Certain statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may be considered "forward-looking statements"“forward-looking statements” as that term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may relate to future events or our future financial performance, which may involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievement to be materially different from those expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements. From time to time, we may also provide forward-looking statements in oral presentations to the public or in other materials we issue to the public. Forward-looking statements give current expectations or forecasts of future events about the company. You may identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate to historical or current facts and may use words such as "believes," "expects," "estimates," "anticipates," "will," "should," "plan," "forecast," "target," "guide," "project," "intend," "could"“believes,” “expects,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “will,” “should,” “plan,” “forecast,” “target,” “guide,” “project,” “intend,” “could” and similar words or phrases. These statements are only predictions. Actual events or results may differ materially due to factors that affect international businesses, including the challenges of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, changes in economic conditions including but not limited to inflation, disruptions in the global financial and credit markets, and changes in laws, regulations and political stability, as well as factors specific to Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (“Cat FinancialFinancial”) and the markets we serve, including the market’s acceptance of our products and services, the creditworthiness of our customers, interest rate and currency rate fluctuations and estimated residual values of leased equipment. These risk factors may not be exhaustive. We operate in a continually changing business environment, and new risk factors emerge from time to time. We cannot predict these new risk factors, nor can we assess the impact, if any, of these new risk factors on our businesses or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as a prediction of actual results. All of the forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by reference to the factors discussed under the captions "Risk Factors"“Risk Factors” and "Management’s“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations"Operations” in this Form 10-K and could cause results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Cat Financial undertakes no obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You may, however, consult any related disclosures we may make in our subsequent Form 10-Q and Form 8-K reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"(“SEC”).

Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation was organized in 1981 in the State of Delaware (together with its subsidiaries, "Cat“Cat Financial," "the” “the Company," "we"” “we” or "our"“our”). We are a wholly-owned finance subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. (together with its other subsidiaries, "Caterpillar"“Caterpillar” or "Cat"“Cat”) and our corporate headquarters is located in Nashville, Tennessee.

We provide retail and wholesale financing to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products and services, as well as financing for vehicles and power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Retail financing is primarily comprised of installment sale contracts and other equipment-related loans, working capital loans, finance leases and operating leases. Wholesale financing to Caterpillar dealers consists primarily of inventory and rental fleet financing. In addition, we purchase short-term wholesale trade receivables from Caterpillar. The various financing plans offered by Cat Financial are designed to support sales of Caterpillar products and generate financing income for Cat Financial. A significant portion of our activity is conducted in North America, withand we have additional offices and subsidiaries in Latin America, Asia/Pacific, Europe Africa and the Middle East.Africa. Cat Financial has almostover 40 years of experience providing financing for Caterpillar products and services, contributing to our knowledge of asset values, industry trends, financing structures and customer needs.

The Company’s retail loans (totaling 49 percent*) include:

The Company purchases short-term trade receivables from Caterpillar (12 percent*).Caterpillar.

The Company’s wholesale loans and leases (2 percent*) include inventory/rental programs, which provide assistance to dealers by financing their new Caterpillar inventory and rental fleets.

We provide financing only when certain criteria are met. Credit decisions are based on a variety of credit quality factors, including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit ratings, loan-to-value ratios and other internal metrics. We typically maintain a security interest in retail-financed equipment and require physical damage insurance coverage on financed equipment. We finance a significant portion of Caterpillar dealers'dealers’ sales and inventory of Caterpillar equipment throughout the world (see Note 1514 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding our segments and geographic areas). Our competitive position is improved by marketing programs offered in conjunction with Caterpillar and/or Caterpillar dealers. Under these programs, Caterpillar, or the dealer, funds an amount at the outset of the transaction, which we then recognize as revenue over the term of the financing. We believe that these marketing programs provide Cat Financial a significant competitive advantage in financing Caterpillar products.

In certain instances, our operations are subject to supervision and regulation by state, federal and various foreign governmental authorities and may be subject to various laws and judicial and administrative decisions imposing various requirements and restrictions which, among other things, (i) regulate credit granting activities and the administration of loans, (ii) establish maximum interest rates, finance charges and other charges, (iii) require disclosures to customers and investors, (iv) govern secured transactions, (v) set collection, foreclosure, repossession and other trade practices and (vi) regulate the use and reporting of information related to a borrower'sborrower’s credit experience. Our ability to comply with these and other governmental and legal requirements and restrictions affects our operations.

 

We also have agreements with Caterpillar that are significant to our operations. These agreements provide us with certain types of operational and administrative support from Caterpillar such as the administration of employee benefit plans, financial support, funding support and various forms of corporate services that are integral to the conduct of our business. For more information on these agreements, please refer to Note 1413 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Caterpillar’s global workforce is united by Our Values in Action, Caterpillar’s Code of Conduct. Integrity, Excellence, Teamwork, Commitment and Sustainability provide the foundation for our values-based culture. Our diversity and inclusion principles are embedded in our values. Our values unite and reflect our diverse cultures, languages, geographies and business.businesses.

The health and safety of our employees is an important focus at Cat Financial and we strive to continually reduce our recordable injuries. In 2020,2022, the Company achieved a recordable injury frequency rate of 0.08,0.00, compared to the 20192021 recordable injury frequency rate of 0.04.

In addition to our focus on values and safety, we strive to continually attract, develop, engage, and retain a high-performing diverse global team that executes our enterprise strategy of long-term profitable growth.

We are committed to employee development and helping employees reach their full potential by making on-going investments in our team. Our global internships and finance and information services career programs provide development opportunities for early career employees. We also have a continual focus on strengthening technical, professional and leadership capabilities at every level. Strategic talent reviews and succession planning occur at a minimum, annually, across our business.

Our leadership development programs and our focus on encouraging a variety of experiences help employees broaden understanding and increase perspective. For example, we conduct a bi-annual leadership experience for global leaders to strengthen Caterpillar leadership attributes and utilize our global learning platform to build speed to competency by job role.

We are committed to fostering a diverse workforce and an inclusive environment. Our 9 Employee Resource Groups (ERGs)(“ERGs”), sponsored and supported by leadership, are integral to ensuring different voices and perspectives contribute to our strategy for long term profitable growth. Our ERGs partner with recruiters to help build relationships and recruit diverse talent through campus relationships and the Thurgood Marshall College Fund.

