PART I

Item 1.  Business.

The Company was incorporated in the State of New York on July 22, 1955 and is engaged in the design, development, manufacture and marketing of shock absorption, rate control, and energy storage devices for use in various types of machinery, equipment and structures.  In addition to manufacturing and selling existing product lines, the Company continues to develop new and advanced technology products.

Principal Products

The Company manufactures and sells a single group of very similar products that have many different applications for customers.  These similar products are included in one of eight categories; namely, Seismic Dampers, Fluidicshoks®, Crane and Industrial Buffers, Self-Adjusting Shock Absorbers, Liquid Die Springs, Vibration Dampers, Machined Springs and Custom Actuators.  Management does not track or otherwise accountCustom derivations of all of these products are designed and manufactured for sales broken down by these categories.many aerospace and defense applications.  The following is a summary of the capabilities and applications for these products.

Seismic Dampers are designed to mitigate the effects of earthquake tremorsearthquakes on structures and represent a substantial part of the business of the Company.  Fluidicshoks® are small, extremely compact shock absorbers with up to 19,200 inch-pound capacities, produced in 1512 standard sizes for primary use in the defense, aerospace and commercial industry.  Crane and industrial buffers are larger versions of the Fluidicshoks® with up to 60,000,00010,890,000 inch-pound capacities, produced in more than 6050 standard sizes for industrial applicationapplications on cranes ships, container ships, railroad cars,and crane trolleys, truck docks, ladle and ingot cars, ore trolleys and train car stops.  Self-adjusting shock absorbers, which include versions of Fluidicshoks® and crane and industrial buffers, automatically adjust to different impact conditions, and are designed for high cycle application primarily in heavy industry.  Liquid die springs are used as component parts of machinery and equipment used in the manufacture of tools and dies.  Vibration dampers are used primarily by the aerospace and defense industries to control the response of electronics and optical systems subjected to air, ship, or spacecraft vibration.  Machined springs are precisely controlled mechanical springs manufactured from a variety of materials.  These are used primarily for aerospace applications that require custom features that are not possible with conventional wound coil springs.  Custom actuators are typically of the gas-charged type, using high pressure, that have custom features not available from other suppliers.  These actuators are used for special militaryaerospace and aerospacedefense applications.

Distribution

The Company does not rely on sales representatives in the United States but uses the services of more than 15 salesseveral representatives and distributors in the United States and Canada along with more than 30 representatives and distributors throughout the rest of the world. Specialized technical sales in aerospace and custom marketing activities outside the U.S.A. are serviced by severalthese sales agents,representatives, under the direction and with the assistance of the Company's President.President and in-house technical sales staff.  Sales representatives typically have non-exclusive yearly agreements with the Company, which, in most instances, provide for payment of commissions on sales at 5% to 10% of the product's net aggregate selling price.  DistributorsA limited number of distributors also have non-exclusive yearly agreements with the Company to purchase the Company's products for resale purposes.

Competition

The Company faces competition on mature aerospace and defense programs which may use more conventional products manufactured under less stringent government specifications. Two foreign companies and two U.S. companies are the Company's main competitors in the production of crane buffers.

The Company competes directly against two other firms supplying structural damping devices for use in the United States. For structural applications outside of the USA, the Company competes directly with several other firms particularly in Japan China and Taiwan.  The Company competes with numerous other firms that supply alternative seismic protection technologies.

Raw Materials and Supplies

The principal raw materials and supplies used by the Company in the manufacture of its products are provided by numerous U.S. and foreign suppliers.  The loss of any one of these would not materially affect the Company's operations.

Dependence Upon Major Customers

The Company is not dependent on any one or a few major customers.  Sales to sixfive customers approximated 41% (10%, 9%30% (7%, 6%, 6%, 5%6% and 5%, respectively) of net sales for 2020.2023.  The loss of any or all of these customers, unless the business is replaced by the Company, could result in an adverse effect on the results for the Company.

Patents, Trademarks and Licenses

The Company holds 126 patents expiring at different times until the year 2035.

Terms of Sale

The Company does not carry significant inventory for rapid delivery to customers, and goods are not normally sold with return rights such as are available for consignment sales.  The Company had no inventory out on consignment and there were no consignment sales for the years ended May 31, 20202023 and 2019.2022.  No extended payment terms are offered.  During the year ended May 31, 2020,2023, delivery time after receipt of orders averaged 8 to 10 weeks for the Company's standard products.  Due to the volatility of constructionstructural and aerospace/defense programs, progress payments are usually required for larger projects using custom designed components of the Company.

Need for Government Approval of Principal Products or Services

Contracts between the Company and the federal government or its independent contractors are subject to termination at the election of the federal government.  Contracts are generally entered into on a fixed price basis.  If the federal government should limit defense spending, these contracts could be reduced or terminated, which management believes would have a materially adverse effect on the Company.

