 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for information on our obligations for other invested assets.

Our primary objective in managing our capital is to preserve and grow shareholders’ equity and statutory surplus to improve our competitive position and allow for expansion of our insurance operations. Our insurance subsidiaries must maintain certain minimum capital levels in order to meet the requirements of the states in which we are regulated. Our insurance companies are also evaluated by rating agencies that assign financial strength ratings that measure our ability to meet our obligations to policyholders over an extended period of time.

We have historically grown our shareholders’ equity and/or policyholders’ surplus as a result of three sources of funds: (1) earnings on underwriting and investing activities, (2) appreciation in the value of our investments and (3) the issuance of common stock and debt.

At December 31, 2019, we had cash, short-term investments and other investments maturing within one year of approximately $96.4 million and an additional $407.0 million of investments maturing between 1 to 5 years. We maintain a revolving line of credit with JP Morgan Chase Bank N.A., which permits the Company to borrow up to an aggregate principal amount of $50.0 million. Under certain conditions, the line may be increased up to an aggregate principal amount of $75.0 million. The facility has a two-year term that expires on May 24, 2020. We anticipate reinitiating this line of credit in 2020. As of and during the year ended December 31, 2019, no amounts were outstanding on this facility.

Additionally, two of our insurance companies, RLI Ins. and Mt. Hawley, are members of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago (FHLBC). Membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank system provides both companies with access to an additional source of liquidity via a secured lending facility. Based on qualifying assets at year-end, aggregate borrowing capacity is approximately $25 million. However, under certain circumstances, that capacity may be increased based on additional FHLBC stock purchased and available collateral. Our membership allows each insurance subsidiary to determine tenor and structure at the time of borrowing. As of and during the year ended December 31, 2019, there were no outstanding borrowings with the FHLBC.

We believe that cash generated by operations, cash generated by investments and cash available from financing activities will provide sufficient sources of liquidity to meet our anticipated needs over the next 12 to 24 months. We have consistently generated positive operating cash flow. The primary factor in our ability to generate positive operating cash flow is underwriting profitability, which we have achieved for 24 consecutive years.

OPERATING ACTIVITIES

The following list highlights some of the major sources and uses of cash flow from operating activities:


Sources		Uses
Premiums received		Claims
Loss payments from reinsurers		Ceded premium to reinsurers
Investment income (interest and dividends)		Commissions paid
Unconsolidated investee dividends from affiliates		Operating expenses
Funds held		Interest expense
		Income taxes
		Funds held

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Our largest source of cash is from premiums received from our customers, which we receive at the beginning of the coverage period for most policies. Our largest cash outflow is for claims that arise when a policyholder incurs an insured loss. Because the payment of claims occurs after the receipt of the premium, often years later, we invest the cash in various investment securities that earn interest and dividends. We use cash to pay commissions to brokers and agents, as well as to pay for ongoing operating expenses such as salaries, rent, taxes and interest expense. We also utilize reinsurance to manage the risk that we take on our policies. We cede, or pay out, part of the premiums we receive to our reinsurers and collect cash back when losses subject to our reinsurance coverage are paid.

The timing of our cash flows from operating activities can vary among periods due to the timing by which payments are made or received. Some of our payments and receipts, including loss settlements and subsequent reinsurance receipts, can be significant, so their timing can influence cash flows from operating activities in any given period. We are subject to the risk of incurring significant losses on catastrophes, both natural (such as earthquakes and hurricanes) and man-made (such as terrorism). If we were to incur such losses, we would have to make significant claims payments in a relatively concentrated period of time.

INVESTING ACTIVITIES

The following list highlights some of the major sources and uses of cash flow from investing activities:


Sources		Uses
Proceeds from sale, call or maturity of bonds		Purchase of bonds
Proceeds from sale of stocks		Purchase of stocks
Proceeds from sale of other invested assets		Purchase of other invested assets
		Acquisitions
		Purchase of property and equipment

We maintain a diversified investment portfolio representing policyholder funds that have not yet been paid out as claims, as well as the capital we hold for our shareholders. As of December 31, 2019, our portfolio had a carrying value of $2.6 billion. Portfolio assets at December 31, 2019, increased by $366.1 million, or 17 percent, from December 31, 2018.

Our overall investment philosophy is designed to first protect policyholders by maintaining sufficient funds to meet corporate and policyholder obligations and then generate long-term growth in shareholders’ equity. Because our existing and projected liabilities are sufficiently funded by the fixed income portfolio, we can improve returns by investing a portion of the surplus (within limits) in a risk assets portfolio largely made up of equities. As of December 31, 2019, 46 percent of our shareholders’ equity was invested in equities, compared to 42 percent at December 31, 2018.

The fixed income portfolio is structured to meet policyholder obligations and optimize the generation of after-tax investment income and total return.

FINANCING ACTIVITIES

In addition to the previously discussed operating and investing activities, we also engage in financing activities to manage our capital structure. The following list highlights some of the major sources and uses of cash flow from financing activities:


Sources		Uses
Proceeds from stock offerings		Shareholder dividends
Proceeds from debt offerings		Debt repayment
Short-term borrowing		Share buy-backs
Shares issued under stock option plans

Our capital structure is comprised of equity and debt obligations. As of December 31, 2019, our capital structure consisted of $149.3 million in 10-year maturity senior notes (long-term debt) and $995.4 million of shareholders’ equity. Debt outstanding comprised 13 percent of total capital as of December 31, 2019.

At the holding company (RLI Corp.) level, we rely largely on dividends from our insurance company subsidiaries to meet our obligations for paying principal and interest on outstanding debt, corporate expenses and dividends to RLI Corp. shareholders. As discussed further below, dividend payments to RLI Corp. from our principal insurance subsidiary are restricted by state insurance laws as to the amount that may be paid without prior approval of the insurance regulatory

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authorities of Illinois. As a result, we may not be able to receive dividends from such subsidiary at times and in amounts necessary to pay desired dividends to RLI Corp. shareholders. On a GAAP basis, as of December 31, 2019, our holding company had $995.4 million in equity. This includes amounts related to the equity of our insurance subsidiaries, which is subject to regulatory restrictions under state insurance laws. The unrestricted portion of holding company net assets is comprised primarily of investments and cash, including $45.9 million in liquid investment assets, which would cover the majority of our annual holding company expenditures. Unrestricted funds at the holding company level are available to fund debt interest, general corporate obligations and regular dividend payments to our shareholders. If necessary, the holding company also has other potential sources of liquidity that could provide for additional funding to meet corporate obligations or pay shareholder dividends, which include a revolving line of credit, as well as access to the capital markets.

Ordinary dividends, which may be paid by our principal insurance subsidiary without prior regulatory approval, are subject to certain limitations based upon statutory income, surplus and earned surplus. The maximum ordinary dividend distribution from our principal insurance subsidiary in a rolling 12-month period is limited by Illinois law to the greater of 10 percent of RLI Ins. policyholder surplus, as of December 31 of the preceding year, or the net income of RLI Ins. for the 12-month period ending December 31 of the preceding year. Ordinary dividends are further restricted by the requirement that they be paid from earned surplus. In 2019 and 2018, our principal insurance subsidiary paid ordinary dividends totaling $59.0 million and $13.0 million, respectively, to RLI Corp. Any dividend distribution in excess of the ordinary dividend limits is deemed extraordinary and requires prior approval from the IDOI. In 2018, our principal insurance subsidiary sought and received regulatory approval prior to the payment of extraordinary dividends totaling $110.0 million. No extraordinary dividends were paid in 2019. As of December 31, 2019, $65.3 million of the net assets of our principal insurance subsidiary are not restricted and could be distributed to RLI Corp. as ordinary dividends. Because the limitations are based upon a rolling 12-month period, the amount and impact of these restrictions vary over time. In addition to restrictions from our principal subsidiary’s insurance regulator, we also consider internal models and how capital adequacy is defined by our rating agencies in determining amounts available for distribution.

Our 175^th consecutive dividend payment was declared in February 2020 and will be paid on March 20, 2020, in the amount of $0.23 per share. Since the inception of cash dividends in 1976, we have increased our annual dividend every year.

OUTLOOK FOR 2020

In 2019, we achieved several notable milestones in a year when much of the industry was refining its risk appetite. Despite exiting several underperforming products, top line premium exceeded $1 billion for the first time in our company’s history. Premium growth was broad based over the course of the last twelve months and the majority of our products saw opportunities in the market. Additionally, we surpassed $1 billion in statutory surplus as underwriting profit contributed to the bottom line for the 24th consecutive year. We expect a continued strong economy to provide further growth opportunities in 2020.

Rate increases and tightening underwriting standards are providing additional submission opportunities, especially in casualty products where social influences are affecting claim activity and severity. Participant’s capital deployment has been more conservative and selective, including the tapering of capacity from reinsurers, particularly for underperforming insurers. Producers have been challenged to find additional carriers to fill out larger programs and some competitors are seeing their reserve adequacy deteriorate as claim severity increases across multiple lines.

CASUALTY

The casualty industry has experienced some turbulence in the last 18 months as deteriorating loss trends in multiple market segments have resulted in attractive conditions for well-positioned carriers. Specifically, the market is seeing greater primary liability losses, as well as excess and umbrella liability claims. Securities class action suits remain at an elevated level in the management liability space. All of these trends have caused some participants to reconsider their approach, including reducing policy limits, requiring increased retentions by insureds, or exiting certain classes altogether. This disruption creates opportunity as producers seek out new capacity.

Our casualty portfolio experienced premium headwinds in 2019, due to the reduction in our assumed reinsurance treaty with Prime and several product exits. Although we recognized adverse loss development from some of these runoff products in 2019, we believe our bottom line will benefit over the long term. A majority of our mature products grew during the year and newer products have started to gain scale. Our diverse portfolio will continue to evolve over time.

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We have a lot of momentum coming out of 2019. Broad growth in the casualty segment has been positively impacted by rate increases. Competitors, particularly in the primary and excess liability, transportation and management liability spaces, continue to tighten terms while we have remained a consistent market in our chosen niches. Investments in technology and marketing should continue to strengthen our producer partnerships and offer additional reasons for them to grow with us.

With systemic uncertainty impacting industry results, we will continue to maintain underwriting discipline and monitor loss trends. Growth in longer tail liability lines, along with adverse auto-related losses in the industry support a cautious approach to reserving along with continued investment in our claim team to ensure fair outcomes. While rate increases attempt to address loss trends, we will maintain discipline as our newer businesses mature. Overall our casualty product portfolio is healthy and our outlook on the business continues to be positive.

PROPERTY

Property carriers are still recovering from active catastrophe seasons over the last three years. Despite a benign 2019 in the United States, international catastrophe events were sizable and there has been ongoing re-underwriting across the industry. The Lloyd’s market has reduced capacity and pulled back from select property lines to address their worst performing risks. Other carriers have adjusted their risk profile by reducing limits offered or exiting certain classes. As this disruption has taken several years to evolve, price momentum will likely continue into 2020. A focus on selective underwriting will leverage current conditions with the support of a durable capital base. While prudent risk management will influence the amount of exposures insured, rate improvement on catastrophe and marine business will support top line growth.

Selecting diversified exposures is an important component of our property segment and our recent investment in marketing and technology will support growth in our Hawaii homeowners business. While our underwriting results will continue to be influenced by the level of catastrophe activity in U.S., we have seen first-hand that taking care of customers in the wake of an event bolsters the intangibles that define strong relationships. Deep understanding of catastrophe risks has long been a part of our DNA and we expect this to be beneficial in the current environment.

SURETY

Surety remains the most competitive segment in our portfolio. Infrequent loss activity has attracted a number of new entrants to the space, however, this is not a risk free business. Some noticeably large commercial surety losses have emerged recently, which we expect will result in the tightening of terms and conditions. That said, overall surety industry results remain very profitable.

Our surety top line will continue to be challenged. Over the last couple of years, we exited select programs in our miscellaneous book that no longer meet our risk appetite. In the larger commercial account driven business, we have also exited select accounts where the credit quality of our principal had deteriorated. This represents a continuous process of underwriting our accounts to determine if we should continue extending credit. Although new business is difficult to win in this competitive market, our successes stem from nurturing strong relationships with current accounts. Opportunities are brighter in the small contractor’s space as the construction market continues to expand.

The surety segment has been a sizeable contributor to our underwriting results and we are hopeful that premium will stabilize over the course of 2020.

~~INVESTMENTS~~STATE REGULATION

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FEDERAL LEGISLATION AND REGULATION

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LICENSES AND TRADEMARKS

EMPLOYEES

As of December 31, 2019, we employed 905 associates. Of the 905 total associates, 23 were part-time and 882 were full-time.

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FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Insurance Industry

Our results of operations and revenues may fluctuate as a result of many factors, including cyclical changes in the insurance industry, which may cause the price of our securities to be volatile.

●

Competitive pressures impacting our ability to write new business or retain existing business at an adequate rate,

●

Rising levels of loss costs that we cannot anticipate at the time we price our coverages,

●

Volatile and unpredictable developments, including man-made, weather-related and other natural CATs, terrorist attacks or significant price changes of the commodities we insure,

●

Changes in the level of reinsurance capacity,

●

Changes in the amount of losses resulting from new types of claims and new or changing judicial interpretations relating to the scope of insurers’ liabilities and

●

The ability of our underwriters to accurately select and price risk and our claim personnel to appropriately deliver fair outcomes.

Our business is concentrated in several key states and a change in our business in one of those states could disproportionately affect our financial condition or results of operations.

We compete with a large number of companies in the insurance industry for underwriting revenues.

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A number of new, proposed or potential legislative or industry developments could further increase competition in our industry. These developments include:

●

An increase in capital-raising by companies in our lines of business, which could result in new entrants to our markets and an excess of capital in the industry,

●

Programs in which state-sponsored entities provide property insurance in CAT-prone areas or other alternative markets types of coverage,

●

Changing practices, which may lead to greater competition in the insurance business and

●

The emergence of insurtech companies and the development of new technologies, which may lead to disruption of current business models and the insurance value chain.

A downgrade in our ratings from AM Best, Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s could negatively affect our business.

●

Approval of policy forms and premium rates,

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●

Standards of solvency, including risk-based capital measurements,

●

Licensing of insurers and their producers,

●

Restrictions on agreements with our large revenue-producing agents,

●

Cancellation and non-renewal of policies,

●

Restrictions on the nature, quality and concentration of investments,

●

Restrictions on the ability of our insurance company subsidiaries to pay dividends to the Company,

●

Restrictions on transactions between insurance company subsidiaries and their affiliates,

●

Restrictions on the size of risks insurable under a single policy,

●

Requiring deposits for the benefit of policyholders,

●

Requiring certain methods of accounting,

●

Periodic examinations of our operations and finances,

●

Prescribing the form and content of records of financial condition required to be filed and

●

Requiring reserves for unearned premium, losses and other purposes.

Our loss reserves are based on estimates and may be inadequate to cover our actual insured losses, which would negatively impact our profitability.

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involving many variables and subjective judgments. As part of the reserving process, we review historical data and consider the impact of various factors such as:

●

Loss emergence and cedant reporting patterns,

●

Underlying policy terms and conditions,

●

Business and exposure mix,

●

Emerging coverage issues,

●

Trends in claim frequency and severity,

●

Changes in operations,

●

Emerging economic and social trends,

●

State reviver statutes that permit claims after a statute of limitation has expired,

●

Inflation in amounts awarded by courts and juries and

●

Changes in the regulatory and litigation environments.

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Our reinsurers may not pay on losses in a timely fashion, or at all, which may increase our costs and have an adverse effect on our business.

Financial and Investment

Adverse changes in the economy could lower the demand for our insurance products and could have an adverse effect on the revenue and profitability of our operations.

Access to capital and market liquidity may adversely affect our ability to take advantage of business opportunities as they arise.

We are an insurance holding company and therefore may not be able to receive adequate or timely dividends from our insurance subsidiaries.

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We may not be able to, or might not choose to, continue paying dividends on our common stock.

Operational

Our success will depend on our ability to maintain and enhance effective operating procedures and manage risks on an enterprise wide basis.

We may not be able to effectively start up or integrate new product opportunities.

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We may be unable to attract and retain qualified key employees.

We rely on third party vendors for a number of key components of our business.

Any significant interruption in the operation of our facilities, systems and business functions could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to keep pace with the technological advancements in the insurance industry, our ability to compete effectively could be impaired.

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We may suffer losses from litigation, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and business operations.

Anti-takeover provisions affecting the Company could prevent or delay a change of control that is beneficial to you.

●

Have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company,

●

Discourage bids for our securities at a premium over the market price,

●

Adversely affect the market price, the voting and other rights of the holders of our securities or

●

Impede the ability of the holders of our securities to change our management.

Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments - None.

Item 2.Properties

We own five commercial buildings totaling 173,000 square feet on our 23-acre campus that serves as our corporate headquarters in Peoria, Illinois. All of our branch offices and other company operations lease office space throughout the ~~primary resource~~country. Management considers our office facilities suitable and adequate for our current levels of operations.

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures - Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Performance

The following graph provides a five-year comparison of RLI Corp.’s total return to shareholders compared to that of the S&P 500 and S&P 500 P&C Index:


		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019

RLI	--------------	$	100	$	131	$	140	$	140	$	164	$	218
S&P 500	••••••••••••••••		100		101		113		138		132		174
S&P 500 P&C Index	— — —		100		110		127		155		148		186

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

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Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Uses of Proceeds from Registered Securities - Not applicable.

Equity Repurchases

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Item 6.Selected Financial Data

The following is selected financial data of RLI Corp. and subsidiaries for the five years ended December 31, 2019:


(in thousands, except per share data and ratios)	2019			2018		2017		2016		2015
OPERATING RESULTS
Gross premiums written	$	1,065,002		983,216		885,312		874,864		853,586
Consolidated revenue (1)	$	1,003,591		818,123		797,224		816,328		794,634
Net earnings (1)	$	191,642		64,179		105,028		114,920		137,544
Comprehensive earnings	$	258,687		30,182		140,337		113,756		89,935
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	276,917		217,102		197,525		174,463		152,586

FINANCIAL CONDITION
Total investments and cash	$	2,560,360		2,194,230		2,140,790		2,021,827		1,951,543
Total assets	$	3,545,721		3,105,065		2,947,244		2,777,633		2,735,465
Unpaid losses and settlement expenses	$	1,574,352		1,461,348		1,271,503		1,139,337		1,103,785
Total debt	$	149,302		149,115		148,928		148,741		148,554
Total shareholders’ equity	$	995,388		806,842		853,598		823,572		823,469
Statutory surplus (2)	$	1,029,671		829,775		864,554		859,976		865,268

SHARE INFORMATION
Net earnings per share (1):
Basic	$	4.28		1.45		2.39		2.63		3.18
Diluted	$	4.23		1.43		2.36		2.59		3.12
Comprehensive earnings per share:
Basic	$	5.78		0.68		3.19		2.60		2.08
Diluted	$	5.72		0.67		3.15		2.56		2.04
Cash dividends declared per share:
Regular	$	0.91		0.87		0.83		0.79		0.75
Special	$	1.00		1.00		1.75		2.00		2.00
Book value per share	$	22.18		18.13		19.33		18.74		18.91
Closing stock price	$	90.02		68.99		60.66		63.13		61.75
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		44,734		44,358		44,033		43,772		43,299
Diluted		45,257		44,835		44,500		44,432		44,131
Common shares outstanding		44,869		44,504		44,148		43,945		43,544

OTHER NON-GAAP FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Net premiums written to statutory surplus (2)		84	%	99	%	87	%	86	%	83	%
Combined ratio (3)		91.9		94.7		96.4		89.5		84.5
Statutory combined ratio (2)(3)		91.1		94.0		96.2		89.0		83.9

(1)	Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities were included in consolidated revenue and net earnings in 2019 and 2018 and flowed through comprehensive earnings in prior years.

(2)

(3)	See page 34 for information regarding non-GAAP financial measures.

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Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

OVERVIEW

RLI Corp. is a U.S.-based, specialty insurance company that underwrites select property and casualty insurance through major subsidiaries collectively known as RLI Insurance Group. Our focus is on niche markets and developing unique products that are tailored to customers’ needs. We hire underwriters and claim examiners with deep expertise and provide exceptional customer service and support. We maintain a highly diverse product portfolio and underwrite for profit in all market conditions. In 2019, we achieved our 24^th consecutive year of underwriting profitability. Over the 24 year period, we averaged an 88.3 combined ratio. This drives our ability to provide shareholder returns in three different ways: the underwriting income itself, net investment income from our investment portfolio and long-term appreciation in our equity portfolio.

GAAP, NON-GAAP AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES

Following is a list of non-GAAP measures found throughout this report with their definitions, relationships to GAAP measures and explanations of their importance to our operations.

Underwriting Income

Combined Ratio

Net Unpaid Loss and Settlement Expenses

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

LOSSES AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES

Overview

Loss and loss adjustment expense (LAE) reserves represent our best estimate of ultimate payments for losses and related settlement expenses from claims that have been reported but not paid and those losses that have occurred but have not yet been reported to the Company. Loss reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability, but instead represent our estimates, generally utilizing individual claim estimates, actuarial expertise and estimation techniques at a given accounting date. The loss reserve estimates are expectations of what ultimate settlement and administration of claims will cost upon final resolution. These estimates are based on facts and circumstances then known to the Company, review of historical settlement patterns, estimates of trends in claims frequency and severity, projections of loss costs, expected interpretations of legal theories of liability and many other factors. In establishing reserves, we also take into account estimated recoveries from reinsurance, salvage and subrogation. The reserves are reviewed regularly by a team of actuaries we employ.

The process of estimating loss reserves involves a high degree of judgment and is subject to a number of variables. These variables can be affected by both internal and external events, such as changes in claims handling procedures, claim personnel, economic inflation, legal trends and legislative changes, among others. The impact of many of these items on ultimate costs for loss ~~payments~~ and ~~secondly~~LAE is difficult to estimate. Loss reserve estimations also differ significantly by coverage due to differences in claim complexity, the volume of claims, the policy limits written, the terms and conditions of the underlying policies, the potential severity of individual claims, the determination of occurrence date for a claim and reporting lags (the time between the occurrence of the policyholder event and when it is actually reported to the insurer). Informed judgment is applied throughout the process. We continually refine our loss reserve estimates as historical loss experience develops and additional claims are reported and settled. We rigorously attempt to consider all significant facts and circumstances known at the time loss reserves are established.

Due to inherent uncertainty underlying loss reserve estimates, including, but not limited to, the future settlement environment, final resolution of the estimated liability may be different from that anticipated at the reporting date. Therefore, actual paid losses in the future may yield a ~~source~~significantly different amount than currently reserved — favorable or unfavorable.

The amount by which currently estimated losses differ from those estimated for a period at a prior valuation date is known as development. Development is unfavorable when the losses ultimately settle for more than the levels at which they were reserved or subsequent estimates indicate a basis for reserve increases on unresolved claims. Development is favorable when losses ultimately settle for less than the amount reserved or subsequent estimates indicate a basis for reducing loss reserves on unresolved claims. We reflect favorable or unfavorable developments of ~~income~~loss reserves in the results of operations in the period the estimates are changed.

We record two categories of loss and LAE reserves: case-specific reserves and IBNR reserves.

Within a reasonable period of time after a claim is reported, our claim department completes an initial investigation and establishes a case reserve. This case-specific reserve is an estimate of the ultimate amount we will have to ~~support operations. Our investment strategy~~pay for the claim, including related legal expenses and other costs associated with resolving and settling it. The estimate reflects all of the current information available regarding the claim, the informed judgment of our professional claim personnel regarding the nature and value of the specific type of claim and our reserving practices. During the life cycle of a particular claim, as more information becomes available, we may revise the estimate of the ultimate value of the claim either upward or downward. We may determine that it is appropriate to pay portions of the reserve to the claimant or related settlement expenses before final resolution of the claim. The amount of the individual case reserve will be adjusted accordingly and is based on ~~preservation~~the most recent information available.

Table of ~~capital~~Contents

Initial IBNR Generation Process

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Significant changes in underlying policy terms and conditions,

●

A new business or one experiencing significant growth and/or high turnover,

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Small volume or lacking internal data requiring significant utilization of external data,

●

Unique reinsurance features including those with aggregate stop-loss, reinstatement clauses, commutation provisions or clash protection,

●

Longer emergence patterns with exposures to latent unforeseen mass tort,

●

Assumed reinsurance businesses where there is an extended reporting lag and/or a heavier utilization of ceding company data and claims and product expertise,

●

High severity and/or low frequency,

●

Operational processes undergoing significant change and/or

●

High sensitivity to significant swings in loss trends, economic change or judicial change.

Loss and LAE Reserve Estimation Process

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There is uncertainty in the estimates of ultimate losses. Significant risk factors to the reserve estimate include, but are not limited to, unforeseen or unquantifiable changes in:

●

Loss payment patterns,

●

Loss reporting patterns,

●

Frequency and severity trends,

●

Underlying policy terms and conditions,

●

Business or exposure mix,

●

Operational or internal processes affecting the timing of loss and LAE transactions,

●

Regulatory and legal environment and/or

●

Economic environment.

Determination of Our Best Estimate

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INVESTMENT VALUATION AND OTTI

Fair value is defined as the price in the principal market that would be received for an asset to facilitate an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

●

The length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost,

●

The probability of significant adverse changes to the cash flows,

●

The probability that we will recover the entire amortized cost basis of our fixed income securities prior to maturity.

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Key factors that we consider in the evaluation of credit quality include:

●

Changes in technology that may impair the earnings potential of the investment,

●

The discontinuance of a segment of business that may affect future earnings potential,

●

Reduction or elimination of dividends,

●

Specific concerns related to the issuer’s industry or geographic area of operation,

●

Significant or recurring operating losses, poor cash flows and/or deteriorating liquidity ratios and

●

A downgrade in credit quality by a major rating agency.

RECOVERABILITY OF REINSURANCE BALANCES

DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

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DEFERRED TAXES

Additional discussion of other significant accounting policies may be found in note 1 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

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CONSOLIDATED REVENUE	Year ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2019		2018
Net premiums earned	$	839,111	$	791,366
Net investment income		68,870		62,085
Net realized gains		17,520		63,407
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		78,090		(98,735)
Total consolidated revenue	$	1,003,591	$	818,123


NET EARNINGS	Year ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2019		2018
Underwriting income	$	67,568	$	41,632
Net investment income		68,870		62,085
Net realized gains		17,520		63,407
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		78,090		(98,735)
Interest expense on debt		(7,588)		(7,437)
General corporate expenses		(12,686)		(9,427)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees		20,960		16,056
Earnings before income taxes	$	232,734	$	67,581
Income tax expense		(41,092)		(3,402)
Net earnings	$	191,642	$	64,179

UNDERWRITING RESULTS

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differentiate the Company from the broader insurance market by ensuring sound risk selection and appropriate pricing, which helps slow the pace of deterioration in our underwriting results.

The following tables and narrative provide a more detailed look at individual segment performance over the last two years.


GROSS PREMIUMS WRITTEN AND NET PREMIUMS EARNED

	Gross Premiums Written						Net Premiums Earned
(in thousands)	2019		2018		% Change		2019		2018		% Change
CASUALTY
Commercial excess and personal umbrella	$	183,098	$	153,540	19	%	$	140,483	$	124,350	13	%
General liability		99,345		100,997	(2)	%		98,880		93,928	5	%
Commercial transportation		105,592		101,267	4	%		83,213		81,053	3	%
Professional services		89,347		87,243	2	%		81,329		79,951	2	%
Small commercial		63,925		53,432	20	%		55,701		51,519	8	%
Executive products		96,828		68,501	41	%		27,088		21,326	27	%
Other casualty		66,057		89,214	(26)	%		71,764		71,345	1	%
Total	$	704,192	$	654,194	8	%	$	558,458	$	523,472	7	%

PROPERTY
Marine	$	91,315	$	71,784	27	%	$	74,887	$	59,795	25	%
Commercial property		126,358		110,974	14	%		68,310		71,501	(4)	%
Specialty personal		21,190		18,789	13	%		19,316		16,901	14	%
Other property		2,562		1,370	87	%		1,509		1,064	42	%
Total	$	241,425	$	202,917	19	%	$	164,022	$	149,261	10	%

SURETY
Miscellaneous	$	42,614	$	47,461	(10)	%	$	44,721	$	46,968	(5)	%
Commercial		47,436		48,505	(2)	%		43,553		43,469	0	%
Contract		29,335		30,139	(3)	%		28,357		28,196	1	%
Total	$	119,385	$	126,105	(5)	%	$	116,631	$	118,633	(2)	%
Grand total	$	1,065,002	$	983,216	8	%	$	839,111	$	791,366	6	%

Casualty

Property

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Surety


UNDERWRITING INCOME
(in thousands)	2019		2018
Casualty	$	20,601	$	11,140
Property		18,143		884
Surety		28,824		29,608
Total	$	67,568	$	41,632


COMBINED RATIO	2019	2018
Casualty	96.3	97.9
Property	88.9	99.4
Surety	75.3	75.0
Total	91.9	94.7

Casualty

Property

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favorable development. Results for 2018 included $10.8 million of favorable development in prior years’ reserves, largely from marine, but commercial property products also contributed.

Surety

NET INVESTMENT INCOME AND REALIZED INVESTMENT GAINS


	2019		2018
PRETAX YIELD
Taxable (on book value)	3.39	%	3.31	%
Tax-exempt (on book value)	2.77	%	2.71	%
Equities (on fair value)	2.41	%	2.54	%

AFTER-TAX YIELD
Taxable (on book value)	2.68	%	2.61	%
Tax-exempt (on book value)	2.62	%	2.57	%
Equities (on fair value)	2.09	%	2.21	%

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Our investment results for the last five years are shown in the following table:


											Tax
									Pre-tax		Equivalent
									Annualized		Annualized
							Change in		Return on		Return on
	Average		Net				Unrealized		Avg.		Avg.
	Invested		Investment		Net Realized		Appreciation		Invested		Invested
(in thousands)	Assets (1)		Income (2)(3)		Gains (3)		(3)(4)		Assets		Assets
2015	$	1,957,914	$	54,644	$	39,829	$	(71,049)	1.2	%	1.5	%
2016		1,986,685		53,075		34,645		(2,313)	4.3	%	4.6	%
2017		2,081,309		54,876		4,411		53,719	5.4	%	5.8	%
2018		2,167,510		62,085		63,407		(140,513)	(0.7)	%	(0.6)	%
2019		2,377,295		68,870		17,520		161,848	10.4	%	10.5	%
5-yr Avg.	$	2,114,143	$	58,710	$	31,962	$	338	4.1	%	4.4	%

(1)	Average amounts at beginning and end of year (inclusive of cash and short-term investments).

(2)	Investment income, net of investment expenses.

(3)	Before income taxes.

(4)	Relates to available-for-sale fixed income and equity securities.

INVESTMENTS

We maintain a diversified investment portfolio with a ~~secondary~~prudent mix of fixed income and risk assets. We continually monitor economic conditions, our capital position and the insurance market to determine our tactical allocation. As of December 31, 2019, the portfolio had a fair value of $2.6 billion, an increase of $366.1 million from the end of 2018.

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As of December 31, 2019, our investment portfolio had the following asset allocation breakdown:


PORTFOLIO ALLOCATION
(in thousands)
	Cost or				Unrealized		% of Total
Asset Class	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Gain/(Loss)		Fair Value		Quality*
U. S. government	$	186,699	$	193,661	$	6,962	7.6	%	AAA
U.S. agency		36,535		38,855		2,320	1.5	%	AAA
Non-U.S. government & agency		7,333		7,628		295	0.3	%	BBB+
Agency MBS		411,808		420,165		8,357	16.4	%	AAA
ABS/CMBS/MBS**		222,832		224,870		2,038	8.8	%	AAA
Corporate		659,640		692,067		32,427	27.0	%	BBB+
Municipal		390,431		405,840		15,409	15.8	%	AA
Total fixed income	$	1,915,278	$	1,983,086	$	67,808	77.4	%	AA-
Equities		262,131		460,630		198,499	18.0	%
Other invested assets		70,725		70,441		(284)	2.8	%
Cash		46,203		46,203		—	1.8	%
Total portfolio	$	2,294,337	$	2,560,360	$	266,023	100.0	%

*Quality ratings provided by Moody’s, S&P and Fitch

**Non-agency asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed

Quality in the previous table and in all subsequent tables is an average of each bond’s credit rating, adjusted for its relative weighting in the portfolio.

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FIXED INCOME PORTFOLIO

As of December 31, 2019, our fixed income portfolio had the following rating distributions:


FAIR VALUE									Below
									Investment
(in thousands)	AAA		AA		A		BBB		Grade		No Rating		Fair Value
Bonds:
U.S. government & agency (GSE)	$	222,993	$	9,523	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	232,516
Non-U.S. government & agency		—		—		1,897		5,731		—		—		7,628
Corporate - financial		—		26,380		140,523		37,364		5,136		—		209,403
All other corporate		20,809		22,912		115,242		102,632		20,211		—		281,806
Corporate financial - private placements		3,121		14,180		16,564		8,011		7,915		1,023		50,814
All other corporate - private placements		—		6,887		37,823		22,466		82,120		748		150,044
Municipal		102,064		247,433		53,938		—		—		2,405		405,840
Structured:
GSE - RMBS	$	311,247	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	311,247
Non-GSE RMBS		26,657		—		—		—		—		—		26,657
CLO		26,022		5,998		—		—		—		—		32,020
ABS - credit cards		33,116		—		—		—		—		—		33,116
ABS - auto loans		52,895		—		—		—		—		—		52,895
All other ABS/MBS		23,005		2,125		10,326		—		—		—		35,456
GSE - CMBS		108,918		—		—		—		—		—		108,918
CMBS		44,726		—		—		—		—		—		44,726
Total	$	975,573	$	335,438	$	376,313	$	176,204	$	115,382	$	4,176	$	1,983,086

Mortgage-Backed, Commercial Mortgage-Backed and Asset-Backed Securities

The following table summarizes the distribution of our mortgage-backed securities (MBS) portfolio by investment type, as of December 31,:


AGENCY MBS
(in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total
2019
Pass-throughs	$	276,423	$	282,594	67.3	%
Sequential		107,045		108,918	25.9	%
Planned amortization class		28,340		28,653	6.8	%
Total	$	411,808	$	420,165	100.0	%

2018
Pass-throughs	$	262,752	$	259,728	65.7	%
Sequential		107,951		103,975	26.3	%
Planned amortization class		32,289		31,550	8.0	%
Total	$	402,992	$	395,253	100.0	%

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The following table summarizes the distribution of our asset-backed and commercial mortgage-backed securities portfolio as of December 31,:


ABS/CMBS
	Amortized
(in thousands)	Cost		Fair Value		% of Total
2019
Auto	$	52,488	$	52,895	23.5	%
CMBS		43,435		44,726	19.9	%
Credit card		32,622		33,116	14.7	%
CLO		32,066		32,020	14.2	%
Non-GSE RMBS		26,770		26,657	11.9	%
Equipment		6,974		7,018	3.1	%
Other		28,477		28,438	12.7	%
Total	$	222,832	$	224,870	100.0	%

2018
Auto	$	50,062	$	49,990	36.6	%
CMBS		26,490		26,048	19.1	%
Credit card		31,058		31,100	22.7	%
CLO		15,582		15,508	11.3	%
Non-GSE RMBS		—		—	—
Equipment		5,870		5,878	4.3	%
Other		8,162		8,199	6.0	%
Total	$	137,224	$	136,723	100.0	%

Municipal Fixed Income Securities

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Corporate Debt Securities


CORPORATES
					Gross		Gross
	Amortized				Unrealized		Unrealized
(in thousands)	Cost		Fair Value		Gains		Losses
Bonds:
Corporate - financial	$	197,952	$	209,403	$	11,502	$	(51)
All other corporate		265,895		281,806		15,970		(59)
Corporate financial - private placements		48,661		50,814		2,157		(4)
All other corporate - private placements		147,132		150,044		3,616		(704)
Total	$	659,640	$	692,067	$	33,245	$	(818)

EQUITY SECURITIES

As of December 31, 2019, our equity portfolio totaled $460.6 million (18 percent) of the investment portfolio, compared to $340.5 million (16 percent) as of December 31, 2018. The securities within the equity portfolio remain primarily invested in large-cap issues with a focus on growing book value through total return. Investments of the highest quality and marketability are critical for preserving our claims-paying ability. Our portfolio contains no derivatives or off-balance sheet structured investments.dividend income. In addition, we have ainvestments in three broadly diversified, investment portfolio which distributes credit risk across many issuers and a policy that limits aggregate credit exposure. Despite periodic fluctuations in market value, our equity portfolio is part of a long-term asset allocation strategy and has contributed significantly to our growth in book value.

~~Our investments include fixed income debt securities, common stock equity securities,~~ exchange traded funds (ETFs) that represent market indexes similar to the Russell 1000 Index, S&P 500 Index and S&P 600 Index. The ETF portfolio is congruent with the actively managed equity portfolios and solves for exposures that line up with our overall benchmark index, the Russell 3000.

INTEREST AND CORPORATE EXPENSE

As discussed previously, general corporate expenses tend to fluctuate relative to our incentive compensation plans. Our compensation model measures components of comprehensive earnings against a ~~small number~~minimum required return on our capital. Bonuses are earned as we generate earnings in excess of ~~limited partnership interests. The fixed income portfolio declined to 78~~this required return. In 2019 and 2018, we exceeded the required return, resulting in the accrual of executive bonuses. Increased levels of comprehensive earnings in 2019 resulted in higher variable compensation earned than in 2018.

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INVESTEE EARNINGS

We maintain a 40 percent equity interest in Maui Jim, Inc. (Maui Jim), a manufacturer of high-quality sunglasses. Maui Jim’s chief executive officer owns a controlling majority of the ~~total portfolio,~~outstanding shares of Maui Jim. Maui Jim is a private company and, as such, the market for its stock is limited. Our investment in Maui Jim is carried at the RLI Corp. holding company level, as it is not core to our insurance operations. While we have certain rights under our shareholder agreement with Maui Jim as a minority shareholder, we are subject to the decisions of the controlling shareholder, which may impact the value of our investment. In 2019, we recorded $13.6 million in earnings from this investment, compared to $12.5 million in 2018. Sunglass sales were up 5 percent in 2019, after increasing 1 percent in 2018.

INCOME TAXES

Our net earnings include equity ~~allocation~~in earnings of unconsolidated investees, Maui Jim and Prime. The investees do not have a policy or pattern of paying dividends. As a result, we record a deferred tax liability on the earnings at the recently revised corporate capital gains rate of 21 percent in anticipation of recovering our investments through means other than through the receipt of dividends, such as a sale. We received a $13.2 million dividend from Maui Jim in 2019 and recognized a $1.8 million tax benefit from applying the lower tax rate applicable to affiliated dividends (7.4 percent in 2019), as compared to the corporate capital gains rate on which the deferred tax liabilities were based. Standing alone, the dividend resulted in a 0.8 percent reduction to the 2019 effective tax rate. In the fourth quarter of 2017, Maui Jim gave notification that a $9.9 million dividend would be paid in January 2018. Even though no dividend was received in 2017, we were aware that the lower tax rate applicable to affiliated dividends would be applied when the dividend was paid in 2018 and we therefore recorded a $1.4 million tax benefit in 2017. As no additional dividends were declared from unconsolidated investees in 2018, there was no impact to the 2018 effective tax rate.

In addition, our pretax earnings in 2019 included $18.0 million of investment income that is partially exempt from federal income tax, compared to $21.1 million in 2018.

NET UNPAID LOSSES AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES

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The largest asset on our balance sheet, outside of investments, is the reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses, which serves to offset this liability.

The liability can be split into two parts: (1) case reserves representing estimates of losses and settlement expenses on known claims and (2) IBNR reserves representing estimates of losses and settlement expenses on claims that have occurred but have not yet been reported to the Company. Our gross liability for both case and IBNR reserves is reduced by reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses to calculate our net reserve balance. This net reserve balance increased to ~~19 percent~~$1.2 billion at December 31, 2019, from $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2018. This reflects incurred losses of $413.4 million in 2019 offset by paid losses of $319.9 million, compared to incurred losses of $428.2 million offset by $301.4 million paid in 2018. For more information on the changes in loss and LAE reserves by segment, see note 6 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

OVERVIEW


(in thousands)	2019		2018
Operating cash flows	$	276,917	$	217,102
Investing cash flows (uses)		(184,753)		(134,209)
Financing cash flows (uses)		(76,101)		(77,024)

We have entered into certain contractual obligations that require the Company to make recurring payments. The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2019:


CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
	Payments due by period
	Less than 1						More than
(in thousands)	yr.		1-3 yrs.		3-5 yrs.		5 yrs.		Total
Loss and settlement expense reserves	$	405,262	$	589,460	$	311,902	$	267,728	$	1,574,352
Long-term debt		—		—		150,000		—		150,000
Interest on long-term debt		7,313		14,625		5,179		—		27,117
Operating leases		5,983		11,872		6,720		1,366		25,941
Other invested assets		17,129		6,541		152		233		24,055
Total	$	435,687	$	622,498	$	473,953	$	269,327	$	1,801,465

Loss and settlement expense reserves represent our best estimate of the ~~overall portfolio. Other~~ultimate cost of settling reported and unreported claims and related expenses. As discussed previously, the estimation of loss and loss expense reserves is based on various complex and subjective judgments. Actual losses and settlement expenses paid may deviate, perhaps substantially, from the reserve estimates reflected in our financial statements. Similarly, the timing for payment of our estimated losses is not fixed and is not determinable on an individual or aggregate basis. The assumptions used in estimating the payments due by periods are based on our historical claims payment experience. Due to the uncertainty inherent in the process of estimating the timing of such payments, there is a risk that the amounts paid in any period can be significantly different than the amounts disclosed

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Our primary objective in managing our capital is to preserve and grow shareholders’ equity and statutory surplus to improve our competitive position and allow for expansion of our insurance operations. Our insurance subsidiaries must maintain certain minimum capital levels in order to meet the requirements of the ~~total portfolio~~states in which we are regulated. Our insurance companies are also evaluated by rating agencies that assign financial strength ratings that measure our ability to meet our obligations to policyholders over an extended period of time.

We have historically grown our shareholders’ equity and/or policyholders’ surplus as a result of three sources of funds: (1) earnings on underwriting and ~~include~~investing activities, (2) appreciation in the value of our investments and (3) the issuance of common stock and debt.

At December 31, 2019, we had cash, short-term investments and other investments maturing within one year of approximately $96.4 million and an additional $407.0 million of investments maturing between 1 to 5 years. We maintain a revolving line of credit with JP Morgan Chase Bank N.A., which permits the Company to borrow up to an aggregate principal amount of $50.0 million. Under certain conditions, the line may be increased up to an aggregate principal amount of $75.0 million. The facility has a two-year term that expires on May 24, 2020. We anticipate reinitiating this line of credit in ~~low income housing tax credit partnerships, membership stock in~~2020. As of and during the year ended December 31, 2019, no amounts were outstanding on this facility.

Additionally, two of our insurance companies, RLI Ins. and Mt. Hawley, are members of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago ~~an investment~~(FHLBC). Membership in a real estate fund, an investment in a business development company, and an investment in a global credit fund. The remaining 2 percent was made up of cash and cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2017, 83 percent of the ~~fixed income portfolio was rated A or better and 66 percent was rated AA or better.~~

~~We classify all of the securities in our fixed income portfolio as available-for-sale, which are carried at fair value. Beyond available operating cash flow, the available-for-sale portfolio~~Federal Home Loan Bank system provides both companies with access to an additional source of liquidity via a secured lending facility. Based on qualifying assets at year-end, aggregate borrowing capacity is approximately $25 million. However, under certain circumstances, that capacity may be increased based on additional FHLBC stock purchased and available collateral. Our membership allows each insurance subsidiary to determine tenor and structure at the time of borrowing. As of and during the year ended December 31, 2019, there were no outstanding borrowings with the FHLBC.

OPERATING ACTIVITIES

The following list highlights some of the major sources and uses of cash flow from operating activities:


Sources		Uses
Premiums received		Claims
Loss payments from reinsurers		Ceded premium to reinsurers
Investment income (interest and dividends)		Commissions paid
Unconsolidated investee dividends from affiliates		Operating expenses
Funds held		Interest expense
		Income taxes
		Funds held

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The timing of our cash flows from operating activities can vary among periods due to the timing by which payments are made or received. Some of our payments and receipts, including loss settlements and subsequent reinsurance receipts, can be ~~used~~significant, so their timing can influence cash flows from operating activities in any given period. We are subject to ~~address potential future changes~~the risk of incurring significant losses on catastrophes, both natural (such as earthquakes and hurricanes) and man-made (such as terrorism). If we were to incur such losses, we would have to make significant claims payments in a relatively concentrated period of time.

INVESTING ACTIVITIES

The following list highlights some of the major sources and uses of cash flow from investing activities:


Sources		Uses
Proceeds from sale, call or maturity of bonds		Purchase of bonds
Proceeds from sale of stocks		Purchase of stocks
Proceeds from sale of other invested assets		Purchase of other invested assets
		Acquisitions
		Purchase of property and equipment

We maintain a diversified investment portfolio representing policyholder funds that have not yet been paid out as claims, as well as the capital we hold for our ~~asset/liability~~shareholders. As of December 31, 2019, our portfolio had a carrying value of $2.6 billion. Portfolio assets at December 31, 2019, increased by $366.1 million, or 17 percent, from December 31, 2018.

The fixed income portfolio is structured to meet policyholder obligations and optimize the generation of after-tax investment income and total return.

FINANCING ACTIVITIES


Sources		Uses
Proceeds from stock offerings		Shareholder dividends
Proceeds from debt offerings		Debt repayment
Short-term borrowing		Share buy-backs
Shares issued under stock option plans

~~Aggregate maturities for the fixed-income portfolio~~Our capital structure is comprised of equity and debt obligations. As of December 31, 2019, our capital structure consisted of $149.3 million in 10-year maturity senior notes (long-term debt) and $995.4 million of shareholders’ equity. Debt outstanding comprised 13 percent of total capital as of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019.

At the holding company (RLI Corp.) level, we rely largely on dividends from our insurance company subsidiaries to meet our obligations for paying principal and interest on outstanding debt, corporate expenses and dividends to RLI Corp. shareholders. As discussed further below, dividend payments to RLI Corp. from our principal insurance subsidiary are restricted by state insurance laws as ~~follows:~~to the amount that may be paid without prior approval of the insurance regulatory

Par

Amortized

Fair

Carrying

(in thousands)

Value

Cost

Value

Value

2018

$
16,265

$
16,023

$
15,984

$
15,984

2019

61,144

61,881

62,484

62,484

2020

49,369

49,958

50,491

50,491

2021

107,120

109,626

111,530

111,530

2022

93,698

96,946

98,483

98,483

2023

90,185

95,511

97,744

97,744

2024

107,436

114,083

116,310

116,310

2025

140,023

151,353

154,438

154,438

2026

102,087

105,450

106,759

106,759

2027

114,824

119,943

122,790

122,790

2028

59,661

64,811

66,739

66,739

2029

60,085

68,203

70,786

70,786

2030

72,355

82,229

84,503

84,503

2031

38,085

44,455

45,206

45,206

2032

8,805

10,367

10,672

10,672

2033 and later

52,513

56,038

58,323

58,323

Total excluding

Mtge/ABS/CMBS*

$
1,173,655

$
1,246,877

$
1,273,242

$
1,273,242

Mtge/ABS/CMBS*

$
390,957

$
399,534

$
398,997

$
398,997

Grand Total

$
1,564,612

$
1,646,411

$
1,672,239

$
1,672,239

*Mortgage-backed, asset-backed & commercial mortgage-backedTable of Contents

Weauthorities of Illinois. As a result, we may not be able to receive dividends from such subsidiary at times and in amounts necessary to pay desired dividends to RLI Corp. shareholders. On a GAAP basis, as of December 31, 2019, our holding company had ~~cash, short-term~~$995.4 million in equity. This includes amounts related to the equity of our insurance subsidiaries, which is subject to regulatory restrictions under state insurance laws. The unrestricted portion of holding company net assets is comprised primarily of investments and ~~fixed~~cash, including $45.9 million in liquid investment assets, which would cover the majority of our annual holding company expenditures. Unrestricted funds at the holding company level are available to fund debt interest, general corporate obligations and regular dividend payments to our shareholders. If necessary, the holding company also has other potential sources of liquidity that could provide for additional funding to meet corporate obligations or pay shareholder dividends, which include a revolving line of credit, as well as access to the capital markets.