Our ERGs further engage our employees, helping contribute to development and retention. For example, Caterpillar’s Latino Connection sponsors a mentoring program that connects diverse employees with senior leaders who can support their career goals through on-the-job project experience and leadership development. Additionally, WE Lead, Women Enabling Leadership, is sponsored by our Women’s Initiative Network and engages female employees in early to mid-level management to help strengthen our female leader pipeline.

Providing competitive benefits and compensation underpins our commitment to our engaged and productive employees. Our pay-for-performance philosophy aligns employee’s individual contributions, behaviorsattributes and business results with individual rewards. Our comprehensive Total Health programs focus on purpose, as well as physical, emotional, financial, and social health. The annual Employee Insights Survey provides all employees the opportunity to confidentially share their perspectives and engages leaders to listen, learn and respond to employee feedback.

 

The Company files electronically with the SEC required reports on Form 8-K, Form 10-Q, Form 10-K and registration statements on Form S-3 and other forms or reports as required. The SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Copies of our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to these reports filed or furnished with the SEC are available free of charge through Caterpillar Inc.’s website (www.caterpillar.com/secfilings) as soon as reasonably practicable after filing with the SEC. Copies may also be obtained free of charge by writing to: Legal Dept., Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation, 2120 West End Ave., Nashville, Tennessee 37203-0001. In addition, the public may obtain more detailed information about our parent company, Caterpillar Inc., by visiting its website (www.caterpillar.com). None of the information contained at any time on our website, Caterpillar’s website or the SEC’s website is incorporated by reference into this document.

The statements in this section describe material risks to our business and may contain "forward-looking statements"“forward-looking statements” that are subject to the caption "CAUTIONARY“CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS"STATEMENTS” presented prior to Item 1 of this report. The statements in this section should also be considered carefully in conjunction with "Management’s“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations"Operations” and the "Notes“Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements"Statements” to this Form 10-K. The risk factors described below are a cautionary discussion of risks, uncertainties and assumptions that we believe are significant to our business. These are factors that, individually or in the aggregate, we believe could make our actual results differ materially from expected or past results. Because it is impossible to predict or identify all such factors, the following factors should not be considered to be a complete discussion of risks, uncertainties and assumptions. 

Continuing to meet our cash requirements over the long-term could require substantial liquidity and access to varied sources of funds, including capital and credit markets. Global economic conditions have caused and may cause volatility and disruptions in the capital and credit markets. While we have continued to maintain access to key global medium-term note and commercial paper markets, there can be no assurance that such markets will continue to represent a reliable source of financing. If global economic conditions were to deteriorate, we could face materially higher financing costs, become unable to access adequate funding to operate and grow our business and/or meet our debt service obligations as they mature, and we could be required to draw upon contractually committed lending agreements primarily provided by global banks and/or by seeking other funding sources. However, under extreme market conditions, there can be no assurance that such agreements and other funding sources would be availablesufficient or sufficient.even available. Any of these events could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The extent of any impact on our ability to meet our funding or liquidity needs would depend on several factors, including our operating cash flows, the duration of any market disruptions, changes in counterparty credit risk, the impact of government intervention in financial markets, including the effects of any programs or legislation designed to increase or restrict liquidity for certain areas of the market, general credit conditions, the volatility of equity and debt markets, our credit ratings and credit capacity and the cost of financing and other general economic and business conditions. Market disruption and volatility may also lead to a number ofnumerous other risks in connection with these events, including but not limited to:

Each of CaterpillarCaterpillar’s and Cat Financial'sFinancial’s costs of borrowing and their respective ability to access the capital markets are affected not only by market conditions but also by the short-termshort- and long-term credit ratings assigned to ourtheir respective debt by the major credit rating agencies. These ratings are based, in significant part, on each of Caterpillar'sCaterpillar’s and Cat Financial'sFinancial’s performance as measured by financial metrics such as net worth, interest coverage and leverage ratios, as well as transparency with rating agencies and timeliness of financial reporting. There can be no assurance that Caterpillar and Cat Financial will be able to maintain their credit ratings. We receive debt ratings from the major credit rating agencies. Moody's long- and short-term ratings of Caterpillar and Cat Financial are A3 and Prime-2 ("low-A"), while other major credit rating agencies maintain a "mid-A" debt rating. A downgrade of our credit rating by any of the major credit rating agencies wouldcould result in increased borrowing costs and could adversely affect Caterpillar'sCaterpillar’s and ourCat Financial’s liquidity, competitive position and access to the capital markets, including restricting, in whole or in part, access to the commercial paper market.market and other sources of funding. There can be no assurance that the commercial paper market will continue to be a reliable source of short-term financing for Cat Financial or an available source of short-term financing for Caterpillar. An inability to access the capital markets could have a materialan adverse effect on our cash flows,flow, results of operations and financial condition.

ChangesThe Federal Reserve Bank of United States began to increase benchmark interest rates in March 2022 and has indicated it may continue to raise benchmark interest rates in an effort to curb the upward inflationary pressure on the cost of goods and services across the United States. Such increases in interest rates foreign currency exchange rates and other changes to market liquidity conditions could have a materialan adverse impact on Caterpillar's and our earnings and cash flows. Because our financial results are reported in U.S. dollars, but our operations are conducted internationally, currency exchange rates can have a significant impact on our business results. Additionally, because a significant number of ourthe loans made by us are made at fixed interest rates, our business results are subject to fluctuations in interest rates. Certain loans made by us and various financing extended to us are made at variable rates that use LIBOR as a benchmark for establishing the interest rate. Changes in interest rates and market liquidity conditions could have an adverse impact on our earnings and cash flows. Because a significant number of the loans made by us are made at fixed interest rates, our business results are subject to fluctuations in interest rates.