Research and Development

TheTo accommodate growth and to maintain its presence in current markets, the Company does not generally engageengages in major product research and development activities in connection with the design of its products.  Occasionally, research and development for products except whenin the aerospace and defense sectors is funded by aerospace customers or the federal government.  The Company however,also engages in research testing of its products.  For the fiscal years ended May 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, the Company expended $585,000$1,097,000 and $319,000,$999,000, respectively, on manufacturingproduct research. This increase is primarily due to research and development required to meet new types of specifications on certain domestic seismic protection contracts in the current year.  For the years ended May 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, defense sponsored research and development totaled $26,000 each year.$581,000 and $334,000, respectively.

Government Regulation

Compliance with federal, state, and local laws and regulations which have been enacted or adopted regulating the discharge of materials into the environment has had no material effect on the Company, and the Company believes that it is in substantial compliance with such provisions.

The Company is subject to the Occupational Safety and Health Act ("OSHA") and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, which establish strict standards for the protection of employees, and impose fines for violations of such standards.  The Company believes that it is in substantial compliance with OSHA provisions and does not anticipate any material corrective expenditures in the near future.  The Company currently incurs only moderate costs with respect to disposal of hazardous waste and compliance with OSHA regulations.

The Company is also subject to regulations relating to production of products for the federal government.  These regulations allow for frequent governmental audits of the Company's operations and fairly extensive testing of Company products.  The Company believes that it is in substantial compliance with these regulations and does not anticipate corrective expenditures in the future.

Employees

Exclusive of Company sales representatives and distributors, as of May 31, 2020,2023, the Company had 115125 employees, including fivethree executive officers, and one part time employee.officers.  The Company has good relations with its employees.

Item 1A.  Risk Factors.

Smaller reporting companies are not required to provide the information required by this item.

Item 1B.  Unresolved Staff Comments.

Not applicable.

Item 2.  Properties.

The Company's production facilities occupy approximately six acres on Tonawanda Island in North Tonawanda, New York and are comprised of four interconnected buildings and two adjacent buildings.  The production facilities consist of a small parts plant (approximately 4,400 square feet), a large parts plant (approximately 13,500 square feet), and include a facility of approximately 7,000 square feet comprised of a test facility, storage area, pump area and the Company's general offices.  One adjacent building is a 27,000 square foot seismic assembly and test facility. This building contains overhead traveling cranes to allow dampers to be built up to 45 ft. in length. It is also the site of twothree long bed damper test machines where seismic dampers Taylor Devices manufactures will be tested at maximum force to satisfy customer specifications.  Another adjacent building (approximately 2,000 square feet) is used as a training facility.  These facilities total more than 54,000 square feet.  Adjacent to these facilities, the Company has a remote test facility used for shock testing.  This state-of-the-art test facility is 1,200 square feet.  The Company owns two additional industrial buildings on nine acres of land in the City of North Tonawanda located 1.4 miles from the Company’s headquarters on Tonawanda Island.  Total area of the two buildings is 46,000 square feet.  One building includes a machine shop containing custom-built machinery for boring, deep-hole drilling and turning of parts.  Another is used for painting and packaging parts and completed units.

The Company's real properties are subject to a negative pledge agreement with its lender, M&T Bank.  The Company has agreed with the lender that, for so long as the credit facilities with the lender are outstanding, the Company will not sell, lease or mortgage any of its real properties.  Additional information regarding the Company's agreement with M&T Bank is contained in Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, at "Capital Resources, Line of Credit and Long-Term Debt."

The Company leased a separate warehouse for storage from an unrelated third party, consisting of approximately 3,600 square feet for a portion of the year. The warehouse is located approximately one-quarter mile from the Company’s headquarters. The total rental expense incurred by the Company for this facility in fiscal 2020 was $8,900.

The Company believes it carries adequate insurance coverage on its facilities and their contents.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

ThereTaylor Devices Inc. (the “Company”) has been named as a Third-Party Defendant in an action captioned Board of Managers of the 432 Park Condominium, et al. v. 56th and Park (NY) Owner LLC, et al.  Index No. 655617/2021 (S.Ct. N.Y. Co.) (the “Action”).

The Action was filed on or about September 23, 2021.  In an amended Complaint dated April 29, 2022, the Board of Managers of 432 Park Condominium (the “Owner”), a condominium association for a high-rise condominium building (the “Building”) located at 432 Park Avenue in New York, N.Y., has asserted a claim against the condominium sponsor, 56th and Park (NY) Owner LLC (the “Sponsor”).  The Owner alleges “over 1500 identified construction and design defects to the common elements of” residential and commercial units at the Building, based upon a report generated by a consultant (SBI Consultants Inc.) retained by the Owner.  The alleged defects include, but are no legal proceedings at present.not limited to, allegedly-excessive noise and vibration, water leaks and elevator failures. The SBI report allegedly identified defects in the Building’s: (a) structural/envelope system; (b) mechanical/electrical & plumbing systems; (c) architectural/interiors; and (d) elevators/vertical systems.

On March 14, 2022, the Sponsor filed a Third-Party Complaint against LendLease Construction (US) LMB (“LendLease”), as well as the architects of record on the project (SLCE Architects), the lead structural engineer (Cantor ESA) and the head mechanical engineer (Flack + Kurtz) involved in the Building’s design. As to LendLease, the Third-Party Complaint alleges breach of a Construction Management Contract between LendLease and Sponsor and negligence arising from purported failure to perform under the contract.

