UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(x) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended:December 31, 20162018
OR

( ) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____________ to _____________

Commission file number:1-10026

ALBANY INTERNATIONAL CORP.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant's

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code603-330-5850

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YesX No _

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes _ NoX

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YesX No _

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YesX No _

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.[ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a small reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [     ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes _ NoX

The aggregate market value of the Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2016,2018, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second quarter, computed by reference to the price at which Common Stock was last sold on such a date, was $1.1$1.7 billion.

The registrant had 28.929.0 million shares of Class A Common Stock and 3.23.3 million shares of Class B Common Stock outstanding as of January 31, 2017.February 28, 2019.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I

Forward-Looking Statements

This annual report and the documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in this annual report contain statements concerning our future results and performance and other matters that are “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “plan,” “project,” “may,” “will,” “should,” and variations of such words or similar expressions are intended, but are not the exclusive means, to identify forward-looking statements. Because forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

There are a number of risks, uncertainties, and other important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to:

Further information concerning important factors that could cause actual events or results to be materially different from the forward-looking statements can be found in “Business Environment Overview and Trends” as well as in Item 1A - “Risk Factors”, as well as in the “Business Environment Overview and Trends” in Item 7 of this annual report. Statements expressing our assessments of the growth potential of the Albany Engineered Composites segment are not intended as forecasts of actual future growth, and should not be relied on as such. While we believe such assessments to have a reasonable basis, such assessments are, by their nature, inherently uncertain. This report sets forth a number of assumptions regarding these assessments.assessments, including projected timing and volume of demand for aircraft and for LEAP aircraft engines. Such assumptions could prove incorrect. Although we believe the expectations reflected in our other forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, it is not possible to foresee or identify all factors that could have a material and negative impact on our future performance. The forward-looking statements included or incorporated by reference in this annual report are made on the basis of our assumptions and analyses, as of the time the statements are made, in light of our experience and perception of historical conditions, expected future developments, and other factors believed to be appropriate under the circumstances.

Except as otherwise required by the federal securities laws, we disclaim any obligationobligations or undertaking to publicly release any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statement contained or incorporated by reference in this annual report to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions, or circumstances on which any such statement is based.

PART I

Item 1.         Business

Albany International Corp. (the Registrant, the Company, we, us, or our) and its subsidiaries are engaged in two business segments.

The Machine Clothing (MC) segment supplies permeable and impermeable belts used in the manufacture of paper, paperboard, tissue and towel, pulp, nonwovens, fiber cement and several other industrial applications.

We design, manufacture, and market paper machine clothing (used in the manufacturing of paper, paperboard, tissue, and towel) for each section of the paper machine and for every grade of paper. We manufacture and sell approximately twice as much paper machine clothing worldwide than any other company. Paper machine clothing products are customized, consumable products of technologically sophisticated design that utilize polymeric materials in a complex structure. The design and material composition of paper machine clothing can have a considerable effect on the quality of paper products produced and the efficiency of the paper machines on which it is used. Principal paper machine clothing products include forming, pressing, and dryer fabrics, and process belts. A forming fabric assists in paper sheet formation and conveys the very wet sheet (more than 75%75 percent water) through the forming section. Press fabrics are designed to carry the sheet through the press section, where water is pressed from the sheet as it passes through the press nip. In the dryer section, dryer fabrics manage air movement and hold the sheet against heated cylinders to enhance drying. Process belts are used in the press section to increase dryness and enhance sheet properties, as well as in other sections of the machine to improve runnability and enhance sheet qualities.

The Machine ClothingMC segment also supplies customized, consumable fabrics used in the manufacturing process in the pulp, corrugator, nonwovens, fiber cement, building products, and tannery and textile industries.

We sell our Machine Clothing products directly to customer end-users in countries across the globe. Our products, manufacturing processes, and distribution channels for Machine ClothingMC are substantially the same in each region of the world in which we operate. The sales of paper machine clothing forming, pressing, and dryer fabrics, individually and in the aggregate, accounted for more than 10 percent of our consolidated net sales during one or more of the last three years. No individual customer accounted for as much as 10%10 percent of Machine ClothingMC net sales in any of the periods presented.

The Albany Engineered Composites (AEC) segment, including Albany Safran Composites, LLC (ASC), in which our customer SAFRAN Group owns a 10 percent noncontrolling interest, provides highly engineered, advanced composite structures based on proprietary technology to customers in the aerospacecommercial and defense aerospace industries. AEC’s largest aerospace customer is the SAFRAN Group and sales to SAFRAN (consisting primarily of fan blades and cases for CFM’s LEAP engine) accounted for approximately 11%19 percent of the Company’s consolidated net sales in 2016. AEC’s largest program relates to CFM International’s LEAP engine.2018. AEC, through ASC, is the exclusive supplier to this program of advanced composite fan blades and cases under a long-term supply contract. Other significant programs served by AEC programs include the F-35, Boeing 787, Sikorsky CH-53K, and JASSM programs. AEC also supplies; vacuum waste tanks for the Boeing 7-Series programs; specialty components for the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, fuselage frame components forRolls Royce lift fan on the Boeing 787, andF-35; as well as the fan case for the GE9X engine. In 2016,2018, approximately 3025 percent of thisthe AEC segment’s sales were related to U.S. government contracts or programs.

See “Business Environment Overview and Trends” under Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for a discussion of general segment developments in recent years.

Following is a table of net sales by segment for 2016, 2015,2018, 2017, and 2014.2016.

The table setting forth certain sales, operating income, and balance sheet data that appears in Note 3, “Reportable Segments and Geographic Data,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements, included under Item 8 of this Form 10-K, is incorporated herein.

International Operations

Our Machine Clothing business segment maintains manufacturing facilities in Brazil, Canada, China, France, Italy, Mexico, South Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Our AEC business segment maintains manufacturing facilities in the United States, and France, and will be begin manufacturing operations in Mexico during 2017.Mexico.

Our global presence subjects us to certain risks, including tariffs and other restrictions on trade, and controls on foreign exchange and the repatriation of funds. While the direct impact to date of recent developments in global trade and tariff policy has not been significant, there is a risk that the impact of such developments on companies in our supply chain will be reflected in higher costs from affected suppliers. We have a cash repatriation strategy that targets a certain amount of foreign current year earnings that are not permanentlyindefinitely reinvested. To date, while we have been able to make such repatriations without substantial governmental restrictions, and while the 2017 U.S. tax reform should reduce the costs of such repatriation, changes in the trade or regulatory environmentcompliance in the United States or in the countries whereany country that we have significant cash balances could make it more difficult to repatriate foreign earnings cost-effectively in the future. We believe that the risks associated with our operations outside the United States are no greater than those normally associated with doing business in those locations.

Working Capital, Customers, Seasonality, and Backlog

Payment terms granted to paper industry and other machine clothing customers reflect general competitive practices. Terms vary with product, competitive conditions, and the country of operation. In some markets, customer agreements require us to maintain significant amounts of finished goods inventories to assure continuous availability of our products.

In addition to supplying paper, paperboard, and tissue companies, the Machine ClothingMC segment is a leading supplier to the nonwovens (which includes the manufacture of products such as diapers, personal care and household wipes), building products, and tannery and textile industries. These non-paper industries have a wide range of customers, with markets that vary from industrial applications to consumer use.

The Albany Engineered CompositesAEC segment primarily serves customers in the commercial and military aircraftdefense aerospace market through both engine and airframe markets.applications. Sales and working capital rose sharply in the last few years in this segment. Additionally, we anticipate intensive growth in the future, which could lead to further increases in working capital levels.

In the Machine ClothingMC segment, the Chinese New Year, summer months, and the end of the year are often periods of lower production for some of our customers, which, in the past has often contributed to weakerseasonal variation in sales and orders for the Company during these periods.orders. In recent years, shorter order cycles and lower inventory levels throughout the supply chain have increased volatilitybecome a more significant factor in quarterly sales. The impact of these combined factors on any quarter can be difficult to predict, and can make quarterly comparisons less meaningful than in prior years.annual comparisons. While seasonality is generally not a significant factor in the Albany Engineered Composites segment, the commercial terms of the supply agreement governing the LEAP program together with customer year-end ordering activity, has resulted in fourth quarter sales volatility in recent years.

Backlog in the Machine ClothingMC segment was $163.8$204.6 million at December 31, 2016,2018, compared to $171.0$201.1 million at December 31, 2015. The decrease reflects a trend toward shorter order-to-delivery times.2017. Backlog in the Albany Engineered CompositesAEC segment increased to $128.4$377.3 million at December 31, 2016,2018, compared to $34.0

$327.9 million at December 31, 2015,2017, reflecting the impactramp-up in several key programs. All of the 2016 acquisition of Harris Corporation’s composite aerostructures business. The backlog in each segmentMC and approximately 90% of the AEC backlog is generally expected to be invoiced during the next 12 months.

Research and Development and Technology

We invest in research, new product development, and technical analysis with the objective of maintaining our technological leadership in each business segment. While much of our research activity supports existing products, we also engage in significant research and development activities for new technology platforms, products and product enhancements.

Machine Clothing is custom-designed for each user, depending on the type, size, and speed of the machine, and the products being produced. Product design is also a function of the machine section, the grade of product being produced, and the quality of the stock used. Technical expertise, judgment, and experience are critical in designing the appropriate clothing for machine, position, and application. As a result, many employees in sales and technical functions have engineering degrees, paper mill experience, or other manufacturing experience in the markets in which they operate. Our market leadership position reflects our commitment to technological innovation. This innovation has resulted in a continuing stream of new Machine ClothingMC products and enhancements across all of our product lines.

Albany Engineered Composites designs, develops and manufactures advanced composite parts for complex aerospace and other high-performance applications, using a range of core technologies, including its proprietary 3D-woven reinforced composites technology, traditional 2D laminated composite structures, automated material placement, filament winding, through-thickness reinforcement and braiding.