Certain loans made by us and various financing extended to us are made at variable rates that use LIBOR as a benchmark for establishing the interest rate. LIBOR is the subject of recent proposals for reform. On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority ("FCA"(“FCA”) announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit LIBOR rates after 2021. On November 18, 2020,Immediately following the LIBOR publication on December 31, 2021, ICE Benchmark Administration ("IBA"(“IBA”), the administrator of USD LIBOR, announced plans to consult on its intention to cease ceased the publication of all GBP, EUR, CHF and JPY LIBOR settings, immediately followingas well as the one-week and two-month USD LIBOR publication on December 31, 2021.tenors. On November 30, 2020, IBA, with the support of the United States Federal Reserve and the FCA, announced plans to consult on ceasing publication of USD LIBOR on December 31, 2021 for only the one week and two monthall other remaining USD LIBOR tenors and on June 30, 2023 for all other USD LIBOR tenors.2023. While the November 30th30 announcement extendsextended the transition period to June 2023, the United States Federal Reserve concurrently issued a statement advising banks to stop new USD LIBOR issuances by the end of 2021. These reforms may causeFurther, on March 15, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2022, which includes the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act, was signed into law in the U.S. This legislation establishes a uniform benchmark replacement process for financial contracts maturing after June 30, 2023 that do not contain clearly defined or practicable fallback provisions. The legislation also creates a safe harbor that shields lenders from litigation if they choose to utilize a replacement rate recommended by the Federal Reserve. The Alternative Reference Rate Committee, a committee convened by the Federal Reserve that includes major market participants, has identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR, a new index calculated by short-term repurchase agreements, backed by Treasury securities, as its preferred alternative rate for LIBOR. At this time, it is not possible to predict how markets will respond to SOFR or other alternative reference rates as the transition away from the LIBOR to cease to exist, new methods of calculating LIBORbenchmarks is anticipated in coming years. There continue to be establisheduncertainties regarding the transition from LIBOR, including but not limited to the need to renegotiate certain terms of our loan agreements with LIBOR as the referenced rate, which could require us to incur significant expense and may subject us to disputes or litigation over the establishmentappropriateness or comparability to LIBOR of an alternativethe replacement reference rate(s). Several offerings of securities that include such an alternative reference rate have now been completed by other companies.rates. The consequences of these developments are uncertaincannot be entirely predicted and could have an adverse impact on the market value for or value of LIBOR-linked securities, loans, derivatives, and other financial obligations or extensions of credit held by or due to us, as well as the revenue and expenses associated with those securities, loans and financial instruments. Cat Financial has

We created a cross-functional team that will assessassesses risk across multiple categories as it relates to the use of LIBOR in securities, loans, derivatives, and other financial obligations or extensions of credit held by or due to us. Other changes in market interest rates may influence our borrowing costs and could reduce our earnings and cash flows, our returns on financial investments and the valuation of derivative contracts. We manage interest rate and market liquidity risks through a variety of techniques that include a match funding strategy, the selective use of derivatives and a broadly diversified funding program. There can be no assurance, however, that fluctuations in interest rates and market liquidity conditions will not have an adverse impact on Caterpillar and our earnings and cash flows. If any of the variety of instruments and strategies we use to hedge our exposure to these types of risk is ineffective, this may have an adverse impact on our earnings and cash flows. Please see "-Macroeconomic“-Macroeconomic Risks - Changes in Government Monetary or Fiscal Policies May Negatively Impact Results"Results” below for further discussion of changes in interest rates.

In addition, because we make a significant number of loans in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could also reduce our earnings and cash flows. There has been, and may continue to be, volatility in currency exchange rates as a result of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union (commonly known as "Brexit"“Brexit”), especially between the U.S. dollar and the British pound.

We also rely on a number ofnumerous diversified global debt capital markets and funding programs to provide liquidity for our global operations, including commercial paper, medium-term notes, retail notes, variable denomination floating rate demand notes and bank loans. Significant changes in market liquidity conditions could impact our access to funding and the associated funding cost and reduce our earnings and cash flows.

Our business is significantly influenced by the credit risk associated with our customers. The creditworthiness of each customer and the rate of delinquencies, repossessions and net losses on customer obligations are directly impacted by several factors, including, but not limited to, relevant industry (particularly construction-related industries) and economic conditions, the availability of capital, the experience and expertise of the customer'scustomer’s management team, commodity prices, interest rates, political events and the sustained value of the underlying collateral. Any increase in delinquencies, repossessions and net losses on customer obligations could have a material adverse effect on our earnings and cash flows.

In addition, although we evaluate and adjust our allowance for credit losses related to past due and non-performing receivables on a regular basis, adverse economic conditions or other factors that might cause deterioration of the financial health of our customers could change the timing and level of payments received and necessitate an increase in our estimated losses, which could also have a material adverse effect on our earnings and cash flows.

Declines in the residual value of equipment financed by us may reduce our earnings. The residual value of leased equipment is determined based on its estimated end-of-term market value at the time of the expiration of the lease term. We estimate the residual value of leased equipment at the inception of the lease based on a number ofnumerous factors, including historical wholesale market sales prices, past remarketing experience and any known significant market/product trends. If estimated end-of-term market values significantly decline due to economic factors, obsolescence or other adverse circumstances, we may not realize such residual value, which could reduce our earnings.

Cat Financial and certain subsidiaries have credit agreements under which we borrow or have the ability tocan borrow funds for use in our respective businesses that are utilized primarily for general corporate purposes. Certain of these agreements include covenants relating to our financial performance and financial position. The two most significant financial covenants included in these agreements are: (1) a leverage ratio covenant that requires us to maintain a ratio of consolidated debt to consolidated net worth of not greater than 10 to 1, calculated (i) on a monthly basis as the average of the leverage ratios determined on the last day of each of the six preceding calendar months and (ii) at each December 31; and (2) an interest coverage ratio that requires us to maintain a ratio of (i) profit excluding income taxes, interest expense and net gain/(loss) from interest rate derivatives to (ii) interest expense of not less than 1.15 to 1, in each case, calculated at the end of each calendar quarter for the rolling four-quarter period then most recently ended for us and our subsidiaries on a consolidated basis in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. In addition, we are restricted in several of our agreements from terminating, amending or modifying our support agreement with Caterpillar. We are also restricted in our ability to incur secured indebtedness or consolidate, merge or sell assets. Similarly, we are also bound by covenants in various agreements that involve Caterpillar and its obligation to maintain a consolidated net worth of not less than $9 billion at all times during each fiscal year.

Although we do not believe any of these covenants presently materially restrict our operations, our ability to meet any one particular financial covenant may be affected by events that could be beyond our control and could result in material adverse consequences that negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. These consequences may include the acceleration of repayment of amounts outstanding under certain of our credit agreements, the triggering of an obligation to redeem certain debt securities, the termination of existing unused credit commitments by our lenders, the refusal by our lenders to extend further credit under one or more of our credit agreements or the lowering or modification of our credit ratings, including those of any of our subsidiaries. We cannot provide assurance that we will continue to comply with each credit covenant, particularly if we were to encounter challenging and volatile market conditions.

Most countries where Caterpillar products and services are sold have established central banks to regulate monetary systems and influence economic activities, generally by adjusting interest rates. Interest rate changes affect overall economic growth, which in turn affects Caterpillar'sCaterpillar’s sales and our financing activities. Interest rate changes may also affect customers'customers’ ability to finance machine purchases, can change the optimal time to keep machines in a fleet and can impact the ability of Caterpillar'sCaterpillar’s suppliers to finance the production of parts and components necessary to manufacture and support Caterpillar products. 