Ordinary dividends, which may be paid by our principal insurance subsidiary without prior regulatory approval, are subject to certain limitations based upon statutory income, ~~securities maturing within one year~~surplus and earned surplus. The maximum ordinary dividend distribution from our principal insurance subsidiary in a rolling 12-month period is limited by Illinois law to the greater of ~~$50.2 million at year-end 2017. This total represented 2~~10 percent of RLI Ins. policyholder surplus, as of December 31 of the preceding year, or the net income of RLI Ins. for the 12-month period ending December 31 of the preceding year. Ordinary dividends are further restricted by the requirement that they be paid from earned surplus. In 2019 and 2018, our principal insurance subsidiary paid ordinary dividends totaling $59.0 million and $13.0 million, respectively, to RLI Corp. Any dividend distribution in excess of the ordinary dividend limits is deemed extraordinary and requires prior approval from the IDOI. In 2018, our principal insurance subsidiary sought and received regulatory approval prior to the payment of extraordinary dividends totaling $110.0 million. No extraordinary dividends were paid in 2019. As of December 31, 2019, $65.3 million of the net assets of our principal insurance subsidiary are not restricted and could be distributed to RLI Corp. as ordinary dividends. Because the limitations are based upon a rolling 12-month period, the amount and impact of these restrictions vary over time. In addition to restrictions from our principal subsidiary’s insurance regulator, we also consider internal models and how capital adequacy is defined by our rating agencies in determining amounts available for distribution.

OUTLOOK FOR 2020

In 2019, we achieved several notable milestones in a year when much of the industry was refining its risk appetite. Despite exiting several underperforming products, top line premium exceeded $1 billion for the first time in our company’s history. Premium growth was broad based over the course of the last twelve months and ~~investments,~~ the ~~same~~majority of our products saw opportunities in the market. Additionally, we surpassed $1 billion in statutory surplus as underwriting profit contributed to the bottom line for the 24th consecutive year. We expect a continued strong economy to provide further growth opportunities in 2020.

CASUALTY

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PROPERTY

SURETY

The surety segment has been a sizeable contributor to our underwriting results and we are hopeful that premium will stabilize over the course of ~~investments with original maturities of 90 days or less, primarily AAA-rated prime and government money market funds.~~2020.

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~~REGULATION~~

STATE REGULATION

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As a holding company, the amount of dividends we are able to pay depends upon the funds available for distribution, including dividends or distributions from our subsidiaries. The Illinois insurance laws applicable to our insurance company subsidiaries impose certain restrictions on their ability to pay dividends. The Illinois insurance holding company laws require that ordinary dividends paid by an insurance company be reported to the ~~insurer’s domiciliary regulator~~IDOI prior to payment of the dividend and that extraordinary dividends may not be paid without such regulator’s prior approval (or non-disapproval). An extraordinary dividend is generally defined under Illinois law as a dividend that, together with all other dividends made within the past 12 months, exceeds the greater of 100 percent of the insurer’s statutory net income for the 12-month period ending as of December 31 of the preceding year or 10 percent of the insurer’s statutory policyholders’ surplus as of the preceding ~~year end. Insurance regulators have~~year-end. The IDOI has broad ~~powers~~authority to prevent the reduction of statutory surplus to inadequate levels, and there is no assurance that extraordinary dividend payments would be permitted.

In addition, changes to the state insurance regulatory requirements are frequent, including changes caused by state legislation, regulations by the state insurance ~~regulators~~departments and court rulings. State insurance regulators are members of the ~~NAIC.~~National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). The NAIC is a non-governmental regulatory support organization that seeks to promote uniformity and to enhance state regulation of insurance through various activities, initiatives and programs. Among other regulatory and insurance company support activities, the NAIC maintains a state insurance department accreditation program and proposes model laws, regulations and guidelines for ~~approval~~adoption by state legislatures and insurance regulators. Such proposed laws and regulations cover areas including risk assessments, corporate governance and financial and accounting rules. To the extent such proposed model laws and regulations are adopted by states, they will apply to insurance carriers.

~~In December 2010,~~Illinois has adopted the ~~NAIC adopted amendments to the Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Act and Model Regulation (Amended Holding Company Model Act). The~~ Amended Holding Company Model Act, ~~introduces the concept of “enterprise risk” within an insurance holding company system and~~which imposes ~~more extensive informational requirements~~reporting obligations on parents and other affiliates of licensed insurers or reinsurers, with the purpose of protecting the licensed companies from enterprise ~~risk, including requiring~~risk. The Amended Holding Company Model Act requires the ultimate controlling person (in our case RLI Corp.) to file an annual enterprise risk report ~~by the ultimate controlling person~~ identifying the material risks within the insurance holding company system that could pose enterprise risk to the licensed companies. An enterprise risk is generally defined as an activity or event involving affiliates of an insurer that could have a material adverse effect on the insurer or the insurer’s holding company system. ~~Illinois has adopted a version of the Amended Holding Company Model Act.~~ We report on these risks on an annual basis and are in compliance with ~~the enterprise risk reporting requirements as~~this law.

Illinois has adopted ~~by Illinois.~~

~~The~~the Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (ORSA) model ~~act was developed by the NAIC and proposed for adoption by each state insurance regulatory department. Illinois has adopted the Risk Management and~~act. ORSA ~~Law,~~is applicable to ~~Illinois-~~

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~~domiciled~~Illinois-domiciled insurance companies meeting certain size requirements, including ours. The ORSA program is a key component of an insurance company’s overall enterprise risk management (ERM) framework, which is the process by which organizations identify, measure, monitor and manage key risks affecting the entire enterprise. AnThe Company files an ORSA summary report ~~filed by us~~ with the IDOI each year iswhich includes an internal identification, description and assessment of the risks associated with our business plan and the sufficiency of capital resources to support those risks. ~~Our ORSA summary report was filed with the IDOI in each year since 2015, and will be updated and filed annually.~~

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adjustment expenses, rate of growth and quality of assets, among other measures. Depending on the results of the RBC calculation, insurers may be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action. RBC is calculated annually by insurers, as of December 31 of each year. As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, each of our insurance company subsidiaries had RBC levels significantly in excess of the company action level RBC, defined as being 200 percent of the authorized control level RBC, which would prompt corrective action under Illinois law. RLI ~~Insurance Company (RLI~~ Ins.), our principal insurance company subsidiary, had an authorized control level RBC of ~~$157.7~~$191.0 million compared to actual statutory capital and surplus of ~~$864.6 million~~$1.0 billion as of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, resulting in a statutory capital tothat is more than five times the authorized control ~~level RBC ratio of 548 percent.~~level. The calculation of RBC requires certain judgments to be made, and, accordingly, each of our insurance company subsidiaries’ current RBC may be greater or less than the RBC calculated as of any date of determination.

Each of our insurance company subsidiaries is required to file detailed annual reports, including financial statements, in accordance with prescribed statutory accounting rules, with regulatory officials in the jurisdictions in which they conduct business. The quarterly and annual financial reports filed with the states utilize statutory accounting principles (SAP) that are different from ~~U.S. GAAP.~~generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP). As a basis of accounting, SAP was developed to monitor and regulate the solvency of insurance companies. In developing SAP, insurance regulators were primarily concerned with assuring an insurer’s ability to pay all its current and future obligations to policyholders. As a result, statutory accounting focuses on conservatively valuing the assets and liabilities of insurers, generally in accordance with standards specified by the insurer’s domiciliary state. The values for assets, liabilities and equity reflected in financial statements prepared in accordance with ~~U.S.~~ GAAP are usually different from those reflected in financial statements prepared under SAP.

As part of their routine regulatory oversight process, state insurance departments conduct periodic detailed examinations, generally once every three to five years, of the books, records, accounts and operations of insurance companies that are domiciled in their states. Examinations are generally carried out in cooperation with the insurance departments of other, non-domiciliary states under guidelines promulgated by the NAIC. The most recent examination report of our insurance company subsidiaries completed by the IDOI was issued on ~~July 14, 2014~~November 27, 2018 for the ~~year ended~~five-year period ending December 31, ~~2012.~~2017. The examination report is available to the public.

Virtually all states require licensed insurers to participate in various forms of guaranty associations in order to bear a portion of the loss suffered by qualified policyholders of insurance companies that become insolvent. Depending upon state law, licensed insurers can be assessed ~~an amount that is generally equal to~~ a small percentage of the annual premiums written for the relevant lines of insurance in that state to ~~pay~~contribute to paying the claims of an insolvent ~~insurer.~~insurers. These assessments may increase or decrease in the future, depending upon the rate of insurance company insolvencies. In some states, these assessments may be wholly or partially recovered through policy fees paid by insureds. We cannot predict the amount and timing of future

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assessments. Therefore, the liabilities we have currently established for these potential assessments may not be adequate and an assessment may materially impact our financial condition.

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In light of the number and severity of recent U.S. company data breaches, some states have ~~recently~~ enacted new insurance laws that require certain regulated entities to implement and maintain comprehensive information security programs to safeguard the personal information of insureds. ~~The~~In 2017, the New York State Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) ~~recently published~~enacted a ~~new~~ cybersecurity ~~regulation, which became effective on March 1, 2017, and includes ongoing compliance deadlines over the following 24 months.~~regulation. This regulation requires banks, insurance companies and other financial services institutions regulated by the NYDFS ~~including RLI,~~ to establish and maintain a cybersecurity program “designed to protect consumers and ensure the safety and soundness of New York State’s financial services industry.” We ~~are implementing~~have implemented the requirements of the regulation and are in compliance with ~~those phases already enacted.~~it. We anticipate that the NYDFS will examine the cybersecurity programs of financial institutions in the future and that may result in additional regulatory scrutiny, expenditure of resources and possible regulatory actions and reputational harm.

In October 2017, the NAIC adopted a new Insurance Data Security Model Law. The law is intended to establish the standards for data security and standards for the investigation and notification of data breaches applicable to insurance ~~licensees~~companies domiciled in states adopting such law, with provisions that are generally consistent with the NYDFS cybersecurity regulation discussed above. As with all NAIC model laws, this model law must be adopted by a state before becoming law in the state. Illinois has not adopted a version of the Insurance Data Security Model Law. The NAIC has also adopted a guidance document that sets forth twelve principles for effective insurance regulation of cybersecurity risks. The document is based on similar regulatory guidance adopted by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association and the “Roadmap for Cybersecurity Consumer Protections,” which describes the protections to which the NAIC believes consumers should be entitled from their insurance companies, agents and other businesses concerning the collection and maintenance of consumers’ personal information, as well as what consumers should expect when such information has been involved in a data breach. We expect cybersecurity risk management, prioritization and reporting to continue to be an area of significant regulatory focus by such regulatory bodies and self-regulatory organizations.

The rates, policy terms and conditions of reinsurance agreements generally are not subject to regulation by any regulatory authority. However, the ability of a ceding insurer to take credit for the reinsurance purchased from reinsurance companies is a significant component of reinsurance regulation. Typically, a ceding insurer will only enter into a reinsurance agreement if it can obtain credit against its reserves on its statutory basis financial statements for the reinsurance ceded to the reinsurer. With respect to U.S.-domiciled ceding companies, credit is usually granted when the reinsurer is licensed or accredited in the state where the ceding company is domiciled. States also generally permit ceding insurers to take credit for reinsurance if the reinsurer is: ~~(i)~~(1) domiciled in a state with a credit for reinsurance law that is substantially similar to the credit for reinsurance law in the primary insurer’s state of domicile and ~~(ii)~~(2) meets certain financial requirements. Credit for reinsurance purchased from a reinsurer that does not meet the foregoing conditions is generally allowed to the extent that such reinsurer secures its obligations with qualified collateral.

FEDERAL LEGISLATION AND REGULATION

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The Sarbanes-Oxley Act established several significant corporate governance-related laws and SEC regulations applicable to public companies. The Dodd-Frank Act created significant changes in regulatory structures of banking and other financial institutions, created new governmental agencies (while merging and removing others), increased oversight of financial institutions and enhanced regulation of capital markets. The legislation also mandates new rules affecting executive compensation and corporate governance for public companies such as ours. Federal agencies have been given significant discretion in drafting the rules and regulations that ~~will~~ implement the Dodd-Frank Act. We will continue to monitor, implement

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and comply with all Dodd-Frank Act-related changes to our regulatory environment. Changes in general political, economic or market conditions, including ~~the recent~~ U.S. presidential and congressional elections, could affect the scope, timing and final implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act. We cannot predict if or when future legislation or administrative guidance will be enacted or issued or what impact any changing regulation may have on our operations.

In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act contains insurance industry-specific provisions, including establishment of the Federal Insurance Office (FIO) and streamlining the regulation and taxation of surplus lines insurance and reinsurance among the states. The FIO, part of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, has limited authority and no direct regulatory authority over the business of insurance. The FIO’s principal mandates include monitoring the insurance industry, ~~collection of~~collecting insurance industry information and data and ~~representation of~~representing the U.S. with international insurance regulators. Although the FIO does not provide substantive regulation of the insurance industry at this time, we will monitor its activities carefully for any regulatory impact on our company.

Furthermore, the Dodd-Frank Act authorized the U.S. Treasury Secretary and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative to negotiate covered agreements. A covered agreement is an agreement between the U.S. and one or more foreign governments, authorities or regulatory entities, regarding prudential measures with respect to insurance or reinsurance. Pursuant to this authority, in September 2017, the U.S. and the European Union (EU) signed a covered agreement to address, among other things, reinsurance collateral requirements (Covered Agreement). The Covered Agreement became provisionally effective on November 7, 2017, following completion of the EU’s procedural requirements, but must be approved by the European Parliament before treated as “fully” effective.requirements. We cannot predict with any certainty ~~what impact the Covered Agreement will have on our business, whether the Covered Agreement will be implemented or~~ what the impact of such implementation will be on our business.

Other federal laws and regulations apply to many aspects of our company and its business operations. This federal regulation includes, without limitation, laws affecting privacy and data security and credit reporting — examples of which include the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act and Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act. It also includes international economic and trade sanctions — examples of which include the Office of Foreign Asset Control (OFAC), Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act and the Iran Threat Reduction and Syrian Human Rights Act (ITR/SHR). ITR/SHR generally prohibits U.S. companies from engaging in certain transactions with the government of Iran or certain Iranian businesses, including the provision of insurance or reinsurance. Under ITR/SHR, we must disclose whether RLI Corp. or any of its affiliates knowingly engaged in certain specified activities identified in that law. For the year ~~2017,~~2019, neither RLI Corp. nor its affiliates have knowingly engaged in any transaction or dealing reportable under Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act, as required by the ITR/SHR.

LICENSES AND TRADEMARKS

EMPLOYEES

As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, we employed ~~a total of 902~~905 associates. Of the ~~902~~905 total associates, 2623 were part-time and ~~876~~882 were full-time.

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FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

Forward looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 appear throughout this report. These statements relate to our current expectations, beliefs, intentions, goals or strategies regarding the future and are based on certain underlying assumptions by ~~us.~~the Company. These forward looking statements generally include words such as “expect,” “predict,” “estimate,” “will,” “should,” “anticipate,” “believe” and similar expressions. Such assumptions are, in turn, based on information available and internal estimates and analyses of general economic conditions, competitive factors, conditions specific to the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industries, claims development and the impact thereof on our loss reserves, the adequacy and financial security of our reinsurance programs, developments in the securities market and the impact on our investment portfolio, regulatory changes and conditions and other factors and are subject to various risks, uncertainties and other factors, including, without limitation those set forth below in “Item 1A Risk Factors.” Actual results could differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, these forward looking statements. We assume no obligation to update any such statements. You should review the various risks, uncertainties and other factors listed from time to time in our Securities and Exchange Commission filings.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Insurance Industry

Our results of operations and revenues may fluctuate as a result of many factors, including cyclical changes in the insurance industry, which may cause the price of our securities to be volatile.

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Competitive pressures impacting our ability to write new business or retain existing business at an adequate rate,

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Rising levels of loss costs that we cannot anticipate at the time we price our coverages,

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Volatile and unpredictable developments, including man-made, weather-related and other natural CATs, terrorist attacks or significant price changes of the commodities we insure,

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Changes in the level of reinsurance capacity,

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Changes in the amount of losses resulting from new types of claims and new or changing judicial interpretations relating to the scope of insurers’ liabilities and

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The ability of our underwriters to accurately select and price risk and our claim personnel to appropriately deliver fair outcomes.

~~Adverse changes~~Our business is concentrated in several key states and a change in our business in one of those states could disproportionately affect our financial condition or results of operations.

Although we operate in all 50 states, nearly 50 percent of our direct premiums earned were generated in four states in 2019: California – 16 percent; New York – 14 percent: Florida – 10 percent; and Texas – 9 percent. An interruption in our operations, or a negative change in the ~~economy~~business environment, insurance market or regulatory environment in one or more of these states could ~~lower~~have a disproportionate effect on our business and direct premiums earned.

We compete with a large number of companies in the insurance industry for underwriting revenues.

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A number of new, proposed or potential legislative or industry developments could further increase competition in our industry. These developments include:

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An increase in capital-raising by companies in our lines of business, which could result in new entrants to our markets and an excess of capital in the industry,

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Programs in which state-sponsored entities provide property insurance in CAT-prone areas or other alternative markets types of coverage,

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Changing practices, which may lead to greater competition in the insurance business and

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The emergence of insurtech companies and the development of new technologies, which may lead to disruption of current business models and the insurance value chain.

New competition from these developments could cause the supply and/or demand for ~~our~~ insurance ~~products and~~or reinsurance to change, which could ~~have an adverse effect on the revenue and profitability of our operations.~~

A downgrade in our ~~markets~~ratings from AM Best, Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s could negatively affect our business.

Financial strength ratings are ~~heavily dependent on~~an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. Our insurance companies are rated for overall financial strength by AM Best, Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s. AM Best, Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s ratings reflect their opinions of our ~~customer revenues, values transported, miles traveled~~financial strength, operating performance, strategic position and ability to meet our obligations to policyholders, and are not evaluations directed to investors. Our ratings are subject to periodic review by such firms, and the criteria used in the rating methodologies is subject to change. As such, we cannot assure the continued maintenance of our current ratings. Rating agencies consider a number of ~~new projects initiated. In~~factors in determining their ratings which often include their view of required capital to support our business. The view of required capital may differ between rating agencies as well as from RLI Corp.’s own view of desired capital.

All of our ratings were reviewed during 2019. AM Best reaffirmed its A+, Superior rating for the combined entity of RLI Ins., Mt. Hawley and CBIC (group-rated). Standard & Poor’s reaffirmed our A+, Strong rating for the group of RLI Ins. and Mt. Hawley and placed the group on negative outlook, indicating they believe the group may be downgraded over the next six to 24 months. Moody’s reaffirmed our group rating of A2, Good for RLI Ins. and Mt. Hawley. Because these ratings have become an ~~economic downturn that is characterized~~increasingly important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies, if our ratings are significantly reduced from their current levels by ~~higher unemployment, declines~~AM Best, Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s, our competitive position in ~~construction spending~~the industry, and ~~reduced corporate revenues, the demand for insurance products is~~therefore our business, could be adversely affected. ~~Adverse changes~~A measurable downgrade could result in ~~the economy~~a substantial loss of business, as policyholders might move to other companies with greater financial strength ratings.

We are subject to extensive governmental regulation, which may ~~lead our customers to have less need for insurance coverage, to cancel existing insurance policies, to modify coverage or to not renew with us, all of which~~adversely affect our ability to ~~generate revenue.~~achieve our business objectives. Moreover, if we fail to comply with these regulations, we may be subject to penalties, including fines and suspensions, which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

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Approval of policy forms and premium rates,

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Standards of solvency, including risk-based capital measurements,

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Licensing of insurers and their producers,

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Restrictions on agreements with our large revenue-producing agents,

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Cancellation and non-renewal of policies,

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Restrictions on the nature, quality and concentration of investments,

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Restrictions on the ability of our insurance company subsidiaries to pay dividends to the Company,

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Restrictions on transactions between insurance company subsidiaries and their affiliates,

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Restrictions on the size of risks insurable under a single policy,

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Requiring deposits for the benefit of policyholders,

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Requiring certain methods of accounting,

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Periodic examinations of our operations and finances,

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Prescribing the form and content of records of financial condition required to be filed and

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Requiring reserves for unearned premium, losses and other purposes.

Our loss reserves are based on estimates and may be inadequate to cover our actual insured losses, which would negatively impact our profitability.

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involving many variables and subjective judgments. As part of the reserving process, we review historical data and consider the impact of various factors such as:

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Loss emergence and cedant reporting patterns,

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Underlying policy terms and conditions,

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Business and exposure mix,

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Emerging coverage issues,

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Trends in claim frequency and severity,

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Changes in operations,

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Emerging economic and social trends,

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State reviver statutes that permit claims after a statute of limitation has expired,

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Inflation in amounts awarded by courts and juries and

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Changes in the regulatory and litigation environments.

Catastrophic losses, including those caused by natural disasters, such as earthquakes and hurricanes, or man-made events such as terrorist attacks, are inherently unpredictable and could cause usthe Company to suffer material financial losses. Our approaches to catastrophic risk mitigation are largely based on estimates and modeling and, thus, may be inadequate to cover the losses from such events. Climate change could further increase the severity and volatility of weather-related losses.

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most of our catastrophe-related claims have resulted from hurricanes and other seasonal storms such as tornadoes and hail storms.

The incidence and severity of CATs are inherently unpredictable. The extent of losses from a CAT is a function of both the total amount of insured values in the area affected by the event and the severity of the event. Most CATs are restricted to fairly specific geographic areas. However, hurricanes and earthquakes may produce significant damage in large, heavily populated areas. In addition to hurricanes and earthquakes, CAT losses can be due to windstorms, severe winter weather and fires and may include terrorist events. In addition, climate change could have an impact on longer-term natural CAT trends. Extreme weather events that are linked to rising temperatures, changing global weather patterns, sea, land and air temperatures, as well as sea levels, rain and snow could result in increased occurrence and severity of CATs. CATs can cause losses in a variety of our property and casualty ~~segments,~~products, and it is possible that a catastrophic event or multiple catastrophic events could cause usthe Company to suffer material financial losses. In addition, CAT claim costs may be higher than we originally estimate and could cause substantial volatility in our financial results for any fiscal quarter or year. Our ability to write new business could also be affected. We believe that increases in the value and geographic concentration of insured property, the effects of inflation and the growth of our workers’ compensation business could also increase the severity of claims from CAT events in the future.

For information on our approaches to catastrophe risk mitigation, including reinsurance and catastrophe modeling, see the Property Reinsurance – Catastrophe Coverage section within ~~“Item~~Item 1. ~~Business”~~Business and ~~Note 1.S~~note 1.S. to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. However, since our CAT models cannot contemplate all possible CAT scenarios and ~~includes~~include underlying assumptions based on a limited set of actual events, the losses we might

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~~Our loss reserves are based on estimates and may be inadequate to cover our actual insured losses, which would negatively impact our profitability.~~

Significant periods of time often elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to us and our payment of that loss. To recognize liabilities for unpaid losses, we establish reserves as balance sheet liabilities representing estimates of amounts needed to pay reported and unreported losses and the related loss adjustment expenses. Loss reserves are estimates of the ultimate cost of claims and do not represent an exact calculation of liability. These estimates are based on historical information and on estimates of future trends that may affect the frequency and severity of claims that may be reported in the future. Estimating loss reserves is a difficult, complex and inherently uncertain process involving many variables and subjective judgments. As part of the reserving process, we review historical data and consider the impact of various factors such as:

~~Loss emergence and cedant reporting patterns,~~

~~Underlying policy terms and conditions,~~

~~Business and exposure mix,~~

~~Trends in claim frequency and severity,~~

~~Changes in operations,~~

~~Emerging economic and social trends,~~

~~Inflation and~~

~~Changes in the regulatory and litigation environments.~~

This process assumes that past experience, adjusted for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future events. It also assumes that adequate historical or other data exists upon which to make these judgments. For more information on the estimates used in the establishment of loss reserves, see the loss and settlement expenses section of our critical accounting policies contained within Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. However, there is no precise method for evaluating the impact of any specific factor on the adequacy of reserves and actual results are likely to differ from original estimates. If the actual amount of insured losses is greater than the amount we have reserved for these losses, our profitability could suffer.

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~~We may suffer losses from litigation, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and business operations.~~

As is typical in our industry, we continually face risks associated with litigation of various types, including general commercial and corporate litigation, and disputes relating to bad faith allegations which could result in us incurring losses in excess of policy limits. We are party to a variety of litigation matters throughout the year. Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and if there were an outcome unfavorable to us, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial position in the period in which the outcome occurs. Even if an unfavorable outcome does not materialize, we still may face substantial expense and disruption associated with the litigation.

Our reinsurers may not pay on losses in a timely fashion, or at all, which may increase our ~~costs.~~costs and have an adverse effect on our business.

We purchase reinsurance to transfer part of the risk we have assumed (known as ceding) to a reinsurance company in exchange for part of the premium we receive in connection with the risk. Although reinsurance makes the reinsurer liable to usthe Company to the extent the risk is transferred or ceded to the reinsurer, it does not relieve usthe Company (the reinsured) of ~~our~~its liability to ~~our~~its policyholders. Accordingly, we bear credit risk with respect to our reinsurers. That is, our reinsurers may not pay claims made by usthe Company on a timely basis, or they may not pay some or all of these claims for a variety of reasons. Either of these events would increase our costs and could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

Market conditions beyond our control determine the availability and cost of the reinsurance protection that we purchase. In addition, the historical results of reinsurance programs and the availability of capital also affect the availability of reinsurance. Our reinsurance agreements are generally subject to annual renewal. We cannot be sure that we can maintain our current reinsurance protection, ~~that we can~~ obtain other reinsurance facilities in adequate amounts and at favorable rates or ~~that we can~~ diversify our exposure among an adequate number of high quality reinsurance partners. If we are unable to renew our expiring facilities or to obtain new reinsurance facilities on terms we deem acceptable, either our net exposures would increase—which could increase the volatility of our results—or, if we were unwilling to bear an increase in net exposures, we would have to reduce the level of our underwriting commitments, which would reduce our revenues.

Financial and Investment

Adverse changes in the economy could lower the demand for our insurance products and could have an adverse effect on the revenue and profitability of our operations.

Access to capital and market liquidity may adversely affect our ability to take advantage of business opportunities as they arise.

We are an insurance holding company and therefore may not be able to receive adequate or timely dividends from our insurance subsidiaries.

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We may not be able to, or might not choose to, continue paying dividends on our common stock.

~~We compete with a large number of companies in the insurance industry for underwriting revenues.~~Operational

We compete with a large number of other companies in our selected lines of business. During periods of intense competition for premium (soft markets), we are vulnerable to the actions of other companies who may seek to write business without the appropriate regard for risk and profitability. During these times, it is very difficult to grow or maintain premium volume without sacrificing underwriting discipline and income.

We face competition both from specialty insurance companies, underwriting agencies and intermediaries, as well as diversified financial services companies that are significantly larger than we are and that have significantly greater financial, marketing, management and other resources. We may also face competition from new sources of capital such as institutional investors seeking access to the insurance market, sometimes referred to as alternative capital, which may depress pricing or limit our opportunities to write business. Some of these competitors also have greater experience and market recognition than

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we do. We may incur increased costs in competing for underwriting revenues. If we are unable to compete effectively in the markets in which we operate or expand our operations into new markets, our underwriting revenues may decline, as well as overall business results.

~~A number of new, proposed or potential legislative or industry developments could further increase competition in our industry. These developments include:~~

~~An increase in capital-raising by companies in our lines of business, which could result in new entrants to our markets and an excess of capital in the industry,~~

~~Programs in which state-sponsored entities provide property insurance in CAT-prone areas or other “alternative markets” types of coverage,~~

~~Changing practices, which may lead to greater competition in the insurance business and~~

~~The emergence of insurtech companies and the development of new technologies, which may lead to disruption of current business models and the insurance value chain.~~

~~A downgrade in our ratings from A.M. Best, Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s could negatively affect our business.~~

Financial strength ratings are a critical factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. Our insurance companies are rated for overall financial strength by A.M. Best, Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s. A.M. Best, Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s ratings reflect their opinions of our financial strength, operating performance, strategic position and ability to meet our obligations to policyholders, and are not evaluations directed to investors. Our ratings are subject to periodic review by such firms, and the criteria used in the rating methodologies is subject to change; as such, we cannot assure the continued maintenance of our current ratings. All of our ratings were reviewed during 2017. A.M. Best reaffirmed its “A+, Superior” rating for the combined entity of RLI Ins., Mt. Hawley and CBIC (group-rated). Standard & Poor’s reaffirmed our “A+, Strong” rating for the group of RLI Ins. and Mt. Hawley. Moody’s reaffirmed our group rating of “A2, Good” for RLI Ins. and Mt. Hawley. Because these ratings have become an increasingly important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies, if our ratings are reduced from their current levels by A.M. Best, Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s, our competitive position in the industry, and therefore our business, could be adversely affected. A significant downgrade could result in a substantial loss of business, as policyholders might move to other companies with higher claims-paying and financial strength ratings.

~~Approval of policy forms and premium rates,~~

~~Standards of solvency, including risk-based capital measurements,~~

~~Licensing of insurers and their producers,~~

~~Restrictions on agreements with our large revenue-producing agents,~~

~~Cancellation and non-renewal of policies,~~

~~Restrictions on the nature, quality and concentration of investments,~~

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~~Restrictions on the ability of our insurance company subsidiaries to pay dividends to us,~~

~~Restrictions on transactions between insurance company subsidiaries and their affiliates,~~

~~Restrictions on the size of risks insurable under a single policy,~~

~~Requiring deposits for the benefit of policyholders,~~

~~Requiring certain methods of accounting,~~

~~Periodic examinations of our operations and finances,~~

~~Prescribing the form and content of records of financial condition required to be filed and~~

~~Requiring reserves for unearned premium, losses and other purposes.~~

In addition, regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to deny or revoke licenses for various reasons, including the violation of regulations. In some instances, we follow practices based on our interpretations of regulations or practices that we believe may be generally followed by the industry. These practices may turn out to be different from the interpretations of regulatory authorities. If we do not have the requisite licenses and approvals or do not comply with applicable regulatory requirements, insurance regulatory authorities could fine us, preclude or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or otherwise penalize us. This could adversely affect our ability to operate our business. Further, changes in the level of regulation of the insurance industry or changes in laws or regulations themselves or interpretations by regulatory authorities could adversely affect our ability to operate our business as currently conducted.

In addition to regulations specific to the insurance industry, including the insurance laws of our principal state regulator (Illinois), as a public company we are also subject to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), each of which regulate many areas such as financial and business disclosures, corporate governance and shareholder matters. We are also subject to the corporation laws of Illinois, where we and our three insurance company subsidiaries are incorporated. At the federal level, among other laws, we are subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Act, each of which regulate corporate governance, executive compensation and other areas, as well as laws relating to federal trade restrictions, privacy/data security and terrorism risk insurance laws. We monitor these laws, regulations and rules on an ongoing basis to ensure compliance and make appropriate changes as necessary. Implementing such changes may require adjustments to our business methods, increases to our costs and other changes that could cause us to be less competitive in our industry.

~~We may be unable to attract and retain qualified key employees.~~

We depend on our ability to attract and retain qualified executive officers, experienced underwriting talent and other skilled employees who are knowledgeable about our business. Providing suitable succession planning for such positions is also important. If we cannot attract or retain top-performing executive officers, underwriters and other employees, if the quality of their performance decreases or if we fail to implement succession plans for our key staff, we may be unable to maintain our current competitive position in the markets in which we operate or expand our operations into new markets.

~~We are an insurance holding company and therefore may not be able to receive adequate or timely dividends from our insurance subsidiaries.~~

RLI Corp. is the holding company for our three insurance operating companies. At the holding company level, our principal assets are the shares of capital stock of our insurance company subsidiaries. We rely largely on dividends from our insurance company subsidiaries to meet our obligations for paying principal and interest on outstanding debt, corporate expenses and dividends to RLI Corp. shareholders. Dividend payments to RLI Corp. from our principal insurance subsidiary are restricted by state insurance laws as to the amount that may be paid without prior approval of the insurance regulatory authorities of Illinois. As a result, we may not be able to receive dividends from such subsidiary at times and in amounts necessary to pay RLI Corp. obligations and desired dividends to shareholders. Ordinary dividends, which may be paid by our principal insurance subsidiary without prior regulatory approval, are subject to certain limitations based upon income, surplus and earned surplus. The maximum ordinary dividend distribution from our principal insurance subsidiary in a rolling 12-month

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period is limited by Illinois law to the greater of 10 percent of RLI Ins. policyholder surplus as of December 31 of the preceding year, or the net income of RLI Ins. for the 12-month period ending December 31 of the preceding year. Ordinary dividends are further restricted by the requirement that they be paid from earned surplus. Any dividend distribution in excess of the ordinary dividend limits is deemed extraordinary and requires prior approval (or non-disapproval) from the IDOI. Because the limitations are based upon a rolling 12-month period, the presence, amount and impact of these restrictions vary over time.

~~Anti-takeover provisions affecting us could prevent or delay a change of control that is beneficial to you.~~

Provisions of our articles of incorporation and by-laws, as well as applicable Illinois law, federal and state regulations and insurance company regulations may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, tender offer or other change of control that holders of our securities may consider favorable. Some of these provisions impose various procedural and other requirements that could make it more difficult for shareholders to effect certain corporate actions. These provisions could:

~~Have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us,~~

~~Discourage bids for our securities at a premium over the market price,~~

~~Adversely affect the market price, the voting and other rights of the holders of our securities or~~

~~Impede the ability of the holders of our securities to change our management.~~

~~Any significant interruption in the operation of our facilities, systems and business functions could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.~~

Any such issues could materially impact our company including the impairment of information availability, compromise of system integrity/accuracy, misappropriation of confidential information, reduction of our volume of transactions and interruption of our general business. Although we believe our computer systems are securely protected and continue to take steps to ensure they are protected against such risks, we cannot guarantee that such problems will never occur. If they do, interruption to our business and damage to our reputation, and related costs, could be significant, which could impair our profitability.

Technology breaches or failures, including but not limited to cyber security incidents, could disrupt our operations and result in the loss of critical and confidential information, which could adversely impact our reputation and results of operations.

Global cyber security threats can range from uncoordinated individual attempts to gain unauthorized access to our information technology systems and those of our business partners or service providers to sophisticated and targeted measures known as advanced persistent threats. While we and our business partners and service providers employ measures to prevent, detect, address and mitigate these threats (including access controls, data encryption, vulnerability assessments, continuous monitoring of information technology networks and systems and maintenance of backup and protective systems), cyber security incidents, depending on their nature and scope, could potentially result in the misappropriation, destruction, corruption or unavailability of critical data and confidential or proprietary information (our own or that of third parties) and the disruption of business operations. Security breaches could expose us to a risk of loss or misuse of our or our customers’ information, litigation and potential liability. In addition, cyber incidents that impact the availability, reliability, speed, accuracy or other proper functioning of our technology systems could impact our operations. We may not have the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate or prevent every type of cyber attack. A significant cyber incident, including system failure, security breach, disruption by malware or other damage could interrupt or delay our operations, result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, damage our reputation, cause a loss of customers or give rise to monetary fines and other penalties, which could be significant. It is possible that insurance coverage we have in place would not entirely protect us in the event that we experienced a cyber security incident, interruption or widespread failure of our information technology systems.

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~~We rely on third party vendors for a number of key components of our business.~~

We contract with a number of third party vendors to support our business. For example, we have license agreements for services that include natural catastrophe modeling, policy management, claims processing, producer management and accounting and financial management. The vendors range from large national companies, who are dominant in their area of expertise and would be difficult to quickly replace, to smaller or start-up vendors with leading technology, but with shorter operating histories and less financial resources. Failures of certain vendors to provide services could adversely affect our ability to deliver products and services to our customers, disrupting our business and causing us to incur significant expense. If one or more of our vendors fail to protect personal information of our customers, claimants or employees, we may incur operational impairments, or could be exposed to litigation, compliance costs or reputation damage. We maintain a vendor management program to establish procurement policies and to monitor vendor risk, including the financial stability of our critical vendors.

~~We may not be able to effectively start up or integrate new product opportunities.~~

Our ability to grow our business depends, in part, on our creation, implementation and acquisition of new insurance products that are profitable and fit within our business model. New product launches as well as resources to integrate business acquisitions are subject to many obstacles, including ensuring we have sufficient business and systems processes, determining appropriate pricing, obtaining reinsurance, assessing opportunity costs and regulatory burdens and planning for internal infrastructure needs. If we cannot accurately assess and overcome these obstacles or we improperly implement new insurance products, our ability to grow profitably will be impaired.

~~Access to capital and market liquidity may adversely affect our ability to take advantage of business opportunities as they arise.~~

Our success will depend on our ability to maintain and enhance effective operating procedures and manage risks on an enterprise wide basis.

Operational risk and losses can result from, among other things, fraud, errors, failure to document transactions properly, failure to obtain proper internal authorization, failure to comply with regulatory requirements, information technology failures or external events. We continue to enhance our operating procedures and internal controls to effectively support our business and our regulatory and reporting requirements. The NAIC and state legislatures have increased their focus on risks within an insurer’s holding company system that may pose enterprise risk to insurers. The Illinois legislature has adopted the Risk Management and ORSA Law, which requires domestic insurers to maintain a risk management framework and establishes a legal requirement for domestic insurers to conduct an ORSA in accordance with the NAIC’s ORSA Guidance Manual. The ORSA ~~law~~Law also provides that, no less than annually, an insurer must submit an ORSA summary report. Under the Illinois insurance holding company laws, on an annual basis, we are also required to file with the IDOI an enterprise risk report, which is intended to identify the material risks within our insurance holding company system that could pose enterprise risk to our insurance company subsidiaries. We operate within an ERM framework designed to assess and monitor our risks. However, assurance that we can effectively review and monitor all risks or that all of our employees will operate within the ERM framework cannot be guaranteed. Assurances that our ERM framework will result in usthe Company accurately identifying all risks and accurately limiting our exposures based on our assessments also cannot be guaranteed.

We may not be able to effectively start up or ~~might not choose~~integrate new product opportunities.

Our ability to ~~continue paying dividends~~grow our business depends, in part, on our ~~common stock.~~creation, implementation or acquisition of new insurance products that are profitable and fit within our business model. Our ability to grow profitably requires that we identify market opportunities, which may include acquisitions, and that we attract and retain underwriting and claims expertise to support that

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We may be unable to attract and retain qualified key employees.

We rely on third party vendors for a number of key components of our business.

We contract with a number of third party vendors to support our business. For example, we have license agreements for services that include natural catastrophe modeling, policy management, claims processing, producer management and accounting and financial management. The vendors range from large national companies, who are dominant in their area of expertise and would be difficult to quickly replace, to smaller or start-up vendors with leading technology, but with shorter operating histories and fewer financial resources. Failures of certain vendors to provide services could adversely affect our ability to deliver products and services to our customers, disrupting our business and causing the Company to incur significant expense. If one or more of our vendors fail to protect personal information of our customers, claimants or employees, we may incur operational impairments, or could be exposed to litigation, compliance costs or reputation damage. We maintain a ~~history~~vendor management program to establish procurement policies and to monitor vendor risk, including the security and stability of ~~paying regular, quarterly dividends~~our critical vendors.

Any significant interruption in the operation of our facilities, systems and business functions could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to keep pace with the technological advancements in ~~recent years~~the insurance industry, our ability to compete effectively could be impaired.

Our operations rely upon complex and expensive information technology systems for interacting with policyholders, brokers and other business partners. The pace at which information systems must be upgraded is continually increasing, requiring an ongoing commitment of significant resources to maintain or upgrade to current standards. We are committed to developing and maintaining information technology systems that will allow our insurance subsidiaries to compete effectively. The development of current technology may result in our being competitively disadvantaged, especially with companies that have ~~paid special dividends. Any determination~~greater resources. If we are unable to ~~pay either~~keep pace with the advancements being made in technology, our ability to compete with other insurance companies who have advanced technological capabilities will be negatively affected. Further, if we are unable to effectively update or replace our key legacy technology systems as they become obsolete or as emerging technology renders them competitively inefficient, our competitive position and our cost structure could be adversely affected.

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Global cyber security threats can range from uncoordinated individual attempts to gain unauthorized access to our information technology systems and those of our business partners or service providers to sophisticated and targeted measures known as advanced persistent threats. Like other companies RLI Corp. is also subject to insider threats that may impact the confidentiality, integrity or availability of our data. While we, our business partners and service providers employ measures to prevent, detect, address and mitigate these threats (including access controls, data encryption, vulnerability assessments, continuous monitoring of information technology networks and systems and maintenance of backup and protective systems), cyber security incidents, depending on their nature and scope, could potentially result in the misappropriation, destruction, corruption or unavailability of critical data and confidential or proprietary information (our own or that of third parties) and the disruption of business operations. Security breaches could expose the Company to a risk of loss or misuse of our or our customers’ information, litigation and potential liability. In addition, cyber incidents that impact the availability, reliability, speed, accuracy or other proper functioning of our technology systems could impact our operations. We may not have the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate or prevent every type of ~~dividend~~cyber attack. A significant cyber incident, including system failure, security breach, disruption by malware or other damage could interrupt or delay our operations, result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, damage our reputation, cause a loss of customers or give rise to ~~our stockholders~~remediation costs, monetary fines and other penalties, which could be significant. It is possible that insurance coverage we have in place would not entirely protect the Company in the ~~future will be at the discretion~~event that we experienced a cyber security incident, interruption or widespread failure of our ~~board~~information technology systems.

We may suffer losses from litigation, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and business operations.

As is typical in our industry, we continually face risks associated with litigation of ~~directors~~various types, including general commercial and ~~will depend~~corporate litigation, and disputes relating to bad faith allegations that could result in the Company incurring losses in excess of policy limits. We are party to a variety of litigation matters throughout the year. Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and if there were an outcome unfavorable to the Company, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial ~~condition~~position in the period in which the outcome occurs. Even if an unfavorable outcome does not materialize, we still may face substantial expense and disruption associated with the litigation.

Anti-takeover provisions affecting the Company could prevent or delay a change of control that is beneficial to you.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and by-laws, as well as applicable Delaware law, federal and state regulations and insurance company regulations may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, tender offer or other change of control that holders of our securities may consider favorable. Some of these provisions impose various procedural and other ~~factors deemed relevant by~~requirements that could make it more difficult for shareholders to effect certain corporate actions. These provisions could:

●

Have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company,

●

Discourage bids for our securities at a premium over the market price,

●

Adversely affect the market price, the voting and other rights of the holders of our securities or

●

Impede the ability of the holders of our securities to change our management.

In particular, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law which, under certain circumstances, restricts our ~~board of directors. Our~~ ability to ~~pay dividends depends largely on our subsidiaries’ earnings and operating capital requirements and is subject to the regulatory, contractual, and other constraints~~engage in a business combination, such as a merger or sale of assets, with any stockholder that, together with affiliates, owns 15 percent or more of our ~~subsidiaries, including~~common stock, which similarly could prohibit or delay the ~~effect~~accomplishment of ~~any such dividends or distributions on the A.M. Best rating or other ratings~~a change of ~~our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, we may choose to retain capital to support growth or further mitigate risk, as opposed to returning excess capital to our shareholders.~~control transaction.

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Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments

- None.

Item 2.Properties

We own five commercial buildings totaling ~~174,000~~173,000 square feet on our 23-acre campus that serves as our corporate headquarters in Peoria, Illinois. All of our branch offices and other company operations lease office space throughout the country. Management considers our office facilities suitable and adequate for our current levels of operations.

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

We are also involved in various other legal proceedings and litigation unrelated to our insurance business from time to time that arise in the ordinary course of business operations. Management believes that any liabilities that may arise as a result of these legal matters ~~will~~is not reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures

- Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common ~~Equity,~~Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

~~Market Information; Holders; Dividends~~

Closing Stock Price

Dividends

2017

High

Low

Ending

Declared

1st Quarter

$
61.61

$
57.15

$
60.02

$
0.20

2nd Quarter

58.67

53.01

54.62

0.21

3rd Quarter

58.68

51.02

57.36

0.21

4th Quarter

60.93

56.99

60.66

1.96

Closing Stock Price

Dividends

2016

High

Low

Ending

Declared

1st Quarter

$
68.05

$
59.14

$
66.86

$
0.19

2nd Quarter

68.78

61.35

68.78

0.20

3rd Quarter

71.00

66.41

68.36

0.20

4th Quarter

68.82

54.60

63.13

2.20

RLI Corp. common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol RLI. RLI Corp. has paid dividends for ~~166~~174 consecutive quarters and increased quarterly dividends in each of the last 4244 years. In December ~~2017~~2019 and ~~2016,~~2018, RLI Corp. paid special cash dividends of ~~$1.75 and $2.00~~$1.00 per share ~~respectively,~~ to shareholders. As of February 7, ~~2018,~~2020, there were ~~797~~809 registered holders of the Company’s common stock.

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Performance

~~Performance~~

The following graph provides a five-year comparison of ~~RLI’s~~RLI Corp.’s total return to shareholders compared to that of the S&P 500 and S&P 500 P&C Index:


		2012		2013	2014	2015	2016	2017


										2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019

RLI	--------------	$	100	158	173	227	242	243	--------------	$	100	$	131	$	140	$	140	$	164	$	218
S&P 500	••••••••••••••••	$	100	132	150	153	171	208	••••••••••••••••		100		101		113		138		132		174
S&P 500 P&C Index	— — —	$	100	138	160	175	203	248	— — —		100		110		127		155		148		186

Assumes $100 invested on December 31, ~~2012,~~2014, in RLI, S&P 500 and S&P 500 P&C Index, with reinvestment of dividends. Comparison of five-year annualized total return — RLI: ~~19.5%~~16.9%, S&P 500: ~~15.8%,~~11.7% and S&P 500 P&C Index: ~~19.9%~~13.2%.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

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Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Uses of Proceeds from Registered Securities

- Not applicable.

Equity Repurchases

In 2010, our ~~Board~~board of ~~Directors~~directors implemented a $100 million share repurchase program. We ~~did not repurchase any~~last repurchased shares ~~during 2017.~~in 2011. We have $87.5 million of remaining capacity from the repurchase program. The repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice.