In addition to continuous significant investment in core research and development activities in pursuit of new proprietary products and manufacturing processes, experienced research and development employees in each business segment also work collaboratively with customers, OEMs and suppliers on targeted development efforts to introduce new products and applications to in their respective markets.

Company-funded research expenses totaled $29.8 million in 2018, $30.7 million in 2017, and $28.8 million in 2016, $31.7 million in 2015, and $32.4 million in 2014.2016. In 2016,2018, these costs were 3.7%3 percent of total Company net sales, including $11.9$12.3 million, or 6.0%3.3 percent of net sales, in our AEC segment. Research and development in the AEC segment includes both Company-sponsored and customer-funded activities. Some customer funded research and development may be on a cost sharing basis, in which case, amounts charged to the customer are credited against research and development costs. For customer-funded research and development in which we anticipate funding to exceed expenses, we include amounts charged to the customer in Net sales. Cost of sales associated with customer-funded research was $3.1$3.5 million in 2016, $3.42018, $4.7 million in 2015,2017, and $3.6$2.0 million in 2014.2016.

We have developed, and continue to develop, proprietary intellectual property germane to the industries we serve. Our intellectual property takes many forms, including patents, trademarks, trade names and domains, and trade secrets. Our trade secrets include, among other things, manufacturing know-how and unique processes and equipment. Because intellectual property in the form of patents is published, we often forgo patent protection and preserve the intellectual property as trade secrets. We aggressively protect our proprietary intellectual property, pursuing patent protection when appropriate. Our active portfolio currently contains well over 2,1002,400 patents, and more than 300approximately 250 new patents are typically granted each year. While we consider our total portfolio of intellectual property, including our patents, to be an important competitive advantage, we do not believe that any single patent is critical to the continuation of our business. All brand names and product names are trade names of Albany International Corp. or its subsidiaries. We have from time to time licensed some of our patents and/or know-how to one or more competitors, and have been licensed under some competitors’ patents, in each case mainly to enhance customer acceptance of new products. The revenue from such licenses is less than 1 percent of consolidated net sales.

Raw Materials

Primary raw materials for our Machine ClothingMC products are polymer monofilaments and fibers, which have generally been available from a number of suppliers. Therefore, we have not needed to maintain raw material inventories in excess of our current needs to assure availability. In addition, we manufacture polymer monofilaments, a basic raw material for all types of Machine Clothing,machine clothing, at our facility in Homer, New York, which supplies approximately 35%30 percent of our worldwide monofilament requirements. In the AEC segment, the primary raw materials are carbon fiber and resin. While there are a number of potential suppliers of carbon fiber and other raw materials used by AEC, the use of certain suppliers may be mandated by customer agreements, and alternative suppliers would be subject to material qualification or other requirements.requirements that may preclude or delay their availability. In the case of mandated suppliers, AEC endeavors to enter into long-term supply agreements to help mitigate price and availability risks. Currently, the primary raw materials used in each segment are derived from petroleum, and are therefore sensitive to changes in the price of petroleum and petroleum intermediates.

Competition

In the paper machine clothing market, we believe that we had a worldwide market share of approximately 30%30 percent in 2016,2018, while the two largest competitors each had a market share of approximately half of ours.

While some competitors in the Machine ClothingMC segment tend to compete more on the basis of price, and others attempt to compete more on the basis of technology, both are significant competitive factors in this industry. Albany’s Machine Clothing product portfolio is broad and deep, with products for every part of the machine and for every machine type and paper grade. The Company’s research and development team works closely with the sales and technical organization to develop new products to meet changes in customer needs, and also pursues targeted joint development activities with customers and equipment manufacturers to create new products. Albany’s experienced sales and technical team members – many of whom have worked in the industries that we serve - work closely with each customer to acquire deep understanding of the customer’s combination of raw materials, manufacturing equipment, manufacturing processes, and paper, pulp, nonwovens or other product being produced – a combination that is unique to each customer, plant and machine. This experience and knowledge, combined with knowledge of and experience with the Company’s own extensive product portfolio, allows the sales and technical teams to ensure that the appropriate machine clothing products are being supplied for each part of the machine, to customize those products as needed for best performance, and to continuously propose new Machine Clothing products that offer each customer the possibility of even better performance and increased savings. These efforts – which effectively integrate the Company’s experience and technological expertise into each product we sell - is– are reflected in the marketplace by our high market share.Company’s strong competitive position in the marketplace. Some of the Company’s paper machine clothing competitors also supply paper machines, papermaking equipment, and aftermarket parts and services, and endeavor to compete by bundling clothing with original equipment and aftermarket services.

The primary competitive factors in the markets in which our Albany Engineered Composites segment competes is product performance and price. Achieving lower weight without sacrificing strength is the key to improving fuel efficiency, and is a critical performance requirement in the aerospace industry. Our broad array of capabilities in composites enable us to offer customers the opportunity to displace metal components and, in some cases, conventional composites with lower-weight, high-strength, and potentially high-temperature composites. The dominant competitive factor is how the customer weighs these performance benefits, which include fuel savings due to lower weight, against the possible cost advantage of more traditional metal and composite components.

Employees

We employ approximately 4,400 persons, of whom 65%68 percent are engaged in manufacturing our products. Wages and benefits are competitive with those of other manufacturers in the geographic areas in which our facilities are located. In general, we consider our relations with employees to be excellent.

A number of hourly employees outside of the United States are members of various unions.

Executive Officers of the Registrant

The following table sets forth certain information with respect to the executive officers of the Company as of March 1, 2017:14, 2019:

Joseph G. Morone, 63,Olivier M. Jarrault, 57, President and Chief Executive Officer, joined the Company in 2005.2018. He has served the Company as President and Chief Executive Officer since January 1, 2006, andMarch 2, 2018. Effective March 2, 2018, he assumed the role of President, since August 1, 2005.Albany Engineered Composites. He has been a director of the Company since 1996.2018. From 1997 to July 2005,2001 until 2016, he served as an Executive Vice President and Group President for Alcoa Engineered Products and Solutions (“EPS”). Prior to being named President of Bentley University in Waltham, Massachusetts. Prior to joining Bentley,EPS, he served as the Deanin a number of the Lally School of Management and Technologysenior management positions at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where he also held the Andersen Consulting Professorship of Management. He currently serves as the Presiding Director of Transworld Entertainment Corporation.Alcoa.

John B. Cozzolino, 50,52, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, joined the Company in 1994. He has served the Company as Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since February 2011. From September 2010 to February 2011, he served as Vice President – Corporate Treasurer and Strategic Planning/Acting Chief Financial Officer, from February 2009 to September 2010, he served as Vice President – Corporate Treasurer and Strategic Planning, and from 2007 to February 2009 he served as Vice President – Strategic Planning. From 2000 until 2007 he served as Director – Strategic Planning, and from 1994 to 2000 he served as Manager – Corporate Accounting.

Daniel A. Halftermeyer, 55,57, President–Machine Clothing, joined the Company in 1987. He has served the Company as President – Machine Clothing since February 2012. He previously served the Company as President – Paper Machine Clothing and Engineered Fabrics from August 2011 to February 2012, as President – Paper Machine Clothing from January 2010 until August 2011, Group Vice President – Paper Machine Clothing Europe from 2005 to August 2008, Vice President and General Manager – North American Dryer Fabrics from 1997 to March 2005, and Technical Director – Dryer Fabrics from 1993 to 1997. He held various technical and management positions in St. Stephen, South Carolina, and Sélestat, France, from 1987 to 1993.

Diane M. Loudon, 59, President – Albany Engineered Composites,joined Albany Engineered Composites in November 2011. SheAlice McCarvill, 54, has served as President – Albany Engineered Composites since January 2016. From November 2011 to January 2016 she served the Company as SeniorExecutive Vice President for Operations.President- Human Resources and Chief Human Resources Officer since February 2019.She joined the Company in March 2018 as Executive Vice President- Human Resources since March 26, 2018. Prior to joining AEC,2018 she served in a variety of executive roles in operationswas Group VP Human Resources for Arconic Engineered Products and program management in the medical devices industry, most recently at Accellent.Solutions.

Robert A. Hansen, 59,61, Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, joined the Company in 1981. He has served the Company as Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer since January 2010. He previously served as Vice President – Corporate Research and Development from April 2006 to January 2010, and Director of Technical and Marketing – Europe Press Fabrics from 2004 to April 2006. From 2000 to 2004, he served as Technical Director – Press Fabrics, Göppingen, Germany. Before 2000, he served the Company in a number of technical management and research and development positions in Europe and the U.S.

David M. Pawlick, 55,58, Vice President–Controller, joined the Company in 2000. He has served the Company as Vice President – Controller since March 2008, and as Director of Corporate Accounting from 2000 to 2008. From 1994 to 2000 he served as Director of Finance and Controller for Ahlstrom Machinery, Inc. in Glens Falls, New York. Prior to 1994, he was employed as an Audit Manager for Coopers & Lybrand.

Charles J. Silva Jr., 57,59, Vice President–General Counsel and Secretary,joined the Company in 1994. He has served the Company as Vice President – General Counsel and Secretary since 2002. He served as

Assistant General Counsel from 1994 until 2002. Prior to 1994, he was an associate with Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen and Hamilton, an international law firm with headquarters in New York City.

Dawne H. Wimbrow, 59, Vice President–Global Information Services and Chief Information Officer, joined the Company in 1993. She has served the Company as Vice President – Global Information Services and Chief Information Officer since September 2005. She previously served the Company in various management positions in the Global Information Systems organization. From 1980 to 1993, she worked as a consultant supporting the design, development, and implementation of computer systems for various textile, real estate, insurance, and law firms.