Central banks and other policy arms of many countries may take actions to vary the amount of liquidity and credit available in an economy. The impact from a change in liquidity and credit policies could negatively affect the customers and markets we serve or our suppliers, create supply chain inefficiencies and could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Government policies on taxes and spending also affect our business. Throughout the world, government spending finances a significant portion of infrastructure development, such as highways, rail systems, airports, sewer and water systems, waterways and dams. Tax regulations determine asset depreciation lives and impact the after-tax returns on business activity and investment, both of which influence investment decisions. Unfavorable developments, such as decisions to reduce public spending or to increase taxes, could negatively impact our results.

Our global operations are dependent upon products manufactured, purchased, sold and financed in the U.S. and internationally, including in countries with political and economic instability or uncertainty. Some countries have greater political and economic volatility and greater vulnerability to infrastructure and labor disruptions than others. Operating in different regions and countries exposes us to a number ofnumerous risks, including:

The occurrence of one or more of these events may negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has had, and continues to have, a significant impact around the world, prompting governments and businesses to take unprecedented measures in response. Such measures have included travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter in place orders and shutdowns. These measures have impacted and may continue to impact all or portions of each of Caterpillar's and our workforce and operations and the operations of our customers, dealers and suppliers. Although certain restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic have eased, uncertainty continues to exist regarding such measures and potential future measures. Current material and component shortages, logistics constraints and labor inefficiencies have limited and could continue to limit Caterpillar's and our ability to meet customer demand, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and/or financial condition. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased economic and customer demand uncertainty, has caused inflationary pressure in the U.S. and elsewhere and has led to volatility in customer demand for Caterpillar's and our products and services and caused supply chain disruptions. Economic uncertainties could continue to affect customer demand for Caterpillar's and our products and services, the value of the equipment financed or leased, the demand for financing and the financial condition and credit risk of our customers and dealers.

Our primary business is to provide retail and wholesale financing alternatives for Caterpillar products to customers and dealers and is therefore largely dependent upon the demand for Caterpillar'sCaterpillar’s products and customers'customers’ willingness to enter into financing or leasing agreements, which may be negatively affected by challenging global economic conditions. As a result, a significant or prolonged decrease in demand could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The demand for Caterpillar'sCaterpillar’s products and our products and services is influenced by a number ofnumerous factors, including:

We participate in certain marketing programs offered in conjunction with Caterpillar and/or Caterpillar dealers that allow us to offer financing to customers at interest rates that are below market rates. These marketing programs provide us with a significant competitive advantage in financing Caterpillar products. Any change in these marketing programs or reduction in our ability to offer competitively priced financing to customers could reduce the percentage of Caterpillar products financed by us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Caterpillar also provides us with other types of operational and administrative support, such as the administration of employee benefit plans, which is integral to the conduct of our business. Any changes in the levels of support from Caterpillar could also negatively impact our results.

We operate in a highly competitive environment, with financing for users of Caterpillar equipment available through a variety of sources, principally commercial banks and finance and leasing companies. Increasing competition may adversely affect our business if we are unable to match the products and services of our competitors. Also, as noted above, any changes to the marketing programs offered in conjunction with Caterpillar and/or Caterpillar dealers, which allow us to offer financing to customers at interest rates that are below market rates, could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

We rely upon information technology systems and networks, some of which are managed by third parties, in connection with a variety of business activities. Additionally, we collect and store sensitive information relating to our business, customers, dealers, suppliers and employees. Operating these information technology systems and networks and processing and maintaining this data in a secure manner, is critical to our business operations and strategy. Information technology security threats -- from user error to cybersecurity attacks designed to gain unauthorized access to our systems, networks and data -- are increasing in frequency and sophistication. Cybersecurity attacks may range from random attempts to coordinated and targeted attacks, including sophisticated computer crime and advanced persistent threats. These threats pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our data. Cybersecurity attacks could also include attacks targeting customer data or the security, integrity and/or reliability of the hardware and software installed in our products. It is possible that our information technology systems and networks, or those managed or provided by third parties, could have vulnerabilities, which could go unnoticed for a period of time. While various procedures and controls have been and are being utilized to mitigate such risks, there can be no guarantee that the actions and controls we have implemented and are implementing, or which we cause or have caused third party service providers to implement, will be sufficient to protect our systems, information or other property.

We have experienced cyber security threats and vulnerabilities in our systems and those of our third-party providers, and we have experienced viruses and attacks targeting our information technology systems and networks. Such prior events, to date, have not had a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. However, the potential consequences of a future material cybersecurity attack include reputational damage, litigation with third parties, government enforcement actions, penalties, disruption to systems, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information, corruption of data and increased cybersecurity protection and remediation costs, which in turn could adversely affect our competitiveness, results of operations and financial condition. Due to the evolving nature of such security threats, the potential impact of any future incident cannot be predicted. Further, the amount of insurance coverage we maintain may be inadequate to cover claims or liabilities relating to a cybersecurity attack.

In addition, data we collect, store and process isare subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations, such as the European Union'sUnion’s General Data Protection Regulation that became effective in May 2018 and the California Consumer Privacy Act that became effective in January 2020, each of which carry, in many cases, significant potential penalties for noncompliance.

Due to the international scope of our operations, we are subject to a complex system of laws and regulations, including U.S. regulations issued by the Office of Foreign Assets Control. Any alleged or actual violations may subject us to increased government scrutiny, investigation and civil and criminal penalties and may limit our ability to provide financing outside the U.S. and/or potentially require us to divest portions of our existing portfolio under certain circumstances. Furthermore, embargoes and sanctions imposed by the U.S. and other governments prohibiting providing financing to specific persons or countries may expose us to potential criminal and civil sanctions. We cannot predict the nature, scope or effect of future regulatory requirements to which our operations might be subject or, in certain locations, the way existing laws might be administered or interpreted.

In addition, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-corruption laws of other countries generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments or providing anything of value to improperly influence foreign government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or obtaining an unfair advantage. Recent years have seen a substantial increase in the global enforcement of anti-corruption laws. Our continued operation and expansion outside the U.S., including in developing countries, expose us to the risk of such violations. Violations of anti-corruption laws by our employees or intermediaries acting on our behalf may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, could disrupt our business, and could result in an adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations or financial condition.