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Item 6.Selected Financial Data

The following is selected financial data of RLI Corp. and ~~Subsidiaries~~subsidiaries for the five years ended December 31, ~~2017:~~2019:


(in thousands, except per share data and ratios)	2019			2018		2017		2016		2015
OPERATING RESULTS
Gross premiums written	$	1,065,002		983,216		885,312		874,864		853,586
Consolidated revenue (1)	$	1,003,591		818,123		797,224		816,328		794,634
Net earnings (1)	$	191,642		64,179		105,028		114,920		137,544
Comprehensive earnings	$	258,687		30,182		140,337		113,756		89,935
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	276,917		217,102		197,525		174,463		152,586

FINANCIAL CONDITION
Total investments and cash	$	2,560,360		2,194,230		2,140,790		2,021,827		1,951,543
Total assets	$	3,545,721		3,105,065		2,947,244		2,777,633		2,735,465
Unpaid losses and settlement expenses	$	1,574,352		1,461,348		1,271,503		1,139,337		1,103,785
Total debt	$	149,302		149,115		148,928		148,741		148,554
Total shareholders’ equity	$	995,388		806,842		853,598		823,572		823,469
Statutory surplus (2)	$	1,029,671		829,775		864,554		859,976		865,268

SHARE INFORMATION
Net earnings per share (1):
Basic	$	4.28		1.45		2.39		2.63		3.18
Diluted	$	4.23		1.43		2.36		2.59		3.12
Comprehensive earnings per share:
Basic	$	5.78		0.68		3.19		2.60		2.08
Diluted	$	5.72		0.67		3.15		2.56		2.04
Cash dividends declared per share:
Regular	$	0.91		0.87		0.83		0.79		0.75
Special	$	1.00		1.00		1.75		2.00		2.00
Book value per share	$	22.18		18.13		19.33		18.74		18.91
Closing stock price	$	90.02		68.99		60.66		63.13		61.75
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		44,734		44,358		44,033		43,772		43,299
Diluted		45,257		44,835		44,500		44,432		44,131
Common shares outstanding		44,869		44,504		44,148		43,945		43,544

OTHER NON-GAAP FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Net premiums written to statutory surplus (2)		84	%	99	%	87	%	86	%	83	%
Combined ratio (3)		91.9		94.7		96.4		89.5		84.5
Statutory combined ratio (2)(3)		91.1		94.0		96.2		89.0		83.9

(amounts in thousands, except per share data and ratios)

2017

2016

2015

2014


2013

OPERATING RESULTS


Gross premiums written

$
885,312

874,864

853,586

863,848

843,195

Consolidated revenue

$
797,224

816,328

794,634

775,165

705,601

Net earnings

$
105,028

114,920

137,544

135,445

126,255

Comprehensive earnings

$
140,337

113,756

89,935

170,801

119,112

Net cash provided from operating activities

$
197,525

174,463

152,586

123,085

134,966

FINANCIAL CONDITION

Total investments and cash

$
2,140,790

2,021,827

1,951,543

1,964,285

1,922,058

Total assets

$
2,947,244

2,777,633

2,735,465

2,774,284

2,738,912

Unpaid losses and settlement expenses

$
1,271,503

1,139,337

1,103,785

1,121,040

1,129,433

Total debt

$
148,928

148,741

148,554

148,367

148,184

Total shareholders’ equity

$
853,598

823,572

823,469

845,062

828,966

Statutory surplus (1)

$
864,554

859,976

865,268

849,297

859,221

SHARE INFORMATION (2)

Net earnings per share:

Basic

$
2.39

2.63

3.18

3.15

2.95

Diluted

$
2.36

2.59

3.12

3.09

2.90

Comprehensive earnings per share:

Basic

$
3.19

2.60

2.08

3.97

2.79

Diluted

$
3.15

2.56

2.04

3.90

2.74

Cash dividends declared per share:

Ordinary

$
0.83

0.79

0.75

0.71

0.67

Special

$
1.75

2.00

2.00

3.00

1.50

Book value per share

$
19.33

18.74

18.91

19.61

19.29

Closing stock price

$
60.66

63.13

61.75

49.40

48.69

Stock Split

200
%
(2)
Weighted average shares outstanding:

Basic

44,033

43,772

43,299

43,020

42,744

Diluted

44,500

44,432

44,131

43,819

43,514

Common shares outstanding

44,148

43,945

43,544

43,103

42,982

OTHER NON-GAAP FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Net premiums written to statutory surplus (1)

87
%
86
%
83
%
83
%

78
%

GAAP combined ratio (3)

96.4

89.5

84.5

84.5

83.1

Statutory combined ratio (1)(3)

96.2

89.0

83.9

84.1

82.2

(1)	~~(1)~~ Unrealized gains and losses on equity securities were included in consolidated revenue and net earnings in 2019 and 2018 and flowed through comprehensive earnings in prior years.

(2)

(3)

~~(2)~~

~~On January 15, 2014, our stock split on a 2-for-1 basis. All share and per share data has been retroactively stated to reflect this split.~~

~~(3)~~

See page 34 for information regarding non-GAAP financial measures.

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Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

OVERVIEW

RLI Corp. is a U.S.-based, specialty insurance company that underwrites select property and casualty insurance through major subsidiaries collectively known as RLI Insurance Group. ~~As a specialty insurance company with a niche~~Our focus we offer insurance coverages in both the specialty admitted and excess and surplus markets. Coverages in the specialty admitted market, such as our energy surety bonds, are for risks that are unique or hard-to-place in the standard market, but must remain with an admitted insurance company for regulatory or marketing reasons. In addition, our coverages in the specialty admitted market may be designed to meet specific insurance needs of targeted insured groups, such as our professional liability and package coverages for design professionals and our stand-alone personal umbrella policy. The specialty admitted market is subject to more state regulation than the excess and surplus market, particularly with regard to rate and form filing requirements, restrictions on the ability to exit lines of business, premium tax payments and membership in various state associations, such as state guaranty funds and assigned risk plans. We also underwrite coverages in the excess and surplus market. The excess and surplus market, unlike the admitted market, is less regulated and more flexible in terms of policy forms and premium rates. This market provides an alternative for customers with risks or loss exposures that generally cannot be written in the standard market. This typically results in coverages that are more restrictive and more expensive than coverages in the admitted market. When we underwrite within the excess and surplus market, we are selective in the lines of business and type of risks we choose to write. Using our non-admitted status in this market allows us to tailor terms and conditions to manage these exposures effectively. Often, the development of these coverages is generated through proposals brought to us by an agent or broker seeking coverage for a specific group of clients or loss exposures. Once a proposal is submitted, our underwriters determine whether it would be a viable product based on our business objectives.

~~We focus~~ on niche markets and developing unique products that are tailored to customers’ needs. We hire underwriters and claim examiners with deep expertise and provide exceptional customer service and support. We maintain a highly diverse product portfolio and underwrite for profit in all market conditions. In ~~2017,~~2019, we achieved our ~~22nd~~24^th consecutive year of ~~profitability, averaging~~underwriting profitability. Over the 24 year period, we averaged an ~~87.8~~88.3 combined ~~ratio over that period.~~ratio. This drives our ability to provide shareholder returns in three different ways: the underwriting income itself, net investment income from our investment portfolio and long-term appreciation in our equity portfolio. Our investment strategy is based on preservation of capital as the first priority, with a secondary focus on generating total return. The fixed income portfolio consists primarily of highly-rated, diversified, liquid, investment-grade securities. Consistent underwriting income allows a portion of our investment portfolio to be invested in equity securities and other risk asset classes. Our equity portfolio consists of a core stock portfolio weighted toward dividend-paying stocks, as well as exchange traded funds (ETFs). Our minority equity ownership interests in Maui Jim, Inc. (Maui Jim), a manufacturer of high-quality sunglasses, and Prime Holdings Insurance Services, Inc. (Prime), a specialty E&S insurance company, has also enhanced financial results. We have a diversified investment portfolio and closely monitor our investment risks. Despite periodic fluctuations in market value, our equity portfolio is part of a long-term asset allocation strategy and has contributed significantly to our historic growth in book value.

We measure the results of our insurance operations by monitoring ~~certain measures of~~ growth and profitability across three distinct business segments: casualty, property and surety. Growth is measured in terms of gross premiums written, and profitability is analyzed through combined ratios, which are further subdivided into their respective loss and expense components.

The casualty portion of our business consists largely of commercial umbrella, personal umbrella, general liability, transportation and executive products coverages, as well as package business and other specialty coverages, such as professional liability and workers’ compensation for office-based professionals. We also offer fidelity and crime coverage for commercial insureds and select financial institutions and medical and healthcare professional liability coverage. The casualty business is subject to the risk of estimating losses and related loss reserves because the ultimate settlement of a casualty claim may take several years to fully develop. The casualty segment is also subject to inflation risk and may be affected by evolving legislation and court decisions that define the extent of coverage and the amount of compensation due for injuries or losses.

Our property segment is comprised primarily of commercial fire, earthquake, difference in conditions and marine coverages. We also offer select personal lines policies, including homeowners’ coverages. Our crop, property reinsurance and recreational vehicle products are in runoff after we discontinued our crop relationship at the end of 2015 and began curtailing reinsurance and recreational vehicle offerings at the end of 2015 and 2016, respectively. Property insurance results are subject to the variability introduced by perils such as earthquakes, fires and hurricanes. Our major catastrophe exposure is to losses caused by earthquakes, primarily on the West Coast. Our second largest catastrophe exposure is to losses caused by wind storms to commercial properties throughout the Gulf and East Coast, as well as to homes we insure in Hawaii. We limit our net

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aggregate exposure to a catastrophic event by minimizing the total policy limits written in a particular region, purchasing reinsurance and maintaining policy terms and conditions throughout market cycles. We also use computer-assisted modeling techniques to provide estimates that help us carefully manage the concentration of risks exposed to catastrophic events.

The surety segment specializes in writing small to large-sized commercial and contract surety coverages, as well as those for the energy, petrochemical and refining industries. We also offer miscellaneous bonds including license and permit, notary and court bonds. Often, our surety coverages involve a statutory requirement for bonds. While these bonds typically maintain a relatively low loss ratio, losses may fluctuate due to adverse economic conditions affecting the financial viability of our insureds. The contract surety product guarantees the construction work of a commercial contractor for a specific project. Generally, losses occur due to the deterioration of a contractor’s financial condition. This line has historically produced marginally higher loss ratios than other surety lines during economic downturns.

GAAP, NON-GAAP AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES

Throughout this annual report, we include certain non-generally accepted accounting principles ~~(“non-GAAP”)~~(non-GAAP) financial measures. Management believes that these non-GAAP measures ~~better~~further explain the Company’s results of operations and allow for a more complete understanding of the underlying trends in the Company’s business. These measures should not be viewed as a substitute for those determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP). In addition, our definitions of these items may not be comparable to the definitions used by other companies.

Following is a list of non-GAAP measures found throughout this report with their definitions, relationships to GAAP measures and explanations of their importance to our operations.

Underwriting Income

Underwriting income or profit represents one measure of the pretax profitability of our insurance operations and is derived by subtracting losses and settlement expenses, policy acquisition costs and insurance operating expenses from net premiums earned, which are all GAAP financial measures. Each of these captions is presented in the statements of earnings but is not subtotaled. However, this information is available in total and by segment in note 1112 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. The nearest comparable GAAP measure is earnings before income taxes which, in addition to underwriting income, includes net investment income, net realized gains or losses, net unrealized gains or losses on equity securities in 2019 and 2018, general corporate expenses, debt costs and our portion of earnings from unconsolidated investees.

Combined Ratio

The combined ratio, which is derived from components of underwriting income, is a common industry performance measure of profitability for underwriting operations and is calculated in two components. First, the loss ratio is losses and settlement expenses divided by net premiums earned. The second component, the expense ratio, reflects the sum of policy acquisition costs and insurance operating expenses divided by net premiums earned. All items included in these components of the combined ratio are presented in our GAAP consolidated financial statements. The sum of the loss and expense ratios is the combined ratio. The difference between the combined ratio and 100 reflects the per-dollar rate of underwriting income or loss. For example, a combined ratio of 8590 implies that for every $100 of premium we earn, we record ~~$15~~$10 of underwriting income.

Net Unpaid Loss and Settlement Expenses

Unpaid losses and settlement expenses, as shown in the liabilities section of our consolidated balance sheets, represents the total obligations to claimants for both estimates of known claims and estimates for incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims. The related asset item, reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement ~~expense,~~expenses, is the estimate of known claims and estimates of IBNR that we expect to recover from reinsurers. The net of these two items is generally referred to as net unpaid loss and settlement expenses and is commonly used in our disclosures regarding the process of establishing these various estimated amounts.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

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consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

LOSSES AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES

Overview

Loss and loss adjustment expense (LAE) reserves represent our best estimate of ultimate payments for losses and related settlement expenses from claims that have been reported but not paid and those losses that have occurred but have not yet been reported to ~~us.~~the Company. Loss reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability, but instead represent our estimates, generally utilizing individual claim estimates, actuarial expertise and estimation techniques at a given accounting date. The loss reserve estimates are expectations of what ultimate settlement and administration of claims will cost upon final resolution. These estimates are based on facts and circumstances then known to ~~us,~~the Company, review of historical settlement patterns, estimates of trends in claims frequency and severity, projections of loss costs, expected interpretations of legal theories of liability and many other factors. In establishing reserves, we also take into account estimated recoveries from reinsurance, salvage and subrogation. The reserves are reviewed regularly by a team of actuaries we employ.

The amount by which currently estimated losses differ from those ~~originally reported~~estimated for a period at a prior valuation date is known as ~~“development.”~~development. Development is unfavorable when the losses ultimately settle for more than the levels at which they were reserved or subsequent estimates indicate a basis for reserve increases on unresolved claims. Development is favorable when losses ultimately settle for less than the amount reserved or subsequent estimates indicate a basis for reducing loss reserves on unresolved claims. We reflect favorable or unfavorable developments of loss reserves in the results of operations in the period the estimates are changed.

We record two categories of loss and LAE ~~reserves —~~reserves: case-specific reserves and IBNR reserves.

Within a reasonable period of time after a claim is reported, our claim department completes an initial investigation and establishes a case reserve. This case-specific reserve is an estimate of the ultimate amount we will have to pay for the claim, including related legal expenses and other costs associated with resolving and settling it. The estimate reflects all of the current information available regarding the claim, the informed judgment of our professional claim personnel regarding the nature and value of the specific type of claim and our reserving practices. During the life cycle of a particular claim, as more information becomes available, we may revise the estimate of the ultimate value of the claim either upward or downward. We may determine that it is appropriate to pay portions of the reserve to the claimant or related settlement expenses before final resolution of the claim. The amount of the individual ~~claim~~case reserve will be adjusted accordingly and is based on the most recent information available.

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We establish IBNR reserves to estimate the amount we will have to pay for claims that have occurred, but have not yet been reported to ~~us,~~the Company, claims that have been reported to usthe Company that may ultimately be paid out differently than reflected in our case-specific reserves and claims that have been closed but may reopen and require future payment.

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Our best estimate of ultimate loss and LAE reserves are proposed by our lead reserving actuary and approved by our Loss Reserve Committee (LRC). The LRC is made up of various members of the management team including the lead reserving actuary, chief executive officer, chief operating officer, chief financial officer, ~~general counsel~~chief legal officer and other selected executives. We do not use discounting (recognition of the time value of money) in reporting our estimated reserves for losses and settlement expenses. Based on current assumptions used in calculating reserves, we believe that our reserve levels at December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, make a reasonable provision to meet our future obligations.

Initial IBNR Generation Process

For ~~most~~certain property products, we use an alternative method of determining an appropriate provision for initial IBNR. Since this segment is characterized by a shorter period of time between claim occurrence and claim settlement, the IBNR reserves are determined by IBNR percentages applied to premium earned. The percentages are determined based on expected loss ratios and loss development assumptions. The loss development assumptions are typically based on historical reporting patterns but could consider alternative sources of information. The IBNR percentages are reviewed and ~~are~~ updated periodically. ~~In addition, for assumed property reinsurance, consideration is given to data compiled for a sizable sample of reinsurers.~~ No deductions for paid or case reserves are made. This alternative method of determining initial IBNR allows incurred losses and ALAE to react more rapidly to the actual emergence and is more appropriate for our property products where final claim resolution occurs over a shorter period of time.

●

Significant changes in underlying policy terms and conditions,

●

A new business or one experiencing significant growth and/or high turnover,

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●

Small volume or lacking internal data requiring significant utilization of external data,

●

Unique reinsurance features including those with aggregate stop-loss, reinstatement clauses, commutation provisions or clash protection,

●

Longer emergence patterns with exposures to latent unforeseen mass tort,

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●

Assumed reinsurance businesses where there is an extended reporting lag and/or a heavier utilization of ceding company data and claims and product expertise,

●

High severity and/or low frequency,

●

Operational processes undergoing significant change and/or

●

High sensitivity to significant swings in loss trends, economic change or judicial change.

Loss and LAE Reserve Estimation Process

The process of estimating ultimate payment for claims and claim expenses begins with the collection and analysis of current and historical claim data. Data on individual reported claims, including paid amounts and individual claim adjuster estimates, are grouped by common characteristics. There is judgment involved in this grouping. Considerations when grouping data include the volume of the data available, the credibility of the data available, the homogeneity of the risks in each cohort and both settlement and payment pattern consistency. We use this data to determine historical claim reporting and payment patterns, which are used in the analysis of ultimate claim liabilities. ~~For portions of the~~In some analyses, including business without sufficiently large numbers of policies or that have not accumulated sufficient historical statistics, our own data is supplemented with external or industry average data as available and when appropriate. For ~~our newer products such as~~liabilities arising out of directors and officers, management liability, workers’ compensation and medical ~~professional liability, as well as for executive products~~errors and ~~professional services,~~omissions exposures, we utilize external data extensively.

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There is uncertainty in the estimates of ultimate losses. Significant risk factors to the reserve estimate include, but are not limited to, unforeseen or unquantifiable changes in:

●

Loss payment patterns,

●

Loss reporting patterns,

●

Frequency and severity trends,

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●

Underlying policy terms and conditions,

●

Business or exposure mix,

●

Operational or internal processes affecting the timing of loss and LAE transactions,

●

Regulatory and legal environment and/or

●

Economic environment.

Our actuaries engage in discussions with senior management, ~~underwriting~~underwriters and the claim department on a regular basis to ascertain any substantial changes in operations or other assumptions that are necessary to consider in the reserving analysis.

Determination of Our Best Estimate

Actuarial methods attempt to quantify future outcomes. However, insurance companies are subject to unique exposures that are difficult to foresee at the point coverage is initiated and, often, many years subsequent. Judicial and regulatory bodies involved in interpretation of insurance contracts have increasingly found opportunities to expand coverage beyond that which was intended or contemplated at the time the policy was issued. Many of these policies are issued on an “all risk” and occurrence basis. ~~Aggressive plaintiff attorneys~~Claimants have ~~often~~at times sought coverage beyond the insurer’s original ~~intent. Some examples would be the industry’s ongoing asbestos and environmental litigation and court interpretations~~intent, including seeking to void or limit exclusionary language.

Table of ~~exclusionary language for mold and construction defect.~~Contents

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Our best estimate of loss and LAE reserves may change as a result of a revision in the actuarial central estimate, the actuary’s certainty in the estimates and processes and our overall view of the underlying risks. From time to time, we benchmark our reserving policies and procedures and refine them by adopting industry best practices where appropriate. A detailed, ground-up analysis of the ~~actuarial~~reserve estimation risks associated with each of our products and segments, including an assessment of industry information, is performed annually. This information is used when determining management’s best estimate of booked reserves.

INVESTMENT VALUATION AND OTTI

Fair value is defined as the price in the principal market that would be received for an asset to facilitate an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

We regularly evaluate our fixed income ~~and equity~~ securities using both quantitative and qualitative criteria to determine impairment losses for other-than-temporary declines in the fair value of the investments. The following are some of the key factors we consider for determining if a security is other-than-temporarily impaired:

●

The length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost,

●

The probability of significant adverse changes to the cash flows, ~~on a fixed income investment,~~

●

The probability that we will recover the entire amortized cost basis of our fixed income securities prior to ~~maturity or~~

maturity.

~~For our equity securities, our expectation of recovery to cost within a reasonable period of time.~~

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as well as the absence of intent to sell or requirement to sell ~~fixed income~~ securities prior to recovery. In addition, we consider price declines ~~of fixed income securities~~ in our OTTI analysis ~~where such price declines~~when they provide evidence of declining credit quality, and we distinguish between price changes caused by credit deterioration as opposed to rising interest rates.

Key factors that we consider in the evaluation of credit quality include:

●

Changes in technology that may impair the earnings potential of the investment,

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●

The discontinuance of a segment of business that may affect future earnings potential,

●

Reduction or elimination of dividends,

●

Specific concerns related to the issuer’s industry or geographic area of operation,

●

Significant or recurring operating losses, poor cash flows and/or deteriorating liquidity ratios and

●

A downgrade in credit quality by a major rating agency.

RECOVERABILITY OF REINSURANCE BALANCES

Ceded unearned premiums and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses and settlement expenses are reported separately as assets, rather than being netted with the related liabilities, since reinsurance does not relieve usthe Company of ~~our~~its liability to policyholders. Such balances are subject to the credit risk associated with the individual reinsurer. Additionally, the same uncertainties associated with estimating unpaid losses and settlement expenses impact the estimates for the ceded portion of such liabilities. We continually monitor the financial condition of our reinsurers. As part of our monitoring efforts, we review their annual financial statements, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings for ~~those~~ reinsurers that are publicly traded, ~~A.M.~~AM Best and S&P rating developments and insurance industry developments that may impact the financial condition of our reinsurers. In addition, we subject our reinsurance recoverables to detailed recoverability tests, including one based on average default by S&P rating. Based upon our review and testing, our policy is to charge to earnings, in the form of an allowance, an estimate of unrecoverable amounts from reinsurers. This allowance is reviewed on an ongoing basis to ensure that the amount makes a reasonable provision for reinsurance balances that we may be unable to recover.

DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

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premium revenue recognized. The method followed in computing deferred policy acquisition costs limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value. This ~~would also give effect to~~process contemplates the premiums to be earned, ~~and~~ anticipated losses and settlement expenses ~~as well as~~and certain other costs expected to be incurred, ~~as the premiums are earned.~~but does not consider investment income. Judgments as to the ultimate recoverability of such deferred costs are reviewed on a segment basis and are highly dependent upon estimated future loss costs associated with the premiums written. This deferral methodology applies to both gross and ceded premiums and acquisition costs.

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DEFERRED TAXES

Additional discussion of other significant accounting policies may be found in note 1 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Consolidated revenue ~~as displayed~~totaled $1.0 billion in ~~the table that follows, totaled $797.2 million for 2017,~~2019, compared to ~~$816.3 million for 2016 and $794.6 million~~$0.8 billion in ~~2015.~~

CONSOLIDATED REVENUE

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands)

2017

2016

2015

Net premiums earned

$
737,937

$
728,608

$
700,161

Net investment income

54,876

53,075

54,644

Net realized gains

4,411

34,645

39,829

Total consolidated revenue

$
797,224

$
816,328

$
794,634

~~Consolidated revenue declined slightly in 2017, due to lower amounts~~2018. Increased levels of ~~realized gains recognized during the year. However, both net premiums~~ earned ~~from insurance operations~~premium and net investment income, as well as unrealized gains on equity securities, led to increased consolidated revenue in ~~2017.~~2019. Net premiums earned ~~were up 1~~increased 6 percent, ~~driven by results~~as growth from products within our casualty ~~segment. The growth from casualty~~and property segments more than offset ~~a decline from~~the impact of our property segment, while the surety segment was flat for the year. Net premiums earned also increased on an overall basis in 2016 and 2015, with growth of 4 percent and 2 percent, respectively. Premium results for each of these periods were impacted by recent exitsexit from certain ~~product lines, including~~underperforming products and the reduction in our ~~recreational vehicles (RV) and treaty~~participation on a quota share reinsurance ~~lines in 2016 and our crop and facultative reinsurance lines in 2015. Investment~~agreement with Prime Holdings Insurance Services, Inc. (Prime). Net investment income increased by 311 percent in ~~2017, compared to a 3 percent decline during the prior year. The increase was~~2019, primarily due to a larger asset base ~~in 2017 as well as an increase in other invested assets.~~relative to the prior year. We recorded net realized gains on our investment portfolio in ~~each of the past three years. The majority of gains realized over this period related to sales activities versus calls or maturities. Sales activity was largely~~both 2019 and 2018, due to ~~normal~~ portfolio ~~rebalancing,~~rebalancing. Additionally, net unrealized gains on equity securities were recorded in 2019, as ~~well as raising cash to support special dividends paid~~the overall equity market experienced positive returns. In contrast, equity markets experienced negative returns in ~~each of the last three years. Net realized gains~~2018, resulting in net unrealized losses on equity securities.

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CONSOLIDATED REVENUE	Year ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2019		2018
Net premiums earned	$	839,111	$	791,366
Net investment income		68,870		62,085
Net realized gains		17,520		63,407
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		78,090		(98,735)
Total consolidated revenue	$	1,003,591	$	818,123

for 2017 and 2016 included $3.4 million and $7.2 million, respectively, of non-cash realized losses on goodwill and definite-lived intangible asset impairments, while 2015 reflects a $6.7 million gain related to the sale of RLI Indemnity Company.

NET EARNINGS

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands)

2017

2016

2015

Underwriting income

$
26,844

$
76,125

$
108,558

Net investment income

54,876

53,075

54,644

Net realized gains

4,411

34,645

39,829

Interest expense on debt

(7,426)

(7,426)

(7,426)

General corporate expenses

(11,340)

(10,170)

(9,837)

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees

17,224

10,833

10,914

Earnings before income taxes

$
84,589

$
157,082

$
196,682

Income tax benefit (expense)

20,439

(42,162)

(59,138)

Net earnings

$
105,028

$
114,920

$
137,544

Net earnings for ~~2017~~2019 totaled ~~$105.0~~$191.6 million, ~~down~~up from ~~$114.9~~$64.2 million in 2018. Improved underwriting income, net investment income and equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees contributed to the ~~prior year. The components of net earnings differed significantly~~overall increase. Additionally, 2019 experienced a larger benefit from ~~prior years, due~~increased gains on equity securities.


NET EARNINGS	Year ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2019		2018
Underwriting income	$	67,568	$	41,632
Net investment income		68,870		62,085
Net realized gains		17,520		63,407
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		78,090		(98,735)
Interest expense on debt		(7,588)		(7,437)
General corporate expenses		(12,686)		(9,427)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees		20,960		16,056
Earnings before income taxes	$	232,734	$	67,581
Income tax expense		(41,092)		(3,402)
Net earnings	$	191,642	$	64,179

UNDERWRITING RESULTS

Gross premiums written increased by 8 percent in 2019 to a record ~~levels of hurricane losses during 2017~~$1.1 billion. Excluding exited lines, such as the medical professional liability product and the ~~passage~~reduction in our quota share reinsurance agreement with Prime, written premium increased by 15 percent. Positive rate movement across most of the casualty and property portfolio and market disruption provided for growth opportunities in established lines. Newer product initiatives within our casualty segment have also continued to gain scale.

The ~~Tax Cuts and Jobs Act~~2019 fiscal year benefited from a reduced level of ~~2017 (TCJA). Catastrophe losses totaled $39.8 million in 2017, with Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria responsible for $36.0~~catastrophe activity compared to 2018. In 2019, we incurred $9.5 million of ~~the total,~~losses from storms, which added 41.1 points to the combined ratio. ~~These hurricanes collectively represented the largest wind-related catastrophe loss~~Catastrophe losses totaled $40.5 million in ~~company history, and contributed heavily~~2018, adding 5.1 points to the ~~lower underwriting income result in 2017. Catastrophe losses in 2016 were $16.3~~combined ratio, with Hurricane Michael responsible for $23.0 million, ~~split evenly between amounts related to spring~~Hurricane Florence responsible for $7.5 million and other storms and ~~Hurricane Matthew, while 2015 results included $12.1~~volcanic activity in ~~spring and winter storm losses.~~Hawaii composing the balance. Apart from the ~~catastrophe~~ impact of catastrophes, results for ~~each of these~~both years ~~also~~ reflected a combination of positive underwriting results for the current accident year and favorable loss reserve development on prior accident years. The ex-catastrophe loss ratio has trended higher for the current accident year in 2017. The increase was largely driven by an overall shift in mix of business towards our casualty segment, as well as higher loss trends on certain lines within casualty. Favorable development in prior accident years’ reserves was ~~similar in each of the past two years, as results for 2017 included $38.9~~$75.3 million in ~~favorable development, compared to $42.0~~2019 and $50.0 million in ~~2016. The impact was greater in 2015, as favorable development in prior accident years’ reserves totaled $65.4 million, primarily due to larger amounts from our casualty segment.~~2018. Further discussion of reserve development can be found in note 6 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

In total, underwriting income was ~~$26.8~~$67.6 million on a 91.9 combined ratio in ~~2017,~~2019, compared to ~~$76.1~~$41.6 million on a 94.7 combined ratio in ~~2016 and $108.6 million~~2018. We achieved our 24^th consecutive year of underwriting profit in ~~2015. These results translate~~2019, with all three segments contributing to ~~combined ratios of 96.4 for 2017, 89.5 for 2016 and 84.5 for 2015.~~the positive performance. Our ability to continue to produce underwriting income, and to do so at margins which have consistently outperformed the broader industry, is a testament to our underwriters’ discipline throughout the insurance cycle and our continued commitment to underwriting for a profit. We believe our underwriting discipline can

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differentiate usthe Company from the broader insurance market by ensuring sound risk selection and appropriate pricing, which helps slow the pace of deterioration in our underwriting results.

We recorded an overall tax benefit in 2017 due to the impact of tax reform legislation enacted in late 2017. Among other provisions, the new law lowered the federal corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent effective January 1, 2018. As a result, we revalued deferred tax items as of year-end 2017 to reflect the lower rate. The revaluation reduced our net deferred tax liability and income tax expense by $32.8 million and decreased the effective tax rate by 38.8 percent. Additional information on the impact of tax reform and the revaluing of our deferred tax inventory can be found in note 7 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Incentive and profit-sharing amounts earned by executives, managers and associates are predominately influenced by corporate performance including net earnings excluding after-tax net realized gains or losses, combined ratio and return on capital. Return on capital measures components of comprehensive earnings against a minimum required return on capital. Return on capital is the primary measure of executive bonus achievement and a significant component of manager and associate incentive targets. Incentive and profit sharing-related expenses attributable to the favorable reserve developments totaled $5.9 million, $6.6 million and $11.0 million for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. An additional $7.7 million in incentive and profit-sharing-related expenses was recorded in 2017 in connection with the tax reform benefits recognized during the year. These performance-related expenses impact policy acquisition, insurance operating and general corporate expenses line items in the financial statements. Partially offsetting the 2017, 2016 and 2015 increases were $4.9 million, $2.6 million and $1.9 million, respectively, in reductions to incentive and profit-sharing amounts earned due to losses associated with natural catastrophe activity.

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees totaled $17.2 million in 2017. Maui Jim contributed $14.4 million, up from $9.7 million and $9.9 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively. The remaining $2.8 million of equity in earnings of

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~~unconsolidated investees relates to our equity investment in Prime, up from $1.1 million and $1.0 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively.~~

~~RLI INSURANCE GROUP~~

The 2017 fiscal year was marked by a significant increase in U.S. catastrophe losses, as Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria all made landfall during the third quarter. For the industry, this marked the most active year of U.S. catastrophes in over 20 years, and represented one of the costliest hurricane seasons in U.S. history. These losses served to erode some of the excess capital that has entered the marketplace in recent years, and modest increases to property primary and reinsurance rates started to emerge by the end of the year. Despite the large magnitude of these losses, the industry remains well capitalized, and the expectation is that the 2017 catastrophes do not represent a capital event for most insurers. Rather, the losses have been characterized as earnings events that do not call into question the adequacy of the insurance industry’s capital position. This is the case for RLI, as we remain adequately capitalized subsequent to these events, despite the fact that lower underwriting earnings were recorded during the year. The 2017 fiscal year marked our 22nd consecutive year of achieving an underwriting profit, as income from our casualty and surety segments outweighed the catastrophe-driven loss from our property segment.

Prior to the record hurricane activity, the trends and market conditions seen for much of 2017 were unchanged from the prior year in many respects. Competition in the industry remained intense across all of our segments, excess capital remains in the industry and elevated commercial auto loss trends were a focus for the industry and for RLI. Our efforts to address the problem areas within our transportation business made significant progress, as the combination of seeking adequate rate, non-renewing underperforming accounts and enhancing our processes led to steady improvements in results as the year progressed. While we continue to monitor this business closely, the transportation re-underwriting initiated in the fourth quarter of 2016 was completed in the second half of 2017. Our willingness to address underperforming businesses quickly is indicative of our disciplined underwriting approach, which we believe differentiates us from others in the industry. Despite the challenges in commercial auto, the industry benefited from favorable loss development in 2017 as a whole.

While not specific to the insurance industry and not a direct influence on our pretax underwriting performance, the passing of tax reform was also noteworthy in 2017. The enactment led to a one-time adjustment to our net deferred tax liability, which resulted in a $32.8 million reduction to our 2017 tax expense. Because our incentive and profit-sharing plans are influenced by corporate performance, including impacts such as this, we recorded an additional one-time $7.7 million in expenses related to this tax benefit. Of this total, $7.0 million is recorded in 2017 underwriting expenses. The segment level impact is discussed in the Underwriting Income sections that follow.

While overall pricing in our portfolio remained flat in 2017, we achieved top line growth of 1 percent during the year. New product initiatives within our casualty segment, coupled with modest rate increases on some casualty lines, more than offset the negative impact to premium from transportation re-underwriting, depressed pricing for catastrophe exposed business and product exits in recent years. These exits included RV and treaty reinsurance in 2016. Excluding the impact of these exits, gross premiums written for 2017 increased 4 percent.

The following tables and narrative provide a more detailed look at individual segment performance over the last ~~three~~two years.


GROSS PREMIUMS WRITTEN AND NET PREMIUMS EARNED

	Gross Premiums Written						Net Premiums Earned
(in thousands)	2019		2018		% Change		2019		2018		% Change
CASUALTY
Commercial excess and personal umbrella	$	183,098	$	153,540	19	%	$	140,483	$	124,350	13	%
General liability		99,345		100,997	(2)	%		98,880		93,928	5	%
Commercial transportation		105,592		101,267	4	%		83,213		81,053	3	%
Professional services		89,347		87,243	2	%		81,329		79,951	2	%
Small commercial		63,925		53,432	20	%		55,701		51,519	8	%
Executive products		96,828		68,501	41	%		27,088		21,326	27	%
Other casualty		66,057		89,214	(26)	%		71,764		71,345	1	%
Total	$	704,192	$	654,194	8	%	$	558,458	$	523,472	7	%

PROPERTY
Marine	$	91,315	$	71,784	27	%	$	74,887	$	59,795	25	%
Commercial property		126,358		110,974	14	%		68,310		71,501	(4)	%
Specialty personal		21,190		18,789	13	%		19,316		16,901	14	%
Other property		2,562		1,370	87	%		1,509		1,064	42	%
Total	$	241,425	$	202,917	19	%	$	164,022	$	149,261	10	%

SURETY
Miscellaneous	$	42,614	$	47,461	(10)	%	$	44,721	$	46,968	(5)	%
Commercial		47,436		48,505	(2)	%		43,553		43,469	0	%
Contract		29,335		30,139	(3)	%		28,357		28,196	1	%
Total	$	119,385	$	126,105	(5)	%	$	116,631	$	118,633	(2)	%
Grand total	$	1,065,002	$	983,216	8	%	$	839,111	$	791,366	6	%

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GROSS PREMIUMS WRITTEN AND NET PREMIUMS EARNED

Gross Premiums Written

Net Premiums Earned

(in thousands)

2017

% Change

2016

% Change

2015

2017

2016

2015

CASUALTY

Commercial and personal umbrella

$
137,265

2
%

$
134,000

4
%

$
128,343

$
115,543

$
111,079

$
104,598

General liability

95,217

4
%

91,557

5
%

87,099

90,283

86,853

84,165

Professional services

84,019

0
%

83,672

4
%

80,199

78,508

75,872

71,034

Commercial transportation

92,449

(13)
%

105,697

16
%

91,237

78,061

81,402

65,564

Small commercial

53,302

4
%

51,391

7
%

47,926

49,601

45,660

40,410

Executive products

55,598

8
%

51,291

(2)
%

52,106

18,086

18,755

17,892

Medical professional liability

21,847

4
%

21,060

51
%

13,992

17,072

17,449

12,292

Other casualty

45,752

111
%

21,680

16
%

18,768

31,449

17,773

16,293

Total

$
585,449

4
%

$
560,348

8
%

$
519,670

$
478,603

$
454,843

$
412,248

PROPERTY

Commercial property

$
96,770

0
%

$
96,701

(9)
%

$
106,048

$
63,117

$
68,165

$
75,749

Marine

59,663

13
%

52,638

(2)
%

53,685

50,931

48,301

47,016

Specialty personal

17,804

(31)
%

25,867

(2)
%

26,470

20,793

24,981

26,395

Other property

1,301

(88)
%

10,931

(51)
%

22,167

3,505

10,720

21,764

Total

$
175,538

(6)
%

$
186,137

(11)
%

$
208,370

$
138,346

$
152,167

$
170,924

SURETY

Miscellaneous

$
46,461

(4)
%

$
48,184

9
%

$
44,328

$
47,237

$
46,235

$
42,372

Contract

29,441

(4)
%

30,540

5
%

29,118

28,573

28,240

28,269

Commercial

29,954

(0)
%

30,098

(8)
%

32,597

27,625

29,105

29,529

Energy

18,469

(6)
%

19,557

0
%

19,503

17,553

18,018

16,819

Total

$
124,325

(3)
%

$
128,379

2
%

$
125,546

$
120,988

$
121,598

$
116,989

Grand total

$
885,312

1
%

$
874,864

2
%

$
853,586

$
737,937

$
728,608

$
700,161

Casualty

Gross premiums written from the casualty segment totaled ~~$585.4~~$704.2 million, up ~~4 percent in 2017, following increases of~~ 8 percent ~~in 2016~~from 2018. Excluding certain exits and ~~2015. The segment was able to grow its top line during 2017 despite~~repositioning on Prime, a ~~13 percent decline from transportation, which occurred as a result~~majority of ongoing re-underwriting efforts during much of the year. Re-underwriting actions began during the fourth quarter of 2016 in response to higher commercial auto loss trends, and resulted in a combination of rate increases on retained accounts and exits from certain underperforming classes of business. Transportation re-underwriting was completed during the latter part of 2017 with price increases obtained across all classes, in particular for commercial auto. While down on a full year basis, an increase in gross premiums written was posted by transportation in the fourth quarter of 2017. This business posted growth of 16 percent and 27 percent, respectively, in the two previous years.

~~Notwithstanding transportation, all~~ products within ~~the~~this segment posted top line growth. ~~Growth was~~Premiums from commercial excess and personal umbrella increased $29.6 million, due in part to an expanded distribution base in personal umbrella, larger scale in the energy casualty space and overall exposure growth. Our executive products group grew $28.3 million as substantial rate increases were achieved, submissions were up and newer initiatives gained traction. Production from small commercial increased $10.5 million as opportunities arose from market disruption and certain offerings expanded geographically. The third consecutive year of double digit rate increases led byto growth within commercial transportation.

As previously announced, we reduced our quota share reinsurance agreement with Prime from 25 percent to 6 percent at the beginning of 2019 to better manage our exposure to their growth relative to our overall product portfolio. In addition, we exited from our medical professional liability lines due to unfavorable market conditions and poor underwriting performance. These actions account for the decline in other casualty ~~most notably~~and offset continued growth in our ~~assumed reinsurance business with Prime and recently launched~~ general binding authority (GBA) business. Gross premiums written have more than doubled for Prime, up $16.2 million during 2017, while GBA contributed $5.8 million. The growth from Prime follows 18 percent and 11 percent increases in 2016 and 2015, respectively, due to expansion into new classes of business. Exposure growth from both mature and newer products led to premium increases within our executive products and general liability lines. Gross premiums written were up 8 percent in 2017 for executive products, driven by growth from newer products such as cyber liability. This growth more than offset a continued trend of lower prices for executive products offerings, as low single digit rate declines have been experienced in each of the past three years. General liability growth was 4 percent and 5 percent in 2017 and 2016, respectively, due to exposure growth from new product initiatives such as energy casualty and mortgage reinsurance that were launched in 2016. Growth from general liability was achieved despite pricing that has continued to trend slightly lower in recent years. Umbrella also posted a modest top line increase, up 2 percent, as both commercial and personal accounts contributed to growth during 2017. This result reflects slightly improved pricing for all coverages, as well as exposure growth attributable to our new energy casualty offering. Except

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for a small decline in commercial umbrella rates during 2015, pricing has been flat to slightly up for each of the past three years across our umbrella businesses, and has contributed to continued growth in gross premiums over these periods.lines.

Other products contributing to growth included small commercial and medical professional liability. Small commercial posted premium growth of 4 percent for 2017, after increasing 7 percent and 14 percent in 2016 and 2015, respectively. The growth in each of these years was exposure driven as prices for these coverages have been flat to down slightly over this timeframe. Medical professional liability premiums increased modestly during 2017, due to exposure growth from health care liability coverages within the group, which more than offset ongoing price declines and competitive pressures in other coverages. Premiums were flat for our professional services group during 2017, following modest growth achieved in 2016 and 2015. Professional services continued to benefit from improved pricing, in particular for our architects and engineers lines, consistent with trends seen in these lines over the two previous years.Property

~~Property~~

Gross premiums written ~~in the~~from our property segment ~~decreased 6~~totaled $241.4 million in 2019, up 19 percent ~~in 2017 after decreasing 11 percent in 2016 and 21 percent in 2015. These results reflect exits~~ from RV and treaty reinsurance in 2016, and facultative reinsurance and crop reinsurance in 2015. For each of the exited lines, factors such as poor underwriting performance, lack of scale or unfavorable market conditions were key considerations in the decisions to exit. The exception is our exit from crop reinsurance, which occurred due to the acquisition of the cedant company. For 2017, excluding the impact of the exits from RV and treaty reinsurance, gross premiums written from the property segment were up 6 percent.

~~The market~~2018. Market disruption created new business opportunities for our ~~E&S property coverages continued~~marine product and, along with rate increases, led to ~~be challenging~~a 27 percent increase in 2017. While the losses from Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria have had a positive impact on prices for wind-exposed catastrophe coverages, the overall market remains flush with capital, which may limit the duration and magnitude of further price strengthening. Following the spike in hurricane activity, renewal rates on catastrophe coverages improved, with wind-exposed accounts showing mid-single digit increases during the fourth quarter of 2017. Although rate change on wind and earthquake exposed catastrophe coverages remained negative on a year-to-date basis, the rate of decline was slower than that of recent years. By comparison, low double digit rate decreases were experienced throughout 2016 and 2015. In total, ourpremiums. Our commercial property business ~~was able to achieve a flat top line in 2017, as modest exposure growth served to offset rate declines from the catastrophe exposed coverages. This result follows declines of 9~~grew 14 percent in ~~2016 and 2015. Marine contributed significantly~~2019, as an improving market has allowed our underwriters to ~~growth during~~find more opportunities with acceptable rate levels. Rates on wind-prone exposures increased for the second

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consecutive year, ~~up 13 percent due to a combination~~while rates on earthquake exposures increased after consecutive years of exposure growth and modestly higher prices for inland marine. Premiums from marine were down 2 percent in 2016 after increasing slightly in 2015, with results for each of those periods reflecting slightly improved pricing.

decreases. Specialty personal lines, ~~include property coverage for~~which is primarily composed of homeowners’ insurance in Hawaii, ~~homeowners, which posted~~grew 13 percent as a ~~7 percent increase~~result of continued investment in ~~gross premiums written during 2017, after increasing 8 percent in 2016~~relationships and flat in 2015. Growth from this line has been primarily exposure driven as rates have been relatively flat over this timeframe. Specialty personal offerings also included our RV product, which we exited at the end of 2016 due to under performance. RV accounted for less than $1.0 million in gross premiums written in 2017, compared to $10.4 million and $13.4 million during 2016 and 2015, respectively. From an underwriting income standpoint, the exit from RV is expected to benefit property segment results, as this product sustained underwriting losses in each year of operation.distribution. Other property ~~which includes reinsurance premiums, has also declined in 2017 due~~premium increased as a result of property exposed GBA business that continues to recent product exits. Premiums in 2016 related specifically to our treaty reinsurance business, while the results prior to 2016 included both treaty and facultative reinsurance. Facultative reinsurance was discontinued in 2015. In the latter part of 2016, we also discontinued our treaty reinsurance offering, due to a combination of lack of scale, increased loss activity and unfavorable market conditions. gain scale.

Surety

Gross premiums written from our surety segment ~~declined 3~~totaled $119.4 million in 2019, down 5 percent ~~in 2017, following modest growth of 2 percent~~from 2018. Competitive market conditions and ~~6 percent in 2016 and 2015, respectively. The decline~~selectively reducing exposures on high risk accounts, given the current stage in the ~~current year resulted from decreases within each of our surety products. Miscellaneous surety was down 4 percent, largely due~~credit cycle, led to ~~targeted reductions to select programs during~~ the ~~year. This product posted steady increases~~overall reduction. Exiting one program in the ~~two preceding years, with both new~~miscellaneous surety book and ~~existing programs contributing to the growth~~decreasing offshore energy activity within commercial surety also resulted in those periods. Contract surety was also down 4 percent in 2017, as certain accounts which no longer met our underwriting appetite were non-renewed. Contract surety was up 5 percent in 2016 due largely to growth from bonds targeted to smaller contractors, following a period of slight decline in the year prior. Commercial surety was down slightly in 2017 as efforts to selectively trim the portfolio continued. These efforts to upgrade the portfolio in favor of retaining higher quality, lower risk accounts began in 2016, and also led to a decline in ~~that period. Commercial surety was up 7 percent in 2015. For energy surety, similar efforts to upgrade the portfolio have taken place over the past year. These activities, combined with the impact~~

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~~of continued lower energy prices and soft market conditions, contributed to the 6 percent decline in 2017. Gross premiums written~~premium from ~~energy surety for 2016 were up slightly, following an 8 percent increase achieved in 2015 as we capitalized on opportunities provided by energy industry consolidation.~~2018.