Joseph M. Gaug, 53,55, Associate General Counsel and Assistant Secretary, joined the Company in 2004. He has served the Company as Associate General Counsel since 2004 and as Assistant Secretary since 2006. Prior to 2004, he was a principal with McNamee, Lochner, Titus & Williams, P.C., a law firm located in Albany, New York.

We are incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware and are the successor to a New York corporation originally incorporated in 1895, which was merged into the Company in August 1987 solely for the purpose of changing the domicile of the corporation. References to the Company that relate to any time prior to the August 1987 merger should be understood to refer to the predecessor New York corporation.

Our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Business Ethics Policy, and Code of Ethics for the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Controller, and the charters of the Audit, Compensation, and Governance Committees of the Board of Directors are available at the Corporate Governance section of our website (www.albint.com).

Our current reports on Form 8-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and annual reports on Form 10-K are electronically filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and all such reports and amendments to such reports filed subsequent to November 15, 2002, have been and will be made available, free of charge, through our website (www.albint.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after such filing. The public may read and copy any materials filed by the Company with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reading Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reading Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC0330.1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy, information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

The Company’s business, operations, and financial condition are subject to various risks. Some of these risks are described below and in the documents incorporated by reference, and investors should take these risks into account in evaluating any investment decision involving the Company. This section does not describe all risks applicable to the Company, its industry or business, and it is intended only as a summary of certain material factors.

A number of industry factors have had, and in future periods could have, an adverse impact on sales, profitability and cash flow in the Company’s Machine ClothingMC and AEC segments

Significant consolidation and rationalization in the paper industry in recent years hashave reduced global consumption of paper machine clothing in certain markets. Developments in digital media have adversely affected demand for newsprint and for printing and writing grades of paper, which has had, and is likely to continue to have, an adverse effect on demand for paper machine clothing in those markets. At the same time, technological advances in papermaking, including in paper machine clothing, while contributing to the papermaking efficiency of customers, have in some cases lengthened the useful life of our products and reduced the number of pieces

required to produce the same volume of paper. These factors have had, and in future are likely to have, an adverse effect on paper machine clothing sales.

The market for paper machine clothing in recent years has been characterized by increasedcontinuous pressure to provide more favorable commercial terms, which has negativelyunfavorably affected our operating results. We expect such pressure to remain intense in all paper machine clothing markets, especially during periods of customer

consolidation, plant closures, or when major contracts are being renegotiated. The emergence of new market entrants in China is likely to exacerbateChinese competitors exacerbates this risk.

Similar pressures exist in the markets in which AEC competes. Many of AEC’s customers, as well as the companies supplied by our customers in turn, are under pressure to achieve acceptable returns on their substantial investments in recent years in new technology,technologies, new programs and new product platforms.introductions. This has contributed to a relentless focus on reducing costs, resulting in intensecontinuous pressure for cost reduction and price improvementspricing improvement throughout the supply chain. Such pressures are likely to continue.The recent wave of consolidation in the aerospace industry could continue or intensify these pressures.

AEC is subject to significant execution risk related to the ramp up of the LEAP and otherkey programs in the short and medium term

The expected size and steep growth rateramp-up of the market for LEAP enginesengine program continues to put significant pressure on AEC to execute on deliveries in the short- and medium-term. In the short term, AEC must continue to fulfill critical program schedule and production-readiness milestones at its LEAP facilities in Rochester, New Hampshire and Commercy, France, as well as at the third LEAP facility in Queretaro, Mexico, which is scheduled to come on line in 2017.Mexico. In addition, a number of programs acquired in the purchase of Harris Corporation’s composite aerostructures business – including airframe components for the F-35, Joint Strike Fighter, forward fuselage frames for the Boeing 787, and sponsons, tail-rotor pylons, and horizontal stabilizers and struts for the CH-53K helicopter – will be ramping significantly during the next few years while LEAP output increases toward full production. AEC will be required to execute all of these program ramp-ups while continuing to maintain and improve performance on legacy programs. AEC’s ability to realize its full growth potential will depend on how effectively it accomplishes these goals. Failure to accomplish these goals could have a material adverse impact on the amount and timing of anticipated AEC revenues, income, and cash flows, which could in turn have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial results.

AEC is subject to significant financial risk related to potential quality escapes that could cause customer recalls, or production shortfalls that could cause delays in customer deliveries

In the short term, AEC must continue to ramp up and mature its manufacturing capacity while meeting increasingly demanding quality, delivery, and cost targets across a broad spectrum of programs and facilities. In addition to LEAP, these programs include airframe components for the F-35, forward fuselage frames for the Boeing 787, and sponsons, tail-rotor pylons, horizontal stabilizers and struts for the CH-53K helicopter. AEC’s ability to realize its full financial objectives will depend on how effectively it meets these challenges. Failure to accomplish these customer quality, delivery, and cost targets on any key program could result in material losses to the Company and have a material adverse impact on the amount and timing of anticipated AEC revenues, income, and cash flows, which could in turn have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial results.

The long-term organic growth prospects of AEC are subject to a number of risks

The prospect of future successful organic growth and long-term success ofin AEC depends in large part on its ability to maintain and grow a healthy pipeline of potential new products and applications for its technologies, to transform a sufficient number of those potential opportunities into commercial supply agreements, and to then execute its obligations under such agreements. In addition, existing and future supply agreements, especially for commercial and military aircraft programs,defense aerospace, are subject to the same curtailment or cancellation risks as the programs they support.

AEC is currently working on a broad portfolio of potential new product applications in the aerospace and other industries.industry. These development projects may or may not result in commercial supply opportunities. In the event that AEC succeeds in developing products and securing contracts to manufacture and supply them, it will face the same industrialization and manufacturing ramp-up risks that it currently faces in the LEAP program,and other programs, and may or may not be successful in meeting its obligations under these contracts. Failure to manage these development, commercialization and execution risks could have a material adverse impact on AEC’s prospects for revenue growth.

In addition to dealing with these development and manufacturing execution risks, future AEC growth will likely require increasingly larger amounts of cash to fund the investments in equipment, capital, and development efforts needed to achieve this growth. While AEC is starting to generate increasing amounts of cash, it is likely to be some time before AEC generatesnot yet generating sufficient cash to fund this growth. Until that time, absent the incurrence of additional indebtedness to fund this growth, AEC will remain dependent on the Machine ClothingMC segment’s ability

to generate cash, and a significant decline in Machine ClothingMC sales, operating income or cash flows could therefore have a material adverse impact on AEC’s growth.

Long-term supply contracts in our Albany Engineered Composites segment pose certain risks

AEC has a number of long-term or life-of-program contracts including a number with fixed pricing, and is likely to enter into similar contracts in the future. While long-term or life-of-program contracts provide an opportunity to realize steady and reliable revenues for extended periods, they pose a number of risks, such as program cancellations, reductions or delays in orders by AEC’s customers under these contracts, the termination of such contracts or orders, or the occurrence of similar events over which AEC has no or limited control. The occurrence of one or more of these events could have a material adverse effect on AEC revenues and earnings in any period. Such events could also result in the write-off of deferred charges that have been accumulated in anticipation of future revenues.

While long-term fixed-price contracts also provide AEC with the opportunity to enjoy increased profits as the result of cost reductions and efficiencies, their profitability is dependent on estimates and assumptions regarding contract performance costs over the life of the contract, which in some cases can last for many years. Such estimates and assumptions are subject to many variables, and may prove over time to have been inaccurate when made, or may become inaccurate over time. Additionally, many of the parts AEC agrees to develop and produce have highly complex designs, and challenging technical, quality, or otherand engineering specifications. Manufacturing or development challenges, disagreements over technical, quality or other contract requirements, and other variables may arise during development or production that result in higher costs, or an inability to achieve required technical specifications. If actual production and/or development costs should prove higher, or revenues prove lower, than AEC’s estimates, our expected profits may be reduced, or if such costs should exceed contract prices, we may be required to recognize losses for current or future periods, and potentially for the remaining life of the program.periods. One or more of these events could have a material adverse effect on AEC’s revenues or operating results in any period. Such events could also result in the write-off of deferred charges that have been or could be accumulated in anticipation of future revenues.

In 2015, the Companysecond quarter of 2017, AEC recorded a charge of $14.0$15.8 million associated with arelated to the revision in the estimated profitability of its BR725 and A380 programs. The charge was driven primarily by a contractreduction in the AEC segment. AEC has aestimated future demand in these long-term contractcontracts. Each quarter, the Company updates its outlook for each of its long-term contracts and records the manufactureeffect of composite components for the Rolls-Royce BR725 engine (BR 725), which powers the Gulfstream G-650 business jet. These components are manufacturedchange in AEC’s Boerne, Texas facility. The contract for this program was signed in 2007 and contains a very aggressive approach to pricing compared to AEC’s other contracts. The 2015 charge we recorded included $10.9 million for the write-off of deferred contract costs and $3.1 million of a reserve for additional losses expected through 2016. This program generated a loss of $2.6 million in 2016, approximately half of which was absorbed by the remaining loss reserve.estimated profitability. While the program is expectedCompany believes its estimates on long-term contracts to generate additional lossesbe accurate based on available information, new information may become available in the short-term, management expects that the program will be profitable over the remaining life of the program. AEC is working with the customer to establish future pricing of the parts and effectperiods, or other changes in the program that are expectedcould occur, which may lead to eventually eliminate these losses and result in a profitable program. Additionaladditional program losses, which could have a material effect on operating results in future periods, could occur if AEC’s efforts to improve the program are unsuccessful.periods.