Our operations are highly regulated by governmental authorities in the locations where we operate, which can impose significant additional costs and/or restrictions on our business. In the U.S. for example, certain of our activities are subject to the U.S. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which includes extensive provisions regulating the financial services industry. As a result, we have become and could continue to become subject to additional regulatory costs that could be significant and could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Changes in or additional regulations in the U.S. or internationally impacting the financial services industry could also add significant cost or operational constraints that might have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous other jurisdictions. Our future results of operations could be adversely affected by changes in the effective tax rate as a result of a change in the mix of earnings between U.S. and non-U.S. jurisdictions or among jurisdictions with differing statutory tax rates, changes in our overall profitability, changes in tax laws or treaties or in their application or interpretation, changes in tax rates, changes in generally accepted accounting principles, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in the amount of earnings indefinitely reinvested in certain non-U.S. jurisdictions, the results of audits and examinations of previously filed tax returns and continuing assessments of our tax exposures. We are also subject to the continuous examination of our income tax returns by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from these examinations. If our effective tax rates were to increase or if the ultimate determination of our taxes owed is for an amount in excess of amounts previously accrued, our operating results, cash flows and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our consolidated financial statements are subject to the application of generally accepted accounting principles, which is periodically revised and/or expanded. Accordingly, from time to time we are required to adopt new or revised accounting guidance and related interpretations issued by recognized authoritative bodies, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the SEC. Market conditions have prompted accounting standard setters to issue new guidance, which further interprets or seeks to revise accounting pronouncements related to various transactions, as well as to issue new guidance expanding disclosures. The impact of accounting pronouncements that have been issued but not yet implemented is disclosed in our annual and quarterly reports on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. An assessment of proposed guidance is not provided, as such proposals are subject to change through the exposure process and, therefore, their effects on our financial statements cannot be meaningfully assessed. It is possible that future accounting guidance we are required to adopt or future changes in accounting principles could change the current accounting treatment that we apply to our consolidated financial statements and that such changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

None.

Our corporate headquarters are located in Nashville, Tennessee. We maintain forty-sixAdditional offices in total, of which nine are located in North America (eight ininside and outside the U.S. and one in Canada), twenty-one are located in Europe, one is located in Africa, one is located in the Middle East, nine are located in Asia/Pacific and five are located in Latin America (see Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding our segments and geographic areas).United States. All of our offices, are leased, except forother than our corporate headquarters building.building, are leased.

We are involved in unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of our unresolved legal actions, we believe that these unresolved legal actions will neither individually nor in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

Not applicable.

Our stock is not publicly traded. Caterpillar Inc. is the owner of our one outstanding share. Cash dividends of $300$275 million, $25$850 million and $400$300 million were paid to Caterpillar in 2022, 2021 and 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report and our discussion of significant risks to the company’s business under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of this report.

We reported revenues of $2.55$2.73 billion for 2020, a decrease2022, an increase of $416$172 million, or 147 percent, compared with 2019.$2.56 billion for 2021. Profit was $293$535 million for 2020, a $1172022, an increase of $30 million, or 296 percent, decrease from 2019.compared with $505 million for 2021.

The decreaseincrease in revenues was primarily due to a $190$151 million unfavorablefavorable impact from lowerhigher average financing rates and a $151$55 million favorable impact from returned or repossessed equipment, partially offset by a $38 million unfavorable impact from lower average earning assets.

The provision for income taxes reflected an annual tax rate of 2926 percent for 2020, compared with 31 percent for 2019. The decrease in the annual tax rate was primarily due to changes in the geographic mix of profits.both 2022 and 2021.

Caterpillar continues to monitor a variety of external factors around the situation closely.world, such as supply chain disruptions, inflationary cost and labor pressures. We remainare monitoring the potential downstream impacts from these factors on our business, while remaining focused on portfolio health and continuecontinuing to provide qualified customers and dealers with new loans and leases to support their current and future business needs.

Retail revenue for 20202022 was $1.25$1.23 billion, a decreasean increase of $120$32 million from 2019.2021. The decreaseincrease was due to a $101$62 million unfavorablefavorable impact from lowerhigher interest rates on retail finance receivables, andpartially offset by a $19$30 million unfavorable impact from lower average earning assets. For the year ended December 31, 2020,2022, retail average earning assets were $22.57$22.18 billion, a decrease of $317$581 million from 2019.2021. The average yield was 5.535.54 percent for 2020,2022, compared with 5.985.26 percent in 2019.2021.

 

Operating lease revenue for 20202022 was $965$888 million, a decrease of $72$54 million from 2019.2021. The decrease was primarily due to a $38 million unfavorable impact from lower average earning assets. Additionally, during the third quarter of 2020, we updated our accounting convention for recognizing revenue and depreciation on operating leases from a monthly to a daily basis. This update resulted in a $29 million unfavorable impact to operating lease revenue which was mostly offset by a $24 million favorable impact to depreciation on equipment leased to others.

Wholesale revenue for 2022 was $441 million, an increase of $127 million from 2021. The increase was due to a $110 million favorable impact from higher interest rates on wholesale finance receivables.receivables and a $17 million favorable impact from higher average earning assets. For the year ended December 31, 2020,2022, wholesale average earning assets were $4.44$4.51 billion, a decreasean increase of $954$232 million from 2019.2021. The average yield was 7.589.77 percent for 2020,2022, compared with 9.107.34 percent in 2019.2021.

Other revenue, net items were as follows: 

There was a $19$47 million unfavorable impact from currency on revenues in 2020.2022. Currency represents the net translation impact resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar and is included in all financial statement line items and each of the items included in the above analysis.

Profit before income taxes was $434$731 million for 2020,2022, an increase of 36 million, or 5 percent, compared with $628$695 million for 2019.2021. The decreaseincrease was primarily due to a $104$55 million increase in provision for credit losses,favorable impact from returned or repossessed equipment, partially offset by a $69$19 million unfavorable impact from lower average earning assets, a $52 million decrease in net yield on average earning assets and a $36 million unfavorable impact from returned or repossessed equipment. These unfavorable impacts were partially offset by an $82 million decrease in general, operating and administrative expenses, primarily due to lower incentive compensation.assets.

There was an $8a $13 million unfavorable impact from currency on profit before income taxes in 2020.2022. Currency represents the net translation impact resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar and is included in all financial statement line items and each of the items included in the above analysis.

The provision for income taxes reflected an annual tax rate of 2926 percent for 2020, compared with 31 percent for 2019. The decrease in the annual tax rate was primarily due to changes in the geographic mix of profits.both 2022 and 2021.

New retail financing decreased due to lower volume across all segments with the exception of North America and Asia/Pacific.an increase in Latin America. New operating lease activity (which is substantially related to retail) decreased due to lower rentals of Cat equipment mostly in North America and Mining.equipment. New wholesale financing decreasedincreased primarily due to lowerhigher purchases of trade receivables from Caterpillar.

We define total portfolio as Finance receivables, net plus Equipment on operating leases, net. We also manage and service receivables and leases that have been sold by us to third parties with limited or no recourse in order to mitigate our concentration of credit risk with certain customers. These assets are not available to pay our creditors. Total managed portfolio as of December 31, was as follows: 

At the end of 2020,2022, past dues were 3.491.89 percent, compared with 3.141.95 percent at the end of 2019. Past dues increased primarily due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by decreases in the Caterpillar Power Finance, EAME and Latin American portfolios.2021. Total non-performing finance receivables, which represent finance receivables currently on non-accrual status, were $567$234 million and $805$288 million at December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively. Total non-performing finance receivables as a percentage of our finance receivables were 2.100.87 percent and 2.851.05 percent at December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively.

 

Our allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 20202022 was $479$346 million, or 1.771.29 percent of finance receivables, compared with $424$337 million, or 1.501.22 percent, as of December 31, 2019.2021. The allowance is subject to an ongoing evaluation based on many quantitative and qualitative factors, including past loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of underlying collateral and economic forecasts. We believe our allowance is sufficient to provide for losses over the remaining life of our finance receivable portfolio as of December 31, 2020.2022. 

Retail revenue for the fourth quarter of 20202022 was $307$326 million, a decreasean increase of $31$32 million from the same period in 2019.2021. The decreaseincrease was mostly due to a $27$43 million unfavorablefavorable impact from lowerhigher interest rates on retail finance receivables, and a $4partially offset by an $11 million unfavorable impact from lower average earning assets. For the quarter ended December 31, 2020,2022, retail average earning assets were $22.50$21.71 billion, a decrease of $305$918 million from the same period in 2019.2021. The annualized average yield was 5.456.00 percent for the fourth quarter of 2020,2022, compared with 5.925.19 percent for the fourth quarter of 2019.2021.

 

Operating lease revenue for the fourth quarter of 20202022 was $247$217 million, a decrease of $13$14 million from the same period in 2019.2021. The decrease was primarily due to a $14$17 million unfavorable impact from lower average earning assets.assets, partially offset by a $3 million favorable impact from higher rental rates on operating leases.

Wholesale revenue for the fourth quarter of 20202022 was $78$141 million, a decreasean increase of $38$64 million from the same period in 2019.2021. The decreaseincrease was due to a $22$59 million unfavorablefavorable impact from lower average earning assets and a $16 million unfavorable impact from lowerhigher interest rates on wholesale finance receivables.receivables and a $5 million favorable impact from higher average earning assets. For the quarter ended December 31, 2020,2022, wholesale average earning assets were $4.15$4.67 billion, a decreasean increase of $912$311 million from the same period in 2019.2021. The annualized average yield was 7.5312.08 percent for the fourth quarter of 2020,2022, compared with 9.207.10 percent for the fourth quarter of 2019.2021.

 

Other revenue, net items were as follows: 

There was a $2an $18 million favorableunfavorable impact from currency on revenues in the fourth quarter of 2020.2022. Currency represents the net translation impact resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar and is included in all financial statement line items and each of the items included in the above analysis.

Fourth-quarter 20202022 profit before income taxes was $122$151 million, a decrease of $28 million, or 16 percent, compared with $161$179 million forin the fourth quarter of 2019.2021. The decrease was primarilymainly due to a $31$37 million increase inunfavorable impact from a higher provision for credit losses, a $24 million unfavorable impact from returned or repossessed equipment and a $16 million unfavorable impact from lower average earning assets. These unfavorable impacts were partially offset by a $24$12 million favorable impact from a decrease in general, operating and administrative expenses, primarily due to lower incentive compensation.expenses.

There was a $1$4 million favorableunfavorable impact from currency on profit before income taxes in the fourth quarter of 2020.2022. Currency represents the net translation impact resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar and is included in all financial statement line items and each of the items included in the above analysis.

Capital resources and liquidity provide us with the ability to meet our financial obligations on a timely basis.  Maintaining and managing adequate capital and liquidity resources includes management of funding sources and their utilization based on current, future and contingent needs. Throughout 2020,2022, we experienced favorable liquidity conditions. We ended 20202022 with $411$868 million of cash, a decreasean increase of $279$258 million from year-end 2019.2021. Our cash balances are held in numerous locations throughout the world with approximately $192$716 million held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries. Amounts held by non-U.S. subsidiaries, are available for general corporate use and could be usedincluding $158 million in Russia which is currently subject to local government restrictions that substantially limit transfer outside of the U.S. without incurring significant additional U.S. taxes.country. We expect to meet our U.S. funding needs without repatriating undistributed profits that are indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S.

 

Borrowings consist primarily of medium-term notes and commercial paper, the combination of which is used to manage interest rate risk and funding requirements. (Please refer to Notes 5, 6 7 and 87 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion.)

We receive debt ratings from the major credit rating agencies. Moody’s, long- and short-term ratings of our debt are A3 and Prime-2, while Fitch and S&P maintain a "mid-A"“mid-A” debt rating. This split rating has not had a material impact on our borrowing costs or our overall financial health. However, aA downgrade of our credit ratings by any of the major credit rating agencies wouldcould result in increased borrowing costs and could make access to certain credit markets more difficult. In the event economic conditions deteriorate such that access to debt markets becomes unavailable, we would rely on cash flows from our existing portfolio, existing cash balances, access to our committed credit facilities and other credit line facilities, commercial paper support facilities sponsored by the U.S. Federal Reserve and the Bank of Canada, and potential borrowings from Caterpillar. In addition, Caterpillar maintains a support agreement with us, which requires Caterpillar to remain our sole owner and may, under certain circumstances, require Caterpillar to make payments to us should we fail to maintain certain financial ratios.