On March 22, 2023, LendLease initiated a Third-Party action against various entities with whom LendLease had contracted for the supply of materials and services in connection with construction of the Building.  The Third-Party defendants include the suppliers of products and services relating to the automatic sprinkler system, structural steel, mechanical systems, electrical systems, sheet metal, component assembly, roofing, the building exterior, plumbing, concrete, curtain walls, custom machine work and elevators.  The Third-Party Complaint also names the Company as a Third-Party Defendant, based upon a contract between the Company and LendLease to supply 16 Viscous Damping Devices (“VDDs”) that were incorporated into a Tuned Mass Damper (“TMD”) system designed by another company to limit accelerations of the Building during wind events.  On July 5, 2023, the Company timely filed and served an Answer to LendLease’s Third-Party Complaint.

Additional third-party actions have been filed by parties named as defendants in the Third-Party Complaint.  Presently, seven third-party actions are pending.

The Progress of the Matter to Date.  The matter, and all of the related third-party actions, are pending in the Commercial Division of the Supreme Court, New York County before Justice Melissa A. Crane.  Justice Crane has appointed Hon. Andrew J. Peck, a retired justice of the Supreme Court, as Special Master to hear and determine disputes regarding all or any part of any discovery issue.  

On June 13, 2023, Special Master Peck issued an Amended Final Scheduling Order.  Among the directives in the Amended Final Scheduling Order is a requirement that:  (a) recently-added third-party defendants (including the Company) respond to discovery demands by August 30, 2023 and complete document productions by October 11, 2023; (b) all parties complete fact depositions and fact discovery by March 15, 2024; and (c) all parties complete expert discovery by August 28, 2024.

Management Response. Management of the Company vigorously disputes the allegations in the Third-Party Complaint.

Based upon the information currently available, there is a credible argument that: (a) the Company met the contractual requirements of the 2013 Purchase Order for Viscous Damping Devices (VDDs) that were incorporated into the Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) system; and (b) the VDDs that were delivered were successfully tested to the applicable specification and met the technical requirements of that specification.

The Owner has not itemized the damages it seeks to recover from Sponsor, but the Amended Complaint contains an ad damnum clause demanding $125 million plus punitive damages.  Sponsor has not itemized the damages it seeks to recover from LendLease or the other third-party defendants, but the claim for relief in the Third-Party Complaint includes a demand for full indemnification of any amounts the Sponsor is required to pay plaintiff.  In turn, LendLease does not itemize the damages it seeks to recover from the several Third-Party defendants (including the Company), but its demand for relief in the Third-Party Complaint includes a demand for full indemnification of any amounts LendLease is required to pay to Sponsor.  The Company anticipates that the pending actions would provide opportunities for Sponsor, LendLease and the Company to allocate some or all of any liability to one or more co-defendants or third parties.  In view of the limited discovery to date, it is not practical to quantify likely damages to the Company in the event of an unfavorable outcome on liability.

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5.Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases Ofof Equity Securities.

Market Information

The Company's Common Stock trades on the NASDAQ Capital Market of the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation ("NASDAQ") stock market under the symbol TAYD.  The high and low sales information noted below for the quarters of fiscal year 20202023 and fiscal year 20192022 were obtained from NASDAQ.

Holders

As of August 7, 2020,May 31, 2023, the number of issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock was 3,486,8713,520,442 and the approximate number of record holders of the Company's Common Stock was 495. Due to a406.  A substantial number of shares of the Company's Common Stock are held in street name, thename.  The Company believes that the total number of beneficial owners of its Common Stock is less than 1,300.2,100.

Dividends

No cash or stock dividends have been declared during the last two fiscal years.  The Company plans to retain cash in the foreseeable future to fund working capital needs.

Rights Plan

As of September 25, 2018, the Company's Board of Directors adopted a shareholder rights plan designed to deter coercive or unfair takeover tactics and prevent an acquirer from gaining control of the Company without offering a fair price to shareholders.  Under the plan, certain rights ("Rights") were distributed as a dividend on each share of Common Stock (one Right for each share of Common Stock) held as of the close of business on October 2, 2018.  Each whole Right entitles the holder, under certain defined conditions, to buy one two-thousandths (1/2000) of a newly issued share of the Company's Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock ("Series A Preferred Stock") at a purchase price of $5.00 per unit of one two-thousandths of a share.  Rights attach to and trade with the shares of Common Stock, without being evidenced by a separate certificate.  No separate Rights certificates will be issued unless and until the Rights detach from Common Stock and become exercisable for shares of the Series A Preferred Stock.

The Rights become exercisable to purchase shares of Preferred Stock (or, in certain circumstances, Common Stock) only if (i) a person acquired 15% or more of the Company's Common Stock, or (ii) a person commenced a tender or exchange offer for 10% or more of the Company's Common Stock, or (iii) the Board of Directors determined that the beneficial owner of at least 10% of the Company's Common Stock intended to cause the Company to take certain actions adverse to it and its shareholders or that such ownership would have a material adverse effect on the Company.  The Rights Plan will expire on October 5, 2028.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

A share repurchase agreement with a major broker-dealer, under which the Company repurchased shares of its common stock on the open market, has been terminated by the Company.  No shares have been purchased since August 2011.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table sets forth information regarding equity compensation plans of the Company as of May 31, 2020.2023.