Sales of components for a number of programs that are currently considered to be important to the future sales growth of AEC are pursuant to short-term purchase orders for a finite period or number of parts, or short-term supply agreements with terms of one to four years. Such programs include airframe components for the F-35, Joint Strike Fighter, forward fuselage frames for the Boeing 787, and sponsons, tail-rotor pylons, and horizontal stabilizers and struts for the CH-53K helicopter. As a result, while AEC reasonably expects to continue as a supplier on these programs as long as it meets its obligations, there can be no assurance that this will be the case, or that, in programs where it is currently a sole supplier that this sole supplier status will continue even if it continues as a

supplier. Even if AEC’s status as a supplier is extended or renewed, there can be no assurance that such extension or renewal will be on the same or similar commercial or other terms. Any failure by AEC to maintain its current supplier status

under these programs, or any material change in their commercial or other terms, could have a material adverse effect on AEC’s future sales and operating income.

AEC is subject to significant short- and medium-term risks related to the integrationpotential manufacture and sale of the composite aerostructures business acquired from Harris Corporationdefective or non-conforming products

AEC manufactures and sells products that are incorporated into commercial and military aircraft. If AEC were to supply products with manufacturing defects, or products that failed to conform to contractual requirements, we could be required to recall and/or replace them, and could also be subject to substantial contractual damages or warranty claims from our customers. AEC could also be subject to product liability claims if such failures were to cause death, injury or losses to third parties, or damage claims resulting from the grounding of aircraft into which such defective or non-conforming products had been incorporated. While we maintain product liability insurance and other insurance at levels we believe to be prudent and consistent with industry practice to help mitigate these risks, these coverages may not be sufficient to fully cover AEC’s recent acquisition of the composite aerostructures business of Harris Corporation presents certainexposure for such risks, including those associated with the assimilation and integration of operations, business systems and business methods, and the diversion of management attention from other business concerns. Failure by AEC to successfully manage these integration riskswhich could have a material adverse impacteffect on the amountAEC’s results of operations and timing of anticipated AEC sales and profitability, which could in turn have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial results. cash flows.

Deterioration of current global economic conditions or reductions in government appropriations for defense spending could have an adverse impact on the Company’s business and results of operations

The Company identifies in this section a number of risks, the effects of which may be exacerbated by an unfavorable economic climate. For example, unfavorable global economic and paper industry conditions maya recession could lead to greater consolidationlower consumption in all paper grades including tissue and rationalization within the paper industry, further reducing global consumption of paper machine clothing. Reducedpackaging, which would not only reduce consumption of paper machine clothing but could in turnalso increase the risk of greater price competition withinin the paper machine clothing industry, and greater efforts by competitors to gain market share at the expense of the Company. Sales of the Company’s other Machine Clothing products may also be adversely affected by unfavorable economic conditions.industry.

Similarly, in the Company’s AEC segment, a decline in global or regional economic conditions could result in lower orders for aircraft or aircraft engines, or the cancellation of existing orders, which would in turn result in reduced demand for the AEC components utilized on such aircraft or engines. Demand for AEC’s light-weight composite aircraft components is driven by demand for the lighter, more fuel-efficient aircraft engine and other applications into which they are incorporated, such as the CFM LEAP engine. Fuel costs are a significant part of airlines’ overall operating costs for airlines and, in many cases, may constitute a carrier’s single largest operating expense. A sustained drop in oil prices, and related decline in the price of jet fuel, could prompt airlines to defer orders or delivery dates for such newer, more fuel-efficient airframes and aircraft engines, as the urgency to reduce fuel consumption may be lessened. These actionsIn addition, any economic conditions that led to sustained high interest rates could reduce or postpone AEC’s anticipated revenues,affect the airline’s ability to finance new aircraft and reduce profitability.engine orders.

AEC generates a substantial amount of revenue from programs in which the ultimate customer is the U.S. Department of Defense. Government funding of such programs is subject to change due to a variety of reasons and the reduction or elimination of such programs could have a material adverse effect on operating results in any period.

Weak or unstable economic conditions also increase the risk that one or more of our customers could be unable to pay outstanding accounts receivable, whether as the result of bankruptcy or an inability to obtain working capital financing from banks or other lenders. In such a case, we could be forced to write off such accounts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or operating results. Furthermore, both the Machine ClothingMC and AEC business segments manufacture products that are custom-designed for a specific customer application. In the event of a customer liquidity issue, the Company could also be required to write off amounts that are included in inventories. In the case of AEC, such write-offs could also include investments in equipment, tooling, and non-recurring engineering, some of which could be significant depending on the program.

AEC derives a significant portion of its revenue from contracts with the U.S. government, which are subject to unique risks

The funding of U.S. government programs is subject to congressional appropriations. Many of the U.S. government programs in which we participate may last several years, but they are normally funded annually. Changes in military strategy and priorities may affect our future procurement opportunities and existing programs. Long-term government contracts and related orders are subject to cancellation, delay or restructure, if appropriations for subsequent performance periods are not made. The termination or reduction of funding for

existing or new U.S. government programs could result in a material adverse effect on our earnings, cash flow and financial position.

Additionally, our business with the U.S. government is subject to specific procurement regulations and our contract costs are subject to audits by U.S. government agencies. U.S. government representatives may audit our compliance with government regulations, and such audits could result in adjustments to our contract costs. Any costs found to be improperly allocated to a specific contract will not be reimbursed, and such costs already reimbursed must be refunded. If any audit uncovers improper or illegal activities, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspension or prohibition from doing business with the U.S. government, which could result in a material adverse effect on our earnings, cash flow and financial position.

The loss of one or more major customers could have a material adverse effect on sales and profitability

One customer (Safran) accounted for approximately 45%50 percent of net sales in the AEC segment in 2016,2018, substantially all of which was under an exclusiveexclusive long-term supply agreement relating to parts for the LEAP engine. Although we are an exclusive supplier of such parts, our customer is not obligated to purchase any minimum quantity of parts, and cancellation of the LEAP program, or of existing orders for LEAP engines, would have a material adverse impact on segment sales and profitability. TheLEAP engines are currently used on the Boeing 737 Max, Airbus A320neo and COMAC aircraft.  A number of countries, including the United States, have recently issued orders grounding Boeing 737 Max 8 and/or Max 9 aircraft.  If these recent groundings cause a decrease in demand for, or production of, this aircraft, it could have an adverse impact on demand for LEAP engines, which could in turn have an adverse impact on demand for our LEAP engine parts.The LEAP long-term supply agreement also containscontains certain events of default that, if triggered, could result in termination of the agreement by the customer, which would also have a material adverse impact on segment sales and profitability.

AEC’s short- and medium-term non-LEAP future sales growth is currently limited to and dependent upon a small number of customers and program. Unlike the 3D-woven composite components supplied by ASC, parts supplied for such non-LEAP programs are capable of being made by a number of other suppliers. Such programs include airframe components for the F-35, Joint Strike Fighter, forward fuselage frames for the Boeing 787, and sponsons, tail-rotor pylons, and horizontal stabilizers and struts for the CH-53K helicopter. Any failure by AEC to maintain its current supplier status under these programs, or any material change in their commercial or other terms, could have a material adverse effect on AEC’s future sales and operating income.

Our top ten customers in the Machine ClothingMC segment accounted for 21%a significant portion of our net sales in 2016.2018. The loss of one or more of these customers, or a significant decrease in the amount of Machine Clothingmachine clothing they purchase from us, could have a material adverse impact on segment sales and profitability. We could also be subject to similar impacts if one or more such customers were to suffer financial difficulties and be unable to pay us for products they have purchased. While we normally enter into long-term supply agreements with significant Machine ClothingMC customers, the agreements generally do not obligate the customer to purchase any products from us, and may be terminated by the customer at any time with appropriate notice.

The Company may experience supply constraints due to a limited number of suppliers of certain raw materials and equipment

There are a limited number of suppliers of polymer fiber and monofilaments, key raw materials used in the manufacture of Machine Clothing, and of carbon fiber and carbon resin, key raw materials used by AEC. In addition, there are a limited number of suppliers of some of the equipment used in each of the Machine ClothingMC and AEC segments. While we have always been able to meet our raw material and equipment needs, the limited number of suppliers of these items creates the potential for disruptions in supply. AEC currently relies on single suppliers to meet the carbon fiber and carbon resin requirements for the LEAP program. Lack of supply, delivery delays, or quality problems relating to supplied raw materials or for our key manufacturing equipment could harm our production capacity, and could require the Company to attempt to qualify one or more additional suppliers, which could be a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process. Such disruptions could make it difficult to supply our customers with products on time, which could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Some of the Company’s competitors in the Machine ClothingMC segment have the capability to make and sell paper machines and papermaking equipment as well as other engineered fabrics

Although customers historically have tended to view the purchase of paper machine clothing and the purchase of paper machines as separate purchasing decisions, the ability to bundle fabrics with new machines and after-market services could provide a competitive advantage. This underscores the importance of our ability to maintain the technological competitiveness and value of our products, and a failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Moreover, we cannot predict how the nature of competition in this segment may continue to evolve as a result of future consolidation among our competitors, or consolidation involving our competitors and other suppliers to our customers.

Conditions in the paper industry have required, and could further require, the Company to reorganize its operations, which could result in significant expense and could pose risks to the Company’s operations

During the last several years, we have engaged in significant restructuring that included the closing of a number of manufacturing operations. These restructuring activities were intended to match manufacturing capacity to shifting global demand, and also to improve the efficiency of manufacturing and administrative processes. Future shifting of customer demand, the need to reduce costs, or other factors could cause us to determine in the future that additional restructuring steps are required. Restructuring involves risks such as employee work stoppages, slowdowns, or strikes, which can threaten uninterrupted production, maintenance of high product quality, meeting of customers’ delivery deadlines, and maintenance of administrative processes. Increases in output in remaining manufacturing operations can likewise impose stress on these remaining facilities as they undertake the manufacture of greater volume and, in some cases, a greater variety of products. Competitors can be quick to attempt to exploit these situations. Although we plan each step of the process carefully, and work to reassure customers who could be affected that their requirements will continue to be met, we could lose customers and associated revenues if we fail to execute properly.