Total borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 20202022 were $27.01$27.40 billion, a decrease of $2.11 billion over$616 million from December 31, 2019 primarily due to lower portfolio funding requirements.2021. Outstanding borrowings as of December 31 were as follows: 

We issue medium-term unsecured notes through securities dealers or underwriters in the U.S., Canada, Europe, Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, and China to both retail and institutional investors.other international capital markets. These notes are offered in several currencies and with a variety of maturities. These notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company. Medium-term notes issued totaled $8.26$6.01 billion and redeemed totaled $7.48$7.46 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020.2022. Medium-term notes, net outstanding as of December 31, 20202022 mature as follows: 

We issue unsecured commercial paper in the U.S., Europe, and other international capital markets. These short-term promissory notes are issued on a discounted basis and are payable at maturity. As of December 31, 2020,2022, there was $1.32$5.46 billion outstanding in commercial paper.

 

At December 31, 2020,2022, Caterpillar’s consolidated net worth was $15.41$15.93 billion, which was above the $9.00 billion required under the Credit Facility. The consolidated net worth is defined in the Credit Facility as the consolidated shareholders'shareholders’ equity including preferred stock but excluding the pension and other postretirement benefits balance within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

At December 31, 2020,2022, our covenant interest coverage ratio was 1.722.36 to 1. This was above the 1.15 to 1 minimum ratio, calculated as (1) profit excluding income taxes, interest expense and net gain/(loss) from interest rate derivatives to (2) interest expense, calculated at the end of each calendar quarter for the rolling four quarter period then most recently ended, required by the Credit Facility.

In addition, at December 31, 2020,2022, our six-month covenant leverage ratio was 6.747.05 to 1 and our year-end covenant leverage ratio was 6.957.21 to 1. This was below the maximum ratio of debt to net worth of 10 to 1, calculated (1) on a monthly basis as the average of the leverage ratios determined on the last day of each of the six preceding calendar months and (2) at each December 31, required by the Credit Facility.

In the event that either Caterpillar or we do not meet one or more of our respective financial covenants under the Credit Facility in the future (and are unable to obtain a consent or waiver), the syndicate of banks may terminate the commitments allocated to the party that does not meet its covenants. Additionally, in such event, certain of our other lenders under other loan agreements where similar financial covenants or cross default provisions are applicable, may, at their election, choose to pursue remedies under those loan agreements, including accelerating the repayment of outstanding borrowings. At December 31, 2020,2022, there were no borrowings under the Credit Facility.

 

Available credit lines with banks as of December 31, 20202022 totaled $3.03$3.49 billion. These committed and uncommitted credit lines, which may be eligible for renewal at various future dates or have no specified expiration date, are used primarily by our non-U.S. subsidiaries for local funding requirements. We may guarantee subsidiary borrowings under these lines. As of December 31, 2020,2022, we had $734$979 million outstanding against these credit lines and were in compliance with all debt covenants under these credit lines. The remaining available credit commitments may be withdrawn any time at the lenders' discretion.

 

We obtain funding from the sale of variable denomination floating rate demand notes, which may be redeemed at any time at the option of the holder without any material restriction. We do not hold reserves to fund the payment of the demand notes. The notes are offered on a continuous basis. As of December 31, 2020,2022, there were $377$265 million of variable denomination floating rate demand notes outstanding. The maximum amount of variable denomination floating rate demand notes that we may have outstanding at any time may not exceed $1.25 billion.

Under our variable amount and term lending agreements and other notes receivable with Caterpillar, we may borrow up to $2.41$2.38 billion from Caterpillar and Caterpillar may borrow up to $1.74$1.75 billion from us. The variable amount lending agreements are in effect for indefinite periods of time and may be changed or terminated by either party with 30 days notice. The term lending agreements have remaining maturities ranging up to ten years. We had notes payable of $1.02 billion$23 million and notes receivable of $356$482 million outstanding under these agreements as of December 31, 2020.

We have potential payment exposure for guarantees issuedare a party to third parties totaling $40 million ascertain off-balance sheet arrangements, primarily in the form of December 31, 2020.guarantees. Please refer to Note 1110 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

 

Certain finance receivables and equipment on operating leases are sold by us to third parties with limited or no recourse in order to mitigate our concentration of credit risk with certain customers. In 2020,2022, we received $51$63 million of cash proceeds from the sale of such assets. We typically maintain servicing responsibilities for these assets.

We have committed cash outflow related to short-term borrowings and long-term debt, operating lease agreementsdebt. See Notes 6 and purchase obligations.  Minimum payments for these obligations are: 

Operating cash flow for 2020 was $1.15$1.26 billion in 2022, compared with $1.21$1.19 billion for 2019.in 2021. Net cash provided by investing activities in 2020 was $1.06 billion, compared with net cash used for investing activities of $288was $172 million in 2019.2022, compared with $1.26 billion in 2021. The change was primarily due to lower additions to finance receivables and other portfolio related activity.activity and lower proceeds from disposals of equipment. Net cash used for financing activities was $2.48 billion$764 million in 2020,2022, compared with $991net cash provided of $257 million in 2019.2021. The change was primarily due to lower portfolio funding requirements partially offset by the Net change in variable lending from Caterpillar.related to Caterpillar purchased receivables.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP" or "GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts.  Significant estimates include residual values for leasedamounts of assets, allowance for credit lossesliabilities, revenues and income taxes. We have incorporated many years of data into the determination of each ofexpenses. Changes in these estimates and weassumptions could have not historically experienceda significant adjustments. effect on the financial statements. Our critical accounting estimates, which require management assumptions and complex judgments, are summarized below.

We review theseour critical accounting estimates and assumptions at least annually with the Audit Committee of the Caterpillar Inc. Board of Directors. Following are the methods and assumptions used in determining our estimates and an indication of the risks inherent in each.

 

We determine the residual value of leased equipment based on its estimated end-of-term market value. We estimate the residual value of leased equipment at the inception of the lease based on a number of factors, including historical wholesale market sales prices, past remarketing experience and any known significant market/product trends. We also consider the following critical factors in our residual value estimates: lease term, market size and demand, total expected hours of usage, machine configuration, application, location, model changes, quantities, third-party residual guarantees and contractual customer purchase options.

Upon termination of the lease, the equipment is either purchased by the lessee or sold to a third party,third-party, in which case we may record a gain or a loss for the difference between the estimated residual value and the sale price.proceeds.

During the term of our leases, we monitor residual values. For operating leases, we record adjustments to depreciation expense reflecting changes in residual value estimates prospectively on a straight-line basis. For finance leases, we recognize residual value adjustments through a reduction of finance revenue over the remaining lease term.

We evaluate the carrying value of equipment on operating leases for potential impairment when we determine a triggering event has occurred. When a triggering event occurs, we perform a test for recoverability by comparing projected undiscounted future cash flows to the carrying value of the equipment on operating leases. If the test for recoverability identifies a possible impairment, we measure the fair value of the equipment on operating leases in accordance with the fair value measurement framework. We recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value of the equipment on operating leases exceeds its estimated fair value.

At December 31, 2020,2022, the aggregate residual value of equipment on operating leases was $2.07$1.71 billion. Without consideration of other factors such as third-party residual guarantees or contractual customer purchase options, a 10 percent non-temporary decrease in the market value of our equipment subject to operating leases would reduce residual value estimates and result in the recognition of approximately $95$80 million of additional annual depreciation expense.

 

The allowance for credit losses is management’s estimate of expected losses over the life of our finance receivable portfolio calculated using loss forecast models that take into consideration historical credit loss experience, current economic conditions and forecasts and scenarios that capture country and industry-specific economic factors. In addition, we consider qualitative factors not able to be fully captured in our loss forecast models, including borrower-specific and company-specific factors. These qualitative factors are subjective and require a degree of management judgment.

We measure the allowance for credit losses on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist and on an individual basis when we determine that similar risk characteristics do not exist. We identify finance receivables for individual evaluation based on past-duepast due status and information available about the customer, such as financial statements, news reports and published credit ratings, as well as general information regarding industry trends and the economic environment in which our customers operate. The allowance for credit losses attributable to finance receivables that are individually evaluated is based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables'receivables’ effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables or the observable market price of the receivable. In determining collateral value, we estimate the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. We also consider credit enhancements such as additional collateral and contractual third-party guarantees.

We are subject to the income tax laws of the many jurisdictions in which we operate. These tax laws are complex, and the manner in which they apply to our facts is sometimes open to interpretation. In establishing the provision for income taxes, we must make judgments about the application of these inherently complex tax laws. Our income tax positions and analysis are based on currently enacted tax law. Future changes in tax law or related interpretations could significantly impact the provision for income taxes, the amount of taxes payable, and the deferred tax asset and liability balances. Changes in tax law are reflected in the period of enactment with related interpretations considered in the period received.

Despite our belief that our tax return positions are consistent with applicable tax laws, we believe that taxing authorities could challenge certain positions. Settlement of any challenge can result in no change, a complete disallowance, or some partial adjustment reached through negotiations or litigation. We record tax benefits for uncertain tax positions based upon management'smanagement’s evaluation of the information available at the reporting date. To be recognized in the financial statements, a tax benefit must be at least more likely than not of being sustained based on technical merits. The benefit for positions meeting the recognition threshold is measured as the largest benefit more likely than not of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. Significant judgment is required in making these determinations and adjustments to unrecognized tax benefits may be necessary to reflect actual taxes payable upon settlement. Adjustments related to positions impacting the effective tax rate affect the provision for income taxes. Adjustments related to positions impacting the timing of deductions impact deferred tax assets and liabilities.

Deferred tax assets generally represent tax benefits for tax deductions or credits available in future tax returns. Certain estimates and assumptions are required to determine whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the benefit of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In making this assessment, management analyzes the trend of U.S. GAAP earnings and estimates the impact of future taxable income, reversing temporary differences and available prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. Should a change in facts or circumstances lead to a change in judgment about the ultimate realizability of a deferred tax asset, we record or adjust the related valuation allowance in the period that the change in facts and circumstances occurs, along with a corresponding increase or decrease in the provision for income taxes.

Income taxes are based on the statutory tax rate of the jurisdiction in which earnings are subject to taxation. That statutory rate may differ from the statutory rate of the jurisdiction in which that entity is incorporated. Taxes are paid in the jurisdictions where earnings are subject to taxation.

Additional information related to income taxes is included in Note 1211 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate and interest rate exposures. Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes.

 

Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of interest receipts and payments on our interest paymentsfinance receivables and the value of our fixed-rate debt.debt portfolios. Our practice is to use interest rate contracts to manage our exposure to interest rate changes.

 

We have a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate and duration) of our debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of our finance receivablereceivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the finance receivablereceivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move.

 

In order to properly manage sensitivity to changes in interest rates, we measure the potential impact of different interest rate assumptions on pre-tax earnings. All on-balance sheet positions, including derivative financial instruments, are included in the analysis. The primary assumptions included in the analysis are that there are no new fixed rate assets or liabilities, the proportion of fixed rate debt to fixed rate assets remains unchanged and the level of floating rate assets and debt remain constant. We estimate a 100 basis point immediate and sustained adverse change in interest rates to have an $18a $12 million adverse impact on 2022 pre-tax earnings in both 2020 and 2019 based on these assumptions and the balance sheet analysis as of December 31, 20202022. Last year, similar assumptions and 2019.calculations yielded a potential $8 million adverse impact to 2021 pre-tax earnings.

 

This analysis does not necessarily represent our current outlook of future market interest rate movement, nor does it consider any actions management could undertake in response to changes in interest rates. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that actual results would be consistent with the results of our estimate.

 

We have balance sheet positions and expected future transactions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates. In managing foreign currency risk, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Since ourOur policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies,currencies. As a result of this policy, the potential loss in fair value from such financial instruments from a 10 percent adverse change in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to all other currencies would not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, profit or cash flow.be largely offset by changes in the values of the underlying hedged exposures. Neither our policy nor the effect of a 10 percent change in the value of the U.S. dollar has changed from that reported at the end of last year.

 

This analysis does not necessarily represent our current outlook for the U.S. dollar relative to all other currencies, nor does it consider any actions management could undertake in response to changes in the foreign currency markets. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that actual results would be consistent with the results of our estimate.

Information required by Item 8 is included following the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

None.

An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of ourthe company’s management, including ourthe Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and our Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of ourthe company's disclosure controls and procedures, as suchthat term is defined underin Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the Securities Exchange Actend of 1934, as amended, as of December 31, 2020.the period covered by this annual report. Based on that evaluation, ourthe CEO and CFO concluded that ourthe company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2020.the end of the period covered by this annual report.

The management of Cat Financial is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined under Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20202022 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.

There haveDuring the last fiscal quarter, there has been no changessignificant change in the Company'scompany’s internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2020 covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that has materially affected, or areis reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’scompany’s internal control over financial reporting.

As a wholly-owned subsidiary of Caterpillar, our principal accounting fees and services are subject to Caterpillar’s Audit Committee pre-approval as described in its Annual Meeting Proxy Statement, which is available on Caterpillar’s website (www.caterpillar.com), under Investors, Financial Information, Proxy Statement.

 

Not applicable.