UNDERWRITING INCOME (LOSS)

UNDERWRITING INCOME
(in thousands)	2017		2016		2015		2019		2018
Casualty	$	3,904	$	36,329	$	46,263	$	20,601	$	11,140
Property		(11,859)		12,832		29,025		18,143		884
Surety		34,799		26,964		33,270		28,824		29,608
Total	$	26,844	$	76,125	$	108,558	$	67,568	$	41,632



COMBINED RATIO	2017	2016	2015	2019	2018
Casualty	99.2	92.0	88.8	96.3	97.9
Property	108.6	91.6	83.1	88.9	99.4
Surety	71.2	77.8	71.5	75.3	75.0
Total	96.4	89.5	84.5	91.9	94.7

Casualty

Underwriting income for the casualty segment was ~~$3.9~~$20.6 million ~~in 2017, which translates into~~on a 96.3 combined ratio in 2019, compared to $11.1 million on a 97.9 combined ratio in 2018. The improvement is the result of ~~99.2. The~~increased favorable development on prior accident years’ reserves. However, the current accident year combined ratio was modestly higher in ~~2017 was higher than prior years, primarily~~2019 due to ~~higher loss ratio selections on transportation and other auto-related exposures. Changes~~a shift in business mix, ~~of business, due in part to growth from more recent product launches, has also served to increase the current accident year loss ratio since we take a conservative~~our cautious approach to ~~loss ratio selection~~reserving for new ~~products. Slightly higher catastrophe losses also impacted results~~initiatives and products with larger growth, along with increased bonus and profit sharing expenses, based on strong growth in ~~2017, as hurricane losses were sustained during the year on certain casualty-oriented products that include ancillary property exposures.~~overall earnings and book value.

Favorable development on prior accident years’ loss reserves benefited underwriting earnings in each of the past ~~three years, though the benefit in 2017 was smaller than the~~ two ~~previous~~ years. The total benefit from favorable development on prior years’ reserves was ~~$17.5~~$62.5 million for ~~2017,~~2019, with the ~~bulk~~largest amounts of the development ~~attributable to~~coming from accident years ~~2014~~2016 through ~~2016.~~2018. Products which generated the majority of the favorable development ~~included umbrella,~~include transportation, general liability, ~~executive products, small~~professional services, commercial ~~and professional services. The reduced benefit for 2017 was driven mainly by lower levels of favorable development on our general liability, commercial~~excess, personal umbrella and small ~~commercial lines compared to the two previous years. Our transportation business experienced~~commercial. Partially offsetting these favorable impacts was adverse development on prior years’ reserves for the second consecutive year, though the level of adverse development was considerably smaller in 2017. We began re-underwriting our transportation book in the fourth quarter 2016 in response to adverse commercial auto loss trends, with a focus on obtaining appropriate rate increasesexecutive products and improving risk selection. While some unfavorable development was experienced in the first quarter of 2017, loss development results improved for the remainder of the year. Our transportation re-underwriting efforts were completed during the second half of 2017. In total, prior accident years’ reserve development for transportation was unfavorable by $7.4 million and $15.4 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively, and favorable by $5.4 million in 2015.

medical professional liability. Comparatively, overall results for the casualty segment in ~~2016~~2018 included favorable development of ~~$32.4~~$33.3 million, with the bulk of the development attributable to commercial excess, personal umbrella, professional services, general liability ~~executive products,~~and small commercial ~~and umbrella~~ across accident years ~~2009~~2015 through ~~2015. For 2015, results included~~2017. Executive products and medical professional liability developed adversely in 2018. Increased favorable development ~~of $45.7 million, with the bulk~~on transportation was responsible for a significant amount of the ~~development related to accident years 2006 through 2014. Most product lines within~~difference between the ~~segment experienced favorable development, with general liability, umbrella~~release in 2019 and ~~small commercial representing the majority of the release.~~2018.

The segment’s loss ratio was ~~63.9~~59.1 in ~~2017,~~2019, compared to ~~57.1~~63.0 in ~~2016 and 53.0 in 2015.~~2018. The lower loss ratio ~~increased~~ in ~~2017~~2019 was due ~~in part~~ to the ~~lower benefit from~~higher amounts of favorable development on prior years’ reserves. A higher current accident year loss ratio also contributed to the increase during 2017, due to shifts in product mix, higher loss ratio selections and modest amount of catastrophe losses mentioned above. From a current accident year standpoint, 2016 and 2015 reflected positive underwriting performance. The expense ratio for the casualty segment was ~~35.3~~37.2 in ~~2017,~~2019, compared to 34.9 in ~~2016~~2018. The increase in expense ratio in 2019 was due to investments in technology and ~~35.8~~a larger amount of bonus and profit-sharing expenses.

Property

Underwriting income from the property segment was $18.1 million on an 88.9 combined ratio in ~~2015. An additional $3.9~~2019, compared to $0.9 million on a 99.4 combined ratio in 2018. Catastrophe losses for the property segment consisted of $8.8 million of ~~incentive and profit-sharing expenses was recognized~~storm losses in ~~connection with tax reform benefits during 2017, accounting for nearly 1 point~~2019, compared to total catastrophe losses of ~~the expense ratio. Adjusting for this one-time impact, the expense ratio has trended lower in the past three years, as the increase in premiums has allowed for improved leveraging of our expense base.~~

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~~Property~~

~~The property segment produced an underwriting loss of $11.9 million for 2017, which translates into a 108.6 combined ratio. The underwriting loss was driven by $38.4~~$38.3 million in ~~catastrophe losses during the year, the bulk of~~2018, which ~~related to hurricane~~included $28.9 million from Hurricanes Michael and Florence and $6.1 million from volcanic activity ~~occurring~~ in the third quarter. Property segment losses attributable to Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria totaled $34.9 million, and amounted to the largest wind loss in the company’s history. The majority of our losses related to Hurricanes Harvey and Irma, and were associated with our commercial property and marine lines. The catastrophe losses resulted in an underwriting loss on the 2017 accident year. Comparatively, catastrophe losses were relatively small in each of the two prior years. For 2016, losses related to Hurricane Matthew and seasonal wind storm losses combined to impact the segment by $15.8 million, while 2015 results included $11.8 million in losses from winter and spring storms. Accident year results for the previous two years reflected profitable underwriting performance, driven by commercial property lines in 2016, and improved loss ratios from marine in 2015.

Hawaii. Partially offsetting the ~~catastrophe losses described above,~~impact of catastrophes, favorable development in prior years’ reserves benefited underwriting results in each of the past ~~three~~two years. Results for 2019 included $4.5 million of net favorable development on prior years’ reserves. Marine experienced $2.4 million of the favorable development, primarily on accident years 2017 and 2018. Specialty personal and commercial property also contributed to the

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favorable development. Results for 2018 included ~~$12.1~~$10.8 million of favorable development in prior years’ reserves, largely from marine, ~~and~~but commercial property compared to $4.8 million and $11.8 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively. Marine and other property reinsurance were drivers of the favorable development during 2016 and 2015, with each year partially offset by adverse development from RV.products also contributed.

The segment’s loss ratio was ~~61.5~~44.9 in ~~2017~~2019, compared to ~~46.9~~56.2 in ~~2016 and 40.9 in 2015. The record catastrophe~~2018. Catastrophe losses ~~in 2017~~ added ~~nearly 28~~5 points to the loss ratio in 2019, compared to ~~10 points and 7~~26 points of impact from catastrophe losses in ~~2016 and 2015, respectively. Higher~~2018. Partially offsetting this reduction were higher current accident year non-catastrophe losses from our ~~fire~~commercial property and specialty personal lines, a shift in mix of business ~~also contributed to the loss ratio increase in 2017. These items were partially offset by approximately 7 points of~~and lower favorable development on prior years’ reserves in 2017, compared to 1 point and 6 points of benefit in the two previous years. Results for 2015 reflected the improved current accident year loss ratio performance resulting from marine re-underwriting efforts.reserves. The expense ratio for the property segment was ~~47.1~~44.0 in ~~2017~~2019, compared to ~~44.7~~43.2 in ~~2016~~2018. Strong growth in overall earnings and ~~42.2~~book value led to an increase in ~~2015. An additional $1.8 million of incentive~~bonus and profit-sharing expenses ~~was recognized in connection with tax reform benefits during 2017, which added approximately 1 point to the expense ratio. Beyond this one-time impact in 2017, the~~and a higher expense ratio, ~~has trended higher in~~ the ~~past three years, driven largely~~impact of which was partially offset by ~~the overall decline in earned~~a larger premium ~~and the relative fixed nature of certain expenses.~~base.

Surety

Underwriting income for the surety segment totaled ~~$34.8~~$28.8 million ~~in 2017, which translates into~~on a 75.3 combined ratio ~~of 71.2.~~in 2019, compared to $29.6 million on a 75.0 combined ratio in 2018. Underwriting performance for each ~~of the past three years~~year reflects a combination of positive current accident year results and favorable development in prior accident years’ loss reserves. ~~From a current accident year standpoint this segment has continued to deliver strong performance, with each product line contributing underwriting profit.~~ The current accident year combined ratio ~~result in~~for each ~~of the past three years~~period has been in the low 80s, ~~though the result for 2016 was slightly higher due~~with each product line contributing to increased current accident year losses from energy surety and contract surety. While all years benefited from favorable development in prior years’ reserves, the amount of favorable development was higher during 2017.underwriting profit. Results for ~~2017~~2019 included ~~$9.3~~$8.3 million of favorable development in prior years’ reserves, compared to ~~$4.8 million and $7.9~~$5.9 million in ~~2016 and 2015, respectively.~~2018.

The segment’s loss ratio was ~~9.0~~8.3 in ~~2017,~~2019, compared to ~~15.2~~12.3 in ~~2016 and 9.2 in 2015. The higher~~2018. A larger amount of favorable development on prior years’ reserves ~~was the primary driver of~~resulted in the lower loss ratio in ~~2017. The above mentioned losses in 2016 on energy and contract surety also contributed to the modestly higher loss ratio in that period.~~2019. The expense ratio for the surety segment was ~~62.2~~67.0 in ~~2017,~~2019, compared to ~~62.6~~62.7 in ~~2016~~2018. The increase in 2019 was due to increased investments in technology and 62.3 in 2015. The slight improvement in 2017 was driven by shifts in product mix and smaller amounts of reinstatement premium related to ceded loss activity on prior accident years. In addition, $1.4 million of incentivehigher bonus and profit-sharing expenses ~~was recognized in connection with tax reform benefits during 2017, which added approximately 1 point to the expense ratio. No such expense amounts were present in 2016 or 2015 results.~~on a slightly lower premium base.

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NET INVESTMENT INCOME AND REALIZED INVESTMENT GAINS

During ~~2017,~~2019, net investment income increased by 311 percent. The increase was primarily due to a larger asset base ~~in 2017, as well as~~relative to the ~~increase in other invested assets.~~prior year. The average annual yields on our investments were as follows for ~~2017, 2016~~2019 and ~~2015:~~2018:

2017

2016

2015

PRETAX YIELD

Taxable (on book value)

3.20
%
3.20
%
3.42
%
Tax-exempt (on book value)

2.57
%
2.64
%
2.75
%
Equities (on fair value)

2.71
%
2.85
%
2.94
%

AFTER-TAX YIELD

Taxable (on book value)

2.08
%
2.08
%
2.22
%
Tax-exempt (on book value)

2.44
%
2.50
%
2.61
%
Equities (on fair value)

2.31
%
2.43
%
2.51
%


	2019		2018
PRETAX YIELD
Taxable (on book value)	3.39	%	3.31	%
Tax-exempt (on book value)	2.77	%	2.71	%
Equities (on fair value)	2.41	%	2.54	%

AFTER-TAX YIELD
Taxable (on book value)	2.68	%	2.61	%
Tax-exempt (on book value)	2.62	%	2.57	%
Equities (on fair value)	2.09	%	2.21	%

The after-tax yield reflects the different tax rates applicable to each category of investment. Our taxable fixed income securities ~~are~~were subject to ~~our~~a corporate tax rate of ~~35.0~~21.0 percent, our tax-exempt municipal securities ~~are~~were subject to a tax rate of 5.3 percent and our dividend income iswas generally subject to a tax rate of ~~14.2~~13.1 percent. During ~~2017,~~2019, the average after-tax yield on the taxable fixed income portfolio was ~~2.1~~2.7 percent, ~~the same as~~an increase from 2.6 percent in the prior ~~year, while the~~year. The average after-tax yield on the tax-exempt portfolio ~~decreased to 2.4~~remained at 2.6 percent.

~~Despite bond prices falling during the final quarter of the year, the~~The fixed income portfolio increased by ~~$67.0~~$222.6 million during the year as the majority of operating cash flows were ~~used for~~allocated to the fixed income ~~purchases.~~portfolio and a decline in interest rates was experienced during the year, increasing the fair value of fixed income securities. The tax-adjusted total return on a mark-to-market basis was ~~4.4~~8.3 percent. ~~Due~~Our equity portfolio increased by $120.1 million to $460.6 million in 2019 as a result of the strong equity market returns ~~in 2017, our equity portfolio increased by $31.3 million to $400.5 million.~~during the year. The total return for the year on the equity portfolio was ~~15.8~~28.7 percent.

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Our investment results for the last five years are shown in the following table:


											Tax
									Pre-tax		Equivalent
									Annualized		Annualized
							Change in		Return on		Return on
	Average		Net				Unrealized		Avg.		Avg.
	Invested		Investment		Net Realized		Appreciation		Invested		Invested
(in thousands)	Assets (1)		Income (2)(3)		Gains (3)		(3)(4)		Assets		Assets
2015	$	1,957,914	$	54,644	$	39,829	$	(71,049)	1.2	%	1.5	%
2016		1,986,685		53,075		34,645		(2,313)	4.3	%	4.6	%
2017		2,081,309		54,876		4,411		53,719	5.4	%	5.8	%
2018		2,167,510		62,085		63,407		(140,513)	(0.7)	%	(0.6)	%
2019		2,377,295		68,870		17,520		161,848	10.4	%	10.5	%
5-yr Avg.	$	2,114,143	$	58,710	$	31,962	$	338	4.1	%	4.4	%

Tax

Pre-tax

Equivalent

Annualized

Annualized

Change in

Return on

Return on

Average

Net

Net Realized

Unrealized

Avg.

Avg.

Invested

Investment

Gains

Appreciation

Invested

Invested

(in thousands)

Assets (1)

Income (2)(3)

(Losses) (3)

(3)(4)

Assets

Assets

2013

1,881,470

52,763

22,036

(10,923)

3.4
%
3.7
%
2014

1,943,172

55,608

32,182

55,180

7.4
%
7.7
%
2015

1,957,914

54,644

39,829

(71,049)

1.2
%
1.5
%
2016

1,986,685

53,075

34,645

(2,313)

4.3
%
4.6
%
2017

2,081,309

54,876

4,411

53,719

5.4
%
5.8
%
5-yr Avg.

$
1,970,110

$
54,193

$
26,621

$
4,923

4.3
%
4.7
%

(1)

~~(1)~~

Average amounts at beginning and end of year (inclusive of cash and short-term investments).

(2)

~~(2)~~

Investment income, net of investment expenses.

(3)

~~(3)~~

Before income taxes.

(4)

~~(4)~~

Relates to available-for-sale fixed income and equity securities.

We realized a total of ~~$4.4~~$17.5 million in net gains in ~~2017.~~2019. Included in this number is ~~$10.3~~$14.4 million in net realized gains in the equity portfolio, ~~$1.7~~$3.2 million in net realized gains in the fixed income portfolio and $0.1 million in other net realized losses. In 2018, we realized $63.4 million in net gains. Included in this number is $69.9 million in net realized gains in the equity portfolio, $2.2 million in net realized losses in the fixed income portfolio and $4.2 million in other net realized losses, ~~$3.4~~$4.4 million of which related to a non-cash impairment charge on goodwill and definite-lived intangibles. In 2016, we realized $34.6 million in net gains. Included in this number is $38.7 million in net realized gains in the equity portfolio, $4.2 million in net realized gains in the fixed income portfolio and $8.3 million in other net realized losses, $7.2 million of which related to a non-cash impairment charge on goodwill. In 2015, we realized $39.8 million in net gains. Included in this number is $22.1 million in net realized gains in the equity portfolio, $10.8 million in net realized gains in the fixed income portfolio and $6.9 million in other net realized gains related to the sale of RIC.

~~Table of Contents~~

We regularly evaluate the quality of our investment portfolio. When we determine that a ~~specific~~fixed income security has suffered an other-than-temporary decline in value, the investment’s value is adjusted by reclassifying the decline from unrealized to realized losses. This has no impact on shareholders’ equity. We did not recognize any impairment losses in 2019. During 2018, we recognized ~~$2.6 million and $0.1~~$0.2 million in impairment losses ~~in 2017 and 2016, respectively. All losses were taken~~ on fixed income securities we no longer had the intent to hold until recovery. ~~We did not recognize any OTTI losses during 2015.~~

~~As of December 31, 2017, we held three~~securities in our equity portfolio that were in unrealized loss positions. The total unrealized loss on these securities was $0.9 million. With respect to both the significance and duration of the unrealized loss positions, we have no equity securities in an unrealized loss position of greater than 20 percent for more than six consecutive months.

The fixed income portfolio contained ~~346~~154 positions at an unrealized loss as of December 31, ~~2017.~~2019. Of these ~~346~~154 securities, ~~133~~65have been in an unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer and represent ~~$5.1~~$0.9 million in unrealized losses. All fixed income securities in the investment portfolio continue to pay the expected coupon payments under the contractual terms of the securities. Based on our analysis, our fixed income portfolio is of a high credit quality and we believe we will recover the amortized cost basis.

INVESTMENTS

We maintain a diversified investment portfolio with ~~an 80 percent~~a prudent mix of fixed income and ~~20 percent equity target.~~risk assets. We continually monitor economic conditions, our capital position and the insurance market to determine our tactical ~~equity~~ allocation. As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, the portfolio had a fair value of ~~$2.1~~$2.6 billion, an increase of ~~$119.0~~$366.1 million from the end of ~~2016.~~2018.

Table of Contents

As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, our investment portfolio had the following asset allocation breakdown:


PORTFOLIO ALLOCATION
(in thousands)
	Cost or				Unrealized		% of Total
Asset Class	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Gain/(Loss)		Fair Value		Quality*
U. S. government	$	186,699	$	193,661	$	6,962	7.6	%	AAA
U.S. agency		36,535		38,855		2,320	1.5	%	AAA
Non-U.S. government & agency		7,333		7,628		295	0.3	%	BBB+
Agency MBS		411,808		420,165		8,357	16.4	%	AAA
ABS/CMBS/MBS**		222,832		224,870		2,038	8.8	%	AAA
Corporate		659,640		692,067		32,427	27.0	%	BBB+
Municipal		390,431		405,840		15,409	15.8	%	AA
Total fixed income	$	1,915,278	$	1,983,086	$	67,808	77.4	%	AA-
Equities		262,131		460,630		198,499	18.0	%
Other invested assets		70,725		70,441		(284)	2.8	%
Cash		46,203		46,203		—	1.8	%
Total portfolio	$	2,294,337	$	2,560,360	$	266,023	100.0	%

PORTFOLIO ALLOCATION










(in thousands)

Cost or

Amortized

Unrealized

% of Total

Asset Class

Cost

Fair Value

Gain/(Loss)

Fair Value

Quality*

U. S. government

$
92,561

$
91,689

$
(872)

4.3
%
AAA

U.S. agency

18,541

18,778

237

0.9
%
AAA

Non-U.S. govt & agency

7,501

7,588

87

0.4
%
BBB+

Agency MBS

329,129

328,471

(658)

15.3
%
AAA

ABS/CMBS**

70,405

70,526

121

3.3
%
AAA

Corporate

508,128

519,022

10,894

24.2
%
BBB+

Municipal

620,146

636,165

16,019

29.7
%
AA

Total fixed income

$
1,646,411

$
1,672,239

$
25,828

78.1
%
AA-

Equities

$
182,002

$
400,492

$
218,490

18.7
%

Short-term investments

$
9,980

$
9,980

$
—

0.5
%

Other invested assets

33,779

33,808

29

1.6
%

Cash

24,271

24,271

—

1.1
%

Total portfolio

$
1,896,443

$
2,140,790

$
244,347

100.0
%

*Quality ratings provided by Moody’s, S&P and Fitch

**Non-agency asset-backed, ~~and~~ commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed

~~Table of Contents~~

Quality in the previous table and in all subsequent tables is an average of each bond’s credit rating, adjusted for its relative weighting in the portfolio.

Fixed income represented 7877 percent of our total ~~2017~~2019 portfolio, down 13 percent from ~~2016.~~2018. As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, the fair value of our fixed income portfolio consisted of 3849 percent AAA-rated securities, 2817 percent AA-rated securities, 1719 percent A-rated securities, 119 percent BBB-rated securities and 6 percent non-investment grade or non-rated securities. This compares to 3548 percent AAA-rated securities, 3016 percent AA-rated securities, 1820 percent A-rated securities, 1110 percent BBB-rated securities and 6 percent non-investment grade or non-rated securities in ~~2016.~~2018.

In selecting the maturity of securities in which we invest, we consider the relationship between the duration of our fixed income investments and the duration of our liabilities, including the expected ultimate payout patterns of our reserves. We believe that both liquidity and interest rate risk can be minimized by such asset/liability management. As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, our fixed income portfolio’s duration was ~~5.0~~4.8 years.

Consistent underwriting income allows a portion of our investment portfolio to be invested in equity securities and other risk asset classes. Our equity portfolio had a fair value of ~~$400.5~~$460.6 million at December 31, ~~2017, entirely classified as available-for-sale.~~2019. Equities comprised 1918 percent of our total ~~2017~~2019 portfolio, up 12 percent over ~~2016.~~2018. Securities within the equity portfolio are well diversified and are primarily invested in large-cap issues with a ~~focus on~~preference for dividend income. Our strategy ishas a value ~~oriented~~tilt and security selection takes precedence over market timing. Likewise, low turnover throughout our long investment horizon minimizes transaction costs and taxes.

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FIXED INCOME PORTFOLIO

As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, our fixed income portfolio had the following rating distributions:



FAIR VALUE									Below														Below
									Investment
																							Investment
(in thousands)	AAA		AA		A		BBB		Grade		No Rating		Fair Value		AAA		AA		A		BBB		Grade		No Rating		Fair Value
Bonds:
U.S. government & agency (GSE)	$	105,650	$	4,817	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	110,467	$	222,993	$	9,523	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	232,516
Non-U.S. government & agency		—		—		—		7,588		—		—		7,588		—		—		1,897		5,731		—		—		7,628
Corporate - financial		—		6,443		87,986		40,384		—		—		134,813		—		26,380		140,523		37,364		5,136		—		209,403
All other corporate		10,119		10,028		92,040		106,230		15,449		—		233,866		20,809		22,912		115,242		102,632		20,211		—		281,806
Corporate financial - private placements		—		4,059		19,463		7,395		3,696		—		34,613		3,121		14,180		16,564		8,011		7,915		1,023		50,814
All other corporate - private placements		—		—		25,088		16,177		73,850		615		115,730		—		6,887		37,823		22,466		82,120		748		150,044
Municipal		120,474		440,044		68,940		—		—		6,707		636,165		102,064		247,433		53,938		—		—		2,405		405,840
Structured:
GSE - RMBS	$	247,116	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	247,116	$	311,247	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	311,247
ABS - utility		1,903		—		—		—		—		—		1,903
Non-GSE RMBS																26,657		—		—		—		—		—		26,657
CLO																26,022		5,998		—		—		—		—		32,020
ABS - credit cards		5,207		—		—		—		—		—		5,207		33,116		—		—		—		—		—		33,116
ABS - auto loans		28,503		—		—		—		—		—		28,503		52,895		—		—		—		—		—		52,895
All other ABS		4,811		—		—		—		—		—		4,811
All other ABS/MBS																23,005		2,125		10,326		—		—		—		35,456
GSE - CMBS		81,355		—		—		—		—		—		81,355		108,918		—		—		—		—		—		108,918
CMBS		30,102		—		—		—		—		—		30,102		44,726		—		—		—		—		—		44,726
Total	$	635,240	$	465,391	$	293,517	$	177,774	$	92,995	$	7,322	$	1,672,239	$	975,573	$	335,438	$	376,313	$	176,204	$	115,382	$	4,176	$	1,983,086

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Mortgage-Backed, Commercial Mortgage-Backed and Asset-Backed Securities

The following table summarizes the distribution of our mortgage-backed securities (MBS) portfolio by investment type, as of ~~the dates indicated:~~December 31,:



AGENCY MBS
	Amortized
(in thousands)	Cost		Fair Value		% of Total		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total
2017
2019
Pass-throughs							$	276,423	$	282,594	67.3	%
Sequential								107,045		108,918	25.9	%
Planned amortization class	$	35,871	$	35,410	10.8	%		28,340		28,653	6.8	%
Total							$	411,808	$	420,165	100.0	%

2018
Pass-throughs							$	262,752	$	259,728	65.7	%
Sequential		82,766		81,355	24.8	%		107,951		103,975	26.3	%
Pass-throughs		210,492		211,706	64.4	%
Planned amortization class								32,289		31,550	8.0	%
Total	$	329,129	$	328,471	100.0	%	$	402,992	$	395,253	100.0	%

2016
Planned amortization class	$	40,283	$	40,048	14.1	%
Sequential		28,778		28,220	9.9	%
Pass-throughs		213,941		215,801	76.0	%
Total	$	283,002	$	284,069	100.0	%

Our allocation to agency mortgage-backed securities totaled ~~$328.5~~$420.2 million as of December 31, ~~2017.~~2019. Agency MBS represented 2021 percent of the fixed income portfolio compared to ~~$284.1~~$395.3 million or 1822 percent of that portfolio as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018.

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We believe agency MBS investments add diversification, liquidity, credit quality and additional yield to our portfolio. Our objective for the agency MBS portfolio is to provide reasonable cash flow stability where we are compensated for the call risk associated with residential refinancing. The agency MBS portfolio includes mortgage-backed pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMO), which include planned amortization classes (PACs) and sequential pay structures. A mortgage pass-through is a security consisting of a pool of residential mortgage loans which returns principal and interest cash flows to investors each month. A CMO has a more finite payment structure and can reduce the risks associated with prepayment. CMO securities are divided into maturity classes that are paid off under certain expected interest rate conditions. PACs are securities whose cash flows are designed to remain constant in a variety of mortgage prepayment environments. Sequential pay structures are a type of CMO where each risk tranche is paid off in a particular order. Our agency MBS portfolio does not include interest-only securities or principal-only securities. As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, all of the securities in our agency MBS portfolio were rated AAA and issued by Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) such as the Governmental National Mortgage Association (GNMA), Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC).

Variability in the average life of principal repayment is an inherent risk of owning mortgage-related securities. However, we reduce our portfolio’s exposure to prepayment risk by seeking characteristics that tighten the probable scenarios for expected cash flows. As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, the agency MBS portfolio contained 6467 percent of pure pass-throughs compared to 7666 percent as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. An additional 2526 percent of the MBS portfolio was invested in sequential payer, ~~up from 10 percent in 2016.~~the same as 2018.

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The following table summarizes the distribution of our asset-backed and commercial mortgage-backed securities portfolio as of ~~the dates indicated:~~December 31,:



ABS/CMBS
	Amortized
							Amortized
(in thousands)	Cost		Fair Value		% of Total		Cost		Fair Value		% of Total
2017
2019
Auto							$	52,488	$	52,895	23.5	%
CMBS	$	29,807	$	30,102	42.7	%		43,435		44,726	19.9	%
Auto		28,664		28,503	40.4	%
Business		657		653	0.9	%
Credit card								32,622		33,116	14.7	%
CLO								32,066		32,020	14.2	%
Non-GSE RMBS								26,770		26,657	11.9	%
Equipment		3,866		3,860	5.5	%		6,974		7,018	3.1	%
Utility		1,924		1,903	2.7	%
Credit card		5,187		5,207	7.4	%
Other		300		298	0.4	%		28,477		28,438	12.7	%
Total	$	70,405	$	70,526	100.0	%	$	222,832	$	224,870	100.0	%

2016

2018
Auto							$	50,062	$	49,990	36.6	%
CMBS	$	24,179	$	24,693	26.3	%		26,490		26,048	19.1	%
Auto		42,602		42,345	45.1	%
Business		1,149		1,149	1.2	%
Credit card								31,058		31,100	22.7	%
CLO								15,582		15,508	11.3	%
Non-GSE RMBS								—		—	—
Equipment		5,259		5,265	5.6	%		5,870		5,878	4.3	%
Utility		4,655		4,576	4.9	%
Credit card		15,647		15,584	16.6	%
Other		300		298	0.3	%		8,162		8,199	6.0	%
Total	$	93,791	$	93,910	100.0	%	$	137,224	$	136,723	100.0	%

An asset-backed security (ABS) or, commercial mortgage-backed security (CMBS) or non-agency residential mortgage-backed security (RMBS) is a securitization collateralized by the cash flows from a specific pool of underlying assets. These asset pools can include items such as credit card payments, auto loans, structured bank loans in the form of collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) and residential or commercial mortgages. As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, ABS/~~CMBS~~CMBS/RMBS investments were ~~$70.5~~$224.9 million (4(11 percent) of the fixed income portfolio, compared to ~~$93.9~~$136.7 million (6(8 percent) as of December 31, ~~2016. All~~2018. Ninety-seven percent of the securities in the ABS/~~CMBS~~CMBS/RMBS portfolio were rated AAA as of December 31, ~~2017.~~2019. We believe that ABS/CMBS investments add diversification and additional yield to the portfolio while often adding superior cash flow stability over mortgage pass-throughs or CMOs.

When making investments in MBS/ABS/CMBS, we evaluate the quality of the underlying collateral, the structure of the transaction, ~~(which~~which dictates how any losses in the underlying collateral will be ~~distributed)~~distributed, and prepayment risks. ~~All of our collateralized securities carry the highest credit rating by one or more major rating agencies and continue to pay according to contractual terms.~~ We had ~~$4.4~~$1.0 million in unrealized losses in these asset classes as of December 31, ~~2017.~~2019.

Municipal Fixed Income Securities

As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, municipal bonds totaled ~~$636.2~~$405.8 million ~~(38~~(21 percent) of our fixed income portfolio, compared to ~~$627.3~~$320.1 million ~~(39~~(18 percent) as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. We believe municipal fixed income securities can provide

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As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, approximately 4342 percent of the municipal fixed income securities in the investment portfolio were GO and the remaining 5758 percent were revenue based. ~~Eighty-eight~~

Corporate Debt Securities

As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, our corporate debt portfolio totaled ~~$519.0~~$692.1 million ~~(31~~(35 percent) of the fixed income portfolio compared to ~~$508.4~~$668.7 million ~~(32~~(38 percent) as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. The corporate allocation includes floating rate bank loans

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and bonds that are below investment grade in credit quality and offer incremental yield over our core fixed income portfolio. Non-investment grade bonds totaled ~~$93.0~~$115.4 million at the end of ~~2017.~~2019. The corporate debt portfolio has an overall quality rating of BBB+, diversified among ~~563~~552 issues.

Private placements in the table below includes both Rule 144A and Regulation D securities. The ~~following~~ table illustrates our corporate debt exposure to the financial and non-financial sectors as of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, including fair value, cost basis and unrealized gains and losses:



CORPORATES
					Gross		Gross
	Amortized				Unrealized		unrealized
													Gross		Gross
									Amortized				Unrealized		Unrealized
(in thousands)	Cost		Fair Value		Gains		losses		Cost		Fair Value		Gains		Losses
Bonds:
Corporate - financial	$	130,685	$	134,813	$	4,312	$	(184)	$	197,952	$	209,403	$	11,502	$	(51)
All other corporate		228,682		233,866		5,710		(526)		265,895		281,806		15,970		(59)
Financials - private placements		33,902		34,613		839		(128)
Corporate financial - private placements										48,661		50,814		2,157		(4)
All other corporate - private placements		114,859		115,730		1,714		(843)		147,132		150,044		3,616		(704)
Total	$	508,128	$	519,022	$	12,575	$	(1,681)	$	659,640	$	692,067	$	33,245	$	(818)

~~The amortized cost and fair value of fixed income securities at December 31, 2017, by contractual maturity, are shown as follows:~~

TOTAL FIXED INCOME

(in thousands)

Amortized Cost

Fair Value

Due in one year or less

$
16,023

$
15,984

Due after one year through five years

318,411

322,988

Due after five years through 10 years

586,340

598,041

Due after 10 years

326,103

336,229

Mtge/ABS/CMBS*

399,534

398,997

Total fixed income

$
1,646,411

$
1,672,239

*Mortgage-backed, asset backed and commercial mortgage-backed

EQUITY SECURITIES

As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, our equity portfolio totaled ~~$400.5~~$460.6 million ~~(19~~(18 percent) of the investment portfolio, compared to ~~$369.2~~$340.5 million ~~(18~~(16 percent) as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. The securities within the equity portfolio remain primarily invested in large-cap issues with a focus on dividend income. In addition, we have investments in three broadly diversified, exchange traded funds (ETFs) that represent market indexes similar to the Russell 1000 Index, ~~the~~ S&P 500 Index and ~~the~~ S&P ~~500 Utilities~~600 Index. ~~No one fund makes up more than 50 percent of the~~The ETF ~~allocation, and the philosophy mirrors that of~~portfolio is congruent with the actively managed equity ~~portfolio,~~portfolios and solves for exposures that line up with ~~a preference for dividend income and lower anticipated volatility than~~our overall benchmark index, the ~~market (as measured by the S&P 500). We did not recognize any impairment losses in the equity portfolio during 2017 or 2016.~~Russell 3000.

INTEREST AND CORPORATE EXPENSE

We incurred ~~$7.4~~$7.6 million of interest expense on outstanding debt during ~~2017, 2016~~2019 and ~~2015. We completed a public debt offering in October 2013, issuing $150.0~~$7.4 million in ~~senior notes, and used a portion of the proceeds to repay $100.0 million in senior notes that were originally set to mature in January 2014.~~2018. At December 31, ~~2017, 2016~~2019 and ~~2015,~~2018, our long-term debt consisted of $150.0 million in senior notes maturing September 15, 2023, and paying interest semi-annually at the rate of 4.875 percent.

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required return, resulting in the accrual of executive bonuses. Increased levels of comprehensive earnings in ~~2017~~2019 resulted in higher variable compensation ~~earned. In addition, other general corporate expenses were up due to certain non-recurring expenses.~~earned than in 2018.

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INVESTEE EARNINGS

We maintain a 40 percent equity interest in Maui Jim, Inc. (Maui Jim), a manufacturer of high-quality sunglasses. Maui Jim’s chief executive officer owns a controlling majority of the outstanding shares of Maui Jim. Maui Jim is a private company and, as such, the market for its stock is limited. Our investment in Maui Jim is carried at the RLI Corp. holding company ~~RLI Corp.,~~ level, as it is not core to our insurance operations. AsWhile we have certain rights under our shareholder agreement with Maui Jim as a minority shareholder, we are subject to the decisions of the controlling shareholder, which may impact the value of our investment. In ~~2017,~~2019, we recorded ~~$14.4~~$13.6 million in earnings from this investment, compared to ~~$9.7~~$12.5 million in ~~2016 and $9.9 million in 2015.~~2018. Sunglass sales were up 95 percent in ~~2017,~~2019, after increasing 21 percent in 2016 and decreasing 2 percent in 2015. In addition to the increased sales, foreign exchange gains in 2017, compared to foreign exchange losses in 2016 and benefits associated with tax reform, led to Maui Jim’s increase in earnings for 2017.2018.

In ~~2016,~~2019 and 2018, we received a dividend from Maui Jim. Dividends from Maui Jim have been irregular in nature and while they provide added liquidity when received, we do not rely on those dividends to meet our liquidity needs. While these dividends do not flow through the investee earnings line, they do result in the recognition of a tax benefit, which is discussed in the income tax section that follows.

As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, we had a 23 percent interest in the equity and earnings of Prime Holdings Insurance Services, Inc. (Prime). Prime writes business through two Illinois domiciled insurance carriers, Prime Insurance Company, an excess and surplus lines company, and Prime Property and Casualty Insurance Inc., an admitted insurance company. AsPrime is a private company and, as such, the market for its stock is limited. While we have certain rights under our shareholder agreement with Prime as a minority shareholder, we are subject to the decisions of the controlling shareholder, which may impact the value of our investment. In ~~2017,~~2019, we recorded ~~$2.8~~$7.4 million in investee earnings for Prime, compared to ~~$1.1~~$3.6 million in ~~2016~~2018, reflective of significant growth in revenue and ~~$1.0 million in 2015.~~net earnings. Additionally, we maintain a ~~25 percent~~ quota share reinsurance treaty with Prime, which contributed ~~$29.6~~$13.1 million of gross premiums written and ~~$21.0~~$28.7 million of net premiums earned during ~~2017,~~2019, compared to ~~$13.4~~$41.1 million of gross premiums written and ~~$11.4~~$34.2 million of net premiums earned during ~~2016 and $11.3 million~~2018. The decrease in gross written premium is reflective of ~~gross premiums written and $10.9 million of net premiums earned during 2015.~~our decreased quota share participation with Prime.

INCOME TAXES

Our effective tax rates were ~~-24.2 percent, 26.8~~17.7 percent and ~~30.1~~5.0 percent for ~~2017, 2016~~2019 and ~~2015,~~2018, respectively. Effective rates are dependent upon components of pretax earnings and the related tax effects. The effective rate was ~~significantly lower~~higher in ~~2017,~~2019 primarily ~~as the result~~due to higher levels of ~~recent tax reform. Additionally, catastrophic losses incurred in the third quarter resulted in significantly lower~~ pretax earnings, which caused the tax-favored adjustments to be smaller on a percentage basis in 2019 compared to 2018. Additionally, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and ~~the change in accounting for excess tax benefits~~Treasury Department provided additional guidance on ~~share-based compensation further decreased~~aspects of the ~~effective tax rate.~~

~~The~~ Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ~~(TCJA) was signed into law on December 22, 2017. Among other provisions,~~and we were able to finalize the ~~TCJA lowered the federal corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent effective January 1, 2018. As~~accounting in 2018, resulting in a ~~result, we revalued~~$2.3 million deferred tax items as of year-end 2017 to reflect the lower rate. The revaluation reduced our net deferred tax liability and income tax expense by $32.8 million and decreased the effective tax rate by 38.8 percent.benefit.

Except for the following two aspects, we have completed the accounting for the tax effects of the enactment of the TCJA as of December 31, 2017. First, we provisionally recorded $2.3 million in deferred tax expense for an expected disallowance of deductions related to certain performance based compensation, including bonuses and stock options. As there is a lack of clarity on whether some amounts could be grandfathered in as deductible, we were unable to complete our analysis. Once the IRS provides more guidance on the deductibility of certain compensation classes, we will finalize the tax expense adjustments for this aspect of the TCJA changes. Second, the IRS has not yet published the factors for us to calculate the discount on loss reserves under the basis required by the TCJA. Although there is currently no net impact from the tax law changes, the gross deferred tax assets will likely increase as the discounting factors are expected to delay the deductibility of loss reserves. Once the revised discount factors are obtained, we can implement the new discounting methodology related to this aspect of the TCJA changes and will recognize the adjustment ratably over the allowed eight-year period beginning in 2018.

In 2017, the company adopted FASB ASU 2016-09, which requires the excess tax benefit on share-based compensation to flow through income tax expense. Prior to the adoption, excess tax benefits on share-based compensation were recorded directly to shareholders’ equity and had no impact on the effective tax rate. Due to the new accounting method, we recognized a $5.8 million tax benefit in 2017, decreasing the effective tax rate by 6.9 percent.

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Our net earnings include equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees, Maui Jim and Prime. The investees do not have a policy or pattern of paying dividends. As a result, we record a deferred tax liability on the earnings at the recently revised corporate capital gains rate of 21 percent in anticipation of recovering our investments through means other than through the receipt of dividends, such as a sale. We received a $13.2 million dividend from Maui Jim in 2019 and recognized a $1.8 million tax benefit from applying the lower tax rate applicable to affiliated dividends (7.4 percent in 2019), as compared to the corporate capital gains rate on which the deferred tax liabilities were based. Standing alone, the dividend resulted in a 0.8 percent reduction to the 2019 effective tax rate. In the fourth quarter of 2017, Maui Jim gave notification that a $9.9 million dividend would be paid in January 2018. Even though no dividend was received in 2017, we were aware that the lower tax rate applicable to affiliated dividends ~~(7.35 percent in 2018)~~ would be applied when the dividend was paid in 2018 and we therefore recorded a $1.4 million tax benefit in 2017. We received a $9.9 million dividend from Maui Jim in the fourth quarter of 2016 and recognized a $2.8 million tax benefit from applying the lower tax rate applicable to affiliated dividends (7 percent in 2016), as compared to the corporate capital gains rate on which the deferred tax liabilities were based. NoAs no additional dividends were ~~received~~declared from unconsolidated investees in ~~2015. Standing alone, the dividend resulted in a 1.6 percent and 1.8 percent reduction~~2018, there was no impact to the ~~2017 and 2016~~2018 effective tax ~~rates, respectively.~~rate.

Dividends paid to our Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) also result in a tax deduction. ~~Special dividends~~Dividends paid to the ESOP in ~~2017, 2016~~2019 and ~~2015~~2018 resulted in tax benefits of ~~$1.9 million, $2.4~~$1.1 million and ~~$2.5~~$1.2 million, respectively. These tax benefits reduced the effective tax rate for ~~2017, 2016~~2019 and ~~2015~~2018 by ~~2.3 percent, 1.5~~0.5 percent and ~~1.2~~1.8 percent, respectively.

In addition, our pretax earnings in ~~2017~~2019 included ~~$25.4~~$18.0 million of investment income that is partially exempt from federal income tax, compared to ~~$24.9 million and $25.1~~$21.1 million in ~~2016 and 2015, respectively.~~2018.

NET UNPAID LOSSES AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES

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The largest asset on our balance sheet, outside of investments, is the reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses, which serves to offset this liability.

The liability can be split into two parts: (1) case reserves representing estimates of losses and settlement expenses on known claims and (2) IBNR reserves representing estimates of losses and settlement expenses on claims that have occurred but have not yet been reported to ~~us.~~the Company. Our gross liability for both case and IBNR reserves is reduced by reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses to calculate our net reserve balance. This net reserve balance increased to ~~$969.5 million~~$1.2 billion at December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, from ~~$851.1 million~~$1.1 billion as of December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. This reflects incurred losses of ~~$401.6~~$413.4 million in ~~2017~~2019 offset by paid losses of ~~$283.2~~$319.9 million, compared to incurred losses of ~~$349.8~~$428.2 million offset by ~~$304.6~~$301.4 million paid in ~~2016.~~2018. For more information on the changes in loss and LAE reserves by segment, see note 6 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Gross reserves (liability) and the reinsurance balances recoverable (asset) are generally subject to the same influences that affect net reserves, though changes to our reinsurance agreements can cause reinsurance balances recoverable to behave differently. Total gross loss and LAE reserves increased to ~~$1.3~~$1.6 billion at December 31, ~~2017~~2019, from ~~$1.1~~$1.5 billion at December 31, ~~2016~~2018, while ceded loss and LAE reserves increased to ~~$302.0~~$384.5 million from ~~$288.2~~$365.0 million over the same period.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

OVERVIEW



(in thousands)	2017		2016		2015		2019		2018
Operating cash flows	$	197,525	$	174,463	$	152,586	$	276,917	$	217,102
Investing cash flows (uses)		(81,212)		(53,622)		(60,597)		(184,753)		(134,209)
Financing cash flows (uses)		(110,311)		(113,653)		(111,528)		(76,101)		(77,024)

We have posted positive operating cash flow in ~~each of~~ the last ~~three~~two years. Variations in operating cash flow between periods are largely driven by the volume and timing of premium receipt, claim payments, reinsurance and taxes. In addition, fluctuations in insurance operating expenses impact operating cash flow. During ~~2017,~~2019, the majority of cash flow uses were

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related to financing and investing activities and associated with the payments of dividends and net purchases of investments, respectively.

We have entered into certain contractual obligations that require usthe Company to make recurring payments. The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, ~~2017:~~2019:



CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
	Payments due by period
	Less than 1						More than
											Payments due by period
											Less than 1						More than
(in thousands)	yr.		1-3 yrs.		3-5 yrs.		5 yrs.		Total		yr.		1-3 yrs.		3-5 yrs.		5 yrs.		Total
Loss and settlement expense reserves	$	353,003	$	482,956	$	232,506	$	203,038	$	1,271,503	$	405,262	$	589,460	$	311,902	$	267,728	$	1,574,352
Long-term debt		—		—		—		150,000		150,000		—		—		150,000		—		150,000
Interest on long-term debt												7,313		14,625		5,179		—		27,117
Operating leases		5,589		10,376		10,017		6,644		32,626		5,983		11,872		6,720		1,366		25,941
Other invested assets		23,906		3,733		165		155		27,959		17,129		6,541		152		233		24,055
Total	$	382,498	$	497,065	$	242,688	$	359,837	$	1,482,088	$	435,687	$	622,498	$	473,953	$	269,327	$	1,801,465

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above. Amounts disclosed above are gross of anticipated amounts recoverable from reinsurers. Reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid loss and settlement reserves are reported separately as assets, instead of being netted with the related liabilities, since reinsurance does not discharge usthe Company of our liability to policyholders. Reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid loss and settlement reserves totaled ~~$302.0~~$384.5 million at December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, compared to ~~$288.2~~$365.0 million in ~~2016.~~2018.

The next largest contractual obligation relates to long-term debt outstanding. On October 2, 2013, we completed a public debt offering of $150.0 million in senior notes maturing September 15, 2023, (a 10-year maturity) and paying interest semi-annually at the rate of 4.875 percent. The notes were issued at a discount resulting in proceeds, net of discount and commission, of $148.6 million. We are not party to any off-balance sheet arrangements. See note 4 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for more information on our ~~long term~~long-term debt. Additionally, see note 2 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for information on our obligations for other invested assets.

At December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, we had cash, short-term investments and other investments maturing within one year of approximately ~~$50.2~~$96.4 million and an additional ~~$323.0~~$407.0 million of investments maturing between 1 to 5 years. We maintain a revolving line of credit with JP Morgan Chase Bank N.A., which permits usthe Company to borrow up to an aggregate principal amount of ~~$40.0~~$50.0 million. ~~This facility was entered into during the second quarter of 2014 and replaced the previous $25.0 million facility which expired on May 31, 2014.~~ Under certain conditions, the line may be increased up to an aggregate principal amount of ~~$65.0~~$75.0 million. The facility has a ~~four-year~~two-year term that expires on May ~~28, 2018.~~24, 2020. We anticipate reinitiating this line of credit in 2020. As of and during the year ended December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, no amounts were outstanding on ~~the revolving line of credit.~~this facility.

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approximately ~~$20~~$25 million. However, under certain circumstances, that capacity may be increased based on additional FHLBC stock purchased and available collateral. Our membership allows each insurance subsidiary to determine tenor and structure at the time of borrowing. ~~During the fourth quarter~~As of ~~2017, we borrowed~~ and ~~repaid $5.5 million from the FHLBC. The borrowing occurred due to a timing difference between dividends paid and received at one of our subsidiaries. As of~~during the year ended December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, there were no outstanding borrowings with the FHLBC.

OPERATING ACTIVITIES

The following list highlights some of the major sources and uses of cash flow from operating activities:


Sources		Uses
Premiums received		Claims
Loss payments from reinsurers		Ceded premium to reinsurers
Investment income (interest &and dividends)		Commissions paid
Unconsolidated investee dividends from affiliates		Operating expenses
Funds held		Interest expense
		Income taxes
		Funds held

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INVESTING ACTIVITIES

The following list highlights some of the major sources and uses of cash flow from investing activities:


Sources		Uses
Proceeds from ~~bonds sold, called~~sale, call or ~~matured~~maturity of bonds		Purchase of bonds
Proceeds from sale of stocks ~~sold~~		Purchase of stocks
Proceeds from sale of other invested assets		Purchase of other invested assets
		Acquisitions
		Purchase of property &and equipment

We maintain a diversified investment portfolio representing policyholder funds that have not yet been paid out as claims, as well as the capital we hold for our shareholders. As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, our portfolio had a carrying value of ~~$2.1~~$2.6 billion. Portfolio assets at December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, increased by ~~$119.0~~$366.1 million, or 617 percent, from December 31, ~~2016.~~2018.

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shareholders’ equity was invested in equities, compared to 4542 percent at December 31, ~~2016 and 46 percent at December 31, 2015.~~2018.

The fixed income portfolio is structured to meet policyholder obligations and optimize the generation of after-tax investment income and total return.

FINANCING ACTIVITIES


Sources		Uses
Proceeds from stock offerings		Shareholder dividends
Proceeds from debt offerings		Debt repayment
Short-term borrowing		Share buy-backs
Shares issued under stock option plans

Our capital structure is comprised of equity and debt obligations. As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, our capital structure consisted of ~~$148.9~~$149.3 million in 10-year maturity senior notes (long-term debt) and ~~$853.6~~$995.4 million of shareholders’ equity. Debt outstanding comprised 1513 percent of total capital as of December 31, ~~2017.~~2019.

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authorities of Illinois. As a result, we may not be able to receive dividends from such subsidiary at times and in amounts necessary to pay desired dividends to RLI Corp. shareholders. On a GAAP basis, as of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, our holding company had ~~$853.6~~$995.4 million in equity. This includes amounts related to the equity of our insurance subsidiaries, which is subject to regulatory restrictions under state insurance laws. The unrestricted portion of holding company net assets is comprised primarily of investments and cash, including ~~$23.5~~$45.9 million in liquid investment assets, which ~~approximates half~~would cover the majority of our annual holding company expenditures. Unrestricted funds at the holding company level are available to fund debt interest, general corporate obligations and ~~ordinary~~regular dividend payments to our shareholders. If necessary, the holding company also has other potential sources of liquidity that could provide for additional funding to meet corporate obligations or pay shareholder dividends, which include a revolving line of credit, as well as access to the capital markets.

Ordinary dividends, which may be paid by our principal insurance subsidiary without prior regulatory approval, are subject to certain limitations based upon statutory income, surplus and earned surplus. The maximum ordinary dividend distribution from our principal insurance subsidiary in a rolling 12-month period is limited by Illinois law to the greater of 10 percent of RLI Ins. policyholder surplus, as of December 31 of the preceding year, or the net income of RLI Ins. for the 12-month period ending December 31 of the preceding year. Ordinary dividends are further restricted by the requirement that they be paid from earned surplus. In ~~2017, 2016~~2019 and ~~2015,~~2018, our principal insurance subsidiary paid ordinary dividends totaling ~~$107.0 million, $123.6~~$59.0 million and ~~$125.0~~$13.0 million, respectively, to RLI Corp. Any dividend distribution in excess of the ordinary dividend limits is deemed extraordinary and requires prior approval from the ~~Illinois Department~~IDOI. In 2018, our principal insurance subsidiary sought and received regulatory approval prior to the payment of ~~Insurance (IDOI).~~extraordinary dividends totaling $110.0 million. No extraordinary dividends were paid in ~~2017, 2016 or 2015. Given the amount~~2019. As of ~~dividends paid during the prior rolling 12-month period,~~December 31, 2019, $65.3 million of the net assets of our principal insurance subsidiary are not restricted ~~through the third quarter of 2018~~ and ~~cannot~~could be distributed to RLI Corp. ~~without prior approval~~as ordinary dividends. Because the limitations are based upon a rolling 12-month period, the amount and impact of ~~the IDOI. However, in~~these restrictions vary over time. In addition to ~~the unrestricted liquid net assets that RLI Corp. had on hand as of December 31, 2017, RLI Corp. has other anticipated cash inflows~~restrictions from our principal subsidiary’s insurance regulator, we also consider internal models and ~~access to lines of credit that would cover normal annual holding company expenditures as they are incurred and become payable.~~how capital adequacy is defined by our rating agencies in determining amounts available for distribution.

Our ~~167~~175^th consecutive dividend payment was declared in February ~~2018~~2020 and will be paid on March 20, ~~2018,~~2020, in the amount of ~~$0.21~~$0.23 per share. Since the inception of cash dividends in 1976, we have increased our annual dividend every year.

OUTLOOK FOR ~~2018~~2020

~~The insurance industry is expected to post~~In 2019, we achieved several notable milestones in a ~~sizable underwriting loss in 2017, with an estimated combined ratio of 107 as a direct result~~year when much of the ~~elevated catastrophe losses experienced during~~industry was refining its risk appetite. Despite exiting several underperforming products, top line premium exceeded $1 billion for the ~~year. Insurance margins had already declined by year-over-year rate reductions, impacted~~first time in ~~part by excess capital~~our company’s history. Premium growth was broad based over the course of the last twelve months and the majority of our products saw opportunities in the market. ~~Prior~~Additionally, we surpassed $1 billion in statutory surplus as underwriting profit contributed to ~~2017, however, benefits on prior year reserves~~the bottom line for the 24th consecutive year. We expect a continued strong economy to provide further growth opportunities in 2020.

Rate increases and ~~benign loss cost inflation had continued to support industry results. In 2017, catastrophe~~tightening underwriting standards are providing additional submission opportunities, especially in casualty products where social influences are affecting claim activity ~~was heavier,~~

~~Table~~and severity. Participant’s capital deployment has been more conservative and selective, including the tapering of ~~Contents~~

~~reserve releases were smaller and the industry continued to experience an increase in loss cost inflation across several casualty lines.~~

~~The 2017 catastrophes~~capacity from reinsurers, particularly for underperforming insurers. Producers have resulted in risk bearers taking a moment of temporary reflection. Most reinsurers have acted rationally by taking the opportunity to moderately raise rates on underperforming contracts. Primary carriers are evaluating underwriting authority, rate adequacy and market opportunities. We are regularly faced with new entrants into the specialty insurance market, which requires a deep understanding and discipline to be successful. We believe we are in a good position to capitalize on this uncertainty. Our focus on narrow and deep talent in selected niche markets, combined with a disciplined underwriting culture and a compensation plan that reinforces ownership and accountability, allows us to act quickly and with confidence when opportunities arise. Our underwriters will continue to select the risks that should allow some underwriting margin regardless of the market rate even if that results in a temporarily smaller top line. We look to remain good stewards of the capital we are entrusted with and are optimistic that we will find worthy opportunities to put it to use.

We enter 2018 with a strong foundation, underlying momentum and unrealized potential. We spent a good portion of 2017 repositioning our portfolio by exiting some businesses in our property segment and addressing underperforming auto-related exposures. We did not just prune business, we also invested heavily in new casualty businesses, technology and improving the customer experience. Although we are not on the cutting edge of insurtech, we will continuebeen challenged to find ~~ways~~additional carriers to partner and learn from this wave of new ideas to become more effective, efficient and even easier to do business with. We did this in 2017 by partnering with one company to assess our exposures and triage the most pressing claims from the hurricanes.

As 2017 progressed, we saw a strengthening economy which increased underlying exposures and demand for insurance. We expect the recently passed tax reform to add further fuel to economic expansion, in addition to benefitting our bottom line in 2017 and beyond. This, coupled with the potential additional investments in the country’s infrastructure, could positively impact the construction industry, which a third of our insurance and surety businesses protect.

Our products are designed and underwritten by individuals with deep expertise. We are a niche participant in our chosen markets, offering convenient solutions to consumers who have unique needs, difficulty finding coverage or a need for specialized claims-handling. Our ownership culture and focus on underwriting discipline, coupled with a diverse portfolio of specialty products, have served us well in all markets. We expect price stabilizationfill out larger programs and some firming throughout 2018, which should allow current accident years’ margins to stabilize or improve slightly. We also expect moderate growth in our top line and an underwriting profit overall, assuming normal catastrophe activity. Some additional detail by segment follows.competitors are seeing their reserve adequacy deteriorate as claim severity increases across multiple lines.

CASUALTY

~~We believe~~The casualty industry has experienced some turbulence in the ~~top line momentum is sustainable into 2018. We expect~~last 18 months as deteriorating loss trends in multiple market segments have resulted in attractive conditions for well-positioned carriers. Specifically, the market is seeing greater primary liability losses, as well as excess and umbrella liability claims. Securities class action suits remain at an elevated level in the management liability space. All of these trends have caused some participants to reconsider their approach, including reducing policy limits, requiring increased retentions by insureds, or exiting certain classes altogether. This disruption creates opportunity as producers seek out new capacity.

Our casualty portfolio experienced premium headwinds in ~~commercial~~2019, due to the reduction in our assumed reinsurance treaty with Prime and ~~personal auto~~several product exits. Although we recognized adverse loss development from some of these runoff products in 2019, we believe our bottom line will benefit over the long term. A majority of our mature products grew during the year and newer products have started to ~~continue and we will take advantage of opportunities that meet our risk appetite.~~gain scale. Our ~~consistent and disciplined underwriting~~diverse portfolio will continue to ~~differentiate~~evolve over time.

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With systemic uncertainty impacting industry results, we will continue to maintain underwriting discipline and monitor loss trends. Growth in longer tail liability lines, along with adverse auto-related losses in the industry support a cautious approach to reserving along with continued investment in our claim team to ensure fair outcomes. While rate increases attempt to address loss trends, we will ~~persist, but~~maintain discipline as our newer businesses mature. Overall our casualty product portfolio is healthy and our outlook on the business continues to be positive.

PROPERTY

Selecting diversified exposures is an important component of our property segment and our recent investment in marketing and technology will support growth in our Hawaii homeowners business. While our underwriting results will continue to be influenced by the level of catastrophe activity in U.S., we ~~do expect at~~have seen first-hand that taking care of customers in the wake of an event bolsters the intangibles that define strong relationships. Deep understanding of catastrophe risks has long been a ~~diminutive pace. With this momentum,~~part of our DNA and we expect this to be beneficial in the current environment.

SURETY

Surety remains the most competitive segment in our ~~transportation division~~portfolio. Infrequent loss activity has attracted a number of new entrants to ~~grow in 2018. In our personal umbrella business,~~the space, however, this is not a risk free business. Some noticeably large commercial surety losses have emerged recently, which we expect will result in the tightening of terms and conditions. That said, overall surety industry results remain very profitable.

Our surety top line will continue to start seeing payback for investments in technology to enhance the customer experience and in our efforts to build relationships and expand distribution. The build out of a countrywide, admitted package capability will be completed in 2018. The slow, careful rollout to producers has begun with niche classes and will accelerate during the year. At the same time, we expect continued expansion of our package for professionals, as well as growth from our small contractor’s package as we make the product available in more states. The newer products launched inchallenged. Over the last couple of years, ~~including general binding authority, energy casualty, healthcare liability, cyber liability~~we exited select programs in our miscellaneous book that no longer meet our risk appetite. In the larger commercial account driven business, we have also exited select accounts where the credit quality of our principal had deteriorated. This represents a continuous process of underwriting our accounts to determine if we should continue extending credit. Although new business is difficult to win in this competitive market, our successes stem from nurturing strong relationships with current accounts. Opportunities are brighter in the small contractor’s space as the construction market continues to expand.

The surety segment has been a sizeable contributor to our underwriting results and ~~mortgage reinsurance,~~we are ~~all building scale,~~hopeful that premium will stabilize over the course of 2020.

INVESTMENTS

Capital markets posted one of the strongest years in recent memory in 2019. The Federal Reserve’s accommodative support led to positive returns in nearly every asset class. With a more positive backdrop, Wall Street has changed its tune and is now forecasting modest growth with low recession risk. That sentiment will hopefully sustain the economic recovery, where the United States just completed an entire calendar decade without a recession. Although we believe fundamentals will remain sound over the next twelve months, the abundance of commentary stating there is no recession in sight offers some reason for skepticism.

Wages continue to climb higher, adding to consumer confidence and household wealth. These trends have yet to manifest themselves into higher inflation, which ~~should continue.~~remains below the Fed’s target. We ~~anticipate that our growth from our reinsurance partnership with Prime will begin~~do not expect the Fed to ~~moderate.~~change policy much in the coming year, unless circumstances require defensive actions. Our ~~established casualty businesses~~allocation among asset classes will likely remain fairly steady, ~~unless there is more disruption~~with a preference for high quality bonds and slight overweight to duration.

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In equity markets, expanding increased earnings multiples dominated in 2019, pushing indices to new records. Increased earnings will need to be the driver for equities to see further improvement in the ~~market.~~year ahead. We ~~will keep~~remain committed to our equity allocation but are mindful that we are near the top end of our allocation.

We are in a ~~watchful eye on casualty loss cost trends. We believe the plaintiff bar has become more active~~world where outside influences, namely domestic elections and ~~juries~~global trade uncertainties, have become more receptive to reach beyond liability and put as much or more weight on an injured party’s needs than ever before. If this trend continues, loss cost inflation will rise which will drive more demand but may also increase loss severity. Overall, we expect more top line growth and current accident year underwriting margins to remain close to break-even for the near term.

~~PROPERTY~~

~~For the first time in several years, the property segment has~~ the opportunity to ~~grow in 2018. Commercial property, which focuses on catastrophe coverages, is seeing broad rate stabilization~~drive volatility. Macroeconomic factors, including continued low inflation, modest wage gains, global tariffs, low unemployment and rate increases in loss impacted areas. Reinsurance costs are expected to rise and should result in the primary carriers passing on this expense to their insureds. The degree of rate change will likely be less than what the industry was hoping for, following a ~~year of nearly $85 billion in catastrophe losses, but any increase will improve a product line where margins were getting too thin relative to the risk. Investments in marketing~~

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and new production sources will benefit our Hawaii homeowners and marine business units. Bottom-line profitability should return assuming a more normal catastrophe year. The expense ratio should decline modestly with expected growth across all property business units.

~~SURETY~~

The surety division competes in the most difficult market conditions of all of our segments. There is pressure to loosen underwriting standards, credit terms, indemnification provisions and rates while increasing commissions. Poor decision-making could eventually result in an aggregation of severe losses to the undisciplined surety. We hold firm and steadfast in these conditions. We will remain consistent and disciplined in our underwriting approach, though our top line has declined some as a result. This segment is highly impacted by the regulatory environment and overall economic conditions, particularly to those existing in the public construction sector. We remain focused on what we can control – adding value by investing in people, service and technology that differentiates us for the future. Surety is coming off their best year of underwriting performance since the segment was launched in 1992. This level of profitability would be difficult to achieve in 2018. However, with our diligent underwriting, we expect to continue producing an underwriting profit and to outperform in this segment despite ongoing pressure on the top line.

~~INVESTMENTS~~

~~Our portfolio exhibited~~ strong total return results again in 2017 as tighter credit spreads in fixed income insulated the portfolio from the uplift in short term Treasury yields. We were pleased to establish a positive net investment income result over several quarters and expect that profile to be supported by our invested asset base and overall market yields. The equity portfolio finished the year with double digit returns, however, conservatism and positioning in our strategy left us behind the S&P 500 for the calendar year.

Capital markets volatility was markedly muted during 2017, while returns were fairly robust. On the heels of a presidential election cycle, markets moved in one cohesive uptrend for most of the last twelve months based on optimism for fiscal stimulus, the potential for growth and the possibility of lower levels of Federal regulation. Throughout the year, gross domestic product shifted to levels above recent averages and the unemployment rate steadily declined. In this relatively robust macroeconomic setting, the U.S. central bank found enough rationale to raise short term rates on three occasions in 2017. Confidence in annual growth for the new year will likely perpetuate a trend of Federal Reserve tightening despite few signs of inflation. With short term interest rates reacting to monetary policy, two-year Treasury yields increased by nearly 0.7 percent during the year and the differential between short term and long term rates compressed significantly. Unless inflation expectations move higher, this ‘flat’ yield curve condition should persist in 2018. Any expectations that prices and wages accelerate, will be met with higher long term yields.

We are cautiously optimistic that conditions will remain supportive of asset prices, however we will remain disciplined in our approach to risk management and continue to regularly rebalance our portfolio positions. In the near term, the TCJA will require a reevaluation of the relative value of tax preferenced investments, including municipal holdings.

A delicate transition from monetary policy stimulus to one centered in fiscal policies has begun and market expectations are high for a smooth hand-off. Although, corporate fundamentals will be the standard bearer for the efficacy of tax reform in 2018, the second order impacts on consumer ~~spending and medium-term growth have significant potential. Regardless of outcome, our strategy~~ will continue to ~~support insurance operations through investment income~~bias policy and ~~sponsor long-term growth~~impact performance in ~~book value through surplus-assigned strategies.~~2020.

PROSPECTIVE ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Prospective accounting standards are those which we have not implemented because the implementation date has not yet occurred. For a discussion of relevant prospective accounting standards, see note 1.D. to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

MARKET RISK DISCLOSURE

Market risk is a general term describing the potential economic loss associated with adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments. Management of market risk is a critical component of our investment decisions and objectives. We manage our exposure to market risk by using the following tools:

●

Monitoring the fair value of all financial assets on a constant basis,

●

Changing the character of future investment purchases as needed and

●

Maintaining a balance between existing asset and liability portfolios.

FIXED INCOME AND INTEREST RATE RISK

The most significant short-term influence on our fixed income portfolio is a change in interest rates. Because there is intrinsic difficulty predicting the direction and magnitude of interest rate moves, we attempt to minimize the impact of interest rate risk on the balance sheet by matching the duration of assets to that of our liabilities. Furthermore, the diversification of sectors and given issuers is core to our risk management process, increasing the granularity of individual credit risk. Liquidity and call risk are elements of fixed income that we regularly evaluate to ensure we are receiving adequate compensation. Our fixed income portfolio has a meaningful impact on financial results and is a key component in our enterprise risk simulations.

Interest rate risk can also affect our ~~income~~consolidated statement of earnings due to its impact on interest expense. As of December 31, ~~2017~~2019 and ~~2016,~~2018, we had no short-term debt obligations. We maintain a debt obligation that is long-term in nature and carries a fixed interest rate. As such, our interest expense on this obligation is not subject to changes in interest rates. As this debt is not due until 2023, we will not assume additional interest rate risk in our ability to refinance this debt for more than ~~five~~three years.

EQUITY PRICE RISK

Equity price risk is the potential that we will incur economic loss due to the decline of common stock prices. Beta analysis is used to measure the sensitivity of our equity portfolio to changes in the value of the S&P 500 Index (an index representative of the broad equity market). Our current equity portfolio has a beta of 0.9in comparison to the S&P 500 with a beta of 1.0. This lower beta statistic reflects our long-term emphasis on maintaining a value-oriented, dividend-driven investment philosophy for our equity portfolio.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

The tables that follow detail information on the market risk exposure for our financial investments as of December 31, ~~2017.~~2019. Listed on each table is the December 31, ~~2017~~2019 fair value for our assets and the expected pretax reduction in fair value given the stated hypothetical events. This sensitivity analysis assumes the composition of our assets remains constant over the period being measured and also assumes interest rate changes are reflected uniformly across the yield curve. For example, our ability to hold non-trading securities to maturity mitigates price fluctuation risks. For purposes of this disclosure, market-risk-sensitive instruments are all classified as held for non-trading purposes, as we do not hold any trading securities. The examples

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given are not predictions of future market events, but rather illustrations of the effect such events may have on the fair value of our investment portfolio.

As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, our fixed income portfolio had a fair value of ~~$1.7~~$2.0 billion. The sensitivity analysis uses scenarios of interest rates increasing 100 and 200 ~~basis points~~basis-points from their December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, levels with all other variables held constant. Such scenarios would result in modeled decreases in the fair value of the fixed income portfolio of ~~$92.6~~$97.9 million and ~~$181.7~~$190.0 million, respectively.

As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, our equity portfolio had a fair value of ~~$400.5~~$460.6 million. The base sensitivity analysis uses market scenarios of the S&P 500 Index declining both 10 percent and 20 percent. These scenarios would result in approximate decreases in the equity fair value of ~~$34.3~~$39.4 million and ~~$68.6~~$78.8 million, respectively.

While the declines in market value outlined below are modeled as instantaneous changes, we would expect movements in capital markets to occur over time, with investment income offering an offset to any decrease in prices.

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Under the assumptions of rising interest rates and a decreasing S&P 500 Index, the fair value of our assets will decrease from their present levels by the indicated amounts.

Effect of a ~~100-basis-point~~100 basis-point increase in interest rates and a 10 percent decline in the S&P 500:


	12/31/17 Fair		Interest		Equity

							12/31/19 Fair		Interest		Equity
(in thousands)	Value		Rate Risk		Risk		Value		Rate Risk		Risk
Held for non-trading purposes:
Fixed income securities	$	1,672,239	$	(92,566)	$	—	$	1,983,086	$	(97,851)	$	—
Equity securities		400,492		—		(34,320)		460,630		—		(39,389)
Total non-trading	$	2,072,731	$	(92,566)	$	(34,320)
Total							$	2,443,716	$	(97,851)	$	(39,389)

Effect of a ~~200-basis-point~~200 basis-point increase in interest rates and a 20 percent decline in the S&P 500:


	12/31/17 Fair		Interest		Equity

							12/31/19 Fair		Interest		Equity
(in thousands)	Value		Rate Risk		Risk		Value		Rate Risk		Risk
Held for non-trading purposes:
Fixed income securities	$	1,672,239	$	(181,689)	$	—	$	1,983,086	$	(189,930)	$	—
Equity securities		400,492		—		(68,640)		460,630		—		(78,778)
Total non-trading	$	2,072,731	$	(181,689)	$	(68,640)
Total							$	2,443,716	$	(189,930)	$	(78,778)

Comparatively, under the assumptions of falling interest rates and an increasing S&P 500 Index, the fair value of our assets will increase from their present levels by the indicated amounts.

Effect of a ~~100-basis-point~~100 basis-point decrease in interest rates and a 10 percent increase in the S&P 500:


	12/31/17 Fair		Interest		Equity

							12/31/19 Fair		Interest		Equity
(in thousands)	Value		Rate Risk		Risk		Value		Rate Risk		Risk
Held for non-trading purposes:
Fixed income securities	$	1,672,239	$	87,916	$	—	$	1,983,086	$	106,235	$	—
Equity securities		400,492		—		34,320		460,630		—		39,389
Total non-trading	$	2,072,731	$	87,916	$	34,320
Total							$	2,443,716	$	106,235	$	39,389

Effect of a ~~200-basis-point~~200 basis-point decrease in interest rates and 20 percent increase in the S&P 500:


	12/31/17 Fair		Interest		Equity

							12/31/19 Fair		Interest		Equity
(in thousands)	Value		Rate Risk		Risk		Value		Rate Risk		Risk
Held for non-trading purposes:
Fixed income securities	$	1,672,239	$	174,656	$	—	$	1,983,086	$	221,615	$	—
Equity securities		400,492		—		68,640		460,630		—		78,778
Total non-trading	$	2,072,731	$	174,656	$	68,640
Total							$	2,443,716	$	221,615	$	78,778

6258

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Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data


Index to Financial Statements					Page

Consolidated Balance Sheets					6460
Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Earnings					6561
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity					6662
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows					6763
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements					~~68-108~~64-100
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm					~~109~~101

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Consolidated Balance Sheets


	December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2019		2018
Assets
Investments and cash:
Fixed income:
Available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost - $1,915,278 in 2019 and $1,776,465 in 2018)	$	1,983,086	$	1,760,515
Equity securities, at fair value (cost - $262,131 in 2019 and $220,373 in 2018)		460,630		340,483
Short-term investments, at cost which approximates fair value		—		11,550
Other invested assets		70,441		51,542
Cash		46,203		30,140
Total investments and cash	$	2,560,360	$	2,194,230
Accrued investment income		14,587		14,033
Premiums and reinsurance balances receivable, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $16,682 in 2019 and $16,967 in 2018		160,369		152,576
Ceded unearned premiums		93,656		71,174
Reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $9,402 in 2019 and $9,793 in 2018		384,517		364,999
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net		85,044		84,934
Property and equipment, at cost, net of accumulated depreciation of $62,703 in 2019 and $54,275 in 2018		53,121		54,692
Investment in unconsolidated investees		103,836		94,967
Goodwill and intangibles		54,127		54,534
Other assets		36,104		18,926
Total assets	$	3,545,721	$	3,105,065

Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and settlement expenses	$	1,574,352	$	1,461,348
Unearned premiums		540,213		496,505
Reinsurance balances payable		25,691		22,591
Funds held		83,358		72,309
Income taxes - deferred		56,727		24,238
Bonds payable, long-term debt		149,302		149,115
Accrued expenses		66,626		45,124
Other liabilities		54,064		26,993
Total liabilities	$	2,550,333	$	2,298,223

Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock ($0.01 par value 100,000,000 share authorized)
(67,799,229 shares issued and 44,869,015 shares outstanding in 2019)
(67,434,257 shares issued and 44,504,043 shares outstanding in 2018)	$	678	$	674
Paid-in capital		321,190		305,660
Accumulated other comprehensive earnings, net of tax		52,473		(14,572)
Retained earnings		1,014,046		908,079
Deferred compensation		7,980		8,354
Treasury stock, at cost (22,930,214 shares in 2019 and 2018)		(400,979)		(401,353)
Total shareholders’ equity	$	995,388	$	806,842
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	3,545,721	$	3,105,065

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Earnings

~~Consolidated Balance Sheets~~

December 31,

(in thousands, except per share data)

2017

2016

Assets

Investments and Cash:

Fixed income:

Available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost - $1,646,411 in 2017 and $1,596,227 in 2016)

$
1,672,239

$
1,605,209

Equity securities available-for-sale, at fair value (cost - $182,002 in 2017 and $187,573 in 2016)

400,492

369,219

Short-term investments, at cost which approximates fair value

9,980

5,015

Other invested assets

33,808

24,115

Cash

24,271

18,269

Total investments and cash

$
2,140,790

$
2,021,827

Accrued investment income

$
15,166

$
14,593

Premiums and reinsurance balances receivable, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $16,935 in 2017 and $15,981 in 2016

134,351

126,387

Ceded unearned premiums

57,928

52,173

Reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $10,014 in 2017 and $10,699 in 2016

301,991

288,224

Deferred policy acquisition costs, net

77,716

73,147

Property and equipment, at cost, net of accumulated depreciation of $47,676 in 2017 and $41,999 in 2016

55,849

54,606

Investment in unconsolidated investees

90,067

72,240

Goodwill and intangibles

59,302

64,371

Other assets

14,084

10,065

Total assets

$
2,947,244

$
2,777,633

Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity

Liabilities:

Unpaid losses and settlement expenses

$
1,271,503

$
1,139,337

Unearned premiums

451,449

433,777

Reinsurance balances payable

21,624

17,928

Funds held

74,560

72,742

Income taxes - deferred

53,768

64,494

Bonds payable, long-term debt

148,928

148,741

Accrued expenses

52,848

51,992

Other liabilities

18,966

25,050

Total liabilities

$
2,093,646

$
1,954,061

Shareholders’ equity:

Common stock ($1 par value, authorized 100,000,000 shares, issued 67,078,569 shares in 2017 and 66,874,911 shares in 2016, and outstanding 44,148,355 shares in 2017 and 43,944,697 shares in 2016)

$
67,079

$
66,875

Paid-in capital

233,077

229,779

Accumulated other comprehensive earnings, net of tax

157,919

122,610

Retained earnings

788,522

797,307

Deferred compensation

8,640

11,496

Treasury stock, at cost (22,930,214 shares in 2017 and 2016)

(401,639)

(404,495)

Total shareholders’ equity

$
853,598

$
823,572

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity

$
2,947,244

$
2,777,633


	Years ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2019		2018		2017
Net premiums earned	$	839,111	$	791,366	$	737,937
Net investment income		68,870		62,085		54,876
Net realized gains		17,520		63,624		6,970
Other-than-temporary-impairment losses on investments		—		(217)		(2,559)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities		78,090		(98,735)		—
Consolidated revenue	$	1,003,591	$	818,123	$	797,224
Losses and settlement expenses		413,416		428,193		401,584
Policy acquisition costs		288,697		267,738		252,515
Insurance operating expenses		69,430		53,803		56,994
Interest expense on debt		7,588		7,437		7,426
General corporate expenses		12,686		9,427		11,340
Total expenses	$	791,817	$	766,598	$	729,859
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees		20,960		16,056		17,224
Earnings before income taxes	$	232,734	$	67,581	$	84,589
Income tax expense (benefit):
Current		26,426		23,917		9,302
Deferred		14,666		(20,515)		(29,741)
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	41,092	$	3,402	$	(20,439)
Net earnings	$	191,642	$	64,179	$	105,028

Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax		67,045		(33,997)		35,309
Comprehensive earnings	$	258,687	$	30,182	$	140,337

Basic:
Net earnings per share	$	4.28	$	1.45	$	2.39
Comprehensive earnings per share	$	5.78	$	0.68	$	3.19

Diluted:
Net earnings per share	$	4.23	$	1.43	$	2.36
Comprehensive earnings per share	$	5.72	$	0.67	$	3.15

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic		44,734		44,358		44,033
Diluted		45,257		44,835		44,500

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

6461

Table of Contents

Consolidated Statements of ~~Earnings and Comprehensive Earnings~~Shareholders’ Equity


								Accumulated
		Total						Other
	Common	Shareholders’		Common		Paid-in		Comprehensive		Retained		Deferred		Treasury Stock
(in thousands, except per share data)	Shares	Equity		Stock		Capital		Earnings (Loss)		Earnings		Compensation		at Cost
Balance, January 1, 2017	43,944,697	$	823,572	$	66,875	$	229,779	$	122,610	$	797,307	$	11,496	$	(404,495)
Net earnings	—		105,028		—		—		—		105,028		—		—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax	—		35,309		—		—		35,309		—		—		—
Deferred compensation under rabbi trust plans	—		—		—		—		—		—		(2,856)		2,856
Share-based compensation	203,658		3,502		204		3,298		—		—		—		—
Dividends and dividend equivalents ($2.58 per share)	—		(113,813)		—		—		—		(113,813)		—		—
Balance, December 31, 2017	44,148,355	$	853,598	$	67,079	$	233,077	$	157,919	$	788,522	$	8,640	$	(401,639)
Cumulative-effect adjustment from ASU 2016-01 and 2018-02	—		86		—		—		(138,494)		138,580		—		—
Par value conversion from $1.00 per share to $0.01 per share	—		—		(66,409)		66,409		—		—		—		—
Net earnings	—		64,179		—		—		—		64,179		—		—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax	—		(33,997)		—		—		(33,997)		—		—		—
Deferred compensation under rabbi trust plans	—		—		—		—		—		—		(286)		286
Share-based compensation	355,688		6,178		4		6,174		—		—		—		—
Dividends and dividend equivalents ($1.87 per share)	—		(83,202)		—		—		—		(83,202)		—		—
Balance, December 31, 2018	44,504,043	$	806,842	$	674	$	305,660	$	(14,572)	$	908,079	$	8,354	$	(401,353)
Net earnings	—		191,642		—		—		—		191,642		—		—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax	—		67,045		—		—		67,045		—		—		—
Deferred compensation under rabbi trust plans	—		—		—		—		—		—		(374)		374
Share-based compensation	364,972		15,534		4		15,530		—		—		—		—
Dividends and dividend equivalents ($1.91 per share)	—		(85,675)		—		—		—		(85,675)		—		—
Balance, December 31, 2019	44,869,015	$	995,388	$	678	$	321,190	$	52,473	$	1,014,046	$	7,980	$	(400,979)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Years ended December 31,

(in thousands, except per share data)

2017

2016

2015

Net premiums earned

$
737,937

$
728,608

$
700,161

Net investment income

54,876

53,075

54,644

Net realized gains

6,970

34,740

39,829

Other-than-temporary-impairment losses on investments

(2,559)

(95)

—

Consolidated revenue

$
797,224

$
816,328

$
794,634

Losses and settlement expenses

$
401,584

$
349,778

$
299,045

Policy acquisition costs

252,515

249,612

241,078

Insurance operating expenses

56,994

53,093

51,480

Interest expense on debt

7,426

7,426

7,426

General corporate expenses

11,340

10,170

9,837

Total expenses

$
729,859

$
670,079

$
608,866

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees

17,224

10,833

10,914

Earnings before income taxes

$
84,589

$
157,082

$
196,682

Income tax expense (benefit):

Current

$
9,302

$
41,034

$
52,104

Deferred

(29,741)

1,128

7,034

Income tax expense (benefit):

$
(20,439)

$
42,162

$
59,138

Net earnings

$
105,028

$
114,920

$
137,544

Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax

35,309

(1,164)

(47,609)

Comprehensive earnings

$
140,337

$
113,756

$
89,935

Basic:

Net earnings per share

$
2.39

$
2.63

$
3.18

Comprehensive earnings per share

$
3.19

$
2.60

$
2.08

Diluted:

Net earnings per share

$
2.36

$
2.59

$
3.12

Comprehensive earnings per share

$
3.15

$
2.56

$
2.04

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding

Basic

44,033

43,772

43,299

Diluted

44,500

44,432

44,131

Table of Contents

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows


	Years ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2019		2018		2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net earnings	$	191,642	$	64,179	$	105,028
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:
Net realized gains		(17,520)		(63,407)		(4,411)
Net unrealized (gains) losses on equity securities		(78,090)		98,735		—
Depreciation		8,164		7,042		6,944
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)		14,666		(20,515)		(29,741)
Other items, net		25,341		6,171		16,368
Change in:
Accrued investment income		(552)		1,132		(573)
Premiums and reinsurance balances receivable (net of direct write-offs and commutations)		(7,793)		(18,225)		(7,964)
Reinsurance balances payable		3,100		967		3,696
Funds held		11,049		(2,251)		1,818
Ceded unearned premiums		(22,482)		(13,246)		(5,755)
Reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses		(19,518)		(63,008)		(13,767)
Deferred policy acquisition costs		(110)		(7,218)		(4,569)
Accrued expenses		21,502		(7,724)		856
Unpaid losses and settlement expenses		113,004		189,845		132,166
Unearned premiums		43,708		45,056		17,672
Current income taxes payable		(1,434)		5,725		(3,019)
Changes in investment in unconsolidated investees:
Undistributed earnings		(20,960)		(16,056)		(17,224)
Dividends received		13,200		9,900		—
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	276,917	$	217,102	$	197,525

Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of:
Fixed income, available-for-sale	$	(539,726)	$	(725,675)	$	(430,727)
Equity securities		(89,486)		(115,921)		(20,719)
Property and equipment		(6,955)		(6,087)		(9,238)
Other		(22,751)		(18,754)		(19,112)
Proceeds from sale of:
Fixed income, available-for-sale		196,558		395,019		168,760
Equity securities		62,172		147,838		36,573
Property and equipment		—		167		128
Subsidiary or agency		—		—		408
Other		2,502		3,394		2,063
Proceeds from call or maturity of:
Fixed income, available-for-sale		201,383		187,380		195,617
Net proceeds from sale (purchase) of short-term investments		11,550		(1,570)		(4,965)
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(184,753)	$	(134,209)	$	(81,212)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from stock option exercises		9,490		6,076		3,502
Cash dividends paid		(85,591)		(83,100)		(113,813)
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(76,101)	$	(77,024)	$	(110,311)

Net increase in cash	$	16,063	$	5,869	$	6,002

Cash at beginning of year	$	30,140	$	24,271	$	18,269

Cash at end of year	$	46,203	$	30,140	$	24,271

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

~~Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity~~

Accumulated






Total

Other

Common

Shareholders’

Common

Paid-in

Comprehensive

Retained

Deferred

Treasury Stock

(in thousands, except per share data)

Shares

Equity

Stock

Capital

Earnings (Loss)

Earnings

Compensation

at Cost

Balance, January 1, 2015

43,102,715

$
845,062

$
66,033

$
213,737

$
171,383

$
786,908

$
13,769

$
(406,768)

Net earnings

—

$
137,544

$
—

$
—

$
—

$
137,544

$
—

$
—

Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax

—

(47,609)

—

—

(47,609)

—

—

—

Deferred compensation under Rabbi trust plans

—

—

—

—

—

—

(3,122)

3,122

Stock option excess tax benefit

—

11,413

—

11,413

—

—

—

—

Exercise of stock options

441,413

(3,364)

441

(3,805)

—

—

—

—

Dividends paid ($2.75 per share)

—

(119,577)

—

—

—

(119,577)

—

—

Balance, December 31, 2015

43,544,128

$
823,469

$
66,474

$
221,345

$
123,774

$
804,875

$
10,647

$
(403,646)

Net earnings

—

$
114,920

$
—

$
—

$
—

$
114,920

$
—

$
—

Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax

—

(1,164)

—

—

(1,164)

—

—

—

Deferred compensation under Rabbi trust plans

—

—

—

—

—

—

849

(849)

Stock option excess tax benefit

—

9,576

—

9,576

—

—

—

—

Exercise of stock options

400,569

(741)

401

(1,142)

—

—

—

—

Dividends paid ($2.79 per share)

—

(122,488)

—

—

—

(122,488)

—

—

Balance, December 31, 2016

43,944,697

$
823,572

$
66,875

$
229,779

$
122,610

$
797,307

$
11,496

$
(404,495)

Net earnings

—

$
105,028

$
—

$
—

$
—

$
105,028

$
—

$
—

Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax

—

35,309

—

—

35,309

—

—

—

Deferred compensation under Rabbi trust plans

—

—

—

—

—

—

(2,856)

2,856

Stock option excess tax benefit

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Exercise of stock options

203,658

3,502

204

3,298

—

—

—

—

Dividends paid ($2.58 per share)

—

(113,813)

—

—

—

(113,813)

—

—

Balance, December 31, 2017

44,148,355

$
853,598

$
67,079

$
233,077

$
157,919

$
788,522

$
8,640

$
(401,639)

~~See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.~~

~~Table of Contents~~

~~Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows~~

(in thousands)

2017

2016

2015

Cash flows from operating activities:

Net earnings

$
105,028

$
114,920

$
137,544

Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:

Net realized gains

(4,411)

(34,645)

(39,829)

Depreciation

6,944

6,430

5,406

Other items, net

16,368

17,699

15,006

Change in:

Accrued investment income

(573)

285

(249)

Premiums and reinsurance balances receivable (net of direct write-offs and commutations)

(7,964)

17,275

10,911

Reinsurance balances payable

3,696

(19,628)

(457)

Funds held

1,818

18,488

2,773

Ceded unearned premium

(5,755)

660

1,128

Reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses

(13,767)

9,620

37,262

Deferred policy acquisition costs

(4,569)

(3,318)

(4,706)

Accrued expenses

856

(3,750)

(7,406)

Unpaid losses and settlement expenses

132,166

35,552

(17,255)

Unearned premiums

17,672

11,683

20,682

Income taxes:

Current

(3,019)

12,573

7,069

Deferred

(29,741)

1,128

7,034

Stock option excess tax benefit

—

(9,576)

(11,413)

Changes in investment in unconsolidated investees:

Undistributed earnings

(17,224)

(10,833)

(10,914)

Dividends received

—

9,900

—

Net cash provided by operating activities

$
197,525

$
174,463

$
152,586

Cash flows from investing activities:

Purchase of:

Fixed income, available-for-sale

$
(430,727)

$
(557,067)

$
(665,422)

Equity securities, available-for-sale

(20,719)

(36,335)

(39,905)

Short-term investments, net

(4,965)

—

—

Property and equipment

(9,238)

(16,155)

(10,035)

Investment in equity method investee

—

—

(1,711)

Acquisition of agency

—

(850)

—

Other

(19,112)

(7,722)

(4,642)

Proceeds from sale of:

Fixed income, available-for-sale

168,760

329,091

436,680

Equity securities, available-for-sale

36,573

89,909

53,110

Short-term investments, net

—

2,564

6,637

Property and equipment

128

1,688

76

Subsidiary or agency

408

—

7,500

Other

2,063

—

135

Proceeds from call or maturity of:

Fixed income, available-for-sale

195,617

141,255

156,980

Net cash used in investing activities

$
(81,212)

$
(53,622)

$
(60,597)

Cash flows from financing activities:

Stock option excess tax benefit

$
—

$
9,576

$
11,413

Proceeds from stock option exercises

3,502

(741)

(3,364)

Cash dividends paid

(113,813)

(122,488)

(119,577)

Net cash used in financing activities

$
(110,311)

$
(113,653)

$
(111,528)

Net increase (decrease) in cash

$
6,002

$
7,188

$
(19,539)

Cash at beginning of year

$
18,269

$
11,081

$
30,620

Cash at end of year

$
24,271

$
18,269

$
11,081

~~See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.~~

~~Table of Contents~~

~~Notes~~

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1.SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

A.	DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

~~A.DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS~~

RLI Corp., is an insurance holding ~~company, is an Illinois corporation that was organized in 1965.~~company. References to “the Company,” “we,” “our,” “us” or like terms refer to the business of RLI Corp. and its subsidiaries. We underwrite select property and casualty insurance coverages through major subsidiaries collectively known as RLI Insurance ~~Group (the Group).~~Group. We conduct operations principally through ~~three~~3 insurance companies. RLI Insurance Company (RLI Ins.), a subsidiary of RLI Corp. and our principal insurance subsidiary, writes multiple lines of insurance on an admitted basis in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Guam. Mt. Hawley Insurance Company (Mt. Hawley), a subsidiary of RLI Ins., writes excess and surplus lines insurance on a non-admitted basis in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Guam. Contractors Bonding and Insurance Company (CBIC), a subsidiary of RLI Ins., writes multiple lines of insurance on an admitted basis in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

~~B.PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION~~On May 4, 2018, RLI Corp. changed its state of incorporation from the State of Illinois to the State of Delaware (the Reincorporation). The Reincorporation was effected by merging RLI Corp., an Illinois corporation (RLI Illinois), into RLI Corp., a Delaware corporation (RLI Delaware). The separate corporate existence of RLI Illinois ceased and RLI Delaware continues in existence as the surviving corporation and possesses all rights, privileges, powers and franchises of RLI Illinois. The Reincorporation did not result in any change in the name, business, management, fiscal year, location of the principal executive offices, assets or liabilities of the Company. Each outstanding share of RLI Illinois common stock, which had a par value of $1.00 per share, was automatically converted into one outstanding share of RLI Delaware common stock, with a par value of $0.01 per share. In order to reflect the new par value of common stock on the balance sheet, a $66.4 million reclassification from common stock to paid-in-capital was made.

B.	PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP), which differ in some respects from those followed in reports to insurance regulatory authorities. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of our holding company and our subsidiaries. ~~All significant intercompany~~Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Certain reclassifications were made to ~~2016~~2018 and ~~2015~~2017 to conform to the classifications used in the current year. The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date these consolidated financial statements were issued. There were no subsequent events requiring adjustment to the financial statements or disclosure.

~~C.ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS~~

~~ASU 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting~~

ASU 2016-09 was issued to simplify the accounting for share-based payment awards. The guidance requires that, prospectively, all tax effects related to share-based payments be made through the income statement at the time of settlement as opposed to excess tax benefits being recognized in additional paid-in capital under the previous guidance. The ASU also removes the requirement to delay recognition of a tax benefit until it reduces current taxes payable. This change is required to be applied on a modified retrospective basis, with a cumulative-effect adjustment to opening retained earnings. Additionally, all tax related cash flows resulting from share-based payments are to be reported as operating activities on the statement of cash flows, a change from the previous requirement to present tax benefits as an inflow from financing activities and an outflow from operating activities. Finally, entities will be allowed to withhold an amount up to the employees’ maximum individual tax rate (as opposed to the minimum statutory tax rate) in the relevant jurisdiction without resulting in liability classification of the award. The change in withholding requirements will be applied on a modified retrospective approach.

We adopted ASU 2016-09 on January 1, 2017. The guidance’s primary impact on our financial statements relates to the provision concerning the recognition of tax effects through the income statement in 2017 and forward. Excess tax benefits of $5.8 million were recognized during 2017 as a reduction to income tax expense rather than as an increase to additional paid-in-capital. The future impact to our income statement will vary depending upon the level of intrinsic value associated with option exercises in a particular period, as well as distributions from our deferred compensation plans. Additionally, the changes in cash flow presentation resulted in $5.8 million more operating cash flows and $5.8 million less financing cash flows for 2017 than would have been recognized under the previous guidance. We have historically estimated the number of forfeitures as part of our option valuation process and will continue to do so under the new guidance. As no aspect of the guidance that requires retrospective adoption impacted the Company, no prior period adjustments were made.

~~ASU 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment~~

ASU 2017-04 was issued to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill. This update changes the impairment test by requiring an entity to compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount as opposed to comparing the carrying amount of goodwill with its implied fair value. We adopted ASU 2017-04 during the second quarter of 2017 to coincide with the annual testing of our energy surety, small commercial and miscellaneous and contract surety reporting units.

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As most of our assets and liabilities associated with a reporting unit are measured at fair value, the impact of measuring the impairment at the reporting unit level rather than at the goodwill asset level was believed to be minimal.

~~D.PROSPECTIVE ACCOUNTING STANDARDS~~

~~ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)~~

ASU 2014-09 was issued to clarify and remove inconsistencies within revenue recognition requirements. The core principle of the update is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, the transaction price for a contract is allocated among separately identifiable performance obligations and a portion of the transaction price is recognized as revenue when the associated performance obligation has been completed or transferred to the customer. All contracts and fulfillment activities within the scope of Topic 944, Financial Services – Insurance, investment income, investment related gains and losses and equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees are outside the scope of this ASU.

This ASU was originally effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. However, in August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, which deferred the effective date to interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Upon adoption on January 1, 2018, the guidance will be retrospectively applied to each prior reporting period. However, nearly all (over 99 percent) of our consolidated revenue is scoped out and therefore exempt from the guidance contained within this ASU. For the remaining portion, we believe our current revenue recognition policy aligns with the new guidance and that there will not be any changes to the way we recognize revenue once this ASU is adopted. Although the recognition of earnings from equity method investees is out of scope from the update, the recognition of revenue by our two equity method investees would be subject to the new guidance if the revenue streams are within this update’s scope. Any top line impact would affect the net income of each of the equity method investees, upon which we calculate our portion of earnings to recognize. We do not expect a material impact to our earnings, as the revenue generated by both of our equity method investees will either be outside the scope of this update or largely unaffected by the changes. Furthermore, this guidance becomes effective for private companies in periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and will therefore not impact our 2018 results.

~~ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities~~

~~This ASU was issued to improve the recognition and measurement of financial instruments. The new guidance makes targeted improvements to GAAP as follows:~~

Requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income;ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

~~Simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment;~~

Eliminates the requirement for public business entities to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet;

~~Requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes;~~

Requires an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments;

Requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements; and

Clarifies that an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities in combination with the entity’s other deferred tax assets.

This ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The primary impact this guidance will have on our financial statements relates to the provision requiring the recognition of changes in the fair value of equity securities through the income statement rather than through other comprehensive income. Upon adoption in 2018, a $142.2 million cumulative-effect adjustment will be made to move net unrealized gains and losses from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. The impact to our income statement will vary depending upon the level of volatility in the performance of the securities held in our equity portfolio and the overall market.

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ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842)

ASU 2016-02 was issued to improve the financial reporting of leasing transactions. Under ~~current~~previous guidance for lessees, leases ~~are~~were only included on the balance sheet if certain criteria, classifying the agreement as a capital lease, ~~are~~were met. This update ~~will require~~requires the recognition of a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability, discounted to the present value, for all leases that extend beyond 12 months. For operating leases, the asset and liability ~~will be~~are expensed over the lease term on a straight-line basis, with all cash flows included in the operating section of the statement of cash flows. For finance leases, interest on the lease liability ~~will be~~is recognized separately from the amortization of the right-of-use asset in the statement of ~~comprehensive income~~earnings and the repayment of the principal portion of the lease liability ~~will be~~is classified as a financing activity while the interest component ~~will be~~is included in the operating section of the statement of cash flows.

~~This~~We adopted ASU 2016-02, ASU 2018-10 Codification Improvements to Topic 842: Leases and ASU 2018-11 Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements on January 1, 2019. We applied the standards using the alternative transition method provided by ASU 2018-11 under which leases were recognized at the date of adoption and a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings would have been recognized in the period of adoption. As the standard did not have an impact on our net earnings, 0 adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings was required. As of December 31, 2019, $22.3 million of right-of-use assets and $24.5 million of lease liabilities were included in the other assets and other liabilities line items of the consolidated balance sheet, respectively, as a result of the adoption of these updates. We implemented controls for the adoption of the standard and the ongoing monitoring of the right-of-use asset and lease liability, but they did not materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

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ASU 2017-08, Receivables-Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities

Under previous guidance, the amortization period for callable debt securities held at a premium was generally the contractual life of the instrument. However, if an entity had a large number of similar loans, it could consider estimates of future principal prepayments. For those who chose not to incorporate an estimate of future prepayments, ASU 2017-08 shortens the amortization period for premium on debt securities to the earliest call date, rather than the maturity date, to align the amortization method with how the securities are quoted, priced and traded. After the earliest call date, if the call option is not exercised, the entity shall reset the effective ~~for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, leases~~yield using the payment terms of the debt security. Any excess of the amortized cost basis over the amount payable will be ~~recognized~~amortized to the next call date or to maturity if there are no other call dates. The method of accounting for a discount does not change and will continue to be amortized over the life of the bond.

We adopted ASU 2017-08 on January 1, 2019 using a modified-retrospective approach. As we had been incorporating estimates of future principal prepayments when calculating the effective yield for bonds carrying a premium under the old guidance, the adoption of this update did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

ASU 2018-07, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting

ASU 2018-07 was issued to simplify the accounting for share-based transactions by expanding the scope of Topic 718 from only being applicable to share-based payments to employees to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. As a result, nonemployee share-based transactions will be measured by estimating the fair value of the equity instruments at the ~~beginning~~grant date, taking into consideration the probability of satisfying performance conditions. We adopted ASU 2018-07 on January 1, 2019. Our long-term incentive plan limits the awards of share-based payments to employees and directors of the ~~earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. We do~~Company. As our share-based compensation expense to nonemployee directors was $0.6 million in 2019, the standard did not have any financing leases, but recognized $6.8 million of operating lease expenses in 2017 and had $32.6 million of undiscounted future operating lease liabilities that would have to be discounted to present value and added to the balance sheet with a ~~corresponding right-of-use asset if the guidance were applicable at December 31, 2017. We do not expect that there will be a materially different annual rental expense upon adoption.~~material impact on our financial statements.

D.	PROSPECTIVE ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326)

ASU 2016-13 was issued to provide more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments. Current GAAP delays the recognition of credit losses until it is probable a loss has been incurred. The update will require a financial asset measured at amortized cost, including reinsurance balances recoverable, to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected by means of an allowance for credit losses that runs through net ~~income.~~earnings. Credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities will also be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. However, the amendments would limit the amount of the allowance to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost. The measurement of credit losses on available-for-sale securities is similar under current GAAP, but the update requires the use of the allowance account through which amounts can be reversed, rather than through an irreversible write-down.

This ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted beginning after December 15, 2018. Upon adoption, the update will be applied using the modified-retrospective approach, by which a cumulative-effect adjustment will be made to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period ~~presented. We do not~~in which the guidance is effective. This update will have ~~any assets measured at amortized cost that would be impacted by this update. Additionally,~~the most impact on our available-for-sale fixed income portfolio and reinsurance balances recoverable. However, as our fixed income portfolio is weighted towards higher rated bonds ~~(83~~(85 percent rated A or better ~~and 66 percent rated AA or better~~ at December 31, ~~2017)~~2019) and we purchase reinsurance from financially strong reinsurers ~~we do not expect that our credit losses will be material.~~

~~ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments~~

~~ASU 2016-15 was issued to reduce the diversity in practice of how certain cash receipts and payments,~~ for which ~~current guidance is silent, are classified in~~we already have an allowance for uncollectible reinsurance amounts, the ~~statement~~effect of cash flows. The update addresses eight specific issues, including contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, distributions received from equity method investees and the classification of cash receipts and payments thatadoption will not have aspects of more than one class of cash flows. This ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Upon adoption, the update will be applied using the retrospective transition method. We do not expect a material impact on our ~~statement of cash flows.~~financial statements.

ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement

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ASU ~~2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification~~2018-13 modifies the disclosure requirements for assets and liabilities measured at fair value. The requirements to disclose the amount of ~~Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income~~

~~ASU 2018-02 was issued as a result~~and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the ~~enactment~~fair value hierarchy, the policy for timing of transfers between levels and the ~~Tax Cuts~~valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements have all been removed. However, the changes in unrealized gains and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) on December 22, 2017. Accounting guidance required deferred tax items to be revalued based on the new tax laws (the most significant of which reduced the corporate tax rate to 21 percent from 35 percent) and to include the changelosses included in ~~income from continuing operations. Since~~ other comprehensive income ~~was not affected by~~for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the ~~revaluation~~end of the ~~deferred tax items,~~reporting period must be disclosed along with the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements (or other quantitative information if it is more

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reasonable). Finally, for investments measured at net ~~accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) balance was reflective~~asset value, the requirements have been modified so that the timing of liquidation and the ~~historic 35 percent tax rate instead of~~date when restrictions from redemption might lapse are only disclosed if the ~~newly enacted rate, a difference that is referred~~investee has communicated the timing to ~~as a stranded tax effect. This ASU allows for~~ the ~~option to reclassify~~entity or announced the stranded tax effects resulting from the implementation of the TCJA out of AOCI and into retained earnings. ASU 2018-02 does not replace the guidance requiring changes from the enactment of other tax laws or rates to be included within income from continuing operations and is applicable only to changes from the TCJA.timing publicly.

This ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, ~~2018. Early adoption is permitted.~~2019. As the amendments are only disclosure related, the effect of adoption ~~of ASU 2016-01~~will not have a material impact on our financial statements.

E.	INVESTMENTS

Equity securities are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded within net earnings in 2019 and 2018. Prior to 2018, ~~will result in the reclassification of the entire~~ unrealized ~~balance~~gains and losses on equity securities ~~from AOCI~~were recognized through other comprehensive earnings. Investments in fixed income securities are classified into ~~retained earnings, only the stranded tax effects on the unrealized balances~~one of three categories: trading, held-to-maturity or available-for-sale. All of our fixed income securities and equity method investees will be impacted. Upon adoption of ASU 2018-02, a $4.1 million reclassification of the remaining stranded tax effects will be applied in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period in which the effects of the TCJA changes are recognized. As there is no income statement impact and the balance sheet effect is limited to a reclassification within the equity section, there will not be a material impact to our financial statements.

~~INVESTMENTS:~~

~~We classify our investments in all debt and equity securities into one of three categories: available-for-sale, held-to-maturity or trading.~~

~~AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE SECURITIES~~

~~Debt and equity securities not included as held-to-maturity or trading~~ are classified as available-for-sale and reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on these securities are excluded from net earnings but are recorded as a separate component of comprehensive earnings and shareholders’ equity, net of deferred income taxes. ~~All of our debt and equity securities are classified as available-for-sale.~~

~~HELD-TO-MATURITY SECURITIES~~Other-than-Temporary Impairment

Debt securities that we have the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost. Except for declines that are other-than-temporary, changes in the fair value of these securities are not reflected in the financial statements. We do not hold any debt security classified as held-to-maturity.

~~TRADING SECURITIES~~

Debt and equity securities purchased for short-term resale are classified as trading securities. These securities are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. We do not hold any debt securities classified as trading.

~~OTHER THAN TEMPORARY IMPAIRMENT~~

We regularly evaluate our fixed income ~~and equity~~ securities using ~~both~~ quantitative and qualitative criteria to determine impairment losses for other-than-temporary declines in the fair value of the investments. The following are the key factors for determining if a security is other-than-temporarily impaired:

●

The length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost,

●

The probability of significant adverse changes to the cash flows, ~~on a fixed income investment,~~

●

The occurrence of a discrete credit event resulting in the issuer defaulting on a material obligation, the issuer seeking protection from creditors under the bankruptcy laws, the issuer proposing a voluntary reorganization under which creditors are asked to exchange their claims for cash or securities having a fair value substantially lower than par value

of their claims or

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●

The probability that we will recover the entire amortized cost basis of our fixed income securities prior to ~~maturity or~~

maturity.

~~For our equity securities, our expectation of recovery to cost within a reasonable period of time.~~

Quantitative criteria considered during this process include, but are not limited to: the degree and duration of current fair value as compared to the amortized cost ~~(amortized, in certain cases)~~ of the security, degree and duration of the security’s fair value being below cost and ~~for fixed maturities,~~ whether the issuer is in compliance with terms and covenants of the security. Qualitative criteria include the credit quality, current economic conditions, the anticipated speed of cost recovery, the financial health of and specific prospects for the issuer, as well as our absence of intent to sell or requirement to sell fixed income securities prior to ~~maturity.~~recovery. In addition, we consider price declines ~~of securities~~ in our other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) analysis ~~where such price declines~~when they provide evidence of declining credit quality, and we distinguish between price changes caused by credit deterioration, as opposed to rising interest rates. See note 2 for further discussion of OTTI.

Interest on fixed maturities and short-term investments is credited to earnings on an accrual basis. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the lives of the related fixed maturities. Dividends on equity securities are credited to earnings on the ex-dividend date. Realized gains and losses on disposition of investments are based on specific identification of the investments sold on the settlement date.

F.	CASH, SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS AND OTHER INVESTED ASSETS

~~F.CASH, SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS AND OTHER INVESTED ASSETS~~

Cash consists of uninvested balances in bank accounts. Short-term investments consist of investments with original maturities of 90 days or less, primarily AAA-rated prime and government money market funds. Short-term investments are carried at cost. We have not experienced losses on these instruments. Other invested assets ~~includes an investment~~include investments in ~~three~~ low income housing tax credit partnerships (LIHTC), ~~carried at amortized cost,~~ membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago (FHLBC), and investments in private funds. Our LIHTC investments are carried at amortized cost, anand our investment in ~~a real estate fund,~~FHLBC stock is carried at ~~cost, an investment in a business development company (BDC), carried at fair value, and an investment in a global credit fund, carried at fair value.~~cost. Due to the nature of cash, short-term investments, the LIHTC and our membership in the FHLBC, their carrying amounts approximate fair value. The private funds are carried at fair value, using each investment’s net asset value.

~~G.REINSURANCE~~66

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G.	REINSURANCE

Ceded unearned premiums and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses and settlement expenses are reported separately as assets, instead of being netted with the related liabilities, since reinsurance does not relieve usthe Company of our legal liability to our policyholders.

We continuously monitor the financial condition of our reinsurers. As part of our monitoring efforts, we review their annual financial statements, quarterly disclosures and Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings for ~~those~~ reinsurers that are publicly traded. We also review insurance industry developments that may impact the financial condition of our reinsurers. We analyze the credit risk associated with our reinsurance balances recoverable by monitoring the ~~A.M.~~AM Best and Standard & Poor’s (S&P) ratings of our reinsurers. In addition, we subject our reinsurance recoverables to detailed recoverable tests, including one based on average default by S&P rating. Based upon our review and testing, our policy is to charge to earnings, in the form of an allowance, an estimate of unrecoverable amounts from reinsurers. This allowance is reviewed on an ongoing basis to ensure that the amount makes a reasonable provision for reinsurance balances that we may be unable to recover.

H.	POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

~~H.POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS~~

We defer ~~commissions, premium taxes and certain other~~incremental direct costs that ~~are incrementally or directly related~~relate to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance ~~contracts.~~contracts, including commissions and premium taxes. Acquisition-related costs may be deemed ineligible for deferral when they are based on contingent or performance criteria beyond the basic acquisition of the insurance contract or when efforts to obtain or renew the insurance contract are unsuccessful. All eligible costs are capitalized and charged to expense in proportion to premium revenue recognized. The method followed in computing deferred policy acquisition costs limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value. This ~~would also give effect to~~process contemplates the premiums to be earned, ~~and~~ anticipated losses and settlement expenses ~~as well as~~and certain other costs expected to be incurred, ~~as the premiums are earned.~~but does not consider investment income. Judgments as to the ultimate recoverability of such deferred costs are reviewed on a segment basis and are highly dependent upon estimated future loss costs associated with the premiums written. This deferral methodology applies to both gross and ceded premiums and acquisition costs.

I.	PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

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~~I.PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT~~

Property and equipment are presented at cost less accumulated depreciation and are depreciated on a straight-line basis for financial statement purposes over periods ranging from 3 to 10 years for equipment and up to 30 years for buildings and improvements.

J.	INVESTMENTS IN UNCONSOLIDATED INVESTEES

~~J.INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED INVESTEES~~

We maintain a 40 percent interest in the equity and earnings of Maui Jim, Inc. (Maui Jim), a manufacturer of high-quality sunglasses, which is accounted for byunder the equity method. We also maintain a similar minority representation on their board of directors. Maui Jim’s chief executive officer owns a controlling majority of the outstanding shares of Maui Jim. We carry this investment at the holding company level as it is not core to our insurance operations. Our investment in Maui Jim was ~~$77.7~~$79.6 million ~~in 2017~~at December 31, 2019 and ~~$62.6~~$79.5 million ~~in 2016.~~at December 31, 2018. In ~~2017,~~2019, we recorded ~~$14.4~~$13.6 million in investee earnings for Maui Jim, compared to ~~$9.7~~$12.5 million in ~~2016~~2018 and ~~$9.9~~$14.4 million in ~~2015.~~2017. Maui Jim recorded net income of $35.6 million in 2019, $30.3 million in 2018 and $34.4 million in ~~2017, $26.9 million in 2016 and $23.7 million in 2015.~~2017. Additional summarized financial information for Maui Jim for ~~2017~~2019 and ~~2016~~2018 is outlined in the following table:



(in millions)	2017		2016		2019		2018
Total assets	$	259.4	$	246.9	$	282.2	$	265.6
Total liabilities		88.0		112.4		104.8		90.4
Total equity		171.4		134.5		177.4		175.2

Approximately ~~$66.3~~$69.3 million of undistributed earnings from Maui Jim are included in our retained earnings as of December 31, ~~2017. In 2016, we~~2019. We received dividends of $13.2 million and $9.9 million from Maui ~~Jim. No~~Jim in 2019 and 2018, respectively. NaN dividends were received in ~~2017 or 2015.~~2017.

As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, we had a 23 percent interest in the equity and earnings of Prime Holdings Insurance Services, Inc. (Prime), which is accounted for byunder the equity method. Prime writes business through ~~two~~2 Illinois domiciled insurance carriers, Prime Insurance Company, an excess and surplus lines company, and Prime Property and Casualty Insurance Inc., an admitted insurance company. Our investment in Prime was ~~$12.4~~$24.2 million at December 31, ~~2017~~2019 and ~~$9.6~~$15.4 million at December

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31, ~~2016.~~2018. In ~~2017,~~2019, we recorded ~~$2.8~~$7.4 million in investee earnings for Prime, compared to ~~$1.1~~$3.6 million in ~~2016~~2018 and ~~$1.0~~$2.8 million in ~~2015.~~2017. Additionally, we maintain a ~~25 percent~~ quota share reinsurance treaty with Prime, which contributed $13.1 million of gross premiums written and $28.7 million of net premiums earned during 2019, compared to $41.1 million of gross premiums written and $34.2 million of net premiums earned during 2018 and $29.6 million of gross premiums written and $21.0 million of net premiums earned during ~~2017, compared to $13.4 million~~2017. The decrease in gross written premium is reflective of ~~gross premiums written and $11.4 million of net premiums earned during 2016 and $11.3 million of gross premiums written and $10.9 million of net premiums earned during 2015.~~our decreased quota share participation with Prime.

We perform annual impairment reviews of our investments in unconsolidated investees, which take into consideration current valuation and operating results. Based upon the most recent reviews, the assets were not impaired.

K.	INTANGIBLE ASSETS

~~K.INTANGIBLE ASSETS~~

Goodwill and intangibles totaled ~~$59.3~~$54.1 million and ~~$64.4~~$54.5 million at December 31, ~~2017~~2019 and ~~2016,~~2018, respectively, as detailed in the following ~~table.~~table:


Goodwill and Intangible Assets
(in thousands)		2019		2018
Goodwill
Energy surety	$	25,706	$	25,706
Miscellaneous and contract surety		15,110		15,110
Small commercial		5,246		5,246
Total goodwill	$	46,062	$	46,062

Intangibles
State insurance licenses	$	7,500	$	7,500
Definite-lived intangibles, net of accumulated amortization of $3,470 at 12/31/19 and $3,062 at 12/31/18		565		972
Total intangibles	$	8,065	$	8,472

Total goodwill and intangibles	$	54,127	$	54,534

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets

(in thousands)

2017

2016
Goodwill

Energy surety

$
25,706

$
25,706
Miscellaneous and contract surety

15,110

15,110
Small Commercial

5,246

5,246
Medical professional liability *

3,595

5,208
Total goodwill

$
49,657

$
51,270

Intangibles

State insurance licenses

$
7,500
��
$
7,500
Definite-lived intangibles, net of accumulated amortization of $5,678
at 12/31/17 and $5,546 at 12/31/16

2,145

5,601
Total intangibles

$
9,645

$
13,101

Total goodwill and intangibles

$
59,302

$
64,371

* The medical professional liability goodwill balance reflects a cumulative non-cash impairment charge of $8.8 million and $7.2 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

As the amortization of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets is not permitted, the assets are tested for impairment on an annual basis, or earlier if there is reason to suspect that their values may have been diminished or impaired. Annual impairment testing was performed on each of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets during ~~2017.~~2019. Based upon these reviews, our energy surety goodwill, miscellaneous and contract surety goodwill, small commercial goodwill and state insurance license indefinite-lived intangible asset were not impaired. In addition, as of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, there were no triggering events on the ~~above mentioned~~above-mentioned goodwill and intangible assets that would suggest an updated review was necessary.

~~As previously disclosed for our medical professional liability reporting unit, rate~~During the first quarter of 2018 and ~~volume declines coupled with adverse loss experience resulted in a triggering event during~~ the second quarter of 2016. A fair value was determined by using a weighted average of a market approach valuation and income approach (or discounted cash flow method) valuation. It was determined that the carrying cost of our medical professional liability goodwill exceeded the fair value, resulting in a $7.2 million non-cash impairment charge. Further2017, adverse loss experience triggered the need to test the medical professional liability reporting ~~unit during the second quarter of 2017, resulting~~unit. The testing resulted in ~~an additional~~a $4.4 million non-cash impairment charge on goodwill and intangible assets in 2018 and a $3.4 million non-cash impairment ~~charge. A~~charge on goodwill and intangible assets in 2017. In each instance, the fair value for the medical professional liability reporting unit’s agency relationships, carried as a definite-lived intangible asset, was determined by using a discounted cash flow valuation. ~~The~~In 2018, the carrying value exceeded the fair value, resulting in a ~~$1.8~~$0.8 million non-cash impairment charge. ~~Similar to in 2016, a~~In 2017, the resulting non-cash impairment charge on definite-lived intangibles was $1.8 million. The fair value for the medical professional liability reporting unit’s goodwill was determined by using a weighted average of a market approach and discounted cash flow valuation. The carrying value exceeded the fair value in each year, resulting in a $3.6 million non-cash impairment charge in 2018 and a $1.6 million non-cash impairment ~~charge.~~charge during 2017. Subsequent to the 2018 impairment, the medical professional liability reporting unit had 0 remaining goodwill or intangible assets. All impairment charges were recorded as net realized losses in the respective period’s consolidated statement of earnings. ~~The annual impairment testing indicated no further impairment and no additional triggering events occurred subsequent to the second quarter of 2017.~~

The definite-lived intangible assets are amortized against future operating results based on their estimated useful lives. Amortization of intangible assets was $0.4 million, $0.4 million and $0.7 million ~~$0.9 million~~for 2019, 2018 and ~~$0.9 million for~~ 2017, ~~2016 and 2015,~~ respectively. We anticipate we will recognize amortization expense of ~~$0.5~~$0.4 million in ~~2018, 2019 and~~ 2020, ~~$0.2~~$0.1 million in 2021 and less than $0.1 million in 2022. In addition to the aforementioned $1.8 million reduction due to the medical professional liability impairment, the asset sale of an agency in 2017 also reduced the definite-lived intangibles by $1.0 million.

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L.	UNPAID LOSSES AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES

~~L.UNPAID LOSSES AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES~~

The liability for unpaid losses and settlement expenses represents estimates of amounts needed to pay reported and unreported claims and related expenses. The estimates are based on certain actuarial and other assumptions related to the ultimate cost to settle such claims. Such assumptions are subject to occasional changes due to evolving economic, social and political conditions. All estimates are periodically reviewed and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments are reflected in the results of operations in the period in which they are determined. Due to the inherent uncertainty in estimating reserves for losses and settlement expenses, there can be no assurance that the ultimate liability will not exceed recorded amounts. If actual liabilities do exceed recorded amounts, there will be an adverse effect. Furthermore, we may determine that recorded reserves are more than adequate to cover expected losses, which would lead to a reduction in our reserves.

M.	INSURANCE REVENUE RECOGNITION

~~M.INSURANCE REVENUE RECOGNITION~~

Insurance premiums are recognized ratably over the term of the contracts, net of ceded reinsurance. Unearned premiums are calculated on a monthly pro rata basis.

N.	INCOME TAXES

~~N.INCOME TAXES~~

We file a consolidated federal income tax return. Federal income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method under which deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities, operating losses and tax credit carry forwards. The effect on deferred taxes for a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that all or some of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

As an insurance company, we are subject to minimal state income tax liabilities. On a state basis, since the majority of our income is from insurance operations, we pay premium taxes which are calculated as a percentage of gross premiums written in lieu of state income taxes. Premium taxes are a component of policy acquisition costs.

O.	EARNINGS PER SHARE

~~O.EARNINGS PER SHARE~~

Basic earnings per share (EPS) is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock or common stock equivalents were exercised or converted into common stock. When inclusion of these items increases the earnings per share or reduces the loss per share, the effect on earnings is anti-dilutive. Under these circumstances, the diluted net earnings or net loss per share is computed excluding these items.

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The following represents a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of the basic and diluted EPS computations contained in the consolidated financial statements:

Weighted Average


Income

Shares

Per Share

(in thousands, except per share data)

(Numerator)

(Denominator)

Amount

For the year ended December 31, 2017

Basic EPS

Income available to common shareholders

$
105,028

44,033

$
2.39

Stock options

—

467

Diluted EPS

Income available to common shareholders and assumed conversions

$
105,028

44,500

$
2.36

For the year ended December 31, 2016

Basic EPS

Income available to common shareholders

$
114,920

43,772

$
2.63

Stock options

—

660

Diluted EPS

Income available to common shareholders and assumed conversions

$
114,920

44,432

$
2.59

For the year ended December 31, 2015

Basic EPS

Income available to common shareholders

$
137,544

43,299

$
3.18

Stock options

—

832

Diluted EPS

Income available to common shareholders and assumed conversions

$
137,544

44,131

$
3.12

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			Weighted Average
	Income		Shares	Per Share
(in thousands, except per share data)	(Numerator)		(Denominator)	Amount
For the year ended December 31, 2019
Basic EPS
Income available to common shareholders	$	191,642	44,734	$	4.28
Stock options		—	523
Diluted EPS
Income available to common shareholders and assumed conversions	$	191,642	45,257	$	4.23

For the year ended December 31, 2018
Basic EPS
Income available to common shareholders	$	64,179	44,358	$	1.45
Stock options		—	477
Diluted EPS
Income available to common shareholders and assumed conversions	$	64,179	44,835	$	1.43

For the year ended December 31, 2017
Basic EPS
Income available to common shareholders	$	105,028	44,033	$	2.39
Stock options		—	467
Diluted EPS
Income available to common shareholders and assumed conversions	$	105,028	44,500	$	2.36

P.	COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS

~~P.COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS~~

Our comprehensive earnings include net earnings plus after-tax unrealized ~~gains/~~gains and losses on our available-for-sale ~~investment securities,~~fixed income portfolio in 2019 and 2018. In 2017, after-tax unrealized gains and losses on our equity portfolio were also included. With the adoption of ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, on January 1, 2018, we began recognizing unrealized gains and losses on the equity portfolio through net ~~of tax.~~income. In reporting the components of comprehensive earnings, we used athe federal statutory tax rate of 21 percent in 2019 and 2018 and 35 percent ~~tax rate.~~in 2017. Other comprehensive income (loss), as shown in the consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive earnings, is net of tax expense (benefit) of $17.8 million, $(9.0) million and $19.0 million ~~$(0.6) million~~for 2019, 2018 and ~~$(25.3) million for~~ 2017, ~~2016 and 2015,~~ respectively.

The ~~following~~ table below illustrates the changes in the balance of each component of accumulated other comprehensive earnings for each period presented in the consolidated financial ~~statements:~~statements. The 2017 activity and balances include the net unrealized gain and loss activity on both fixed income and equity securities, while the 2019 and 2018 activity and ending balance reflect only the net unrealized gain and loss activity on fixed income securities due to the aforementioned adoption of ASU 2016-01. The changes in accumulated other comprehensive earnings also reflect adjustments from the adoption of two accounting standards. ASU 2016-01 necessitated a cumulative-effect adjustment in the beginning of 2018, which moved $142.2 million of net unrealized gains and losses on equity securities from accumulated other comprehensive earnings to retained earnings.

Unrealized Gains/Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities

For the Year Ended December 31,

(in thousands)

2017

2016

2015

Beginning balance

$
122,610

$
123,774

$
171,383

Other comprehensive earnings before reclassifications

40,887

26,740

(26,199)

Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings

(5,578)

(27,904)

(21,410)

Net current-period other comprehensive earnings (loss)

$
35,309

$
(1,164)

$
(47,609)

Ending balance

$
157,919

$
122,610

$
123,774

ASU 2018-02 addressed issues arising from the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. Deferred tax items are required to be revalued based on new tax laws with changes included in earnings. Since other comprehensive earnings was not affected by the revaluation of deferred tax items, the accumulated other comprehensive earnings balance was reflective of the historic tax rate instead of the newly enacted rate, which created a stranded tax effect. ASU 2018-02 allowed for the reclassification of our $3.7 million stranded tax effect out of accumulated other comprehensive earnings into retained earnings.

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Unrealized Gains/Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities	For the Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2019		2018		2017

Beginning balance	$	(14,572)	$	157,919	$	122,610
Cumulative effect adjustment of ASU 2016-01		—		(142,219)		—
Adjusted beginning balance	$	(14,572)	$	15,700	$	122,610

Other comprehensive earnings before reclassifications		69,560		(35,763)		40,887
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings		(2,515)		1,766		(5,578)
Net current-period other comprehensive earnings (loss)	$	67,045	$	(33,997)	$	35,309

Reclassification of stranded tax effect from implementation of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017		—		3,725		—
Ending balance	$	52,473	$	(14,572)	$	157,919

The sale or other-than-temporary impairment of an available-for-sale security results in amounts being reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings to current period net earnings. The effects of reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive earnings by the respective line items of net earnings are presented in the following ~~table:~~table. As previously mentioned, 2019 and 2018 reflect activity on available-for-sale fixed income securities, while 2017 also includes activity from the equity portfolio.



Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Earnings	Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Earnings								Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Earnings
(in thousands)


Component of Accumulated		For the Year Ended December 31,						Affected line item in the		For the Year Ended December 31,						Affected line item in the
Other Comprehensive Earnings		2017		2016		2015		Statement of Earnings		2019		2018		2017		Consolidated Statement of Earnings


Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities		$	11,141	$	43,024	$	32,939	Net realized investment gains		$	3,184	$	(2,018)	$	11,141	Net realized gains
			(2,559)		(95)		—	Other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) losses on investments
		$	8,582	$	42,929	$	32,939	Earnings before income taxes
			(3,004)		(15,025)		(11,529)	Income tax expense
		$	5,578	$	27,904	$	21,410	Net earnings
											—		(217)		(2,559)	Other-than-temporary impairment losses on investments
										$	3,184	$	(2,235)	$	8,582	Earnings before income taxes
											(669)		469		(3,004)	Income tax expense
										$	2,515	$	(1,766)	$	5,578	Net earnings

Q.	FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES

~~Q.FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES~~

Fair value is defined as the price in the principal market that would be received for an asset to facilitate an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. We determined the fair value of certain financial instruments based on their underlying characteristics and relevant transactions in the marketplace. We maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

The following are the levels of the fair value hierarchy and a brief description of the type of valuation inputs that are used to establish each ~~level:~~level. Financial assets are classified based upon the lowest level of significant input that is used to determine fair value.

●

Pricing Level 1 is applied to valuations based on readily available, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.

●

Pricing Level 2 is applied to valuations based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets in inactive markets; or valuations based on models where the significant inputs are observable (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities) or can be corroborated by observable market data.

●

Pricing Level 3 is applied to valuations that are derived from techniques in which one or more of the significant inputs are unobservable. ~~Financial assets are classified based upon the lowest level of significant input that is used to determine fair value.~~

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As a part of management’s process to determine fair value, we utilize widely recognized, third-party pricing sources to determine our fair values. We have obtained an understanding of the third-party pricing sources’ valuation methodologies and inputs. The following is a description of the valuation techniques used for financial assets that are measured at fair value, including the general classification of such assets pursuant to the fair value hierarchy.

Corporate, Agencies, Government and Municipal Bonds: The pricing vendor employs a multi-dimensional model which uses standard inputs including (listed in approximate order of priority for use) benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, market bids/offers and other reference data. The pricing vendor also monitors market indicators, as well as industry and economic events. All bonds valued using these techniques are classified as Level 2. All Corporate, Agencies, Government and Municipal securities are deemed Level 2.

Mortgage-backed Securities (MBS)/Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMO) and Asset-backed Securities (ABS): The pricing vendor evaluation methodology includes principally interest rate movements and new issue data. Evaluation of the tranches (non-volatile, volatile or credit sensitivity) is based on the pricing vendors’ interpretation of accepted modeling and pricing conventions. This information is then used to determine the cash flows for each tranche, benchmark yields, pre-payment assumptions and to incorporate collateral performance. To evaluate CMO volatility, an option adjusted spread model is used in combination with models that simulate interest rate paths to determine market price information. This process allows the pricing vendor to obtain evaluations of a broad universe of securities in a way that reflects

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changes in yield curve, index rates, implied volatility, mortgage rates and recent trade activity. MBS/CMO and ABS with corroborated, observable inputs are classified as Level 2. All of our MBS/CMO and ABS are deemed Level 2.

Regulation D Private Placement Securities: The pricing vendor evaluation methodology for these securities includes a combination of observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs include public corporate spread matrices classified by sector, rating and average life, as well as investment and non-investment grade matrices created from fixed income indices. Unobservable inputs include a liquidity spread premium calculated based on public corporate spread and private corporate spread matrices. All Regulation D privately placed bonds are classified as corporate securities and deemed Level 3.

For all of our fixed income securities, ~~classified as Level 2, as described above,~~ we periodically conduct a review to assess the reasonableness of the fair values provided by our pricing services. Our review consists of a two-pronged approach. First, we compare prices provided by our pricing services to those provided by an additional source. In some cases, we obtain prices from securities brokers and compare them to the prices provided by our pricing services. In our comparisons, if discrepancies are found, we compare our prices to actual reported trade data for like securities. No changes to the fair values supplied by our pricing services have occurred as a result of our reviews. Based on these assessments, we have determined that the fair values of our ~~Level 2~~fixed income securities provided by our pricing services are reasonable.

Common Stock: ~~For common stock securities, we receive prices from a nationally recognized pricing service. All~~ As of December 31, 2019, all of our common stock holdings ~~are deemed Level 1 as exchange~~were traded on an exchange. Exchange traded equities have readily observable price levels and are classified as Level 1 (fair value based on quoted market prices). ~~As such, we have determined that~~Pricing for the ~~fair values of our Level 1 securities~~equity security not traded on an exchange in 2018 was provided by ~~our~~a third-party pricing ~~service are reasonable.~~source and was classified as Level 2.

Due to the relatively short-term nature of cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable and accounts payable, their carrying amounts are reasonable estimates of fair value. Our investments in ~~a business development company and a global credit fund,~~private funds, classified as other invested assets, are measured using the investments’ net asset value per share and are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of our long-term debt is discussed further in note 4.

R.	STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

~~R.STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION~~

We expense the estimated fair value of employee stock options and similar awards. We measure compensation cost for awards of equity instruments to employees based on the grant-date fair value of those awards and recognize compensation expense over the service period that the awards are expected to vest.

The tax effects related to share-based payments ~~were~~are made through net earnings in 2017. In 2016 and 2015, the tax effects of share-based compensation were recognized in additional paid-in capital under the alternative transition method. The alternative transition method used simplified methods to determine the impact on the additional paid-in capital pool and consolidated statements of cash flows.

earnings. See note 8 for further discussion and related disclosures regarding stock options.

S.	RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES

~~S.RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES:~~

Certain risks and uncertainties are inherent to our day-to-day operations and to the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements. The more significant risks and uncertainties, as well as our attempt to mitigate, quantify and minimize such risks, are presented below and throughout the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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Insurance Risks

We compete with a large number of other companies in our selected lines of business. During periods of intense competition for premium, we are vulnerable to the actions of other companies who may seek to write business without the appropriate regard for risk and profitability. The insurance industry is currently operating under highly competitive conditions and, as a result, margins in the industry are under pressure. During these times, it is very difficult to grow or maintain premium volume without sacrificing underwriting discipline and income. Our profitability can be significantly affected ~~significantly~~ by the ability of our underwriters to accurately select and price risk and our claim personnel to appropriately deliver fair outcomes. We attempt to mitigate this risk by incentivizing our underwriters to maximize underwriting profit and remain disciplined in pricing and selecting risks. If we are unable to compete effectively in the markets in which we operate or expand our operations into new markets, our underwriting revenues may decline, as well as overall business results.

Our loss reserves are based on estimates and may be inadequate to cover our actual insured losses, which would negatively impact our profitability. As of December 31, ~~2017~~2019, we had ~~$1.3~~$1.6 billion of gross loss and LAE reserves. Significant periods of time often elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to usthe Company and our payment of that loss. As part of the reserving process, we review historical data and consider the impact of various factors such as trends in claim frequency and severity, emerging economic and social trends, inflation and changes in the regulatory and litigation

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environments. If the actual amount of insured losses is greater than the amount we have reserved for these losses, our profitability ~~could~~would suffer.

Catastrophe Exposures

Our insurance coverages include exposure to catastrophic events. We monitor all catastrophe exposures by quantifying our exposed policy limits in each region and by using computer-assisted modeling techniques. Additionally, we limit our risk to such catastrophes through restraining the total policy limits written in each region and by purchasing reinsurance. Our major catastrophe exposure is to losses caused by earthquakes, primarily on the West Coast. In ~~2017, for this coverage,~~2019, we had reinsurance protection of ~~$300~~$400 million in excess of $25 million first-dollar retention for earthquakes in California and ~~$325~~$425 million in excess of a $25 million first-dollar retention for earthquakes outside of California. These amounts are subject to certain co-participations by usthe Company on losses in excess of the $25 million retentions. Our second largest catastrophe exposure is to losses caused by wind storms to commercial properties throughout the Gulf and East Coasts, as well as to homes we insure in Hawaii. In ~~2017,~~2019, these coverages were supported by ~~$225~~$275 million in excess of a $25 million first-dollar retention in traditional catastrophe reinsurance protection, subject to certain co-participations by usthe Company in the excess layers. In addition, we have incidental exposure to international catastrophic events.

Our catastrophe reinsurance treaty renewed on January 1, ~~2018.~~2020. We purchased the same limits over the same first-dollar retention amounts outlined above, subject to certain retentions by us in the excess layers. We actively manage our catastrophe program to keep our net retention in line with risk tolerances and to optimize the risk/return trade off.

Environmental Exposures

We are subject to environmental claims and exposures primarily through our commercial ~~umbrella,~~excess, general liability and discontinued assumed casualty reinsurance lines of business. Although exposure to environmental claims exists in these lines of business, we seek to mitigate or control the extent of this exposure on the vast majority of this business through the following methods: (1) our policies include pollution exclusions that have been continually updated to further strengthen them, (2) our policies primarily cover moderate hazard risks and (3) we began writing this business after the insurance industry became aware of the potential pollution liability exposure and implemented changes to limit exposure to this hazard.

We offer coverage for low to moderate environmental liability exposures for small contractors and asbestos and mold remediation specialists. We also provide limited coverage for individually underwritten underground storage tanks. The overall exposure is mitigated by focusing on smaller risks with low to moderate exposures. Risks that have large-scale exposures are avoided including petrochemical, chemical, mining, manufacturers and other risks that might be exposed to superfund sites. This business is covered under our casualty ceded reinsurance treaties.

We made loss and settlement expense payments on environmental liability claims and have loss and settlement expense reserves for others. We include this historical environmental loss experience with the remaining loss experience in the applicable line of business to project ultimate incurred losses and settlement expenses as well as related incurred but not reported (IBNR) loss and settlement expense reserves.

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Although historical experience on environmental claims may not accurately reflect future environmental exposures, we used this experience to record loss and settlement expense reserves in the exposed lines of business. See further discussion of environmental exposures in note 6.

Reinsurance

Reinsurance does not discharge usthe Company from our primary liability to policyholders, and to the extent that a reinsurer is unable to meet its obligations, we would be liable. We continuously monitor the financial condition of prospective and existing reinsurers. As a result, we purchase reinsurance from a number of financially strong reinsurers. We provide an allowance for reinsurance balances deemed uncollectible. See further discussion of reinsurance exposures in note 5.

Investment Risk

Our investment portfolio is subject to market, credit and interest rate risks. The equity portfolio will fluctuate with movements in the overall stock market. While the equity portfolio has been constructed to have lower downside risk than the market, the portfolio is positively correlated with movements in domestic stocks. The bond portfolio is affected by interest rate changes and movement in credit spreads. We attempt to mitigate our interest rate and credit risks by constructing a ~~well-~~

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~~diversified~~well-diversified portfolio with high-quality securities with varied maturities. Downturns in the financial markets could have a negative effect on our portfolio. However, we attempt to manage this risk through asset allocation, duration and security selection.

Liquidity Risk

Liquidity is essential to our business and a key component of our concept of asset-liability matching. Our liquidity may be impaired by an inability to collect premium receivable or reinsurance recoverable balances in a timely manner, an inability to sell assets or redeem our investments, an inability to access funds from our insurance subsidiaries, unforeseen outflows of cash or large claim payments or an inability to access debt or equity capital markets. This situation may arise due to circumstances that we may be unable to control, such as a general market disruption, an operational problem that affects third parties or ~~us,~~the Company, or even by the perception among market participants that we, or other market participants, are experiencing greater liquidity risk.

Our credit ratings are important to our liquidity. A reduction in our credit ratings could adversely affect our liquidity and competitive position by increasing our borrowing costs or limiting our access to the capital markets.

Financial Statements

The preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reported, disclosures about contingent assets and liabilities and reported amounts of revenues and expenses. The most significant of these amounts is the liability for unpaid losses and settlement expenses. Other estimates include investment valuation and OTTIs, the collectability of reinsurance balances, recoverability of deferred tax assets and deferred policy acquisition costs. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and judgment. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, which management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. We adjust such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Although recorded estimates are supported by actuarial computations and other supportive data, the estimates are ultimately based on our expectations of future events. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates. Changes in those estimates resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment will be reflected in the consolidated financial statements in future periods.

External Factors

Our insurance subsidiaries are highly regulated by the state in which they are incorporated and by the states in which they do business. Such regulations, among other things, limit the amount of dividends, impose restrictions on the amount and types of investments and regulate rates insurers may charge for various coverages. We are also subject to insolvency and guaranty fund assessments for various programs designed to ensure policyholder indemnification. We generally accrue an assessment during the period in which it becomes probable that a liability has been incurred from an insolvency and the amount of the related assessment can be reasonably estimated.

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The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) has developed Property/Casualty Risk-Based Capital (RBC) standards that relate an insurer’s reported statutory surplus to the risks inherent in its overall operations. The RBC formula uses the statutory annual statement to calculate the minimum indicated capital level to support investment and underwriting risk. The NAIC model law calls for various levels of regulatory action based on the magnitude of an indicated RBC capital deficiency, if any. We regularly monitor our subsidiaries’ internal capital requirements and the NAIC’s RBC developments. As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, we determined that our capital levels are well in excess of the minimum capital requirements for all RBC action levels and that our capital levels are sufficient to support the level of risk inherent in our operations. See note 9 for further discussion of statutory information and related insurance regulatory restrictions.

In addition, ratings are a critical factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. Our insurance companies are rated by ~~A.M.~~AM Best, S&P and Moody’s. Their ratings reflect their opinions of an insurance company’s and an insurance holding company’s financial strength, operating performance, strategic position and ability to meet its obligations to policyholders.

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2. INVESTMENTS

A summary of net investment income is as follows:



NET INVESTMENT INCOME
(in thousands)	2017		2016		2015		2019		2018		2017
Interest on fixed income securities	$	48,343	$	46,834	$	48,064	$	60,364	$	54,491	$	48,343
Dividends on equity securities		10,506		10,929		11,407		9,950		9,814		10,506
Interest on cash, short-term investments and other invested assets		945		120		11		3,674		2,309		945
Gross investment income	$	59,794	$	57,883	$	59,482	$	73,988	$	66,614	$	59,794
Less investment expenses		(4,918)		(4,808)		(4,838)		(5,118)		(4,529)		(4,918)
Net investment income	$	54,876	$	53,075	$	54,644	$	68,870	$	62,085	$	54,876

Pretax net realized ~~investment~~ gains (losses) and net changes in unrealized gains (losses) on investments for the years ended December 31 are summarized ~~as follows:~~below. As discussed in note 1.P., unrealized gains and losses on equity securities were recognized in net earnings in 2019 and 2018, after the adoption of ASU 2016-01, and were recognized in other comprehensive earnings in 2017.


REALIZED/UNREALIZED GAINS

REALIZED/UNREALIZED GAINS (LOSSES)
(in thousands)	2017		2016		2015		2019		2018		2017
Net realized gains (losses):
Fixed income:
Available-for-sale	$	859	$	4,314	$	10,832	$	3,184	$	(2,018)	$	859
Available-for-sale OTTI		(2,559)		(95)		—
Equity securities		10,282		38,709		22,107		14,445		69,868		10,282
Sale of subsidiary (RLI Indemnity Company)*		—		—		6,698
Other		(4,171)		(8,283)		192		(109)		(4,226)		(4,171)
Total	$	4,411	$	34,645	$	39,829

Total net realized gains (losses)							$	17,520	$	63,624	$	6,970

Other-than-temporary-impairment losses on investments							$	—	$	(217)	$	(2,559)

Net changes in unrealized gains (losses) on investments:
Equity securities							$	78,389	$	(98,380)	$	—
Other invested assets								(299)		(355)		—
Total unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities recognized in net earnings							$	78,090	$	(98,735)	$	—

Fixed income:
Available-for-sale	$	16,846	$	(10,972)	$	(26,929)	$	83,758	$	(41,778)	$	16,846
Equity securities		36,844		8,659		(44,120)		—		—		36,844
Other invested assets		29		—		—		—		—		29
Investment in unconsolidated investees		604		522		(1,886)		1,109		(1,257)		604
Total	$	54,323	$	(1,791)	$	(72,935)
Total unrealized gains (losses) recognized in other comprehensive earnings							$	84,867	$	(43,035)	$	54,323
Net realized gains (losses) and changes in unrealized gains (losses) on investments	$	58,734	$	32,854	$	(33,106)	$	180,477	$	(78,363)	$	58,734

*See note 13 for further discussion on the saleTable of ~~RLI Indemnity Company.~~Contents

During ~~2017,~~2019, we recorded ~~$4.4~~$17.5 million in net realized gains ~~which included $3.4~~and $163.0 million of ~~other non-cash realized losses from goodwill and definite-lived intangible impairments. In addition, we recorded a change in~~ net unrealized ~~gains of $54.3 million.~~gains. The majority of our net realized gains were due to sales of equity securities. The change in unrealized ~~gains~~gain (loss) position was due to declining interest rates, increasing the fair value of fixed income securities, as well as strong equity market returns ~~as well as spread compression in fixed income credit sectors.~~during 2019. For ~~2017,~~2019, the net realized gains (losses) and changes in unrealized gains (losses) on investments totaled ~~$58.7~~$180.5 million.

~~Table of Contents~~

The following is a summary of the disposition of fixed income securities and equities for the years ended December 31, with separate presentations for sales and calls/~~maturities.~~maturities:


							Net

															Net
SALES	Proceeds		Gross Realized				Realized				Gross Realized				Realized
(in thousands)	From Sales		Gains		Losses		Gain (Loss)		Proceeds		Gains		Losses		Gain (Loss)
2019
Available-for-sale									$	196,799	$	4,368	$	(2,167)	$	2,201
Equities										62,172		16,938		(2,493)		14,445
2018
Available-for-sale									$	394,318	$	3,131	$	(5,349)	$	(2,218)
Equities										147,838		71,065		(1,197)		69,868
2017
Available-for-sale	$	169,002	$	2,406	$	(1,670)	$	736	$	169,002	$	2,406	$	(1,670)	$	736
Equities		36,573		13,178		(2,896)		10,282		36,573		13,178		(2,896)		10,282
2016
Available-for-sale	$	329,091	$	7,158	$	(3,287)	$	3,871
Equities		89,909		39,668		(959)		38,709
2015
Available-for-sale	$	436,680	$	14,691	$	(4,067)	$	10,624
Equities		53,110		25,985		(3,878)		22,107


							Net

															Net
CALLS/MATURITIES			Gross Realized				Realized				Gross Realized				Realized
(in thousands)	Proceeds		Gains		Losses		Gain (Loss)		Proceeds		Gains		Losses		Gain (Loss)
2019
Available-for-sale									$	201,698	$	1,004	$	(21)	$	983
2018
Available-for-sale									$	187,380	$	311	$	(111)	$	200
2017
Available-for-sale	$	195,617	$	262	$	(139)	$	123	$	195,617	$	262	$	(139)	$	123
2016
Available-for-sale	$	141,255	$	445	$	(2)	$	443
2015
Available-for-sale	$	156,980	$	217	$	(9)	$	208

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, are summarized below:


	Quoted in Active		Significant Other		Significant
	Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale
U.S. government	$	—	$	193,661	$	—	$	193,661
U.S. agency		—		38,855		—		38,855
Non-U.S. government & agency		—		7,628		—		7,628
Agency MBS		—		420,165		—		420,165
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		—		224,870		—		224,870
Corporate		—		690,297		1,770		692,067
Municipal		—		405,840		—		405,840
Total fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	—	$	1,981,316	$	1,770	$	1,983,086
Equity securities		460,630		—		—		460,630
Total	$	460,630	$	1,981,316	$	1,770	$	2,443,716

Significant






Quoted in Active

Other

Significant

Markets for

Observable

Unobservable

Identical Assets

Inputs

Inputs

(in thousands)

(Level 1)

(Level 2)

(Level 3)

Total

Available-for-sale securities:

U.S. government

$
—

$
91,689

$
—

$
91,689

U.S. agency

—

18,778

—

18,778

Non-U.S. govt. & agency

—

7,588

—

7,588

Agency MBS

—

328,471

—

328,471

ABS/CMBS*

—

70,526

—

70,526

Corporate

—

519,022

—

519,022

Municipal

—

636,165

—

636,165

Equity

400,492

—

—

400,492

Total available-for-sale securities

$
400,492

$
1,672,239

$
—

$
2,072,731

*Non-agency asset-backed, & commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed

Table of Contents

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, are summarized below:


	Quoted in Active		Significant Other		Significant
	Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Fixed income securities - available-for-sale
U.S. government	$	—	$	200,229	$	—	$	200,229
U.S. agency		—		31,904		—		31,904
Non-U.S. government & agency		—		7,639		—		7,639
Agency MBS		—		395,253		—		395,253
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		—		136,723		—		136,723
Corporate		—		668,679		—		668,679
Municipal		—		320,088		—		320,088
Total fixed income securities - available-for-sale	$	—	$	1,760,515	$	—	$	1,760,515
Equity securities		339,985		498		—		340,483
Total	$	339,985	$	1,761,013	$	—	$	2,100,998

Significant






Quoted in Active

Other

Significant

Markets for

Observable

Unobservable

Identical Assets

Inputs

Inputs

(in thousands)

(Level 1)

(Level 2)

(Level 3)

Total

Available-for-sale securities:

U.S. government

$
—

$
76,563

$
—

$
76,563

U.S. agency

—

5,813

—

5,813

Non-U.S. govt. & agency

—

9,151

—

9,151

Agency MBS

—

284,069

—

284,069

ABS/CMBS*

—

93,910

—

93,910

Corporate

—

508,367

—

508,367

Municipal

—

627,336

—

627,336

Equity

369,219

—

—

369,219

Total available-for-sale securities

$
369,219

$
1,605,209

$
—

$
1,974,428

*Non-agency asset-backed, & commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed

As ~~noted in the previous tables,~~of December 31, 2019, we ~~did not have any assets measured at~~had $1.8 million of fixed income securities whose fair value ~~on a recurring basis~~was measured using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) ~~as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.~~. We did not own any Level 3 securities during 2018. Additionally, there were no0 securities transferred in or out of ~~levels~~Levels 1, 2or 23 during ~~2017~~2019 or ~~2016.~~2018.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed income securities at December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, by contractual maturity, are shown as follows:


(in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Available-for-sale
Due in one year or less	$	49,951	$	50,170
Due after one year through five years		395,056		407,007
Due after five years through 10 years		580,310		613,099
Due after 10 years		255,321		267,775
Mtge/ABS/CMBS*		634,640		645,035
Total available-for-sale	$	1,915,278	$	1,983,086

(in thousands)

Amortized Cost

Fair Value

Available-for-sale:

Due in one year or less

$
16,023

$
15,984

Due after one year through five years

318,411

322,988

Due after five years through 10 years

586,340

598,041

Due after 10 years

326,103

336,229

Mtge/ABS/CMBS*

399,534

398,997

Total available-for-sale

$
1,646,411

$
1,672,239

*Mortgage-backed, asset-backed &and commercial mortgage-backed

Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities due to call provisions on some existing securities. At December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, the net unrealized ~~appreciation~~gains of available-for-sale fixed income ~~and equity~~ securities totaled ~~$244.3~~$67.8 million pretax. At December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, the net unrealized ~~appreciation~~losses of available-for-sale fixed maturities ~~and equity~~ securities totaled ~~$190.6~~$16.0 million pretax.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~In addition, the~~The following table is a schedule of amortized costs and estimated fair values of investments in fixed income ~~and equity~~ securities as of December 31, ~~2017~~2019 and ~~2016:~~2018:


2019	Amortized				Gross Unrealized
(in thousands)	Cost		Fair Value		Gains		Losses
Available-for-sale
U.S. government	$	186,699	$	193,661	$	6,994	$	(32)
U.S. agency		36,535		38,855		2,362		(42)
Non-U.S. government & agency		7,333		7,628		295		—
Agency MBS		411,808		420,165		8,920		(563)
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		222,832		224,870		2,514		(476)
Corporate		659,640		692,067		33,245		(818)
Municipal		390,431		405,840		16,131		(722)
Total fixed income	$	1,915,278	$	1,983,086	$	70,461	$	(2,653)

2017

Amortized

Gross Unrealized

(in thousands)

Cost

Fair Value

Gains

Losses

Available-for-sale:

U.S. government

$
92,561

$
91,689

$
23

$
(895)

U.S. agency

18,541

18,778

347

(110)

Non-U.S. govt. & agency

7,501

7,588

143

(56)

Agency MBS

329,129

328,471

3,420

(4,078)

ABS/CMBS*

70,405

70,526

436

(315)

Corporate

508,128

519,022

12,575

(1,681)

Municipal

620,146

636,165

17,272

(1,253)

Total fixed income

$
1,646,411

$
1,672,239

$
34,216

$
(8,388)

Equity securities

182,002

400,492

219,346

(856)

Total available-for-sale

$
1,828,413

$
2,072,731

$
253,562

$
(9,244)

2016

Amortized

Gross Unrealized

(in thousands)

Cost

Fair Value

Gains

Losses

Available-for-sale:

U.S. government

$
77,054

$
76,563

$
88

$
(579)

U.S. agency

5,473

5,813

340

—

Non-U.S. govt. & agency

9,517

9,151

2

(368)

Agency MBS

283,002

284,069

4,635

(3,568)

ABS/CMBS*

93,791

93,910

676

(557)

Corporate

503,041

508,367

10,996

(5,670)

Municipal

624,349

627,336

9,575

(6,588)

Total fixed income

$
1,596,227

$
1,605,209

$
26,312

$
(17,330)

Equity securities

187,573

369,219

182,912

(1,266)

Total available-for-sale

$
1,783,800

$
1,974,428

$
209,224

$
(18,596)

*Non-agency asset-backed, & commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed

Table of Contents


2018	Amortized				Gross Unrealized
(in thousands)	Cost		Fair Value		Gains		Losses
Available-for-sale
U.S. government	$	199,982	$	200,229	$	1,232	$	(985)
U.S. agency		31,716		31,904		403		(215)
Non-U.S. government & agency		8,170		7,639		—		(531)
Agency MBS		402,992		395,253		1,709		(9,448)
ABS/CMBS/MBS*		137,224		136,723		375		(876)
Corporate		681,909		668,679		2,894		(16,124)
Municipal		314,472		320,088		6,926		(1,310)
Total fixed income	$	1,776,465	$	1,760,515	$	13,539	$	(29,489)

*Non-agency asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and mortgage-backed

~~Mortgage-Backed,~~Asset-Backed, Commercial Mortgage-Backed and ~~Asset-Backed~~Mortgage-Backed Securities

Gross unrealized losses in the collateralized securities bond portfolio ~~increased~~decreased to ~~$4.4~~$1.0 million in ~~2017~~2019 as interest rates ~~increased~~declined during the ~~last four months of the~~ year. ~~All~~NaN percent of our collateralized securities carry the highest credit rating by one or more major rating agencies and continue to pay according to contractual terms.

For all fixed income securities at an unrealized loss at December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, we believe it is probable that we will receive all contractual payments in the form of principal and interest. In addition, we are not required to, nor do we intend to, sell these investments prior to recovering the entire amortized cost basis of each security, which may be at maturity. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, ~~2017.~~2019.

Corporate Bonds

Gross unrealized losses in the corporate bond portfolio ~~decreased~~fell to ~~$1.7~~$0.8 million in ~~2017~~2019 from ~~$5.7~~$16.1 million at the end of ~~2016~~2018 as interest rates and credit spreads ~~remained at historically tight levels~~declined during the year. The corporate bond portfolio has an overall rating of BBB+.

~~Table of Contents~~

Municipal Bonds

As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, municipal bonds totaled ~~$636.2~~$405.8 million with gross unrealized losses of $0.7 million, down from $1.3 ~~million. Unrealized losses decreased during~~million the ~~year due to strong investor demand for the sector.~~previous year. As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, approximately 4342 percent of the municipal fixed income securities in the investment portfolio were general obligations of state and local governments and the remaining 5758 percent were revenue based. ~~Eighty-eight~~NaN percent of our municipal fixed income securities were rated AA or better while 99 percent were rated A or better.

Equity Securities

Our equity portfolio consists of common stocks and exchange traded funds (ETF). Gross unrealized losses in the equity portfolio decreased ~~$0.4~~$8.1 million to ~~$0.9~~$2.0 million in ~~2017. Given our intent to hold and expectation of recovery to cost within a reasonable period of time, we do not consider any of our equities to be other-than-temporarily impaired.~~2019 as equity markets improved during the year.

Impairment Analysis

Under current accounting standards, an OTTI write-down of debt securities, where fair value is below amortized cost, is triggered by circumstances ~~where~~where: (1) an entity has the intent to sell a security, (2) it is more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis or (3) the entity does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. If an entity intends to sell a security or if it is more likely than not the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery, an OTTI write-down is recognized in earnings equal to the difference between the security’s amortized cost and its fair value. If an entity does not intend to sell the security or it is not more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery, the OTTI write-down is separated into an amount representing the credit loss, which is recognized in net earnings, and the amount related to all other factors, which is recognized in other comprehensive income.

~~Part~~As part of our evaluation of whether particular securities are other-than-temporarily impaired, ~~involves assessing whether we have both the intent and ability to continue to hold equity securities in an unrealized loss position. For fixed income securities,~~ we consider our intent to sell a security (which is determined on a security-by-security basis) and whether it is more likely than not we will be required

Table of Contents

to sell the security before the recovery of our amortized cost basis. Significant changes in these factors could result in a charge to net earnings for impairment losses. Impairment losses result in a reduction of the underlying investment’s cost basis.

The following table is also used as part of our impairment analysis and displays the total value of debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, and December 31, ~~2016.~~2018. The table segregates the securities based on type, noting the fair value, ~~cost (or~~ amortized ~~cost)~~cost and unrealized loss on each category of investment as well as in total. The table further classifies the securities based on the length of time they have been in an unrealized loss position.


	December 31, 2019						December 31, 2018
			12 Mos.						12 Mos.
(in thousands)	< 12 Mos.		& Greater		Total		< 12 Mos.		& Greater		Total
U.S. government
Fair value	$	2,505	$	8,463	$	10,968	$	7,249	$	76,073	$	83,322
Amortized cost		2,506		8,494		11,000		7,270		77,037		84,307
Unrealized loss	$	(1)	$	(31)	$	(32)	$	(21)	$	(964)	$	(985)

U.S. agency
Fair value	$	6,794	$	—	$	6,794	$	—	$	8,843	$	8,843
Amortized cost		6,836		—		6,836		—		9,058		9,058
Unrealized loss	$	(42)	$	—	$	(42)	$	—	$	(215)	$	(215)

Non-U.S. government & agency
Fair value	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5,432	$	2,207	$	7,639
Amortized cost		—		—		—		5,571		2,599		8,170
Unrealized loss	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(139)	$	(392)	$	(531)

Agency MBS
Fair value	$	21,548	$	41,718	$	63,266	$	25,345	$	261,325	$	286,670
Amortized cost		21,664		42,165		63,829		25,486		270,632		296,118
Unrealized loss	$	(116)	$	(447)	$	(563)	$	(141)	$	(9,307)	$	(9,448)

ABS/CMBS/MBS*
Fair value	$	74,968	$	18,036	$	93,004	$	46,918	$	32,137	$	79,055
Amortized cost		75,332		18,148		93,480		47,146		32,785		79,931
Unrealized loss	$	(364)	$	(112)	$	(476)	$	(228)	$	(648)	$	(876)

Corporate
Fair value	$	16,478	$	9,348	$	25,826	$	306,177	$	147,751	$	453,928
Amortized cost		16,950		9,694		26,644		315,428		154,624		470,052
Unrealized loss	$	(472)	$	(346)	$	(818)	$	(9,251)	$	(6,873)	$	(16,124)

Municipal
Fair value	$	47,018	$	—	$	47,018	$	6,036	$	55,681	$	61,717
Amortized cost		47,740		—		47,740		6,052		56,975		63,027
Unrealized loss	$	(722)	$	—	$	(722)	$	(16)	$	(1,294)	$	(1,310)

Total fixed income
Fair value	$	169,311	$	77,565	$	246,876	$	397,157	$	584,017	$	981,174
Amortized cost		171,028		78,501		249,529		406,953		603,710		1,010,663
Unrealized loss	$	(1,717)	$	(936)	$	(2,653)	$	(9,796)	$	(19,693)	$	(29,489)

~~Table of Contents~~

December 31, 2017

December 31, 2016




12 Mos.





12 Mos.


(in thousands)

< 12 Mos.

& Greater

Total

< 12 Mos.

& Greater

Total

U.S. Government

Fair value

$
58,009

$
30,888

$
88,897

$
48,500

$
—

$
48,500

Cost or amortized cost

58,443

31,349

89,792

49,079

—

49,079

Unrealized Loss

$
(434)

$
(461)

$
(895)

$
(579)

$
—

$
(579)

U.S. Agency

Fair value

$
10,917

$
—

$
10,917

$
—

$
—

$
—

Cost or amortized cost

11,027

—

11,027

—

—

—

Unrealized Loss

$
(110)

$
—

$
(110)

$
—

$
—

$
—

Non-U.S. Government

Fair value

$
—

$
1,840

$
1,840

$
7,647

$
—

$
7,647

Cost or amortized cost

—

1,896

1,896

8,015

—

8,015

Unrealized Loss

$
—

$
(56)

$
(56)

$
(368)

$
—

$
(368)

Agency MBS

Fair value

$
122,130

$
111,306

$
233,436

$
175,858

$
5,737

$
181,595

Cost or amortized cost

123,559

113,955

237,514

179,238

5,925

185,163

Unrealized Loss

$
(1,429)

$
(2,649)

$
(4,078)

$
(3,380)

$
(188)

$
(3,568)

ABS/CMBS*

Fair value

$
23,406

$
21,587

$
44,993

$
48,907

$
5,272

$
54,179

Cost or amortized cost

23,491

21,817

45,308

49,372

5,364

54,736

Unrealized Loss

$
(85)

$
(230)

$
(315)

$
(465)

$
(92)

$
(557)

Corporate

Fair value

$
86,946

$
28,600

$
115,546

$
144,353

$
15,535

$
159,888

Cost or amortized cost

87,736

29,491

117,227

146,979

18,579

165,558

Unrealized Loss

$
(790)

$
(891)

$
(1,681)

$
(2,626)

$
(3,044)

$
(5,670)

Municipal

Fair value

$
71,059

$
60,049

$
131,108

$
250,930

$
—

$
250,930

Cost or amortized cost

71,534

60,827

132,361

257,518

—

257,518

Unrealized Loss

$
(475)

$
(778)

$
(1,253)

$
(6,588)

$
—

$
(6,588)

Subtotal, fixed income

Fair value

$
372,467

$
254,270

$
626,737

$
676,195

$
26,544

$
702,739

Cost or amortized cost

375,790

259,335

635,125

690,201

29,868

720,069

Unrealized Loss

$
(3,323)

$
(5,065)

$
(8,388)

$
(14,006)

$
(3,324)

$
(17,330)

Equity securities

Fair value

$
4,373

$
2,156

$
6,529

$
7,438

$
1,973

$
9,411

Cost or amortized cost

4,581

2,804

7,385

8,029

2,648

10,677

Unrealized Loss

$
(208)

$
(648)

$
(856)

$
(591)

$
(675)

$
(1,266)

Total

Fair value

$
376,840

$
256,426

$
633,266

$
683,633

$
28,517

$
712,150

Cost or amortized cost

380,371

262,139

642,510

698,230

32,516

730,746

Unrealized Loss

$
(3,531)

$
(5,713)

$
(9,244)

$
(14,597)

$
(3,999)

$
(18,596)

*Non-agency asset-backed &and commercial mortgage-backed

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As of December 31, 2017, we held three equity securities that were in unrealized loss positions. The total unrealized loss on these securities was $0.9 million. In considering both the significance and duration of the unrealized loss position, we have no equity securities in an unrealized loss position of greater than 20 percent for more than six consecutive months.

The fixed income portfolio contained ~~346~~154 securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, ~~2017.~~2019. Of these ~~346~~154 securities, ~~133~~65 have been in an unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer and represent ~~$5.1~~$0.9 million in unrealized losses. All fixed income securities ~~in the investment portfolio~~ continue to pay the expected coupon payments under the contractual terms of the securities. Credit-related impairments on fixed income securities that we do not plan to sell, and for which we are not more

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likely than not to be required to sell, are recognized in net earnings. Any non-credit related impairment is recognized in comprehensive earnings. Based on our analysis, our fixed income portfolio is of a high credit quality and we believe we will recover the amortized cost basis of our fixed income securities. We continually monitor the credit quality of our fixed income investments to assess if it is probable that we will receive our contractual or estimated cash flows in the form of principal and interest. ~~There were no OTTI losses recognized in other comprehensive earnings in the periods presented.~~ Key factors that we consider in the evaluation of credit quality include:

●

Changes in technology that may impair the earnings potential of the investment,

●

The discontinuance of a segment of business that may affect future earnings potential,

●

Reduction or elimination of dividends,

●

Specific concerns related to the issuer’s industry or geographic area of operation,

●

Significant or recurring operating losses, poor cash flows and/or deteriorating liquidity ratios and

●

Downgrades in credit quality by a major rating agency.

Based on our analysis, we concluded that the securities in an unrealized loss position were not other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, ~~2017~~2019 and ~~2016.~~2018, but were related to changes in interest rates and other related factors. There were ~~$2.6~~0 losses associated with OTTI in 2019. There were $0.2 million and ~~$0.1~~$2.6 million in losses associated with OTTI of securities in 2018 and 2017, respectively, that we no longer had the intent to hold.

Unrealized Gains and ~~2016, respectively. We did not recognize any impairment losses~~Losses on Equity Securities

Net unrealized gains recognized during ~~2015.~~

~~As required by law, certain fixed maturity investments amounting to $42.2 million at~~2019 on equity securities still held as of December 31, 2019 were $92.8 million. Net unrealized losses recognized during 2018 on equity securities still held as of December 31, 2018 were $28.7 million. Net unrealized gains recognized during 2017 ~~were~~ on ~~deposit with either regulatory authorities or banks.~~

~~Other Invested Assets~~

~~Other invested assets shown on the balance sheet~~equity securities still held as of December 31, 2017 were $47.2 million.

Other Invested Assets

We had $70.4 million of other invested assets at December 31, 2019, compared to $51.5 million at the end of 2018. Other invested assets include investments in ~~three~~ low income housing tax credit (LIHTC) partnerships, ~~carried at cost,~~ membership stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago (FHLBC), and investments in private funds. Our LIHTC investments are carried at amortized cost anand our investment in ~~a real estate fund,~~FHLBC stock is carried at ~~cost, an investment~~cost. Due to the nature of the LIHTC and our membership in ~~a business development company (BDC),~~the FHLBC, their carrying amounts approximate fair value. The private funds are carried at fair value, ~~and an investment in a global credit fund, carried at fair~~using each investments’ net asset value.

Our LIHTC interests had a balance of ~~$15.5~~$23.3 million at December 31, ~~2017~~2019, compared to ~~$17.5~~$20.3 million at December 31, ~~2016~~2018, and recognized a total tax benefit of $2.5 million during 2019, compared to $2.2 million during 2018 and $2.4 million during ~~2017 compared to $1.9 million during 2016 and $1.1 million during 2015.~~2017. Our unfunded commitment for our LIHTC investments totaled ~~$3.1~~$8.6 million at December 31, ~~2017~~2019 and will be paid out in installments through ~~2025.~~ 2035.

Our ~~investment~~investments in ~~FHLBC stock~~private funds totaled ~~$1.0~~$46.0 million at ~~the end of 2017,~~December 31, 2019, compared to ~~$1.6~~$30.3 million at December 31, 2018, and we had $15.5 million of associated unfunded commitments at December 31, 2019. Our interest in these investments is generally restricted from being transferred or otherwise redeemed without prior consent by the ~~end~~respective entities. An initial public offering would allow for the transfer of ~~2016.~~ interest in some situations, while the timed dissolution of the partnership would trigger redemption in others.

Restricted Assets

As of December 31, ~~2017, $18.9~~2019, $15.5 million of investments were pledged as collateral with the FHLBC to ensure timely access to the secured lending facility that ownership of the FHLBC stock provides. ~~During the fourth quarter of 2017, we borrowed and repaid $5.5 million from the FHLBC. The borrowing occurred due to a timing difference between dividends paid and received at one of our subsidiaries.~~ As of and during year ended December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, there were no0 outstanding borrowings with the FHLBC. ~~Our investment in the real estate fund was carried at $2.5 million, which approximated fair value at~~

As of December 31, ~~2017, compared to~~2019, fixed income securities with a carrying value of ~~$5.0~~$69.6 million which approximated fair value at December 31, 2016. During 2017, we made an investment in a BDC which had a fair value of $7.3 million at December 31, 2017. The investment in the BDC is restricted from being transferred until after a qualified IPO unless prior consent is providedwere on deposit with regulatory authorities as required by the BDC. Our unfunded commitments related to this investment totaled $17.7 million at December 31, 2017. Additionally in 2017, we made an investment in a global credit fund that specializes in consumer loans. This investment had a fair value of $7.5 million and unfunded commitments of $7.2 million as of December 31, 2017.law.

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3. POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

Policy acquisition costs deferred and amortized to income for the years ended December 31 are summarized as follows:



(in thousands)	2017		2016		2015		2019		2018		2017
Deferred policy acquisition costs (DAC), beginning of year	$	73,147	$	69,829	$	65,123	$	84,934	$	77,716	$	73,147
Deferred:
Direct commissions	$	157,723	$	150,390	$	146,507	$	185,164	$	175,697	$	157,723
Premium taxes		11,651		11,759		11,087		14,395		12,654		11,651
Ceding commissions		(18,096)		(17,488)		(17,403)		(31,140)		(22,190)		(18,096)
Net deferred	$	151,278	$	144,661	$	140,191	$	168,419	$	166,161	$	151,278
Amortized		146,709		141,343		135,485		168,309		158,943		146,709
DAC, end of year	$	77,716	$	73,147	$	69,829	$	85,044	$	84,934	$	77,716


Policy acquisition costs:
Amortized to expense - DAC	$	146,709	$	141,343	$	135,485	$	168,309	$	158,943	$	146,709
Period costs:
Ceding commission - contingent		(3,575)		(1,524)		(1,834)		(3,034)		(2,241)		(3,575)
Other underwriting expenses		109,381		109,793		107,427		123,422		111,036		109,381
Total policy acquisition costs	$	252,515	$	249,612	$	241,078	$	288,697	$	267,738	$	252,515

4. DEBT

As of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, outstanding debt balances totaled ~~$148.9~~$149.3 million, net of unamortized discount and debt issuance costs, all of which were our long-term senior notes.

On October 2, 2013, we completed a public debt offering, issuing $150.0 million in senior notes maturing September 15, 2023, and paying interest semi-annually at the rate of 4.875 percent. The notes were issued at a discount resulting in proceeds, net of discount and commission, of $148.6 million. The amount of the discount is being charged to income over the life of the debt on an effective-yield basis. On December 12, 2013, a portion of the proceeds were used to redeem the $100.0 million in senior notes that were to mature on January 15, 2014, and the remaining proceeds were made available for general corporate purposes. The estimated fair value for the senior note was ~~$160.3~~$161.2 million as of December 31, ~~2017.~~2019. The fair value of our long-term debt is based on the limited observable prices that reflect thinly traded securities and is therefore classified as a ~~level~~Level 2 liability within the fair value hierarchy.

We ~~incurred $7.4~~paid $7.3 million of interest ~~expense~~ on our senior notes in each of the last three years. The average rate on debt was 4.91 percent in ~~2017, 2016~~2019, 2018 and ~~2015.~~2017.

We maintain a revolving line of credit with JP Morgan Chase Bank N.A., which permits usthe Company to borrow up to an aggregate principal amount of ~~$40.0~~$50.0 million. ~~This facility was entered into during the second quarter of 2014 and replaced the previous $25.0 million facility which expired on May 31, 2014.~~ Under certain conditions, the line may be increased up to an aggregate principal amount of ~~$65.0~~$75.0 million. This facility has a ~~four-year~~two-year term that expires on May ~~28, 2018.~~24, 2020. As of and during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, ~~2016 and 2015, no~~0 amounts were outstanding on these facilities.

5. REINSURANCE

In the ordinary course of business, our insurance subsidiaries assume and cede premiums and selected insured risks with other insurance companies, known as reinsurance. A large portion of the reinsurance is put into effect under contracts known as treaties and, in some instances, by negotiation on each individual risk (known as facultative reinsurance). In addition, there are several types of treaties including quota share, excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance contracts that protect against losses over stipulated amounts arising from any one occurrence or event. The arrangements allow usthe Company to pursue greater diversification of business and serve to limit the maximum net loss to a single event, such as a catastrophe. Through the quantification of exposed policy limits in each region and the extensive use of computer-assisted modeling techniques, we monitor the concentration of risks exposed to catastrophic events.

Through the purchase of reinsurance, we also generally limit our net loss on any individual risk to a maximum of $3.0 million, although retentions can vary.

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Premiums written and earned along with losses and settlement expenses incurred for the years ended December 31 are summarized as follows:



(in thousands)	2017		2016		2015		2019		2018		2017
WRITTEN
Direct	$	848,153	$	844,430	$	819,130	$	1,039,955	$	934,913	$	848,153
Reinsurance assumed		37,159		30,434		34,456		25,047		48,303		37,159
Reinsurance ceded		(135,458)		(133,912)		(131,615)		(204,665)		(160,041)		(135,458)
Net	$	749,854	$	740,952	$	721,971	$	860,337	$	823,175	$	749,854


EARNED
Direct	$	835,118	$	835,294	$	797,180	$	981,121	$	896,234	$	835,118
Reinsurance assumed		32,521		27,886		35,724		40,173		41,926		32,521
Reinsurance ceded		(129,702)		(134,572)		(132,743)		(182,183)		(146,794)		(129,702)
Net	$	737,937	$	728,608	$	700,161	$	839,111	$	791,366	$	737,937


LOSSES AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES INCURRED
Direct	$	486,986	$	405,873	$	307,445	$	521,055	$	560,421	$	486,986
Reinsurance assumed		16,072		13,196		23,184		21,951		20,376		16,072
Reinsurance ceded		(101,474)		(69,291)		(31,584)		(129,590)		(152,604)		(101,474)
Net	$	401,584	$	349,778	$	299,045	$	413,416	$	428,193	$	401,584

At December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, we had ~~prepaid~~unearned reinsurance premiums and recoverables on paid and unpaid losses and settlement expenses totaling ~~$349.7 million.~~$469.2 million, net of collateral. More than 94 percent of our reinsurance recoverables are due from companies with financial strength ratings of ~~“A”~~A or better by ~~A.M.~~AM Best and S&P rating services.

The following table displays net reinsurance balances recoverable, after consideration of collateral, from our top 10 reinsurers as of December 31, ~~2017.~~2019. These reinsurers all have financial strength ratings of ~~“A”~~A or better by ~~A.M.~~AM Best and ~~Standard and Poor’s~~S&P’s ratings services. Also shown are the amounts of written premium ceded to these reinsurers during the calendar year ~~2017.~~2019.


			Net Reinsurer				Ceded
	AM Best	S & P	Exposure as of		Percent of		Premiums		Percent of
(dollars in thousands)	Rating	Rating	12/31/2019		Total		Written		Total
Munich Re / HSB	A+, Superior	AA-, Very Strong	$	68,368	14.6	%	$	22,536	11.0	%
Swiss Re / Westport Ins. Corp.	A+, Superior	AA-, Very Strong		34,777	7.4	%		2,801	1.4	%
Endurance Re	A+, Superior	A+, Strong		32,233	6.9	%		9,173	4.5	%
Aspen UK Ltd.	A, Excellent	A, Strong		31,622	6.7	%		8,270	4.0	%
Berkley Insurance Co.	A+, Superior	A+, Strong		28,798	6.1	%		8,667	4.2	%
Renaissance Re	A+, Superior	A+, Strong		25,841	5.5	%		15,754	7.7	%
Hannover Ruckversicherung	A+, Superior	AA-, Very Strong		24,758	5.3	%		12,491	6.1	%
Toa Re	A, Excellent	A+, Strong		23,734	5.1	%		7,757	3.8	%
Transatlantic Re	A+, Superior	A+, Strong		22,873	4.9	%		6,635	3.2	%
General Re	A++, Superior	AA+, Very Strong		19,736	4.2	%		6,240	3.0	%
Liberty Mutual	A, Excellent	A, Strong		19,171	4.1	%		6,696	3.3	%
All other reinsurers*				137,240	29.2	%		97,645	47.8	%
Total ceded exposure			$	469,151	100.0	%	$	204,665	100.0	%

Net Reinsurer




Ceded



A.M. Best

S & P

Exposure as of

Percent of

Premiums

Percent of
(dollars in thousands)

Rating

Rating

12/31/2017

Total

Written

Total
Munich Re / HSB

A+, Superior

AA-, Very Strong

$
59,277

17.0
%

$
24,747

18.3
%
Swiss Re / Westport Ins. Corp.

A+, Superior

AA-, Very Strong

47,680

13.6
%

10,671

7.9
%
Endurance Re

A+, Superior

A, Strong

29,771

8.5
%

5,695

4.2
%
Aspen UK Ltd.

A, Excellent

A, Strong

26,204

7.5
%

6,895

5.1
%
Berkley Insurance Co.

A+, Superior

A+, Strong

17,404

5.0
%

5,589

4.1
%
Transatlantic Re

A, Excellent

A+, Strong

15,726

4.5
%

6,212

4.6
%
General Re

A++, Superior

AA+, Very Strong

14,997

4.3
%

3,694

2.7
%
Scor Reinsurance Co.

A+, Superior

AA-, Very Strong

14,226

4.1
%

5,433

4.0
%
Tokio Millennium Re

A++, Superior

A+, Strong

14,133

4.0
%

7,775

5.7
%
Hannover Ruckversicherung

A+, Superior

AA-, Very Strong

13,649

3.9
%

7,302

5.4
%
All other reinsurers*

96,643

27.6
%

51,445

38.0
%
Total ceded exposure



$
349,710

100.0
%

$
135,458

100.0
%

*All other reinsurance balances recoverable, when considered by individual reinsurer, are less than 2 percent of shareholders’ equity.

Ceded unearned premiums and reinsurance balances recoverable on ~~paid~~unpaid losses and settlement expenses are reported separately as an asset, rather than being netted with the related liability, since reinsurance does not relieve usthe Company of our liability to policyholders. Such balances are subject to the credit risk associated with the individual reinsurer. We continually monitor the financial condition of our reinsurers and actively follow up on any past due or disputed amounts. As part of our monitoring efforts, we review their annual financial statements and SEC filings for those reinsurers that are publicly traded. We also review insurance industry developments that may impact the financial condition of our reinsurers. We analyze the credit

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risk associated with our reinsurance balances recoverable by monitoring the ~~A.M.~~AM Best and S&P ratings of our reinsurers. In

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addition, we subject our reinsurance recoverables to detailed recoverability tests, including a ~~segment based~~segment-based analysis using the average default rating percentage by S&P rating, which assists usthe Company in assessing the sufficiency of the existing allowance. Additionally, we perform an in-depth reinsurer financial condition analysis prior to the renewal of our reinsurance placements.

Our policy is to charge to earnings, in the form of an allowance, an estimate of unrecoverable amounts from reinsurers. This allowance is reviewed on an ongoing basis to ensure that the amount makes a reasonable provision for reinsurance balances that we may be unable to recover. Once regulatory action (such as receivership, finding of insolvency, order of conservation or order of liquidation) is taken against a reinsurer, the paid and unpaid recoverable for the reinsurer are specifically identified and written off through the use of our allowance for estimated unrecoverable amounts from reinsurers. When we write-off such a balance, it is done in full. We then re-evaluate the remaining allowance and determine whether the balance is sufficient as detailed above and if needed, an additional allowance is recognized and income charged. The amounts of allowances for uncollectible amounts on paid and unpaid recoverables were ~~$15.9~~$15.7 million and ~~$10.0~~$9.4 million, respectively, at December 31, ~~2017.~~2019. At December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, the amounts were ~~$15.2~~$16.1 million and ~~$10.7~~$9.8 million, respectively. We have no receivables with a due date that extends beyond one year that are not included in our allowance for uncollectible amounts.

6.HISTORICAL LOSS AND LAE DEVELOPMENT

The following table is a reconciliation of our unpaid losses and settlement expenses (LAE) for the years ~~2017, 2016~~2019, 2018 and ~~2015:~~2017:



(in thousands)	2017		2016		2015				2019		2018		2017
Unpaid losses and LAE at beginning of year:
Gross	$	1,139,337	$	1,103,785	$	1,121,040			$	1,461,348	$	1,271,503	$	1,139,337
Ceded		(288,224)		(297,844)		(335,106)				(364,999)		(301,991)		(288,224)
Net	$	851,113	$	805,941	$	785,934			$	1,096,349	$	969,512	$	851,113


Increase (decrease) in incurred losses and LAE:
Current accident year	$	440,452	$	391,772	$	364,472			$	488,700	$	478,143	$	440,452
Prior accident years		(38,868)		(41,994)		(65,427)				(75,284)		(49,950)		(38,868)
Total incurred	$	401,584	$	349,778	$	299,045			$	413,416	$	428,193	$	401,584


Loss and LAE payments for claims incurred:
Current accident year	$	(73,392)	$	(70,540)	$	(71,853)			$	(80,055)	$	(76,050)	$	(73,392)
Prior accident year		(209,793)		(234,066)		(207,185)				(239,875)		(225,306)		(209,793)
Total paid	$	(283,185)	$	(304,606)	$	(279,038)			$	(319,930)	$	(301,356)	$	(283,185)


Net unpaid losses and LAE at end of year	$	969,512	$	851,113	$	805,941			$	1,189,835	$	1,096,349	$	969,512


Unpaid losses and LAE at end of year:							��	��
Gross	$	1,271,503	$	1,139,337	$	1,103,785			$	1,574,352	$	1,461,348	$	1,271,503
Ceded		(301,991)		(288,224)		(297,844)				(384,517)		(364,999)		(301,991)
Net	$	969,512	$	851,113	$	805,941			$	1,189,835	$	1,096,349	$	969,512

~~The differences from~~Loss development occurs when our ~~initial reserve estimates emerged as changes in our~~current estimate of ultimate ~~loss expectations as we performed~~losses, established through our reserve analysis ~~process.~~processes, differs from the initial reserve estimate. The recognition of the changes in initial reserve estimates occurred over time as claims were reported, initial case reserves were established, initial reserves were reviewed in light of additional information and ultimate payments were made on the collective set of claims incurred as of that evaluation date. The new information on the ultimate settlement value of claims is continually updated until all claims in a defined set are settled. As a small specialty insurer with a diversified product portfolio, our experience will ordinarily exhibit fluctuations from period to period. While we attempt to identify and react to systematic changes in the loss environment, we also must consider the volume of claim experience directly available to usthe Company and interpret any particular period’s indications with a realistic technical understanding of the reliability of those observations.

The following is information about incurred and paid loss development as of December 31, ~~2017,~~2019, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency, the total of IBNR liabilities included within the net incurred loss amounts and average historical claims duration as of December 31, ~~2017.~~2019. The loss information has been disaggregated so that only losses that are expected to

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develop in a similar manner are grouped together. This has resulted in the presentation of loss information for our property and surety segments at the segment level, while information for our casualty segment has been separated in four groupings: primary occurrence, excess occurrence, claims made and transportation. Primary occurrence includes select lines within the professional

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services product along with general liability, small commercial and other casualty products. Excess occurrence encompasses commercial excess and personal umbrella, while claims made includes select lines within the professional services product, executive products and ~~medical professional liability and executive products.~~other casualty. Reported claim counts represent claim events on a specified policy rather than individual claimants and includes claims that did not or are not expected to result in an incurred loss. The information about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, ~~2008~~2010 to ~~2016~~2018 is presented as unaudited required supplementary information.



Casualty - Primary Occurrence	Casualty - Primary Occurrence																									Casualty - Primary Occurrence
(in thousands, except number of claims)	(in thousands, except number of claims)																									(in thousands, except number of claims)
		Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																						As of December 31, 2017
		For the Years Ended December 31,																							Cumulative
																									Number of
																									Reported
																											Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																						As of December 31, 2019
																											For the Years Ended December 31,																							Cumulative
																																																		Number of
																																																		Reported
AY			2008*		2009*		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017			Total IBNR	Claims			2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019			Total IBNR	Claims
2008		$	96,829	$	100,454	$	91,734	$	83,367	$	78,218	$	74,174	$	73,859	$	73,696	$	74,837	$	74,672		$	1,505	5,423
2009					85,476		119,957		99,765		91,441		86,888		82,651		81,138		80,518		80,350			2,068	5,705
2010							87,875		96,582		93,589		88,820		85,034		80,289		78,685		78,991			2,216	6,107		$	87,875	$	96,582	$	93,589	$	88,820	$	85,034	$	80,289	$	78,685	$	78,991	$	80,216	$	79,656		$	1,922	6,128
2011									91,139		98,428		94,145		89,622		86,342		83,181		82,193			3,413	5,839					91,139		98,428		94,145		89,622		86,342		83,181		82,193		82,248		81,579			2,546	5,862
2012											91,807		78,406		65,893		61,072		59,028		59,488			4,100	5,148							91,807		78,406		65,893		61,072		59,028		59,488		60,328		60,465			2,922	5,179
2013													80,823		67,297		62,882		60,329		60,162			9,631	4,267									80,823		67,297		62,882		60,329		60,162		59,556		59,116			4,917	4,307
2014															88,092		79,497		71,592		67,237			17,335	4,190											88,092		79,497		71,592		67,237		66,389		66,702			8,251	4,266
2015																	94,835		84,975		83,579			33,109	4,201													94,835		84,975		83,579		78,675		76,398			14,891	4,362
2016																			101,950		96,753			54,413	3,920															101,950		96,753		90,611		85,449			24,712	4,240
2017																					119,741			93,852	3,496																	119,741		111,391		102,583			46,557	4,336
																			Total	$	803,166

		Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
									For the Years Ended December 31,
2018																																												141,513		130,281			79,489	4,490
2019																																														146,011			119,051	4,193
																																												Total	$	888,240

																											Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
																																		For the Years Ended December 31,
AY			2008*		2009*		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017							2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019
2008		$	3,022	$	9,399	$	20,539	$	33,605	$	48,108	$	56,288	$	62,511	$	64,814	$	67,572	$	69,605
2009					1,972		9,233		24,115		43,702		58,460		65,913		70,220		74,920		75,948
2010							2,587		13,025		29,312		44,051		55,992		61,929		66,399		69,514						$	2,587	$	13,025	$	29,312	$	44,051	$	55,992	$	61,929	$	66,399	$	69,514	$	73,318	$	75,007
2011									5,924		17,124		32,978		48,822		60,769		67,358		71,413									5,924		17,124		32,978		48,822		60,769		67,358		71,413		74,814		76,318
2012											5,897		14,539		23,889		33,822		43,276		47,970											5,897		14,539		23,889		33,822		43,276		47,970		51,611		54,391
2013													6,334		13,021		22,366		34,786		40,609													6,334		13,021		22,366		34,786		40,609		45,753		47,783
2014															11,436		18,771		29,545		40,270															11,436		18,771		29,545		40,270		47,343		52,387
2015																	10,157		19,902		33,020																	10,157		19,902		33,020		45,056		54,270
2016																			10,142		24,186																			10,142		24,186		35,764		48,042
2017																					13,154																					13,154		25,933		38,783
		* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																	Total	$	485,689
											All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance										7,705
									Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	325,182

		Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance
2018																																												15,066		32,365
2019																																														15,698
																											* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																	Total	$	495,044
																																				All outstanding liabilities before 2010, net of reinsurance										10,714
																																		Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	403,910

																											Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance*
Years			1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10							1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
			8.8	%	11.9	%	17.0	%	19.0	%	15.5	%	8.7	%	6.1	%	4.3	%	2.5	%	2.7	%
																												10.8	%	13.2	%	16.3	%	17.4	%	13.0	%	7.9	%	5.0	%	4.2	%	3.3	%	2.1	%

Table of Contents

Casualty - Excess Occurrence

(in thousands, except number of claims)

Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance

As of December 31, 2017

For the Years Ended December 31,

Cumulative

Number of

Reported
AY

2008*

2009*

2010*

2011*

2012*

2013*

2014*

2015*

2016*

2017

Total IBNR

Claims
2008

$
35,209
$
22,666
$
17,347
$
14,472
$
13,869
$
13,862
$
13,816
$
13,695
$
13,487
$
13,671

$
308

638
2009

30,267

19,719

14,981

12,893

12,966

12,459

12,601

11,982

12,055

268

566
2010

29,314

24,244

22,111

18,932

20,044

22,044

21,018

20,530

381

499
2011

26,272

17,148

17,443

18,641

19,160

20,959

21,295

964

578
2012

29,042

21,558

21,021

21,885

21,231

22,433

1,417

837
2013

39,984

34,824

26,857

25,425

25,599

4,654

925
2014

50,889

39,095

35,119

32,274

9,801

844
2015

53,672

50,857

47,392

22,168

608
2016

56,341

49,385

39,381

486
2017

62,863

58,246

287

Total
$
307,497

Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance

For the Years Ended December 31,

AY

2008*

2009*

2010*

2011*

2012*

2013*

2014*

2015*

2016*

2017

2008

$
115
$
3,224
$
8,212
$
11,231
$
11,755
$
11,938
$
12,163
$
13,166
$
13,183
$
13,281

2009

956

3,947

6,585

9,460

11,001

10,808

11,776

11,780

11,786

2010

7

6,002

10,705

13,282

15,512

17,302

19,175

19,256

2011

2,169

5,145

6,981

8,793

10,772

16,494

17,769

2012

1,315

3,573

8,843

15,380

16,879

17,747

2013

1,060

5,701

10,967

14,545

16,967

2014

1,899

4,006

11,002

18,852

2015

2,048

10,127

19,571

2016

1,068

3,396

2017

17

* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.

Total
$
138,642

All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance

20,108

Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
$
188,963

Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance

Years

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

4.1
%
16.4
%
21.9
%
19.2
%
8.8
%
7.8
%
6.2
%
2.6
%
0.1
%
0.7
%


Casualty - Excess Occurrence
(in thousands, except number of claims)
	Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																						As of December 31, 2019
	For the Years Ended December 31,																							Cumulative
																								Number of
																								Reported
AY		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019			Total IBNR	Claims
2010	$	29,314	$	24,244	$	22,111	$	18,932	$	20,044	$	22,044	$	21,018	$	20,530	$	20,527	$	20,579		$	315	503
2011				26,272		17,148		17,443		18,641		19,160		20,959		21,295		22,032		21,825			625	581
2012						29,042		21,558		21,021		21,885		21,231		22,433		23,020		25,286			1,016	858
2013								39,984		34,824		26,857		25,425		25,599		24,922		25,496			2,220	939
2014										50,889		39,095		35,119		32,274		33,372		33,458			6,322	887
2015												53,672		50,857		47,392		42,840		43,328			10,833	685
2016														56,341		49,385		37,676		33,125			18,457	624
2017																62,863		55,868		48,363			31,333	563
2018																		69,362		62,646			51,501	452
2019																				88,078			66,592	293
																		Total	$	402,184

	Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
								For the Years Ended December 31,
AY		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019
2010	$	7	$	6,002	$	10,705	$	13,282	$	15,512	$	17,302	$	19,175	$	19,256	$	19,308	$	19,390
2011				2,169		5,145		6,981		8,793		10,772		16,494		17,769		20,214		21,036
2012						1,315		3,573		8,843		15,380		16,879		17,747		19,310		21,993
2013								1,060		5,701		10,967		14,545		16,967		17,956		18,524
2014										1,899		4,006		11,002		18,852		22,541		23,376
2015												2,048		10,127		19,571		23,184		28,756
2016														1,068		3,396		7,441		10,054
2017																17		5,679		9,275
2018																		2,506		5,823
2019																				4,213
	* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																	Total	$	162,440
										All outstanding liabilities before 2010, net of reinsurance										16,409
								Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	256,153

	Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance*
Years		1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
		4.2	%	13.2	%	16.9	%	14.3	%	9.9	%	8.9	%	5.8	%	7.4	%	2.0	%	0.4	%



Casualty - Claims Made	Casualty - Claims Made																									Casualty - Claims Made
(in thousands, except number of claims)	(in thousands, except number of claims)																									(in thousands, except number of claims)
		Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																						As of December 31, 2017
		For the Years Ended December 31,																							Cumulative
																									Number of
																									Reported
																											Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																						As of December 31, 2019
																											For the Years Ended December 31,																							Cumulative
																																																		Number of
																																																		Reported
AY			2008*		2009*		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017			Total IBNR	Claims			2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019			Total IBNR	Claims
2008		$	11,083	$	12,754	$	3,915	$	3,043	$	7,811	$	6,878	$	5,568	$	4,848	$	4,584	$	4,528		$	103	300
2009					12,918		13,703		9,687		13,562		11,710		13,117		12,810		12,053		11,827			302	383
2010							13,690		15,556		9,776		10,429		11,689		10,581		9,175		9,024			490	502		$	13,690	$	15,556	$	9,776	$	10,429	$	11,689	$	10,581	$	9,175	$	9,024	$	8,735	$	8,680		$	160	502
2011									17,416		17,454		12,260		10,619		8,510		7,720		7,852			693	682					17,416		17,454		12,260		10,619		8,510		7,720		7,852		11,506		14,031			592	682
2012											27,576		26,144		20,727		19,590		18,022		17,612			2,156	803							27,576		26,144		20,727		19,590		18,022		17,612		17,569		20,785			1,781	803
2013													40,095		41,488		44,054		40,288		38,473			5,773	1,042									40,095		41,488		44,054		40,288		38,473		37,959		38,352			2,255	1,042
2014															53,929		55,386		58,152		55,350			13,240	1,302											53,929		55,386		58,152		55,350		51,554		53,841			4,391	1,305
2015																	55,006		47,831		42,206			19,844	1,332													55,006		47,831		42,206		39,906		39,653			6,376	1,336
2016																			59,992		67,760			30,727	1,481															59,992		67,760		69,493		67,728			16,541	1,506
2017																					60,572			46,522	1,534																	60,572		62,450		62,714			24,377	1,633
																			Total	$	315,204

		Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
									For the Years Ended December 31,
2018																																												66,128		62,416			37,809	1,381
2019																																														62,918			50,178	1,411
																																												Total	$	431,118

																											Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
																																		For the Years Ended December 31,
AY			2008*		2009*		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017							2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019
2008		$	9	$	227	$	703	$	705	$	707	$	712	$	4,380	$	4,385	$	4,424	$	4,424
2009					113		442		773		3,413		5,176		10,678		11,217		11,398		11,475
2010							259		1,548		2,308		3,626		5,733		5,749		6,956		8,485						$	259	$	1,548	$	2,308	$	3,626	$	5,733	$	5,749	$	6,956	$	8,485	$	8,512	$	8,515
2011									330		1,949		4,508		5,947		5,637		6,209		6,835									330		1,949		4,508		5,947		5,637		6,209		6,835		7,132		7,239
2012											433		4,086		6,898		9,218		10,968		14,378											433		4,086		6,898		9,218		10,968		14,378		15,621		16,450
2013													792		7,073		18,425		26,121		29,678													792		7,073		18,425		26,121		29,678		32,789		34,535
2014															1,705		9,775		27,923		35,755															1,705		9,775		27,923		35,755		40,080		44,127
2015																	2,215		10,738		16,774																	2,215		10,738		16,774		20,920		28,795
2016																			2,060		14,558																			2,060		14,558		27,465		39,370
2017																					2,455																					2,455		11,350		22,728
		* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																	Total	$	144,817
											All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance										854
									Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	171,241

		Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance
2018																																												1,964		11,965
2019																																														1,839
																											* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																	Total	$	215,563
																																				All outstanding liabilities before 2010, net of reinsurance										2,399
																																		Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	217,954

																											Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance*
Years			1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10							1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
			2.8	%	14.8	%	18.4	%	14.7	%	8.9	%	14.7	%	26.7	%	6.2	%	0.8	%	0.0	%
																												3.1	%	16.2	%	19.5	%	14.2	%	11.3	%	7.3	%	7.2	%	7.9	%	0.5	%	0.0	%

Table of Contents

Casualty - Transportation

(in thousands, except number of claims)

Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance

As of December 31, 2017

For the Years Ended December 31,

Cumulative

Number of

Reported
AY

2008*

2009*

2010*

2011*

2012*

2013*

2014*

2015*

2016*

2017

Total IBNR

Claims
2008

$
32,071
$
27,752
$
25,520
$
23,497
$
24,255
$
24,110
$
23,764
$
23,673
$
23,690
$
23,672

$
23

2,834
2009

26,349

23,366

23,174

22,929

22,613

22,340

21,958

21,969

21,926

36

2,644
2010

27,239

23,390

24,912

25,593

23,981

23,625

23,701

23,786

52

2,842
2011

22,957

23,479

25,747

25,272

25,431

25,376

25,167

71

2,469
2012

21,452

22,203

22,924

23,511

23,689

23,620

129

2,282
2013

32,742

32,853

32,989

37,673

38,811

702

2,849
2014

38,361

33,015

36,452

38,590

1,698

3,093
2015

38,561

46,258

47,021

6,051

3,167
2016

50,430

53,519

11,987

3,879
2017

55,640

17,396

3,361

Total
$
351,752

Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance

For the Years Ended December 31,

AY

2008*

2009*

2010*

2011*

2012*

2013*

2014*

2015*

2016*

2017

2008

$
6,153
$
10,821
$
14,489
$
18,359
$
21,110
$
23,293
$
23,387
$
23,614
$
23,616
$
23,628

2009

5,035

8,698

14,613

19,933

21,100

21,325

21,640

21,650

21,650

2010

6,296

10,116

15,475

20,045

21,792

23,063

23,488

23,533

2011

5,295

9,485

14,477

19,443

22,375

23,537

23,941

2012

4,466

8,533

12,394

17,318

20,931

22,566

2013

5,306

11,978

19,761

28,220

33,480

2014

7,125

13,933

19,676

27,457

2015

6,984

20,709

29,554

2016

8,923

18,354

2017

7,979

* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.

Total
$
232,142

All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance

94

Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
$
119,704

Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance

Years

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

19.3
%
18.7
%
19.4
%
20.3
%
10.8
%
5.4
%
1.3
%
0.4
%
0.0
%
0.1
%


Casualty - Transportation
(in thousands, except number of claims)
	Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																						As of December 31, 2019
	For the Years Ended December 31,																							Cumulative
																								Number of
																								Reported
AY		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019			Total IBNR	Claims
2010	$	27,239	$	23,390	$	24,912	$	25,593	$	23,981	$	23,625	$	23,701	$	23,786	$	23,776	$	23,860		$	23	2,843
2011				22,957		23,479		25,747		25,272		25,431		25,376		25,167		25,614		25,827			41	2,469
2012						21,452		22,203		22,924		23,511		23,689		23,620		23,305		23,731			47	2,285
2013								32,742		32,853		32,989		37,673		38,811		39,974		39,309			140	2,853
2014										38,361		33,015		36,452		38,590		40,202		40,508			458	3,099
2015												38,561		46,258		47,021		46,395		45,162			1,574	3,183
2016														50,430		53,519		54,105		52,277			4,241	3,935
2017																55,640		53,641		45,017			7,476	3,625
2018																		57,597		54,592			24,385	3,376
2019																				58,297			17,932	3,082
																		Total	$	408,580

	Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
								For the Years Ended December 31,
AY		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019
2010	$	6,296	$	10,116	$	15,475	$	20,045	$	21,792	$	23,063	$	23,488	$	23,533	$	23,556	$	23,635
2011				5,295		9,485		14,477		19,443		22,375		23,537		23,941		24,377		25,052
2012						4,466		8,533		12,394		17,318		20,931		22,566		22,730		23,180
2013								5,306		11,978		19,761		28,220		33,480		35,923		37,327
2014										7,125		13,933		19,676		27,457		33,190		38,282
2015												6,984		20,709		29,554		37,222		39,339
2016														8,923		18,354		30,354		38,001
2017																7,979		17,070		24,090
2018																		6,980		12,827
2019																				7,148
	* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																	Total	$	268,881
										All outstanding liabilities before 2010, net of reinsurance										252
								Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	139,951

	Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance*
Years		1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
		17.2	%	18.1	%	18.8	%	18.8	%	11.0	%	7.1	%	1.9	%	1.3	%	1.4	%	0.3	%



Property	Property																									Property
(in thousands, except number of claims)	(in thousands, except number of claims)																									(in thousands, except number of claims)
		Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																						As of December 31, 2017
		For the Years Ended December 31,																							Cumulative
																									Number of
																									Reported
																											Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																						As of December 31, 2019
																											For the Years Ended December 31,																							Cumulative
																																																		Number of
																																																		Reported
AY			2008*		2009*		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017			Total IBNR	Claims			2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019			Total IBNR	Claims
2008		$	75,951	$	79,774	$	78,378	$	78,946	$	75,974	$	76,089	$	75,281	$	75,313	$	75,288	$	75,217		$	20	2,718
2009					59,975		55,821		52,286		49,534		48,969		48,857		48,707		49,267		49,323			58	2,631
2010							63,194		59,145		55,427		53,937		54,153		52,927		52,964		52,952			85	2,850		$	63,194	$	59,145	$	55,427	$	53,937	$	54,153	$	52,927	$	52,964	$	52,952	$	52,903	$	52,548		$	10	2,850
2011									70,246		66,924		64,976		63,724		62,770		62,570		62,456			300	3,027					70,246		66,924		64,976		63,724		62,770		62,570		62,456		62,875		62,799			65	3,028
2012											85,485		80,155		79,181		77,569		79,175		78,125			335	2,639							85,485		80,155		79,181		77,569		79,175		78,125		78,161		78,002			97	2,640
2013													63,864		62,090		62,173		62,114		61,914			698	2,995									63,864		62,090		62,173		62,114		61,914		61,834		61,776			183	2,995
2014															56,587		49,441		48,801		48,761			534	4,558											56,587		49,441		48,801		48,761		49,217		49,444			158	4,561
2015																	59,863		56,103		53,958			1,727	4,070													59,863		56,103		53,958		52,720		53,111			403	4,075
2016																			62,900		55,594			3,759	3,352															62,900		55,594		55,384		55,930			1,418	3,371
2017																					90,803			24,892	2,609																	90,803		83,273		84,961			5,861	2,883
																			Total	$	629,103

		Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
									For the Years Ended December 31,
2018																																												89,091		83,457			10,867	2,321
2019																																														71,232			27,090	2,098
																																												Total	$	653,260

																											Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
																																		For the Years Ended December 31,
AY			2008*		2009*		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017							2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019
2008		$	31,573	$	59,695	$	66,028	$	69,811	$	71,938	$	73,619	$	74,692	$	74,766	$	74,827	$	74,896
2009					25,464		40,775		43,758		46,004		48,031		48,297		48,329		49,051		49,173
2010							25,274		43,091		47,743		50,055		52,729		52,426		52,719		52,851						$	25,274	$	43,091	$	47,743	$	50,055	$	52,729	$	52,426	$	52,719	$	52,851	$	52,855	$	52,538
2011									27,676		48,756		55,778		59,099		60,272		61,428		61,834									27,676		48,756		55,778		59,099		60,272		61,428		61,834		62,729		62,730
2012											39,074		66,509		72,057		73,705		75,640		76,152											39,074		66,509		72,057		73,705		75,640		76,152		77,159		77,323
2013													32,208		50,840		57,407		59,259		60,520													32,208		50,840		57,407		59,259		60,520		61,195		61,325
2014															30,550		43,380		46,148		46,528															30,550		43,380		46,148		46,528		47,799		49,027
2015																	32,184		49,348		50,197																	32,184		49,348		50,197		51,290		52,078
2016																			33,134		46,921																			33,134		46,921		51,371		53,006
2017																					41,314																					41,314		66,818		74,415
		* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																	Total	$	560,386
											All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance										150
									Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	68,867

		Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance
2018																																												37,048		68,264
2019																																														30,703
																											* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																	Total	$	581,409
																																				All outstanding liabilities before 2010, net of reinsurance										114
																																		Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	71,965

																											Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance*
Years			1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10							1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
			51.5	%	31.6	%	7.4	%	3.6	%	3.1	%	0.9	%	0.7	%	0.6	%	0.2	%	0.1	%
																												51.2	%	31.5	%	7.7	%	2.9	%	2.6	%	1.1	%	0.7	%	0.6	%	0.0	%	(0.6)	%

Table of Contents

Surety

(in thousands, except number of claims)

Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance

As of December 31, 2017

For the Years Ended December 31,

Cumulative

Number of

Reported
AY

2008*

2009*

2010*

2011*

2012*

2013*

2014*

2015*

2016*

2017

Total IBNR

Claims
2008

$
8,055
$
4,045
$
3,469
$
3,267
$
2,832
$
2,850
$
2,877
$
2,856
$
2,939
$
2,818

$
3

2,084
2009

15,474

4,896

4,708

4,246

4,146

4,551

4,288

4,923

5,990

7

1,660
2010

13,961

8,205

6,630

7,076

6,810

7,136

7,645

6,850

32

1,533
2011

13,842

17,832

17,792

17,321

16,766

16,695

16,480

31

1,669
2012

17,114

11,452

8,667

8,180

7,867

7,471

104

1,459
2013

16,080

7,516

6,170

5,399

5,271

108

1,398
2014

16,450

8,106

5,225

4,427

349

1,318
2015

16,958

12,957

11,113

1,724

1,149
2016

18,928

11,062

3,018

1,167
2017

16,127

14,938

793

Total
$
87,609

Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance

For the Years Ended December 31,

AY

2008*

2009*

2010*

2011*

2012*

2013*

2014*

2015*

2016*

2017

2008

$
643
$
2,110
$
2,722
$
2,665
$
2,731
$
2,745
$
2,816
$
2,803
$
2,919
$
2,931

2009

892

1,914

2,382

2,493

3,490

4,336

3,919

3,908

5,978

2010

1,724

3,205

5,702

7,092

7,151

7,285

7,822

7,269

2011

8,160

16,932

17,151

17,403

17,212

17,086

17,086

2012

1,883

6,680

6,726

7,416

7,536

7,406

2013

1,116

2,856

4,701

4,911

5,098

2014

722

4,283

4,166

4,059

2015

3,192

6,719

7,695

2016

3,087

5,817

2017

979

* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.

Total
$
64,318

All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance

84

Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
$
23,375

Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance

Years

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

23.8
%
42.0
%
13.6
%
4.6
%
4.0
%
2.8
%
0.8
%
-2.9
%
19.3
%
0.4
%


Surety
(in thousands, except number of claims)
	Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																						As of December 31, 2019
	For the Years Ended December 31,																							Cumulative
																								Number of
																								Reported
AY		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019			Total IBNR	Claims
2010	$	13,961	$	8,205	$	6,630	$	7,076	$	6,810	$	7,136	$	7,645	$	6,244	$	6,580	$	6,743		$	47	1,543
2011				13,842		17,832		17,792		17,321		16,766		16,695		16,480		18,281		18,293			35	1,679
2012						17,114		11,452		8,667		8,180		7,867		7,471		7,099		7,082			38	1,474
2013								16,080		7,516		6,170		5,399		5,271		5,231		5,209			65	1,406
2014										16,450		8,106		5,225		4,427		4,267		4,319			67	1,346
2015												16,958		12,957		11,113		10,456		9,792			384	1,217
2016														18,928		11,062		9,351		8,895			742	1,359
2017																16,127		8,641		8,798			1,469	1,645
2018																		16,765		7,227			3,965	1,157
2019																				14,785			14,035	607
																		Total	$	91,143

	Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
								For the Years Ended December 31,
AY		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019
2010	$	1,724	$	3,205	$	5,702	$	7,092	$	7,151	$	7,285	$	7,822	$	6,663	$	6,637	$	6,733
2011				8,160		16,932		17,151		17,403		17,212		17,086		17,086		17,013		18,251
2012						1,883		6,680		6,726		7,416		7,536		7,406		7,065		6,996
2013								1,116		2,856		4,701		4,911		5,098		5,150		5,128
2014										722		4,283		4,166		4,059		4,131		4,234
2015												3,192		6,719		7,695		9,436		9,183
2016														3,087		5,817		6,299		7,640
2017																979		2,862		7,062
2018																		1,835		2,588
2019																				336
	* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																	Total	$	68,151
										All outstanding liabilities before 2010, net of reinsurance										1,996
								Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	24,988

	Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance*
Years		1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
		24.1	%	39.1	%	16.8	%	9.4	%	0.7	%	0.6	%	0.7	%	(6.2)	%	3.2	%	1.4	%


~~Illinois~~Delaware		37-0889946
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

9025 North Lindbergh Drive, Peoria, Illinois		61615
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock ~~$1.00~~$0.01 par value	RLI	New York Stock Exchange


Large accelerated filer ☒	Accelerated filer ☐	Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☐
		(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Emerging growth company ☐


State	Direct Premiums Earned		Percent of Total
	(in thousands)
California	$	130,517	15.6	%
New York		121,975	14.6	%
Florida		82,122	9.8	%
Texas		65,794	7.9	%
Washington		31,166	3.7	%
New Jersey		26,077	3.1	%
Illinois		26,042	3.1	%
Arizona		25,544	3.1	%
Pennsylvania		21,677	2.6	%
Louisiana		20,980	2.5	%
Hawaii		17,432	2.1	%
Ohio		16,765	2.0	%
All Other		249,027	29.9	%
Total direct premiums earned	$	835,118	100.0	%


~~A.M.~~AM Best		Standard & Poor’s		Moody’s
SECURE		SECURE		STRONG
A++, A+	Superior	AAA	Extremely strong	Aaa	Exceptional
A, A-	Excellent	AA	Very strong	Aa	Excellent
B++, B+	Very good	A	Strong	A	Good
		BBB	Good	Baa	Adequate


☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


			Page
Part I
	Item 1.	Business	4
	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	23
	Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	30
	Item 2.	Properties	30
	Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	3031
	Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	3031

Part II
	Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	3031
	Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	3233
	Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	3334
	Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	6157
	Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	6359
	Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	~~111~~103
	Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	~~111~~103
	Item 9B.	Other Information	~~111~~104

Part III
	Items 10-14.		~~111~~104

Part IV
	Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	~~111~~104


VULNERABLE		VULNERABLE		WEAK
B, B-	Fair	BB	Marginal	Ba	Questionable
C++, C+	Marginal	B	Weak	B	Poor
C, C-	Weak	CCC	Very weak	Caa	Very poor
D	Poor	CC	Extremely weak	Ca	Extremely poor
E	Under regulatory supervision	R	Regulatory action	C	Lowest
F	In liquidation
S	Rating suspended

Within-category modifiers		+,-		1,2,3 (1 high, 3 low)


	(in millions)
					Per Risk
		Renewal	First-Dollar		Limit		Maximum
Product Line(s) Covered	Contract Type	Date	Retention		Purchased		Retention		*

General liability	Excess of Loss	1/1	$	1.0	$	9.0	$	1.9
Commercial umbrella and excess	Excess of Loss	1/1		1.0		9.0		1.9
Personal umbrella and eXS	Excess of Loss	1/1		1.0		9.0		1.9
Commercial transportation	Excess of Loss	1/1		0.5		4.5		1.1
Package - liability and workers' comp	Excess of Loss	1/1		1.0		10.0		1.9
Workers' compensation catastrophe	Excess of Loss	1/1		11.0		14.0		11.0
Medical professional liability	Excess of Loss	1/1		1.0		9.0		1.9
Professional services - professional liability	Excess of Loss	4/1		1.0		9.0		3.3
Executive products	Quota Share	7/1		N/A		25.0		8.8

Property - risk cover	Excess of Loss	1/1		1.0		24.0		1.2
Marine	Excess of Loss	6/1		2.0		28.0		2.0

Surety	Excess of Loss	4/1		2.0		73.0		9.7	**


(as of December 31, in thousands)	2017							2016
Product Line	Case		IBNR		Total			Case		IBNR		Total
Casualty segment net loss and ALAE reserves
Commercial umbrella	$	9,724	$	99,745	$	109,469		$	8,181	$	82,472	$	90,653
Personal umbrella		21,452		39,395		60,847			18,339		35,027		53,366
General liability		78,360		149,102		227,462			81,720		135,024		216,744
Professional services		28,543		81,558		110,101			23,501		73,970		97,471
Commercial transportation		81,543		38,161		119,704			67,693		30,901		98,594
Small commercial		12,075		34,344		46,419	��		13,143		27,507		40,650
Executive products		11,327		44,484		55,811			6,943		45,664		52,607
Medical professional liability		16,621		10,526		27,147			12,008		8,013		20,021
Other casualty		6,595		31,302		37,897			4,725		21,184		25,909
Property segment net loss and ALAE reserves
Commercial property		21,375		10,615		31,990			6,488		5,812		12,300
Marine		11,512		18,095		29,607			9,344		16,271		25,615
Specialty personal		1,989		3,525		5,514			2,472		3,566		6,038
Other property		3,348		6,682		10,030			4,753		8,930		13,683
Surety segment net loss and ALAE reserves
Miscellaneous		2,550		5,035		7,585			2,321		4,919		7,240
Contract and commercial		(253)		13,914		13,661			1,727		13,044		14,771
Energy		2,843		2,254		5,097			2,671		2,666		5,337
Latent liability net loss and ALAE reserves		6,532		15,795		22,327			6,273		17,555		23,828
Total net loss and ALAE reserves	$	316,136	$	604,532	$	920,668		$	272,302	$	532,525	$	804,827
ULAE reserves		—		48,844		48,844			—		46,286		46,286
Total net loss and LAE reserves	$	316,136	$	653,376	$	969,512		$	272,302	$	578,811	$	851,113


	Year Ended December 31,
Statutory	2017		2016		2015		2014		2013
Loss ratio	54.4		48.0		42.7		43.2		41.2
Expense ratio	41.8		41.0		41.2		40.9		41.0
Combined ratio	96.2		89.0		83.9		84.1		82.2

P&C industry combined ratio	107.3	*	100.6	**	97.9	**	97.2	**	95.8	**


	Par		Amortized		Fair		Carrying
(in thousands)	Value		Cost		Value		Value
2018	$	16,265	$	16,023	$	15,984	$	15,984
2019		61,144		61,881		62,484		62,484
2020		49,369		49,958		50,491		50,491
2021		107,120		109,626		111,530		111,530
2022		93,698		96,946		98,483		98,483
2023		90,185		95,511		97,744		97,744
2024		107,436		114,083		116,310		116,310
2025		140,023		151,353		154,438		154,438
2026		102,087		105,450		106,759		106,759
2027		114,824		119,943		122,790		122,790
2028		59,661		64,811		66,739		66,739
2029		60,085		68,203		70,786		70,786
2030		72,355		82,229		84,503		84,503
2031		38,085		44,455		45,206		45,206
2032		8,805		10,367		10,672		10,672
2033 and later		52,513		56,038		58,323		58,323
Total excluding
Mtge/ABS/CMBS*	$	1,173,655	$	1,246,877	$	1,273,242	$	1,273,242

Mtge/ABS/CMBS*	$	390,957	$	399,534	$	398,997	$	398,997

Grand Total	$	1,564,612	$	1,646,411	$	1,672,239	$	1,672,239


	Closing Stock Price						Dividends
2017	High		Low		Ending		Declared
1st Quarter	$	61.61	$	57.15	$	60.02	$	0.20
2nd Quarter		58.67		53.01		54.62		0.21
3rd Quarter		58.68		51.02		57.36		0.21
4th Quarter		60.93		56.99		60.66		1.96


											Tax
									Pre-tax		Equivalent
									Annualized		Annualized
							Change in		Return on		Return on
	Average		Net		Net Realized		Unrealized		Avg.		Avg.
	Invested		Investment		Gains		Appreciation		Invested		Invested
(in thousands)	Assets (1)		Income (2)(3)		(Losses) (3)		(3)(4)		Assets		Assets
2013		1,881,470		52,763		22,036		(10,923)	3.4	%	3.7	%
2014		1,943,172		55,608		32,182		55,180	7.4	%	7.7	%
2015		1,957,914		54,644		39,829		(71,049)	1.2	%	1.5	%
2016		1,986,685		53,075		34,645		(2,313)	4.3	%	4.6	%
2017		2,081,309		54,876		4,411		53,719	5.4	%	5.8	%
5-yr Avg.	$	1,970,110	$	54,193	$	26,621	$	4,923	4.3	%	4.7	%


PORTFOLIO ALLOCATION
(in thousands)
	Cost or
	Amortized				Unrealized		% of Total
Asset Class	Cost		Fair Value		Gain/(Loss)		Fair Value		Quality*
U. S. government	$	92,561	$	91,689	$	(872)	4.3	%	AAA
U.S. agency		18,541		18,778		237	0.9	%	AAA
Non-U.S. govt & agency		7,501		7,588		87	0.4	%	BBB+
Agency MBS		329,129		328,471		(658)	15.3	%	AAA
ABS/CMBS**		70,405		70,526		121	3.3	%	AAA
Corporate		508,128		519,022		10,894	24.2	%	BBB+
Municipal		620,146		636,165		16,019	29.7	%	AA
Total fixed income	$	1,646,411	$	1,672,239	$	25,828	78.1	%	AA-
Equities	$	182,002	$	400,492	$	218,490	18.7	%
Short-term investments	$	9,980	$	9,980	$	—	0.5	%
Other invested assets		33,779		33,808		29	1.6	%
Cash		24,271		24,271		—	1.1	%
Total portfolio	$	1,896,443	$	2,140,790	$	244,347	100.0	%


	December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2017		2016
Assets
Investments and Cash:
Fixed income:
Available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost - $1,646,411 in 2017 and $1,596,227 in 2016)	$	1,672,239	$	1,605,209
Equity securities available-for-sale, at fair value (cost - $182,002 in 2017 and $187,573 in 2016)		400,492		369,219
Short-term investments, at cost which approximates fair value		9,980		5,015
Other invested assets		33,808		24,115
Cash		24,271		18,269
Total investments and cash	$	2,140,790	$	2,021,827
Accrued investment income	$	15,166	$	14,593
Premiums and reinsurance balances receivable, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $16,935 in 2017 and $15,981 in 2016		134,351		126,387
Ceded unearned premiums		57,928		52,173
Reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses, net of allowances for uncollectible amounts of $10,014 in 2017 and $10,699 in 2016		301,991		288,224
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net		77,716		73,147
Property and equipment, at cost, net of accumulated depreciation of $47,676 in 2017 and $41,999 in 2016		55,849		54,606
Investment in unconsolidated investees		90,067		72,240
Goodwill and intangibles		59,302		64,371
Other assets		14,084		10,065
Total assets	$	2,947,244	$	2,777,633

Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and settlement expenses	$	1,271,503	$	1,139,337
Unearned premiums		451,449		433,777
Reinsurance balances payable		21,624		17,928
Funds held		74,560		72,742
Income taxes - deferred		53,768		64,494
Bonds payable, long-term debt		148,928		148,741
Accrued expenses		52,848		51,992
Other liabilities		18,966		25,050
Total liabilities	$	2,093,646	$	1,954,061

Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock ($1 par value, authorized 100,000,000 shares, issued 67,078,569 shares in 2017 and 66,874,911 shares in 2016, and outstanding 44,148,355 shares in 2017 and 43,944,697 shares in 2016)	$	67,079	$	66,875
Paid-in capital		233,077		229,779
Accumulated other comprehensive earnings, net of tax		157,919		122,610
Retained earnings		788,522		797,307
Deferred compensation		8,640		11,496
Treasury stock, at cost (22,930,214 shares in 2017 and 2016)		(401,639)		(404,495)
Total shareholders’ equity	$	853,598	$	823,572
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	2,947,244	$	2,777,633


	Years ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2017		2016		2015
Net premiums earned	$	737,937	$	728,608	$	700,161
Net investment income		54,876		53,075		54,644
Net realized gains		6,970		34,740		39,829
Other-than-temporary-impairment losses on investments		(2,559)		(95)		—
Consolidated revenue	$	797,224	$	816,328	$	794,634
Losses and settlement expenses	$	401,584	$	349,778	$	299,045
Policy acquisition costs		252,515		249,612		241,078
Insurance operating expenses		56,994		53,093		51,480
Interest expense on debt		7,426		7,426		7,426
General corporate expenses		11,340		10,170		9,837
Total expenses	$	729,859	$	670,079	$	608,866
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees		17,224		10,833		10,914
Earnings before income taxes	$	84,589	$	157,082	$	196,682
Income tax expense (benefit):
Current	$	9,302	$	41,034	$	52,104
Deferred		(29,741)		1,128		7,034
Income tax expense (benefit):	$	(20,439)	$	42,162	$	59,138
Net earnings	$	105,028	$	114,920	$	137,544

Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax		35,309		(1,164)		(47,609)
Comprehensive earnings	$	140,337	$	113,756	$	89,935

Basic:
Net earnings per share	$	2.39	$	2.63	$	3.18
Comprehensive earnings per share	$	3.19	$	2.60	$	2.08

Diluted:
Net earnings per share	$	2.36	$	2.59	$	3.12
Comprehensive earnings per share	$	3.15	$	2.56	$	2.04

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding
Basic		44,033		43,772		43,299
Diluted		44,500		44,432		44,131


								Accumulated
		Total						Other
	Common	Shareholders’		Common		Paid-in		Comprehensive		Retained		Deferred		Treasury Stock
(in thousands, except per share data)	Shares	Equity		Stock		Capital		Earnings (Loss)		Earnings		Compensation		at Cost
Balance, January 1, 2015	43,102,715	$	845,062	$	66,033	$	213,737	$	171,383	$	786,908	$	13,769	$	(406,768)
Net earnings	—	$	137,544	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	137,544	$	—	$	—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax	—		(47,609)		—		—		(47,609)		—		—		—
Deferred compensation under Rabbi trust plans	—		—		—		—		—		—		(3,122)		3,122
Stock option excess tax benefit	—		11,413		—		11,413		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	441,413		(3,364)		441		(3,805)		—		—		—		—
Dividends paid ($2.75 per share)	—		(119,577)		—		—		—		(119,577)		—		—
Balance, December 31, 2015	43,544,128	$	823,469	$	66,474	$	221,345	$	123,774	$	804,875	$	10,647	$	(403,646)
Net earnings	—	$	114,920	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	114,920	$	—	$	—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax	—		(1,164)		—		—		(1,164)		—		—		—
Deferred compensation under Rabbi trust plans	—		—		—		—		—		—		849		(849)
Stock option excess tax benefit	—		9,576		—		9,576		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	400,569		(741)		401		(1,142)		—		—		—		—
Dividends paid ($2.79 per share)	—		(122,488)		—		—		—		(122,488)		—		—
Balance, December 31, 2016	43,944,697	$	823,572	$	66,875	$	229,779	$	122,610	$	797,307	$	11,496	$	(404,495)
Net earnings	—	$	105,028	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	105,028	$	—	$	—
Other comprehensive earnings (loss), net of tax	—		35,309		—		—		35,309		—		—		—
Deferred compensation under Rabbi trust plans	—		—		—		—		—		—		(2,856)		2,856
Stock option excess tax benefit	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	203,658		3,502		204		3,298		—		—		—		—
Dividends paid ($2.58 per share)	—		(113,813)		—		—		—		(113,813)		—		—
Balance, December 31, 2017	44,148,355	$	853,598	$	67,079	$	233,077	$	157,919	$	788,522	$	8,640	$	(401,639)


Goodwill and Intangible Assets
(in thousands)		2017			2016
Goodwill
Energy surety	$	25,706		$	25,706
Miscellaneous and contract surety		15,110			15,110
Small Commercial		5,246			5,246
Medical professional liability *		3,595			5,208
Total goodwill	$	49,657		$	51,270

Intangibles
State insurance licenses	$	7,500	��	$	7,500
Definite-lived intangibles, net of accumulated amortization of $5,678 at 12/31/17 and $5,546 at 12/31/16		2,145			5,601
Total intangibles	$	9,645		$	13,101

Total goodwill and intangibles	$	59,302		$	64,371


			Weighted Average
	Income		Shares	Per Share
(in thousands, except per share data)	(Numerator)		(Denominator)	Amount
For the year ended December 31, 2017
Basic EPS
Income available to common shareholders	$	105,028	44,033	$	2.39
Stock options		—	467
Diluted EPS
Income available to common shareholders and assumed conversions	$	105,028	44,500	$	2.36

For the year ended December 31, 2016
Basic EPS
Income available to common shareholders	$	114,920	43,772	$	2.63
Stock options		—	660
Diluted EPS
Income available to common shareholders and assumed conversions	$	114,920	44,432	$	2.59

For the year ended December 31, 2015
Basic EPS
Income available to common shareholders	$	137,544	43,299	$	3.18
Stock options		—	832
Diluted EPS
Income available to common shareholders and assumed conversions	$	137,544	44,131	$	3.12


			Significant
	Quoted in Active		Other		Significant
	Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. government	$	—	$	91,689	$	—	$	91,689
U.S. agency		—		18,778		—		18,778
Non-U.S. govt. & agency		—		7,588		—		7,588
Agency MBS		—		328,471		—		328,471
ABS/CMBS*		—		70,526		—		70,526
Corporate		—		519,022		—		519,022
Municipal		—		636,165		—		636,165
Equity		400,492		—		—		400,492
Total available-for-sale securities	$	400,492	$	1,672,239	$	—	$	2,072,731


2017	Amortized				Gross Unrealized
(in thousands)	Cost		Fair Value		Gains		Losses
Available-for-sale:
U.S. government	$	92,561	$	91,689	$	23	$	(895)
U.S. agency		18,541		18,778		347		(110)
Non-U.S. govt. & agency		7,501		7,588		143		(56)
Agency MBS		329,129		328,471		3,420		(4,078)
ABS/CMBS*		70,405		70,526		436		(315)
Corporate		508,128		519,022		12,575		(1,681)
Municipal		620,146		636,165		17,272		(1,253)
Total fixed income	$	1,646,411	$	1,672,239	$	34,216	$	(8,388)
Equity securities		182,002		400,492		219,346		(856)
Total available-for-sale	$	1,828,413	$	2,072,731	$	253,562	$	(9,244)


	December 31, 2017						December 31, 2016
			12 Mos.						12 Mos.
(in thousands)	< 12 Mos.		& Greater		Total		< 12 Mos.		& Greater		Total
U.S. Government
Fair value	$	58,009	$	30,888	$	88,897	$	48,500	$	—	$	48,500
Cost or amortized cost		58,443		31,349		89,792		49,079		—		49,079
Unrealized Loss	$	(434)	$	(461)	$	(895)	$	(579)	$	—	$	(579)

U.S. Agency
Fair value	$	10,917	$	—	$	10,917	$	—	$	—	$	—
Cost or amortized cost		11,027		—		11,027		—		—		—
Unrealized Loss	$	(110)	$	—	$	(110)	$	—	$	—	$	—

Non-U.S. Government
Fair value	$	—	$	1,840	$	1,840	$	7,647	$	—	$	7,647
Cost or amortized cost		—		1,896		1,896		8,015		—		8,015
Unrealized Loss	$	—	$	(56)	$	(56)	$	(368)	$	—	$	(368)

Agency MBS
Fair value	$	122,130	$	111,306	$	233,436	$	175,858	$	5,737	$	181,595
Cost or amortized cost		123,559		113,955		237,514		179,238		5,925		185,163
Unrealized Loss	$	(1,429)	$	(2,649)	$	(4,078)	$	(3,380)	$	(188)	$	(3,568)

ABS/CMBS*
Fair value	$	23,406	$	21,587	$	44,993	$	48,907	$	5,272	$	54,179
Cost or amortized cost		23,491		21,817		45,308		49,372		5,364		54,736
Unrealized Loss	$	(85)	$	(230)	$	(315)	$	(465)	$	(92)	$	(557)

Corporate
Fair value	$	86,946	$	28,600	$	115,546	$	144,353	$	15,535	$	159,888
Cost or amortized cost		87,736		29,491		117,227		146,979		18,579		165,558
Unrealized Loss	$	(790)	$	(891)	$	(1,681)	$	(2,626)	$	(3,044)	$	(5,670)

Municipal
Fair value	$	71,059	$	60,049	$	131,108	$	250,930	$	—	$	250,930
Cost or amortized cost		71,534		60,827		132,361		257,518		—		257,518
Unrealized Loss	$	(475)	$	(778)	$	(1,253)	$	(6,588)	$	—	$	(6,588)

Subtotal, fixed income
Fair value	$	372,467	$	254,270	$	626,737	$	676,195	$	26,544	$	702,739
Cost or amortized cost		375,790		259,335		635,125		690,201		29,868		720,069
Unrealized Loss	$	(3,323)	$	(5,065)	$	(8,388)	$	(14,006)	$	(3,324)	$	(17,330)

Equity securities
Fair value	$	4,373	$	2,156	$	6,529	$	7,438	$	1,973	$	9,411
Cost or amortized cost		4,581		2,804		7,385		8,029		2,648		10,677
Unrealized Loss	$	(208)	$	(648)	$	(856)	$	(591)	$	(675)	$	(1,266)

Total
Fair value	$	376,840	$	256,426	$	633,266	$	683,633	$	28,517	$	712,150
Cost or amortized cost		380,371		262,139		642,510		698,230		32,516		730,746
Unrealized Loss	$	(3,531)	$	(5,713)	$	(9,244)	$	(14,597)	$	(3,999)	$	(18,596)


			Net Reinsurer				Ceded
	A.M. Best	S & P	Exposure as of		Percent of		Premiums		Percent of
(dollars in thousands)	Rating	Rating	12/31/2017		Total		Written		Total
Munich Re / HSB	A+, Superior	AA-, Very Strong	$	59,277	17.0	%	$	24,747	18.3	%
Swiss Re / Westport Ins. Corp.	A+, Superior	AA-, Very Strong		47,680	13.6	%		10,671	7.9	%
Endurance Re	A+, Superior	A, Strong		29,771	8.5	%		5,695	4.2	%
Aspen UK Ltd.	A, Excellent	A, Strong		26,204	7.5	%		6,895	5.1	%
Berkley Insurance Co.	A+, Superior	A+, Strong		17,404	5.0	%		5,589	4.1	%
Transatlantic Re	A, Excellent	A+, Strong		15,726	4.5	%		6,212	4.6	%
General Re	A++, Superior	AA+, Very Strong		14,997	4.3	%		3,694	2.7	%
Scor Reinsurance Co.	A+, Superior	AA-, Very Strong		14,226	4.1	%		5,433	4.0	%
Tokio Millennium Re	A++, Superior	A+, Strong		14,133	4.0	%		7,775	5.7	%
Hannover Ruckversicherung	A+, Superior	AA-, Very Strong		13,649	3.9	%		7,302	5.4	%
All other reinsurers*				96,643	27.6	%		51,445	38.0	%
Total ceded exposure			$	349,710	100.0	%	$	135,458	100.0	%


Casualty - Excess Occurrence
(in thousands, except number of claims)
	Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																						As of December 31, 2017
	For the Years Ended December 31,																							Cumulative
																								Number of
																								Reported
AY		2008*		2009*		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017			Total IBNR	Claims
2008	$	35,209	$	22,666	$	17,347	$	14,472	$	13,869	$	13,862	$	13,816	$	13,695	$	13,487	$	13,671		$	308	638
2009				30,267		19,719		14,981		12,893		12,966		12,459		12,601		11,982		12,055			268	566
2010						29,314		24,244		22,111		18,932		20,044		22,044		21,018		20,530			381	499
2011								26,272		17,148		17,443		18,641		19,160		20,959		21,295			964	578
2012										29,042		21,558		21,021		21,885		21,231		22,433			1,417	837
2013												39,984		34,824		26,857		25,425		25,599			4,654	925
2014														50,889		39,095		35,119		32,274			9,801	844
2015																53,672		50,857		47,392			22,168	608
2016																		56,341		49,385			39,381	486
2017																				62,863			58,246	287
																		Total	$	307,497

	Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
								For the Years Ended December 31,
AY		2008*		2009*		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017
2008	$	115	$	3,224	$	8,212	$	11,231	$	11,755	$	11,938	$	12,163	$	13,166	$	13,183	$	13,281
2009				956		3,947		6,585		9,460		11,001		10,808		11,776		11,780		11,786
2010						7		6,002		10,705		13,282		15,512		17,302		19,175		19,256
2011								2,169		5,145		6,981		8,793		10,772		16,494		17,769
2012										1,315		3,573		8,843		15,380		16,879		17,747
2013												1,060		5,701		10,967		14,545		16,967
2014														1,899		4,006		11,002		18,852
2015																2,048		10,127		19,571
2016																		1,068		3,396
2017																				17
	* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																	Total	$	138,642
										All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance										20,108
								Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	188,963

	Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance
Years		1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
		4.1	%	16.4	%	21.9	%	19.2	%	8.8	%	7.8	%	6.2	%	2.6	%	0.1	%	0.7	%


Casualty - Transportation
(in thousands, except number of claims)
	Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																						As of December 31, 2017
	For the Years Ended December 31,																							Cumulative
																								Number of
																								Reported
AY		2008*		2009*		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017			Total IBNR	Claims
2008	$	32,071	$	27,752	$	25,520	$	23,497	$	24,255	$	24,110	$	23,764	$	23,673	$	23,690	$	23,672		$	23	2,834
2009				26,349		23,366		23,174		22,929		22,613		22,340		21,958		21,969		21,926			36	2,644
2010						27,239		23,390		24,912		25,593		23,981		23,625		23,701		23,786			52	2,842
2011								22,957		23,479		25,747		25,272		25,431		25,376		25,167			71	2,469
2012										21,452		22,203		22,924		23,511		23,689		23,620			129	2,282
2013												32,742		32,853		32,989		37,673		38,811			702	2,849
2014														38,361		33,015		36,452		38,590			1,698	3,093
2015																38,561		46,258		47,021			6,051	3,167
2016																		50,430		53,519			11,987	3,879
2017																				55,640			17,396	3,361
																		Total	$	351,752

	Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
								For the Years Ended December 31,
AY		2008*		2009*		2010*		2011*		2012*		2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017
2008	$	6,153	$	10,821	$	14,489	$	18,359	$	21,110	$	23,293	$	23,387	$	23,614	$	23,616	$	23,628
2009				5,035		8,698		14,613		19,933		21,100		21,325		21,640		21,650		21,650
2010						6,296		10,116		15,475		20,045		21,792		23,063		23,488		23,533
2011								5,295		9,485		14,477		19,443		22,375		23,537		23,941
2012										4,466		8,533		12,394		17,318		20,931		22,566
2013												5,306		11,978		19,761		28,220		33,480
2014														7,125		13,933		19,676		27,457
2015																6,984		20,709		29,554
2016																		8,923		18,354
2017																				7,979
	* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																	Total	$	232,142
										All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance										94
								Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	119,704

	Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance
Years		1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
		19.3	%	18.7	%	19.4	%	20.3	%	10.8	%	5.4	%	1.3	%	0.4	%	0.0	%	0.1	%


Reconciliation of the Disclosure of Incurred and Paid Loss Development to the Liability for Unpaid Losses and Settlement Expenses

Reconciliation of Incurred and Paid Loss Development to the Liability for Unpaid Losses and Settlement Expenses					Reconciliation of Incurred and Paid Loss Development to the Liability for Unpaid Losses and Settlement Expenses
(in thousands)	December 31, 2017		December 31, 2016			December 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Net outstanding liabilities:
Casualty - Primary Occurrence	$	325,182	$	293,256		$	403,910	$	372,450
Casualty - Excess Occurrence		188,963		163,801			256,153		209,683
Casualty - Claims Made		171,241		152,031			217,954		204,501
Casualty - Transportation		119,704		98,604			139,951		133,558
Property		68,867		47,769			71,965		77,238
Surety		23,375		24,388			24,988		28,237
Unallocated loss adjustment expenses		48,844		46,286			52,275		50,891
Allowance for uncollectible reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses		10,014		10,699			9,402		9,793
Other		13,322		14,279			13,237		9,998
Liabilities for unpaid loss and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance	$	969,512	$	851,113		$	1,189,835	$	1,096,349


Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims:
Casualty - Primary Occurrence	$	36,158	$	43,662		$	31,122	$	34,742
Casualty - Excess Occurrence		74,400		69,858			98,518		81,072
Casualty - Claims Made		117,436		113,891			176,936		144,921
Casualty - Transportation		46,590		41,173			53,724		50,748
Property		28,613		17,548			21,438		50,495
Surety		7,079		10,606			11,199		11,834
Allowance for uncollectible reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses		(10,014)		(10,699)			(9,402)		(9,793)
Other		1,729		2,185			982		980
Total reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses	$	301,991	$	288,224		$	384,517	$	364,999


Total gross liability for unpaid loss and settlement expenses	$	1,271,503	$	1,139,337		$	1,574,352	$	1,461,348


(FAVORABLE)/UNFAVORABLE RESERVE DEVELOPMENT BY SEGMENT

(FAVORABLE)/UNFAVORABLE RESERVE DEVELOPMENT BY SEGMENT							(FAVORABLE)/UNFAVORABLE RESERVE DEVELOPMENT BY SEGMENT
(in thousands)	2017		2016		2015			2019		2018		2017
Casualty	$	(17,462)	$	(32,401)	$	(45,654)		$	(62,497)	$	(33,252)	$	(17,462)
Property		(12,134)		(4,793)		(11,848)			(4,461)		(10,813)		(12,134)
Surety		(9,272)		(4,800)		(7,925)			(8,326)		(5,885)		(9,272)
Total	$	(38,868)	$	(41,994)	$	(65,427)		$	(75,284)	$	(49,950)	$	(38,868)


				Weighted
		Weighted		Average	Aggregate
	Number of	Average		Remaining	Intrinsic
	Options	Exercise		Contractual	Value
	Outstanding	Price		Life	(in 000’s)
Outstanding options at January 1, 2017	2,207,110	$	40.90

										Weighted
								Weighted		Average	Aggregate
							Number of	Average		Remaining	Intrinsic
							Options	Exercise		Contractual	Value
							Outstanding	Price		Life	(in 000’s)
Outstanding options at January 1, 2019							1,964,880	$	54.24
Options granted	482,375	$	57.12				356,900	$	82.63
Options exercised	(390,870)	$	26.07		$	12,779	(533,940)	$	45.96		$	20,033
Options canceled/forfeited	(41,600)	$	48.30				(120,550)	$	60.48
Outstanding options at December 31, 2017	2,257,015	$	46.80	4.88	$	32,620
Exercisable options at December 31, 2017	975,055	$	38.66	3.25	$	21,780
Outstanding options at December 31, 2019							1,667,290	$	62.52	5.20	$	46,051
Exercisable options at December 31, 2019							642,365	$	53.93	3.80	$	23,197


(in thousands)	2019
Operating lease cost	$	5,772

Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	5,711

Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	1,388

Reduction to right-of-use assets resulting from reduction to lease liabilities	$	1,279


(in thousands)	2019
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	22,335

Operating lease liabilities	$	24,475

Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases		4.69	years

Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases		2.33	%



REVENUES
(in thousands)	2017		2016		2015		2019		2018		2017
Casualty	$	478,603	$	454,843	$	412,248	$	558,458	$	523,472	$	478,603
Property		138,346		152,167		170,924		164,022		149,261		138,346
Surety		120,988		121,598		116,989		116,631		118,633		120,988
Net premiums earned	$	737,937	$	728,608	$	700,161	$	839,111	$	791,366	$	737,937
Net investment income		54,876		53,075		54,644		68,870		62,085		54,876
Net realized gains		4,411		34,645		39,829		17,520		63,407		4,411
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities								78,090		(98,735)		—
Total	$	797,224	$	816,328	$	794,634	$	1,003,591	$	818,123	$	797,224


INSURANCE EXPENSES
(in thousands)	2017		2016		2015
Loss and settlement expenses:
Casualty	$	305,679	$	259,907	$	218,414
Property		85,027		71,350		69,851
Surety		10,878		18,521		10,780
Total net loss and settlement expenses	$	401,584	$	349,778	$	299,045

Policy acquisition costs:
Casualty	$	136,135	$	128,566	$	119,529
Property		51,070		54,167		57,214
Surety		65,310		66,879		64,335
Total policy acquisition costs	$	252,515	$	249,612	$	241,078

Other insurance expenses:
Casualty	$	32,885	$	30,040	$	28,042
Property		14,108		13,819		14,834
Surety		10,001		9,234		8,604
Total other insurance expenses	$	56,994	$	53,093	$	51,480
Total	$	711,093	$	652,483	$	591,603


INSURANCE EXPENSES
(in thousands)	2019		2018		2017
Loss and settlement expenses:
Casualty	$	330,156	$	329,763	$	305,679
Property		73,614		83,822		85,027
Surety		9,646		14,608		10,878
Total loss and settlement expenses	$	413,416	$	428,193	$	401,584

Policy acquisition costs:
Casualty	$	166,499	$	151,007	$	136,135
Property		55,986		51,830		51,070
Surety		66,212		64,901		65,310
Total policy acquisition costs	$	288,697	$	267,738	$	252,515

Other insurance expenses:
Casualty	$	41,202	$	31,562	$	32,885
Property		16,279		12,725		14,108
Surety		11,949		9,516		10,001
Total other insurance expenses	$	69,430	$	53,803	$	56,994
Total	$	771,543	$	749,734	$	711,093