Natural disasters at one or more of our facilities could make it difficult for us to meet our supply obligations to our customers

AEC’s production of LEAP engine components is currently located in three facilities. An interruption at any of these locations would have a significant adverse effect on AEC’s ability to timely satisfy orders for LEAP components. Production of almost all of AEC’s other legacy and growth programs – including components for the F-35, fuselage components for the Boeing 787, components for the CH-53K helicopter, vacuum waste tanks for Boeing 7-Series aircraft, and missile bodies for Lockheed Martin’s JASSM air-to-surface missiles – is located primarily in facilities in Salt Lake City, Utah or Boerne, Texas.

Significant consolidation of manufacturing operations in our Machine ClothingMC segment over the past decade has reduced the number of facilities available to produce our products, and increased utilization significantly at remaining facilities. Not all product lines are produced at, or capable of being produced at, all facilities. We have Machine Clothing facilities located near Mexico City, which has been identified as an area vulnerable to flood, storm surge and earthquake risks, and in the Pearl River Delta area of China, which has been identified as vulnerable to flood, storm and storm surge risks.

AEC’s production of LEAP engine components is currently located in two facilities. An interruption at either of these locations would have a significant adverse effect on AEC’s ability to timely satisfy orders for LEAP components. Production of a number of AEC’s other legacy and growth programs – including components for the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, fuselage components for the Boeing 787, components for the CH-53K helicopter, vacuum waste tanks for Boeing 7-Series aircraft, and missile bodies for Lockheed Martin’s JASSM air-to-surface missiles – is located in a single facility in Salt Lake City.

A significant interruption in the operation of any one or more of our plants, whether as the result of a natural disaster or other causes, could significantly impair our ability to timely meet our supply obligations to customers being supplied from an affected facility. While the occurrence of a natural disaster or other business interruption event in an area where we have a facility may not result in any direct damage to the facility itself, it may cause disruptions in local transportation and public utilities on which such locations are reliant, and may also hinder the ability of affected employees to report for work. Although we carry property and business interruption

insurance to help mitigate the risk of property loss or business interruption that could result from the occurrence of such events, such coverage may not be adequate to compensate us for all loss or damage that we may incur.

The Standish family has a significant influence on our Company and could prevent transactions that might be in the best interests of our other stockholders

As of December 31, 2016,2018, Standish Family Holdings, LLC and related persons (including Christine L. Standish, and John C. Standish, both directorsa director of the Company) held in the aggregate shares entitling them to cast approximately 53%53 percent of the combined votes entitled to be cast by all stockholders of the Company. The Standish family has significant influence over the management and affairs of the Company and matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. The Standish family currently has, in the aggregate, sufficient voting power to elect all of our directors and determine the outcome of any shareholder action requiring a majority vote. This could have the effect of delaying or

preventing a change in control or a merger, consolidation, or other business combination at a premium price, even if such transaction were favored by our other stockholders.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Corporate Governance Rules of the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) and qualify for, and rely on, certain exemptions from corporate governance requirements applicable to other listed companies

As a result of the greater-than-50%greater-than-50 percent voting power of the Standish family described above, we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the rules of the NYSE. Therefore, we are not required to comply with certain corporate governance rules that would otherwise apply to us as a listed company on the NYSE, including the requirement that the Compensation and Governance Committees be composed entirely of “independent” directors (as defined by the NYSE rules). In addition, although we believehave determined that all of our current directors, other than Dr. Morone,Olivier Jarrault, Christine Standish and John Standish may beLee Wortham are deemed independent under the NYSE rules, as a controlled company our Board of Directors is not required to include a majority of “independent” directors. Should the interests of the Standish family differ from those of other stockholders, it is possible that the other stockholders might not be afforded such protections as might exist if our Board of Directors, or these Committees, were required to have a majority, or be composed exclusively, of directors who were independent of the Standish family or our management.

The Company is increasingly dependent on information technology and our business, systems, assets and infrastructure face certain risks, including cybersecurity and data leakage risks. The failure to prevent attacks on our operational systems or infrastructure could result in disruptions to our businesses, or the loss or disclosure of confidential and proprietary intellectual property or other assets.

As our dependence on information technology and communication systems has increased, so have the risks associated with cyber-attacks from third parties attempting to gain access to our systems, data, or assets using varied means, from electronic “hacking” to traditional social engineering aimed at our employees. The Company has been, and will likely continue to be, the target of such attacks, none of which have, individually or in the aggregate, been material to the Company.

Any significant breakdown, invasion, destruction or interruption of our business systems by employees, others with authorized access to our systems, or unauthorized persons could negatively impact operations. There is also a risk that we could experience a business interruption, theft of information or other assets, or reputational damage. While we have made, and will continue to make, significant investments in business systems, information technology infrastructure, internal controls systems and employee training to attempt to reduce these risks, there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent breakdowns, losses or breaches that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

Inflation as a result of changes in prices of commodities and labor costs may adversely impact our financial results of operations

The Company is a significant user of raw materials that are based on petroleum or petroleum derivatives. The Company also relies on the labor market in many regions of the world to meet our operational requirements. Increases in the prices of petroleum or petroleum derivatives, or in our labor costs, particularly in regions that are experiencing higher levels of inflation, could increase our costs, and we may not be able to fully offset the effects through price increases, productivity improvements, and cost-reduction programs.

The Company also relies on the labor market in many regions of the world to meet our operational requirements, advance our technology and differentiate products. Low rates of unemployment in key geographic areas in which the Company operates can lead to high rates of turnover and loss of critical talent, which could in turn lead to higher labor costs.

Fluctuations in currency exchange rates could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations

We operate our business in many regions of the world, and currency rate movements can have a significant effect on operating results. The effect of currency rate changes on gross profit in the Machine ClothingMC segment can be difficult to anticipate because we use a global sourcing and manufacturing model. Under this model, while some non-U.S. sales and associated costs are in the same currency, other non-U.S. sales are denominated in currencies other than the currency in which most costs of such sales are incurred. At the same time, the geographic sources of materials purchased (and the currencies in which these purchases are denominated) can vary depending on market forces, and the Company may also shift production of its products between manufacturing locations, which can result in a change in the currency in which certain costs to produce such products are incurred.

Changes in exchange rates can result in revaluation gains and losses that are recorded in Selling, Technical, Generalgeneral and Researchadministrative expenses or Other expense/(income),expense, net. Revaluation gains and losses occur when our business units have cash, intercompany or third-party trade receivable or payable balances in a currency other than their local reporting (or functional) currency. Operating results can also be affected by the translation of sales and costs, for each non-U.S. subsidiary, from the local functional currency to the U.S. dollar. The translation effect on the income statement is dependent on our net income or expense position in each non-U.S. currency in which we do business. A net income position exists when sales realized in a particular currency exceed expenses paid in that currency; a net expense position exists if the opposite is true.

As a result of these exposures to foreign currency transactions and balances, changes in currency rates could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

The Company may fail to adequately protect its proprietary technology, which would allow competitors or others to take advantage of its research and development efforts

Proprietary trade secrets are a source of competitive advantage in each of our segments. If our trade secrets were to become available to competitors, it could have a negative impact on our competitive strength. We employ measures to maintain the confidential nature of these secrets, including maintaining employment and confidentiality agreements; maintaining clear policies intended to protect such trade secrets; educating our employees about such policies; clearly identifying proprietary information subject to such agreements and policies; and vigorously enforcing such agreements and policies. Despite such measures, our employees, consultants, and third parties to whom such information may be disclosed in the ordinary course of our business may breach their obligations not to reveal such information, and any legal remedies available to us may be insufficient to compensate our damages.

We have a substantial amount of indebtedness. At December 31, 2016,2018, the Company had outstanding short-term debt of $52$1.2 million and long-term debt of $433 million.$523.7 million

At December 31, 2016,2018, our leverage ratio (as defined in our primary borrowing agreements)agreement) was 2.301.96 to 1, and we had borrowed $418$499 million under our $550$685 million revolving credit facility. While we feel that we generate sufficient cash from operations and have sufficient borrowing capacity to make required capital expenditures to

maintain and grow our business, any decrease in our cash generation could result in higher leverage. Higher leverage could hinder our ability to make acquisitions, capital expenditures, or other investments in our businesses, pay dividends, or withstand business and economic downturns. Our primary borrowing agreements containagreement contains a number of covenants and financial ratios that the Company is required to satisfy. The most restrictive of these covenants pertain to prescribed leverage and interest coverage ratios and asset dispositions. Any breach of any such covenants or restrictions would result in a default under such agreementsagreement that would permit the lenders to declare all borrowings under such agreementsagreement to be immediately due and payable and, through cross-default provisions, could entitle other lenders to accelerate their loans. In such an event, the Company would need to modify or restructure all or a portion of such indebtedness. Depending on prevailing economic conditions at the time, the Company might find it difficult to modify or restructure the debt on attractive terms, or at all.

We use interest rate swap agreements to help manage the interest cost associated with our borrowings. We account for those swaps as a hedge of future cash flows and, accordingly, changes in the fair value of the swaps are recorded in Other comprehensive income. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility and the interest rate swaps are currently based on LIBOR, which is expected to be phased out and replaced by 2021. Future changes in the interest rate benchmark could affect the Company’s cash flows, or the effectiveness of the swap agreements which could have an effect on net income.

As of December 31, 2016,2018, we had approximately $132$186 million of additional borrowing capacity under our $550$685 million revolving credit facility. Incurrence of additional indebtedness could increase the above-described risks associated with higher leverage. In addition, any such indebtedness could contain terms that are more restrictive than our current facilities.