Item 6.  Selected Financial Data.

The Company qualifies as a smaller reporting company, as defined by 17 CFR §229.10(f)(1), and is not required to provide the information required by this Item.

Item 7.  Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Cautionary Statement

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a "safe harbor" for forward-looking statements.  Information in this Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and elsewhere in this 10-K that does not consist of historical facts are "forward-looking statements."  Statements accompanied or qualified by, or containing, words such as "may," "will," "should," "believes," "expects," "intends," "plans," "projects," "estimates," "predicts," "potential," "outlook," "forecast," "anticipates," "presume," "assume" and "optimistic" constitute forward-looking statements and, as such, are not a guarantee of future performance.  The statements involve factors, risks and uncertainties, the impact or occurrence of which can cause actual results to differ materially from the expected results described in such statements.  Risks and uncertainties can include, among others, fluctuations in general business cycles and changing economic conditions; variations in timing and amount of customer orders; changing product demand and industry capacity; increased competition and pricing pressures; advances in technology that can reduce the demand for the Company's products, as well as other factors, many or all of which may be beyond the Company's control.  Consequently, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as predictive of future results.  The Company disclaims any obligation to release publicly any updates or revisions to the forward-looking statements herein to reflect any change in the Company's expectations with regard thereto, or any changes in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The Company's consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.  The preparation of the Company's financial statements requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported.  These estimates, assumptions and judgments are affected by management's application of accounting policies, which are discussed in Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies", and elsewhere in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. As discussed below, our financial position or results of operations may be materially affected when reported under different conditions or when using different assumptions in the application of such policies.  In the event estimates or assumptions prove to be different from actual amounts, adjustments are made in subsequent periods to reflect more current information.  Management believes the following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the Company's financial statements.

Accounts Receivable

Our ability to collect outstanding receivables from our customers is critical to our operating performance and cash flows.  Accounts receivable are stated at an amount management expects to collect from outstanding balances.  Management provides for probable uncollectible accounts through a charge to earnings and a credit to a valuation allowance based on its assessment of the current status of individual accounts after considering the age of each receivable and communications with the customers involved.  Balances that are collected, for which a credit to a valuation allowance had previously been recorded, result in a current-period reversal of the earlier transaction charging earnings and crediting a valuation allowance.   Balances that are still outstanding after management has used reasonable collection efforts are written off through a charge to the valuation allowance and a credit to accounts receivable in the current period.  The actual amount of accounts written off over the five year period ended May 31, 20202023 equaled less than 0.1%0.3% of sales for that period.  The balance of the valuation allowance has increased to $211,000$29,000 at May 31, 20202023 from $110,000$16,000 at May 31, 2019.2022.  Management does not expect the valuation allowance to materially change in the next twelve months for the current accounts receivable balance.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of average cost or net realizable value. Average cost approximates first-in, first-out cost.

Maintenance and other inventory represent stock that is estimated to have a product life-cycle in excess of twelve-months.  This stock represents certain items the Company is required to maintain for service of products sold, and items that are generally subject to spontaneous ordering.

This inventory is particularly sensitive to technical obsolescence in the near term due to its use in industries characterized by the continuous introduction of new product lines, rapid technological advances, and product obsolescence.  Therefore, management of the Company has recorded an allowance for potential inventory obsolescence.  Based on certain assumptions and judgments made from the information available at that time, we determine the amount in the inventory allowance.  If these estimates and related assumptions or the market changes, we may be required to record additional reserves.  Historically, actual results have not varied materially from the Company's estimates.

 There was $322,000 and $772,000 of inventory disposed of during the years ended May 31, 2023 and 2022.  The provision for potential inventory obsolescence was $180,000$295,000 and $175,000zero for the years ended May 31, 20202023 and 2019.2022.  

Revenue Recognition

Accounting Standard Update (ASU) 2014-09 was adopted on June 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method, which required the recognition of the cumulative effect of the transition as an adjustment to retained earnings.

Revenue is recognized when, or as, the Company transfers control of promised products or services to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring those products or services.

A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the individual goods or services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts which are, therefore, not distinct. Promised goods or services that are immaterial in the context of the contract are not separately assessed as performance obligations.

For contracts with customers in which the Company satisfies a promise to the customer to provide a product that has no alternative use to the Company and the Company has enforceable rights to payment for progress completed to date inclusive of profit, the Company satisfies the performance obligation and recognizes revenue over time (generally less than one year), using costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress toward satisfying our performance obligations.  Incurred cost represents work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer.  Contract costs include labor, material and overhead.  Total estimated costs for each of the contracts are estimated based on a combination of historical costs of manufacturing similar products and estimates or quotes from vendors for supplying parts or services towards the completion of the manufacturing process.  Adjustments to cost and profit estimates are made periodically due to changes in job performance, job conditions and estimated profitability, including those arising from final contract settlements.  These changes may result in revisions to costs and income and are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined.  Any losses expected to be incurred on contracts in progress are charged to operations in the period such losses are determined.   If total costs calculated upon completion of the manufacturing process in the current period for a contract are more than the estimated total costs at completion used to calculate revenue in a prior period, then the profits in the current period will be lower than if the estimated costs used in the prior period calculation were equal to the actual total costs upon completion.  Historically, actual results have not varied materially from the Company's estimates.  Other sales to customers are recognized upon shipment to the customer based on contract prices and terms.  In the year ended May 31, 2020, 57%2023, 61% of revenue was recorded for contracts in which revenue was recognized over time while 43%39% was recognized at a point in time.  In the year ended May 31, 2019, 55%2022, 60% of revenue was recorded for contracts in which revenue was recognized over time while 45%40% was recognized at a point in time.

For financial statement presentation purposes, the Company nets progress billings against the total costs incurred and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts.  The asset, "costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings," represents revenues recognized in excess of amounts billed.  The liability, "billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings," represents billings in excess of revenues recognized.

We recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.

The cumulative effect of the changes made to our consolidated June 1, 2018 balance sheet for the adoption of ASU 2014-09, were as follows:

In accordance with the new revenue standard requirements, the disclosure of the impact of adoption of ASU 2014-09 on our consolidated balance sheet and income statement was as follows:

Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes provides for the tax effects of transactions reported in the financial statements regardless of when such taxes are payable.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax and financial statement basis of assets and liabilities.  The deferred tax assets relate principally to asset valuation allowances such as inventory obsolescence reserves and bad debt reserves and also to liabilities including warranty reserves, accrued vacation, accrued commissions and others.  The deferred tax liabilities relate primarily to differences between financial statement and tax depreciation.  Deferred taxes are based on tax laws currently enacted with tax rates expected to be in effect when the taxes are actually paid or recovered.

Realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income at the time temporary differences become deductible.  The Company provides a valuation allowance to the extent that deferred tax assets may not be realized.  A valuation allowance has not been recorded against the deferred tax assets since management believes it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets are recoverable.  The Company considers future taxable income and potential tax planning strategies in assessing the need for a potential valuation allowance.  In future years the Company will need to generate approximately $4.0$7.5 million of taxable income in order to realize our deferred tax assets recorded as of May 31, 20202023 of $830,000.$1,583,000.  This deferred tax asset balance is 9%81% ($69,000)707,000) more than at the end of the prior year.  The amount of the deferred tax assets considered realizable however, could be reduced in the near term if estimates of future taxable income are reduced.  If actual results differ from estimated results or if the Company adjusts these assumptions, the Company may need to adjust its deferred tax assets or liabilities, which could impact its effective tax rate.

The Company's practice is to recognize interest related to income tax matters in interest income / expense and to recognize penalties in selling, general and administrative expenses.

The Company and its subsidiary file consolidated Federal and State income tax returns.  As of May 31, 2020,2023, the Company had State investment tax credit carryforwards of approximately $369,000$424,000 expiring through May 2026.2028.

Results of Operations

A summary of the period to periodperiod-to-period changes in the principal items included in the consolidated statements of income is shown below:

For the year ended May 31, 20202023 (All figures being discussed are for the year ended May 31, 20202023 as compared to the year ended May 31, 2019.2022.)

The Company's consolidated results of operations showed a 16% decrease30% increase in net revenues and an increase in net income of 19%181%. Revenues recorded in the current period for long-term construction projects (“Project(s)”) were 12% lower33% more than the level recorded in the prior year.  We had 4152 Projects in process during the current period compared with 4845 during the same period last year.  Revenues recorded in the current period for other-than long-term construction projects (non-projects) were 20% lower26% more than the level recorded in the prior year.  The number of Projects in-process fluctuates from period to period.  The changes from the prior period to the current period are not necessarily representative of future results.

The mix of customers buying our products changed slightly from last year. Sales of the Company's products are made to three general groups of customers: industrial, constructionstructural and aerospace / defense.  The Company saw a 23% decrease27% increase from last year’s level in sales to constructionstructural customers who were seeking seismic / wind protection for either construction of new buildings and bridges or retrofitting existing buildings and bridges along with a 4% decrease25% increase in sales to customers in aerospace / defense and an 85% increase in sales to customers using our products in industrial applications and a 5% decreaseapplications.  The increase in sales to structural customers in aerospace / defense. Decreases in revenueis primarily from sales to construction customers accounted for the drop in sales to Asia as well as 75% of the decrease in domestic sales, nearly all occurring in the second quarter. Asian sales were hindered by tariffs as well as strong competition from local manufacturers. The decrease in sales to domestic construction customers was affected by unanticipated delays in the start of various projects in the second quarter. Competing technologies used in domestic construction with lower initial-costs are expected to continue to have a negative impact on the use of our products in new buildings. However, efforts continue to enact performance based design legislation to require a building to be able to be occupied following a significant seismic event. Our products are designed to provide this level of protection and demand for them would be expected to increase following such an upgrade in domestic building codes. customers.  

A breakdown of sales to these three general groups of customers, as a percentage of total net revenue for fiscal years ended May 31, 20202023 and 20192022 is as follows:

Total sales within North America decreased 9%the USA increased 39% from last year.  Total sales to Asia decreased 47%increased 2% from the prior year.  Net revenue by geographic region, as a percentage of total net revenue for fiscal years ended May 31, 20202023 and 20192022 is as follows:

The gross profit as a percentage of net revenue of 33%40% in the current period is highernine percentage points greater than the 27% recorded in the same period of the prior year (31%). The Company has been able to increase sales prices to recover more of the increased costs for materials and labor that were incurred over the past year. The increase inManagement continues to work with suppliers to obtain more visibility of conditions affecting their respective markets. These actions combined with benefits from the Company’s continuous improvement initiatives and increased volume have helped to improve the gross profitmargin as a percentage of revenue is primarily due to improved margins realized on domestic construction Projects.over the prior year.

At May 31, 2019,2022, we had 153135 open sales orders in our backlog with a total sales value of $13.3$23.7 million.  At May 31, 2020,2023, we had 102134 open sales orders in our backlog with a total sales value of $9.8$32.5 million.  $2.2$18.1 million of the current backlog is on Projects already in progress.  $6.7$7.6 million of the $13.3$23.7 million sales order backlog at May 31, 20192022 was in progress at that date.  63%81% of the sales value in the backlog is for aerospace / defense customers compared to 43%41% at the end of fiscal 2019.2022.  As a percentage of the total sales order backlog, orders from structural customers in construction accounted for 32%15% at May 31, 20202023 and 52%50% at May 31, 2019.2022.  The Company expects to recognize revenue for the majority of the backlog during the fiscal year ending May 31, 2024, with the remainder during fiscal year ending May 31, 2025.

The Company's backlog, revenues,, commission expense, gross margins, gross profits, and net income fluctuate from period to period.  Total sales in the current period and the changes in the current period compared to the prior period, are not necessarily representative of future results.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Research and development costs increased 10% from the prior year.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased slightlyincreased 33% from the prior year. Outside commission expense decreased 40% from last year's level due to the significant decrease in the level of commissionable sales recorded in the current period as compared to the prior period. Other selling, general and administrative expenses increased by 15% from last year, primarily due to increases in freight, advertising andfrom increased personnel costs.

The above factors resulted in operatingOperating income of $3,303,000$6,809,000 for the year ended May 31, 2020, up 10%2023, showed significant improvement from the $3,002,000$2,473,000 operating income in the prior year.

The Company's effective tax rate (ETR) is calculated based upon current assumptions relating to the year's operating results and various tax related items.  The ETR for the fiscal year ended May 31, 20202023 is 11%16%, compared to the ETR for the prior year of 17%12%.

A reconciliation of provision for income taxes at the statutory rate to income tax provision at the Company's effective rate is as follows:

Theforeign-derivedforeign-derived intangible income deduction is a tax deduction provided to corporations that sell goods or services to foreign customers.  It became available through Public Law 115-97, known as the Tax CutCuts and Jobs ActAct.

Stock Options

The Company has stock option plans which provide for the granting of nonqualified or incentive stock options to officers, key employees and non-employee directors.  Options granted under the plans are exercisable over a ten yearten-year term.  Options not exercised by the end of the term expire.

The Company measures compensation cost arising from the grant of share-based payments to employees at fair value and recognizes such cost in income over the period during which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award.  The Company recognized $143,000$417,000 and $138,000$201,000 of compensation cost for the years ended May 31, 20202023 and 2019.2022.    

The fair value of each stock option grant has been determined using the Black-Scholes model.  The model considers assumptions related to exercise price, expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, and the weighted average expected term of the stock option grants.  The Company used a weighted average expected term.  Expected volatility assumptions used in the model were based on volatility of the Company's stock price for the thirty monththirty-month period immediately preceding the granting of the options.  The Company issued stock options in August 2019October 2022 and April 2020.2023.  The risk-free interest rate is derived from the U.S. treasury yield.

The following assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes model in estimating the fair market value of the Company's stock option grants:

The ultimate value of the options will depend on the future price of the Company's common stock, which cannot be forecast with reasonable accuracy.  A summary of changes in the stock options outstanding during the year ended May 31, 20202023 is presented below.

Capital Resources, Line of Credit and Long-Term Debt

The Company's primary liquidity is dependent upon its working capital needs.  These are primarily short-term investments, inventory, accounts receivable, costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings, accounts payable, accrued commissions,expenses and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings, and debt service.earnings.  The Company's primary sourcessource of liquidity havehas been operations and bank financing.operations.  

Capital expenditures for the year ended May 31, 20202023 were $1,231,000$3,359,000 compared to $473,000$1,392,000 in the prior year.  Current year capital expenditures included new manufacturing machinery, testing equipment, material movement equipment, upgrades to technology equipment and building roof replacement.assembly / test facility improvements.  The Company has commitments to make capital expenditures of approximately $200,000$107,000 as of May 31, 2020.

During 2020, the Company received a loan totaling $1,462,000 from the Small Business Administration (SBA) under the Paycheck Protection Program of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief2023.  These capital expenditures will be primarily for new manufacturing and Economic Security (CARES) Act, in response to the Coronavirus pandemic described below. Some or all of the loan may be forgiven if certain criteria are met. Otherwise, the loan is unsecured, has a deferment on payments for 6 months after a decision on forgiveness has been made, then is payable over a negotiable period of time, and bears interest at 1%.testing equipment.

The Company has a $10,000,000 bank demand line of credit, from a bank, with interest payable at the Company's option of 30, 60 or 90 day LIBOR rate plus 2.25%. Interest payable will change from LIBOR rate plus 2.25% to SOFR rate plus 2.365% effective July 1, 2023. There is no outstanding balance at May 31, 20202023 or May 31, 2019. The outstanding balance on the line of credit fluctuates as the Company's various long-term projects progress.2022.  The line is secured by a negative pledge of the Company's real and personal property.  This line of credit is subject to the usual terms and conditions applied by the bank and is subject to renewal annually.

The bank is not committed to make loans under this line of credit and no commitment fee is charged.

Inventory and Maintenance Inventory

Inventory, at $10,107,000$5,941,000 as of May 31, 2020,2023, is 10% lessone percent higher than at the prior year-end.  Of this, approximately 85%84% is work in process, 9%4% is finished goods, and 6%12% is raw materials.  All of the current inventory is expected to be consumed or sold within twelve months.  The level of inventory will fluctuate from time to time due to the stage of completion of the non-project sales orders in progress at the time.

The Company continues to rework slow-moving inventory, where applicable, to convert it to product to be used on customer orders. There was approximately $122,000 of slow-moving inventory used during the year ended May 31, 2020. The Company disposed of approximately $46,000$322,000 and $111,000$772,000 of obsolete inventory during the years ended May 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, respectively.

Accounts Receivable, Costs and Estimated Earnings in Excess of Billings (“CIEB”) and Billings in Excess of Costs and Estimated Earnings (“BIEC”)

The Company combines the totals of accounts receivable, the asset CIEB, and the liability BIEC, to determine how much cash the Company will eventually realize from revenue recorded to date.  As the accounts receivable figure rises in relation to the other two figures, the Company can anticipate increased cash receipts within the ensuing 30-60 days.

Accounts receivable of $5,819,000$5,554,000 as of May 31, 20202023 includes approximately $631,000$24,000 of amounts retained by customers on long-term construction projects.  The Company expects to collect all of these amounts, including the retained amounts, during the next twelve months.  The number of an average day's sales outstanding in accounts receivable (DSO) increased to 68was 47 days at May 31, 2020 from 532023 and 42 days as ofat May 31, 2019. The DSO is a function of 1.) the level of sales for an average day (for example, total sales for the past three months divided by 90 days) and 2.) the level of accounts receivable at the balance sheet date. The level of sales for an average day in the fourth quarter of the current fiscal year is 14% less than in the fourth quarter of the prior year. The level of accounts receivable at the end of the current fiscal year is 10% more than the level at the end of the prior year. The combination of the decrease in the level of an average day’s sales along with the increase in the level of accounts receivable caused the DSO to increase by 15 days from last year-end to this year-end.2022.  The Company expects to collect the net accounts receivable balance, including the retainage, during the next twelve months.

The status of the projects in-progress at the end of the current and prior fiscal years have changed in the factors affecting the year-end balances in the asset CIEB, and the liability BIEC:

There are seven fewer3 more projects in-process at the end of the current fiscal year as compared with the prior year end and the average value of those projects has decreasedincreased by 39%62% between those two dates.

As noted above, CIEB represents revenues recognized in excess of amounts billed.  Whenever possible, the Company negotiates a provision in sales contracts to allow the Company to bill, and collect from the customer, payments in advance of shipments.  Unfortunately, provisions such as this are often not possible.  The $1,755,000$4,124,000 balance in this account at May 31, 20202023 is a 77% decrease24% increase from the prior year-end.  71%This increase reflects the higher aggregate level of this decrease is from three largethe percentage of completion of these Projects that completed and shipped during this fiscal year.as of the current year end as compared with the Projects in process at the prior year end.  Generally, if progress billings are permitted under the terms of a project sales agreement, then the more complete the project is, the more progress billings will be permitted.  The Company expects to bill the entire amount during the next twelve months.  60%46% of the CIEB balance as of the end of the last fiscal quarter, February 29, 2020,28, 2023, was billed to those customers in the current fiscal quarter ended May 31, 2020.2023.  The remainder will be billed as the projects progress, in accordance with the terms specified in the various contracts.

The year-end balances in the CIEB account are comprised of the following components:

As noted above, BIEC represents billings to customers in excess of revenues recognized.  The $737,000$1,992,000 balance in this account at May 31, 20202023 is in comparison to a $634,000$1,123,000 balance at the end of the prior year.  The balance in this account fluctuates in the same manner and for the same reasons as the account "costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings," discussed above.  Final delivery of product under these contracts is expected to occur during the next twelve months.

The year-end balances in this account are comprised of the following components:

Accounts payable, at $1,370,000$1,718,000 as of May 31, 2020,2023, is 2% less20% more than the prior year-end.  This increase is normal fluctuation of this account and is not considered to be unusual.  The Company expects the current accounts payable amount to be paid during the next twelve months.

Commission expense on applicable sales orders is recognized at the time revenue is recognized. The commission is paid following receipt of payment from the customers. Accrued commissions as of May 31, 2020 are $306,000. This is 77% less than the $1,309,000 accrued at the prior year-end. This decrease is due to the decrease in the CIEB, discussed above. As the Company was able to bill and collect from the customers on these long-term projects, accrued commissions were paid. The Company expects the current accrued amount to be paid during the next twelve months.

Other accrued expenses of $1,664,000$4,078,000 increased by 9%19% from the prior year level of $1,532,000.$3,414,000.  This increase is due to increases in accrued incentive compensation resulting from increased earnings and sales order bookings, offset by a reduction in customer prepayments.

Management believes that the Company's cash on hand, cash flows from operations, proceeds from the SBA loan and borrowing capacity under the bank line of credit will be sufficient to fund ongoing operations and capital improvements and share repurchases (if any) for the next twelve months.

Coronavirus Pandemic

On January 31, 2020, the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) declared a public health emergency related to the global spread of coronavirus COVID-19, and a pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization in February 2020. Efforts to fight the widespread disease included limiting or closing many businesses and resulted in a severe disruption of operations for many organizations. Financial markets also experienced a significant decline in value. The extent of the impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s operational and financial performance will depend on further developments, including the duration and spread of the outbreak, impact on customers, employees, and vendors, all of which cannot be predicted.

In late March, Taylor Devices received confirmation from the State of New York that we are designated as an “essential business” pursuant to the revised New York State Executive Order 202.6 with respect to our business function of supply chain partner for several essential industries. Company management currently does not have reason to believe that the situation will adversely affect our ability to meet our obligations to our customers. We have a high-spirited, healthy workforce that has adjusted their work schedules as the need arose. We remain in a strong position with respect to being able to process existing orders and we are quite prepared to process new orders as they are secured.

While many of our customers remain open to continue to receive shipments from us and issue new purchase orders to us, we have learned of many construction projects that have delayed ordering materials while they attempt to determine the extent and impact of the pandemic on their project. This has resulted in a lower level in our backlog of sales orders.

The liquidity of the Company remains strong at this time. Management, however, is concerned about the uncertainty of the length of time during which the virus will continue to spread throughout the world before effective vaccines have been developed, distributed and administered, as well as the level of impact it will have on the various economies of the world. A prolonged economic downturn would have a negative impact on our operations and our liquidity. For this reason, we have applied for and have received assistance from the federal government under provisions of the CARES Act, as discussed above.

Our Supply Chain Management team is in communication with our partners around the globe so that we can be updated on any delays that may occur. To date, there have been no significant delays in receiving our raw materials, purchased components or outside services that affect our final product.

To properly maintain all our operations while keeping our employees safe and to help stop the spread of the Coronavirus, some employees have changed shifts and have adjusted their working hours while still adhering to the recommendations of our government health officials. Most of our office staff continues to work remotely and our sales staff continues to keep in regular contact with our representatives and customers. Our on-site workforce is practicing the required social distancing mandates including wearing masks, as necessary. There have been no furloughs or layoffs at our Company. We are fortunate to be in a position that allows us to maintain the functional aspects of our Company while still practicing cautious measures to inhibit the spread of the virus. Employee morale is high, and we are confident in our ability to take on this challenge.

Other steps taken to maintain a safe workplace and a healthy workforce:

Management will continue to monitor and adhere to the advice of the appropriate public health agencies. Taylor Devices maintains its status as an “essential business” pursuant to a NY State Executive Order due to the nature of our products for Aerospace, Defense, Construction, and Industrial applications.

Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Smaller reporting companies are not required to provide the information required by this item.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

The financial statements and supplementary data required pursuant to this Item 8 are included in this Form 10-K as a separate section commencing on page 2526 and are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 9.Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting andFinancial Disclosure.

There have been no disagreements between the Company and its accountants as to matters which require disclosure.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

(a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.

The Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer have evaluated the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of May 31, 20202023 and have concluded that, as of the evaluation date, the disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission's rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed in the reports the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b)Management's report on internal control over financial reporting.

The Company's management, with the participation of the Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting.  The Company's management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, 2020.2023.  In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control -- Integrated Framework, updated in 2013.  Based on this assessment management has concluded that, as of May 31, 2020,2023, the Company's internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.

(c)Changes in internal control over financial reporting.

There have been no changes in the Company's internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal year ended May 31, 20202023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information.

None.

PART III

PART III

The information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of this part will be presented in the Company's Proxy Statement to be issued in connection with the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on October 23, 2020,20, 2023, which information is hereby incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.  The proxy materials, including the Proxy Statement and form of proxy, will be filed within 120 days after the Company's fiscal year end.

PART IV

Item 15.Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

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