The Company is increasingly dependent on information technology and our business, systems, assets and infrastructure face certain risks, including cybersecurity and data leakage risks. The failure to prevent attacks on our operational systems or infrastructure could result in disruptions to our businesses, or the loss or disclosure of confidential and proprietary intellectual property or other assets.

As our dependence on information technology and communication systems has increased, so have the risks associated with cyber-attacks from third parties attempting to gain access to our systems, data, or assets using varied means, from electronic “hacking” to traditional social engineering aimed at our employees. The Company has been, and will likely continue to be, the target of such attacks, none of which have, individually or in the aggregate, been material to the Company.

Any significant breakdown, invasion, destruction or interruption of our business systems by employees, others with authorized access to our systems, or unauthorized persons could negatively impact operations. There is also a risk that we could experience a business interruption, theft of information or other assets, or reputational damage. While we have made, and will continue to make, significant investments in business systems, information technology infrastructure, internal controls systems and employee training to attempt to reduce these

risks, there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent breakdowns, losses or breaches that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

The Company is subject to legal proceedings and legal compliance risks, and has been named as defendant in a large number of suits relating to the actual or alleged exposure to asbestos-containing products

We are subject to a variety of legal proceedings. Pending proceedings that the Company determines are material are disclosed in Note 17,20, to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, which is incorporated herein by reference. Litigation is an inherently unpredictable process and unanticipated negative outcomes are always possible. An adverse outcome in any period could have an adverse impact on the Company’s operating results for that period.

We are also subject to a variety of legal compliance risks. While we believe that we have adopted appropriate risk management and compliance programs, the global and diverse nature of our operations means that legal compliance risks will continue to exist and related legal proceedings and other contingencies, the outcome of which cannot be predicted with certainty, are likely to arise from time to time. Failure to resolve successfully any legal proceedings related to compliance matters could have an adverse impact on our results in any period.

Changes in actuarial assumptions and differences between actual experience and assumptions could adversely affect our pension and postretirement benefit costs and liabilities

Although we have reduced pension liabilities by a significant amount during the past few years, as of December 31, 2016,2018, remaining net liabilities under our defined benefit pension plans exceeded plan assets by $30.2$22.5 million ($13.09.3 million for the U.S. plan, $17.2$13.2 million for non-U.S. plans). Additionally, the liability for unfunded postretirement welfare benefits, principally in the United States, totaled $57.5$51.1 million. Annual expense associated with these plans, as well as annual cash contributions, are subject to a number of variables, including discount rates, return on plan assets, mortality, and differences between actuarial assumptions and actual experience. Those liabilities include $76.9$72.9 million of deferred costs which are included in Accumulated other comprehensive income. The deferred costs will be amortized into expense in future periods, or a significant charge could be recorded if we were to take an actions to settle pension or postretirement obligations. In 2014, we settled certain pension obligations as part of a de-risking strategy in the United States which led to charges totaling $8.2 million.

Although the Company has taken actions to hedge certain pension plan assets to the pension liabilities, weakness in investment returns on plan assets, changes in discount rates or actuarial assumptions, and actual future experience could result in higher benefit plan expense and the need to increase pension plan contributions in future years.

The Company is exposed to the risk of increased expense in health-care related costs

We are largely self-insured for some employee and business risks, including health care and workers’ compensation programs in the United States. Losses under all of these programs are accrued based upon estimates of the ultimate liability for claims reported and an estimate of claims incurred but not reported, with assistance from third-party actuaries and service providers. However, these liabilities are difficult to assess and estimate due to unknown factors, including the severity of an illness or injury and the number of incidents not reported. The accruals are based upon known facts and historical trends, and management believes such accruals to be adequate. The Company also maintains stop-loss insurance policies to protect against catastrophic claims above certain limits. If actual results significantly differ from estimates, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially impacted by losses under these programs, as well as higher stop-loss premiums in future periods.

Changes in or interpretations of tax rules, structures, country profitability mix, and regulations may adversely affect our effective tax rate

We are a United States-based multinational company subject to tax in the United States and foreign tax jurisdictions. Unanticipated changes in tax rates, or tax policies in the countries in which we operate, could affect our future results of operations. Our future effective tax rate could be unfavorably affected by changes in or interpretation of tax rules and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we do business, by structural changes in the Company’s businesses, by unanticipated decreases in the amount of revenue or earnings in countries with low statutory tax rates, or by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities. Additionally, changes in the tax laws in any country, including the U.S. tax reform in 2017, may be difficult to interpret without additional guidance, which could lead to future adjustments to our financial statements.

The Company has substantial deferred tax assets that could become impaired, and resultresulting in a charge to earnings

The Company has substantial deferred tax assets in several tax jurisdictions, including the U.S. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon many factors, including generation of future taxable income in specific countries. (See Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, which is incorporated herein by reference, for a discussion of this matter.) Lower than expected operating results, organizational changes, or changes in tax laws could result in those deferred tax assets becoming impaired, thus resulting in a charge to earnings.

Our business could be adversely affected by adverse outcomes of pending or future tax audits

The Company is currently under audit in certain jurisdictions and could be audited in other jurisdictions in the future. While the Company believes its tax filings to be correct, a final adverse outcome with respect to pending or future audits could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s results in any period in which it occurs.

The Company’s insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover other significant risk exposures

In addition to asbestos-related claims, the Company may be exposed to other liabilities related to the products and services we provide. AEC is engaged in designing, developing, and manufacturing components for commercial jet aircraft and defense and technology systems and products. We expect this portion of the business to grow in future periods. Although we maintain insurance for the risks associated with this business, there can be no assurance that the amount of our insurance coverage will be adequate to cover all claims or liabilities. In

addition, there can be no assurance that insurance coverage will continue to be available to us in the future at a cost that is acceptable. Any material liability not covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The Company has significant manufacturing operations outside of the U.S., which could involve many uncertainties

We currently have manufacturing facilities outside the U.S. In 2016, 49%2018, 47 percent of consolidated net sales were generated by our non-U.S. subsidiaries. Operations outside of the U.S. are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including: governments may impose limitations on our ability to repatriate funds; governments may impose withholding or other taxes on remittances and other payments from our non-U.S. operations, or the amount of any such taxes may increase; an outbreak or escalation of any insurrection or armed conflict may occur; governments may seek to nationalize our assets; or governments may impose or increase investment barriers or other restrictions affecting our business. In addition, emerging markets pose other uncertainties, including the protection of our intellectual property, pressure on the pricing of our products, and risks of political instability. The occurrence of any of these conditions could disrupt our business or prevent us from conducting business in particular countries or regions of the world.

We have significant manufacturing operations in Mexico, Canada and China. Changes in U.S. trade policy with these countries (including the North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA, or NAFTA)higher duties on imports from China or other countries), or other changes in

U.S. laws and policies governing foreign trade, as well as any responsive or retaliatory changes in regulations or policies by such countries, could have an adverse impact on our business.business, either directly or in the form of increased costs due to their impacts on our supply chain. While the direct impact to date of recent developments in global trade and tariff policy has not been significant, there is a risk that the impact of such developments on companies in our supply chain will be reflected in higher costs from affected suppliers. In addition, the Company has manufacturing operations in the United Kingdom that could be impacted by Brexit. Due to the uncertainties surrounding the U.K’s plan to exit the European Union, we are unable to assess the potential impact to the Company.

Our global presence subjects us to certain risks, including controls on foreign exchange and the repatriation of funds. While we have been able to repatriate current earnings in excess of working capital requirements from certain countries in which we operate without substantial governmental restrictions, there can be no assurance that we will be able to cost effectively repatriate foreign earnings in the future.

The Company is subject to laws and regulations worldwide, changes to which could increase our costs and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations

The Company is subject to laws and regulations relating to employment practices and benefits, taxes, import and export matters, corruption, foreign-exchange controls, competition, workplace health and safety, intellectual property, health-care, the environment and other areas. These laws and regulations have a significant impact on our domestic and international operations.

We incur significant expenses to comply with laws and regulations. Changes or additions to laws and regulations could increase these expenses, which could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. Such changes could also have an adverse impact on our customers and suppliers, which in turn could adversely impact the Company.

While we have implemented policies and training programs designed to ensure compliance, there can be no assurance that our employees or agents will not violate such laws, regulations or policies, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, that, if not properly remediated, could adversely affect our business and results of operations  

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As described in “Item 9A. -Controls and Procedures,” we have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was ineffective as of December 31, 2016 due to material weaknesses we identified in the fourth quarter of 2016 and described in Item 9A. As the result of these weaknesses, a third-party provider of services to the Company’s subsidiary in Japan was able unilaterally to effect disbursements to himself from such subsidiary’s bank accounts, while misrepresenting the nature of such disbursements in the Company’s books and records. This third-party was also responsible for preparing financial statements and reports for the Japan subsidiary. These disbursements occurred during the period from January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2016, with most of the disbursements occurring during the fourth quarter of 2016 as the relationship with the agent was in the process of being terminated. In addition, the Company did not have effective management review controls over the assessment of a potential reserve for a loss contract due to a failure to understand and document the design requirements and operation of an effective management review control.

These material weaknesses did not result in any material misstatements of our consolidated financial statements and disclosures for any annual or interim period.

As further described in Item 9A, we have initiated comprehensive remediation efforts to ensure that the deficiencies that contributed to these material weaknesses are remediated such that these controls will operate effectively. The material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until the remediated controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively.

While we believe that such efforts will effectively remediate the reported material weaknesses, the failure of such efforts to remediate the weakness, or the failure of such changes to remain effective in the future, could have a material adverse impact on our ability to ensure that our financial statements are free of material misstatement, which could have a material adverse impact on the Company.

Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

Item 2.    PROPERTIES

Our principal manufacturing facilities are located in Brazil, Canada, China, France, Italy, Mexico, South Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The aggregate square footage of our operating facilities in the United States and Canada is approximately 2.62.0 million square feet, of which 1.51.1 million square feet are owned and 1.10.9 million square feet are leased. Our facilities located outside the United States and Canada comprise approximately 2.63.6 million square feet, of which 2.43.1 million square feet are owned and 0.20.5 million square feet are leased. We consider these facilities to be in good condition and suitable for our purpose. The capacity associated with these facilities is adequate to meet production levels required and anticipated through 2017.2019.

Item 3.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The information set forth above under Note 1720 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

PART II

We have two classes of Common Stock, Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, each with a par value of $0.001 and equal liquidation rights. Our Class A Common Stock is principally traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol AIN. As of December 31, 2016,2018, we estimate that there were 7,500over 20,000 beneficial owners of our Class A Common Stock, including employees owning shares through our 401(k) defined contribution plan. Our Class B Common Stock does not trade publicly. As of December 31, 2016,2018, there were 6 holders of Class B Common Stock. Dividends are paid equally on shares of each class. Our cash dividends, and the high and low prices per share of our Class A Common Stock, were as follows for the periods presented:

The graph below matches the cumulative 5-Year total return of holders of Albany International Corp.'s’s common stock with the cumulative total returns of the S&P 500 index, the Russell 2000 index, the Dow Jones US Paper index and a customized peer group of twenty sevenfive companies that includes: Actuant Corp, Astronics Corp, Barnes Group Inc., Circor International Inc., Clarcor Inc., Curtiss-wright Corp, Ducommun Inc., Enpro Industries Inc., Esco Technologies Inc., Esterline Technologies Corp, Heico Corp, Hexcel Corp, Idex Corp, Kadant Inc., Keyw Holding Corp, National Presto Industries Inc., Neenah Paper Inc., Nordson Corp, Omnova Solutions Inc., P H Glatfelter Co, Raven Industries Inc., Rogers Corp, Schweitzer-MauduitSchweitzer-mauduit International Inc., Tredegar Corp, Trimas Corp and Watts Water Technologies Inc. and Xerium Technologies Inc. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our common stock, in each index, and in the peer group (including reinvestment of dividends) was $100 on December 31, 20112013 and tracks it through December 31, 2016.2018.

COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*
Among Albany International Corp., the Russell 2000 Index,
and a Peer Group

*$100 invested on December 31, 2011 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.
Fiscal year ending December 31.

Copyright© 2017 Standard & Poor's, a division of S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Copyright© 2017 S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC, a division of S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Copyright© 20172019 Russell Investment Group. All rights reserved.

The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

Restrictions on dividends and other distributions are described in Note 1417 of the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Disclosures of securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans are included under Item 12 of this Form 10-K.

In August 2006, we announced that the Board of Directors had authorized management to purchase up to 2 million additional shares of our Class A Common Stock. The Board’s action authorized management to purchase shares from time to time, in the open market or otherwise, whenever it believes such purchase to be

advantageous to our shareholders, and it is otherwise legally permitted to do so. Management has made no share purchases under this authorization.

Item 6.         SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following selected historical financial data have been derived from our Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, which is incorporated herein by reference. The data should be read in conjunction with those financial statements and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) is intended to help the reader understand the results of operations and financial condition of the Company. MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes.

Business Environment Overview and Trends

Our reportable segments, Machine Clothing (MC) and Albany Engineered Composites (AEC) draw on the same advanced textiles and materials processing capabilities, and compete on the basis of proprietary, product-based advantage that is grounded in those core capabilities.

The Machine ClothingMC segment is the Company’s long-established core business and primary generator of cash. While it has suffered from well-documented declines in publication grades in the Company’s traditional markets, the paper and paperboard industry is still expected to grow slightly on a global basis, driven by demand for packaging and tissue grades, as well as the expansion of paper consumption and production in Asia and South America. We feel we are now well-positioned in thesekey markets, with high-quality, low-cost production in growth markets, substantially lower fixed costs in mature markets, and continued strength in new product development, technical product support, and manufacturing technology. Because of pricing pressures and industry overcapacity, the machine clothing and paper industries will continue to face top line pressure. Nonetheless,Despite continued market pressure on revenue, the business retains the potential for maintaining flatstable earnings in the future. It has been a significant generator of cash, and we seek to maintain the cash-generating potential of this business by maintaining the low costs that we have achieved through restructuring,continuous focus on cost reduction initiatives, and competing vigorously by using our differentiated and technically superior products to reduce our customers’ total cost of operation and improve their paper quality.

The AEC segment provides significant growth potential for our Company both near and long term. Our strategy is to grow by focusing our proprietary 3D-woven technology, as well as our conventional non-3D technology capabilities, on high-value aerospace (both commercial and defensedefense) applications, while at the same time performing successfully on our portfolio of growth programs. AEC (including Albany Safran Composites, LLC (“ASC”)(ASC), in which our customer SAFRAN Group owns a 10 percent noncontrolling interest) supplies a number of customers in the aerospace industry. AEC’s largest aerospace customer is the SAFRAN Group and sales to SAFRAN, through ASC, (consisting primarily of fan blades and cases for CFM’s LEAP engine) accounted for approximately 11%19 percent of the Company’s consolidated net sales in 2016. Through2018. AEC, through ASC, AEC develops and sells 3D-woven composite aerospace components to SAFRAN, with the most significant program at present being the production of fan blades and other components for the LEAP engine. AEC (through ASC) also supplies 3D-woven composite fan cases for the GE9X engine. AEC’s current portfolio of non-3D programs includes

components for the F-35, Joint Strike Fighter, fuselage components for the Boeing 787, components for the CH-53K helicopter, vacuum waste tanks for Boeing 7-Series aircraft, and missile bodies for Lockheed Martin’s JASSM air-to-surface missiles. AEC is actively engaged in research to develop new applications in theboth commercial and defense aircraft engine airframes, and automotiveairframe markets.

Consolidated Results of Operations

On April 8, 2016,

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the provisions of ASC 606, “Revenue from contracts with customers”, using the modified retrospective (or cumulative effect) method for transition. Under this transition method, periods prior to 2018 are not restated. The following table summarizes the effect on various financial statement line items that resulted from the adoption of ASC 606:

The Company acquired the outstanding shares of Harris Corporation’s composite aerostructures business for $187 million in cash, plus the assumption of certain liabilities.liabilities, on April 8, 2016. As the acquisition occurred during the year, the Company’s 2016 results of operations include only a portion of the year, which can affect comparability amongst periods. The acquired entity, located in Salt Lake City (SLC), Utah, is part of the AEC segment. Management believes that the acquisition broadensbroadened and deepensdeepened AEC’s products, experience and manufacturing capabilities, and significantly increasesincreased opportunities for future growth.

The following table presents operational results of the acquired entity that are included in the Consolidated Statements of Income:

Net sales

The following table summarizes our netNet sales by business segment:

2016 vs. 2015

2018 vs. 2017

2017 vs. 2016

2015 vs. 2014

The decrease in gross profit2018 was principally due to the net effect of the following individually significant items:

2017 vs. 2016

The decrease in AEC Gross profit in 2017 was principally due to the net effect of the following individually significant items:

Long-term contracts

AEC has contracts with certain customers, including its contract for the LEAP program, where revenue is determined by cost, plus a defined profit margin.cost-plus-fee arrangement. Revenue earned under these arrangements accounted for approximately 4549 percent, 5044 percent, and 5445 percent of segment revenue for 2018, 2017, and 2016, 2015,respectively. LEAP engines are currently used on the Boeing 737 Max, Airbus A320neo and 2014 respectively.COMAC aircraft.  A number of countries, including the United States, have recently issued orders grounding Boeing 737 Max 8 and/or Max 9 aircraft.  If these recent groundings cause a decrease in demand for, or production of, this aircraft, it could have an adverse impact on demand for LEAP engines, which could in turn have an adverse impact on demand for our LEAP engine parts.  Such a decrease could, in turn, trigger an increase in demand for A320neo aircraft, which could somewhat offset this negative impact.

In addition, AEC has long-term contracts in which the total contractselling price is fixed. In accounting for those contracts, we estimate the profit margin expected at the completion offor the contract and recognize a pro-rata share of that profit during the course of the contract using a cost-to-cost or units of delivery approach. Changes in estimated contract profitability will affect revenue and gross profit when the change occurs, which could have a significant favorable or unfavorable effect on revenue and gross profit in any reporting period.

In 2015, the Company recordedfourth quarter of 2018, we had both favorable and unfavorable adjustments to the estimated profitability on long-term contracts that had a net effect of reducing gross profit by $1.5 million. The favorable adjustment resulted from a reduction to the estimated loss on a long-term contract that resulted from better than expected ramp-up on a different program. The unfavorable adjustment resulted in a charge of $14.0$4.0 million associated withdue to ramp-up inefficiencies on a revisionkey program and we also had a charge of $4.0 million in the profitabilityfourth quarter of a contract in the AEC segment. That charge included $10.9 million for the write-off of deferred contract costs and a reserve of $3.1 million for additional losses expected through 2016. 2017 related to ramp-up inefficiencies.

AEC has a long-term contract for the manufacture of composite components for the Rolls-Royce BR725 engine, (BR 725), which powers the GulfstreamGulfstream’s G-650 business jet. These components are manufactured in AEC’s Boerne, Texas facility. The contract obligates AEC to supply these components for the life of the BR725 program. During the second quarter of 2017, the Company revised its estimate of the profitability of this programcontract and we recorded a charge of $10.2 million as a provision for anticipated losses through the end of the program. The charge was signeddriven primarily by a reduction in 2007 and containsthe estimated future demand for these components. The Company previously recorded a very aggressive approach to pricing compared to AEC’s other contracts. The total charge of $14.0 million in the second quarter of 2015 for this program, including $10.9 million for the write-off of development costs for nonrecurring engineering and tooling, and $3.1 million for anticipated future losses.

The SLC business has a contract for the manufacture of composite struts for the Airbus A380, under which it is includedobligated to supply composite wing box struts through 2020 and floor beam struts through 2023. During the second quarter of 2017, the Company revised its estimate of the profitability of this contract and determined that a charge of $5.6 million should be recorded as a provision for anticipated losses through contract completion. The revision was driven by a decrease in estimated demand for these components during the contract term, as well as by program inefficiencies. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we amended a long-term agreement with a licensor for the A380 program, which resulted in a $4.9 million decrease to Cost of goods sold insold.

Other than the Consolidated Statements of Income. In the Consolidated Statements of Cash flows, the write-off of previously deferred costs is included in Other, net. This program generated a loss of $2.6 million in 2016, approximately half of which was absorbed by the remaining loss reserve. While the program is expected to generate additional losses in the short-term, management expects that the program will be profitable over the remaining life of the program. AEC is working with the customer to establish future pricing of the parts and effect changes in the program that are expected to eventually eliminate these losses and result in a profitable program. Additional program losses, which could have a material effect on operating results in future periods, could occur if AEC’s efforts to improve the program are unsuccessful.

Changesestimated profitability of contracts noted above, changes in contract estimates other than BR 725decreased gross profit by $0.5 million in 2018, decreased gross profit by $0.6 million in 2017, and increased gross profit by $1.5 million in 2016, and by $0.4 million in 2015, and reduced gross profit by $0.6 million in 2014.

The value of fixed price contracts increased significantly in 2016 due to the acquisition. The table below provides a summary of long-term fixed price contracts that were in process at the end of each year:

2016.

Selling, Technical, General, and Research (STG&R)

2016

2018 vs. 20152017

STG&R expenses increased $16.3decreased $4.6 million principally due to restructuring and other organization changes.

2017 vs. 2016

STG&R expenses decreased $0.7 million principally due to the following individually significant items:

Operating Income/(Loss)

2018 vs. 2017

The acquired business had STG&R expensesincrease in operating income of $10.3 million.

2015

2017 vs. 2014

STG&R expenses increased $1.6 million, or 7.8%, to support current and anticipated business growth.2016

Operating Loss

2016 vs. 2015

2015 vs. 2014

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flow Summary

Operating activities

Cash provided by operating activities was $79.5$132.5 million in 20162018, compared to $95.9$64.2 million in 2015,2017, and $84.2$80.9 million in 2014. Changes2016. The net increase in cash provided by operating activities in 2018 was due to increased profitability in both MC and AEC, partially offset by increases in working capital. In 2018, the Company made a $5 million voluntary contribution to its U.S. pension plan resulting in that plan being close to fully funded. Growth in AEC has resulted in working capital for 2016 includesincreases $26.0 million in 2018, $21.0 million in 2017, and $41.8 million in 2016. Additionally, the Noncurrent receivables held by AEC have resulted in a use of cash of $42.8$12.2 million for AEC segment accounts receivable, inventories, contract receivablesin 2018, $18.8 million in 2017 and other assets, as several long-term contracts are beginning to ramp up. Changes in working capital for 2015 includes the $14.0 million write-off related to the BR 725 program, while changes in accounts receivable, inventories and accounts payable resulted in an offsetting use of cash. Changes in working capital for 2014 were a use of cash totaling $21.4 million principally due to costs incurred for the BR 725 program and restructuring payments.2016. Changes in long-term liabilities, deferred taxes and other liabilities resulted in an increase to cash flows of $3.5 million in 2018, a use of cash of totaling $0.6$11.4 million in 2016, $27.42017, and an increase of cash totaling $0.7 million in 2015, and $10.7 million in 2014.2016. The amount reported for 20152017 was principally due to an amendment to a long-term agreement with a licensor for the $28.6A380 program. That agreement resulted in a $3.0 million deferred tax benefit related tocash payment, plus a $4.9 million reduction in the elimination of thepresent value of the Company’s investment in its Germany subsidiary.obligation to the supplier. Cash paid for income taxes was $28.1 million, $23.7 million, and $23.4 million $18.4 million,in 2018, 2017, and $17.6 million in 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

At December 31, 2016,2018, the Company had $181.7$197.8 million of cash and cash equivalents, of which $134.4$144.2 million was held by subsidiaries outside of the United States. As disclosed in Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, which is incorporated herein by reference, we determined that all but $24.9$82.4 million of this amount (which represents the amount of cumulative earnings expected to be repatriated to the United States at some point in the future) is intended to be utilized by these non-U.S. operations for an indefinite period of time. Our current plans do not anticipate that we will need funds generated from foreign operations to fund our domestic operations or satisfy debt obligations in the United States. In the event that such funds were to be needed to fund operations in the U.S., and if associated accruals for U.S. taxtaxes have not already been provided, we would be required to record additional tax expense.

Investing Activities

On April 8, 2016, the Company acquired the outstanding shares of Harris Corporation’s composite aerostructures business for $187 million in cash, plus the assumption of certain liabilities. Total capital expenditures for continuing operations, including purchased software, were $78.5$82.9 million in 2016,2018, compared to $50.6$87.6 million in 2015,2017, and $58.9$73.5 million in 2014.2016. In the AEC segment, capital expenditures were $60.1 million in 2018, compared to $63.9 million in 2017, and $54.7 million in 2016, compared to $30.4 million in 2015, and $32.1 million in 2014.2016. We currently estimate full-year spending in 2017capital expenditures to be $95$80 million to $105 million.$100 million in 2019.

Financing Activities and Capital Resources

We finance our business activities primarily with cash generated from operations and borrowings, largely through our revolving credit agreement as discussed below. Our subsidiaries outside of the United States may also maintain working capital lines with local banks, but borrowings under such local facilities tend not to be significant. The majority of our cash balance at December 31, 20162018 was held by non-U.S. subsidiaries. Based on cash on hand and credit facilities, we anticipate that the Company has sufficient capital resources to operate for the foreseeable future. We were in compliance with all debt covenants as of December 31, 2016.2018.

On April 8, 2016,November 7, 2017, we entered into a $550$685 million unsecured Five-Year Revolving Credit Facility Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) which amended and restated the prior $400$550 million Agreement, entered into on June 18, 2015April 8, 2016 (the “Prior Agreement”). Under the Credit Agreement, $418$499 million of borrowings were outstanding as of December 31, 2016.2018. The applicable interest rate for borrowings was LIBOR plus a spread, based on our leverage ratio at the time of borrowing. At the time of the last borrowing on December 16, 2016,17, 2018, the spread was 1.500%. The spread was based on a pricing grid, which ranged from 1.250% to 1.750%, based on our leverage ratio. Based on our maximum leverage ratio and our Consolidated EBITDA, and without modification to any other credit agreements, as of December 31, 2016,2018, we would have been able to borrow an additional $132$186 million under the Agreement.

As of December 31, 2016,2018, our leverage ratio was 2.301.96 to 1.00 and our interest coverage ratio was 11.5211.59 to 1.00. We may purchase our Common Stock or pay dividends to the extent our leverage ratio remains at or below 3.50 to 1.00, and may make acquisitions with cash provided our leverage ratio woulddoes not exceed 3.50 to 1.00 after giving pro forma effect to the acquisition.limits

noted above. On May 9, 2016,November 28, 2017, we entered into interest rate hedgesswap agreements for the period May 16, 2016December 18, 2017 through March 16, 2021.October 17, 2022. These transactions have the effect of fixing the LIBOR portion of the effective interest rate (before addition of the spread) on $300$350 million of indebtedness drawn under the Credit Agreement at the rate of 1.245%2.11% during the period. Under the terms of these transactions, we pay the fixed rate of 1.245%2.11% and the counterparties pay a floating rate based on the one-month LIBOR rate at each monthly calculation date, which on December 16, 201617, 2018 was 0.710%2.46%, plus the applicable spread, during the swap period. On December 16, 2016,17, 2018, the all-in-rate on the $300$350 million of debt was 2.745%3.61%.

Dividends have been declared each quarter since the fourth quarter of 2001. Decisions with respect to whether a dividend will be paid, and the amount of the dividend, are made by the Board of Directors each quarter. Cash dividends paid were $21.9 million, $21.9 million, and $21.8 million, $21.1 million,in 2018, 2017, and $19.7 million, in 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. To the extent the Board declares cash dividends in the future, we expect to pay such dividends out of operating cash flows. Future cash dividends will also depend on debt covenants and on the Board’s assessment of our ability to generate sufficient cash flows.

On May 6, 2016, we terminated ourother interest rate swap agreements that had effectively fixed the interest rate on up to $120 million of revolving credit borrowings, in order to enter into a new interest rate swap with a greater notional amount, and the same maturity as the Credit Agreement. We paid $5.2 million to terminate the swap agreements and that cost will be amortized into interest expense through June 2020. On November 27, 2017, we terminated interest rate swap agreements, originally entered into on May 9, 2016, that had effectively fixed the interest rate on $300 million of revolving credit borrowings, in order to enter into a new interest rate swap with a greater notional amount, and the same maturity as the Credit Agreement. We received $6.3 million to terminate the swap agreements. The amounts paid and received to terminate these swap agreements will be amortized into interest expense through March 2021.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2016,2018, we have no off-balance sheet arrangements required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 303(a)(4) of Regulation S-K.

Contractual Obligations

Contractual obligations for debt and operating leases increased due to the acquisition in April 2016. Obligations

As of December 31, 2016,2018, we have the following cash flow obligations: