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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
(Mark One)
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20202023
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                     to                     
Commission file number 001-13908
ivz-20201231_g1.gifInvesco_Global_Logo_Blue_Pos_RGB.jpg
Invesco Ltd.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Bermuda98-0557567
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1555 Peachtree1331 Spring Street, N.E.,Suite 1800,2500,Atlanta,GA30309
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)(Zip Code)

(404) 892-0896
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (404) 892-0896code)

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.20 par valueIVZNew York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known, seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filerAccelerated filerNon-accelerated filerSmaller reporting company
Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.) Yes No
At June 30, 2020,2023, the aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates was $4.9$6.0 billion, based on the closing price of the registrant's Common Shares, par value U.S. $0.20 per share, on the New York Stock Exchange. At January 31, 2021,2024, the most recent practicable date, the number of Common Shares outstanding was 459,072,262.449,204,268.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The registrant will incorporate by reference information required in response to Part III, Items 10-14 in its definitive Proxy Statement for its annual meeting of shareholders, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020.2023.


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We include cross references to captions elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which we refer to as this “Report,” where you can find related additional information. The following table of contents tells you where to find these captions.
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GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS
Adjusted SOFR— Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 0.10% adjustment
APAC— Asia-Pacific
AUM— Assets under management
bps — Basis points
CEO— Chief Executive Officer
CFTC— Commodity Future Trading Commission
CIP— Consolidated investment products
CISO— Chief Information Security Officer
CLOs— Collateralized loan obligations
Companies Act— Companies Act 1981 of Bermuda
COSO— Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission
DOL— The Department of Labor
Covenant Adjusted EBITDA— A financial measure set forth in covenants in our credit agreement, which is defined to be earnings before income tax, depreciation, amortization, interest expense, common share-based compensation expense, unrealized (gains)/losses from investments, net, and unusual
or otherwise non-recurring gains and losses
EMEA— Europe, Middle East and Africa
EMIR— European Market Infrastructure Regulation
EPS— Earnings per share
ERISA— Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
ESG— Environmental, social and governance
ETFs— Exchange-traded funds
EU— European Union
FASB— Financial Accounting Standards Board
FCA— Financial Conduct Authority
GDPR— General Data Protection Regulation
GCSO— Global Chief Security Officer
GEIP ST— 2010 Global Equity Incentive Plan ST
IGW or Invesco Great Wall— Invesco Great Wall Fund Management Company Limited
LIBOR— The London Inter-Bank Offered Rate
MassMutual— Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company
NAV— Net asset value
NYSE— New York Stock Exchange
OECD— Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
PCAOB— Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
PIPL— Personal Information Protection Law
RIS— Retail Investment Strategy
RSAs— Restricted stock awards
RSUs— Restricted stock units
S&P— Standard & Poor's
SEC— U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
SFC— Securities Futures Commission of Hong Kong
SFDR— Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation
SMA— Separately Managed Accounts
SOFR— Secured Overnight Financing Rate
the company— Invesco Ltd. and its consolidated entities
the Parent— Invesco Ltd.
Report— this Annual Report on Form 10-K
TRS— Total return swap
UITs— Unit Investment Trusts
U.K. — United Kingdom
U.S.— United States
U.S. GAAP— U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
UCITS— Undertakings for the Collective Investment in Transferable Securities
UTBs— Unrecognized tax benefits
VIE— Variable interest entity
VOE— Voting interest entity
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SPECIAL CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Report, other public filings and oral and written statements by us and our management, may include statements that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the United States (U.S.) securities laws. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management and on information available to us at the time such statements are made. Forward-looking statements include information concerning future results of our operations, expenses, earnings, liquidity, cash flows, and capital expenditures, and assets under management (AUM) which could differ materially from actual results due to known and unknown risks and other important factors, including, but not limited to, industry or market conditions, assets under management,geopolitical events and pandemics or health crises and their respective potential impact on the company, acquisitions and divestitures, debt and our ability to obtain additional financing or make payments, regulatory developments, demand for and pricing of our products, the prospects for certain legal contingencies, and other aspects of our business or general economic conditions. In addition, when used in this Report or such other documents or statements, words such as “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “projects,” “forecasts,” and future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” and “would,” and any other statement that necessarily depends on future events, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. None of this information should be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, historical financial statements.

Forward-looking statements are not guarantees and they involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Although we make such statements based on assumptions that we believe to be reasonable, thereThere can be no assurance that actual results will not differ materially from our expectations. In most cases, such assumptions will not be expressly stated. We caution investors not to rely unduly on any forward-looking statements.

The following important factors, and other factors described elsewhere in this Report or contained in our other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), among others, could cause our results to differ materially from any results described in any forward-looking statements:

significant fluctuations in the performance of capital and credit markets worldwide;
adverse changes in the global economy;
the performance of our investment products;
significant changes in net asset flows into or out of the accounts we manage or declines in market value of the assets in, or redemptions or other withdrawals from, those accounts;
pandemics or other widespread health crises and governmental responses to the same;
competitive pressures in the investment management business, including consolidation, which may force us to reduce fees we earn;
failure to properly address the increased transformative pressures affecting the asset management industry;
any inability to adjust our expenses quickly enough to match significant deterioration in markets;
the effect of fluctuations in interest rates, liquidity and credit markets in the U.S. or globally, including regulatory reformglobally;
failure to maintain adequate corporate and contingent liquidity;
exposure through certain investment products to credits losses in excess of benchmarks, such as LIBOR;our expectations and risks related to early stage real estate-related companies;
our ability to acquire and integrate other companies into our operations successfully and the extent to which we can realize anticipated product sales, cost savings or synergies from such acquisitions;
the occurrence of breaches and errors in the conduct of our business, including errors in our quantitative models and index tracking investment solutions, any failure to properly safeguard confidential and sensitive information, cyber-attacks or acts of fraud;
our ability to attract and retain key personnel, including investment management professionals;
limitations or restrictions on access to distribution channels for our products;
our ability to develop, introduce and support new investment products and services;
our ability to comply with client contractual requirements and/or investment guidelines despite preventative compliance procedures and controls;
variations in demand for our investment products or services, including termination or non-renewal of our investment management agreements;
harm to our reputation;
our ability to maintain our credit ratings and access the capital markets in a timely manner;
our debt and the limitations imposed by our credit facility;agreement;
exchange rate fluctuations, especially as against the U.S. Dollar;
man-made or natural disasters, pandemics or other widespread health crises or other business continuity problems and governmental responses to the same;
the effect of political, economic or social instability in or involving countries in which we invest or do business (including the effect of terrorist attacks, war and other hostilities);
impact of climate-change;
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the effect of failures or delays in support systems or customer service functions, and other interruptions of our operations;
the effect of systems and other technological limitations on our ability to manage and grow our business;
the effect of non-performance by our counterparties, third partythird-party service providers and other key vendors to fulfill their obligations;
impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets;
adverse results in litigation and any other regulatory or other proceedings, governmental investigations and enforcement actions;
the selling of our common stock by our significant shareholders; and
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enactment of adverse federal, state or foreign legislation or changes in government policy or regulation (including accounting standards) affecting our operations, our capital requirements or the way in which our profits are taxed.

Other factors and assumptions not identified above were also involved in the derivation of these forward-looking statements, and the failure of such other assumptions to be realized may also cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. For more discussion of the risks affecting us, please refer to Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”

You should consider the areas of risk described above in connection with any forward-looking statements that may be made by us and our businesses generally. We expressly disclaim any obligation to update any of the information in this or any other public report if any forward-looking statement later turns out to be inaccurate, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. For all forward-looking statements, we claim the “safe harbor” provided by Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

Summary of Risk Factors

The following is a summary of material risks we are exposed to in the course of our business activities and which could have an adverse effect on our business. It does not contain all of the information that may be important to you and should be read together with the more detailed discussion of risks in Item 1A, Risk Factors.

Risks Related to Market Dynamics and Volatility
Volatility and disruption in global or regional capital and credit markets, as well as adverse changes in the global economy, could negatively affect our AUM, revenues, net income and liquidity.
Our revenues and net income would likely be adversely affected by any reduction in AUM as a result of either a decline in market value of such assets or net outflows, each of which would reduce the investment management fees we earn.
Our revenues and net income from money market and other fixed income assets may be harmed by interest rates, liquidity and credit volatility.
Our financial condition and liquidity would be adversely affected by losses on our seed capital and co-investments.
As many of our subsidiary operations are located outside of the U.S. and have functional currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, changes in the exchange rates to the U.S. Dollar impact our reported financial results.

Risks Related to Investment Performance and Competition
Poor investment performance of our products could reduce the level of our AUM or affect our sales, and negatively impact our revenues and net income.
Failure to properly address the increased transformative pressures affecting the asset management industry could negatively impact our business.
Competitive pressures may force us to reduce the fees we charge to clients, which could reduce our profitability.
Our private market products include investments in private credit, real estate, and equity investments in early-stage real estate-related companies which may expose our investment products, clients and us, to the extent of our investment in such investment products, to risks and liabilities, and us to reputational harm.
Our investment products, clients and us, to the extent of our investment in such investment products, could incur losses if the allowance for credit losses, including loan and lending-related commitment reserves, of portfolio-level investments is inadequate or if our expectations of future economic conditions deteriorate.
We may be unable to develop new products and services and the development of new products and services may expose us to additional costs or operational risk.
The failure or negative performance of products offered by competitors may have a negative impact on similar Invesco products irrespective of our performance.

Risks Related to Talent, Operations and Technology
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Our investment management professionals and other key employees are a vital part of our ability to attract and retain clients, and the loss of key individuals or a significant portion of those professionals could result in a reduction of our AUM, revenues and net income.
Changes in the distribution channels on which we depend could reduce our net income and hinder our growth.
Failure to comply with client contractual requirements and/or investment guidelines could result in costs of correction, damage awards and/or regulatory fines and penalties against us and loss of revenues due to client terminations.
Our investment advisory agreements are subject to termination or non-renewal, and our fund and other investors may withdraw their assets at any time.
The quantitative models we use and our index tracking investment solutions may contain errors, which could result in financial losses or adversely impact product performance and client relationships.
Climate change-related risks could adversely affect our business, products, operations and clients, which may cause our AUM, revenue and net income to decline.
If our reputation is harmed, we could suffer losses in our AUM, revenues and net income.
The lack of soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us or the client portfolios we manage.
We depend on information technology, and any failures of or damage to, attack on or unauthorized access to our information technology systems or facilities, or those of third parties with which we do business or that facilitate our business activities, including as a result of cyber-attacks, could result in significant limits on our ability to conduct our operations and activities, costs and reputational damage.
Our ability to manage and grow our business successfully can be impeded by systems and other technological limitations.
If we are unable to successfully recover from a man-made or natural disaster, health crisis or pandemic or other business continuity problem, we could suffer material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm or legal liability.
Our business is vulnerable to deficiencies and failures in support systems, including data management, and customer service functions that could lead to breaches and errors or reputational harm, resulting in loss of customers or claims against us or our subsidiaries.

Risks Related to Accounting, Capital Management and Liquidity
The carrying value of goodwill and other intangible assets on our balance sheet could become impaired, which would adversely affect our results of operations.
Our credit agreement imposes operating covenants that impact our ability to conduct certain activities and, if amounts borrowed under it were subject to accelerated repayment, we might not have sufficient assets or liquidity to repay such amounts in full.
We issued perpetual preferred stock having a value of approximately $4 billion, which could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital and may limit our ability to fund other priorities.
Failure to maintain adequate corporate and contingent liquidity may cause our AUM, revenues and net income to decline, as well as harm our prospects for growth.
Distribution of earnings of our subsidiaries may be subject to limitations, including net capital requirements.

Risks Related to Strategic Transactions
We may engage in strategic transactions that could create risks.

Risks Related to our Significant Shareholders
Future sales of shares of our common stock could adversely impact the trading price of our common stock.
Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (MassMutual) has the ability to significantly influence our business, and MassMutual’s interest in our business may be different from that of other shareholders.

Risks Related to Regulatory and Legal Matters
We operate in an industry that is highly regulated in most countries, and any enforcement action or significant changes in the laws or regulations governing our business or industry could decrease our AUM, revenues, net income and liquidity.
Civil litigation and governmental investigations and enforcement actions could adversely affect our AUM and future net income and increase our costs of doing business.
Legislative and other measures that may be taken by governmental authorities could materially increase our tax burden or otherwise adversely affect our net income or liquidity.
Examinations and audits by tax authorities could result in additional tax payments for prior periods.
Bermuda law differs from the laws in effect in the U.S. and may afford less protection to shareholders.
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Because we are incorporated in Bermuda, it may be difficult for shareholders to enforce non-monetary judgments against us or any judgment against us or our directors and officers. Shareholders may have to seek independent advice regarding the commencement of proceedings or service of foreign process in Bermuda.
We have anti-takeover provisions in our Bye-Laws that may discourage a change of control.

General Risk Factors
Our ability to maintain our credit ratings and to access the capital markets in a timely manner should we seek to do so depends on a number of factors.
Insurance may not be available at a reasonable cost to protect us from loss or liability.

PART I
Item 1.  Business

Introduction

Invesco Ltd. (Invesco(the Parent) and its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, Invesco or the company) is an independent investment management firm dedicated to delivering ana superior investment experience that helps people get more out of life.experience. Our comprehensive range of active, passive and alternative investment capabilities has been constructed over many years to help clients achieve their investment objectives. We draw on this comprehensive range of capabilities to provide customized solutions designed to deliver key outcomes aligned to client needs.

With more than 8,000approximately 8,500 employees and an on-the-ground presence in overmore than 20 countries, Invesco is well positioned to meet the needs of investors across the globe. We have specialized investment teams managing investments across a broad range of asset classes, investment styles and geographies. For decades, individuals and institutions have viewed our organizationInvesco as a trusted partner for a broad rangecomprehensive set of investment needs. We have a significant presence in the retail and institutional markets within the investment management industry in North America, EMEA (Europe,the Americas, Europe, Middle East and Africa)Africa (EMEA) and Asia-Pacific (APAC), serving clients in more than 120 countries. As of December 31, 2020,2023, the firm managed approximately $1.35$1.6 trillion in assets for investors around the world.

The key drivers of success for Invesco are long-term investment performance, competitive pricing which we achieve through scaling our business, high-quality client service and effective distribution relationships delivered across a diverse spectrum of investment management capabilities, distribution channels, geographic areas and market exposures. By achieving success inThrough our focus on these areas, we seek to deliver better outcomes for clients, and generate competitive investment results and positive net flows, increased assets under management (AUM) and associatedincrease AUM and revenues.

We are affected significantly by market movements, which are beyond our control; however, we endeavor to mitigate the impact of market movements for the firm and for clients by maintaining broad diversification across asset classes, investment vehicles, client domiciles and geographies. We measure relative investment performance by comparing our investment capabilities to competitors' products, industry benchmarks and client investment objectives. Generally, distributors, investment advisors and consultants take into consideration longer-term investment performance (e.g., three-year and five-year performance) in their selection of investment products and manager recommendations to their clients, although shorter-term performance may also be an important consideration.clients. Third-party ratings may also influence client investment decisions. We monitor the quality of client service in a variety of ways, including periodic client satisfaction surveys, analysis of response times and redemption rates, competitive benchmarking of services and feedback from investment consultants.

Invesco Ltd.The company is organized under the laws of Bermuda. Our common shares are listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol “IVZ.” We maintain a website at www.invesco.com/corporate. (Information contained on our website shall not be deemed to be part of, or be incorporated into, this document).document.)

Strategy

The company focuses on four key long-term strategic objectives that are designed to sharpen our focus on client needs, further strengthen our business over time and help ensure our long-term success:

Achieve strong, long-term investment performance across distinct investment capabilities with clearly articulated investment philosophies and processes, aligned with client needs;
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Be instrumental to our clients' success by delivering our distinctive investment capabilities worldwide to meet their needs;
Harness the power of our global platform by continuously improving execution effectiveness to enhance quality and productivity, and allocating our resources to the opportunities that will best benefit clients and our business; and
Perpetuate a high-performance organization by driving greater transparency, accountability, diversity of thought, fact-based decision making and execution at all levels.

As an integrated global investment manager, we are keenly focused on meeting clients' needs and operating effectively and efficiently. We take a unified approach to our business and present our financial statements and other disclosures under the single operating segment “investment management.”

We believe one of Invesco's greatest strengths is our separate, distinct investment teams in multiple markets across the globe. A key focus of our business is fostering a strong investment culture and providing the support that enables our investment teams to maintain well-performing investment capabilities. We believe the ability to leverage the capabilities of our investment teams to help clients across the globe achieve their investment objectives is a significant differentiator for our firm.

Industry Trends

Trends around the world continue to transform the investment management industry and underscore the need to be well diversified with broad capabilities globally and across asset classes:globally:

Individuals and Institutions expect personalized outcomes and experience.
Distribution partners are becoming more selective and are moving towards developingcontinuing to maintain fewer relationships and partners, reducing the number of trusted investment managers with whom they work. Invesco provides a robust set of capabilities and creates investment solutions that delivers key outcomes aligned to their investment objectives. Invesco delivers competitive pricing, investor education, thought leadership, digital platforms and other value-added services that enhance the client experience.
Clients and distribution partners are also demanding more from investment managers. While investment performance remains paramount, competitive pricing, client engagementbest-in class experience and value-added services (including portfolio analytics and providing consultative solutions) increasingly differentiate managers. Invesco is working
The U.S. and China will continue to enhancebe the client's user experience through digital marketing (web, mobile, social)dominant global wealth markets. Global asset management leaders will need a considerable footprint in these markets.

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Structural shifts in client portfolio allocations.
Private market allocations continue to increase and improved service.become a meaningful part of retail portfolios, driving industry fee growth as well as innovation and democratization.
Beta, factor, and index offerings will continue to be core to portfolios in transparent, efficient markets. In this space, clients will demand ease of access and competitive pricing.
Investors continue to demand alternative, passive and smart beta strategies. Ashave been selecting active strategies, while placing a consequence, the industry is seeing client demand for core equities portfolios decline as a share of global flows. Invesco is the #3 provider of smart beta AUM in the US and has 76 ETFs with greater than $500 million in assets. Invesco also has a strong lineup of alternative and multi-asset strategies supported by ongoing product development.high bar on proven superior risk-adjusted returns.
We are seeing increased pressure on net revenue yield withinInvestors have been favoring fixed income strategies in response to unpredictable market conditions and the asset management industry, arising from increased use of low fee passive products and further concentration within our channel distribution partners (which increases their ability to negotiate pricing).higher interest rate environment.
Regulatory activity remains at increased levelsInvestors have been shifting their investment strategies toward lower fee offerings, and is influencing competitive dynamics. Increased regulatory scrutiny of managers has focused on many areas including transparency/unbundling of fees, inducements, conflicts of interest, capital, liquidity, solvency, leverage, operational risk management, controls and compensation. Invesco continues to work proactively with regulators around the world. Efforts to further modernize and strengthen our global platform will enhance our ability to compete effectively across markets while complying with the variety of applicable regulatory regimes. This is a key differentiator for large, scaled firms such as Invesco, and smaller firms may struggle to make the necessary investment to stay current and comply with the increased regulation we are seeing globally.
Although the developed markets in the U.S. and Europe are currently the two largest markets for financial assets by a wide margin, other key emerging markets in the world, such as China and India, are growing faster and positioned for greater future growth over the long term. As these population-heavy markets mature, we believe investment managers that are truly globalthis trend will be in the best position to capture this growth. Additionally, population age differences between emerging and developed markets will result in differing investment needs and horizons among countries. Asset allocation and retirement savings schemes also differ substantially among countries. We believe firms such as Invesco, with experience in key markets, and diversified investment capabilities and product types, are best positioned to meet clients' needs in this global competitive landscape. Invesco has a meaningful market presence in many of the world's most attractive regions, including North America, EMEA and Asia-Pacific. We believe our strong and growing presence in established and emerging markets provides significant long-term growth potential for our business.
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Technology advances are impacting core elements of the investment management industry, which lags other industries in its use of technology. Clients increasingly seek to interact digitally with their investment portfolios. This is leading to established managers investing in and/or acquiring technology platforms. As the investment management business becomes more complex, automation will become increasingly important to serve clients effectively and efficiently. Invesco is leveraging technology across its business and exploring opportunities to work with third-party technology firms to enhance our clients' investment experience. Over the past few years, we have made strategic acquisitions to strengthen our digital wealth platform. These acquisitions and others have strengthened our ability to offer competitive digital wealth capabilities and position us ahead of the evolving client needs.continue.

As a result of the trends discussed above, clients are seeking to work with a smaller number ofLeading asset managers who can deliver a comprehensive set of productsmust quickly curate options that solve clients’ problems.
Investment capabilities will be delivered efficiently and value-added services. They want money managers who can provide a robust set of capabilities and create investment solutions that deliver key outcomes aligned to their investment objectives. They also want greater value for their money, which means competitive pricing, investor education, thought leadership, digitalseamlessly using technologies, platforms, and other value-added servicesvehicles.
Investment managers are finding new ways of leveraging data and analytics to create insights that enhance the client experience. will provide strategic advantage and drive investment, distribution, and operational excellence.
Winners will invest in talent and skills across new ecosystems, requiring new ways of working and strategic partnerships to drive synergies and scale.

These dynamics are driving fundamental changes within ourthe industry and, we believe, will drive increasing consolidation. We believe the steps we have taken over the past decade and throughout 2020 strengthened our ability to understand, anticipate and meet client needs and will help ensure Invesco is well-positioned to compete and win within our industry over the long term.

Strategy

At Invesco, we seek to drive sustainable profitable growth by delivering capabilities that build enduring partnerships and create better outcomes for our clients. The company focuses on four key long-term strategic objectives that are designed to sharpen our focus on client needs, further strengthen our business over time and help ensure our long-term success:

Deliver the excellence our clients expect
Achieve strong, long-term investment performance.
Deliver a quality investment process and a frictionless experience with superior engagement.
Provide advice and solutions to help our clients best manage their portfolios and succeed with their own clients.

Grow high demand investment offerings
Deliver ahead of clients’ expectations through product innovation, investment styles, and packaging options.
Focus our offerings at the intersection of high opportunity markets and high demand capabilities.

Create an environment where talented people thrive
Attract and develop high performing, diverse talent with skills aligned to deliver against business outcomes.
Create an inclusive and engaging culture that values diversity of thought which enables us to work as one team to deliver better outcomes.

Act like owners for all stakeholders
Be disciplined stewards of firm resources with a focus on profitable growth.
Invest in the success of our clients, our shareholders, and ourselves.

As an integrated global investment manager, we are keenly focused on meeting clients' needs and operating effectively and efficiently. We take a unified approach to our business and present our financial statements and other disclosures under the single operating segment “investment management.”

A key focus of our business is fostering a strong investment culture and providing the support that enables our investment teams to maintain well-performing investment capabilities. We believe the ability to leverage the capabilities of our investment teams to help clients across the globe achieve their investment objectives is a significant differentiator for our firm.

Investment Management Capabilities

We believe that the proven strength of our distinct and globally located investment teams and their well-defined investment disciplines and risk management approachapproaches provide us with a robust competitive advantage. There are few independent investment managers with teams as globally diverse as Invesco's and with the same breadth and depth of investment capabilities and vehicles. We offer multiple investment objectives within the various asset classes and products that we manage. Our asset classes, broadly defined, include money market, balanced, equity, fixed income, balanced, alternatives and alternatives.money market.
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The following sets forth our major managed investment objectives by asset class:

Money Market
Balanced
        Equity
    Fixed Income
     Balanced
Alternatives
Money Market
Core/Value/Growth Style● Buy and Hold● Balanced Risk● Absolute Return● Cash Plus
Custom Solutions ConvertiblesCustom SolutionsCustom Solutions CommoditiesCustom SolutionsCustom Solutions
Environmental, Social and Governance●Environmental, Social and Governance●Environmental, Social and Governance●Environmental, Social and Governance●Environmental, Social and Governance
●Cash Plus●Balanced Risk●Economic Sectors●Buy and Hold●Absolute Return
●Government/Treasury●Global/RegionalEmerging MarketsConvertibles Core/Core PlusCommodities ESG● Currencies● Government/Treasury
Environmental, Social and
   Governance (ESG)
● Custom Solutions● Global/Regional● Custom SolutionsPrime
● International/Global● Emerging Markets● Single CountryInternational/Global Direct LendingCore/Core Plus●Currencies Taxable
Taxable Large/Mid/Small CapTarget Date ESGLarge Cap Core●Emerging Markets●Financial Structures
●Tax-FreeTarget RiskLarge Cap Growth Distressed DebtGovernment Bonds●Global Macro Tax-Free
Traditional Balanced●Large Cap Value●High-Yield Bonds●Infrastructure and MLPs
Low Volatility/DefensiveInternational/Global●Long/Short Equity
●Mid Cap Core●Investment Grade Credit●Managed Futures
●Mid Cap Growth●Multi-Sector●Multi-Alternatives
●Mid Cap Value●Municipal Government BondsPrivate and Distressed Debt Traditional Balanced
ESG
Passive/EnhancedPassive/Enhanced High-Yield BondsPrivate Real Estate Financial Structures
●Regional/Single Country International/Global● Global Macro
● Smart Beta/Factor-based● Investment Grade Credit● Infrastructure and MLPs
● Thematic/Sector● Multi-Sector● Long/Short Equity
● Municipal Bonds● Managed Futures
● Passive/Enhanced● Multi-Alternatives
Regional/Single Country Private Real Estate
● Short/Ultra-Short DurationPublic Real Estate Securities
Small Cap Core Smart Beta/Factor-based●Short/Ultra-Short Duration●Senior Secured Loans
Small Cap GrowthStable Value
Small Cap ValueStructured Securities
●Smart Beta/Factor-based●Smart Beta/Factor-based

Distribution Channels

Retail AUM originatestypically originate from clients investing into funds available to the public in the form of shares or units. Institutional AUM originatesoriginate from entities such as individual corporate clients, insurance companies, endowments, foundations, government authorities, universities or charities. AUM disclosure by distribution channel represents consolidated AUM distributed by type of sales team (the company's internal distribution channels). AUM amounts disclosed as retail channel AUM representsinclude AUM distributed by the company's retail sales team; whereasteam. AUM amounts disclosed as institutional channel AUM representsinclude AUM distributed by the company's institutional sales team.

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The company operates as an integrated global investment manager, presenting itself as a single firm to clients around the world. Dedicated sales forces deliver our investment strategies through a variety of vehicles that meet the needs of retail and institutional clients. Note that not all products sold in the disclosed retail distribution channel are in "retail" vehicles, and not all products sold in the disclosed institutional channel are in "institutional" vehicles, as described in the table below. This aggregation, however, is viewed as a proxy for presenting AUM in the retail and institutional markets in which we operate.

The following lists our primary investment vehicles by distribution channel:

                      Retail
             Institutional
● Closed-end Mutual Funds● Collective Trust Funds
● Exchange-traded Funds (ETF)funds (ETFs)Exchange-traded Funds (ETF)ETFs
● Individual Savings Accounts (ISA)● Institutional Separate Accounts
● Investment Companies with Variable Capital (ICVC)● Open-end Mutual Funds
● Investment Trusts● Private Capital Funds
● Open-end Mutual Funds
● Separately Managed Accounts (SMA)
● Société d'investissement à Capital Variable (SICAV)
● Unit Investment Trusts (UIT)(UITs)
● Variable Insurance Funds

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Retail

Retail AUM were $947.1$1,042.0 billion at December 31, 2020.2023. We offer retail products within all of the major asset classes. Our retail products are primarily distributed through third-party financial intermediaries, including major wire houses, fund supermarkets,direct wealth platforms, regional broker-dealers, insurance companies, banks and financial planners in North America,the Americas, and independent brokers and financial advisors, banks and supermarketdirect wealth platforms in EMEA and Asia-Pacific.APAC.

The Americas UK and EMEA ex-UK retail operations rank among the largest by AUM in their respective markets. As of December 31, 2020, Invesco holds a leading position amongst retail fund providers in the UK;2023, Invesco's U.S. retail business, including our ETFETFs franchise, is a top 10among the leading asset managermanagers in the U.S. by long-term assets,, and InvescoInvesco's retail business in EMEA ex-UK is among the largest non-proprietary investment managers in the retail channel. In addition, Invesco Great Wall wasFund Management Company Limited (IGW or Invesco Great Wall), our joint venture in China, is one of the largest Sino-foreign managers of equity products in China, with total AUM of approximately $66.6$83.6 billion as ofat December 31, 2020.2023. We provide our retail clients with one of the industry's most robust and comprehensive product lines.

Institutional

Institutional AUM were $402.8$543.3 billion in AUM as ofat December 31, 2020.2023. We offer a broad suite of domestic and global strategies, including traditional and quantitative equities, fixed income (including money market funds for institutional clients), real estate, financial structures and absolute return strategies. Regional sales forces distribute our products and provide services to clients and intermediaries around the world. We have a diversified client base that includes major public and private entities, corporations, unions, non-profit organizations, endowments, foundations, pension funds, financial institutions and sovereign wealth funds. Invesco's institutional money market funds serve some of the largest financial institutions, government entities and corporationscompanies in the world.

AUM Diversification

One of Invesco's greatest competitive strengths is the diversification in itsof AUM by client domicile, distribution channel and asset class. Our distribution network has attracted assets of 70% retail and 30% institutional as of December 31, 2020. By client domicile, 29% of client AUM are outside the U.S., and weWe serve clients in more than 120 countries. The following tables present a breakdown of AUM by client domicile, distribution channel and asset class as of December 31, 2020.2023. Additionally, the fourth table below illustrates the split of our AUM as Passive and Active. Passive AUM include index-based ETFs, unit investment trusts (UITs),UITs, non-management fee earning AUM and other passive mandates. Active AUM isare total AUM less Passive AUM. See the company's disclosures regarding the changes in AUM yearsfor the year ended December 31, 20202023 in Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Assets Under Management” section for additional information regarding the changes in AUM.

By Client Domicile
Domicile Pie Chart.jpg
(in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Americas
$1,133.9 13.5 %
c EMEA
215.9 15.9 %
c APAC
235.5 5.4 %
Total$1,585.3 
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By Client Domicile
ivz-20201231_g2.jpg
($ in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Americas
959.9 9.1 %
c UK
66.9 (10.1)%
c EMEA Ex UK
151.8 5.6 %
c Asia
171.3 33.2 %
Total1,349.9 
ivz-20201231_g3.jpg
By Distribution Channel
($ in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Retail
947.1 7.8 %
c Institutional
402.8 15.7 %
Total1,349.9 
By Asset Class
ivz-20201231_g4.jpg
($ in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Equity
689.6 15.2 %
c Fixed Income
296.4 4.6 %
c Balanced
78.9 17.2 %
c Money Market
108.5 18.7 %
c Alternatives
176.5 (4.7)%
Total1,349.9 
Active vs. Passive
ivz-20201231_g5.jpg
($ in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Active
979.3 5.4 %
c Passive
370.6 24.8 %
Total1,349.9 
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Distribution Channel Pie Chart.jpg
By Distribution Channel
(in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Retail
$1,042.0 19.5 %
c Institutional
543.3 1.2 %
Total$1,585.3 
By Asset Class
Asset Class Pie Chart Updated.jpg
(in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Equity
$823.7 29.3 %
c Fixed Income
325.7 3.8 %
c Balanced
62.7 (6.6)%
c Money Market
192.7 (5.3)%
c Alternatives
180.5 (3.9)%
Total$1,585.3 
Active vs. Passive
Active vs Passive Pie Chart.jpg
(in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Active
$985.3 0.9 %
c Passive
600.0 38.6 %
Total$1,585.3 

Corporate Responsibility and Human Capital

Invesco’s long-term success depends on our ability to retain, develop, engage and attract develop and retaintop talent. Invesco invests significantly in talent development, health and welfare programs, technology and other resources that support our employees in developing their full potential both personally and professionally. We believe that an employee community that is diverse and inclusive;inclusive, engaged in community involvement and invested in employee well-being will drive positive outcomes for our clients and shareholders.

During 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic created an unprecedented worldwide public health and business phenomenon. Our top priority in 2020 was the health and well-being of our worldwide employees. In addition to other actions taken, we continue to assess the general well-being of our employees, their ability to stay well, stay productive and stay connected.

In addition, we regularly survey our employees in a confidential survey to gauge their sentiment across a variety of engagement categories, including questions related to compensation, benefits, work/life balance, career development, inclusion, teamwork, and leadership, and more recently our focus on social justice.

We believe that diversity and inclusion are both moral and business imperatives.good for business. We are committed to improvingfurther strengthening diversity at all levels and in all functions across our global business as evidenced by our CEO and senior managing directors all including diversity and inclusion goals as part of their annual performance goals.business. Increasing representation of women and other underrepresenteddiverse employees remains a focus for Invesco, as does building ana more inclusive work environment. At the end of 2020, our global workforce was 39% female and 61% male, with 33% of senior managers worldwide being women. UnconsciousAll employees are required to take periodic unconscious bias training is required of all managers and is being expanded to the entire employee population.training. Our employees are also encouraged to participate in any of our nine Business Resource Groups various employee resource groups
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where employees with diverse backgrounds, experiences and perspectives can connect. These Business Resource GroupsOur employee resource groups are sponsored by senior leaders and are designed by employees, for employees.

As of December 31, 2020,2023, the company had 8,5128,489 (December 31, 2022: 8,611) employees with an on-the-ground presence in over 20 countries (December 31, 2019: 8,821). None of ourcountries. Our employees are not covered under collective bargaining agreements.

The company is committed to reducing our impact on the environment. Across Invesco offices, we carefully manage our operational activities with a focus on using natural resources wisely, increasing efficiencies wherever possible and providing a safe and healthy workplace for employees and visitors. This is the foundation of our environmental, health and safety management approach.

Competition

The investment management business is highly competitive, with points of differentiation including investment performance, the level of fees, the range of products offered, brand recognition, business reputation, financial strength, the depth and continuity of relationships and quality of service. We compete with a large number of investment management firms, commercial banks, investment banks, broker dealers,broker-dealers, hedge funds, insurance companies and, otherincreasingly, firms outside the traditional financial institutions. Weservices industry, such as technology providers. Many of these competitors have greater financial resources and higher brand recognition than Invesco. However, we believe our experience as a trusted partner to clients, the quality and diversity of our investment capabilities, product types and channels of distribution, and our commitment to innovation enable us to compete effectively in the global investment management business. There are few independent investment managers with teams as globally diverse as Invesco's and the same breadth and depth of investment capabilities and vehicles. We offer multiple investment objectives within the various asset classes and products that we manage. We also believe being an independent investment manager is a competitive advantage, as our business model avoids conflicts that are inherent within institutions that both manage and distribute and/or service those products. Lastly, we believe continued execution against our strategic objectives will further strengthen our long-term competitive position.

Management ContractsRisks Related to Investment Performance and Competition

We derive substantially allPoor investment performance of our products could reduce the level of our AUM or affect our sales, and negatively impact our revenues from investmentand net income.
Failure to properly address the increased transformative pressures affecting the asset management contracts with funds and other clients. Fees vary withindustry could negatively impact our business.
Competitive pressures may force us to reduce the type of assets being managed, with higher fees earned on actively managed equity and balanced accounts, along withwe charge to clients, which could reduce our profitability.
Our private market products include investments in private credit, real estate, and other alternative assetequity investments in early-stage real estate-related companies which may expose our investment products, clients and us, to the extent of our investment in such investment products, to risks and liabilities, and us to reputational harm.
Our investment products, clients and us, to the extent of our investment in such investment products, could incur losses if the allowance for credit losses, including loan and lending-related commitment reserves, of portfolio-level investments is inadequate or if our expectations of future economic conditions deteriorate.
We may be unable to develop new products and lower fees earnedservices and the development of new products and services may expose us to additional costs or operational risk.
The failure or negative performance of products offered by competitors may have a negative impact on fixed income, money market and stable value accounts, as well as certain ETFs. Investment management contracts are generally terminable upon thirty or fewer days' notice. Typically, retail investors may withdraw their funds at any time without prior notice. Institutional clients typically may elect to terminate their relationship with us or reduce the aggregate amount of assets under management with very short notice periods.

Risk Management

similar Invesco is committed to continually strengthening and evolving our risk management activities to ensure they keep pace with business change and client expectations. We believe a key factor in our ability to manage through challenging market conditions and significant business change is our integrated and global approach to risk management. Risk management is embedded in our day-to-day decision-making as well as our strategic planning process while our global risk management framework enables consistent and meaningful risk dialogue up, down and across the company.

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Our framework leverages two governance structures: (i) our Global Performance and Risk Committee oversees the management of core investment risks; and (ii) our Corporate Risk Management Committee oversees the management of all other business and strategy related risks. A network of regional, business unit and specific risk management committees, with oversight of the Corporate Risk Management Committee, provides ongoing identification, assessment, management and monitoring of risk that ensures both broad as well as in-depth, multi-layered coverage of the risks existing and emerging in the various domainsproducts irrespective of our business.

Available Information

The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers with the SEC, at www.sec.gov. We make available free of charge on our website, www.invesco.com/corporate, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.

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Item 1A.  Risk Factorsperformance.

Risks Related to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) PandemicTalent, Operations and Technology
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Our investment management professionals and other key employees are a vital part of our ability to attract and retain clients, and the loss of key individuals or a significant portion of those professionals could result in a reduction of our AUM, revenues and net income.
As aChanges in the distribution channels on which we depend could reduce our net income and hinder our growth.
Failure to comply with client contractual requirements and/or investment guidelines could result in costs of the global market reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic, our assets under management (AUM)correction, damage awards and/or regulatory fines and revenues have been negatively impactedpenalties against us and we face various potential operational challengesloss of revenues due to the pandemic.client terminations.

Our investment advisory agreements are subject to termination or non-renewal, and our fund and other investors may withdraw their assets at any time.
As aThe quantitative models we use and our index tracking investment solutions may contain errors, which could result in financial losses or adversely impact product performance and client relationships.
Climate change-related risks could adversely affect our business, products, operations and clients, which may cause our AUM, revenue and net income to decline.
If our reputation is harmed, we could suffer losses in our AUM, revenues and net income.
The lack of soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us or the global market reactionsclient portfolios we manage.
We depend on information technology, and any failures of or damage to, the COVID-19 pandemic,attack on or unauthorized access to our assets under management (AUM) and revenues declined significantly during the early phasesinformation technology systems or facilities, or those of the pandemic as governments enacted social containment measures and central banks and governments sought to enact economic relief measures. While many global markets have improved materially since the early stages of the pandemic, further negative market reactions may occurthird parties with which we do business or that facilitate our business activities, including as a result of failures to limit infections or deaths to the COVID-19 virus, delayscyber-attacks, could result in developing and/or delivering effective treatments for the virus, and reduced support or positive impact of central banks and government economic relief measures. Additional negative market reactions could further negatively impact our AUM and revenues. The volatility in the global markets has also adversely affected the liquidity of certain managed investment products in which client and company assets are invested.

Our efforts to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have required, and will continue to require, a significant investment of time and resources across our business. In response to mandated precautions where applicable and to ensure the safety of our employees, the significant majority of our employees are working remotely at this time. While our teams have been successful in working remotely, operational challenges may arise in the future. Many of the key service providers we relylimits on have also transitioned to working remotely. If we or they were to experience material disruptions in the ability for our or their employees to work remotely (e.g., disruption in Internet-based communications systems or networks or the availability of essential goods and services), our ability to operateconduct our operations and activities, costs and reputational damage.
Our ability to manage and grow our business in the ordinary course couldsuccessfully can be materially adversely disrupted. To date our own employeesimpeded by systems and other technological limitations.
If we believe, the employees of our key service providers, have not experienced any material degree of illness dueare unable to the COVID-19 virus. If oursuccessfully recover from a man-made or their workforces,natural disaster, health crisis or key components thereof, were to experience significant illness levels, our ability to operate our business could be materially adversely disrupted. Further if our cyber security diligence and efforts to offset the increased risks associated with greater reliance on mobile, collaborative and remote technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the increased frequency and sophistication of external threat actors are not effective or successful, we may be at increased risk for data privacy or other cyber security incidents. Any suchbusiness continuity problem, we could suffer material adverse disruptions to our business operations orfinancial loss, loss of informationhuman capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm or legal liability.
Our business is vulnerable to deficiencies and failures in support systems, including data management, and customer service functions that could have a material adverse impact onlead to breaches and errors or reputational harm, resulting in loss of customers or claims against us or our results of operation or financial condition.

subsidiaries.
The extent to which our business, results of operations, AUM and financial results are further affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic will largely depend on future developments, which cannot be accurately predicted and are uncertain, including the duration and severity of the pandemic, length of time it will take for the financial markets and economy to recover and for our employees to safely return to the workplace, along with potentially more permanent impacts on how we operate and serve our clients. In addition, many of the risk factors described below may be heightened by the effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic and related economic conditions.

Risks Related to Market DynamicsAccounting, Capital Management and Volatility

Volatility and disruption in world capital and credit markets, as well as adverse changes in the global economy, can negatively affect Invesco's revenues, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

In recent years, capital and credit markets have experienced substantial volatility. In this regard:

Liquidity
In the eventThe carrying value of extreme circumstances, including economic, political, or business crises, such as a widespread systemic failure or disruptions in the global financial system or failures of firms that have significant obligations as counterpartiesgoodwill and other intangible assets on financial instruments, we may suffer significant declines in AUM and severe liquidity or valuation issues in managed investment products in which client and company assets are invested, all ofour balance sheet could become impaired, which would adversely affect our results of operations.
Our credit agreement imposes operating results, financial condition, liquidity, credit ratings, ability to access capital markets, and ability to retain and attract key employees. Additionally, these factors couldcovenants that impact our ability to realize the carrying value of our goodwillconduct certain activities and, other intangible assets.if amounts borrowed under it were subject to accelerated repayment, we might not have sufficient assets or liquidity to repay such amounts in full.
Illiquidity and/or volatilityWe issued perpetual preferred stock having a value of the global fixed income and/or equity marketsapproximately $4 billion, which could negativelyadversely affect our ability to manage client inflowsraise additional capital and outflows ormay limit our ability to timely meet client redemption requests.fund other priorities.
Uncertainties regarding geopolitical developments, suchFailure to maintain adequate corporate and contingent liquidity may cause our AUM, revenues and net income to decline, as Brexit, can produce volatilitywell as harm our prospects for growth.
Distribution of earnings of our subsidiaries may be subject to limitations, including net capital requirements.

Risks Related to Strategic Transactions
We may engage in global financial markets. This maystrategic transactions that could create risks.

Risks Related to our Significant Shareholders
Future sales of shares of our common stock could adversely impact the levelstrading price of our common stock.
Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (MassMutual) has the ability to significantly influence our business, and compositionMassMutual’s interest in our business may be different from that of other shareholders.

Risks Related to Regulatory and Legal Matters
We operate in an industry that is highly regulated in most countries, and any enforcement action or significant changes in the laws or regulations governing our business or industry could decrease our AUM, revenues, net income and liquidity.
Civil litigation and governmental investigations and enforcement actions could adversely affect our AUM and also negatively impact investor sentiment, whichfuture net income and increase our costs of doing business.
Legislative and other measures that may be taken by governmental authorities could materially increase our tax burden or otherwise adversely affect our net income or liquidity.
Examinations and audits by tax authorities could result in reduced or negative flows. The longer term relationship between the UK and the EU is still uncertain following the departure of the UKadditional tax payments for prior periods.
Bermuda law differs from the EU. Becauselaws in effect in the UK Pound Sterling is the functional currencyU.S. and may afford less protection to shareholders.
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for certain of our subsidiaries, any weakening of the UK Pound Sterling relative to the U.S. Dollar could negatively impact our reported financial results.
ChangesBecause we are incorporated in Bermuda, it may be difficult for shareholders to United States tax, tariffenforce non-monetary judgments against us or any judgment against us or our directors and import/export regulationsofficers. Shareholders may have to seek independent advice regarding the commencement of proceedings or service of foreign process in Bermuda.
We have anti-takeover provisions in our Bye-Laws that may discourage a negative effectchange of control.

General Risk Factors
Our ability to maintain our credit ratings and to access the capital markets in a timely manner should we seek to do so depends on global economic conditions, financial marketsa number of factors.
Insurance may not be available at a reasonable cost to protect us from loss or liability.

PART I
Item 1.  Business

Introduction

Invesco Ltd. (the Parent) and our business. Any changes with respect to trade policies, treaties, taxes, government regulations and tariffsits consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, Invesco or the perception that anycompany) is an independent investment management firm dedicated to delivering a superior investment experience. Our comprehensive range of these changes could occur, mayactive, passive and alternative investment capabilities has been constructed over many years to help clients achieve their investment objectives. We draw on this comprehensive range of capabilities to provide solutions designed to deliver key outcomes aligned to client needs.

With approximately 8,500 employees and an on-the-ground presence in more than 20 countries, Invesco is well positioned to meet the needs of investors across the globe. We have specialized investment teams managing investments across a broad range of asset classes, investment styles and geographies. For decades, individuals and institutions have viewed Invesco as a trusted partner for a comprehensive set of investment needs. We have a material adverse effectsignificant presence in the retail and institutional markets within the investment management industry in the Americas, Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) and Asia-Pacific (APAC), serving clients in more than 120 countries. As of December 31, 2023, the firm managed approximately $1.6 trillion in assets for investors around the world.

The key drivers of success for Invesco are long-term investment performance, high-quality client service and effective distribution relationships delivered across a diverse spectrum of investment management capabilities, distribution channels, geographic areas and market exposures. Through our focus on these areas, we seek to deliver better outcomes for clients, generate competitive investment results and positive net flows, and increase AUM and revenues.

We measure relative investment performance by comparing our investment capabilities to competitors' products, industry benchmarks and client investment objectives. Generally, distributors, investment advisors and consultants take into consideration longer-term investment performance (e.g., three-year and five-year performance) in their selection of investment products and recommendations to their clients. Third-party ratings may also influence client investment decisions. We monitor the quality of client service in a variety of ways, including periodic client satisfaction surveys, analysis of response times and redemption rates, competitive benchmarking of services and feedback from investment consultants.

The company is organized under the laws of Bermuda. Our common shares are listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol “IVZ.” We maintain a website at www.invesco.com/corporate. (Information contained on our website shall not be deemed to be part of, or be incorporated into, this document.)

Industry Trends

Trends around the world continue to transform the investment management industry and underscore the need to be well diversified with broad capabilities globally:

Individuals and Institutions expect personalized outcomes and experience.
Distribution partners are becoming more selective and continuing to maintain fewer relationships and partners, reducing the number of trusted investment managers with whom they work.
Clients and distribution partners are demanding more from investment managers. While performance remains paramount, competitive pricing, best-in class experience and value-added services (including portfolio analytics and consultative solutions) increasingly differentiate managers.
The U.S. and China will continue to be the dominant global economicwealth markets. Global asset management leaders will need a considerable footprint in these markets.

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Structural shifts in client portfolio allocations.
Private market allocations continue to increase and become a meaningful part of retail portfolios, driving industry fee growth as well as innovation and democratization.
Beta, factor, and index offerings will continue to be core to portfolios in transparent, efficient markets. In this space, clients will demand ease of access and competitive pricing.
Investors have been selecting active strategies, while placing a high bar on proven superior risk-adjusted returns.
Investors have been favoring fixed income strategies in response to unpredictable market conditions and the stabilityhigher interest rate environment.
Investors have been shifting their investment strategies toward lower fee offerings, and we believe this trend will continue.

Leading asset managers must quickly curate options that solve clients’ problems.
Investment capabilities will be delivered efficiently and seamlessly using technologies, platforms, and vehicles.
Investment managers are finding new ways of global financialleveraging data and analytics to create insights that will provide strategic advantage and drive investment, distribution, and operational excellence.
Winners will invest in talent and skills across new ecosystems, requiring new ways of working and strategic partnerships to drive synergies and scale.

These dynamics are driving fundamental changes within the industry and, we believe, will drive increasing consolidation. We believe the steps we have taken over the past decade strengthened our ability to understand, anticipate and meet client needs and will help ensure Invesco is well-positioned to compete within our industry over the long term.

Strategy

At Invesco, we seek to drive sustainable profitable growth by delivering capabilities that build enduring partnerships and create better outcomes for our clients. The company focuses on four key long-term strategic objectives that are designed to sharpen our focus on client needs, further strengthen our business over time and help ensure our long-term success:

Deliver the excellence our clients expect
Achieve strong, long-term investment performance.
Deliver a quality investment process and a frictionless experience with superior engagement.
Provide advice and solutions to help our clients best manage their portfolios and succeed with their own clients.

Grow high demand investment offerings
Deliver ahead of clients’ expectations through product innovation, investment styles, and packaging options.
Focus our offerings at the intersection of high opportunity markets and may significantly reduce global tradehigh demand capabilities.

Create an environment where talented people thrive
Attract and in particular, trade between other nationsdevelop high performing, diverse talent with skills aligned to deliver against business outcomes.
Create an inclusive and the United States. Given our strong position in Asia Pacific and EMEA, we could be more adversely affected than others by such market uncertainties.engaging culture that values diversity of thought which enables us to work as one team to deliver better outcomes.

Our revenuesAct like owners for all stakeholders
Be disciplined stewards of firm resources with a focus on profitable growth.
Invest in the success of our clients, our shareholders, and profitability would be adversely affected by any reduction in AUM asourselves.

As an integrated global investment manager, we are keenly focused on meeting clients' needs and operating effectively and efficiently. We take a resultunified approach to our business and present our financial statements and other disclosures under the single operating segment “investment management.”

A key focus of eitherour business is fostering a decline in market valuestrong investment culture and providing the support that enables our investment teams to maintain well-performing investment capabilities. We believe the ability to leverage the capabilities of such assets or netoutflows, which would reduceour investment teams to help clients across the globe achieve their investment management fees we earn.objectives is a significant differentiator for our firm.

Investment Management Capabilities

We derive substantiallybelieve that the proven strength of our distinct and globally located investment teams and their well-defined investment disciplines and risk management approaches provide us with a robust competitive advantage. There are few independent investment managers with teams as globally diverse as Invesco's and with the same breadth and depth of investment capabilities and vehicles. We offer multiple investment objectives within the various asset classes and products that we manage. Our asset classes, broadly defined, include equity, fixed income, balanced, alternatives and money market.
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The following sets forth our major managed investment objectives by asset class:

Equity
Fixed Income
Balanced
Alternatives
Money Market
● Core/Value/Growth Style● Buy and Hold● Balanced Risk● Absolute Return● Cash Plus
● Custom Solutions● Convertibles● Custom Solutions● Commodities● Custom Solutions
● Emerging Markets● Core/Core Plus● ESG● Currencies● Government/Treasury
● Environmental, Social and
   Governance (ESG)
● Custom Solutions● Global/Regional● Custom Solutions● Prime
● International/Global● Emerging Markets● Single Country● Direct Lending● Taxable
● Large/Mid/Small Cap● ESG● Target Risk● Distressed Debt● Tax-Free
● Low Volatility/Defensive● Government Bonds● Traditional Balanced● ESG
● Passive/Enhanced● High-Yield Bonds● Financial Structures
● Regional/Single Country● International/Global● Global Macro
● Smart Beta/Factor-based● Investment Grade Credit● Infrastructure and MLPs
● Thematic/Sector● Multi-Sector● Long/Short Equity
● Municipal Bonds● Managed Futures
● Passive/Enhanced● Multi-Alternatives
● Regional/Single Country● Private Real Estate
● Short/Ultra-Short Duration● Public Real Estate Securities
● Smart Beta/Factor-based● Senior Secured Loans
● Stable Value
● Structured Securities

Distribution Channels

Retail AUM typically originate from clients investing into funds available to the public in the form of shares or units. Institutional AUM originate from entities such as individual corporate clients, insurance companies, endowments, foundations, government authorities, universities or charities. AUM disclosed as retail channel AUM include AUM distributed by the company's retail sales team. AUM disclosed as institutional channel AUM include AUM distributed by the company's institutional sales team.

The company operates as an integrated global investment manager, presenting itself as a single firm to clients around the world. Dedicated sales forces deliver our investment strategies through a variety of vehicles that meet the needs of retail and institutional clients. Note that not all our revenues from investment management contracts with clients. Under these contracts,products sold in the investment management fees paid to usretail distribution channel are typically based onin "retail" vehicles, and not all products sold in the market value of AUM.institutional channel are in "institutional" vehicles, as described in the table below. This aggregation, however, is viewed as a proxy for presenting AUM may decline for various reasons. For any periodin the retail and institutional markets in which revenues decline,we operate.

The following lists our primary investment vehicles by distribution channel:

Retail
Institutional
● Closed-end Mutual Funds● Collective Trust Funds
● Exchange-traded funds (ETFs)● ETFs
● Individual Savings Accounts● Institutional Separate Accounts
● Investment Companies with Variable Capital● Open-end Mutual Funds
● Investment Trusts● Private Funds
● Open-end Mutual Funds
● Separately Managed Accounts (SMA)
● Société d'investissement à Capital Variable
● Unit Investment Trusts (UITs)
● Variable Insurance Funds

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Retail

Retail AUM were $1,042.0 billion at December 31, 2023. We offer retail products within all of the major asset classes. Our retail products are primarily distributed through third-party financial intermediaries, including major wire houses, direct wealth platforms, regional broker-dealers, insurance companies, banks and financial planners in the Americas, and independent brokers and financial advisors, banks and direct wealth platforms in EMEA and APAC.

The Americas and EMEA retail operations rank among the largest by AUM in their respective markets. As of December 31, 2023, Invesco's U.S. retail business, including our ETFs franchise, is among the leading asset managers in the U.S., and Invesco's retail business in EMEA is among the largest non-proprietary investment managers in the retail channel. In addition, Invesco Great Wall Fund Management Company Limited (IGW or Invesco Great Wall), our joint venture in China, is one of the largest Sino-foreign managers of equity products in China, with total AUM of approximately $83.6 billion at December 31, 2023. We provide our retail clients with one of the industry's most robust and comprehensive product lines.

Institutional

Institutional AUM were $543.3 billion at December 31, 2023. We offer a broad suite of domestic and global strategies, including traditional and quantitative equities, fixed income (including money market funds for institutional clients), real estate, financial structures and operating margin likely would declineabsolute return strategies. Regional sales forces distribute our products and provide services to clients and intermediaries around the world. We have a diversified client base that includes major public and private entities, unions, non-profit organizations, endowments, foundations, pension funds, financial institutions and sovereign wealth funds. Invesco's institutional money market funds serve some of the largest financial institutions, government entities and companies in the world.

AUM Diversification

One of Invesco's competitive strengths is the diversification of AUM by client domicile, distribution channel and asset class. We serve clients in more than 120 countries. The following tables present a greater proportion because a majoritybreakdown of AUM by client domicile, distribution channel and asset class as of December 31, 2023. Additionally, the fourth table below illustrates the split of our expenses remain fixed. FactorsAUM as Passive and Active. Passive AUM include index-based ETFs, UITs, non-management fee earning AUM and other passive mandates. Active AUM are total AUM less Passive AUM. See the company's disclosures regarding the changes in AUM for the year ended December 31, 2023 in Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Assets Under Management” for additional information regarding the changes in AUM.

By Client Domicile
Domicile Pie Chart.jpg
(in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Americas
$1,133.9 13.5 %
c EMEA
215.9 15.9 %
c APAC
235.5 5.4 %
Total$1,585.3 
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Distribution Channel Pie Chart.jpg
By Distribution Channel
(in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Retail
$1,042.0 19.5 %
c Institutional
543.3 1.2 %
Total$1,585.3 
By Asset Class
Asset Class Pie Chart Updated.jpg
(in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Equity
$823.7 29.3 %
c Fixed Income
325.7 3.8 %
c Balanced
62.7 (6.6)%
c Money Market
192.7 (5.3)%
c Alternatives
180.5 (3.9)%
Total$1,585.3 
Active vs. Passive
Active vs Passive Pie Chart.jpg
(in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Active
$985.3 0.9 %
c Passive
600.0 38.6 %
Total$1,585.3 

Corporate Responsibility and Human Capital

Invesco’s long-term success depends on our ability to retain, develop, engage and attract top talent. Invesco invests significantly in talent development, health and welfare programs, technology and other resources that could decrease AUM (and therefore revenues) include the following:support our employees in developing their full potential both personally and professionally. We believe that an employee community that is diverse and inclusive, engaged in community involvement and invested in employee well-being will drive positive outcomes for our clients and shareholders.

We believe that diversity and inclusion are good for business. We are committed to further strengthening diversity at all levels and in all functions across our global business. Increasing representation of women and diverse employees remains a focus for Invesco, as does building a more inclusive work environment. All employees are required to take periodic unconscious bias training. Our employees are also encouraged to participate in any of our various employee resource groups
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where employees with diverse backgrounds, experiences and perspectives can connect. Our employee resource groups are sponsored by senior leaders and are designed by employees, for employees.

Declines in the market value of AUM in client portfolios. Our AUM as of January 31, 2021 were $1,367.1 billion. We cannot predict whether volatility in the markets will result in substantial or sustained declines in the securities markets generally or result in price declines in market segments in which our AUM are concentrated. Any of the foregoing could negatively impact the market value of our AUM, our revenues, income and operating margin.

Redemptions and other withdrawals from, or shifting among, client portfolios. These could be caused by investors reducing their investments in client portfolios in general or in the market segments in which Invesco focuses; investors taking profits from their investments; poor investment performance (relative or absolute) of the client portfolios managed by Invesco; and portfolio risk characteristics, which could cause investors to move assets to other investment managers. Poor performance relative to other competing products tends to result in decreased sales and increased redemptions with corresponding decreases in our revenues, which may have a material adverse effect on us. Furthermore, the fees we earn vary with the types of assets being managed, with higher fees earned on actively managed equity and balanced accounts, along with real estate and other alternative asset products, and lower fees earned on fixed income, stable return accounts, and certain passively managed products. Our revenues may decline if clients continue to shift their investments to lower fee accounts. In addition, the loss of key personnel or significant investment management professionals could reduce the attractiveness of our products to current and potential clients and adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

Investments in international markets. Investment products that we manage may have significant investments in international markets that are subject to significant risks of loss from political, economic, diplomatic developments, currency fluctuations, social instability, changes in governmental policies, expropriation, nationalization and asset confiscation. International trading markets, particularly emerging markets, are often smaller, less liquid, less regulated and significantly more volatile than those in the developed world.

Our revenues and profitability from money market and other fixed income assets may beharmed by interest rate, liquidity and credit volatility.

Certain institutional investors using money market products and other short-term duration fixed income products for cash management purposes may shift these investments to direct investments in comparable instruments in order to realize higher yields. These redemptions would reduce managed assets, thereby reducing our revenues. In addition, rising interest rates will tend to reduce the market value of fixed income investments and fixed income derivatives held in various investment portfolios and other products, which may have an adverse effect on our revenues from certain fixed income products. If securities within a money market portfolio default or investor redemptions force the portfolio to realize losses, there could be negative pressure on its NAV. Although money market investments are not guaranteed instruments, the company might decide, under such a scenario, that it is in its best interest to provide support in the form of a support agreement, capital infusion, or other methods to help stabilize a declining NAV, which may have an adverse impact on our profitability. Additionally, we have investments in fixed income assets, including collateralized loan obligations and seed money in fixed income funds, the valuation of which could change with changes in interest and default rates.

Certain changes in the manner in which interest rates are calculated could also impact our client portfolios. LIBOR will be eliminated as a benchmark reference rate as a result of regulatory reform. Markets are developing replacement reference rates in response to this change. Questions around liquidity in these new rates and how to appropriately adjust relevant instruments and
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products to eliminate any economic value transfer at the time of transition remain a significant concern for us and others in the marketplace. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the transition away from LIBOR. The value or profitability of LIBOR-based instruments held in our client portfolios or products we manage that use LIBOR as a reference rate may be adversely affected until new reference rates and fallbacks for both legacy and new instruments and products are commercially accepted and operationally mature.

Our financial condition and liquidity would be adversely affected by losses on our seed capital and co-investments.
The company has investments in managed investment products that invest in a variety of asset classes, including, but not limited to equities, fixed income products, commodities, derivatives, and similar financial instruments, private equity and real estate. Investments in these products are generally made to establish a track record, meet purchase size requirements for trading blocks, or demonstrate economic alignment with other investors in our funds. Adverse market conditions may result in the need to write down the value of these seed capital and co-investments, which may adversely affect our results of operations or liquidity. As of December 31, 2020,2023, the company had approximately $810.5 million8,489 (December 31, 2022: 8,611) employees with an on-the-ground presence in seed capital and co-investments, including direct investments in consolidated investment products (CIP).

Since many of our subsidiary operationsover 20 countries. Our employees are located outside of the United States andhave functional currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, changes in the exchange ratesto the U.S. Dollar affect our reported financial results from one period to thenext.not covered under collective bargaining agreements.

The largest componentcompany is committed to reducing our impact on the environment. Across Invesco offices, we carefully manage our operational activities with a focus on using natural resources wisely, increasing efficiencies wherever possible and providing a safe and healthy workplace for employees and visitors. This is the foundation of our net assets, revenuesenvironmental, health and expenses, as well as our AUM,safety management approach.

Competition

The investment management business is presently denominated in U.S. Dollars. However, we havehighly competitive, with points of differentiation including investment performance, fees, range of products offered, brand recognition, business reputation, financial strength, depth and continuity of relationships and quality of service. We compete with a large number of subsidiariesinvestment management firms, commercial banks, investment banks, broker-dealers, hedge funds, insurance companies and, increasingly, firms outside the traditional financial services industry, such as technology providers. Many of these competitors have greater financial resources and higher brand recognition than Invesco. However, we believe our experience as a trusted partner to clients, the United States whose functional currencies are not the U.S. Dollar. As a result, fluctuationsquality and diversity of our investment capabilities, product types and channels of distribution, and our commitment to innovation enable us to compete effectively in the exchange rates toglobal investment management business. There are few independent investment managers with teams as globally diverse as Invesco's and the U.S. Dollar affectsame breadth and depth of investment capabilities and vehicles. We offer multiple investment objectives within the various asset classes and products that we manage. We also believe being an independent investment manager is a competitive advantage, as our reported financial results from one period to the next. Consequently, significant strengthening of the U.S. Dollar relative to the UK Pound Sterling, Euro, business model avoids conflicts that are inherent within institutions that both manage and distribute and/or Japanese Yen, among other currencies, could have a material negative impact onservice those products. Lastly, we believe continued execution against our reported financial results.strategic objectives will further strengthen our long-term competitive position.

Risks Related to Investment Performance and Competition

Poor investment performance of our products could reduce the level of our AUM or affect our sales, and negatively impact our revenues and net income.

Failure to properly address the increased transformative pressures affecting the asset management industry could negatively impact our business.
Our investment performance is critical to the success of our business. Strong investment performance often stimulates sales of our products. Poor investment performance as compared to third-party benchmarks or competitive products has in the past led, and could in the future lead, to a decrease in sales of our products and stimulate redemptions from existing products, generally lowering the overall level of AUM and reducing our management fees. There is no assurance that past or present investment performance in our products will be indicative of future performance. If we fail, or appear to fail, to address successfully and promptly the underlying causes of any poor investment performance, we may be unsuccessful in reversing such under performance and our future business prospects would likely be negatively affected.

Competitive pressures may force us to reduce the fees we charge to clients, which could reduce our profitability.

TheOur private market products include investments in private credit, real estate, and equity investments in early-stage real estate-related companies which may expose our investment management business is highly competitive,products, clients and we compete based on a variety of factors, including investment performance, range of products offered, brand recognition, business reputation, financial strength, stability and continuity of client and financial intermediary relationships, quality of service, level of fees charged for services andus, to the level of compensation paid and distribution support offered to financial intermediaries. We continue to face market pressures regarding fee levels in many products. Investors remain attracted to lower fee passive products, which have gained and may continue to gain share at the expense of active products.

Our competitors include a large number of investment management firms, commercial banks, investment banks, broker-dealers, hedge funds, insurance companies and other financial institutions. Some of these institutions have greater capital and other resources, and offer more comprehensive lines of products and services, than we do. There are relatively few barriers to entry by new investment management firms, and the successful efforts of new entrants around the world have also resulted in increased competition. Industry consolidation has increased in recent years, both in the area of distributors and asset managers. Further consolidation may occur in these areas in the future.

Our competitors can increase their market share to our detriment by reducing fees. The increasing size and market influence of certain distributorsextent of our investment in such investment products, to risks and of certain direct competitors may have a negative impact on our abilityliabilities, and us to compete at the same levels of profitability in the future.reputational harm.

Our investment products, clients and us, to the extent of our investment in such investment products, could incur losses if the allowance for credit losses, including loan and lending-related commitment reserves, of portfolio-level investments is inadequate or if our expectations of future economic conditions deteriorate.
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We may be unable to develop new products and services and the development of new products and services may expose us to additional costs or operational risk.

Our financial performance depends, in part, on the company's ability to develop, market and manage new investment products and services. The development and introduction of new products and services requires continued innovative efforts on our part and may require significant time and resources as well as ongoing support and investment. Substantial risk and uncertainties are associated with the introduction of new products and services, including the implementation of new and appropriate operational controls and procedures, shifting client and market preferences, the introduction of competing products or services and compliance with regulatory requirements. New products often must be in the market-place for three or more years in order to generate track records required to attract significant AUM inflows. Increasingly clients and intermediaries are looking to investment mangers to be able to deliver investment outcomes tailored to particular circumstances and needs, and to augment traditional investment management products and services with additional value-added services. A failure to continue to innovate and introduce successful new products and services or to manage effectively the risks associated with such products and services may impact our market share relevance and may cause our AUM, revenue and earnings to decline.

The failure or negative performance of products offered by competitors may have a negative impact on similar Invesco products irrespective of our performance.
Many competitors offer similar products to those offered by us and the failure or negative performance of competitors’ products could lead to a loss of confidence in similar Invesco products, irrespective of the performance of our products. Any loss of confidence in a product type could lead to withdrawals, redemptions and liquidity issues in such products, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

The soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us or the client portfolios we manage.

Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships. We, and the client portfolios that we manage, have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, clearing organizations, hedge funds and other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us or such client portfolios to credit risk in the event of default of its counterparty. While we regularly conduct assessments of such risk posed by counterparties, the risk of non-performance by such parties is subject to sudden swings in the financial and credit markets. Such non-performance could produce a financial loss for the company or the client portfolios we manage.

Performance fees may increase revenue and earnings volatility.

A portion of the company’s revenues is derived from performance fees on investment advisory agreements. Performance fees represented $65.6 million, or 1.1%, of total operating revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020. In most cases, performance fees are based on relative or absolute investment returns, although in some cases they are based on achieving specific service standards. Generally, the company is entitled to performance fees only if the returns on the related portfolios exceed agreed-upon periodic or cumulative return targets. If these targets are not exceeded, performance fees for that period will not be earned and, if targets are based on cumulative returns, the company may not earn performance fees in future periods. Performance fees will vary from period to period in relation to volatility in investment returns and the timing of revenue recognition, causing our earnings to be more volatile.

Risks Related to Operating our BusinessTalent, Operations and Technology
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Our investment management professionals and other key employees are a vital part ofour ability to attract and retain clients, and the loss of key individuals or a significant portion ofthose professionals could result in a reduction of our AUM, revenues and profitability.net income.

Retaining highly skilled investment management personnel is important to our ability to attract and retain our clients. The market for skilled investment management professionals is highly competitive. Our policy has been to provide our investment management professionals and other key personnel with a supportive professional working environment and compensation and benefits that we believe are competitive with other leading investment management firms. However, we may not be successful in retaining our key personnel, and the loss of significant investment professionals or other key personnel could reduce the attractiveness of our products and services to potential and current clients and could, therefore, adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

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Changes in the distribution channels on which we depend could reduce our net revenuesincome andhinder our growth.

We sell substantially all of our retail investment products through a variety of third party financial intermediaries, including major wire houses, fund supermarkets, regional broker-dealers, insurance companies, banks and financial planners in North America, and independent brokers and financial advisors, banks and supermarket platforms in Europe and Asia. No single intermediary is material to our business. Increasing competition for these distribution channels could nevertheless cause our distribution costs to rise, which would lower our net revenues. There has been consolidation of banks and broker-dealers, particularly in the U.S., and a limited amount of migration of brokers and financial advisors away from major banks to independent firms focused largely on providing advice. If these changes continue, our distribution costs could increase as a percentage of our revenues generated. Additionally, certain of the third party intermediaries upon whom we rely to distribute our investment products also sell their own competing proprietary investment products, which could limit the distribution of our products. Investors, particularly in the institutional market, rely on external consultants and other third parties for advice on the choice of investment manager. These consultants and third parties tend to exert a significant degree of influence over their clients' choices, and they may favor a competitor of Invesco as better meeting their particular clients' needs. There is no assurance that our investment products will be among their recommended choices in the future. Similarly, particularly in the United States, certain distributors have substantially reduced the number of investment funds they make available to their customers. If a material portion of our distributors were to substantially narrow their product offerings, it could have a significant adverse effect on our revenues and profitability. More broadly, in both retail and institutional channels, intermediaries (distribution firms and consultants) are seeking to reduce the number of investment management firms they do business with. While this offers opportunities to the company to have broader and deeper relationships with firms that continue to do business with us, it also poses risks of additional lost business if a particular firm chooses to stop or significantly reduce its business relationship with the company. Any failure to maintain strong business relationships with these intermediaries and the consultant community due to any of the above-described factors would impair our ability to sell our products, which in turn could have a negative effect on our revenues and profitability.

Failure to comply with client contractual requirements and/or investment guidelines could result in costs of correction, damage awards and/or regulatory fines and penalties against us and loss of revenues due to client terminations.

Many of the investment management agreements under which we manage assets or provide products or services specify investment guidelines or requirements, such as adherence to investment restrictions or limits, that we are required to observe in the provision of our services. Laws and regulations impose similar requirements for certain client portfolios (such as registered funds). A failure to comply with these guidelines or requirements could result in damage to our reputation or in our clients seeking to recover losses, withdrawing their assets or terminating their contracts. Regulators likewise may commence enforcement actions for violations of such requirements, which could lead to fines and penalties against the company. Any such effects could cause our revenues and profitability to decline. We maintain various compliance procedures and other controls to seek to prevent, detect and correct such errors. When an error is detected, a payment will typically be made into the applicable client account to correct it. Significant errors for which we are responsible could impact our reputation, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

Our investment advisory agreements are subject to termination or non-renewal, and ourfund and other investors may withdraw their assets at any time.

The quantitative models we use and our index tracking investment solutions may contain errors, which could result in financial losses or adversely impact product performance and client relationships.
Substantially all our revenues are derived from investment management agreements. Investment management agreements are generally terminable upon 30 or fewer days' notice. Agreements with U.S. registered funds may be terminated with notice, or terminated in the event of an “assignment” (as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended), and must be renewed annually by the disinterested members of each fund's Board of Trustees or Directors, as required by law. In addition, the Boards of Trustees or Directors of certain other funds generally may terminate these investment management agreements upon written notice for any reason. Open-end registered fund and unit trust investors may generally withdraw their funds at any time without prior notice. Institutional clients may elect to terminate their relationships with us or reduce the aggregate amount of AUM, generally on short notice. Any termination of or failure to renew a significant number of these agreements, or any other loss of a significant number of our clients or AUM, wouldClimate change-related risks could adversely affect our revenuesbusiness, products, operations and profitability.clients, which may cause our AUM, revenue and net income to decline.

If our reputation is harmed, we could suffer losses in our business,AUM, revenues and net income.
Our business depends on earning and maintaining the trust and confidence of clients, other market participants and regulators, and our good reputation is critical to our business. Our reputation is vulnerable to many threats that can be difficult or impossible to control, and costly or impossible to remediate. Regulatory inquiries, investigations or findings of wrongdoing, intentional or unintentional misrepresentation of our products and services in advertising materials, public relations information, social media or other external communications, operational failures (including portfolio management errors or cyber breaches),
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employee dishonesty or other misconduct and rumors, among other things, can substantially damage our reputation, even if they are baseless or eventually satisfactorily addressed.

Our business also requires us to continuously manage actual and potential conflictsThe lack of interest, including situations where our services to a particular client conflict, or are perceived to conflict, with the interestssoundness of other clientsfinancial institutions could adversely affect us or those of Invesco. The willingness of clients to enter into transactions in which such a conflict might arise may be affected ifthe client portfolios we fail - or appear to fail - to deal appropriately with conflicts of interest. In addition, potential or perceived conflicts could give rise to litigation or regulatory enforcement actions.manage.

We have procedures and controls that are designed to address and manage these risks, but this task can be complex and difficult, and if our procedures and controls fail, our reputation could be damaged. Any damage to our reputation could impede our ability to attract and retain clients and key personnel, and lead to a reduction in the amount of our AUM, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

We depend on information technology, and any failures of or damage to, attack on or unauthorized access to our information technology systems or facilities, or those of third parties with which we do business or that facilitate our business activities, including as a result of cyber-attacks, could result in significant limits on our ability to conduct our operations and activities, costs and reputational damage.

We are highly dependent upon the use of various proprietaryOur ability to manage and third-party information and security technology, software applicationsgrow our business successfully can be impeded by systems and other technology systems to operate our business. We are also dependent on the effectiveness of our information and cyber security infrastructure, policies, procedures and capabilities to protect our computer and telecommunications systems and the data that reside on or are transmitted through them. We use our technology to, among other things, manage and trade portfolio investments, support our other operations, obtain securities pricing information, process client transactions, protect the privacy of clients', employees' and business partners' data and provide reports and provide other services to our clients.technological limitations.

In recent years, several financial services firms suffered cyber-attacks launched both domestically and from abroad, resulting in the disruption of services to clients, loss or misappropriation of confidential data, litigation and regulatory enforcement actions and reputational harm. Cyber-security incidents and cyber-attacks have been occurring globally at a more frequent and severe level. Our status as a global financial institution and the nature of our client base may enhance the risk that we are targeted by such cyber-threats. Although we seek to take protective measures, including measures to effectively secure information through system security technology, and seek to continually monitor and develop our systems to protect our technology infrastructure and data from misappropriation or corruption, our technology systems may still be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer malware or other events that have a security impact, such as an external hacker attack by one or more cyber criminals or an authorized employee or vendor causing us to release confidential information inadvertently or through malfeasance, or lose temporarily or permanently data or applications or systems. The third parties with which we do business or which facilitate our business activities, including financial intermediaries and technology infrastructure and service providers, are also susceptible to the foregoing risks (including regarding the third parties with which they are similarly interconnected or on which they otherwise rely), and our or their business operations and activities may therefore be adversely affected, perhaps materially, by failures, terminations, errors or malfeasance by, or attacks or constraints on, one or more financial, technology or infrastructure institutions or intermediaries with whom we or they are interconnected or conduct business. Further, third-party service providers may have limited indemnification obligations to us regarding cyber-incidents.

Breach of our technology systems could damage our reputation and could result in the unauthorized disclosure or modification or loss of sensitive or confidential information (including client data); unauthorized disclosure, modification or loss of proprietary information relating to our business; inability to process client or company transactions and processes; breach and termination of client contracts; liability for stolen assets, information or identity; remediation costs to repair damage caused by the breach, including damage to systems and recovery of lost data; additional security costs to mitigate against future incidents; regulatory actions (including fines and penalties, which could be material) and litigation costs resulting from the incident. Such consequences could result in material financial loss and have a negative effect on our revenues and profitability.

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If we are unable to successfully recover from a man-made or natural disaster, health crisis or other business continuityproblem, we could suffer material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatoryactions, reputational harm or legal liability.

If we were to experience a local or regional disasterpandemic or other business continuity problem, such as a pandemic or other natural or man-made disaster, our continued success will depend, in part, on the availability of our personnel, our office facilities and the proper functioning of our computer, telecommunication and other related systems and operations. In such an event, we believe our operational size, multiple office locations, and our existing back-up systems should mitigate adverse impacts. Nevertheless, we could still experience near-term operational problems with regard to particular areas of our operations. Further, as we maintain certain business processes to lower-cost geographic locations such as India, the potential for particular types of natural or man-made disasters, political, economic or infrastructure instabilities, or other country- or region-specific business continuity risks increases. Although we seek to assess regularly and improve our existing business continuity plans, a major disaster, or one that affected certain important operating areas, or our inability to recover successfully should we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem, could materially interrupt our business operations and causesuffer material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm or legal liability.

Our business is vulnerable to deficiencies and failures in support systems, including data management, and customer servicefunctions that could lead to breaches and errors or reputational harm, resulting in loss of customers or claimsagainst us or our subsidiaries.

In additionRisks Related to investment management, our services include fund administration, sales, distribution, marketing, shareholder servicingAccounting, Capital Management and trust, custody and other fiduciary services. In order to be competitive and comply with our agreements, we must properly perform our fund and portfolio administration and related responsibilities, including portfolio recordkeeping and accounting, security pricing, corporate actions, investment restrictions compliance, daily net asset value computations, account reconciliations and required distributions to fund shareholders. The ability to consistently and reliably obtain accurate securities pricing information, process client portfolio and fund shareholder transactions and provide reports and other customer service to fund shareholders and clients in accounts managed by us is essential to our continuing success. Certain types of securities may experience liquidity constraints that would require increased use of fair value pricing, which is dependent on certain subjective judgments that have the potential to be challenged. Any delays or inaccuracies in obtaining pricing information, processing such transactions or such reports or other breaches and errors and any inadequacies in other customer service, could result in reimbursement obligations or other liabilities, or alienate clients or distributors and potentially give rise to claims against us. Our customer service capability, as well as our ability to obtain prompt and accurate securities pricing information and to process transactions and reports, is highly dependent on communications and information systems and on third-party service providers. Certain of these processes involve a degree of manual input, and thus problems could occur from time-to-time due to human error. Our failure to properly perform and monitor our operations or our otherwise suffering deficiencies and failures in these systems or service functions could result in material financial loss or costs, regulatory actions, breach of client contracts, reputational harm or legal claims and liability, which in turn could have a negative effect on our revenues and profitability.Liquidity

The failure of one of our third party service providers or other key vendors to fulfill its obligations could have a material adverse effect on our reputation or business, which may cause our AUM, revenue and earnings to decline.

We depend on third party service providers and other key vendors for various fund administration, accounting, custody, risk analytics, market data, market indices and transfer agent roles, and other distribution and operational needs. If our third party service providers or other key vendors fail to fulfill their obligations to us, it could lead to operational and regulatory problems, including with respect to certain of our products, which could result in losses, enforcement actions, or reputational harm and may cause our AUM, revenue and earnings to decline.

The carrying value of goodwill and other intangible assets on our balance sheet could become impaired, which would adversely affect our results of operations.

We have goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets on our balance sheet that are subject to annual impairment reviews. We also have definite-lived intangible assets on our balance sheet that are subject to impairment testing if indicators of impairment are identified. Goodwill and intangible assets totaled $8,916.3 million and $7,305.6 million, respectively, at December 31, 2020. We may not realize the value of such assets. We perform impairment reviews of the book values of these assets on an annual basis or more frequently if impairment indicators are present. A variety of factors could cause such book values to become impaired. Should valuations be deemed to be impaired, a write-down of the related assets would occur, adversely affecting our results of operations for the period. See Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies - Goodwill” and “- Intangibles,” for additional details of our impairment analysis process.
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Our credit facilityagreement imposes restrictions onoperating covenants that impact our ability to conduct businesscertain activities and, ifamounts borrowed under it were subject to accelerated repayment, we might not have sufficient assets or liquidity to repay such amounts in full.

Our credit facility requires us to maintain specified financial ratios, including maximum debt-to-earnings and minimum interest coverage ratios. The credit facility also contains customary affirmative operating covenants and negative covenants that, among other things, restrict certainWe issued perpetual preferred stock having a value of our subsidiaries' ability to incur debt and restrictapproximately $4 billion, which could adversely affect our ability to transfer assets, merge, make loansraise additional capital and may limit our ability to fund other investments and create liens. The breach of any covenant would result in a default under the credit facility. In the event of any such default, lenders that are party to the credit facility could refuse to make further extensions of credit to us and require all amounts borrowed under the credit facility, together with accrued interest and other fees, to be immediately due and payable. If any indebtedness under the credit facility were subject to accelerated repayment and if we had at that time a significant amount of outstanding debt under the credit facility, we might not have sufficient liquid assets to repay such indebtedness in full.priorities.

Failure to maintain adequate corporate and contingent liquidity may cause our AUM, revenues and net income to decline, as well as harm our prospects for growth.
Distribution of earnings of our subsidiaries may be subject to limitations, including net capital requirements.

Substantially all our operations are conducted through our subsidiaries. As a result, our cash flow and our ability to fund operations are dependent upon the earnings of our subsidiaries and the distribution of earnings, intercompany loans or other payments by our subsidiaries to us. Any payments to us by our subsidiaries could be subject to statutory or contractual restrictions and are contingent upon our subsidiaries earnings and business or regulatory considerations. For example, certain of our subsidiaries are required under applicable laws and regulations to maintain appropriate levels of capital.

Such requirements may change from time-to-time as additional guidance is released based on a variety of factors, including balance sheet composition, assessment of risk exposures and governance and review from regulators. These and other similar provisions of applicable laws and regulations may have the effect of limiting withdrawals of capital, repayment of intercompany loans and payment of dividends by such entities. Our financial condition or liquidity could be adversely affected if certain of our subsidiaries are unable to distribute funds to us.

All of our regulated EU and UK subsidiaries are subject to consolidated capital requirements under applicable EU and UK requirements, including those arising from the EU's Capital Requirements Directive and the UK's Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP), and we maintain capital within this European sub-group to satisfy these regulations. We meet these requirements in part by holding cash and cash equivalents. This retained cash can be used for general business purposes in the European sub-group in the countries where it is located. Due to the capital restrictions, the ability to transfer cash between certain jurisdictions may be limited. In addition, transfers of cash between international jurisdictions may have adverse tax consequences. As of December 31, 2020, the company's minimum regulatory capital requirement was $763.6 million.

Complying with our regulatory commitments may result in an increase in the capital requirements applicable to the European sub-group. As a result of corporate restructuring and regulatory requirements, certain of these subsidiaries may be required to limit their dividends to the ultimate parent company, Invesco Ltd.

We are exposed to a number of risks arising from our international operations.

We operate in a number of jurisdictions outside of the United States. We have offices in numerous countries and sponsor many cross border and local proprietary funds that are domiciled outside the United States and may face difficulties in managing, operating and marketing our international operations. Our international operations expose us to the political and economic consequences of operating in foreign jurisdictions and subject us to expropriation risks, expatriation controls and potential adverse tax consequences.

Risks Related to Strategic Transactions

We may engage in strategic transactions that could create risks.

We regularly review, and from time-to-time have discussions with and engage in, potential strategic transactions, including potential acquisitions, dispositions, consolidations, joint ventures or similar transactions, some of which may be material. There can be no assurance that we will find suitable candidates for strategic transactions at acceptable prices, have sufficient capital resources to pursue such transactions, be successful in negotiating the required agreements, or successfully close transactions after signing such agreements.

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Acquisitions also pose the risk that any business we acquire may lose customers or employees or could underperform relative to expectations. We could also experience financial or other setbacks if pending transactions encounter unanticipated problems, including problems related to closing or integration. Following the completion of an acquisition, we may have to rely on the seller to provide administrative and other support, including financial reporting and internal controls, to the acquired business for a period of time. There can be no assurance that such sellers will do so in a manner that is acceptable to us.

We have incurred and will continue to incur transaction and integration costs in connection with the acquisition of OppenheimerFunds and the anticipated benefits of the acquisition may not offset these costs.

We have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant, non-recurring costs in connection with the acquisition and integration of OppenheimerFunds. There can be no assurances that the expected benefits and efficiencies related to the integration of the business will be realized to offset these transaction and integration costs over time. As part of the integration activities for the OppenheimerFunds business, the company has identified a matter that involves a possible loss contingency related to the operations of the acquired business. See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 20, "Commitments and Contingencies" for additional information.

In connection with the acquisition of OppenheimerFunds, we issued perpetual preferred stock having a value of approximately $4 billion, which could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital and may limit our ability to fund other priorities.

In connection with the acquisition of OppenheimerFunds, Invesco issued approximately $4 billion of 5.9% fixed rate perpetual preferred stock to certain of OppenheimerFunds' former shareholders. This issuance may limit our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, acquisitions and general corporate or other purposes; may restrict our ability to pay dividends to holders of common shares in certain circumstances; may increase our vulnerability to general economic and industry conditions; and will require a significant portion of cash flow from operations to make required dividend payments to preferred shareholders.

Risks Related to our Significant ShareholderShareholders

In connection with the acquisitionFuture sales of OppenheimerFunds, we issued approximately 81.9 millionshares of our common shares, whichstock could adversely impact ourthe trading price upon resale of thoseour common shares.stock.

We issued approximately 81.9 million common shares in connection with the acquisition, most of which are held by Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (MassMutual). The common shares held by MassMutual are subject to an agreement not to sell those common shares prior to May 24, 2021, subject to early termination in certain circumstances, as well as to certain limitations on resales. MassMutual may in the future sell these common shares in the open market or through secondary offerings. If MassMutual were to sell its equity stake in Invesco, or express an intention to sell the stake, that action could have a significant impact on our common share trading price.

MassMutual has the ability to significantly influence our business, and MassMutual’s interest in our business may be different from that of other shareholders.
shareholder
MassMutual is entitled to designate an individual to serve on our board so long as it beneficially owns at least (i) 10% of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock or (ii) (x) 5% of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock and (y) $2.0 billion in aggregate liquidation preference of our Series A preferred shares. Additionally, we are not permitted to take certain actions without the prior written approval of MassMutual, including making certain changes in our capital structure or our organizational documents, adopting a shareholder rights plan or effectuating certain business combination transactions. MassMutual’s level of ownership and influence may make some transactions (such as those involving mergers, material share issuances or changes in control) more difficult or impossible without the support of MassMutual, which in turn could adversely affect the market price of our shares of common stock or prevent our shareholders from realizing a premium over the market price for their shares of our common stock. The interests of MassMutual may conflict with the interests of other shareholders.

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Risks Related to Regulatory and Legal Matters

We operate in an industry that is highly regulated in most countries, and any enforcement action or significant changes in the laws or regulations governing our business or any firm specific regulatory or enforcement actionsindustry could decrease our AUM, revenues, net income and profitability.

As with all investment management companies, our activities are highly regulated in almost all countries in which we conduct business. The regulatory environment in which we operate frequently changes and we have seen a significant increase in regulatory changes, actions and scrutiny in recent years, in part due to a concern that the asset management industry or certain of its entities or activities pose systemic risks to the financial system. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, regulators in the United States and the United Kingdom have taken and can be expected to continue to take a more aggressive posture on bringing enforcement proceedings. Laws and regulations applied at the national, state or provincial and local level generally grant governmental agencies and industry self-regulatory authorities broad administrative discretion over our activities, including the power to require registration or licenses, limit or restrict our business activities, conduct examinations, risk assessments, investigations and capital adequacy reviews and impose remedial programs to address perceived deficiencies. As a result of regulatory oversight, we could face requirements or actions which negatively impact the way in which we conduct business, delay or deny approval for new products or service offerings, cause or contribute to reduced sales or increased redemptions of our products or services, impair the investment performance of other products or services, impact product mix, increase compliance costs and/or impose additional capital requirements. Our regulators likewise have the authority to commence enforcement actions which could lead to sanctions up to and including the revocation of licenses to operate certain businesses, the suspension or expulsion from a particular jurisdiction or market of any of our business organizations or their key personnel or the imposition of fines and censures on us or our employees. Further, regulators across borders could coordinate actions against us as issues arise resulting in impacts on our business in multiple jurisdictions. Judgments or findings of wrongdoing by regulatory or governmental authorities, or in private litigation against us, could affect our reputation, increase our costs of doing business and/or negatively impact our revenues. Any of the effects discussed above could have a material negative impact on our AUM, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

A substantial portion of the products and services we offer are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), the Commodities Future Trading Commission (CFTC), the National Futures Association (NFA) and the Texas Department of Banking in the United States and by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Prudential Regulatory Authority (PRA) in the United Kingdom. Subsidiaries operating in the European Union (EU) are subject to various EU Directives, which generally are implemented by member state national legislation and by EU Regulations. Our operations elsewhere in the world are regulated by similar regulatory organizations.

The UK and the EU, in particular, have promulgated or are considering various new or revised regulatory measures pertaining to financial services, including investment managers. Such measures are progressing at various stages. Such measures in the EU generally have been, are being or will or would be implemented by national legislation in member states. Ongoing changes in the UK’s and EU’s regulatory framework applicable to our business as related to Brexit and any other changes may add further complexity to our global risks and operations.

Regulatory developments and changes specific to our business will or may include, without limitation:

Regulations pertaining to the privacy, use and retention of data with respect to clients, employees and business partners. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe has strengthened privacy rules for individuals in Europe, granting individuals more rights and control over the use of their personal information by organizations doing business with them, and greatly increased penalties for non-compliance. The GDPR has also influenced the subsequent direction and strengthening of privacy regulations globally, at a state level in the U.S., such as CCPA, CPRA, and WPA, and in various other jurisdictions we operate in globally, such as Canada, India, China, and Hong Kong. The 2020 ruling by the European Court of Justice on EU to US personal data transfers (“Schrems II”) and subsequent response by the European Commission has created uncertainty on future legal frameworks to facilitate international transfers of European personal data.
An increased focus on liquidity in funds (including fixed income funds), an example of which is the SEC’s rules with respect to liquidity and liquidity risk management applicable to certain types of registered U.S. funds, or the recent studies of Global and EU regulators on the resilience of investment funds during the COVID 19 related market turmoil.
Forthcoming EU and UK regulations pertaining to integrating environmental, social and governance (ESG) topics may materially impact the asset management industry in EU member states that adopt such legislation and in the UK. For example, the EU’s recent action plan on financing sustainable growth includes initiatives to integrate ESG into the financial system, including such areas as MiFID II, UCITS and AIFMD regulations, through the integration of ESG
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risks, and new ESG disclosure obligations. We expect the SEC and other regulators in the U.S. to pursue similar initiatives. The SEC also may promulgate additional disclosure obligations that would apply to the company with respect to matters such as environmental impact of our business operations, our employee and board diversity and other ESG-related matters.
Requirements pertaining to the trading of securities and other financial instruments, such as swaps and other derivatives, including certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act and European Market Infrastructure Regulation; these include significant reporting requirements, designated trading venues, mandated central clearing arrangements, restrictions on proprietary trading by certain financial institutions, other conduct requirements and potentially new taxes or similar fees.
Changes to the investment, trading and distribution models across EMEA as a result of ongoing changes to the relationship between the United Kingdom (UK) and the EU after the departure of the UK from the EU. Despite the trade deal announced in December 2020, the impact on the financial services industry remains unclear.
Limitations on holdings of certain physical commodity futures contracts and other physical commodity related derivatives positions under regulations of the CFTC which could result in capacity constraints for our products that employ physical commodities as part of their investment strategy.
Potential limitations on the ability of our U.S. registered funds to enter into derivatives transactions under regulations of the SEC.
Regulations impacting the standard of care a financial adviser owes to its clients including the SEC’s best interests standard and similar standards promulgated by the U.S. Department of Labor.
Increased requirements to provide regulators and investors more granular detail regarding our products and services, including the SEC’s reporting modernization rule applicable to certain types of registered U.S. funds and MiFID II trade and transaction reporting in the UK and the EU.
Enhanced licensing and qualification requirements for key personnel, including the United Kingdom Senior Managers and Certification Regime.
Strengthening standards regarding various ethical matters, including compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the UK Bribery Act and anti-money-laundering laws and regulations.
Regulations promulgated to address risks of fraud, malfeasance or other adverse consequences stemming from cyber attacks, and ensure the digital operational resilience of firms.
Regulations promulgated to address perceptions that the asset management industry, or certain of its entities or activities, pose systematic risks to the financial system.
The application of anti-trust and similar competition laws to the asset management industry, including aggregation of filing obligations across managed portfolios under the U.S. Hart-Scott-Rodino Act and the implications of common ownership of issuers within the industry.
Guidelines regarding the structure and components of fund manager compensation and other additional rules and regulations and disclosure requirements. Certain provisions impose additional disclosure burdens on public companies. Certain proposals could impose requirements for more widespread disclosures of compensation to highly-paid individuals. Depending upon the scope of any such requirements, Invesco could be disadvantaged in retaining key employees vis-à-vis private companies, including hedge fund sponsors.
Other changes impacting the identity or the organizational structure of regulators with supervisory authority over Invesco.

We cannot at this time predict the full impact of potential legal and regulatory changes, changes in the interpretation of existing laws and regulations or possible enforcement proceedings on our business. Such changes have imposed, and may continue to impose, new compliance costs and/or capital requirements or impact Invesco in other ways that could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. Moreover, certain legal or regulatory changes could require us to modify our strategies, businesses or operations, and we may incur other new constraints or costs, including the investment of significant management time and resources in order to satisfy new regulatory requirements or to compete in a changed business environment. In recent years, certain regulatory developments have also added downward pressures regarding fee levels.

Civil litigation and governmental investigations and enforcement actions could adversely affect our AUM and future financial resultsnet income and increase our costs of doing business.

Invesco and certain related entities have in recent years been subject to various legal proceedings, including civil litigation and governmental investigations and enforcement actions. These actions can arise from normal business operations and/or matters that have been the subject of previous regulatory reviews. As a global company with investment products registered in numerous countries and subject to the jurisdiction of one or more regulators in each country, at any given time, our business operations may be subject to review, investigation or disciplinary action. For example, in the United States, United Kingdom and other jurisdictions in which the company operates, governmental authorities regularly make inquiries, hold investigations
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and administer market conduct examinations with respect to the company's compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Lawsuits or regulatory enforcement actions arising out of these inquiries may in the future be filed against the company and related entities and individuals in the United States, United Kingdom and other jurisdictions in which the company and its affiliates operate. See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 20 -- "Commitments and Contingencies,” for additional information. Judgments in civil litigation or findings of wrongdoing by regulatory or governmental authorities against us could affect our reputation, increase our costs of doing business and/or negatively impact our revenues, any of which could have a material negative impact on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

Legislative and other measures that may be taken by U.S. and/or other governmental authorities could materially increase our tax burden or otherwise adversely affect our financial condition, results of operationsnet income or cash flows.

The international tax environment continues to change as a result of both coordinated actions by governments and unilateral measures designed by individual countries, both intended to tackle concerns over base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) and perceived international tax avoidance techniques. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) are involved in much of the coordinated activity, including:

liquidity.
In 2018, the EU introduced mandatory disclosure rules (DAC6) requiring disclosure to tax authorities of cross-border arrangements entered into by taxpayers that fall within certain, broadly defined hallmarks beginning in July 1, 2020.
The OECD has undertaken BEPS 2.0 focused on “Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digitalization of the Economy.” This project may impact all multinational businesses by allocating a greater share of taxing rights to countries where consumers are located regardless of the current physical presence of a business, and by implementing a global minimum tax.
The OECD has also launched an Analytical Database on Individual Multinationals and Affiliates (“ADIMA”), a database containing public information on the physical and digital locations of corporations (including revenue, profit, income tax and number of employees).
Bermuda has adopted economic substance regulations to comply with the EU Code of Conduct for business taxation and tax policies which requires Invesco Ltd. to file annual declarations.

We continually assess the impact of various U.S. federal, state and foreign legislative proposals, and modifications to existing tax treaties between the United States and foreign countries, which could result in a material increase in our U.S. federal, state or foreign taxes. We cannot predict the outcome of any specific legislative proposals. However, if unfavorable legislation were to be enacted, or if modifications were to be made to certain existing tax treaties, the consequences could have a materially adverse impact on the company, including increasing our tax burden, increasing costs of our tax compliance or otherwise adversely affecting our future results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

Examinations and audits by tax authorities could result in additional tax payments for prior periods.

The company and its subsidiaries are subject to both income and non-income based taxes in the United States and various foreign jurisdictions, which are subject to current and potentially future tax audits. The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across our global operations. Tax authorities may disagree with certain positions we have taken and assess additional taxes (and, in certain cases, interest, fines or penalties). We recognize potential liabilities and record tax liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional income taxes will be due. We adjust these liabilities in light of changing facts and circumstances. Due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, however, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the tax liabilities.

The European Commission continues to investigate certain tax rulings and beneficial regimes provided by Member States to particular taxpayers that it believes may have violated the EU restriction on State Aid. There is considerable uncertainty with the approach being taken, including retroactive application (10-year period), conflicts with OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines and implications to bilateral tax treaties. While the company does not believe it has received State Aid, and is currently not a party to any investigation, due to the uncertainty of the process and retroactive nature of the assessments any potential future findings could have a materially adverse impact on the company.

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Bermuda law differs from the laws in effect in the United StatesU.S. and may afford lessprotection to shareholders.
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Our shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests than shareholders of a company incorporated in a jurisdiction of the United States. As a Bermuda company, we are governed by the Companies Act 1981 of Bermuda (Companies Act). The Companies Act differs in some material respects from laws generally applicable to United States corporations and shareholders, including provisions relating to interested directors, mergers, amalgamations and acquisitions, takeovers, shareholder lawsuits and indemnification of directors.

Under Bermuda law, the duties of directors and officers of a company are generally owed to the company only. Shareholders of Bermuda companies do not generally have rights to take action against directors or officers of the company, and may only do so in limited circumstances described in the following paragraph. However, directors and officers may owe duties to a company's creditors in cases of impending insolvency. Directors and officers of a Bermuda company must, in exercising their powers and performing their duties, act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the company and must exercise the care and skill that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. Directors have a duty not to put themselves in a position in which their duties to the company and their personal interests may conflict and also are under a duty to disclose any personal interest in any material contract or proposed material contract with the company or any of its subsidiaries. If a director or officer of a Bermuda company is found to have breached such director’s duties to that company, the director may be held personally liable to the company in respect of that breach of duty.

Class actions and derivative actions are generally not available to shareholders under the laws of Bermuda. However, the Bermuda courts ordinarily would be expected to follow English case law precedent, which would permit a shareholder to commence an action in a company's name against the directors and officers to remedy a wrong done to the company where the act complained of is alleged to be beyond the company's corporate power or is illegal or would result in the violation of the company's memorandum of association or Bye-Laws. Furthermore, consideration would be given by the court to acts that are alleged to constitute a fraud against the minority shareholders or where an act requires the approval of a greater percentage of shareholders than actually approved it. Under our Third Amended and Restated Bye-Laws (Bye-Laws), each of our shareholders agrees to waive any claim or right of action, both individually and on our behalf, other than those involving fraud or dishonesty, against the company or any of our officers, directors or employees. The waiver applies to any action taken by a director, officer or employee, or the failure of such person to take any action, in the performance of his or her duties, except with respect to any matter involving any fraud or dishonesty on the part of the director, officer or employee. This waiver limits the right of shareholders to assert claims against our directors, officers and employees unless the act or failure to act involves fraud or dishonesty.

Our Bye-Laws also provide for indemnification of our directors and officers in respect of any loss arising or liability attaching to them in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust of which a director or officer may be guilty in relation to the company other than in respect of his or her own fraud or dishonesty, which is the maximum extent of indemnification permitted under the Companies Act.

Because we are incorporated in Bermuda, it may be difficult for shareholders to serve processenforce non-monetary judgments against us or enforce judgmentsany judgment against us or our directors and officers.

The company is organized under the laws of Bermuda. In addition, certain of our officers and directors reside in countries outside the United States. A substantial portion of the company's assets and the assets of these officers and directors are or may be located outside the United States. Investors Shareholders may have difficulty effectingto seek independent advice regarding the commencement of proceedings or service of foreign process within the United States on our directors and officers who reside outside the United States or recovering against the company or these directors and officers on judgments of U.S. courts based on civil liabilities provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, even though the company has appointed an agent in the United States to receive service of process.Bermuda.

Further, it may not be possible in Bermuda or in countries other than the United States where the company has assets to enforce court judgments obtained in the United States against the company based on the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal or state securities laws. In addition, there is some doubt as to whether the courts of Bermuda and other countries would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against the company or our directors or officers based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal or state securities laws or would hear actions against the company or those persons based on those laws. We have been advised by our legal advisors in Bermuda that the United States and Bermuda do not currently have a treaty providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. Some remedies available under the laws of the United States or the states therein, including some remedies available under the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be allowed in Bermuda courts because they may be found to be contrary to Bermuda public policy. Therefore, a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any federal or state court in the United States based
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on civil liability, whether or not based solely on U.S. federal or state securities laws, would not automatically be enforceable in Bermuda. Similarly, those judgments may not be enforceable in other countries other than the United States.

We have anti-takeover provisions in our Bye-Laws that may discourage a change of control.

Our Bye-Laws contain provisions that could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us or to obtain majority representation on our Board of Directors without the consent of our Board. As a result, shareholders may be limited in their ability to obtain a premium for their shares under such circumstances.

Specifically, our Bye-Laws contain the following provisions that may impede or delay an unsolicited takeover of the company:
we are prohibited from engaging, under certain circumstances, in a business combination (as defined in our Bye-Laws) with any interested shareholder (as defined in our Bye-Laws) for three years following the date that the shareholder became an interested shareholder;
our Board of Directors, without further shareholder action, is permitted by our Bye-Laws to issue preference shares, in one or more series, and determine by resolution any designations, preferences, qualifications, privileges, limitations, restrictions, or special or relative rights of an additional series. The rights of preferred shareholders may supersede the rights of common shareholders;
shareholders may only remove directors for “cause” (defined in our Bye-laws to mean willful misconduct or gross negligence which is materially injurious to the company, fraud or embezzlement, or a conviction of, or a plea of “guilty” or “no contest” to, a felony);
our Board of Directors is authorized to expand its size and fill vacancies; and
shareholders cannot act by written consent unless the consent is unanimous.

General Risk Factors
Our ability to maintain our credit ratings and to access the capital markets in a timely manner should we seek to do so depends on a number of factors.
Insurance may not be available at a reasonable cost to protect us from loss or liability.

PART I
Item 1.  Business

Introduction

Invesco Ltd. (the Parent) and its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, Invesco or the company) is an independent investment management firm dedicated to delivering a superior investment experience. Our comprehensive range of active, passive and alternative investment capabilities has been constructed over many years to help clients achieve their investment objectives. We draw on this comprehensive range of capabilities to provide solutions designed to deliver key outcomes aligned to client needs.

With approximately 8,500 employees and an on-the-ground presence in more than 20 countries, Invesco is well positioned to meet the needs of investors across the globe. We have specialized investment teams managing investments across a broad range of asset classes, investment styles and geographies. For decades, individuals and institutions have viewed Invesco as a trusted partner for a comprehensive set of investment needs. We have a significant presence in the retail and institutional markets within the investment management industry in the Americas, Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) and Asia-Pacific (APAC), serving clients in more than 120 countries. As of December 31, 2023, the firm managed approximately $1.6 trillion in assets for investors around the world.

The key drivers of success for Invesco are long-term investment performance, high-quality client service and effective distribution relationships delivered across a diverse spectrum of investment management capabilities, distribution channels, geographic areas and market exposures. Through our focus on these areas, we seek to deliver better outcomes for clients, generate competitive investment results and positive net flows, and increase AUM and revenues.

We measure relative investment performance by comparing our investment capabilities to competitors' products, industry benchmarks and client investment objectives. Generally, distributors, investment advisors and consultants take into consideration longer-term investment performance (e.g., three-year and five-year performance) in their selection of investment products and recommendations to their clients. Third-party ratings may also influence client investment decisions. We monitor the quality of client service in a variety of ways, including periodic client satisfaction surveys, analysis of response times and redemption rates, competitive benchmarking of services and feedback from investment consultants.

The company is organized under the laws of Bermuda. Our common shares are listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol “IVZ.” We maintain a website at www.invesco.com/corporate. (Information contained on our website shall not be deemed to be part of, or be incorporated into, this document.)

Industry Trends

Trends around the world continue to transform the investment management industry and underscore the need to be well diversified with broad capabilities globally:

Individuals and Institutions expect personalized outcomes and experience.
Distribution partners are becoming more selective and continuing to maintain fewer relationships and partners, reducing the number of trusted investment managers with whom they work.
Clients and distribution partners are demanding more from investment managers. While performance remains paramount, competitive pricing, best-in class experience and value-added services (including portfolio analytics and consultative solutions) increasingly differentiate managers.
The U.S. and China will continue to be the dominant global wealth markets. Global asset management leaders will need a considerable footprint in these markets.

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Structural shifts in client portfolio allocations.
Private market allocations continue to increase and become a meaningful part of retail portfolios, driving industry fee growth as well as innovation and democratization.
Beta, factor, and index offerings will continue to be core to portfolios in transparent, efficient markets. In this space, clients will demand ease of access and competitive pricing.
Investors have been selecting active strategies, while placing a high bar on proven superior risk-adjusted returns.
Investors have been favoring fixed income strategies in response to unpredictable market conditions and the higher interest rate environment.
Investors have been shifting their investment strategies toward lower fee offerings, and we believe this trend will continue.

Leading asset managers must quickly curate options that solve clients’ problems.
Investment capabilities will be delivered efficiently and seamlessly using technologies, platforms, and vehicles.
Investment managers are finding new ways of leveraging data and analytics to create insights that will provide strategic advantage and drive investment, distribution, and operational excellence.
Winners will invest in talent and skills across new ecosystems, requiring new ways of working and strategic partnerships to drive synergies and scale.

These dynamics are driving fundamental changes within the industry and, we believe, will drive increasing consolidation. We believe the steps we have taken over the past decade strengthened our ability to understand, anticipate and meet client needs and will help ensure Invesco is well-positioned to compete within our industry over the long term.

Strategy

At Invesco, we seek to drive sustainable profitable growth by delivering capabilities that build enduring partnerships and create better outcomes for our clients. The company focuses on four key long-term strategic objectives that are designed to sharpen our focus on client needs, further strengthen our business over time and help ensure our long-term success:

Deliver the excellence our clients expect
Achieve strong, long-term investment performance.
Deliver a quality investment process and a frictionless experience with superior engagement.
Provide advice and solutions to help our clients best manage their portfolios and succeed with their own clients.

Grow high demand investment offerings
Deliver ahead of clients’ expectations through product innovation, investment styles, and packaging options.
Focus our offerings at the intersection of high opportunity markets and high demand capabilities.

Create an environment where talented people thrive
Attract and develop high performing, diverse talent with skills aligned to deliver against business outcomes.
Create an inclusive and engaging culture that values diversity of thought which enables us to work as one team to deliver better outcomes.

Act like owners for all stakeholders
Be disciplined stewards of firm resources with a focus on profitable growth.
Invest in the success of our clients, our shareholders, and ourselves.

As an integrated global investment manager, we are keenly focused on meeting clients' needs and operating effectively and efficiently. We take a unified approach to our business and present our financial statements and other disclosures under the single operating segment “investment management.”

A key focus of our business is fostering a strong investment culture and providing the support that enables our investment teams to maintain well-performing investment capabilities. We believe the ability to leverage the capabilities of our investment teams to help clients across the globe achieve their investment objectives is a significant differentiator for our firm.

Investment Management Capabilities

We believe that the proven strength of our distinct and globally located investment teams and their well-defined investment disciplines and risk management approaches provide us with a robust competitive advantage. There are few independent investment managers with teams as globally diverse as Invesco's and with the same breadth and depth of investment capabilities and vehicles. We offer multiple investment objectives within the various asset classes and products that we manage. Our asset classes, broadly defined, include equity, fixed income, balanced, alternatives and money market.
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The following sets forth our major managed investment objectives by asset class:

Equity
Fixed Income
Balanced
Alternatives
Money Market
● Core/Value/Growth Style● Buy and Hold● Balanced Risk● Absolute Return● Cash Plus
● Custom Solutions● Convertibles● Custom Solutions● Commodities● Custom Solutions
● Emerging Markets● Core/Core Plus● ESG● Currencies● Government/Treasury
● Environmental, Social and
   Governance (ESG)
● Custom Solutions● Global/Regional● Custom Solutions● Prime
● International/Global● Emerging Markets● Single Country● Direct Lending● Taxable
● Large/Mid/Small Cap● ESG● Target Risk● Distressed Debt● Tax-Free
● Low Volatility/Defensive● Government Bonds● Traditional Balanced● ESG
● Passive/Enhanced● High-Yield Bonds● Financial Structures
● Regional/Single Country● International/Global● Global Macro
● Smart Beta/Factor-based● Investment Grade Credit● Infrastructure and MLPs
● Thematic/Sector● Multi-Sector● Long/Short Equity
● Municipal Bonds● Managed Futures
● Passive/Enhanced● Multi-Alternatives
● Regional/Single Country● Private Real Estate
● Short/Ultra-Short Duration● Public Real Estate Securities
● Smart Beta/Factor-based● Senior Secured Loans
● Stable Value
● Structured Securities

Distribution Channels

Retail AUM typically originate from clients investing into funds available to the public in the form of shares or units. Institutional AUM originate from entities such as individual corporate clients, insurance companies, endowments, foundations, government authorities, universities or charities. AUM disclosed as retail channel AUM include AUM distributed by the company's retail sales team. AUM disclosed as institutional channel AUM include AUM distributed by the company's institutional sales team.

The company operates as an integrated global investment manager, presenting itself as a single firm to clients around the world. Dedicated sales forces deliver our investment strategies through a variety of vehicles that meet the needs of retail and institutional clients. Note that not all products sold in the retail distribution channel are in "retail" vehicles, and not all products sold in the institutional channel are in "institutional" vehicles, as described in the table below. This aggregation, however, is viewed as a proxy for presenting AUM in the retail and institutional markets in which we operate.

The following lists our primary investment vehicles by distribution channel:

Retail
Institutional
● Closed-end Mutual Funds● Collective Trust Funds
● Exchange-traded funds (ETFs)● ETFs
● Individual Savings Accounts● Institutional Separate Accounts
● Investment Companies with Variable Capital● Open-end Mutual Funds
● Investment Trusts● Private Funds
● Open-end Mutual Funds
● Separately Managed Accounts (SMA)
● Société d'investissement à Capital Variable
● Unit Investment Trusts (UITs)
● Variable Insurance Funds

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Retail

Retail AUM were $1,042.0 billion at December 31, 2023. We offer retail products within all of the major asset classes. Our retail products are primarily distributed through third-party financial intermediaries, including major wire houses, direct wealth platforms, regional broker-dealers, insurance companies, banks and financial planners in the Americas, and independent brokers and financial advisors, banks and direct wealth platforms in EMEA and APAC.

The Americas and EMEA retail operations rank among the largest by AUM in their respective markets. As of December 31, 2023, Invesco's U.S. retail business, including our ETFs franchise, is among the leading asset managers in the U.S., and Invesco's retail business in EMEA is among the largest non-proprietary investment managers in the retail channel. In addition, Invesco Great Wall Fund Management Company Limited (IGW or Invesco Great Wall), our joint venture in China, is one of the largest Sino-foreign managers of equity products in China, with total AUM of approximately $83.6 billion at December 31, 2023. We provide our retail clients with one of the industry's most robust and comprehensive product lines.

Institutional

Institutional AUM were $543.3 billion at December 31, 2023. We offer a broad suite of domestic and global strategies, including traditional and quantitative equities, fixed income (including money market funds for institutional clients), real estate, financial structures and absolute return strategies. Regional sales forces distribute our products and provide services to clients and intermediaries around the world. We have a diversified client base that includes major public and private entities, unions, non-profit organizations, endowments, foundations, pension funds, financial institutions and sovereign wealth funds. Invesco's institutional money market funds serve some of the largest financial institutions, government entities and companies in the world.

AUM Diversification

One of Invesco's competitive strengths is the diversification of AUM by client domicile, distribution channel and asset class. We serve clients in more than 120 countries. The following tables present a breakdown of AUM by client domicile, distribution channel and asset class as of December 31, 2023. Additionally, the fourth table below illustrates the split of our AUM as Passive and Active. Passive AUM include index-based ETFs, UITs, non-management fee earning AUM and other passive mandates. Active AUM are total AUM less Passive AUM. See the company's disclosures regarding the changes in AUM for the year ended December 31, 2023 in Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Assets Under Management” for additional information regarding the changes in AUM.

By Client Domicile
Domicile Pie Chart.jpg
(in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Americas
$1,133.9 13.5 %
c EMEA
215.9 15.9 %
c APAC
235.5 5.4 %
Total$1,585.3 
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Distribution Channel Pie Chart.jpg
By Distribution Channel
(in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Retail
$1,042.0 19.5 %
c Institutional
543.3 1.2 %
Total$1,585.3 
By Asset Class
Asset Class Pie Chart Updated.jpg
(in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Equity
$823.7 29.3 %
c Fixed Income
325.7 3.8 %
c Balanced
62.7 (6.6)%
c Money Market
192.7 (5.3)%
c Alternatives
180.5 (3.9)%
Total$1,585.3 
Active vs. Passive
Active vs Passive Pie Chart.jpg
(in billions)Total1-Yr Change
c Active
$985.3 0.9 %
c Passive
600.0 38.6 %
Total$1,585.3 

Corporate Responsibility and Human Capital

Invesco’s long-term success depends on our ability to retain, develop, engage and attract top talent. Invesco invests significantly in talent development, health and welfare programs, technology and other resources that support our employees in developing their full potential both personally and professionally. We believe that an employee community that is diverse and inclusive, engaged in community involvement and invested in employee well-being will drive positive outcomes for our clients and shareholders.

We believe that diversity and inclusion are good for business. We are committed to further strengthening diversity at all levels and in all functions across our global business. Increasing representation of women and diverse employees remains a focus for Invesco, as does building a more inclusive work environment. All employees are required to take periodic unconscious bias training. Our employees are also encouraged to participate in any of our various employee resource groups
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where employees with diverse backgrounds, experiences and perspectives can connect. Our employee resource groups are sponsored by senior leaders and are designed by employees, for employees.

As of December 31, 2023, the company had 8,489 (December 31, 2022: 8,611) employees with an on-the-ground presence in over 20 countries. Our employees are not covered under collective bargaining agreements.

The company is committed to reducing our impact on the environment. Across Invesco offices, we carefully manage our operational activities with a focus on using natural resources wisely, increasing efficiencies wherever possible and providing a safe and healthy workplace for employees and visitors. This is the foundation of our environmental, health and safety management approach.

Competition

The investment management business is highly competitive, with points of differentiation including investment performance, fees, range of products offered, brand recognition, business reputation, financial strength, depth and continuity of relationships and quality of service. We compete with a large number of investment management firms, commercial banks, investment banks, broker-dealers, hedge funds, insurance companies and, increasingly, firms outside the traditional financial services industry, such as technology providers. Many of these competitors have greater financial resources and higher brand recognition than Invesco. However, we believe our experience as a trusted partner to clients, the quality and diversity of our investment capabilities, product types and channels of distribution, and our commitment to innovation enable us to compete effectively in the global investment management business. There are few independent investment managers with teams as globally diverse as Invesco's and the same breadth and depth of investment capabilities and vehicles. We offer multiple investment objectives within the various asset classes and products that we manage. We also believe being an independent investment manager is a competitive advantage, as our business model avoids conflicts that are inherent within institutions that both manage and distribute and/or service those products. Lastly, we believe continued execution against our strategic objectives will further strengthen our long-term competitive position.

Management Contracts

We derive substantially all of our revenues from investment management contracts. Fees vary with the type of assets being managed, with higher fees earned on actively managed equity and balanced accounts, along with real estate and other alternative asset products, and with lower fees earned on fixed income, money market and stable value accounts, and ETFs. Investment management contracts are generally terminable upon thirty or fewer days' notice. Typically, retail investors may withdraw their funds at any time without prior notice and institutional clients may elect to terminate their relationship with investment managers or reduce the aggregate amount of AUM with very short notice periods.

Risk Management

Invesco is committed to continually strengthening and evolving our risk management approach and activities to ensure they keep pace with business change and client expectations. We believe a key factor in our ability to manage through challenging market conditions and significant business change is our integrated and global approach to risk management. We seek to embed risk management in our day-to-day decision-making as well as our strategic planning process, while our global risk management framework seeks to enable consistent and meaningful risk dialogue up, down and across the company.

Our framework leverages two governance structures: (i) our Global Investment Risk and Performance Committee oversees the management of core investment risks; and (ii) our Enterprise Risk Management Committee oversees the management of all other business- and strategy-related risks. A network of regional, business unit and risk-specific management committees, with oversight by the Enterprise Risk Management Committee, provides ongoing identification, assessment, management, monitoring, and reporting of existing and emerging risks across all domains of our business.

Available Information

The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers at www.sec.gov. We make available free of charge on our website, www.invesco.com/corporate, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statement and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risks Related to Market Dynamics and Volatility

Volatility and disruption in global or regional capital and credit markets, as well as adverse changes in the global economy, could negatively affect our AUM, revenues, net income and liquidity.

In recent years, capital and credit markets have experienced substantial volatility. In this regard:

In the event of extreme circumstances, including an economic, political or business crisis, such as a widespread systemic failures or disruptions in the global or regional financial systems or failures of firms that have significant obligations as counterparties on financial instruments, we may suffer significant declines in AUM and severe liquidity or valuation issues in managed investment products in which client and company assets are invested, all of which would adversely affect our operating results, financial condition, liquidity, credit ratings, ability to access capital markets and ability to retain and attract key employees. Additionally, these factors could impact our ability to realize the carrying value of our goodwill and other intangible assets.
Illiquidity and/or volatility of the global or regional risk asset markets could negatively affect our ability to manage investment products in which client and company assets are invested or client inflows and outflows or to timely meet client redemption requests.
Uncertainties regarding geopolitical developments, such as nation state sovereignty, border disputes, diplomatic developments, social instability or changes in governmental policies, can produce volatility in global financial markets and regulatory environments. This volatility, including volatility arising from tensions between the U.S. and China, may impact the level and composition of our AUM and also negatively impact investor sentiment, which could result in reduced or negative flows.
Changes to tax, tariff and import/export regulations and economic sanctions may have a negative effect on global or regional economic conditions, financial markets and our business. Any changes with respect to trade policies, treaties, taxes, government regulations and tariffs, or the perception that any of these changes could occur, may have a material adverse effect on global or regional economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets and may significantly reduce global trade or trade between certain nations. Given we are a global business, we could be more adversely affected than others by such market uncertainties.

Our revenues and net income would likely be adversely affected by any reduction in AUM as a result of either a decline in market value of such assets or netoutflows, each of which would reduce the investment management fees we earn.

We derive substantially all our revenues from investment management contracts with clients. Under these contracts, the investment management fees paid to us are generally based on the market value of AUM. AUM may decline for various reasons. For any period in which revenues decline, our net income and operating margin would likely decline by a greater proportion because a majority of our expenses remain fixed. Factors that could decrease AUM, revenues, and net income include the following:

Declines in the market value of AUM in client portfolios. We cannot predict whether volatility in the markets will result in substantial or sustained declines in the markets generally or result in price declines in market segments in which our AUM are concentrated. Any of the foregoing could negatively impact the market value of our AUM, revenues and net income.

Redemptions and other withdrawals from, or shifting among, client portfolios. These changes could be caused by investors reducing their investments in client portfolios in general or in the market segments in which we focus; investors taking profits from their investments; and portfolio risk characteristics, which could cause investors to move assets to other investment managers. Furthermore, the fees we earn vary with the types of assets being managed, with higher fees earned on actively managed equity and balanced accounts, alternative asset products, and lower fees earned on fixed income, stable value accounts and passively managed products. Our revenues and net income may decline further if clients continue to shift their investments to lower fee accounts.

Our revenues and net income from money market and other fixed income assets may beharmed by interest rates, liquidity and credit volatility.
Central banks, such as the Federal Reserve, are maintaining relatively high interest rates after numerous hikes in interest rates during 2022 and early 2023 in response to the increase in inflation, which has negatively impacted and may materially and negatively continue to affect the value of the assets that we manage. Certain institutional investors using money market products and other short-term duration fixed income products for cash management purposes may shift these investments to
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direct investments in comparable instruments in order to realize higher yields. These redemptions would reduce AUM, thereby reducing our revenues and net income. If securities within a money market portfolio default or investor redemptions force the portfolio to realize losses, there could be negative pressure on its net asset value (NAV). Although money market investments are not guaranteed instruments, the company might decide, under such a scenario, that it is in its best interest to provide support in the form of a support agreement, capital infusion or other methods to help stabilize a declining NAV, which may have an adverse impact on our profitability. Additionally, we have investments in fixed income assets, including collateralized loan obligations (CLOs), real estate-related loans, commercial loans and seed capital in fixed income funds, the valuation of which could change with changes in interest and default rates. Declines in the values of AUM could lead to reduced revenues and net income as management fees are generally calculated based upon the size of AUM.

Our financial condition and liquidity would be adversely affected by losses on our seed capital and co-investments.
The company has investments in managed investment products that invest in a variety of asset classes, including equities, fixed income products, commodities, derivatives, other similar financial instruments, and alternative investment products. Investments in these products are generally made to establish a track record, meet purchase size requirements for trading blocks or demonstrate economic alignment with other investors in our funds. Adverse market conditions may result in the need to write down the value of these seed capital and co-investments, which may adversely affect our results of operations or liquidity. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $956.0 million in seed capital and co-investments.

As many of our subsidiary operations are located outside of the U.S. and have functional currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, changes in the exchange rates to the U.S. Dollar impact our reported financial results.

The largest component of our net assets, revenues and expenses, as well as our AUM, is presently denominated in U.S. Dollars. However, we have a large number of subsidiaries outside of the U.S. whose functional currencies are not the U.S. Dollar. As a result, fluctuations in the exchange rates to the U.S. Dollar impact our reported financial results. Consequently, significant strengthening of the U.S. Dollar relative to the United Kingdom (U.K.) Pound Sterling, Euro, Chinese RMB, Japanese Yen or Canadian Dollar, among other currencies, could have a material negative impact on our reported financial results.

Risks Related to Investment Performance and Competition

Poor investment performance of our products could reduce the level of our AUM or affect our sales, and negatively impact our revenues and net income.

Our investment performance is critical to the success of our business. Strong investment performance often stimulates sales of our products. Poor investment performance (on a relative or absolute basis) as compared to third-party benchmarks or competitive products has in the past led, and could in the future lead, to a termination of investment management agreements, a decrease in sales of our products and stimulate redemptions from existing products, each of which could lower the overall level of AUM, reduce our management fees and negatively impact our revenues and net income. There is no assurance that past or present investment performance in our products will be indicative of future performance. If we fail, or appear to fail, to address successfully and promptly the underlying causes of any poor investment performance, we may be unsuccessful in reversing such under performance, which could result in client loss or redemptions and the loss of future business prospects, both of which would negatively impact our revenues and net income.

Failure to properly address the increased transformative pressures affecting the asset management industry could negatively impact our business.

The asset management industry is facing transformative pressures and trends from a variety of different sources, includingincreased fee pressure; a continued shift away from actively managed fundamental equities and fixed income strategies towards alternative, passive index and smart beta strategies; increased demands from clients and distributors for client engagement and services; a trend towards institutions concentrating on fewer relationships and partners and reducing the number of investment managers they work with;increased regulatory activity and scrutiny of many aspects of the asset management industry, including ESG practices and related matters, transparency/unbundling of fees, inducements, conflicts of interest, capital, liquidity, solvency, leverage, operational risk management, controls and compensation;addressing the key emerging markets in the world, such as China and India, which often have populations with different needs, preferences and horizons than the more developed U.S. and European markets; advances in technology and digital wealth and distribution tools and increasing client interest in interacting digitally with their investment portfolios; and growing crypto asset markets that remain subject to substantial volatility and significant regulatory uncertainty.As a result of these trends and pressures, the asset management industry is facing an increased level of disruption. If we are unable to adapt our strategy and business to adequately address
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these trends and pressures, we may be unable to satisfactorily meet client needs, our competitive position may weaken, and our AUM, revenues, and net income may be adversely affected.

Competitive pressures may force us to reduce the fees we charge to clients, which could reduce our profitability.

The investment management business is highly competitive, and we compete based on a variety of factors, including investment performance, range of products offered, brand recognition, business reputation, financial strength, stability and continuity of client and financial intermediary relationships, quality of service, level of fees charged for services and the level of compensation paid and distribution support offered to financial intermediaries. We continue to face market pressures regarding fee levels in many products, including low fee, passively managed products that compete with our actively managed products.

Our competitors include many investment management firms and other financial institutions. Some of these institutions have greater capital and other resources, and offer more comprehensive lines of products and services, than we do. There are relatively few barriers to entry by new investment management firms, and the successful efforts of new entrants around the world have also resulted in increased competition. Further, our competitors may increase their market share to our detriment by reducing fees. The increasing size and market influence of certain distributors of our products and of certain direct competitors may have a negative impact on our ability to compete at the same levels of profitability in the future.

In addition, technology is subject to rapid advancements and changes and our competitors may, from time to time, implement newer technologies or more advanced platforms for their services and products, including digital advisers, low cost, high speed financial applications and services and investment platforms based on artificial intelligence and other advanced electronic systems, which could adversely affect our business if we are unable to remain competitive.

Our private market products include investments in private credit, real estate, and equity investments in early-stage real estate-related companies which may expose our investment products, clients and us, to the extent of our investment in such investment products, to risks and liabilities, and us to reputational harm.

Our private market products include investments in private credit, real estate, and equity investments in early-stage real estate-related companies that may expose our investment products, clients and us, to the extent of our investment in such investment products, to risks and liabilities that are inherent in the ownership, management and operation of such investments. These may include:

risks related to the potential illiquidity, valuation and disposition of such investments;
risks related to emerging and less established companies that have, among other things, short operating histories, not yet achieved or sustained profitability, new technologies and products, nascent control functions, quickly evolving markets and limited financial resources;
construction risks, including as a result of force majeure, labor disputes or work stoppages, shortages of material or interruptions to the availability of necessary equipment;
credit risks, including interest-rate movements and an issuer’s ability to make principal and interest payments on the debt it issues;
•    risks related to investment in “distressed” securities, including abrupt and erratic market movements and above-average price volatility;
•     risks associated with a lack of diversification, such that any adverse change in one or a small number of issuers could have a material adverse effect on an investment product’s or client’s investments;
accidents, pandemics, health crises or catastrophic events, climate-related risks, including greater frequency or intensity of adverse weather and natural disasters, that are beyond our control;
personal injury or property damage;
risks relating to the use of leverage, including as a result of increasing interest rates or an inability to timely obtain and effectively deploy leverage;
failures on the part of third-party managers, service providers or sub-contractors appointed in connection with investments or projects to adequately perform their contractual duties or operate in accordance with applicable laws;
exposure to stringent and complex foreign, federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, including those related to private fund advisers, financial crime, permits, government contracting, conservation, exploration and production, lending, tenancy, occupational health and safety, foreign investment and environmental protection;
environmental hazards;
changes to the supply and demand for properties and/or tenancies;
risks related to the availability, cost, coverage and other limitations on insurance;
the financial resources of tenants or loan counterparties; and
contingent liabilities on disposition of investments.
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The above risks may expose our investment products, clients and us, to the extent of our investment in such investment products, to expenses and liabilities, including costs associated with delays or remediation and increased legal or regulatory costs, all of which could impact the returns earned by our investment products and clients.

These risks could also result in direct liability for us by exposing us to losses, regulatory sanctions or litigation, including claims for compensatory or punitive damages. In addition, market conditions may change during the course of real estate development projects in which our investment products and clients invest that make such developments less attractive than at the time it was commenced and potentially harm the investment returns of our investment products and clients and us, to the extent of our investment in such investment products.

The occurrence of any such events may expose us to reputational harm, or cause our AUM, revenues and net income to decline.

Our investment products, clients and us, to the extent of our investment in such investment products, could incur losses if the allowance for credit losses, including loan and lending-related commitment reserves, of portfolio-level investments is inadequate or if our expectations of future economic conditions deteriorate.

When our investment products or clients loan money, commit to loan money, provide credit or enter into a credit-related contract or mortgage loan with a counterparty, our investment products, client and us, to the extent of our investment in such investment products, incur credit risk, or the risk of loss if the borrower or counterparty does not timely repay their loans or fail to perform according to the terms of their agreements. The revenues and profitability of investment products and clients may be subordinated (and thus exposed to the first level of default risk) or otherwise subject to substantial credit risks. Certain investments have a comparatively higher degree of risk of a loss of capital and may not show any return for a considerable period of time, including second lien debt.

The revenues and profitability of investment products, clients and us, to the extent of our investment in such investment products, are adversely affected when borrowers and counterparties default, in whole or in part, on their obligations or when there is a significant deterioration in the credit quality of the loan portfolio. Certain debt-related holdings may be difficult or impossible to dispose of readily at what we believe to be a fair price. Investment products and clients can have exposure to lower-rated instruments and securities, which generally reflects a greater possibility that adverse changes in the financial condition of the borrower or in general economic conditions (including, for example, a substantial period of rising interest rates or declining earnings) or both may impair the ability of the borrower to make payment of principal and interest.

Current and future market and economic developments may increase default and delinquency rates and negatively impact the quality of the credit portfolio. Although our estimates contemplate current conditions and how we expect them to change over the life of the investment portfolio, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could be worse than anticipated, which could cause our revenues and net income to decline.

We may be unable to develop new products and services and the development of new products and services may expose us to additional costs or operational risk.

Our financial performance depends, in part, on our ability to develop, market and manage new investment products and services. The development and introduction of new products and services requires continued innovative efforts on our part and may require significant time and resources as well as ongoing support and investment. Substantial risk and uncertainties are associated with the introduction of new products and services, including the implementation of new and appropriate operational controls and procedures, shifting client and market preferences, the introduction of competing products or services and compliance with regulatory requirements. New products often must be in the market place for three or more years in order to generate the track records required to attract significant AUM inflows. Increasingly, clients and intermediaries are looking to investment managers to be able to deliver investment outcomes tailored to particular circumstances and needs, and to augment traditional investment management products and services with additional value-added services. A failure to continue to innovate and introduce successful new products and services or to manage effectively the risks associated with such products and services may impact our market share relevance and may cause our AUM, revenues and net income to decline.

The failure or negative performance of products offered by competitors may have a negative impact on similar Invesco products irrespective of our performance.

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Many competitors offer similar products to those offered by us, and the failure or negative performance of competitors’ products could lead to a loss of confidence in similar Invesco products, irrespective of the performance of our products. Any loss of confidence in a product type could lead to withdrawals, redemptions and liquidity issues in such products, which could have a material adverse effect on our AUM, revenues and net income or liquidity.

Risks Related to Talent, Operations and Technology

Our investment management professionals and other key employees are a vital part of our ability to attract and retain clients, and the loss of key individuals or a significant portion of those professionals could result in a reduction of our AUM, revenues and net income.

Retaining highly skilled investment management and other in-high demand personnel is important to our ability to attract and retain our clients. The market for skilled investment management professionals and other key personnel is highly competitive. Our policy has been to provide our investment management professionals and other key personnel with a supportive professional working environment and compensation and benefits that we believe are competitive with other leading investment management firms. However, we may not be successful in retaining our investment management professionals and other key personnel, and the loss of significant investment professionals or other key personnel could reduce the attractiveness of our products and services to potential and current clients and could, therefore, adversely affect our AUM, revenues and net income.

Changes in the distribution channels on which we depend could reduce our net income andhinder our growth.

We sell substantially all of our retail investment products through a variety of third-party financial intermediaries. Increasing competition for these distribution channels could cause our distribution costs to rise, which would lower our net income. Certain of the third-party intermediaries upon whom we rely to distribute our investment products also sell their own competing proprietary investment products, which could limit the distribution of our products and certain distributors may demand higher levels of revenue sharing. Similarly, particularly in the U.S., certain distributors have substantially reduced the number of investment funds they make available to their customers. If a material portion of our distributors were to substantially narrow their product offerings, it could have a significant adverse effect on our AUM, revenues and net income. More broadly, in both retail and institutional channels, intermediaries (distribution firms and consultants) are seeking to reduce the number of investment management firms they do business with. While this offers opportunities to the company to have broader and deeper relationships with firms that continue to do business with us, it also poses risks of additional lost business if a particular firm chooses to stop or significantly reduce its business relationship with the company. Any failure to maintain strong business relationships with these intermediaries due to any of the above-described factors would impair our ability to sell our products, which in turn could have a negative effect on our AUM, revenues and net income.

Investors, particularly in the institutional market, rely on external consultants and other third parties for advice on the choice of investment manager. These consultants and third parties tend to exert a significant degree of influence over their clients' choices, and they may favor one of our competitors over us as better meeting their particular clients' needs. There is no assurance that our investment products will be among their recommended choices in the future. Any failure to maintain strong business relationships with the consultant community would impair our ability to sell our products, which in turn could have a negative effect on our AUM, revenues and net income.

Failure to comply with client contractual requirements and/or investment guidelines could result in costs of correction, damage awards and/or regulatory fines and penalties against us and loss of revenues due to client terminations.

Many of the investment management agreements under which we manage assets or provide products or services specify investment guidelines or requirements, such as adherence to investment restrictions or limits, that we are required to observe in the provision of our services. Laws and regulations impose similar requirements for certain investment products. A failure to comply with these guidelines or requirements could result in damage to our reputation or in our clients seeking to recover losses, withdrawing their assets or terminating their contracts. Regulators likewise may commence enforcement actions for violations of such requirements, which could lead to fines and penalties against the company, which could cause our AUM, revenues and net income to decline. We maintain various compliance procedures and other controls to seek to prevent, detect and correct such errors. Significant errors by the company could impact our reputation, AUM, revenues, net income or liquidity.

Our investment advisory agreements are subject to termination or non-renewal, and our fund and other investors may withdraw their assets at any time.

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Substantially all our revenues are derived from investment management agreements. Investment management agreements are generally terminable upon 30 or fewer days' notice. Agreements with U.S. registered funds may be terminated with notice, or terminated in the event of an “assignment” (as defined in the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended), and must be renewed annually by the disinterested members of each fund's Board of Trustees or Directors, as required by law. In addition, the Boards of Trustees or Directors of certain other funds generally may terminate these investment management agreements upon written notice for any reason. Open-end registered fund and unit trust investors may generally withdraw their funds at any time without prior notice. Institutional clients may elect to terminate their relationships with us or reduce the aggregate amount of AUM, generally on short notice. Any termination of or failure to renew a significant number of these agreements, or any other loss of a significant number of our clients or AUM, would adversely affect our revenues, net income, and liquidity.

The quantitative models we use and our index tracking investment solutions may contain errors, which could result in financial losses or adversely impact product performance and client relationships.

We use various quantitative models to support investment decisions and investment processes, including those related to portfolio management, portfolio risk analysis, and client investment guidance. While we maintain controls to seek to prevent, detect and correct any errors, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Any errors in the underlying models or model assumptions could have unanticipated and adverse consequences on our business and reputation. These risks may be heightened by the rapid growth and complexity of new models, evolving data sets and standards, and market volatility. In addition, we offer index tracking investment solutions for our passive products, and any errors or disruptions in our ability to accurately track a subject index could materially adversely affect our business or reputation, which would adversely affect our AUM, revenues, net income, and liquidity.

Climate change-related risks could adversely affect our business, products, operations and clients, which may cause our AUM, revenue and net income to decline.

Our business and those of our clients could be impacted by climate change-related risks. Climate change may present risk to us through changes in the physical climate or from the climate change-related legislative and regulatory initiatives and the transition to a lower-carbon economy. Climate-related physical risks arise from the direct impacts of a changing climate, such as extreme weather events and changes in temperature, which may damage infrastructure and facilities as well as disrupt connectivity or supply chains. Impacts associated with climate change-related legislative and regulatory initiatives and the transition to a low carbon economy may result in operational changes and additional expenditures that could adversely affect us. Our reputation and business prospects may also be damaged if we do not, or are perceived not to, effectively prepare for the potential business and operational opportunities and risks associated with climate change, including the development and marketing of effective and competitive new products and services designed to address certain clients’ climate risk-related investment objectives. These risks include negative market perception, diminished sales effectiveness and regulatory and litigation consequences associated with greenwashing claims or driven by association with certain clients, industries or
products that may be inconsistent with our other clients’ ESG priorities or stated positions on climate change issues.

If our reputation is harmed, we could suffer losses in our AUM, revenues and net income.

Our business depends on earning and maintaining the trust and confidence of clients, other market participants and regulators, and our good reputation is critical to our business. Our reputation is vulnerable to many threats that can be difficult or impossible to control, and costly or impossible to remediate. Regulatory inquiries, investigations or findings of wrongdoing, intentional or unintentional misrepresentation of our products and services in regulatory filings, product literature, advertising materials, public relations information, social media or other external communications, operational failures (including portfolio management errors or cyber breaches), employee dishonesty or other misconduct and rumors, among other things, can substantially damage our reputation, even if they are baseless or eventually satisfactorily addressed.

Our business also requires us to continuously manage actual and potential conflicts of interest, including situations where our services to a particular client conflict, or are perceived to conflict, with the interests of other clients or those of Invesco. The willingness of clients to enter into transactions in which such a conflict might arise may be affected if we fail - or appear to fail - to deal appropriately with conflicts of interest. In addition, potential or perceived conflicts could give rise to litigation or regulatory enforcement actions.

We have policies, procedures and controls that are designed to address and manage these risks; however, even effective procedures and controls can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives. If our policies, procedures or controls fail, our reputation could be damaged. Any damage to our reputation could impede our ability to attract and retain clients and key personnel, and lead to a reduction in the amount of our AUM, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, net income or liquidity.
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The lack of soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us or the client portfolios we manage.

Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty or other relationships. We, and the client portfolios that we manage, have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. Many of these transactions expose us or such client portfolios to credit risk in the event of default of their counterparties. While we regularly conduct assessments of such risk posed by counterparties, an event of default may occur due to market factors, such as sudden swings in the financial and credit markets that may occur swiftly and without warning. Such event of default could produce a financial loss for the company or the client portfolios we manage.

We depend on information technology, and any failures of or damage to, attack on or unauthorized access to our information technology systems or facilities, or those of third parties with which we do business or that facilitate our business activities, including as a result of cyber-attacks, could result in significant limits on our ability to conduct our operations and activities, costs and reputational damage.

We are highly dependent upon the use of various proprietary and third-party information and security technology, software applications and other technology systems to operate our business. We are also dependent on the effectiveness of our information and cyber security infrastructure, policies, procedures and capabilities to protect our technology and digital systems and the data that reside on or are transmitted through them, including data provided by third parties that is significant to portions of our business and products. We use our technology to, among other things, manage and trade portfolio investments, obtain securities pricing information, process client transactions, protect the privacy of clients', employees' and business partners' data, support our other operations and provide other services to our clients.

In recent years, several financial services firms suffered cyber-attacks launched both domestically and from abroad, resulting in the disruption of services to clients, loss or misappropriation of confidential data, litigation and regulatory enforcement actions and reputational harm. Cyber security incidents and cyber-attacks have been occurring globally at a more frequent and severe level. Our status as a global financial institution and the nature of our client base may enhance the risk that we are targeted by such cyber threats. Although we take protective measures, including measures to effectively secure information through system security technology, have many controls, processes, digital backup and recovery processes in place, and seek to continually monitor and develop our systems to protect our technology infrastructure and data from misappropriation or corruption, our technology systems may still be vulnerable to unauthorized access as a result of an external attack, actions by employees or vendors with access to our systems, computer malware or other events that have a security impact and that result in the disclosure or release of confidential information inadvertently or through malfeasance, or result in the loss (temporarily or permanently) of data, applications or systems. The third parties with which we do business or which facilitate our business activities, including financial intermediaries and technology infrastructure, data storage and service providers, are also susceptible to the foregoing risks (including those related to the third parties with which they are similarly interconnected or on which they otherwise rely), and our or their business operations and activities may therefore be adversely affected, perhaps materially, by failures, terminations, errors or malfeasance by, or attacks or constraints on, one or more financial, technology or infrastructure institutions or intermediaries with whom we or they are interconnected or conduct business. Further, third-party service providers may have limited indemnification obligations to us in the event a cyber incident causes us to incur loss or damages.

A breach of our technology systems could damage our reputation and could result in the unauthorized disclosure or modification or loss of sensitive or confidential information (including client data); unauthorized disclosure, modification or loss of proprietary information relating to our business; inability to process client or company transactions and processes; breach and termination of client contracts; liability for stolen assets, information or identity; remediation costs to repair damage caused by the breach, including damage to systems and recovery of lost data; additional security costs to mitigate against future incidents; regulatory actions (including fines and penalties, which could be material) and litigation costs resulting from the incident. Such consequences could have a negative effect on our AUM, revenues and net income.

Our ability to manage and grow our business successfully can be impeded by systems and other technological limitations.
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Our continued success in effectively managing and growing our business depends on our ability to integrate our varied accounting, financial, information and operational systems on a global basis. Moreover, adapting or developing the existing technology systems we use to meet our internal needs, as well as client needs, industry demands and new regulatory requirements, is also critical for our business. The introduction of new technologies, such as our State Street Alpha platform, presents new challenges and new potential risks to us. On an ongoing basis, we need to upgrade and improve our technology, including our data processing, financial, accounting, shareholder servicing and trading systems. Implementing any such upgrades, updates or other changes or replacements for our systems may be expensive and time-consuming, could divert management’s focus away from core business activities and may adversely affect our business if additional or unanticipated time or resources are necessary to complete any such changes to our systems. If the updated or new systems, such as our State Street Alpha platform, do not operate as anticipated or if other unforeseen issues arise with the transition to the new or updated systems it may adversely affect our business. Further, we also must be proactive and prepared to implement new technology when growth opportunities present themselves, whether as a result of a business acquisition or rapidly increasing business activities in particular markets or regions. These needs could present operational issues or require significant capital and may require us to reevaluate the current value and/or expected useful lives of the technology we use, which could negatively impact our AUM, revenues, net income and liquidity.

If we are unable to successfully recover from a man-made or natural disaster, health crisis or pandemic or other business continuity problem, we could suffer material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm or legal liability.

If we were to experience a man-made or natural disaster, health crisis or pandemic, such as new variant of COVID-19, or other business continuity problem, our continued success will depend, in part, on the availability of our personnel, our office facilities and the proper functioning of our computer, telecommunication and other related systems and operations. In such an event, we believe our operational size, multiple office locations and our existing back-up systems should mitigate adverse impacts. Nevertheless, given our global presence, we could still experience near-term operational problems with regard to particular areas of our operations. Although we seek to regularly assess and improve our existing business continuity plans, a major disaster, a disaster that affected certain important operating areas, or our inability to successfully recover should we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem, could materially interrupt our business operations and cause material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm or legal liability.

The extent to which our business, revenues, AUM and net income are affected by a future pandemic or a new variant of COVID-19 will largely depend on new events or future developments, which cannot be accurately predicted and are uncertain, including the duration, severity and the length of time it will take for the economy to recover from the negative impacts on human capital and potentially more permanent impacts on how we operate and serve our clients.

Our business is vulnerable to deficiencies and failures in support systems, including data management, and customer service functions that could lead to breaches and errors or reputational harm, resulting in loss of customers or claims against us or our subsidiaries.

In addition to investment management, our services include fund administration, sales, distribution, marketing, shareholder servicing and trust, custody and other fiduciary services and portfolio management software services. We must properly perform our responsibilities associated with the forgoing services, including portfolio recordkeeping and accounting, security pricing, corporate actions, investment restrictions compliance, daily NAV computations, account reconciliations and required distributions to fund shareholders. The ability to consistently and reliably perform such services is essential to our continuing success. Certain types of securities may experience liquidity constraints that could impact fair value pricing, which is dependent on certain subjective judgments that have the potential to be challenged. Any delays or inaccuracies in obtaining pricing information, processing transactions or reports, other breaches and errors and/or any inadequacies in customer service, could result in reimbursement obligations or other liabilities, or alienate clients or distributors and/or claims against us. Our ability to conduct any of the foregoing actions is highly dependent on communications and information systems and on third-party service providers and their related technology systems and platforms. Certain of these processes involve a degree of manual input, and thus errors could occur. In addition, our operations and processes rely on commercially available data provided by third parties as well as providers of services, including technology services, and operating errors, process failures or failures to comply with data usage requirements with respect to these service providers may adversely impact us. Our data providers commonly disclaim the accuracy and completeness of data and we do not have the ability to validate or verify the accuracy and completeness of commercially sourced datasets. Our failure to properly perform and monitor our operations, including data management, or our otherwise suffering deficiencies and failures in these systems or service functions due to a failure of a third-party service provider or other key vendor could result in material financial loss or costs, regulatory actions, breach of client contracts, reputational harm or legal claims and liability, which in turn could have a negative effect on our AUM, revenues and net income.

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Risks Related to Accounting, Capital Management and Liquidity

The carrying value of goodwill and other intangible assets on our balance sheet could become impaired, which would adversely affect our results of operations.

We have goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets on our balance sheet that are subject to annual impairment reviews. We also have definite-lived intangible assets on our balance sheet that are subject to impairment testing. Goodwill and intangible assets totaled $8,691.5 million and $5,848.1 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023. We recorded a non-cash impairment of $1,248.9 million related to our indefinite-live intangible assets related to acquired management contracts of U.S. retail mutual funds during the 12 months ended December 31, 2023, and we may not realize the full value of our remaining goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. We perform impairment reviews of these assets on an annual basis, or more frequently if impairment indicators are present. A variety of factors can result in impairment. Should the fair value be less than the carrying amount of either the goodwill or intangible assets, a write-down of the related assets would occur, adversely affecting our net income for the period. See Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies - Goodwill” and “- Intangibles,” for additional details of our impairment analysis process.

Our credit agreement imposes operating covenants that impact our ability to conduct certain activities and, ifamounts borrowed under it were subject to accelerated repayment, we might not have sufficient assets or liquidity to repay such amounts in full.

Our credit agreement requires us to maintain specified financial ratios, including maximum debt-to-earnings and minimum interest coverage ratios. The credit agreement also contains customary affirmative operating covenants and negative covenants that, among other things, restrict certain of our subsidiaries' ability to incur debt and restrict our ability to transfer assets, merge, make loans and other investments and create liens. The breach of any covenant could result in a default under the credit agreement. In the event of any such default, lenders that are party to the credit agreement could refuse to make further extensions of credit to us and require all amounts borrowed under the credit agreement, together with accrued interest and other fees, to be immediately due and payable. If any indebtedness under the credit agreement were subject to accelerated repayment and if we had at that time a significant amount of outstanding debt under the credit agreement, we might not have sufficient liquid assets to repay such indebtedness in full.

We issued perpetual preferred stock having a value of approximately $4 billion, which could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital and may limit our ability to fund other priorities.

We issued approximately $4 billion of 5.9% fixed rate perpetual preferred stock in connection with the acquisition of OppenheimerFunds Inc. This issuance may limit our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, acquisitions and general corporate or other purposes, may restrict our ability to pay dividends to holders of common shares in certain circumstances, may increase our vulnerability to general economic and industry conditions, and will require a significant portion of cash flow from operations to make required dividend payments to preferred shareholders.

Failure to maintain adequate corporate and contingent liquidity may cause our AUM, revenues and net income to decline, as well as harm our prospects for growth.

Our ability to meet anticipated cash needs depends upon a number of factors, including our creditworthiness and ability to generate operating cash flows. Failure to maintain adequate liquidity could lead to unanticipated costs and force us to revise existing strategic and business initiatives. Our access to equity and debt markets on reasonable terms may be limited by adverse market conditions, including tax and interest rates, a reduction in our long- or short-term credit ratings, or changes in government regulations. Failure to obtain funds and/or financing, or any adverse change to the cost of obtaining such funds and/or financing, may cause our AUM, revenues and net income to decline, curtail our operations and limit or impede our prospects for growth.

Distribution of earnings of our subsidiaries may be subject to limitations, including net capital requirements.

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Substantially all of our operations are conducted through our subsidiaries. As a result, our cash flow and ability to fund operations are dependent upon the earnings of our subsidiaries and the distribution of earnings, intercompany loans or other payments by our subsidiaries to us. Any payments to us by our subsidiaries could be subject to statutory, regulatory or contractual restrictions and are contingent upon our subsidiaries' earnings and business or regulatory considerations. For example, certain of our subsidiaries are required under applicable laws and regulations to maintain appropriate levels of capital. Our financial condition or liquidity could be adversely affected if certain of our subsidiaries are unable to distribute funds to us.

All of our regulated European Union (EU) and U.K. subsidiaries are subject to capital requirements under applicable EU and U.K. requirements, and we maintain capital within this European sub-group to satisfy these regulations. We meet these requirements in part by holding cash and cash equivalents. This retained cash can be used for general business purposes in the European sub-group in the countries where it is located. Due to the capital restrictions, the ability to transfer cash between certain jurisdictions may be limited. In addition, transfers of cash between international jurisdictions may have adverse tax consequences. As of December 31, 2023, our minimum regulatory capital requirement was $395.8 million. Complying with our regulatory commitments may result in an increase in the capital requirements applicable to the European sub-group. Finally, as a result of regulatory requirements, certain of these subsidiaries may be required to limit their dividends to the company.

Risks Related to Strategic Transactions

We may engage in strategic transactions that could create risks.

We regularly review, and from time-to-time engage in strategic transactions, some of which may be material. Strategic transactions also pose the risk that any business we acquire may lose customers or employees or could underperform relative to expectations. We could also experience financial or other setbacks if potential or actual acquisitions or divestitures encounter unanticipated problems, including problems related to closing or integration. Following the completion of a strategic acquisition, we may have to rely on the seller to provide administrative and other support, including financial reporting and internal controls, to the acquired business for a period of time. There can be no assurance that such sellers will do so in a manner that is acceptable to us.

Risks Related to our Significant Shareholders

Future sales of shares of our common stock could adversely impact the trading price of our common stock.

If our significant shareholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock or express an intention to sell, or there is the perception that such sales may occur, such actions could have a significant impact on our common share trading price. In addition, if we sell substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or there is a perception that such sales may occur, the market price of our common stock could be negatively impacted.

Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (MassMutual) has the ability to significantly influence our business, and MassMutual’s interest in our business may be different from that of other shareholders.

MassMutual is entitled to designate an individual to serve on our board so long as it beneficially owns at least (i) 10% of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock or (ii) 5% of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock and $2.0 billion in aggregate liquidation preference of our Series A preferred shares. Additionally, we are not permitted to take certain actions without the prior written approval of MassMutual, including making certain changes in our capital structure or our organizational documents, adopting a shareholder rights plan or effectuating certain business combination transactions. MassMutual’s level of ownership and influence may make some transactions (such as those involving mergers, material share issuances or changes in control) more difficult or impossible without the support of MassMutual, which in turn could adversely affect the market price of our shares of common stock or prevent our shareholders from realizing a premium over the market price for their shares of our common stock. The interests of MassMutual may conflict with the interests of other shareholders.

Further, MassMutual has made significant capital or seed investments in several of our products. If MassMutual decides not to provide additional capital or seed investments in the future or to withdraw material amounts of capital or seed investments in existing products, it could impact our ability to timely launch new products or impact existing products.

Risks Related to Regulatory and Legal Matters

We operate in an industry that is highly regulated in most countries, and any enforcement action or significant changes in the laws or regulations governing our business or industry could decrease our AUM, revenues, net income and liquidity.

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As with all investment management companies, our activities are highly regulated in almost every country in which we conduct business. The regulatory environment in which we operate frequently changes, and we have seen a significant increase in regulatory changes, actions and scrutiny in recent years. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, regulators in the U.S. and other jurisdictions have taken and can be expected to continue to take a more aggressive posture in bringing enforcement proceedings. Laws and regulations generally grant governmental agencies and industry self-regulatory authorities broad administrative discretion over our activities, including the power to require registration or licenses, limit or restrict our business activities, conduct examinations, risk assessments, investigations and capital adequacy reviews and impose remedial programs to address perceived deficiencies. As a result of regulatory oversight, we could face requirements or actions which negatively impact the way in which we conduct business, delay or deny approval for new products or service offerings, cause or contribute to reduced sales or increased redemptions of our products or services, impair the investment performance of other products or services, impact product mix, increase compliance costs and/or impose additional capital requirements. Our regulators likewise have the authority to commence enforcement actions which could lead to sanctions up to and including the revocation of licenses to operate certain businesses, the suspension or expulsion from a particular jurisdiction or market of any of our business organizations or their key personnel or the imposition of fines and censures on us or our employees. Further, regulators across borders could coordinate actions against us as issues arise resulting in impacts on our business in multiple jurisdictions. Judgments or findings of wrongdoing by regulatory or governmental authorities, or in private litigation against us, could affect our reputation, increase our costs of doing business and/or negatively impact our revenues. Any of the effects discussed above could have a material negative impact on our AUM, revenue, net income or liquidity.

A substantial portion of the products and services we offer are regulated by the SEC, Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, the Commodity Future Trading Commission (CFTC), the National Futures Association, the Department of Labor (DOL) and the Texas Department of Banking in the U.S. and by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), and the Securities Futures Commission of Hong Kong (SFC) and the China Securities Regulatory Commission in Hong Kong and China, respectively. Subsidiaries operating in the EU are mainly regulated by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier in Luxembourg, the Central Bank of Ireland, and the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht in Germany. Such subsidiaries are also subject to various EU Directives, which generally are implemented by member state national legislation and by EU Regulations. Our operations elsewhere in the world are regulated by similar organizations.

Regulators in the U.S., U.K. and the EU, in particular, have promulgated or are considering various new or revised regulatory measures pertaining to financial services, including investment managers. Such measures are progressing at various stages, but several may become effective around the same time, which would put additional pressure on our subsidiaries. Such measures in the EU generally have been, are being or will or would be implemented by national legislation in member states.

Regulatory developments and changes specific to our business will or may include, without limitation:

Regulations pertaining to the privacy and use, security, transfer and management of personal data with respect to clients, employees and business partners. Privacy regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe have strengthened privacy rules for organizations handling personal data, granting individuals more rights and control over the use of their personal data, and greatly increasing penalties for non-compliance. In many other jurisdictions in which our subsidiaries operate, there is ongoing change to update and strengthen privacy regulations in a manner similar to GDPR, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act and California Privacy Rights Act, India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act and China’s Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL). In addition, rules and legal requirements for international transfers of personal data from Europe and Asia create additional complexity for global organizations around the use and management of personal data, particularly regarding integrated global cloud-based systems and services. China’s PIPL introduced new reporting and disclosure requirements for organizations transferring personal data outside of China.
Regulations promulgated to address perceptions that the asset management industry, or certain of its entities or activities, pose systematic risks to the financial system.
Regulations aimed at addressing concerns regarding open-end funds that invest in less liquid asset classes. Regulators in the U.S., U.K. and EU have expressed concern that the daily redeemability features of these funds creates a “liquidity mismatch” with the assets in which they invest, which gives rise to investor dilution and systemic risk, especially in times of financial market stress. In the EU, the amendments to the undertakings for the collective investment in transferable securities (UCITS) and alternative investment fund managers directive frameworks have been agreed to and introduce new rules regarding the use of certain liquidity management tools (e.g., swing pricing, anti-dilution and side pockets etc.) by UCITS and alternative investment funds. Specific rules on loan originating funds were also introduced, with potential implications for the structuring of such funds. In the U.S., the SEC has proposed changes to the regulations governing liquidity risk management programs for registered open-end funds (including ETFs) that, if finalized without change, could impede our ability to sponsor mutual funds and ETFs that invest in certain asset classes, such as syndicated bank loans.
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Regulations designed to improve the resilience and transparency of money market funds, which could negatively impact the investment returns generated by these funds and their desirability as a cash management product in comparison to competing products such as bank deposits. For example, in 2023 the SEC promulgated rules, which (among other requirements) increase certain liquidity requirements for U.S. money market funds and requires “institutional prime” money market funds to impose mandatory liquidity fees on redeeming investors in certain circumstances. Liquidity fees in particular may negatively impact investors’ perception of money market funds and make them less desirable, resulting in a reduction in our money market fund AUM. In the U.K., the FCA is considering changes to the U.K. Money Market Fund regime to improve the resilience of the sector through changes to the minimum liquid assets requirements and enhancements to the liquidity management processes.
An increased focus on the use of leverage by funds (in particular, leverage attained through derivatives), an example of which is the SEC’s new rules with respect to the use of derivatives and derivatives risk management programs applicable to certain types of registered U.S. funds. New regulations in this area could negatively impact our existing products that employ leverage or derivatives and could impede our ability to bring new products to market and can raise our compliance costs associated with sponsoring and managing products that employ leverage or derivatives.
EU and U.K. regulations pertaining to integrating ESG topics. These regulations have materially impacted the asset management industry in EU member states and in the U.K. In particular, the integration of sustainability risks, the disclosure of information on the ESG characteristics of EU products and the integration of investors’ ESG preferences at the point of sale have had a significant impact on the features of EU products and on investment management activities. IntheU.K.,the FCA published a new regime on sustainability disclosure requirements, including product sustainability labels, which will be applied in 2024. In the EU, European Securities and Markets Authority is planning to issue new guidelines on fund naming which will aim at avoiding greenwashing practices. Separately, several changes to the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) are being considered, including changes to the current ESG disclosure templates and longer-term amendments to the broader SFDR framework. On top of the disclosure obligations applying to the financial sector, the EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive sets out new ESG disclosure requirements for EU undertakings based on new European standards. The new regime will have an impact on EU domiciled companies and on non-EU groups having substantial activities in the EU.The SEC and other regulators in the U.S. are pursuing similar initiatives albeit with varying requirements, and the SEC has increased its enforcement activity relating to ESG disclosures and practices. Equally, a number of Asian jurisdictions are introducing climate-related risk and reporting requirements as well as ESG product disclosure standards.
Amendments to the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) requirements in the EU and the U.K. to align with international standards. In the context of the EMIR 3.0 negotiations, contemplated changes to the EU framework could require counterparties to hold and use an EU domiciled account when entering into certain derivatives. Also in the EU, the European Commission finalized amendments to the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive/Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation framework to amend trading and improve transparency rules through the creation of a new consolidated tape. In the U.K., an in-depth reshape of wholesale market rules has been started and will aim at improving the functioning and competitiveness of the U.K. financial markets following the exit from the EU.
Limitations on ownership or control of certain physical commodity futures contracts and other physical commodity related derivatives positions under regulations of the CFTC which could result in capacity constraints for our products that employ these instruments as part of their investment strategy.
Limitations on holdings of certain physical commodity futures contracts and other physical commodity related derivatives positions under regulations of the CFTC which could result in capacity constraints for our products that employ physical commodities as part of their investment strategy.
Regulations impacting the standard of care that financial intermediaries providing investment recommendations owe to retail investors, under the SEC’s Regulation Best Interest and retirement plans and account holders, under the DOL’s Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) fiduciary investment advice rules. In late 2023, the DOL proposed a package of new and amended regulations that would revise and expand the definition of investment advice fiduciary and could greatly complicate and alter the retail and institutional marketplace for investment products and services to retirement plans and IRA owners. In particular, this proposal could subject certain of our sales and distribution activities in connection with retirement plan investors to a fiduciary standard of care, which could substantially increase our compliance costs. In the U.K., the new “consumer duty” was introduced in 2023 and has had an impact on the product governance rules and the distribution of our retail products in the U.K. In the EU, a new Retail Investment Strategy (RIS) was released in 2023 to enhance retail investors’ participation in capital markets. It is currently being negotiated respectively within the EU Parliament and EU Council. The RIS should result in a number of legislative changes to the retail investment rules, in particular on product disclosures, investors’ protection, inducement, and retail products governance areas.
Enhanced licensing and qualification requirements for key personnel, including the U.K. Senior Managers and Certification Regime and the SFC's Manager-in-Charge Regime that could make it more difficult for the company to hire and retain key personnel.
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Strengthened standards regarding various ethical matters, including compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and anti-money-laundering laws that may increase our compliance costs and burdens and regulatory enforcement risk.
Regulations promulgated to address risks of fraud, malfeasance, adverse consequences stemming from cyber-attacks and/or cross-border data transfer, and to ensure the digital operational resilience of firms. In particular, the new EU Digital Operational Resilience Act will harmonize the requirements applying to Information and Communication Technology risk management, outsourcing and operational resilience in the financial sector. Enhanced regulations in China governing data security and cross-border data transfers, including the revised counter espionage law, that could increase our compliance burdens and restrict certain business and investments data generated within China from being transferred abroad.
The application of antitrust and similar competition laws to the asset management industry, including proposed amendments to the U.S. Hart-Scott-Rodino Act that could require investment managers to make numerous pre-merger notification filings with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice and the potential for antitrust regulators to limit common ownership of competitive companies by a single fund or affiliated funds. These developments in the application of antitrust and competition laws to our business could impede our ability to provide certain products or limit the AUM of certain investment strategies that we provide.
Guidelines regarding the structure and components of fund manager compensation and other related rules, regulations and disclosure requirements. Certain proposals could impose requirements for more widespread disclosures of compensation to highly-paid individuals. Depending upon the scope of any such requirements, Invesco could be disadvantaged in retaining key employees vis-à-vis private companies, including hedge fund sponsors.
With respect to certain privately offered investment vehicles, the SEC proposed rules to prohibit certain activities of the managers of such vehicles, including obtaining exculpation or limitations on liability for negligent acts, potentially increasing our potential liability as managers of these products. These proposals would materially increase reporting to the SEC for certain in-scope vehicles, potentially increasing compliance burdens and costs. Further, additional proposals mandate incremental reporting to investors which may levy additional costs on these vehicles impacting performance.
Recently promulgated SEC regulations impacting the private funds that we sponsor and manage. These regulations impose prescriptive investor quarterly reporting requirements, which may levy additional costs on these fund that impact performance and limit certain activities that we may undertake with these funds, which could negatively impact the desirability of these funds for certain investors.
Other changes impacting the identity or organizational structure of regulators with supervisory authority over us.

We cannot predict the full impact of legal and regulatory changes, changes in the interpretation of existing laws and regulations or possible enforcement proceedings on our business. Such changes have imposed, and are likely to continue to impose, new compliance costs and/or capital requirements or impact Invesco in other ways that could have a material adverse impact on our AUM, revenues, net income or liquidity. Moreover, certain legal or regulatory changes could require us to modify our strategies, businesses or operations, and we may incur other new constraints or costs, including the investment of significant management time and resources in order to satisfy new regulatory requirements or to compete in a changed business environment. In recent years, certain regulatory developments have also added to downward pressures on our fee levels.

Civil litigation and governmental investigations and enforcement actions could adversely affect our AUM and future net income and increase our costs of doing business.

We and certain related entities have in recent years been subject to various legal proceedings, including civil litigation and governmental investigations and enforcement actions. These actions can arise from normal business operations and/or matters that have been the subject of previous regulatory reviews. As a global company with investment products registered in numerous countries and subject to the jurisdiction of one or more regulators in each country, at any given time, our business operations may be subject to review, investigation or disciplinary action. For example, governmental authorities regularly make inquiries, hold investigations and administer market conduct examinations with respect to the company's compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Lawsuits or regulatory enforcement actions arising out of these inquiries may in the future be filed against the company and related entities and individuals. Judgments in civil litigation or findings of wrongdoing by these authorities against us could affect our reputation, result in damages, fines or penalties for which we would be responsible, increase our costs of doing business and/or negatively impact our revenues, any of which could have a material negative impact on our AUM, revenues, net income or liquidity.

Legislative and other measures that may be taken by governmental authorities could materially increase our tax burden or otherwise adversely affect our net income or liquidity.

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The international tax environment continues to change as a result of both coordinated actions by governments and unilateral measures designed by individual countries, both intended to address concerns over tax base erosion, profit shifting, and perceived international tax avoidance. A growing number of jurisdictions have enacted, or have announced that they will enact, legislation to implement aspects of The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (OECD) global anti-base erosion rules intended to ensure that multinational companies pay a 15% minimum level of tax on a jurisdictional basis. In most jurisdictions, the new minimum tax rules are effective in 2024 with certain aspects of the rules becoming effective in 2025. In addition, in response to the OECD’s minimum tax proposal, Bermuda has enacted a corporate tax regime with a tax rate of 15%, effective January 1, 2025. As a result of these developments, our tax liabilities could increase.

We continually assess the impact of various U.S. federal, state and foreign legislative proposals and modifications to existing tax treaties, which could result in a material increase in our tax liability. We cannot predict the outcome of any specific legislative proposals. However, if unfavorable legislation were to be enacted, or if modifications were to be made to certain existing tax treaties, the consequences could have a materially adverse impact on the company, including increasing our tax burden, increasing the cost of our tax compliance or otherwise adversely affecting our future net income and liquidity.

In addition, changes in individual and corporate income tax rates, including the capital gains and dividend tax rates, could cause investors to view certain investment products we manage less favorably and reduce investor demand for the products and services we offer, which could have an adverse effect on our AUM, revenues and net income.

Examinations and audits by tax authorities could result in additional tax payments for prior periods.

The company and its subsidiaries are subject to income and non-income based taxes in numerous jurisdictions as well as current and potentially future tax audits. The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions. Tax authorities may disagree with certain positions we have taken and assess additional taxes (and, in certain cases, interest, fines or penalties). We accrue tax liabilities for certain tax issues based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes may be due. We adjust these liabilities periodically due to changes in interpretations of tax laws, status of tax authority examinations and new regulatory or judicial guidance that could impact the relative merits and risks of tax positions. Due to the complexity of these tax issues, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment of tax that is materially different from the liability that has been accrued or an increase in the cost of our tax compliance, which could have an adverse effect on our net income and liquidity.

Bermuda law differs from the laws in effect in the U.S. and may afford less protection to shareholders.

Our shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests than shareholders of a company incorporated in a jurisdiction of the U.S. As a Bermuda company, we are governed by the Companies Act 1981 of Bermuda (Companies Act). The Companies Act differs in some material respects from laws generally applicable to U.S. corporations and shareholders, including provisions relating to interested directors, mergers, amalgamations and acquisitions, takeovers, shareholder lawsuits and indemnification of directors.

Under Bermuda law, the duties of directors and officers of a company are generally owed to the company only. Shareholders of Bermuda companies do not generally have rights to take action against directors or officers of the company, and may only do so in limited circumstances described in the following paragraph. However, directors and officers may owe duties to a company's creditors in cases of impending insolvency. Directors and officers of a Bermuda company must, in exercising their powers and performing their duties, act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the company and must exercise the care and skill that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. Directors have a duty not to put themselves in a position in which their duties to the company and their personal interests may conflict and also are under a duty to disclose any personal interest in any material contract or proposed material contract with the company or any of its subsidiaries. If a director or officer of a Bermuda company is found to have breached such director’s duties to that company, the director may be held personally liable to the company in respect of that breach of duty.
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Class actions and derivative actions are generally not available to shareholders under the laws of Bermuda. However, the Bermuda courts ordinarily would be expected to follow English case law precedent, which would permit a shareholder to commence an action in a company's name against the directors and officers to remedy a wrong done to the company where the act complained of is alleged to be beyond the company's corporate power or is illegal or would result in the violation of the company's memorandum of association or Bye-Laws. Furthermore, consideration would be given by the court to acts that are alleged to constitute a fraud against the minority shareholders or where an act requires the approval of a greater percentage of shareholders than actually approved it. Under our Bye-Laws, each of our shareholders agrees to waive any claim or right of action, both individually and on our behalf, other than those involving fraud or dishonesty, against the company or any of our officers, directors or employees. The waiver applies to any action taken by a director, officer or employee, or the failure of such person to take any action, in the performance of his or her duties, except with respect to any matter involving any fraud or dishonesty on the part of the director, officer or employee. This waiver limits the right of shareholders to assert claims against our directors, officers and employees unless the act or failure to act involves fraud or dishonesty.

Our Bye-Laws also provide for indemnification of our directors and officers in respect of any loss arising or liability attaching to them in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust of which a director or officer may be guilty in relation to the company other than in respect of his or her own fraud or dishonesty, which is the maximum extent of indemnification permitted under the Companies Act.

Because we are incorporated in Bermuda, it may be difficult for shareholders to enforce non-monetary judgments against us or any judgment against us or our directors and officers. Shareholders may have to seek independent advice regarding the commencement of proceedings or service of foreign process in Bermuda.

The company is organized under the laws of Bermuda. In addition, certain of our officers and directors reside in countries outside the U.S. A substantial portion of the company's assets and the assets of these officers and directors are or may be located outside the U.S. Investors may have difficulty effecting service of process within the U.S. on our directors and officers who reside outside the U.S., even though the company has appointed an agent in the U.S. to receive service of process.

Further, it may not be possible in Bermuda or in countries other than the U.S., where the company has assets, to enforce court judgments obtained in the U.S. against the company based on the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal or state securities laws. We have been advised by our legal advisors in Bermuda that the U.S. and Bermuda do not currently have a treaty providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. Some remedies available under the laws of the U.S. or the states therein, including some remedies available under the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be allowed in Bermuda courts because they may be found to be contrary to Bermuda public policy. Therefore, a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any federal or state court in the U.S. based on civil liability, whether or not based solely on U.S. federal or state securities laws, would not automatically be enforceable in Bermuda. Similarly, those judgments may not be enforceable in other countries other than the U.S.

We have anti-takeover provisions in our Bye-Laws that may discourage a change of control.

Our Bye-Laws contain provisions that could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us or to obtain majority representation on our Board of Directors without the consent of our Board. As a result, shareholders may be limited in their ability to obtain a premium for their shares under such circumstances.

Specifically, our Bye-Laws contain the following provisions that may impede or delay a third-party to acquire or obtain majority representation on our Board of Directors:
we are prohibited from engaging, under certain circumstances, in a business combination (as defined in our Bye-Laws) with any interested shareholder (as defined in our Bye-Laws) for three years following the date that the shareholder became an interested shareholder;
our Board of Directors, without further shareholder action, is permitted by our Bye-Laws to issue preference shares, in one or more series, and determine by resolution any designations, preferences, qualifications, privileges, limitations, restrictions or special or relative rights of an additional series. The rights of preferred shareholders may supersede the rights of common shareholders;
shareholders may only remove directors for “cause” (defined in our Bye-Laws to mean willful misconduct or gross negligence which is materially injurious to the company, fraud or embezzlement, or a conviction of, or a plea of “guilty” or “no contest” to, a felony);
our Board of Directors is authorized to expand its size and fill vacancies; and
shareholders cannot act by written consent unless the consent is unanimous.


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General Risk Factors

Our ability to maintain our credit ratings and to access the capital markets in a timely manner should we seek to do so depends on a number of factors.

Our access to the capital markets depends significantly on our credit ratings. We have received creditanticipate that the rating agencies will continue to review our ratings regularly based on our results of A2/Stable, BBB+/Stableoperations and A-/Positive from Moody's Investor Services ("Moody's"), Standard & Poor's Ratings Service ("S&P"), and Fitch Ratings ("Fitch"), respectively, as of the date hereof.developments in our business. We believe that, in addition to factors specific to our company, rating agency concerns include but are not limited to the fact that our revenues are exposed to equityfinancial market volatility and the potential impact from regulatory changes to the industry. Additionally, the rating agencies could decide to downgrade the entire investment management industry, based on their perspective of future growth and solvency. MaterialAs further described below, any material deterioration of these factors, and others defined by each rating agency, could result in downgrades to our credit ratings, thereby limiting our ability to access additional financing. Management believes that solid investment grade ratings are an important factor in winning and maintaining institutional business and strives to managefinancing, increasing the companycost of such financing and/or limiting our ability to maintain such ratings.investment management mandates, particularly in the institutional channel.

Our credit facilityagreement borrowing rates are tied to our credit ratings. A reduction in our long-term credit ratings could increase our borrowing costs, could limit our access to the capital markets and may result in outflows, thereby reducing AUM, revenues and revenues.net income. Volatility in global finance markets may also affect our ability to access the capital markets should we seek to do so. If we are unable to access capital markets in a timely manner, our business could be adversely affected.

Our indebtedness could adversely affect our financial position or results of operations.

As of December 31, 2020, we had outstanding total long-term debt of $2,082.6 million, excluding debt of CIP, and total equity attributable to Invesco Ltd. of $14,361.8 million. The amount of indebtedness we carry could limit our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements or other purposes, increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions, limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business or industry and place us at a disadvantage in relation to our competitors. Any or all of the above factors could materially adversely affect our financial position or results of operations.

Failure to establish adequate controls and risk management policies, the circumvention of controls and policies or fraud could have an adverse effect on our reputation and financial position.

Although we seek to foster a positive workplace culture, have adopted a comprehensive risk management process and continue to enhance various controls, procedures, policies and systems to monitor and manage risks, we cannot ensure that our
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workplace culture or such controls, procedures, policies and systems will successfully identify and manage internal and external risks to our business. We are subject to the risk that our employees, contractors or other third parties may deliberately or recklessly seek to circumvent established controls to commit fraud (including through cyber breaches) or act in ways that are inconsistent with our controls, policies and procedures. Persistent or repeated attempts involving conflicts of interests, circumvention of policies and controls or fraud could have a materially adverse impact on our reputation, could lead to costly regulatory inquiries, fines and/or sanctions and may cause our AUM, revenue and earnings to decline.

Terrorist activity and the continued threat of terrorism, increased geopolitical unrest, disease, natural or man-made disasters could adversely affect the global economy or specific international, regional and domestic markets, which may cause our AUM, revenue and earnings to decline.

Terrorist activity and the continued threat of terrorism, acts of civil or international unrest or hostility, disease, natural and man-made disasters, within the United States and abroad, as well as ongoing military and other actions and heightened security measures in response to these types of threats, may cause significant volatility and declines in the global markets and reduced economic activity. Any of these events that adversely affect the global economy, capital markets or specific international, regional or domestic markets may cause our AUM, revenue and earnings to decline and may have a materially negative impact on our financial results

Insurance may not be available at a reasonable cost to protect us from loss or liability.

We face the inherent risk of loss or liability related to claims from clients, third-party vendors or others,third-parties, actions taken by regulatory agencies and costs and losses associated with operations failures (which could include cyber incidents). To help protect against these risks, we purchase insurance in amounts and at deductible levels, and against potential losses and liabilities, that we consider appropriate, where such insurance is available at prices we deem reasonable. There can be no assurance, however, that a claim or claims will be covered by insurance or, if covered, will not exceed coverage limits, or that an insurer will meet its obligations regarding coverage, or that coverage will continue to be available on a cost effective basis. Insurance costs are impacted by market conditions, claims made on policies and the risk profile of the insured and may increase significantly over relatively short periods. In addition, certain insurance coverage may not be available or may only be available at prohibitive costs. Renewals of insurance policies may expose us to additional costs through higher premiums or the assumption of higher deductibles or co-insurance liability.


Item 1B.  Unresolved Staff Comments

NoneNone.

Item 1C.  Cybersecurity

Cyber threats are considered one of the most significant risks facing financial institutions. To mitigate that risk, we have a designated Global Chief Security Officer (GCSO) who leads our Global Security Department that is responsible for identifying, assessing, and managing cybersecurity threats. Our GCSO has experience in the public and private sectors, specializing in security, investigations, and incident response. The Global Security Department oversees, among others, the following groups across Invesco: Information Security, Global Privacy, Business Continuity and Crisis Management, Resilience, and Corporate Security. This converged security structure supports a more comprehensive, holistic approach to keeping Invesco clients, employees, and critical assets safe, upholding privacy rights, while enabling a secure and resilient business.

The information security program for the company, excluding the subsidiary noted below, is led by our Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) who reports directly to the GCSO and has extensive experience in information security and risk management. Our information security program is designed to oversee all aspects of information security risk and seeks to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information assets, including the implementation of controls aligned with industry guidelines and applicable statutes and regulations to identify threats, detect attacks and protect our information assets.

One company subsidiary operates on a distinct network and, therefore, manages its own information security program in close coordination with our Global Security Department. This subsidiary’s program aligns with all aspects of the company's information security program and is led by a dedicated CISO who reports to the Chief Operating Officer of the subsidiary and has comprehensive experience managing cybersecurity programs. The GCSO has indirect oversight of the subsidiary's CISO and its information security program.

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Our cybersecurity programs include the following:

Proactive assessments of technical infrastructure and security resilience are performed on a regular basis which include penetration testing, offensive testing and maturity assessments.
Conducting due diligence on third-party service providers regarding cybersecurity risks prior to on-boarding, periodic assessment of cybersecurity risks for third-party service providers and continuous monitoring for new third-party cybersecurity incidents.
An incident response program that includes periodic testing and is designed to restore business operations as quickly and as orderly as possible in the event of a cybersecurity incident at Invesco or a third-party.
Mandatory annual employee security awareness training, which focuses on cyber threats and security in general.
Regular cyber phishing tests throughout the year to measure and raise employee awareness against cyber phishing threats.

Important to these programs is our investment in threat-intelligence, our active engagement in industry and government security-related forums, and our utilization of external experts to challenge our program maturity, assess our controls and routinely test our capabilities.

Our Board of Directors oversees cybersecurity risk and receives updates, at a minimum, twice a year regarding cybersecurity, including risks and protections. The Global Operational Risk Management Committee, one of the company's risk management committees, provides executive-level oversight and monitoring of the end-to-end programs dedicated to managing information security and cyber related risk. The members of this Committee include the Chief Administrative Officer, Chief Risk and Audit Officer, General Counsel, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Human Resources Officer, Global Head of Compliance, and Global Operational Risk Owners which includes the GCSO. The Committee reports to the Enterprise Risk Management Committee which provides updates to the Board to facilitate their oversight. For the subsidiary referenced above, an Enterprise Risk Management Steering Committee provides executive-level oversight and monitoring of its programs that manage information security and cyber related risk. The members of this Enterprise Risk Management Steering Committee include the subsidiary’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Chief Operating Officer, Head of Risk, Head of Legal, Head of Privacy and the subsidiary’s CISO, as well as the company’s GCSO and CISO.

As of December 31, 2023, we have not experienced any cyber incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect Invesco’s business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.

Item 2.  Properties

Our registered office is located in Hamilton, Bermuda, and our corporate headquarters is in leased office space at 1555 Peachtree1331 Spring Street, N.E., Suite 1800,2500, Atlanta, Georgia, 30309, U.S.A. Our principal regional centers are maintained in leased facilities, except as noted below, in the following locations:

North America:Americas: 11 Greenway Plaza, Houston, Texas 77046; 225 Liberty St, New York City, New York 10281
EMEA: Perpetual Park, Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, RG9 1HH, United Kingdom (owned facilities)
Asia: Champion Tower, No. 3 Garden Road,APAC: 1 Connaught Place, Central, Hong Kong

We maintain a global enterprise center in Hyderabad, India in leased facilities at DivyaSree Orion in the Ranga Reddy District of Hyderabad, India.District. We lease office space in 26over 20 countries.

Item 3.  Legal Proceedings

See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 20,18, "Commitments and Contingencies - Legal Proceedings,"Contingencies" for information regarding legal proceedings.

Item 4.  Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicableapplicable.
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PART II

Item 5.  Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Invesco Ltd. is organized under the laws of Bermuda, and ourOur common shares are listed and traded on the New York Stock ExchangeNYSE under the symbol “IVZ.” At January 31, 2021,2024, there were approximately 5,2505,000 holders of record of our common shares.

The following graph illustrates the cumulative total shareholder return of our common shares over the five-year period beginning from the market close on the last trading day of 20152018 through and including the last trading day in the fiscal year ended December 31, 20202023 and compares it to the cumulative total return of the Standard and& Poor's (S&P) 500 Index and to a group of peer investment management companies. This table is not intended to forecast future performance of our common shares.

Cumulative Shareholder Returns

ivz-20201231_g6.jpg5- Year Cumulative Total Return Graph.jpg

Note:    Asset Manager Index includes Affiliated Managers Group, AllianceBernstein, Ameriprise Financial,Alliance Bernstein, Bank of New York Mellon, BlackRock, Charles Schwab, Eaton Vance, Federated Hermes, Franklin Resources,
Invesco Ltd., Janus Henderson, Lazard, Northern Trust, Principal Financial, State Street and T. Rowe Price.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The equity compensation plan information required in Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K is set forth in the definitive Proxy Statement for the company's annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 20202023 and is incorporated by reference in this Report.

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Repurchases of Equity Securities

The following table shows common share repurchase activity during the three months ended December 31, 2020:2023:
Month
Total Number
of Common Shares
Purchased (1)
Average Price Paid Per Common Share
Total Number of Common Shares
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
(2)
Approximate Dollar
Value of Common Shares that
May Yet Be Purchased
Under the Plans
or Programs
(2) (millions)
October 1 - 31, 202053,598 $11.82 — $732.2 
November 1 - 30, 2020112,667 $14.54 — $732.2 
December 1 - 31, 2020231,359 $16.62 — $732.2 
397,624 — 
Month
Total Number
of Common Shares
Purchased (1)
Average Price Paid Per Common Share
Total Number of Common Shares
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
(2)
Approximate Dollar
Value of Common Shares that
May Yet Be Purchased
Under the Plans
or Programs
(2) (millions)
October 1 - 31, 2023126,856 $13.53 — $382.2 
November 1 - 30, 202312,596 $13.84 — $382.2 
December 1 - 31, 202311,872 $16.80 — $382.2 
151,324 — 
____________

(1)    An aggregate of 397,624151,324 common shares were surrendered to us by Invesco employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of equity awards during the three months ended December 31, 2020.2023.
(2)    At December 31, 2020,2023, a balance of $732.2 $382.2 million remains available under the common share repurchase authorization approved by the Board on July 22, 2016.

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Item 6.  Selected Financial Data

The following tables present selected consolidated financial information for the company as of and for each of the five fiscal years in the period ended December 31, 2020. Except as otherwise noted below, the consolidated financial information has been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
As of and For The Years Ended December 31,
$ in millions, except per common share and other data20202019201820172016
Operating Data:
Operating revenues6,145.6 6,117.4 5,314.1 5,160.3 4,734.4 
Net revenues (1)
4,501.0 4,415.1 3,818.1 3,754.9 3,393.2 
Operating income920.4 808.2 1,204.9 1,279.1 1,152.4 
Adjusted operating income (2)
1,664.5 1,655.8 1,391.7 1,482.2 1,297.4 
Operating margin15.0 %13.2 %22.7 %24.8 %24.3 %
Adjusted operating margin (2)
37.0 %37.5 %36.5 %39.5 %38.2 %
Net income attributable to Invesco Ltd.524.8 564.7 882.8 1,127.3 854.2 
Adjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. (3)
892.9 1,124.0 1,002.7 1,105.9 924.1 
Per Common Share Data:
Earnings per common share:
-basic1.14 1.29 2.14 2.75 2.06 
-diluted1.13 1.28 2.14 2.75 2.06 
Adjusted diluted EPS (3)
1.93 2.55 2.43 2.70 2.23 
Dividends declared per common share0.78 1.23 1.19 1.15 1.11 
Balance Sheet Data:
Total assets36,504.1 39,420.3 30,978.4 31,668.8 25,734.3 
Long-term debt2,082.6 2,080.3 2,408.8 2,075.8 2,102.4 
Debt of consolidated investment products (CIP)6,714.1 6,234.6 5,226.0 4,799.8 4,403.1 
Total equity attributable to Invesco Ltd.14,361.8 13,862.5 8,578.8 8,696.1 7,503.8 
Total permanent equity14,808.9 14,318.3 8,936.2 8,955.6 7,611.8 
Other Data:
Ending AUM (in billions)1,349.9 1,226.2 888.2 937.6 812.9 
Average AUM (in billions)1,194.9 1,094.4 958.7 875.0 788.8 
Headcount8,512 8,821 7,459 7,030 6,790 
_________

(1)    Net revenues is a non-GAAP financial measure. See Item 7, “Summary Operating Information,” footnote 1, for the definition of this measure and the related reconciliation reference.
(2)    Adjusted operating income and adjusted operating margin are non-GAAP financial measures. See Item 7, “Summary Operating Information,” footnote 2, for the definition of these measures and the related reconciliation reference.
(3)    Adjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. and adjusted diluted EPS are non-GAAP financial measures. See Item 7, “Summary Operating Information,” footnote 3, for the definition of these measures and the related reconciliation reference.[Reserved]

Item 7.  Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management has elected to apply the FAST Act Modernization and Simplification of Regulation S-K, which provides the option to limit the discussion to the two most recent calendar years. The discussion and analysis disclosed herein apply to material changes in the consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements for 20202023 and 2019.2022. For the comparison of 20192022 and 2018,2021, see the Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part II, Item 7 of the company’s 20192022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange CommissionSEC on March 2, 2020.February 22, 2023. The following discussion and analysis of the results of operations and financial condition of Invesco Ltd. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “company” or “Invesco”) should be read in conjunction with the “Forward-looking Statements” disclosure set forth inbefore Part I and the “Risk Factors” set forth in Item 1A of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10‑K, each of which describe our risks, uncertainties and other important factors in more detail.

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Executive Overview

The following executive overview summarizes the significant trends affecting our results of operations and financial condition for the periods presented. This overview and the remainder of this management's discussion and analysis and supplements and should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of Invesco Ltd. and the notes thereto contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Throughout 2020, global markets experienced record levels of volatility, transitioning quickly from highs in the beginning ofDuring the year, to extreme lows as global capital markets firstimproved; however, the improvement was uneven and undercut by geopolitical events. Investors also reacted to the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic had a severe impact onof persistently high interest rates and inflation in most major economies and moved significant amounts of assets to the economy, increasing unemployment and decreasing consumer spending throughout the global markets. However, beginning in April 2020, equity markets in many major indices experienced near continual gains throughout the remainder of 2020, more than reversing losses earlier in the year. The increasing equity markets were driven by the softening of social containment measures and reopening of businesses following shut-downs earlier in the year, accommodative fiscal and monetary policies enacted by many central governments and the authorization of multiple COVID-19 vaccines. Despite the increase in equity markets, the economy contracted in many developed and developing countries in 2020.
sidelines to await greater clarity.
The table below summarizes the year ended December 31 returns based on price appreciation/(depreciation) of several major market indices for 20202023 and 2019:2022:
Year ended December 31,
Year ended December 31,
Year ended December 31,
Year ended December 31,
Equity IndexEquity IndexIndex expressed in currency20202019
S&P 500
S&P 500
S&P 500S&P 500U.S. Dollar16.3%28.9%
FTSE 100FTSE 100British Pound(14.3)%12.1%
FTSE 100FTSE 100U.S. Dollar(11.8)%16.7%
Nikkei 225Japanese Yen16.0%18.2%
Nikkei 225U.S. Dollar22.4%19.9%
FTSE 100
FTSE 100
FTSE 100
FTSE 100
S&P/TSX 60 Index
S&P/TSX 60 Index
S&P/TSX 60 Index
S&P/TSX 60 Index
S&P/TSX 60 Index
S&P/TSX 60 Index
MSCI Emerging Markets
MSCI Emerging Markets
MSCI Emerging MarketsMSCI Emerging MarketsU.S. Dollar15.8%15.4%
Bond IndexBond Index
Bond Index
Bond Index
Barclays U.S. Aggregate BondBarclays U.S. Aggregate BondU.S. Dollar7.5%8.7%
Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond
Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond

The company'scompany’s financial results are impacted by the fluctuations in exchange rates against the U.S. Dollar. Our revenues are directly influenced by the level and composition of our AUM. Therefore, movements in global capital market levels, net new business inflows (or outflows) and changesDollar, as discussed in the mix“Results of investment products between asset classes and geographies may materially affect our revenues from period to period. As fee rates differ across geographic locations, changes to exchange rates have an impact on the net revenue yields.Operations” section as applicable.

Invesco benefits from our long-term efforts to ensure a diversified base of AUM. One of Invesco's core strengths, and a key differentiator for the company within the industry, is our broad diversification across client domiciles, asset classes, distribution channels and distribution channels. Our geographic diversification recognizes growth opportunities in different parts of the world.geographies. This broad diversification mitigateshelps mitigate some of the impact on Invesco of different market cycles and enables the company to take advantage of growth opportunities in various markets and channels. During the year, our diversified product lineup maintained net long-term inflows with our strongest performance in ETFs.

UpdateWe remain highly focused on significant eventsour capital priorities, investing in our key capabilities, and transactionsefficiently allocating resources. Consistent with our commitment to improve our leverage profile, we continue to maintain our debt at lower levels. We ended the year with no balance on our floating rate credit agreement and our Cash and cash equivalents balance increased to $1.5 billion. We amended and restated the floating rate credit agreement, increasing facility capacity from $1.5 billion to $2.0 billion and extending the expiration date from April 26, 2026 to April 26, 2028. The Board approved a 7% increase in our quarterly dividend to $0.20 per share, and the company repurchased 9.6 million common shares for $150.0 million in the open market during the second quarter of 2023. The progress we made to build financial flexibility has Invesco well-positioned to navigate various market conditions and deliver long-term growth. We remain committed to returning capital to shareholders longer term through a combination of modestly increasing dividends and share repurchases.

OverWe are simplifying and streamlining the past decade, we've beenorganization to better position the company for greater scale, performance and improved profitability. During the year we established a unified, globally integrated fixed income platform. We created a single, highly focused on investing aheadmulti-asset group from what was previously operated through three distinct teams. We are also bringing together leadership across our fundamental active equity teams and are further strengthening our private markets platform. Notably,
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these simplification efforts will enable us in a strong position to take advantage of key industry tailwinds in the future. During 2020, we continued to invest in capabilities where we see client demand or future opportunities by hiring strong talent, further upgrading our technology platform and launching new products. We believe the ability tomore fully leverage the capabilities developed bybenefits of our State Street Alpha platform, which we have begun to test, as a single global investment teamsoperation engine across asset classes. Further, we have combined our ETF, SMA and model portfolios efforts into a single group to meet client demandmanage these high growth potential investment vehicles. And we have globalized many aspects of our marketing and digital delivery, consolidating our efforts across the globe is a significant differentiator fororganization. These efforts are intended to drive revenue growth, improve investment quality, reallocate our firm.expenses and capital base and help deliver profitable growth. Also, through these efforts, we expect to reduce our expense base by $50 million in 2024.

As previously disclosed, we are undertaking a strategic evaluation of our business focusing on four key areas of our expense base: our organizational model, our real estate footprint, management of third party spend,Martin L. Flanagan retired as President and technology and operations efficiency. We plan to invest in key areas of growth aligned with our strategic plan, including ETFs, Fixed Income, China, Solutions, Alternatives and Global Equities, while creating permanent annual net operating expense improvements of $200 million. A significant elementCEO of the savings will be generated from realigning our workforce to support key areas of growthcompany and as well as repositioning some of our workforce to lower cost locations. We expect $150 milliona member of the savings to be achieved by
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the end of 2021 with the remainder by the end of 2022. Remaining restructuring costs related to the strategic evaluation are estimated to be in a range of $150 to $175 million over the next two years, with $119.0 million incurred in 2020.

In 2019, Invesco completed the acquisition of OppenheimerFunds (OFI), and the integration of our two firms. Building on the combination with OFI, in 2020 we further deepened our relationships with clients in the US, expanded the capabilities we offered globally and further scaled our business for the benefit of clients and shareholders. The firm is also highly focused on delivering the additional capabilities achieved through the combination to institutional and non-US markets.

Managing our business and meeting client needs through COVID-19

Invesco is committed to helping our employees, our clients and our communities navigate the challenges presented by the impacts of COVID-19. The primary focus of our efforts is to ensure the health and safety of our employees while preserving our ability to serve clients and manage assets in a highly dynamic market environment. As always, we are committed to helping our clients achieve their investment objectives through disciplined long-term investing. To this end, we continue to proactively engage with our clients virtually to help them better navigate market volatility by providing thought leadership and other value-added services. We believe our client centric approach will enable our clients to emerge from this crisis stronger.

To ensure we continue to meet client needs in a primarily remote-working environment, small select teams are working at alternate sites or operating in split shifts to mitigate the risks associated with the virus. Some of our offices in locations across the globe have begun staged re-openings. We will continue to be responsive to the evolving threat of the virus and may re-close if necessary. Decisions regarding openings and closings of our offices are supported by information from local government and health officials, as well as our own internal research regarding the needs of our employees and clients.

Our portfolio managers, research analysts and traders are successfully working remotely or in secure locations with access to all systems necessary to do their jobs and an ability to connect with their teams in managing client assets. Additionally, our operational, control and support teams are primarily working in a remote environment. In light of the remote working environment, we continue to assess and enhance our business continuity plans as well as our internal controls with appropriate adjustments made to address the environment. This thoughtful, coordinated approach helps ensure our ability to continue to meet client needs and to run our business.

Other External Factors Impacting Invesco

Invesco has a larger global presence in key markets than most of our peers. As one of the leading investment managers in the UK and Europe, we were more impacted by continuing uncertainties surrounding Brexit. Additionally, our strong position in Asia-Pacific meant that Invesco was more affected than others by market uncertainties over the trade issues between China and the U.S.

On December 24, 2020, the UK and the EU (European Union) announced a trade deal after months of negotiations. The deal came into forceDirectors effective December 31, 2020. While the deal announced largely covers goods, details related to the financial services industry are not specifically outlined within the agreement. The UK and the EU aim to agree by March 2021 to a memorandum of understanding establishing a framework for regulatory cooperation on financial services. The Brexit outcome at the end of 2020 was largely anticipated by the market.

Invesco is a global business and has been committed for many years to meeting clients’ needs across Europe in both EU and non-EU countries. Invesco has local teams of experts focused on servicing local clients and fund ranges in different countries to meet a variety of local, country and regional client needs. We currently have a presence in 12 countries across Europe. Our staff will be able to continue to reside and work across the relevant regions. The change in the UK's status from an EU to a non-EU country will not change Invesco’s focus or commitment to serve its clients across Europe. We are fully prepared to continue to operate and deliver for our clients with minimal disruption.

Investment exposure to the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) based interest rates could impact our client portfolios. The UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), which regulates LIBOR, has made it clear that the publication of LIBOR is not guaranteed beyond 2021. The ICE Benchmark Administration (IBA), which administers LIBOR, recently consulted on the extension of five of the seven total settings (overnight and one, three, six and twelve month) USD-LIBOR, with a possible cessation extension date to June 30, 2023. As a result, firms must transition away from LIBOR to alternative risk-free rates. Working groupsAndrew R. Schlossberg succeeded Mr. Flanagan as President and regulators across various jurisdictions have put forth LIBOR transition plan guidance, including recommendations related to the potential cessation extension date of five of seven settings of US Dollar (USD) LIBOR. Invesco continues to actively monitorCEO and adjust the LIBOR transition strategy and timeline as necessary, such as choosing to adhere to the recent International Swaps & Derivatives Association (ISDA) protocol that provides a clear fallback rate for legacy LIBOR-
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linked derivative contracts upon LIBOR cessation. The discontinuance of LIBOR may adversely affect the amount of interest or other amounts payable or receivable on certain portfolio investments. These changes may also impact the market liquidity and market value of these portfolio investments. Invesco finalized its global assessment of exposure in relation to funds holding LIBOR based instruments and funds utilizing LIBOR as a benchmark and/or performance target. Invesco is prioritizing the mitigation of risks associated with financial instruments held and benchmarks/performance targets used that reference existing LIBOR rates, as well as any impact on Invesco portfolios and investment strategies. Invesco continues to monitor overall industry transition progress and completes ongoing analysismember of the suitabilityBoard of alternative risk-free rates.Directors effective June 30, 2023.

Presentation of Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations --- Impact of Consolidated Investment Products (CIP)

The company provides investment management services to, and has transactions with, various retail mutual funds and similar entities, private equity, real estate, fund-of-funds, collateralized loan obligation products (CLOs), and other investment entitiesproducts sponsored by the company for the investment of client assets in the normal course of business. The company serves as the investment manager, making day-to-day investment decisions concerning the assets of the products. The company is required to consolidate certain of these managed funds from time-to-time, as discussed more fully in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1, "Accounting Policies -- Basis of Accounting and Consolidation." Investment products that are consolidated are referred to in this Form 10-K (Report)Report as consolidated investments products (CIP).CIP. The company's economic risk with respect to each investment in CIP is limited to its equity ownership, unfunded equity commitments and any uncollected management and performance fees.

The majority of the company's CIP balances are CLO-related. The collateral assets of the CLOs are held solely to satisfy the obligations of the CLOs. The company has no right to the benefits from, nor does it bear the risks associated with, the collateral assets held by the CLOs, beyond the company's direct investments in, and management and performance fees generated from the CLOs. If the company were to liquidate, the collateral assets would not be available to the general creditors of the company, and as a result, the company does not consider them to be company assets. Likewise, the investors in the CLOs have no recourse to the general credit of the company for the notes issued by the CLOs. The company therefore does not consider this debt to be a company liability.

TheDue to the significant impact ofthat CIP is so significant tohas on the presentation of the company’s Consolidated Financial Statements, that the company has elected to deconsolidate these products in its non-GAAP disclosures.disclosures (among other adjustments). See "Schedule of Non-GAAP Information" for additional information regarding these adjustments. The following discussion therefore combines the results presented under U.S. generally accepted accounting principlesGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP) with the company’s non-GAAP presentation. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains four distinct sections, which follow after the Assets Under Management discussion:

Results of Operations (year ended December 31, 2020 compared to December 31, 2019);
Schedule of Non-GAAP Information;
Balance Sheet Discussion; and
Liquidity and Capital Resources.

To assess the impact of CIP on the company's Results of Operations and Balance Sheet Discussion, refer to Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 21,19, "Consolidated Investment Products." The impact on the company's results of operations is illustrated by a column which shows the dollar-value change in the consolidated figures, as caused by the consolidation of CIP. For example, the impact of CIP on operating revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020 was a reduction of $39.8 million. This indicates that their consolidation reduced consolidated revenues by this amount, reflecting the elimination upon their consolidation of the operating revenues earned by Invesco for managing these investment products.

Wherever a non-GAAP measure is referenced, a disclosure will follow in the narrative or in the note referring the reader to the Schedule of Non-GAAP Information, where additional details regarding the use of the non-GAAP measure by the company are disclosed, along with reconciliations of the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures to the non-GAAP measures. To further enhance the readability of the Results of Operations section, separate tables for each of the revenue, expense, and other income and expenses (non-operating income/expense) sections of the income statement introduce the narrative that follows, providing a section-by-section review of the company’s income statements for the periods presented.

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Summary Operating Information

Wherever a non-GAAP measure is referenced, a disclosure will follow in the narrative or in the note referring the reader to the Schedule of Non-GAAP Information, where additional details regarding the use of the non-GAAP measure by the company are disclosed, along with reconciliations of the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures to the non-GAAP measures. To further enhance the readability of the Results of Operations section, separate tables for each of the revenue, expense and other income and expenses (non-operating income/expense) sections of the income statement introduce the narrative that follows, providing a section-by-section review of the company’s income statements for the periods presented.

Summary operating information for 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 20182021 is presented in the table below.
$ in millions, other than per common share amounts, operating margins and AUMYear ended December 31,
U.S. GAAP Financial Measures Summary202020192018
Operating revenues6,145.6 6,117.4 5,314.1 
Operating income920.4 808.2 1,204.9 
Operating margin15.0 %13.2 %22.7 %
Net income attributable to Invesco Ltd.524.8 564.7 882.8 
Diluted EPS1.13 1.28 2.14 
Non-GAAP Financial Measures Summary
Net revenues (1)
4,501.0 4,415.1 3,818.1 
Adjusted operating income (2)
1,664.5 1,655.8 1,391.7 
Adjusted operating margin (2)
37.0 %37.5 %36.5 %
Adjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. (3)
892.9 1,124.0 1,002.7 
Adjusted diluted EPS (3)
1.93 2.55 2.43 
Assets Under Management
Ending AUM (billions)1,349.9 1,226.2 888.2 
Average AUM (billions)1,194.9 1,094.4 958.7 

(in millions, other than per common share amounts, operating margins and AUM)Year ended December 31,
U.S. GAAP Financial Measures Summary202320222021
Operating revenues$5,716.4 $6,048.9 $6,894.5 
Operating income/(loss)$(434.8)$1,317.7 $1,788.2 
Operating margin(7.6)%21.8 %25.9 %
Net income/(loss) attributable to Invesco Ltd.$(333.7)$683.9 $1,393.0 
Diluted earnings per share (EPS)$(0.73)$1.49 $2.99 
Non-GAAP Financial Measures Summary(1)
Net revenues$4,310.7 $4,645.0 $5,261.1 
Adjusted operating income$1,213.5 $1,614.8 $2,182.6 
Adjusted operating margin28.2 %34.8 %41.5 %
Adjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd.$689.7 $773.2 $1,439.6 
Adjusted diluted earnings per share (EPS)$1.51 $1.68 $3.09 
Assets Under Management
Ending AUM (billions)$1,585.3 $1,409.2 $1,610.9 
Average AUM (billions)$1,500.6 $1,452.5 $1,499.9 
_________

(1)Net revenues, is a non-GAAP financial measure. Net revenues are operating revenues plus the net revenues of our Great Wall joint venture; less pass-through revenue adjustments to investment management fees, service and distribution fees and other; plus management and performance fees earned from CIP. See "Schedule of Non-GAAP Information" for the reconciliation of operating revenues to net revenues.
(2)Adjusted operating income andOperating Income (and by calculation, adjusted operating marginmargin), and Adjusted Net Income (and by calculation, adjusted diluted EPS) are non-GAAP financial measures. Adjusted operating margin is adjusted operating income divided by net revenues. Adjusted operating income includes operating income plus the net operating incomemeasures, based on methodologies other than U.S. GAAP. See “Schedule of our joint venture investments, the operating income impactNon-GAAP Information” for a reconciliation of the consolidation of investment products, transaction, integration and restructuring adjustments, compensation expense relatedmost directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures to market valuation changes in deferred compensation plans and other reconciling items. See "Schedule of Non-GAAP Information," for the reconciliation of operating income to adjusted operating income.non-GAAP measures.
(3)Adjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. and adjusted diluted EPS are non-GAAP financial measures. Adjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. is net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. adjusted to exclude the net income of CIP, transaction, integration and restructuring adjustments, the net income impact of deferred compensation plans and other reconciling items. Adjustments made to net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. are tax-affected in arriving at adjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. By calculation, adjusted diluted EPS is adjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (for diluted EPS). See "Schedule of Non-GAAP Information," for the reconciliation of net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. to adjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd.
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Investment Capabilities Performance Overview

Invesco's first strategic objective isreflects a commitment to achievedeliver the excellence our clients expect, which includes strong investment performance over the long-term for our clients. As of December 31, 2020, 55%, 58%, 61%, and 70% of measured ranked actively managed assets performed in the top half of peer groups on a one-, three-, five- and ten-year basis, respectively.The table below presents the one-, three-, five-, and ten-year performance of our measured ranked actively managed investment products measured by the percentage of AUM aheadin the top half of benchmark and AUM in the top half of peer group.(1)
Benchmark ComparisonPeer Group Comparison
% of AUM Ahead of Benchmark% of AUM In Top Half of Peer Group
1yr3yr5yr10yr1yr3yr5yr10yr
Benchmark ComparisonBenchmark ComparisonPeer Group Comparison
% of AUM In Top Half of Benchmark% of AUM In Top Half of Benchmark% of AUM In Top Half of Peer Group
1yr1yr3yr5yr10yr1yr3yr5yr10yr
Equities (2)
Equities (2)
U.S. Core (5%)16 %12 %%12 %28 %28 %24 %17 %
U.S. Growth (7%)87 %87 %53 %53 %87 %87 %87 %53 %
U.S. Core (4%)
U.S. Core (4%)
U.S. Core (4%)22 %43 %31 %17 %18 %11 %22 %12 %
U.S. Growth (6%)U.S. Growth (6%)— %11 %25 %41 %49 %— %62 %11 %
U.S. Value (7%)U.S. Value (7%)27 %11 %%%%%%%U.S. Value (7%)63 %92 %63 %92 %63 %63 %63 %50 %
Sector (2%)99 %97 %76 %96 %62 %59 %79 %60 %
Sector (1%)Sector (1%)64 %%%25 %73 %29 %31 %54 %
UK (1%)UK (1%)13 %25 %18 %40 %16 %%%26 %UK (1%)95 %66 %45 %48 %72 %100 %47 %47 %
Canadian (<1%)Canadian (<1%)%%%12 %11 %%%11 %Canadian (<1%)89 %100 %100 %47 %100 %89 %100 %— %
Asian (3%)79 %79 %92 %88 %53 %46 %78 %79 %
Asian (4%)Asian (4%)48 %64 %67 %88 %45 %42 %36 %82 %
Continental European (2%)Continental European (2%)14 %%%90 %13 %%%68 %Continental European (2%)67 %82 %27 %66 %77 %80 %41 %70 %
Global (7%)71 %71 %72 %87 %78 %29 %32 %47 %
Global Ex U.S. and Emerging Markets (13%)89 %89 %89 %98 %29 %87 %71 %88 %
Global (6%)Global (6%)84 %44 %82 %74 %96 %42 %45 %35 %
Global Ex U.S. and Emerging Markets (7%)Global Ex U.S. and Emerging Markets (7%)89 %18 %46 %99 %43 %42 %34 %13 %
Fixed Income (2)
Fixed Income (2)
Money Market (15%)81 %99 %100 %100 %78 %78 %78 %99 %
Fixed Income (2)
Fixed Income (2)
Money Market (26%)
Money Market (26%)
Money Market (26%)99 %96 %99 %100 %85 %86 %85 %100 %
U.S. Fixed Income (11%)U.S. Fixed Income (11%)67 %82 %84 %95 %65 %63 %88 %92 %U.S. Fixed Income (11%)84 %86 %85 %97 %48 %44 %70 %92 %
Global Fixed Income (6%)Global Fixed Income (6%)84 %84 %87 %96 %53 %54 %60 %70 %Global Fixed Income (6%)86 %62 %95 %95 %80 %68 %73 %94 %
Stable Value (5%)Stable Value (5%)100 %100 %100 %100 %97 %100 %100 %100 %Stable Value (5%)— %99 %100 %100 %97 %97 %97 %100 %
Other (2)
Other (2)
Alternatives (8%)26 %34 %73 %37 %35 %33 %40 %56 %
Balanced (8%)79 %75 %53 %60 %55 %52 %54 %91 %
Other (2)
Other (2)
Alternatives (5%)
Alternatives (5%)
Alternatives (5%)68 %58 %78 %73 %50 %61 %45 %55 %
Balanced (7%)Balanced (7%)38 %47 %64 %63 %56 %79 %93 %94 %
____________
Note:
(1)(1)    Excludes passive products, closed-end funds, private equity limited partnerships, non-discretionary funds, unit investment trusts,UITs, fund of funds with component funds managed by Invesco, stable value building block funds and CDOs.collateralized debt obligations. Certain funds and products were excluded from the analysis because of limited benchmark or peer group data. Had these been available, results may have been different. These results are preliminary and subject to revision. AUM measured in the one, three, five and ten-year quartile rankings represents 53%, 52%, 51% and 47% of total Invesco AUM, respectively, and
AUM measured versus benchmark on a one, three, five and ten year basis represents 63%54%, 62%54%, 60%50% and 55%45% of total Invesco AUM, respectively, and AUM measured versus peer group on a one, three, five and ten year quartile rankings represents 42%, 42%, 42% and 38% of total Invesco AUM as of 12/31/20.December 31, 2023. Peer group rankings are sourced from a widely-used third partythird-party ranking agency in each fund’s market (Lipper,(e.g., Morningstar, IA, Russell,Lipper, eVestment, Mercer, eVestment Alliance,Galaxy, SITCA, Value Research) and asset-weighted in USD. Rankings are as of prior quarter-end for most institutional products and prior month-end for Australian retail funds due to their late release by third parties. Rankings are calculated against all funds in each peer group. Rankings for the primary share class of the most representative fund in each composite are applied to all products within each composite. Performance assumes the reinvestment of dividends. Past performance is not indicative of future results and may not reflect an investor’s experience.

(2)    Numbers in parenthesisparentheses reflect AUM for each investment product (see Note 1 above for exclusions) as a percentage of 5-yearthe total ranked AUM. As of December 31, 2020, total ranked AUM is $711.0 billion (53% of total Invesco AUM) for 1the five year $700.5 billion (52% of total Invesco AUM) for 3 years, $694.0 billion (51% of Invesco AUM) for 5 years, and $631.5 billion (47% of total Invesco AUM) for 10 years.

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Assets Under Management

The following presentation and discussion of AUM includes Passive and Active AUM. Passive AUM include index-based ETFs, unit investment trusts (UITs),UITs, non-management fee earning AUM and other passive mandates. Active AUM is totalare Total AUM less Passive AUM.

Non-management fee earning AUM includes non-management fee earning ETFs, UITUITs and product leverage. The net flows in non-management fee earning AUM can be relatively short-term in nature and, due to the relatively low revenue yield, these can have a significant impact on overall net revenue yield.

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The AUM tables and the discussion below refer to certain AUM as long-term. Long-term inflows and the underlying reasons for the movements in this line item include investments from new clients, existing clients adding new accounts/funds or contributions/subscriptions into existing accounts/funds. Long-term outflows reflect client redemptions from accounts/funds and include the return of invested capital on theupon maturity. We present net flows into money market funds separately because shareholders of those funds typically use them as short-term funding vehicles and because theirthe flows are particularly sensitive to short-term interest rate movements.

Changes in AUM by Investment approach were as follows:follows:
202020192018
$ in billionsTotal AUMActivePassiveTotal AUMActivePassiveTotal AUMActivePassive
January 11,226.2 929.2 297.0 888.2 667.2 221.0 937.6 738.8 198.8 
2023202320222021
(in billions)(in billions)Total AUMActivePassiveTotal AUMActivePassiveTotal AUMActivePassive
Beginning Assets (January 1)
Long-term inflowsLong-term inflows310.9 204.3 106.6 227.5 146.8 80.7 209.8 139.4 70.4 
Long-term outflowsLong-term outflows(326.6)(236.1)(90.5)(261.9)(196.5)(65.4)(248.8)(176.4)(72.4)
Long-term net flows(15.7)(31.8)16.1 (34.4)(49.7)15.3 (39.0)(37.0)(2.0)
Net long-term flows
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUMNet flows in non-management fee earning AUM(5.1)— (5.1)9.2 (0.1)9.3 2.5 — 2.5 
Net flows in money market fundsNet flows in money market funds14.3 14.3 — (2.0)(2.0)— 7.6 7.6 — 
Total net flowsTotal net flows(6.5)(17.5)11.0 (27.2)(51.8)24.6 (28.9)(29.4)0.5 
Reinvested distributionsReinvested distributions16.9 16.9 — 17.9 17.9 — 11.4 11.4 — 
Market gains and lossesMarket gains and losses103.0 40.8 62.2 120.4 73.5 46.9 (67.0)(52.1)(14.9)
Acquisitions (1)
— — — 224.4 219.9 4.5 47.6 10.5 37.1 
Dispositions
Dispositions
Dispositions
Foreign currency translationForeign currency translation10.3 9.9 0.4 2.5 2.5 — (12.5)(12.0)(0.5)
December 311,349.9 979.3 370.6 1,226.2 929.2 297.0 888.2 667.2 221.0 
Ending Assets (December 31)
Average AUMAverage AUM
Average long-term AUMAverage long-term AUM952.0 784.6 167.4 887.1 734.7 152.4 785.5 646.5 139.0 
Average long-term AUM
Average long-term AUM
Average AUMAverage AUM1,194.9 893.0 301.9 1,094.4 830.1 264.3 958.7 726.6 232.1 
Revenue yield
Gross revenue yield on AUM (2)
53.7 65.4 21.0 57.8 69.1 23.9 56.3 66.2 26.3 
Gross revenue yield on AUM before performance fees (2)
53.1 64.6 21.0 56.8 67.8 23.9 55.7 65.4 26.3 
Net revenue yield on AUM (3)
37.7 46.4 12.0 40.3 48.6 14.6 39.8 47.5 15.9 
Net revenue yield on AUM before performance fees (3)
36.8 45.2 12.0 39.4 47.2 14.6 39.2 46.7 15.9 
Average QQQ AUM

(1) The acquisition of OppenheimerFunds business on May 24, 2019 added $224.4 billion in AUM at that date. The acquisition of Guggenheim Investments' ETF business on April 6, 2018 added $38.1 billion in AUM at that date. As of July 1, 2018, we began including 100% of Invesco Great Wall, which added $9.5 billion in AUM during the third quarter of 2018.
202320222021
Revenue yield (bps) (1)
U.S. GAAP gross revenue yield40.444.548.7
Net revenue yield ex performance fees ex QQQ (2)
32.4 35.5 39.1 
Active net revenue yield ex performance fees37.740.744.0
Passive net revenue yield ex QQQ (2)
16.0 18.1 20.1 
____________
(2)(1)    U.S. GAAP gross revenue yield is not considered a meaningful effective fee rate measure. Gross revenue yield on AUM is equal to U.S. GAAP annualized total operating revenues divided by average AUM, excluding Invesco Great Wall AUM. Prior to the third quarter 2018, management reflected its interests in Invesco Great Wall on a proportional consolidation basis, which was consistent with the presentation of our share of the AUM from these investments. Given the company's influence on Invesco Great Wall, a change in regulation allowing increased foreign ownership and reaching oral agreement in principle to obtain majority stake of the joint venture, the company began reporting 100% of the flows and AUM for Invesco Great Wall beginning in the third quarter of 2018.IGW Average AUM in 2020 for our JVs in China was $50.0 billion (2019: $35.6 billion, 2018: $16.2 billion). UM. Itis appropriate to exclude the average AUM of our JVs for purposes of computing gross revenue yield on AUM, becauseIGW as the revenues resulting from
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these AUM are not presented in ourU.S. GAAP operating revenues. UnderThe average AUM for Invesco Great Wall was $87.2 billion in 2023 (2022: $93.5 billion, 2021: $84.0 billion). Additionally, the U.S. GAAP our share of the net income of the JVsgross revenue yield is recorded as equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates on our Consolidated Statements of Income. Additionally,not a good measure because the numerator of the U.S. GAAP gross revenue yield measure, operating revenues, excludes the management fees earned from CIP and our JVs in China;CIP; however, the denominator of the measure includes the AUM of these investment products. Therefore, the gross revenue yield measure is not considered representative of the company's true effective fee rate from AUM.
(3)    Net revenue yield on AUM is equal to annualizedmetrics include the net revenues divided byand average AUM.AUM of IGW and CIP. See “Schedule of Non-GAAP Information” for a reconciliation of operating revenues to net revenues.
(2)    Performance fees are earned when certain performance metrics are achieved and QQQ ETFs do not earn net revenues. Therefore, net revenue yield is calculated excluding performance fees and QQQ AUM. Passive net revenue yield is calculated excluding QQQ AUM.

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Flows

There are numerous drivers of AUM inflows and outflows, including individual investor decisions to change investment preferences, fiduciaries and other gatekeepers making broad asset allocation decisions on behalf of their clients, and reallocation of investments within portfolios. We are not a party to these asset allocation decisions, as the company does not generally have access to the underlying investor's decision-making process, including their risk appetite or liquidity needs. Therefore, the company is not in a position to provide meaningful information regarding the drivers of inflows and outflows.

Market Returns

Market gains and losses include the net change in AUM resulting from changes in market values of the underlying securities from period to period. As discussedThe table in the “Executive Overview” section of this Management’sManagement's Discussion and Analysis during 2020, global equity markets saw significant volatility due tosummarizes returns based on price appreciation/(depreciation) of several major market indices for the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in March 2020years ended December 31, 2023 and continuing through 2020. The resulting decline in AUM adversely impacted our revenues during the first half of the year, but market recovery increased our average AUM and revenues during the second half of the year. However, market dynamics have also changed the AUM product mix, which has an effect on our revenue yield, as discussed further below.December 31, 2022.

Foreign Exchange Rates

During the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, we experienced increasesa decrease in AUM of $10.3$0.4 billiondue to changes in foreign exchange rates (December 31, 2019:2022: AUM increased by $2.5decreased $26.1 billion; December 31, 2021: AUM decreased $6.3 billion).

Acquisitions

There were no acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we completed the acquisition of OppenheimerFunds on May 24, 2019, which added $224.4 billion in AUM during the year.

Revenue Yield

As a significant proportion of our AUM is based outside of the U.S., changes in foreign exchange rates result in a change to the mix of U.S. Dollar denominated AUM with AUM denominated in other currencies. As fee rates differ across geographic locations, changes to exchange rates have an impact on the net revenue yields. Changes in our AUM mix also significantly impact our net revenue yield. Passive AUM generally earn a lower effective fee rate than active asset classes, and changes in the mix of products therefore have an impact on our net revenue yield. At the industry level, investors continue to shift towards passive products and away from active, and Invesco is able to participate in this trend due to the breadth, strength and diversified nature of our business.

In the year ended December 31, 2020, the net revenue yield was 37.7 basis points compared to 40.3 basis points in the year ended December 31, 2019, a decrease of 2.6 basis points.

In 2019, yields improved after the second quarter acquisition of OppenheimerFunds, which contributed AUM of $224.4 billion comprised of $219.9 billion of active and $4.5 billion of passive AUM, increasing the proportion of active AUM and positively impacting net revenue yield. However, AUM mix in 2020 was impacted by flows into lower fee products, from the market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and from the growth in our QQQ fund, all of which increased the proportion of lower-fee AUM, which has lowered net revenue yield in 2020. As passive products generally have lower fees than active products, the AUM shift towards passive has contributed to the declining net revenue yield. Passive AUM includes our QQQ ETF, for which we do not receive a management fee but which delivers significant marketing and brand value and increases Invesco’s footprint, leadership and relevance in the ETF market. At December 31, 2020, passive AUM were $370.6 billion, representing 27.5% of total AUM at that date; whereas at December 31, 2019, passive AUM were $297.0 billion, representing 24.2% of our total AUM at that date.
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Also contributing to the overall decline, the net revenue yield specific to passive AUM has declined, particularly from the impact of the growth of the QQQ fund. At December 31, 2020, the QQQ fund represented $152.5 billion, or 41.1% of passive AUM. At December 31, 2019, the QQQ fund represented $86.9 billion, or 29.3% of passive AUM. In the year ended December 31, 2020, the net revenue yield on passive AUM was 12.0 basis points compared to 14.6 basis points in the year ended December 31, 2019, a decrease of 2.6 basis points.

Market volatility in 2020 also contributed to investors moving into lower risk assets, such as money market and stable
value funds, which are active funds with lower fees. We saw outflows from equity products and alternatives and inflows into fixed income and other relatively lower fee products. These changes have decreased the net revenue yield on active AUM. At December 31, 2020, active AUM were $979.3 billion, representing 72.5% of total AUM at that date; whereas at December 31, 2019, active AUM were $929.2 billion, representing 75.8% of our total AUM at that date. In the year ended December 31, 2020, the net revenue yield on active AUM was 46.4 basis points compared to 48.6 basis points in the year ended December 31, 2019, a decrease of 2.2 basis points.

The changes described above have adversely impacted our revenue and resulting revenue yields, and we expect they will continue to pressure revenues and yields in the near term.

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Changes in our AUM by channel, asset class, and client domicile, and average AUM by asset class, are presented below:

Total AUM by Channel (1)
$ in billionsTotalRetailInstitutional
December 31, 20191,226.2 878.2 348.0 
Long-term inflows310.9 221.6 89.3 
Long-term outflows(326.6)(267.6)(59.0)
Long-term net flows(15.7)(46.0)30.3 
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM(5.1)7.2 (12.3)
Net flows in money market funds14.3 2.0 12.3 
Total net flows(6.5)(36.8)30.3 
Reinvested distributions16.9 16.3 0.6 
Market gains and losses103.0 85.4 17.6 
Foreign currency translation10.3 4.0 6.3 
December 31, 20201,349.9 947.1 402.8 
December 31, 2018888.2 566.7 321.5 
Long-term inflows227.5 175.2 52.3 
Long-term outflows(261.9)(210.4)(51.5)
Long-term net flows(34.4)(35.2)0.8 
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM9.2 4.9 4.3 
Net flows in money market funds(2.0)4.2 (6.2)
Total net flows(27.2)(26.1)(1.1)
Reinvested distributions17.9 17.6 0.3 
Market gains and losses120.4 102.4 18.0 
Acquisitions (4)
224.4 215.8 8.6 
Foreign currency translation2.5 1.8 0.7 
December 31, 20191,226.2 878.2 348.0 
December 31, 2017937.6 607.6 330.0 
Long-term inflows209.8 158.8 51.0 
Long-term outflows(248.8)(194.1)(54.7)
Long-term net flows(39.0)(35.3)(3.7)
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM2.5 2.7 (0.2)
Net flows in money market funds7.6 9.0 (1.4)
Total net flows(28.9)(23.6)(5.3)
Reinvested distributions11.4 11.4 — 
Market gains and losses(67.0)(62.4)(4.6)
Acquisitions (4)
47.6 42.6 5.0 
Foreign currency translation(12.5)(8.9)(3.6)
December 31, 2018888.2 566.7 321.5 
____________
202320222021
(in billions)TotalRetailInstitutionalTotalRetailInstitutionalTotalRetailInstitutional
Beginning Assets (January 1)$1,409.2 $872.3 $536.9 $1,610.9 $1,106.5 $504.4 $1,349.9 $947.1 $402.8 
Long-term inflows299.1 219.9 79.2 330.3 243.9 86.4 426.8 301.2 125.6 
Long-term outflows(288.9)(214.5)(74.4)(330.8)(257.5)(73.3)(345.4)(265.7)(79.7)
Net long-term flows10.2 5.4 4.8 (0.5)(13.6)13.1 81.4 35.5 45.9 
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM6.2 5.9 0.3 (3.2)0.9 (4.1)20.6 20.2 0.4 
Net flows in money market funds(11.1)1.4 (12.5)56.4 1.8 54.6 39.7 3.3 36.4 
Total net flows5.3 12.7 (7.4)52.7 (10.9)63.6 141.7 59.0 82.7 
Reinvested distributions11.5 11.0 0.5 15.2 14.8 0.4 31.6 31.1 0.5 
Market gains and losses161.1 145.2 15.9 (243.5)(227.3)(16.2)94.0 69.0 25.0 
Dispositions(1.4)— (1.4)— — — — — — 
Foreign currency translation(0.4)0.8 (1.2)(26.1)(10.8)(15.3)(6.3)0.3 (6.6)
Ending Assets (December 31)$1,585.3 $1,042.0 $543.3 $1,409.2 $872.3 $536.9 $1,610.9 $1,106.5 $504.4 

See accompanying notes immediately following these AUM tables.
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Passive AUM by Channel (1)
$ in billionsTotalRetailInstitutional
December 31, 2019297.0 275.8 21.2 
Long-term inflows106.6 93.6 13.0 
Long-term outflows(90.5)(89.0)(1.5)
Long-term net flows16.1 4.6 11.5 
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM(5.1)7.3 (12.4)
Total net flows11.0 11.9 (0.9)
Market gains and losses62.2 57.9 4.3 
Foreign currency translation0.4 0.4 — 
December 31, 2020370.6 346.0 24.6 
December 31, 2018221.0 204.6 16.4 
Long-term inflows80.7 80.1 0.6 
Long-term outflows(65.4)(65.4)— 
Long-term net flows15.3 14.7 0.6 
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM9.3 5.1 4.2 
Total net flows24.6 19.8 4.8 
Market gains and losses46.9 46.9 — 
Acquisitions (4)
4.5 4.5 — 
December 31, 2019297.0 275.8 21.2 
December 31, 2017198.8 181.9 16.9 
Long-term inflows70.4 70.4 — 
Long-term outflows(72.4)(72.4)— 
Long-term net flows(2.0)(2.0)— 
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM2.5 2.7 (0.2)
Total net flows0.5 0.7 (0.2)
Market gains and losses(14.9)(14.5)(0.4)
Acquisitions (4)
37.1 37.1 — 
Foreign currency translation(0.5)(0.6)0.1 
December 31, 2018221.0 204.6 16.4 
____________

See accompanying notes immediately following these AUM tables.
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Total AUM by Asset ClassClient Domicile (2)(3)
$ in billionsTotalEquity
Fixed Income
BalancedMoney MarketAlternatives
December 31, 20191,226.2 598.8 283.5 67.3 91.4 185.2 
2023
2023
2023
(in billions)
(in billions)
(in billions)
Beginning Assets (January 1)
Beginning Assets (January 1)
Beginning Assets (January 1)
Long-term inflows
Long-term inflows
Long-term inflowsLong-term inflows310.9 134.6 102.9 30.5 — 42.9 
Long-term outflowsLong-term outflows(326.6)(167.4)(76.8)(29.7)— (52.7)
Long-term net flows(15.7)(32.8)26.1 0.8 — (9.8)
Long-term outflows
Long-term outflows
Net long-term flows
Net long-term flows
Net long-term flows
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUMNet flows in non-management fee earning AUM(5.1)17.2 (22.3)— — — 
Net flows in money market fundsNet flows in money market funds14.3 — — — 14.3 — 
Net flows in money market funds
Net flows in money market funds
Total net flows
Total net flows
Total net flowsTotal net flows(6.5)(15.6)3.8 0.8 14.3 (9.8)
Reinvested distributionsReinvested distributions16.9 11.5 2.3 1.8 — 1.3 
Reinvested distributions
Reinvested distributions
Market gains and losses
Market gains and losses
Market gains and lossesMarket gains and losses103.0 92.2 4.7 7.1 1.2 (2.2)
Dispositions
Dispositions
Dispositions
Foreign currency translationForeign currency translation10.3 2.7 2.1 1.9 1.6 2.0 
December 31, 20201,349.9 689.6 296.4 78.9 108.5 176.5 
Average AUM1,194.9 573.1 275.3 65.1 108.4 173.0 
% of total average AUM100.0 %48.0 %23.0 %5.4 %9.1 %14.5 %
Foreign currency translation
Foreign currency translation
Ending Assets (December 31)
Ending Assets (December 31)
Ending Assets (December 31)
December 31, 2018888.2 369.1 208.6 55.4 89.9 165.2 
Long-term inflows227.5 100.9 68.0 18.8 0.2 39.6 
Long-term outflows(261.9)(132.4)(53.9)(20.4)(0.1)(55.1)
Long-term net flows(34.4)(31.5)14.1 (1.6)0.1 (15.5)
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM9.2 2.9 6.3 — — — 
Net flows in money market funds(2.0)— — — (2.0)— 
Total net flows(27.2)(28.6)20.4 (1.6)(1.9)(15.5)
Reinvested distributions17.9 12.9 1.6 1.9 — 1.5 
Market gains and losses120.4 94.0 9.9 7.6 — 8.9 
Acquisitions (4)
224.4 149.7 42.5 3.7 3.7 24.8 
Foreign currency translation2.5 1.7 0.5 0.3 (0.3)0.3 
December 31, 20191,226.2 598.8 283.5 67.3 91.4 185.2 
Average AUM1,094.4 503.9 253.8 62.1 95.4 179.2 
% of total average AUM100.0 %46.0 %23.2 %5.7 %8.7 %16.4 %
December 31, 2017937.6 412.6 204.3 62.3 78.6 179.8 
Long-term inflows209.8 96.8 51.4 13.1 6.9 41.6 
Long-term outflows(248.8)(126.0)(53.6)(15.1)(5.4)(48.7)
Long-term net flows(39.0)(29.2)(2.2)(2.0)1.5 (7.1)
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM2.5 3.1 (0.6)— — — 
Net flows in money market funds7.6 — — — 7.6 — 
Total net flows(28.9)(26.1)(2.8)(2.0)9.1 (7.1)
Reinvested distributions11.4 8.4 1.0 1.4 — 0.6 
Market gains and losses(67.0)(49.5)(3.8)(7.0)0.6 (7.3)
Acquisitions (4)
47.6 29.5 11.5 3.1 2.2 1.3 
Foreign currency translation(12.5)(5.8)(1.6)(2.4)(0.6)(2.1)
December 31, 2018888.2 369.1 208.6 55.4 89.9 165.2 
Average AUM958.7 422.8 209.9 62.1 85.6 178.3 
% of total average AUM100.0 %44.1 %21.9 %6.5 %8.9 %18.6 %
____________
See accompanying notes immediately following these AUM tables.
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PassiveTotal AUM by Asset Class (2)
$ in billionsTotalEquityFixed IncomeBalancedMoney MarketAlternatives
December 31, 2019297.0 217.1 58.9 0.9 — 20.1 
(in billions)(in billions)TotalEquity
Fixed Income
BalancedMoney MarketAlternatives
January 1, 2023
Long-term inflowsLong-term inflows106.6 73.4 12.6 0.1 — 20.5 
Long-term outflowsLong-term outflows(90.5)(63.0)(11.5)— — (16.0)
Long-term net flows16.1 10.4 1.1 0.1 — 4.5 
Net long-term flows
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUMNet flows in non-management fee earning AUM(5.1)17.2 (22.3)— — — 
Net flows in money market funds
Total net flowsTotal net flows11.0 27.6 (21.2)0.1 — 4.5 
Reinvested distributions
Market gains and lossesMarket gains and losses62.2 61.4 (0.8)— — 1.6 
Dispositions
Dispositions
Dispositions
Foreign currency translationForeign currency translation0.4 0.3 0.1 — — — 
December 31, 2020370.6 306.4 37.0 1.0 — 26.2 
December 31, 2023
Average AUMAverage AUM301.9 237.5 40.8 0.8 — 22.9 
% of total average AUM% of total average AUM100.0 %78.6 %13.5 %0.3 %— %7.6 %% of total average AUM100.0 %48.2 %21.2 %4.3 %14.1 %12.2 %
December 31, 2018221.0 155.3 47.2 0.7 — 17.8 
January 1, 2022
January 1, 2022
January 1, 2022
Long-term inflowsLong-term inflows80.7 57.9 10.9 0.1 — 11.8 
Long-term outflowsLong-term outflows(65.4)(48.2)(6.0)— — (11.2)
Long-term net flows15.3 9.7 4.9 0.1 — 0.6 
Net long-term flows
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUMNet flows in non-management fee earning AUM9.3 3.0 6.3 — — — 
Net flows in money market funds
Total net flowsTotal net flows24.6 12.7 11.2 0.1 — 0.6 
Reinvested distributions
Market gains and lossesMarket gains and losses46.9 44.7 0.4 0.1 — 1.7 
Acquisitions (4)
4.5 4.5 — — — — 
Dispositions
Dispositions
Dispositions
Foreign currency translationForeign currency translation— (0.1)0.1 — — — 
December 31, 2019297.0 217.1 58.9 0.9 — 20.1 
December 31, 2022
Average AUMAverage AUM264.3 189.2 55.7 0.8 — 18.6 
% of total average AUM% of total average AUM100.0 %71.6 %21.1 %0.3 %— %7.0 %% of total average AUM100.0 %48.0 %21.7 %5.1 %11.5 %13.7 %
December 31, 2017198.8 134.7 42.4 0.8 — 20.9 
January 1, 2021
January 1, 2021
January 1, 2021
Long-term inflowsLong-term inflows70.4 49.3 10.8 — — 10.3 
Long-term outflowsLong-term outflows(72.4)(47.4)(12.0)— — (13.0)
Long-term net flows(2.0)1.9 (1.2)— — (2.7)
Net long-term flows
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUMNet flows in non-management fee earning AUM2.5 3.1 (0.6)— — — 
Net flows in money market funds
Total net flowsTotal net flows0.5 5.0 (1.8)— — (2.7)
Reinvested distributions
Market gains and lossesMarket gains and losses(14.9)(11.1)(1.9)(0.1)— (1.8)
Acquisitions (4)
37.1 27.1 8.7 — — 1.3 
Dispositions
Foreign currency translationForeign currency translation(0.5)(0.4)(0.2)— — 0.1 
December 31, 2018221.0 155.3 47.2 0.7 — 17.8 
December 31, 2021
Average AUMAverage AUM232.1 162.2 47.4 0.8 — 21.7 
% of total average AUM% of total average AUM100.0 %69.9 %20.4 %0.3 %— %9.3 %% of total average AUM100.0 %51.9 %21.1 %5.8 %8.7 %12.5 %
____________
See accompanying notes immediately following these AUM tables.

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Active AUM by Channel (1)
202320222021
(in billions)TotalRetailInstitutionalTotalRetailInstitutionalTotalRetailInstitutional
Beginning Assets (January 1)$976.2 $482.1 $494.1 $1,082.5 $631.7 $450.8 $979.3 $601.1 $378.2 
Long-term inflows164.3 98.8 65.5 197.9 117.0 80.9 260.2 163.5 96.7 
Long-term outflows(193.3)(126.0)(67.3)(226.2)(157.5)(68.7)(242.0)(167.9)(74.1)
Net long-term flows(29.0)(27.2)(1.8)(28.3)(40.5)12.2 18.2 (4.4)22.6 
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM— 0.1 (0.1)— — — (0.1)(0.1)— 
Net flows in money market funds(11.1)1.4 (12.5)56.4 1.8 54.6 39.7 3.3 36.4 
Total net flows(40.1)(25.7)(14.4)28.1 (38.7)66.8 57.8 (1.2)59.0 
Reinvested distributions11.5 11.0 0.5 15.2 14.8 0.4 31.6 31.1 0.5 
Market gains and losses40.0 33.7 6.3 (125.6)(115.6)(10.0)18.3 (0.1)18.4 
Dispositions(1.4)— (1.4)— — — — — — 
Foreign currency translation(0.9)0.4 (1.3)(24.0)(10.1)(13.9)(4.5)0.8 (5.3)
Ending Assets (December 31)$985.3 $501.5 $483.8 $976.2 $482.1 $494.1 $1,082.5 $631.7 $450.8 


Active AUM by Client Domicile (3)
202320222021
(in billions)TotalAmericasAPACEMEATotalAmericasAPACEMEATotalAmericasAPACEMEA
Beginning Assets (January 1)$976.2 $670.8 $191.0 $114.4 $1,082.5 $724.5 $208.8 $149.2 $979.3 $656.9 $163.4 $159.0 
Long-term inflows164.3 78.0 61.1 25.2 197.9 104.0 69.3 24.6 260.2 113.6 110.5 36.1 
Long-term outflows(193.3)(109.7)(55.0)(28.6)(226.2)(133.4)(56.1)(36.7)(242.0)(125.4)(67.4)(49.2)
Net long-term flows(29.0)(31.7)6.1 (3.4)(28.3)(29.4)13.2 (12.1)18.2 (11.8)43.1 (13.1)
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM— — — — — — 0.1 (0.1)(0.1)(0.2)0.1 — 
Net flows in money market funds(11.1)(11.7)1.3 (0.7)56.4 58.3 (0.3)(1.6)39.7 35.7 4.1 (0.1)
Total net flows(40.1)(43.4)7.4 (4.1)28.1 28.9 13.0 (13.8)57.8 23.7 47.3 (13.2)
Reinvested distributions11.5 11.3 — 0.2 15.2 14.9 — 0.3 31.6 31.2 0.1 0.3 
Market gains and losses40.0 33.4 (1.0)7.6 (125.6)(96.0)(16.3)(13.3)18.3 12.8 0.3 5.2 
Dispositions(1.4)(1.4)— — — — — — — — — — 
Foreign currency translation(0.9)0.7 (5.4)3.8 (24.0)(1.5)(14.5)(8.0)(4.5)(0.1)(2.3)(2.1)
Ending Assets (December 31)$985.3 $671.4 $192.0 $121.9 $976.2 $670.8 $191.0 $114.4 $1,082.5 $724.5 $208.8 $149.2 
____________
See accompanying notes immediately following these AUM tables.

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                      ��         
TotalActive AUM by Asset Class (2)
(in billions)TotalEquityFixed IncomeBalancedMoney MarketAlternatives
January 1, 2023$976.2 $277.5 $273.0 $66.3 $203.5 $155.9 
Long-term inflows164.3 49.3 85.0 12.3 — 17.7 
Long-term outflows(193.3)(64.5)(85.3)(17.6)— (25.9)
Net long-term flows(29.0)(15.2)(0.3)(5.3)— (8.2)
Net flows in money market funds(11.1)— — — (11.1)— 
Total net flows(40.1)(15.2)(0.3)(5.3)(11.1)(8.2)
Reinvested distributions11.5 7.2 1.8 1.3 0.3 0.9 
Market gains and losses40.0 31.9 7.8 (0.2)0.6 (0.1)
Dispositions(1.4)— — — — (1.4)
Foreign currency translation(0.9)1.5 (2.3)(0.3)(0.6)0.8 
December 31, 2023$985.3 $302.9 $280.0 $61.8 $192.7 $147.9 
Average AUM$992.3 $291.6 $273.1 $63.9 $212.0 $151.8 
% of total average AUM100.0 %29.4 %27.5 %6.4 %21.4 %15.3 %
January 1, 2022$1,082.5 $389.6 $293.1 $87.4 $148.8 $163.6 
Long-term inflows197.9 54.2 98.1 15.2 — 30.4 
Long-term outflows(226.2)(83.3)(89.7)(20.8)— (32.4)
Net long-term flows(28.3)(29.1)8.4 (5.6)— (2.0)
Net flows in money market funds56.4 — — — 56.4 — 
Total net flows28.1 (29.1)8.4 (5.6)56.4 (2.0)
Reinvested distributions15.2 11.1 1.6 1.2 — 1.3 
Market gains and losses(125.6)(86.4)(22.4)(12.9)1.1 (5.0)
Dispositions— — — — — — 
Foreign currency translation(24.0)(7.7)(7.7)(3.8)(2.8)(2.0)
December 31, 2022$976.2 $277.5 $273.0 $66.3 $203.5 $155.9 
Average AUM$988.2 $309.6 $275.2 $72.3 $167.5 $163.6 
% of total average AUM100.0 %31.3 %27.8 %7.3 %17.0 %16.6 %
January 1, 2021$979.3 $383.2 $259.4 $77.9 $108.5 $150.3 
Long-term inflows260.2 70.9 103.5 48.3 — 37.5 
Long-term outflows(242.0)(98.9)(67.9)(40.8)— (34.4)
Net long-term flows18.2 (28.0)35.6 7.5 — 3.1 
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM(0.1)(0.1)(0.1)0.1 — — 
Net flows in money market funds39.7 — — — 39.7 — 
Total net flows57.8 (28.1)35.5 7.6 39.7 3.1 
Reinvested distributions31.6 25.4 1.9 2.7 — 1.6 
Market gains and losses18.3 10.8 (1.3)(1.2)— 10.0 
Dispositions— — — — — — 
Foreign currency translation(4.5)(1.7)(2.4)0.4 0.6 (1.4)
December 31, 2021$1,082.5 $389.6 $293.1 $87.4 $148.8 $163.6 
Average AUM$1,050.2 $401.5 $275.0 $85.4 $131.1 $157.2 
% of total average AUM100.0 %38.2 %26.2 %8.1 %12.5 %15.0 %
____________
See accompanying notes immediately following these AUM tables.

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Passive AUM by Channel (1)
202320222021
(in billions)TotalRetailInstitutionalTotalRetailInstitutionalTotalRetailInstitutional
Beginning Assets (January 1)$433.0 $390.2 $42.8 $528.4 $474.8 $53.6 $370.6 $346.0 $24.6 
Long-term inflows134.8 121.1 13.7 132.4 126.9 5.5 166.6 137.7 28.9 
Long-term outflows(95.6)(88.5)(7.1)(104.6)(100.0)(4.6)(103.4)(97.8)(5.6)
Net long-term flows39.2 32.6 6.6 27.8 26.9 0.9 63.2 39.9 23.3 
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM6.2 5.8 0.4 (3.2)0.9 (4.1)20.7 20.3 0.4 
Total net flows45.4 38.4 7.0 24.6 27.8 (3.2)83.9 60.2 23.7 
Market gains and losses121.1 111.5 9.6 (117.9)(111.7)(6.2)75.7 69.1 6.6 
Foreign currency translation0.5 0.4 0.1 (2.1)(0.7)(1.4)(1.8)(0.5)(1.3)
Ending Assets (December 31)$600.0 $540.5 $59.5 $433.0 $390.2 $42.8 $528.4 $474.8 $53.6 

Passive AUM by Client Domicile (3)
$ in billionsTotalAmericasUKEMEA ex UKAsia
December 31, 20191,226.2 879.5 74.4 143.7 128.6 
Long-term inflows310.9 176.2 13.0 57.6 64.1 
Long-term outflows(326.6)(206.7)(19.6)(55.5)(44.8)
Long-term net flows(15.7)(30.5)(6.6)2.1 19.3 
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM(5.1)3.6 0.2 (9.6)0.7 
Net flows in money market funds14.3 10.9 0.1 0.2 3.1 
Total net flows(6.5)(16.0)(6.3)(7.3)23.1 
Reinvested distributions16.9 16.6 0.2 — 0.1 
Market gains and losses103.0 79.3 (2.7)12.7 13.7 
Foreign currency translation10.3 0.5 1.3 2.7 5.8 
December 31, 20201,349.9 959.9 66.9 151.8 171.3 
December 31, 2018888.2 581.6 76.6 125.5 104.5 
Long-term inflows227.5 124.6 9.1 51.7 42.1 
Long-term outflows(261.9)(158.2)(20.2)(49.7)(33.8)
Long-term net flows(34.4)(33.6)(11.1)2.0 8.3 
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM9.2 6.3 0.2 2.4 0.3 
Net flows in money market funds(2.0)(3.9)— (2.3)4.2 
Total net flows(27.2)(31.2)(10.9)2.1 12.8 
Reinvested distributions17.9 17.5 0.4 — — 
Market gains and losses120.4 88.1 5.5 15.3 11.5 
Transfer— (1.3)(0.3)1.6 — 
Acquisitions (4)
224.4 223.7 0.7 — — 
Foreign currency translation2.5 1.1 2.4 (0.8)(0.2)
December 31, 20191,226.2 879.5 74.4 143.7 128.6 
December 31, 2017937.6 610.4 93.6 144.5 89.1 
Long-term inflows209.8 108.3 13.6 58.3 29.6 
Long-term outflows(248.8)(139.3)(18.6)(65.7)(25.2)
Long-term net flows(39.0)(31.0)(5.0)(7.4)4.4 
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM2.5 2.7 (0.1)(0.2)0.1 
Net flows in money market funds7.6 (2.1)— 0.9 8.8 
Total net flows(28.9)(30.4)(5.1)(6.7)13.3 
Reinvested distributions11.4 10.8 0.6 — — 
Market gains and losses(67.0)(44.7)(7.3)(8.6)(6.4)
Transfer— (0.4)(0.4)0.7 0.1 
Acquisitions (4)
47.6 38.1 — — 9.5 
Foreign currency translation(12.5)(2.2)(4.8)(4.4)(1.1)
December 31, 2018888.2 581.6 76.6 125.5 104.5 
202320222021
(in billions)TotalAmericasAPACEMEATotalAmericasAPAC
EMEA(4)
TotalAmericasAPACEMEA
Beginning Assets (January 1)$433.0 $328.6 $32.5 $71.9 $528.4 $408.0 $38.5 $81.9 $370.6 $303.0 $7.9 $59.7 
Long-term inflows134.8 76.0 16.0 42.8 132.4 80.0 7.3 45.1 166.6 99.6 28.5 38.5 
Long-term outflows(95.6)(46.3)(12.0)(37.3)(104.6)(60.4)(6.4)(37.8)(103.4)(72.3)(4.4)(26.7)
Net long-term flows39.2 29.7 4.0 5.5 27.8 19.6 0.9 7.3 63.2 27.3 24.1 11.8 
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM6.2 7.2 (0.3)(0.7)(3.2)(3.6)1.0 (0.6)20.7 16.1 2.3 2.3 
Total net flows45.4 36.9 3.7 4.8 24.6 16.0 1.9 6.7 83.9 43.4 26.4 14.1 
Market gains and losses121.1 97.0 7.3 16.8 (117.9)(95.3)(6.3)(16.3)75.7 61.6 5.6 8.5 
Foreign currency translation0.5 — — 0.5 (2.1)(0.1)(1.6)(0.4)(1.8)— (1.4)(0.4)
Ending Assets (December 31)$600.0 $462.5 $43.5 $94.0 $433.0 $328.6 $32.5 $71.9 $528.4 $408.0 $38.5 $81.9 
____________

See accompanying notes immediately following these AUM tables.

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Passive AUM by Client DomicileAsset Class (3)(2)
$ in billionsTotalAmericasUKEMEA ex UKAsia
December 31, 2019297.0 240.0 0.7 51.4 4.9 
(in billions)(in billions)TotalEquityFixed IncomeBalancedMoney MarketAlternatives
January 1, 2023
Long-term inflowsLong-term inflows106.6 67.6 0.7 35.5 2.8 
Long-term outflowsLong-term outflows(90.5)(59.5)(0.9)(27.9)(2.2)
Long-term net flows16.1 8.1 (0.2)7.6 0.6 
Net long-term flows
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUMNet flows in non-management fee earning AUM(5.1)3.6 0.2 (9.6)0.7 
Total net flowsTotal net flows11.0 11.7 — (2.0)1.3 
Total net flows
Total net flows
Market gains and losses
Market gains and losses
Market gains and losses
Foreign currency translation
Foreign currency translation
Foreign currency translation
December 31, 2023
Average AUM
% of total average AUM% of total average AUM100.0 %84.8 %8.9 %0.2 %— %6.1 %
January 1, 2022
January 1, 2022
January 1, 2022
Long-term inflows
Long-term outflows
Net long-term flows
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM
Total net flows
Total net flows
Total net flows
Market gains and losses
Market gains and losses
Market gains and losses
Foreign currency translation
Foreign currency translation
Foreign currency translation
December 31, 2022
Average AUM
% of total average AUM% of total average AUM100.0 %83.5 %8.6 %0.2 %— %7.7 %
January 1, 2021
January 1, 2021
January 1, 2021
Long-term inflows
Long-term outflows
Net long-term flows
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM
Total net flows
Total net flows
Total net flows
Market gains and losses
Market gains and losses
Market gains and lossesMarket gains and losses62.2 51.4 0.1 9.0 1.7 
Foreign currency translationForeign currency translation0.4 (0.1)— 0.5 — 
December 31, 2020370.6 303.0 0.8 58.9 7.9 
December 31, 2018221.0 184.0 0.7 32.6 3.7 
Long-term inflows80.7 48.6 0.5 29.7 1.9 
Long-term outflows(65.4)(42.6)(0.4)(20.3)(2.1)
Long-term net flows15.3 6.0 0.1 9.4 (0.2)
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM9.3 6.4 0.2 2.4 0.3 
Total net flows24.6 12.4 0.3 11.8 0.1 
Market gains and losses46.9 39.1 (0.3)7.0 1.1 
Acquisitions (4)
4.5 4.5 — — — 
December 31, 2019297.0 240.0 0.7 51.4 4.9 
December 31, 2017198.8 160.1 0.8 34.7 3.2 
Long-term inflows70.4 40.1 0.4 28.4 1.5 
Long-term outflows(72.4)(42.5)(0.5)(28.3)(1.1)
Long-term net flows(2.0)(2.4)(0.1)0.1 0.4 
Net flows in non-management fee earning AUM2.5 2.7 (0.1)(0.2)0.1 
Total net flows0.5 0.3 (0.2)(0.1)0.5 
Market gains and losses(14.9)(13.3)0.1 (1.6)(0.1)
Acquisitions (4)
37.1 36.9 — — 0.2 
Foreign currency translationForeign currency translation(0.5)— — (0.4)(0.1)
December 31, 2018221.0 184.0 0.7 32.6 3.7 
Foreign currency translation
December 31, 2021
Average AUM
% of total average AUM% of total average AUM100.0 %83.8 %9.2 %0.2 %— %6.8 %
____________
See accompanying notes immediately following these AUM tables.

(1)    Channel refers to the internal distribution channel from which the AUM originated. Retail AUM representsrepresent AUM distributed by the company's retail sales team. Institutional AUM representsrepresent AUM distributed by our institutional sales team. This aggregation is viewed as a proxy for presenting AUM in the retail and institutional markets in which the company operates.
(2)    Asset classes are descriptive groupings of AUM by common type of underlying investments.
(3)    Client domicile disclosure groups AUM by the domicile of the underlying clients.
(4)    The acquisition of OppenheimerFunds business on May 24, 2019 added $224.4 billion in AUM at that date. The acquisition of Guggenheim Investments' ETF business on April 6, 2018 added $38.1 billion in AUM during the second quarter of 2018. As of July 1, 2018, we began including 100% of Invesco Great Wall, which added $9.5 billion in AUM during the third quarter of 2018.

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Results of Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 20202023 compared to December 31, 20192022

The discussion below includes the use of non-GAAP financial measures. See “Schedule of Non-GAAP Information” for additional details and reconciliations of the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures to the non-GAAP measures.

The results of the OppenheimerFunds acquisition are included from May 24, 2019 (date of acquisition), the results of Guggenheim Investments' ETF business are included from April 6, 2018 (date of acquisition) and the results of Intelliflo are included from June 4, 2018 (date of acquisition).
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Operating Revenues and Net Revenues

The main categories of revenues, and the dollar and percentage change between the periods, are as follows:
Variance
Years ended December 31,2020 vs 20192019 vs 2018
$ in millions202020192018$ Change% Change$ Change% Change
VarianceVariance
Years ended December 31,Years ended December 31,2023 vs 20222022 vs 2021
(in millions)(in millions)202320222021$ Change% Change$ Change% Change
Investment management feesInvestment management fees4,451.0 4,506.3 4,082.3 (55.3)(1.2)%424.0 10.4 %Investment management fees$4,106.0 $$4,358.4 $$4,995.9 $$(252.4)(5.8)(5.8)%$(637.5)(12.8)(12.8)%
Service and distribution feesService and distribution fees1,419.0 1,276.5 968.5 142.5 11.2 %308.0 31.8 %Service and distribution fees1,374.6 1,405.5 1,405.5 1,596.4 1,596.4 (30.9)(30.9)(2.2)(2.2)%(190.9)(12.0)(12.0)%
Performance feesPerformance fees65.6 102.2 56.9 (36.6)(35.8)%45.3 79.6 %Performance fees46.7 68.2 68.2 56.1 56.1 (21.5)(21.5)(31.5)(31.5)%12.1 21.6 21.6 %
OtherOther210.0 232.4 206.4 (22.4)(9.6)%26.0 12.6 %Other189.1 216.8 216.8 246.1 246.1 (27.7)(27.7)(12.8)(12.8)%(29.3)(11.9)(11.9)%
Total operating revenuesTotal operating revenues6,145.6 6,117.4 5,314.1 28.2 0.5 %803.3 15.1 %Total operating revenues$5,716.4 $$6,048.9 $$6,894.5 $$(332.5)(5.5)(5.5)%$(845.6)(12.3)(12.3)%
Invesco Great Wall263.2 157.2 83.6 106.0 67.4 %73.6 88.0 %
Revenue Adjustments:Revenue Adjustments:
Revenue Adjustments:
Revenue Adjustments:
Investment management fees
Investment management fees
Investment management fees Investment management fees(779.8)(814.4)(817.9)34.6 (4.2)%3.5 (0.4)%$(766.4)$$(764.7)$$(844.1)$$(1.7)0.2 0.2 %$79.4 (9.4)(9.4)%
Service and distribution fees Service and distribution fees(986.1)(886.3)(629.7)(99.8)11.3 %(256.6)40.7 % Service and distribution fees(911.7)(961.1)(961.1)(1,087.5)(1,087.5)49.4 49.4 (5.1)(5.1)%126.4 (11.6)(11.6)%
Other Other(181.7)(192.3)(160.6)10.6 (5.5)%(31.7)19.7 % Other(147.1)(160.4)(160.4)(217.7)(217.7)13.3 13.3 (8.3)(8.3)%57.3 (26.3)(26.3)%
Total Revenue Adjustments (1)
Total Revenue Adjustments (1)
(1,947.6)(1,893.0)(1,608.2)(54.6)2.9 %(284.8)17.7 %
Total Revenue Adjustments (1)
(1,825.2)(1,886.2)(1,886.2)(2,149.3)(2,149.3)61.0 61.0 (3.2)(3.2)%263.1 (12.2)(12.2)%
Invesco Great Wall
Invesco Great Wall
Invesco Great Wall368.3 432.7 473.5 (64.4)(14.9)%(40.8)(8.6)%
CIPCIP39.8 33.5 28.6 6.3 18.8 %4.9 17.1 %CIP51.2 49.6 49.6 42.4 42.4 1.6 1.6 3.2 3.2 %7.2 17.0 17.0 %
Net revenues (2)
Net revenues (2)
4,501.0 4,415.1 3,818.1 85.9 1.9 %597.0 15.6 %
Net revenues (2)
Net revenues (2)
$4,310.7 $4,645.0 $5,261.1 $(334.3)(7.2)%$(616.1)(11.7)%
_________

(1)    Total revenue adjustments includes passedremove pass through investment management, service and distribution, and other revenues and equal the same amount as the third partyThird-party distribution, service and advisory expenses.
(2)    Net revenues are operating revenues less revenue adjustments, plus net revenues from Invesco Great Wall, plus management and performance fees earned from CIP.    See “Schedule of Non-GAAP Information” for additional important disclosures regarding the use of net revenues.

The impact of foreign exchange rate movements increased operating revenues by $13.2 million, equivalent to 0.2% of total operating revenues during the year ended December 31, 2020 when compared to the year ended December 31, 2019 ($63.9 million decrease in 2019 or 1.0% of 2019 total operating revenues).

Additionally, ourOur revenues are directly influenced by the level and composition of our AUM. Therefore, movements in global capital market levels, net business inflows (or outflows), and changes in the mix of investment products between asset classes and geographies may materially affect our revenues from period to period. As discussed See the company’s disclosures regarding the changes in AUM during the year ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 in the “Executive Overview”“Assets Under Management” section above equity markets showed extreme volatility as global markets reacted tofor additional information.

Passive AUM generally earn a lower effective fee rate than active asset classes, and therefore, changes in the COVID-19 pandemic inmix of AUM have an impact on revenues and net revenue yield. Average AUM were $1,500.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020, with all time highs at 2023 as compared to $1,452.5 billion for the beginning ofyear ended December 31, 2022. During 2023, investors continued to shift AUM toward lower yield passive products, such as ETFs. As a result, net revenue yield excluding performance fees and QQQ declined from 35.5 basis points (bps) for the period, followed by an extreme downturn and a subsequent recovery resulting in record highs in equity values byyear ended December 31, 2022 to 32.4 bps for the end of the period. The 2020 results were also impacted by shifts inyear ended December 31, 2023.

In addition, as fee rates differ across geographic locations, changes to the mix of AUM resulting both from flowsbetween geographies and from the marketexchange rates have an impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has adversely impacted ouron operating revenues and net revenue and resulting revenue yields in 2020.yields.

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Investment Management Fees

Investment management fees decreased by $55.3were $4,106.0 million (1.2%) in thefor year ended December 31, 2020,2023 as compared to $4,451.0$4,358.4 million (year ended December 31, 2019: $4,506.3 million). The impact of foreign exchange rate movements increased investment management fees by $11.1 million during thefor year ended December 31, 20202022 as a result of shifts in the asset mix to lower yield products as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. After allowing for foreign exchange movements, investmentprior year. See discussion above on how AUM changes impact our Investment management fees decreased by $66.4 million (1.5%). Average AUM increased 9.2% when compared to the 2019 period primarily driven by the acquired OppenheimerFunds business (acquired May 24, 2019). However, shifts in the mix of AUM, resulting both from flows and from the market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulted in a lower revenue yield on AUM in 2020, which resulted in lower revenues.fees.

See the company's disclosures regarding the changes in AUM and revenue yields during the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 in the “Assets Under Management” section above for additional information regarding the impact
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Table of changes in AUM on management fee yields.Contents

Service and Distribution Fees

InFor the year ended December 31, 2020, service2023, Service and distribution fees increased by $142.5were $1,374.6 million (11.2%)as compared to $1,419.0$1,405.5 million (year ended December 31, 2019: $1,276.5 million). The impact of foreign exchange rate movements increased service and distribution fees by $0.3 million infor the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. After allowing for foreign exchange movements, service and distribution fees increased2022. The decrease is primarily driven by $142.2 million. The total increase is made up of higher distribution fees of $85.1 million,lower transfer agency fees of $43.6$24.5 million custodyand distribution fees of $6.1$17.3 million, andpartially offset by higher administrative fees of $4.6$9.4 million. The increasedecrease is primarily a result of revenues earned from the acquired OppenheimerFunds business (acquired May 24, 2019).due to lower AUM to which these fees apply.

Performance Fees

Of our $1,349.9 billion in AUM at December 31, 2020, approximately $59.1 billion or 4.4%, could potentially earn performance fees, including carried interests and performance fees related to partnership investments and separate accounts. Of our $1,226.2 billion in AUM at December 31, 2019, approximately $48.5 billion or 4.0%, could potentially earn performance fees, including carried interests and performance fees related to partnership investments and separate accounts.

InFor the year ended December 31, 2020, performance2023, Performance fees decreased by $36.6were $46.7 million (35.8%)as compared to $65.6$68.2 million (yearfor the year ended December 31, 2019: $102.2 million).2022. Performance fees in 20202023 were primarily generated by $52.1 millionfrom institutional and real estate products. Performance fees in 2022 were primarily generated from real estate, $7.1 million from fixed income, $3.5 million from UK closed end funds,institutional, bank loans and $3.0 million from institutional funds. Performance fees in 2019 were primarily generated by $59.2 million from real estate, $20.1 million from fixed income, $11.4 million from private equity funds, $7.1 million from UK closed end funds, and $4.4 million from institutional funds.products.

Other Revenues

InFor the year ended December 31, 2020, other2023, Other revenues decreased by $22.4were $189.1 million (9.6%)as compared to $210.0$216.8 million (year ended December 31, 2019: $232.4 million). The impact of foreign exchange rate movements increased other revenues by $0.5 million duringfor the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019.2022. The decrease in otherOther revenues was primarily driven by decreases in UIT front end fees of $19.6 million, front end fees of $2.5 million andlower real estate transaction fees of $2.4$15.3 million and front end fees of $17.1 million, partially offset by an increase inhigher other transaction fees of $1.5$6.6 million.

Invesco Great Wall

The company’s most significant joint venture arrangement is our 49% investment in Invesco Great Wall FundIGW. Management Company Limited (the “Invesco Great Wall” joint venture). Management believes that the netreflects 100% of IGW's results in its Net revenues from Invesco Great Wall should be added to totaland Adjusted operating revenues to arrive at net revenues, asexpenses because it is important to evaluate the contribution that IGW is making to the business that Invesco Great Wall is making. See “Schedule of Non-GAAP Information” for additional disclosures regarding the use of net revenues.

business. The company began reporting 100% of Invesco Great Wall in its net revenues and adjusted operating expenses in the third quarter of 2018. As a result, the company’s non-GAAP operating results reflect the economics of these holdings on a basis consistent with the underlying AUM and flows. Adjusted net income is reduced by the amount of earnings attributable to non-controllingthe 51% noncontrolling interests. See “Schedule of Non-GAAP Information” for additional disclosures regarding the use of Net revenues.

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Net revenues from Invesco Great WallIGW were $263.2$368.3 million and average AUM was $50.0$87.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020 (net rev2023 (Net revenues were enues were $157.2$432.7 million and average AUM was $35.6$93.5 billion, for the year ended December 31, 2019)2022). The impact of foreign exchange rate movements decreased Net revenues from IGW by $20.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased net revenues from Invesco Great Wall by $3.0 million2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. After allowing for foreign exchange movements, net revenues from Invesco Great Wall were $260.2 million. The increase in revenue is driven by a 58.5% increase in management fees, reflective of a 40.4% increase in average AUM in the year ended December 31, 2020 when compared2022. The decrease in revenue was primarily due to lower average AUM, shifts in the prior period as well as increasedasset mix to lower yield products, lower performance fees and implementation of $34.4 million compared to $6.2 millionthe regulatory mandated fee reductions in 2019.China.

Management, performance and other fees earned from CIP

Management believes that the consolidation of investment products may impact a reader's analysis of our underlying results of operations and could result in investor confusion or the production of information about the company by analysts or external credit rating agencies that is not reflective of the underlying results of operations and financial condition of the company. Accordingly, management believes that it is appropriate to adjust operating revenues for the impact of CIP in calculating netNet revenues. As managementManagement and performancePerformance fees earned by Invesco from the consolidated products are eliminated upon consolidation of the investment products, management believes that it is appropriate to add these operatingOperating revenues back in the calculation of netNet revenues. See “Schedule of Non-GAAP Information” for additional disclosures regarding the use of netNet revenues.

Management and performancePerformance fees earned from CIP increased by $6.3 million to $39.8were $51.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 (year2023, as compared to $49.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019: $33.5 million). The increase is primarily due to the increase in management fees earned from newly launched CLOs.2022.

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Operating Expenses

The main categories of operating expenses, and the dollar and percentage changes between periods, are as follows:
Variance
Years ended December 31,2020 vs 20192019 vs 2018
$ in millions202020192018$ Change% Change$ Change% Change
VarianceVariance
Years ended December 31,Years ended December 31,2023 vs 20222022 vs 2021
(in millions)(in millions)202320222021$ Change% Change$ Change% Change
Third-party distribution, service and advisoryThird-party distribution, service and advisory1,947.6 1,893.0 1,608.2 54.6 2.9 %284.8 17.7 %Third-party distribution, service and advisory$1,825.2 $$1,886.2 $$2,149.3 $$(61.0)(3.2)(3.2)%$(263.1)(12.2)(12.2)%
Employee compensationEmployee compensation1,807.9 1,709.3 1,494.4 98.6 5.8 %214.9 14.4 %Employee compensation1,885.8 1,725.1 1,725.1 1,911.3 1,911.3 160.7 160.7 9.3 9.3 %(186.2)(9.7)(9.7)%
MarketingMarketing83.3 135.6 134.8 (52.3)(38.6)%0.8 0.6 %Marketing103.4 114.9 114.9 98.6 98.6 (11.5)(11.5)(10.0)(10.0)%16.3 16.5 16.5 %
Property, office and technologyProperty, office and technology512.3 494.1 410.5 18.2 3.7 %83.6 20.4 %Property, office and technology546.0 539.8 539.8 526.0 526.0 6.2 6.2 1.1 1.1 %13.8 2.6 2.6 %
General and administrativeGeneral and administrative480.8 404.2 324.4 76.6 19.0 %79.8 24.6 %General and administrative450.4 380.2 380.2 424.1 424.1 70.2 70.2 18.5 18.5 %(43.9)(10.4)(10.4)%
Transaction, integration and restructuringTransaction, integration and restructuring393.3 673.0 136.9 (279.7)(41.6)%536.1 391.6 %Transaction, integration and restructuring41.6 21.2 21.2 (65.9)(65.9)20.4 20.4 96.2 96.2 %87.1 N/AN/A
Amortization and impairment of intangiblesAmortization and impairment of intangibles1,298.8 63.8 62.9 1,235.0 1,935.7 %0.9 1.4 %
Total operating expensesTotal operating expenses5,225.2 5,309.2 4,109.2 (84.0)(1.6)%1,200.0 29.2 %Total operating expenses$6,151.2 $$4,731.2 $$5,106.3 $$1,420.0 30.0 30.0 %$(375.1)(7.3)(7.3)%

The table below sets forth these expense categories as a percentage of total operatingOperating expenses and operatingOperating revenues, which we believe provides useful information as to the relative significance of each type of expense.
$ in millions2020% of Total Operating Expenses% of Operating Revenues2019% of Total Operating Expenses% of Operating Revenues2018% of Total Operating Expenses% of Operating Revenues
Third-party distribution, service and advisory1,947.6 37.3 %31.7 %1,893.0 35.7 %30.9 %1,608.2 39.1 %30.3 %
Employee compensation1,807.9 34.6 %29.4 %1,709.3 32.2 %27.9 %1,494.4 36.4 %28.1 %
Marketing83.3 1.6 %1.4 %135.6 2.6 %2.2 %134.8 3.3 %2.5 %
Property, office and technology512.3 9.8 %8.3 %494.1 9.3 %8.1 %410.5 10.0 %7.7 %
General and administrative480.8 9.2 %7.8 %404.2 7.6 %6.6 %324.4 7.9 %6.1 %
Transaction, integration and restructuring393.3 7.5 %6.4 %673.0 12.7 %11.0 %136.9 3.3 %2.6 %
Total operating expenses5,225.2 100.0 %85.0 %5,309.2 100 %86.8 %4,109.2 100.0 %77.3 %
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(in millions)2023% of Total Operating Expenses% of Operating Revenues2022% of Total Operating Expenses% of Operating Revenues2021% of Total Operating Expenses% of Operating Revenues
Third-party distribution, service and advisory$1,825.2 29.7 %31.9 %$1,886.2 39.9 %31.2 %$2,149.3 42.1 %31.2 %
Employee compensation1,885.8 30.7 %33.0 %1,725.1 36.5 %28.5 %1,911.3 37.4 %27.7 %
Marketing103.4 1.7 %1.8 %114.9 2.4 %1.9 %98.6 1.9 %1.4 %
Property, office and technology546.0 8.9 %9.6 %539.8 11.5 %8.8 %526.0 10.4 %7.7 %
General and administrative450.4 7.2 %7.9 %380.2 8.0 %6.3 %424.1 8.3 %6.2 %
Transaction, integration and restructuring41.6 0.7 %0.7 %21.2 0.4 %0.4 %(65.9)(1.3)%(1.0)%
Amortization and impairment of intangibles1,298.8 21.1 %22.7 %63.8 1.3 %1.1 %62.9 1.2 %0.9 %
Total operating expenses$6,151.2 100.0 %107.6 %$4,731.2 100 %78.2 %$5,106.3 100.0 %74.1 %

During the year ended December 31, 2020, operatingOperating expenses decreased by $84.0increased $1,420.0 million (1.6%) to $5,225.2 million (year ended December 31, 2019: $5,309.2 million). The impact of foreign exchange rate movements decreased operating expenses by $4.0 million, or 0.1% of total operating expenses, during the year ended December 31, 2020 asin 2023 compared to 2022 and include a $1,248.9 million non-cash impairment of our indefinite-lived intangible assets related to prior acquisitions of management contracts of U.S. retail mutual funds. Excluding the year ended December 31, 2019.intangible asset impairment, Operating expenses increased $171.1 million.

Third-Party Distribution, Service and Advisory

Third-party distribution, service and advisory expenses include periodic “renewal” commissions which are paid to brokers and independent financial advisors for the continuing oversightservicing of their clients' assets over the timeclient accounts while they are invested and are payments for the servicing of client accounts.in an Invesco product. Renewal commissions are calculated based upon a percentage of the AUM value and apply to much of the company's non-U.S. retail operations. As discussed above, theThe revenues from the company’s U.S. retail operations include 12b-1 distribution fees, which are largely passed through to brokers who sell the funds as third-party distribution expenses along with additional marketing support distribution costs. Both the revenues and the costs are dependent on the underlying AUM of the brokers' clients. Third-party distribution expenses also include the amortization of upfront commissions paid to broker-dealers for sales of fund shares with a contingent deferred sales charge (a charge levied to the investor for client redemption of AUM within a certain contracted period of time). The upfront distribution commissions are amortized over the redemption period. Also included in third-partyThird-party distribution, service and advisory expenses are sub-transfer agency fees that are paid to third parties for processing client common share purchases and redemptions, call center support and client reporting. These costs are reimbursed by the related funds.

Third partyThird-party distribution service and advisory expenses increased by $54.6were $1,825.2 million (2.9%) infor the year ended December 31, 20202023 as compared to $1,947.6$1,886.2 million (year ended December 31, 2019: $1,893.0 million). The impact of foreign exchange rate movements increased third party costs by $1.0 million duringfor the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared2022. The decrease was primarily due to the year ended December 31, 2019. After allowing for foreign exchange rate changes, the increase in costs was $53.6 million. Included are increasesdecreases of $97.1$52.5 million in service fees, (primarily 12b-1 and transfer agent fees), $22.9$36.1 million in salesrenewal commissions, $12.2and $10.7 million in fund expenses, $4.4 million in unitarytransaction fees, and $4.2 million in front end load commissions. These increases were partially offset by decreases$40.9 million of $53.8 million in transactionfeeshigher administrative and $40.1 million in renewal commissions.other third-party management fees. The increasedecrease is primarily due to a result of increasednet decrease in pass-through service and distribution fees due to lower average AUM from the acquired OppenheimerFunds business (acquired May 24, 2019).to which these fees apply. See "Schedule of Non-GAAP Information" for additional disclosures.
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Employee Compensation

Employee compensation includes salary, cash bonuses and common share-based paymentlong-term incentive plans designed to attract and retain the highest caliber employees. Employee staff benefit plan costs and payroll taxes are also included in employeeEmployee compensation.

Employee compensation increased $98.6was $1,885.8 million (5.8%)for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $1,807.9$1,725.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by costs related to executive retirements and organizational changes of $101.6 million which was partially offset by a net decrease in salaries, variable compensation and benefits costs of $16.9 million. In addition, there was a $40.7 million increase in expense related to the mark-to-market on deferred compensation liabilities in the year ended December 31, 2020 (year ended December 31, 2019: $1,709.3 million). The impact of foreign exchange rate movements increased employee compensation by $3.02023 as compared to a $45.8 million duringdecrease in the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. After allowing for foreign exchange rate changes, the increase in employee compensation was $95.6 million. The increase was related to an increase of $57.3 million in base salaries and $47.3 million in staff bonus and commissions, partially offset by $9.0 million in other variable compensation. The increase was driven by increased average headcount for the year ended December 31, 2020 versus December 31, 2019 as a result of the OppenheimerFunds acquisition (acquired May 24, 2019).2022.

Headcount at December 31, 20202023 was 8,5128,489 (December 31, 2019; 8,821), with the decrease primarily due to the strategic evaluation initiative impacts in the fourth quarter of 2020 as well as realized synergies occurring after the OppenheimerFunds acquisition.2022; 8,611).

Marketing

Marketing expenses include the cost of direct advertising of our products through trade publications, television and other media, and public relations costs, such as the marketing of the company's products through conferences or other sponsorships, and the cost of marketing-related employee travel.

Marketing expenses decreased by $52.3were $103.4 million (38.6%) infor the year ended December 31, 20202023 as compared to $83.3$114.9 million (year ended December 31, 2019: $135.6 million). The impact of foreign exchange rate movements increased marketing expenses by $0.2 million. After allowing for foreign exchange rate movements, marketing expenses decreased $52.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019.2022. The decrease was related to decreased travel, client events andprimarily driven by lower advertising as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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spend.

Property, Office and Technology

Property, office and technology expenses include rent and utilities for our various leased facilities, depreciation of company-owned property, capitalized software and computer equipment costs, minor non-capitalized computer equipment and software purchases and related maintenance payments, and costs related to externally provided operations, technology, middle office and back office management services.

Property, office and technology expenses increased by $18.2were $546.0 million (3.7%) to $512.3 million infor the year ended December 31, 2020 (year ended December 31, 2019: $494.1 million). The impact of foreign exchange rate movements decreased property, office and technology expenses by $0.32023 as compared to $539.8 million duringfor the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. After allowing for foreign exchange rate movements, expenses increased $18.5 million. This increase was primarily comprised of lease expenses, software maintenance and depreciation. The increase is primarily a result of the acquired OppenheimerFunds business (acquired May 24, 2019).2022.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses include professional services costs, such as information service subscriptions, irrecoverable indirect taxes, non-marketing related employee travel expenditures, consulting fees, audit, tax and legal fees, professional insurance costs and recruitment and training costs.

General and administrative expenses increased by $76.6were $450.4 million (19.0%)for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $480.8$380.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was due to $70 million of insurance recoveries received during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $20.0 million of insurance recoveries received in the year ended December 31, 2020 (year ended December 31, 2019: $404.2 million).2023. The impact of foreign exchange rate movements decreased generalincrease also includes consulting and administrative expenses by $7.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 as comparedprofessional fees primarily related to the year ended December 31, 2019. After allowing for foreign exchange rate movements, the increase was $84.5State Street Alpha platform of $26.4 million. The increase was primarily driven by the previously disclosed S&P 500 equal weight funds rebalancing correction of $105.3 million. (See Note 20, "Commitments and Contingencies", for additional details). The remaining increase in general and administrative expense was a result of the acquired OppenheimerFunds business (acquired May 24, 2019) with increases in professional services and regulatory costs, fund expenses, market data services costs and irrecoverable indirect taxes and temporary labor expenses, partially offset by decreases in travel expenses and fund expenses incurred by CIP.

Transaction, Integration and Restructuring

The transaction,Transaction, integration and restructuring charges reflectexpenses include costs related to the acquisition and integration of a business and costs incurred by the company to restructure business operations to improve overall efficiency and longer-term profit, including legal, regulatory, advisory, valuation, and other professional services orand consulting fees andas well as costs for travel, costs related to a business combination transaction or restructuring initiatives related to changes in the scope of the business or the manner in which the business is conducted. Also included in these charges are severance-related expenses and any contract termination costs associated with these efforts. Additionally, these charges reflect the costs ofseverance, temporary staff involved in executing the transaction or initiative, and the costs of amortizing acquired intangible assets and integrating an acquired business into the company’s existing operations, including incremental costs associated with achieving expense savings following a business combination or restructuring initiative.contract terminations.

Transaction, integration and restructuring charges were $393.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 (year ended December 31, 2019: $673.0 million). Transaction and integration related costs were $245.5$41.6 million during the year ended December 31, 20202023 (year ended December 31, 2019: $659.82022: $21.2 million) primarily. With the completion of strategic initiatives during the first quarter of 2023, any costs related to on-going projects are classified in the OppenheimerFunds acquisition. income statement based on the nature of the expense.

Transaction and integration costs include $78.4 millionexpense (excluding restructuring) was a benefit to expense of compensation related expenses, $62.5 million of amortization of management contracts and other intangible assets, $59.1 million of professional services costs, $17.8 million related to lease charges, $8.0 million related to accelerated amortization and $15.3 million of other expenses. Restructuring costs were $147.8$2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 20202023 (year ended December 31, 2019: $13.2 million)2022: $43.6 million benefit). Restructuring costsThe benefit in 2022 was primarily due to $55.0 million of recoveries related to the previously disclosed OppenheimerFunds acquisition-related matter.
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Restructuring costs were $44.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 (year ended December 31, 2022: $64.8 million). These costs are primarily related to compensation-related restructuring costs in connection with our strategic evaluation initiative announced in the third quarter of 2020 were $119.0 million, which is primarily composed of severance and other personnel-related charges. (Seeduring 2023. (see Note 14, "Restructuring",13, "Restructuring," for additional details). Other restructuring costs related to additional cost-saving initiatives were $28.8 million which included compensation related expenses of $14.7 million and non-compensation related expenses of $14.1 million.

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Amortization and impairment of intangible assets was $1,298.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $63.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a $1,248.9 million non-cash impairment of our indefinite-lived intangible assets related to prior acquisitions of management contracts of U.S. retail mutual funds.

Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Income, Operating Margin and Adjusted Operating Margin

Operating income increased by $112.2 million (13.9%) to $920.4loss was $434.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 (year2023, as compared to operating income of $1,317.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019: $808.2 million).2022. Operating margin (operating income divided by operating revenues), increased decreased to 15.0%(7.6%) for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 21.8% in the year ended December 31, 2020 from 13.2%2022 primarily as a result of the $1,248.9 million intangible asset impairment in 2023.

Adjusted operating income decreased to $1,213.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Adjusted operating income increased by $8.7 million (0.5%) to $1,664.52023 from $1,614.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 from $1,655.8 million in2022. Adjusted operating margin decreased to 28.2% for the year ended December 31, 2019. Adjusted operating margin decreased to 37.0% in2023 from 34.8% for the year ended December 31, 2020 from 37.5% in the year ended December 31, 2019.2022. See “Schedule of Non-GAAP Information” for a reconciliation of operatingOperating revenues to netNet revenues, a reconciliation of operatingOperating income to adjustedAdjusted operating income and additional important disclosures regarding netNet revenues, adjustedAdjusted operating income and adjustedAdjusted operating margin.

Other Income and Expenses

The main categories of other income and expenses, and the dollar and percentage changes between periods are as follows:
Variance
Years ended December 31,2020 vs 20192019 vs 2018
$ in millions202020192018$ Change% Change$ Change% Change
VarianceVariance
Years ended December 31,Years ended December 31,2023 vs 20222022 vs 2021
(in millions)(in millions)202320222021$ Change% Change$ Change% Change
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliatesEquity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates72.7 56.4 33.8 16.3 28.9 %22.6 66.9 %Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates$71.3 $$106.1 $$152.3 $$(34.8)(32.8)(32.8)%$(46.2)(30.3)(30.3)%
Interest and dividend incomeInterest and dividend income20.5 28.5 21.3 (8.0)(28.1)%7.2 33.8 %Interest and dividend income47.8 24.4 24.4 25.2 25.2 23.4 23.4 95.9 95.9 %(0.8)(3.2)(3.2)%
Interest expenseInterest expense(129.3)(135.7)(111.5)6.4 (4.7)%(24.2)21.7 %Interest expense(70.5)(85.2)(85.2)(94.7)(94.7)14.7 14.7 (17.3)(17.3)%9.5 (10.0)(10.0)%
Other gains and losses, netOther gains and losses, net44.9 65.7 (40.0)(20.8)(31.7)%105.7 N/AOther gains and losses, net98.0 (139.5)(139.5)120.5 120.5 237.5 237.5 N/AN/A(260.0)N/AN/A
Other income/(expense) of CIP, netOther income/(expense) of CIP, net139.9 149.8 29.6 (9.9)(6.6)%120.2 406.1 %Other income/(expense) of CIP, net50.3 24.2 24.2 509.0 509.0 26.1 26.1 107.9 107.9 %(484.8)(95.2)(95.2)%
Total other income and expensesTotal other income and expenses148.7 164.7 (66.8)(16.0)(9.7)%231.5 (346.6)%
Total other income and expenses
Total other income and expenses$196.9 $(70.0)$712.3 $266.9 N/A$(782.3)N/A

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates increased by $16.3decreased to $71.3 million (28.9%) to $72.7 million infor the year ended December 31, 2020 (year2023 as compared to $106.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019: $56.4 million).2022. The increase in isdecrease was primarily driven by decreases of $33.8 million in our income from our real estate investments and $20.3 million from our joint venture investmentsinvestment in China, real estateIGW due to lower revenue as discussed above, which were partially offset by an increase of $20.1 million in the earnings from private equity and other investments.

Interest and dividend income

Interest and dividend income was $47.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $24.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher interest income earned from Cash and cash equivalents.

Interest expense

Interest expense decreased by $6.4was $70.5 million (4.7%) to $129.3 million infor the year ended December 31, 2020 (year ended December 31, 2019: $135.7 million), driven by the lower average balance on the credit facility during2023 as compared to $85.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019.2022 as a result of a decrease in outstanding debt.

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Other gains and losses, net

Other gains and losses was a net were a gain of $44.9$98.0 million infor the year ended December 31, 2020,2023 as compared to a net gainloss of $65.7$139.5 million infor the year ended December 31, 2019. Included2022. The net gain in the 20202023 included a $45 million gain were $57.5 million of gains on the appreciationsale of certain Hong Kong pension sponsorship rights, and $49.6 million on investments and instruments related toheld for our deferred compensation plans, $15.3 million of gains on the mark-to-market of acquisition-related contingent consideration liabilities, and $2.5 million of gains related to our defined benefit pension plan. These gains were partially offset by losses during the period of $15.8 million related to the mark-to-market on seed money investments, net realized investment losses of $9.8 million, an investment impairment charge of $3.6 million and $2.4 million of net foreign exchange losses on intercompany loans. See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, - Note 16, "Other Gains and Losses, Net," for additional information.plans.

Other income/(expense) of CIP

In the year ended December 31, 2020,Other income/(expense) of CIP includes interest and dividend income, of CIP decreased by $43.1 million (12.5%) to $302.3 million (year ended December 31, 2019: $345.4 million). Interest expense of CIP decreased by $34.0 million (14.9%) to $194.5 million (year ended December 31, 2019: $228.5 million). The decrease in interest income and interest expense, of CIP is primarily due to less net interest income for CLOs in 2020.

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Included in other gains/(losses) of CIP, net, areand realized and unrealized gains and losses on the underlying investments and debt ofowned by CIP. InFor the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, net interest income of CIP was $226.6 million as compared to $151.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in interest income was primarily a result of newly consolidated investment products in 2023 as well as higher net interest income earned by the CLOs. For the year ended December 31, 2023, other gains and losses of CIP were a net gainloss of $32.1$176.3 million as compared to a net gainloss of $32.9$126.9 million infor the year ended December 31, 2019.2022. The net gain during 2020 waslosses in 2023 and 2022 were attributable to market-driven gains oflosses on investments held by consolidated funds.

Net impact of CIP and related noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities

The netconsolidation of investment products did not have an impact to neton Net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. in each period primarily representsfor the changes in the value of the
company's holding in its consolidated CLOs, which is reclassified into other gains/(losses) from accumulated other comprehensive income upon consolidation. The consolidation of investment products during the yearyears ended December 31, 2020 resulted in a net increase2023 and 2022. The adjustment to net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. of $9.4 million (year ended December 31, 2019: $1.6 million net decrease).

Noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities representfor the profit or loss amounts attributed to third party investors in CIP. The impact of any gains or losses resulting from valuation changes in the investments of non-CLO CIP attributable to the interests of third parties are offset by resulting changes in gains and lossesNet income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities and therefore do not have a material effect onrepresent the financial condition, operating results (including earnings per common share), liquidityCIP profit or capital resourcesloss attributable to third-party investors. The impact of the company's common shareholders. Similarly, any realized or unrealized gains or losses resulting from valuation changes in the investments of CLOs attributable to the interests of third parties arethird-parties, which is reflected in Other income/(expense) of CIP, is offset by this adjustment to arrive at Net income attributable to Invesco. Also, the calculated valuenet income or loss of CIP is taxed at the notes issued byinvestor level, not at the CLOs (offsettingproduct level; therefore, a tax provision is not reflected in other gains/(losses)the net impact of CIP) and therefore also do not have a material effect on the financial condition, operating results (including earnings per common share), liquidity or capital resources of the company's common shareholders.CIP.

Additionally, CIP represent less than 1% of the company's AUM. Therefore, the net gains or losses of CIP are not indicative of the performance of the company's aggregate AUM.

Income Before Taxes

Total income before taxes includes income/losses of CIP; however, the company's operating revenues earned from CIP are not included in operating revenues under U.S. GAAP, as such operating revenues are eliminated upon consolidation. Therefore, Foreign operating revenues in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 19, "Geographic Information," in which CIP has been eliminated, may not correlate.

Total U.S. income before taxes increased $334.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 to $845.8 million from $511.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 and includes U.S. income of CIP of $40.1 million (December 31, 2019: $24.2 million). U.S. income from CIP increased $15.9 million (65.7%) from 2019 primarily due to the impact of gains on consolidated retail products. Excluding CIP, U.S. income before taxes in 2020 increased $318.8 million (65.5%) from December 31, 2019 due to a larger increase in U.S. operating revenues than operating expenses.

Total Foreign income before taxes decreased $238.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 to $223.3 million from $461.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2019 and includes foreign income of CIP of $15.2 million (December 31, 2019: foreign income of CIP of $23.7 million). Foreign income from CIP decreased $8.5 million (35.6%) from 2019 primarily due to lower net gains on consolidated retail products. Excluding CIP, foreign income decreased by $230.0 million (52.5%) from 2019 due to a larger decrease in foreign operating revenues and other income than operating expenses.

Income Tax Expense

Our effectiveThe tax rate increased to 24.5%provision was a benefit of $(69.7) million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from 24.2%2023 compared to an expense of $322.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily due2022, resulting in effective tax rates of 29.3% and 25.8% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the increase in income generated in higher taxing jurisdictions relative to total income and an increaseyear ended December 31, 2022 was favorably impacted by a change in the unfavorable adjustment for common share-based compensation.mix of income across tax jurisdictions which was partially offset by the tax impact of the loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities. For additional income tax information, please refer to Note 17, "Taxation,"15, “Taxation,” in Part II, Item 8.8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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Schedule of Non-GAAP Information

We utilize the following non-GAAP performance measures: netNet revenue (and by calculation, netNet revenue yield on AUM), adjustedAdjusted operating income, adjustedAdjusted operating margin, adjustedAdjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. and adjustedAdjusted diluted earnings per common share (EPS).EPS. The company believes the adjusted measures provide valuable insight into the company’s ongoing operational performance and assist in comparisons to its competitors. These measures also assist the company’s management with the establishment of operational budgets and forecasts and assist the Board of Directors and management of the company in determining incentive compensation decisions.forecasts. The most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures are operatingOperating revenues (and by calculation, grossGross revenue yield on AUM), operatingOperating income, operatingOperating margin, net incomeNet income/(loss) attributable to Invesco Ltd. and dilutedDiluted EPS. Each of these measures is discussed more fully below.

The following are reconciliations of operatingOperating revenues, operating incomeOperating income/(loss) (and by calculation, operatingOperating margin), and net incomeNet income/(loss) attributable to Invesco Ltd. (and by calculation, dilutedDiluted EPS) on a U.S. GAAP basis to a non-GAAP basis of netNet revenues, adjustedAdjusted operating income (and by calculation, adjustedAdjusted operating margin), and adjustedAdjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. (and by calculation, adjusted diluted EPS). These non-GAAP measures should not be considered as substitutes for any U.S. GAAP measures and may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. Additional reconciling items may be added in the future to these non-GAAP measures if deemed appropriate. The tax effects related to the reconciling items have been calculated based on the tax rate attributable to the jurisdiction to which the transaction relates. Notes to the reconciliations follow the tables.

Reconciliation of Operating revenues to Net revenues:
$ in millions20202019201820172016
(in millions)(in millions)202320222021
Operating revenues, U.S. GAAP basisOperating revenues, U.S. GAAP basis6,145.6 6,117.4 5,314.1 5,160.3 4,734.4 
Invesco Great Wall (1)
263.2 157.2 83.6 48.7 43.7 
Revenue Adjustments: (2)
Revenue Adjustments: (1)
Revenue Adjustments: (1)
Revenue Adjustments: (1)
Investment management fees
Investment management fees
Investment management fees Investment management fees(779.8)(814.4)(817.9)(914.2)(840.1)
Service and distribution fees Service and distribution fees(986.1)(886.3)(629.7)(551.2)(547.6)
Other Other(181.7)(192.3)(160.6)(21.1)(19.5)
Total Revenue AdjustmentsTotal Revenue Adjustments(1,947.6)(1,893.0)(1,608.2)(1,486.5)(1,407.2)
Invesco Great Wall (2)
CIP (3)
CIP (3)
39.8 33.5 28.6 32.4 22.3 
Net revenues
Net revenues4,501.0 4,415.1 3,818.1 3,754.9 3,393.2 

Reconciliation of Operating incomeincome/(loss) to Adjusted operating income:
$ in millions20202019201820172016
Operating income, U.S. GAAP basis920.4808.21,204.91,279.11,152.4
Invesco Great Wall (1)
143.776.531.118.415.9
CIP (3)
62.061.644.842.951.0
Transaction, integration and restructuring (4)
393.3673.0136.9101.869.0
Compensation expense related to market valuation changes in deferred compensation plans (5)
39.836.5(3.2)20.38.1
Other reconciling items (6)
105.3(22.8)19.71.0
Adjusted operating income1,664.51,655.81,391.71,482.21,297.4
Operating margin*15.0 %13.2 %22.7 %24.8 %24.3 %
Adjusted operating margin**37.0 %37.5 %36.5 %39.5 %38.2 %
(in millions)202320222021
Operating income/(loss), U.S. GAAP basis$(434.8)$1,317.7$1,788.2
Invesco Great Wall (2)
201.9262.7276.6
CIP (3)
84.865.767.7
Transaction, integration and restructuring (4)
41.621.2(65.9)
Amortization and impairment of intangible assets (5)
1,298.863.862.9
Compensation expense related to market valuation changes in deferred compensation
    plans (6)
41.2(46.3)53.1
General and administrative (7)
(20.0)(70.0)
Adjusted operating income$1,213.5$1,614.8$2,182.6
Operating margin (8)
(7.6)%21.8 %25.9 %
Adjusted operating margin (9)
28.2 %34.8 %41.5 %


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Reconciliation of Net incomeincome/(loss) attributable to Invesco Ltd. to Adjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd.:Invesco:
$ in millions, except per common share data20202019201820172016
Net income attributable to Invesco Ltd., U.S. GAAP basis524.8 564.7 882.8 1,127.3 854.2 
CIP (3)
(9.4)1.6 (8.8)(2.3)(3.0)
Transaction, integration and restructuring, net of tax (4)
339.7 558.1 138.6 91.9 68.3 
Deferred compensation plan market valuation changes and dividend income less compensation expense, net of tax (5)
(20.1)(7.9)15.4 (4.6)(2.5)
Other reconciling items, net of tax (6)
57.9 7.5 (25.3)(106.4)7.1 
Adjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd.892.9 1,124.0 1,002.7 1,105.9 924.1 
Average common shares outstanding - diluted462.5 440.5 412.5 409.9 415.0 
Diluted EPS$1.13 $1.28 $2.14 $2.75 $2.06 
Adjusted diluted EPS***$1.93 $2.55 $2.43 $2.70 $2.23 
(in millions, except per common share data)202320222021
Net income/(loss) attributable to Invesco Ltd., U.S. GAAP basis$(333.7)$683.9 $1,393.0 
Adjustments (excluding tax):
Transaction, integration and restructuring (4)
41.6 21.2 (65.9)
Amortization and impairment of intangible assets (5)
1,298.8 63.8 62.9 
Deferred compensation plan market valuation changes and dividend
income less compensation expense (6)
(18.6)73.6 0.3 
General and administrative (7)
(20.0)(70.0)(10.1)
Total adjustments excluding tax$1,301.8 $88.6 $(12.8)
Tax adjustment for amortization of intangible assets and goodwill (10)
16.714.220.8
Tax adjustment for impairment of intangible assets(296.1)— — 
Other tax effects of adjustments above1.0 (13.5)38.6 
Adjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. (11)
$689.7$773.2$1,439.6
Average common shares outstanding - diluted456.2 459.5 465.4 
Diluted EPS$(0.73)$1.49 $2.99 
Adjusted diluted EPS (12)
$1.51 $1.68 $3.09 
____________
*(1) Revenue adjustments: The company calculates Net revenues by reducing Operating margin is equalrevenues to operating income divided by operating revenues.
**    Adjusted operating margin is equal to adjusted operating income divided by net revenues.
***     Adjusted diluted EPS is equal to adjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. divided by the weighted average number of common and restricted common shares outstanding. There is no difference between the calculated earnings per common share amounts presented above and the calculated earnings per common share amounts under the two class method.

(1)    Invesco Great Wall
Prior to the third quarter of 2018, management reflected its interests in Invesco Great Wall on a proportional consolidation basis, which was consistent with the presentation of our share of the AUM from these investments. Given the company's influence on Invesco Great Wall, a change in regulation allowing increased foreign ownership, and reaching oral agreement in principle in the third quarter of 2018 to obtain a majority stake of the joint venture, the company began reporting 100% of the flows and AUM for Invesco Great Wall. Also beginning in the third quarter of 2018, the company's non-GAAP operating results reflect the economics of these holdings on a basis consistent with the underlying AUM and flows. Adjusted net income is reduced by the amount of earnings attributable to non-controlling interests.

(2)    Revenue Adjustments
Management believesexclude fees that adjustments to investment management fees, service and distribution fees and other revenues from operating revenues appropriately reflect these revenues as beingare passed through to external parties who perform functions on behalf of, and distribute, the company’s managed funds. Further, these adjustments vary by geography due to the differences in distribution channels. The netNet revenue presentation assists in identifying the revenue contribution generated by the business,company, removing distortions caused by the differing distribution channel fees and allowing for a fair comparison with U.S. peer investment managers and within Invesco’s own investment units. Additionally, management evaluates netNet revenue yield on AUM, which is equal to netNet revenues divided by averageAverage AUM during the reporting period. This financial measure isperiod, as an indicator of the basis point netNet revenues we receive for each dollar of AUM we manage and is useful when evaluating the company’s performance relative to industry competitors and within the company for capital allocation purposes.

manage.
Investment management fees are adjusted by renewal commissions and certain administrative fees. Service and distributiondistributions fees are primarily adjusted by distribution fees passed through to broker dealers for certain share classes and pass through fund-related costs. Other isrevenues are primarily adjusted by transaction fees passed through to third parties. While
(2) Invesco Great Wall: The company reflects 100% of IGW in its Net revenues and Adjusted operating income (and by calculation, Adjusted operating margin). The company’s non-GAAP operating results reflect the terms used foreconomics of these types of adjustments vary by geography, they are all costs that are drivenholdings on a basis consistent with the underlying AUM and flows. Adjusted net income is reduced by the valueamount of AUM andearning attributable to the revenue earned by Invesco from AUM. Since the company has been deemed to be the principal in the third-party arrangements, the company must reflect these revenues and expenses gross under U.S. GAAP on the consolidated statements of income.

51% noncontrolling interests.
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(3)    CIP
CIP: See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 21,note 19, “Consolidated Investment Products,” for a detailed analysis of the impact to the company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements from the consolidation of CIP. The reconciling items add back the management and performance fees earned by Invesco from the consolidated products and remove the revenues and expenses recorded by the consolidated products that have been included in the U.S. GAAP Consolidated Statements of Income.
Managementcompany believes that the consolidation of investment productsCIP may impact a reader'sreader’s analysis of our underlying results of operations and could result in investor confusion or the production of information about the company by analysts or external credit rating agencies that is not reflective of the underlying results of operations and financial condition of the company. Accordingly, managementthe company believes that it is appropriate to adjust operatingOperating revenues operating income and netOperating income for the impact of CIP in calculating the respective netNet revenues adjustedand Adjusted operating income and adjusted net income.(and by calculation, Adjusted operating margin).
CIP Revenue:
Year ended December 31,
$ in millions, except per common share data20202019201820172016
Management fees earned from CIP, eliminated upon consolidation39.8 33.5 28.6 25.5 20.8 
Performance fees earned from CIP, eliminated upon consolidation— — — 6.9 1.5 
CIP related adjustments in arriving at net revenues39.8 33.5 28.6 32.4 22.3 

(4) Transaction, integration and restructuring related adjustments
restructuring: The transaction, integration and restructuring charges reflect legal, regulatory, advisory, valuation and other professional services or consulting fees, and travel costs related to a business combination transaction or restructuring initiatives related to changes in the scope of the business, or manner in which the business is conducted. Also included in these charges are severance-related expenses and any contract termination costs associated with these efforts. Additionally, these charges reflect the costs of temporary staff involved in executing the transaction or initiative, and the costs of amortizing acquired intangible assets and integrating an acquired business into the company’s existing operations, including incremental costs associated with achieving synergy savings following a business combination or restructuring initiative.

Managementcompany believes it is useful to investors and other users of our Consolidated Financial Statements to adjust for the transaction,Transaction, integration and restructuring charges in arriving at adjustedAdjusted operating income, adjustedAdjusted operating margin, Adjusted net income, and adjustedAdjusted diluted EPS, as this will aid comparability of our results period to period, and aid comparability with peer companies that may not have similar acquisition and restructuring related charges. See "Results
(5) Amortization and impairment of Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 2020 comparedintangible assets: The company removes amortization and non-cash impairment expense related to December 31, 2019 -- Transaction, Integrationacquired assets in arriving at Adjusted operating income, Adjusted operating margin, Adjusted net income and Restructuring" for additional details.Adjusted diluted EPS, as this will aid comparability of our results period to period, and aid comparability with peer companies that may not have similar acquisition-related charges.

(5)    (6) Market movement on deferred compensation plan liabilities

liabilities: Certain deferred compensation plan awards areinvolve a return to the employee linked to the appreciation (depreciation) of specified investments, typically managed by the company. Invescoinvestments. The company hedges economically the exposure to market movements by holdingfor these investments on its balance sheet and through total return swap financial instruments. U.S. GAAP requires the appreciation (depreciation) in the compensation liability to be expensed over the award vesting period in proportion to the vested amount of the award as part of compensation expense. The full value of the investment and financial instrument appreciation (depreciation) are immediately recorded below operating income in other gains and losses. This creates a timing difference between the recognition of the compensation expense and the investment gain or loss impacting net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. and diluted EPS which will reverse over the life of the award and net to zero at the end of the multi-year vesting period. During periods of high market volatility, these timing differences impact compensation expense, operating income and operating margin in a manner which, over the life of the award, will ultimately be offset by gains and losses recorded below operating income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The non-GAAP measures exclude the mismatch created by differing U.S. GAAP treatments of the market movement on the liability and the investments.

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Since these plans are hedged economically, managementthe company believes it is useful to reflect the offset ultimately achieved from hedging the investment market exposure in the calculation of adjustedAdjusted operating income (and by calculation, adjustedAdjusted operating margin) and adjustedAdjusted net income (and by calculation, adjustedAdjusted diluted EPS), to produce results that will be more comparable period to period.
(7) General and administrative: The adjustments remove insurance recoveries related fund shares or swaps will have been purchased on or aroundto fund-related losses incurred in prior periods.
(8) Operating margin is equal to Operating income divided by Operating revenues.
(9) Adjusted operating margin is equal to Adjusted operating income divided by Net revenues.
(10) Tax adjustment for amortization of intangible assets and goodwill: The company reflects the date of grant, eliminating any ultimate cash impact from market movements that occur over the vesting period.

Additionally, dividend income from investments held to hedge economically deferred compensation plans is recorded as dividend income and as compensation expensetax benefit realized on the company’s Consolidated Statementstax amortization of Incomegoodwill and intangible assets in Adjusted net income. The company believes it is useful to include this tax benefit in arriving at the Adjusted diluted EPS measure.
(11) The effective tax rate on Adjusted net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. for the record dates. This dividendyear ended December 31, 2023 is 20.6% (for year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, was 26.0% and 23.3%, respectively).
(12) Adjusted diluted EPS is equal to Adjusted net income is passed throughattributable to the employee participants in the plan and is not retainedInvesco Ltd. divided by the company. The non-GAAP measures exclude this dividend incomeweighted average number of common and related compensation expense.

See below for a reconciliation of deferred compensation related items:
$ in millions20202019201820172016
Market movement on deferred compensation plan liabilities:
Compensation expense related to market valuation changes in deferred compensation liability39.8 36.5 (3.2)20.3 8.1 
Adjustments to operating income39.8 36.5 (3.2)20.3 8.1 
Market valuation changes and dividend income from investments and instruments held related to deferred compensation plans in other income/(expense)(65.8)(46.8)23.1 (27.6)(12.1)
Taxation:
Taxation on deferred compensation plan market valuation changes and dividend income less compensation expense5.9 2.4 (4.5)2.7 1.5 
Adjustments to net income attributable to Invesco Ltd.(20.1)(7.9)15.4 (4.6)(2.5)

restricted common shares outstanding.
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(6)    Other reconciling items

Each of these other reconciling items has been adjusted from U.S. GAAP to arrive at the company's non-GAAP financial measures for the reasons either outlined in the paragraphs above, due to the unique character and magnitude of the reconciling item, or because the item represents a continuation of a reconciling item adjusted from U.S. GAAP in a prior period.
$ in millions20202019201820172016
Other non-GAAP adjustments:
Fund rebalancing correction (a)
105.3 — — 
Prior period impact of multi-year VAT tax recovery (b)
— — (22.8)— — 
Senior executive retirement and related costs (c)
— — — 19.7 — 
Regulatory charge— — — — 1.0 
Adjustments to operating income105.3 — (22.8)19.7 1.0 
Foreign exchange hedge (d)
(1.2)0.9 (8.2)20.6 (14.2)
Change in contingent consideration estimates (e)
(15.2)7.8 (0.9)(7.6)7.4 
Foreign exchange gain related to business acquisitions (f)
— — — (12.1)— 
Other-than-temporary impairment (g)
— — — — 17.8 
Employee benefit plan termination (h)
— — — — (8.6)
Taxation:
Taxation on fund rebalancing correction (a)
(25.3)— — — — 
Taxation on foreign exchange hedge amortization (d)
0.3 (0.2)2.1 (7.8)5.0 
Taxation on change in consideration estimates (e)
3.7 (1.0)0.2 2.9 (2.8)
State tax uncertain tax position (i)
(9.0)— — 12.2 — 
Impact of tax rate changes (j)
(0.7)— — (130.7)— 
 Taxation on prior period impact of multi-year VAT tax recovery (b)
— — 4.3 — — 
Taxation on senior executive retirement and related
costs (c)
— — — (5.9)— 
Taxation on foreign exchange gain related to business acquisitions (f)
— — — 2.3 — 
Taxation on employee benefit plan termination (h)
— — — — 3.3 
Taxation on regulatory-related charges— — — — (1.8)
Adjustments to net income attributable to Invesco Ltd.57.9 7.5 (25.3)(106.4)7.1 
____________

(a)The company recorded a charge of $105.3 million in the second quarter of 2020 due to a previously disclosed S&P 500 equal weight funds rebalancing correction. Due to the unique character and magnitude of this item, it has been adjusted from U.S. GAAP to arrive at the company's non-GAAP financial measures.
(b)As a result of an increase in our recoverable VAT from applying additional regulatory guidance, a credit was recorded in the third quarter of 2018. The portion of the cumulative adjustment representing 2015 through 2017 has been removed for non-GAAP purposes.
(c)Operating expenses for 2017 reflect the cost of multiple senior executive retirements. The costs incurred in one quarter were unprecedented, and the company deemed it appropriate to adjust these costs from the U.S. GAAP total compensation in an effort to isolate and evaluate our level of compensation going forward. The result of this adjustment was $19.7 million related to accelerated vesting of deferred compensation and other separation costs.
(d)Included within other gains and losses, net is the mark-to-market of foreign exchange put option contracts intended to provide protection against the impact of a significant decline in the Pound Sterling/U.S. Dollar and the Euro/U.S. Dollar foreign exchange rates. The Pound Sterling contracts provided coverage through June 30, 2020, and the Euro contracts provided coverage through December 27, 2017. The adjustment from U.S. GAAP to non-
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GAAP earnings removes the impact of market volatility; therefore, the company's non-GAAP results include only the amortization of the cost of the contracts during the contract period.
(e)In 2019, the company made digital wealth acquisitions, which resulted in a contingent consideration liability. Adjustment to the fair value of the digital wealth acquisitions contingent consideration liability is a decrease of $6.2 million in 2020. In 2015, the company acquired investment management contracts from Deutsche Bank, and the purchase price was solely comprised of contingent consideration payable in future periods. Remaining adjustments represent the change in the fair value of the Deutsche Bank contingent consideration liability.
(f)Other gains and losses for 2017 includes a realized gain of $12.1 million related to revaluation of Euros held in the UK in anticipation of payment for the European ETF business acquisition.
(g)Other-than-temporary impairment includes an impairment charge of $17.8 million in 2016 that is related to the acquisition of Invesco Asset Management (India) Private Limited.
(h)Employee benefit plan termination: Operating expenses for 2016 include an incremental credit of $8.6 million related to an employee benefit plan termination.
(i)The income tax provision for 2020 includes a tax benefit of $9.0 million resulting from the reversal of the accrual for uncertain tax positions which was included in the $12.2 million of expense related to uncertain tax positions originally reflected in the income tax provision in 2017. Both the 2017 expense and the 2020 benefit have been removed from the company's non-GAAP results in the respective periods.
(j)2020 included both a non-cash income tax benefit of $4.3 million arising from the revaluation of certain intangible deferred tax liabilities due to tax rate changes partially offset by a non-cash income tax expense of $3.6 million arising from the revaluation of certain deferred tax liabilities due to the increase in the UK corporate tax rate. 2017 included a $130.7 million tax benefit due to the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities to reflect the impacts of the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act enacted in the United States.




























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Balance Sheet Discussion (1)

The following table represents a reconciliation of the balance sheet information presented on a U.S. GAAP basis to the balance sheet information excluding the impact of CIP and policyholder balances for the reasons outlined in footnote 1 to the table:
As of December 31, 2020As of December 31, 2019
Balance sheet information
$ in millions
U.S. GAAPImpact of CIPImpact of PolicyholdersAs AdjustedU.S. GAAPImpact of CIPImpact of PolicyholdersAs Adjusted
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents1,408.4 — — 1,408.4 1,049.0 — — 1,049.0 
Unsettled fund receivables109.4 — — 109.4 162.7 — — 162.7 
Investments826.8 (421.4)— 1,248.2 829.5 (640.2)— 1,469.7 
Assets of CIP:
Investments and other assets of CIP8,085.5 8,085.5 — — 7,980.9 7,980.9 — — 
Cash and cash equivalents of CIP301.7 301.7 — — 652.2 652.2 — — 
Assets held for policyholders7,582.1 — 7,582.1 — 10,835.6 — 10,835.6 — 
Goodwill and intangible assets, net16,221.9 — — 16,221.9 15,867.7 — — 15,867.7 
Other assets (2)
1,968.3 (5.1)— 1,973.4 2,042.7 (5.6)— 2,048.3 
Total assets36,504.1 7,960.7 7,582.1 20,961.3 39,420.3 7,987.3 10,835.6 20,597.4 
LIABILITIES
Liabilities of CIP:
Debt of CIP6,714.1 6,714.1 — — 6,234.6 6,234.6 — — 
Other liabilities of CIP588.6 588.6 — — 949.6 949.6 — — 
Policyholder payables7,582.1 — 7,582.1 — 10,835.6 — 10,835.6 — 
Unsettled fund payables98.4 — — 98.4 154.2 — — 154.2 
Long-term debt2,082.6 — — 2,082.6 2,080.3 — — 2,080.3 
Other liabilities (3)
4,417.6 — — 4,417.6 4,464.2 (35.2)— 4,499.4 
Total liabilities21,483.4 7,302.7 7,582.1 6,598.6 24,718.5 7,149.0 10,835.6 6,733.9 
EQUITY
Total equity attributable to Invesco Ltd.14,361.8 (0.1)— 14,361.9 13,862.5 (0.1)— 13,862.6 
Noncontrolling interests (4)
658.9 658.1 — 0.8 839.3 838.4 — 0.9 
Total equity15,020.7 658.0 — 14,362.7 14,701.8 838.3 — 13,863.5 
Total liabilities and equity36,504.1 7,960.7 7,582.1 20,961.3 39,420.3 7,987.3 10,835.6 20,597.4 

As of December 31, 2023As of December 31, 2022
Balance sheet information
(in millions)
U.S. GAAPImpact of CIPImpact of PolicyholdersAs AdjustedU.S. GAAPImpact of CIPImpact of PolicyholdersAs Adjusted
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents$1,469.2 $— $— $1,469.2 $1,234.7 $— $— $1,234.7 
Investments919.1 527.4 — 1,446.5 996.6 376.8 — 1,373.4 
Assets of CIP:
Investments and other assets of CIP9,016.0 (9,016.0)— — 8,735.1 (8,735.1)— — 
Cash and cash equivalents of CIP462.4 (462.4)— — 199.4 (199.4)— — 
Assets held for policyholders393.9 — (393.9)— 668.7 — (668.7)— 
Goodwill and intangible assets, net14,539.6 — — 14,539.6 15,698.9 — — 15,689.9 
Other assets (2)
2,133.6 18.8 — 2,152.4 2,223.4 9.8 — 2,233.2 
Total assets$28,933.8 $(8,932.2)$(393.9)$19,607.7 $29,756.8 $(8,547.9)$(668.7)$20,540.2 
LIABILITIES
Liabilities of CIP:
Debt of CIP$7,121.8 $(7,121.8)$— $— $6,590.4 $(6,590.4)$— $— 
Other liabilities of CIP492.1 (492.1)— — 329.6 (329.6)— — 
Policyholder payables393.9 — (393.9)— 668.7 — (668.7)— 
Debt1,489.5 — — 1,489.5 1,487.6 — — 1,487.6 
Other liabilities (3)
3,520.5 — — 3,520.5 3,838.3 — — 3,838.3 
Total liabilities$13,017.8 $(7,613.9)$(393.9)$5,010.0 $12,914.6 $(6,920.0)$(668.7)$5,325.9 
EQUITY
Total equity attributable to Invesco Ltd.$14,597.6 $0.1 $— $14,597.7 $15,213.6 $0.1 $— $15,213.7 
Noncontrolling interests (4)
1,318.4 (1,318.4)— — 1,628.6 (1,628.0)— 0.6 
Total equity15,916.0 (1,318.3)— 14,597.7 16,842.2 (1,627.9)— 15,214.3 
Total liabilities and equity$28,933.8 $(8,932.2)$(393.9)$19,607.7 $29,756.8 $(8,547.9)$(668.7)$20,540.2 
____________
(1)    These tables includeThis table includes non-GAAP presentations. Assets of CIP are not available for use by Invesco. Additionally, there is no recourse to Invesco for CIP debt. Policyholder assets and liabilities are equal and offsetting and have no impact on Invesco’s shareholder’s equity. 
(2)    Amounts include restricted cash, accountsAccounts receivable, prepaid assets, property,Property, equipment and software, right-of-use assets and otherOther assets.
(3)    Amounts include accruedAccrued compensation and benefits, accountsAccounts payable and accrued expenses, lease liability and deferredDeferred tax liabilities.
(4)    Amounts include redeemableRedeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities and equityEquity attributable to nonredeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities.





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Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents increased by $359.4$234.5 million from $1,049.0$1,234.7 million at December 31, 20192022 to $1,408.4$1,469.2 million at December 31, 2020.2023. See “CashCash Flows Discussion” in the following section within this Management's Discussion and Analysis for additional discussion regarding the movements in cash flows during the periods. See Part II, Item 8, FinancialFinancial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 1, “Accounting Policies - Cash and Cash Equivalents,” regarding capital adequacy requirements to retain liquid resources in certain jurisdictions.

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Investments

Investments are comprised primarily of the equity method investment in IGW, seed capital and co-investments in affiliated funds, and investments related to the company’s deferred compensation plans.

As of December 31, 2020, we2023 and December 31, 2022, the company had $826.8$956.0 million in investments (December 31, 2019:and $829.5909.2 million). Included in investments are $153.5 million of seed moneycapital and co-investments, respectively, including direct investments in affiliated funds used toCIP. Total seed fundscapital and co-investments is presented as we launch new products,a helpful measure for investors and $202.7 million of investments related to assets held for deferred compensation plans, which are also held primarilyrepresents our net investment including our net investment in affiliated funds. Seed investments decreased by a net $82.0 million duringCIP. The following table reconciles the year ended December 31, 2020. The decreases in the period were redemptions of $311.5 million and $17.1 million of market valuation changes and foreign exchange movements. The decrease in the period was partially offset by purchases of $56.5 million and a non-cash increase of $190.1 million dueinvestment balance to the deconsolidation of certain CIP in the period (restoring the company's formerly eliminated investment balances). Investments related to deferred compensation awards increased by a net $10.3 million during the period due to purchases of $25.1 milliontotal seed capital and $17.1 million of market valuation changes and foreign exchange movements. The increase in the period was partially offset by dispositions of $31.9 million.co-investment balance.

As of
(in millions)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Investments$919.1 $996.6 
Net investment in CIP527.4 376.8 
Less: Investments related to deferred compensation plans, joint ventures, and other investments(490.5)(464.2)
Total seed capital and co-investments (1)
$956.0 $909.2 
____________
(1)    Included in investments are $426.1the total seed and co-investment balance as of December 31, 2023 is $314.1 million in equity method investments in Invesco Great Wall of seed capital and in certain$641.9 million of the company’s private equity partnerships, real estate partnerships and other co-investments (December 31, 2019: $350.82022: $305.4 million). The increase of $75.3seed capital and $603.8 million in equity method investments was driven by an increase from partnership contributions of $53.2 million, $72.7 million in current period earnings and a non-cash increase of $49.4 million related to the deconsolidation of certain investments during the period (restoring the company's formerly eliminated investment balances)co-investments). This increase was partially offset by a decrease of $71.8 million due to distributions from partnership investments, $27.6 million due to the Invesco Great Wall dividend and $0.6 million in market valuation changes and foreign exchange rates. Also included in investments are foreign time deposits of $29.9 million, a decrease of $2.1 million from the December 31, 2019 balance of $32.0 million.

Assets held for policyholders and policyholder payables

One of our subsidiaries, Invesco Pensions Limited, is an insurance company that was established to facilitate retirement savings plans in the UK.U.K. The entity holdsheld assets that arewere managed for its clients on its balance sheet with an equal and offsetting liability. The decrease in the balance of these accounts from $10,835.6$668.7 million at December 31, 20192022 to $7,582.1$393.9 million at December 31, 2020, was the result of2023, resulted from net business outflows of $3,357.5$340.5 million and negative market movements of $3.6 million, partially offset by positive foreign exchange rate movements of $107.6$20.5 million, and favorable market movements of $45.2 million. In January 2024, all funds were distributed to customers.

Goodwill and intangible assets, net    

Goodwill and intangible assets, net decreased to $14,539.6 million at December 31, 2023 from $15,698.9 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease was due to amortization expense of $49.9 million and a $1,248.9 million non-cash impairment of our indefinite-lived intangible assets related to prior acquisitions of management contracts of U.S. retail mutual funds, partially offset by foreign exchange impacts of $139.5 million. See "Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” for additional information.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our capital structure, together with available cash balances, cash flows generated from operations, existing capacity under our credit facilityagreement and further capital market activities, if necessary, should provide us with sufficient resources to meet present and future cash needs, including operating expenses, debt and other obligations as they come due and anticipated future capital requirements. Material changes in the company's capital structure over the last two years include:

Sources of Liquidity by Type
2020:
As of
(in millions)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents$1,469.2 $1,234.7 
Available revolver2,000.0 1,500.0 
Total Sources of Liquidity by Type$3,469.2 $2,734.7 
In an effort
On April 26, 2023, Invesco Ltd. and its indirect subsidiary, Invesco Finance PLC, amended and restated the $1.5 billion floating rate credit agreement, increasing facility capacity to maintain financial flexibility$2.0 billion and maintain capital strength,extending the company reduced our common dividendexpiration date from April 26, 2026 to $0.155 per common share beginning with the dividend paid in the second quarter of 2020. Also, on April 23, 2020, the company announced its plan to redeem approximately $200 million of seed capital investments where appropriate from certain of our investment products.26, 2028. As of December 31, 2020, the company has redeemed $232 million of seed capital investments.

As the company’s focus is on increasing financial strength and building liquidity, the company did not repurchase any of its shares in the open market during 2020. An aggregate of 3.4 million common shares were withheld in the amount of $47.1 million related to tax withholding requirements on employee share vestings during the year ended December 31, 2020.

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In regard to its previously completed forward contracts, the company prepaid $191 million against the forward payable, resulting in a remaining forward contract liability of $309 million as of December 31, 2020. The $117 million liability related to the forward contract entered into on May 13, 2019 was settled on January 4, 2021. The remaining amounts owed on the forward contracts entered into in July and August of 2019 will settle on April 1, 2021 for $177 million ($192 million liability net of $15 million of collateral paid). Refer to Note 10, "Share Capital," for additional details.

As of December 31, 20202023, the balance on the $1.5$2.0 billion capacity creditfloating rate facility was zero.

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2019:Table of Contents    As discussed in Note
    2, “Business Combinations, the company completed its acquisition
In the ordinary course of OppenheimerFundsbusiness, Invesco enters into contracts or purchase obligations with third parties whereby the third parties provide services to or on May 24, 2019. Consideration for the acquisition included 81.9 million shares,behalf of Invesco. Purchase obligations represent fixed-price contracts, which were composed of 75.7 million newly issued common shares and 6.2 million employee restricted common stock awards. The company also issued $4.0 billion in perpetual, non-cumulative preferred sharesare either non-cancelable or cancellable with a 21-year non-call period and a fixed rate of 5.9%. See “Dividends” section below for a discussion of the preferred and common dividends.

The company repurchased 5.6 million common shares in open market transactions utilizing $110.8 million in cash and entered into three forward contracts during 2019, whereby the counterparty purchased $500.0 million (25.8 million shares) of the company’s common shares. See Note 10, “Share Capital,” for details of these forward contracts and the related treasury shares recorded as of December 31, 2019. Additionally, during the year, 3.3 million common shares were withheld on vesting events in the amount of $59.0 million relating to purchases of common shares from employees to satisfy tax withholding requirements at the time of common share vesting. The forward contract completed in the fourth quarter of 2018 for $300 million of common shares settled on July 1, 2019.

During 2019, the company paid $330.8 million towards the outstanding balance on the credit facility.penalty. As of December 31, 20192023, the remaining balance oncompany's purchase obligations totaled $663.5 million (December 31, 2022: $770.7 million) and primarily reflect standard service contracts for portfolio, market data, office-related services and third-party marketing and promotional services. Purchase obligations are recorded as liabilities in the credit facility was zero.company's Consolidated Financial Statements when services are provided.

Capital Management

Our capital management priorities have evolved with the growth and success of our business and include:include, in no particular order of priority: reinvestment in the business, maintaining a strong balance sheet and returning capital to shareholders longer term through a combination of modestly increasing dividends and share repurchases.

ReinvestmentDuring the year ended December 31, 2023, the company repurchased 9.6 million common shares for $150.0 million in the business;
Maintain strong balance sheet;
Moderate growthopen market. As of dividends (as further discussed inDecember 31, 2023, approximately $382.2 million remained authorized under the "Dividends" section below); and
Share repurchases.company’s common share repurchase authorization approved by the Board on July 22, 2016.

These priorities areOur capital process is executed in a manner consistent with our desire to maintain strong, investment grade credit ratings. As of the filingdate of the Report,our filing, Invesco held credit ratings of A3/Stable, BBB+/Stable A3/Stable and A-/A/Stable from Standard & Poor’s Ratings Service (“Moody's, S&P”), Moody’s Investor Services (“Moody’s”)&P, and Fitch, Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively. Our ability to continue to access the capital markets in a timely manner depends on several factors, including our credit ratings, the condition of the global economy including the impact of COVID-19, investors’ willingness to purchase our securities, interest rates, credit spreads and the valuation levels of equity markets. If we are unable to access capital markets in a timely manner, our business could be adversely impacted. See also Item 1A - "Risk Factors," for more detailed discussion on reliance on credit ratings.

Other Items

Certain of our subsidiaries are required to maintain minimum levels of regulatory capital, liquidity, and working capital. Such requirements may change from time-to-time as additional guidance is released based on a variety of factors, including balance sheet composition, assessment of risk exposures and governance, and review from regulators. These and other similar provisions of applicable laws and regulations may have the effect of limiting withdrawals of capital, repayment of intercompany loans and payment of dividends by such entities. Our financial condition or liquidity could be adversely affected if certain of our subsidiaries are unable to distribute funds to us.

AllWe are in compliance with all regulatory minimum net capital requirements. As of our regulated EU and UK subsidiaries are subject to consolidatedDecember 31, 2023, the company's minimum regulatory capital requirement was $395.8 million (December 31, 2022: $639.8 million). The decrease was driven by a reduction in regulatory capital requirements under applicable EUas part of a transition into a new regulatory regime in the UK (Investment Firm Prudential Regime). However, there has been no change to the related regulatory liquidity and UKworking capital requirements, including those arising fromand as such, there has not been a material reduction in the EU's Capital Requirements Directivelevel of Cash and cash equivalents required outside of the UK's Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP), and we maintain capital within this European sub-group to satisfy these regulations. US.

We meet thesethe regulatory liquidity and working capital requirements in part by holding cash and cash equivalents.equivalents in the European sub-group. This retained cash can be used for general business purposes in the European sub-group in the countries where it is located. Due to the liquidity and working capital restrictions,requirements, the ability to transfer cash between certain jurisdictions may be limited. In addition, transfers of cash between international jurisdictions may have adverse tax consequences. We are in compliance with all regulatory minimum net capital requirements. As of December 31, 2020, the company's minimum regulatory capital requirement was $763.6 million (December 31, 2019: $753.6 million); the increase was primarily driven by the strengthening of the Pound Sterling against the U.S. Dollar partially offset by lower AUM in the UK.
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The total amount of non-U.S. cash and cash equivalents was $1,034.8 million at December 31, 2020 (December 31, 2019: $847.0 million).

The consolidation of $8,387.2$9,478.4 million and $6,714.1$7,121.8 million oftotal assets and long-term debt of CIP as of December 31, 2020,2023, respectively, did not impact the company’s liquidity and capital resources. The majority of CIP balances related to consolidated CLOs. The collateral assets of the CLOs are held solely to satisfy the obligations of the CLOs. The company has no right to the benefits from, nor does it bear the risks associated with, the collateral assets held by the CLOs, beyond the company’s direct investments in, and management and performance fees generated from these products, which are eliminated upon consolidation. If the company were to liquidate, the collateral assets would not be available to the general creditors of the company, and as a result, the company does not consider them to be company assets. Likewise, if the CLOs were to liquidate, their investors would have no recourse to the general credit of the company. The company therefore does not consider this debt to be an obligation of the company. See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 21,19, “Consolidated Investment Products,” for additional details.

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Cash FlowFlows Discussion

The ability to consistently generate cash flow from operations in excess of dividend payments, common share repurchases, capital expenditures and ongoing operatingOperating expenses is one of our company's fundamental financial strengths. Operations continue to be financed from current earnings and borrowings. Our principal uses of cash, other than for operating expenses, include dividend payments, capital expenditures, acquisitions, purchase of our common shares in the open market and investments in certain new investment products.

The following table represents a reconciliation of the cash flow information presented on a U.S. GAAP basis to the cash flow information, excluding the impact of the cash flows of Consolidated Investment ProductsCIP for the reasons outlined in footnote 1 to the table:
Cash Flow Information (1)
Year ended December 31, 2020Year ended December 31, 2019Year ended December 31, 2018
$ in millionsU.S. GAAPImpact of CIPExcluding CIPU.S. GAAPImpact of CIPExcluding CIPU.S. GAAPImpact of CIPExcluding CIP
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the period1,701.2 652.2 1,049.0 1,805.4 657.7 1,147.7 2,517.7 511.3 2,006.4 
Cash flows from operating activities (1)
1,230.3 (72.7)1,303.0 1,116.6 (158.3)1,274.9 828.8 (234.2)1,063.0 
Cash flows from investing activities(865.1)(735.4)(129.7)(1,425.4)(1,507.4)82.0 (2,898.7)(1,248.0)(1,650.7)
Cash flows from financing activities(285.9)426.3 (712.2)201.3 1,674.6 (1,473.3)1,540.0 1,767.2 (227.2)
Increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents79.3 (381.8)461.1 (107.5)8.9 (116.4)(529.9)285.0 (814.9)
Foreign exchange movement on cash and cash equivalents53.3 25.8 27.5 10.7 (7.0)17.7 (44.8)(1.0)(43.8)
Net cash inflows (outflows) upon consolidation/deconsolidation of CIP5.5 5.5 — (7.4)(7.4)— (137.6)(137.6)— 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of the period1,839.3 301.7 1,537.6 1,701.2 652.2 1,049.0 1,805.4 657.7 1,147.7 
Cash and cash equivalents1,408.4 — 1,408.4 1,049.0 — 1,049.0 1,147.7 — 1,147.7 
Restricted cash129.2 — 129.2 — — — — — — 
Cash and cash equivalents of CIP301.7 301.7 — 652.2 652.2 — 657.7 657.7 — 
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash per consolidated statement of cash flows1,839.3 301.7 1,537.6 1,701.2 652.2 1,049.0 1,805.4 657.7 1,147.7 

Cash flows information (1)
Year ended December 31, 2023Year ended December 31, 2022Year ended December 31, 2021
(in millions)U.S. GAAPImpact of CIPAs AdjustedU.S. GAAPImpact of CIPExcluding CIPU.S. GAAPImpact of CIPAs Adjusted
Cash and cash equivalents beginning of the period$1,434.1 $(199.4)$1,234.7 $2,147.1 $(250.7)$1,896.4 $1,839.3 $(301.7)$1,537.6 
Cash flows from operating activities (1)
1,300.8 (136.6)1,164.2 703.2 414.1 1,117.3 1,078.1 436.1 1,514.2 
Cash flows from investing activities(244.3)72.8 (171.5)(375.6)81.5 (294.1)(847.9)755.4 (92.5)
Cash flows from financing activities(585.4)(196.8)(782.2)(966.9)(449.4)(1,416.3)117.3 (1,148.0)(1,030.7)
Increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents471.1 (260.6)210.5 (639.3)46.2 (593.1)347.5 43.5 391.0 
Foreign exchange movement on cash and cash equivalents26.4 (2.4)24.0 (73.7)5.1 (68.6)(39.7)7.5 (32.2)
Cash and cash equivalents, end of the period$1,931.6 $(462.4)$1,469.2 $1,434.1 $(199.4)$1,234.7 $2,147.1 $(250.7)$1,896.4 
Cash and cash equivalents$1,469.2 $— $1,469.2 $1,234.7 $— $1,234.7 $1,896.4 $— $1,896.4 
Cash and cash equivalents of CIP462.4 (462.4)— 199.4 (199.4)— 250.7 (250.7)— 
Total cash and cash equivalents per consolidated statement of cash flows$1,931.6 $(462.4)$1,469.2 $1,434.1 $(199.4)$1,234.7 $2,147.1 $(250.7)$1,896.4 
____________
(1)    These tables include non-GAAP presentations. Cash held by CIP is not available for use by Invesco. Additionally, there is no recourse to Invesco for CIP debt. The cash flows of CIP do not form part of the company’s cash flow management processes, nor do they form part of the company’s significant liquidity evaluations and decisions. Policyholder assets and liabilities are equal and offsetting and have no impact on Invesco’s shareholder’s equity. The impact of cash inflows/outflows from policyholder assets and liabilities are reflected within cash flows from operating activities as changes in receivables and/or payables, as applicable.
As discussed in Note 2, “Business Combinations,” the OppenheimerFunds acquisition purchase price was allocated to the
assets acquired and liabilities assumed at fair value as of the date of the transaction. The issuance of common stock and preferred stock consideration represents a non-cash financing activity related to the statement of cash flows.
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Operating Activities

Operating cash flows include the receipt of investmentInvestment management and otherOther fees generated from AUM, offset by operatingOperating expenses and changes in operating assets and liabilities. Although some receipts and payments are seasonal, particularly bonus payments which are paid out during the first quarter, in general, afterAfter allowing for the change in cash held by CIP, and investment activities, non-cash activity, including the $1,248.9 million intangible asset impairment in 2023, and seasonal payments, such as bonus payments in the first quarter, our operating cash flows generally move in the same direction as our operating income.Operating income/(loss).

During 2020, cash provided by operating activities was $1,230.3 million compared to $1,116.6 million provided during 2019 (an increase of $113.7 million). As shown in the tables above, the impact of CIP to operating activities was $72.7 million of cash used during 2020 compared to $158.3 million of cash used during 2019. Excluding the impact of CIP, cash provided by operations was $1,303.0 million during 2020 compared to $1,274.9 million of cash provided by operations during 2019. Cash inflows for the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, excluding the impact of CIP, included a $112.2 million increase inwere primarily driven by operating income as well as net investment redemptions of $293.8 million, including seed money and deferred compensation investments (year ended December 31, 2019: net investment redemptions of $156.4 million). Inflows were partially offset by net outflows from the changes in payables and receivables due to the timing of payments and receipts compared to net inflows in the year ended December 31, 2019.receipts.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities totaled $865.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 (2019: net cash used in $1,425.4 million). As shown in the tables above, the impact of CIP on investing activities, including investment purchases, sales and returns of capital, was $735.4 million used (2019: $1,507.4 million used). Excluding the impact of CIP cash flows, net cash used in investing activities was $129.7 million (2019: net cash provided of $82.0 million).

Cash outflows for the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, excluding the impact of CIP, includedincludes purchases of investments of $200.3$108.2 million (year ended December 31, 2019: $325.72022: $274.3 million) and property, equipment and software of $164.3 million (year ended December 31, 2022: $192.9 million), partially offset by collected proceeds of $185.6 million from sales and returns of capital of investments of $54.8 million (year ended December 31, 2019: $215.52022: $173.1 million). Investing inflows for and the year ended December 31, 2019 also included net cash acquiredsale of $290.5 million primarily related to the OppenheimerFunds acquisition (See Note 2, "Business Combinations," for additional information regarding cash acquired as a resultcertain Hong Kong pension sponsorship rights of the acquisition) as well as net collateral received of $26.0 million on the forward contracts. As of December 31, 2019, the collateral was in a net receivable position.$46.2 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the company had capital expenditures
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Table of $115.0 million (2019: $124.3 million). Our capital expenditures related principally in each period to technology initiatives, including enhancements to platforms from which we maintain our portfolio management systems and fund accounting systems, improvements in computer hardware and software desktop products for employees, new telecommunications products to enhance our internal information flow and tools to prevent security breaches from external threats. Also, in each period, a portion of these costs related to leasehold improvements made to the various buildings and workspaces used in our offices. These projects have been funded with proceeds from our operating cash flows. In 2020, our capital expenditures also included remaining technology integrations related to the OppenheimerFunds acquisition.Contents

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities totaled $285.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 (2019: cash provided of $201.3 million). As shown in the tables above, the impact of CIP on financing activities provided cash of $426.3 million during the year (2019: cash provided of $1,674.6 million). Excluding the impact of CIP, financing activities used cash of $712.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 (2019: cash used of $1,473.3 million).

Financing cash outflows during the year ended December 31, 20202023 included $357.4$357.9 million of common dividend payments for the common dividends declared in January, April, July and October 20202023 (year ended December 31, 2019:2022: dividends paid of $529.1$334.8 million), $236.8 million of preferred dividend payments for dividends declared in January, April, July and October 20202023 (year ended December 31, 2019: $123.62022: $236.8 million), $150.0 million for dividends declared in Julythe repurchase of common shares through the open market (year ended December 31, 2022: $200.0 million), and November 2019), a $190.6 million prepayment on the forward contracts, the payment of $47.1$37.5 million to meet employees' withholding tax obligations on common share vestings (year ended December 31, 2019: $59.0 million) and a payment of $22.3 million of contingent consideration (year ended December 31, 2019: $20.0(2022: $44.7 million). TheseFinancing cash outflows were partially offset by inflows of $142.0 million of net collateral received on the forward contracts. As of December 31, 2020, the collateral was in a net payable position. Financing outflows forduring the year ended December 31, 20192022 also included net repayment ona $600.0 million redemption of senior notes. Net borrowings under the floating rate credit facility of $330.8 million, $300 million
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settlement ofagreement were zero during the forward contract completed in the fourth quarter of 2018,years ended December 31, 2023 and purchases of common shares through open market transactions totaling $110.8 million.December 31, 2022.

Dividends

When declared, Invesco pays dividends on a quarterly basis in arrears. Holders of our preferred shares are eligible to receive dividends at an annual rate of 5.9%5.9% of the liquidation preference of $1,000 per share, or $59 per share per annum. The preferred stock dividend is payable quarterly on a non-cumulative basis when, if and as declared by our board of directors. However, if we have not declared and paid or set aside for payment full quarterly dividends on the preferred stock for a particular dividend period, we may not declare or pay dividends on, or redeem, purchase or acquire our common stock or other junior securities in the next succeeding dividend period. In addition, if we have not declared and paid or set aside for payment quarterly dividends on the preferred stock for six quarterly periods, whether or not consecutive, the number of directors of the company will be increased by two and the holders of the preferred shares shall have the right to elect such two additional members of the Board of Directors.

On January 26, 2021,23, 2024, the company declared a fourth quarter 2023 cash dividend of $0.20 per common share to the holders of common shares. The dividend is payable on March 4, 2024, to common shareholders of record at the close of business on February 16, 2024, with an ex-dividend date of February 15, 2024.

On January 23, 2024, the company announced a preferred dividend of $14.75 per preferred share to the holders of preferred shares, representing the period from December 1, 20202023 through February 28, 2021,2024. The preferred dividend is payable on March 1, 2021, to shareholders of record at the close of business on February 16, 2021.

On January 26, 2021, the company declared a fourth quarter 2020 dividend of $0.155 per common share, payable on March 2, 2021, to shareholders of record at the close of business on February 16, 2021 with an ex-dividend date of February 12, 2021.2024.

The declaration, payment and amount of any future dividends will be declared by our Board of Directors and will depend upon, among other factors, our earnings, financial condition and capital requirements at the time such declaration and payment are considered. The Boardcompany has a policy of managing dividends in a prudent fashion, with due consideration given to profit levels, overall debt levels and historical dividend payouts.

Common Share Repurchase Plan

During 2023, the year ended December 31, 2020, no commoncompany repurchased 9.6 million shares were repurchasedfor $150 million in the open market (December 31, 2019: 5.6market as compared to 8.9 million shares at a cost of $110.8for $200 million). Separately, an aggregate of 3.4 million common shares were withheld on vesting events during the year ended December 31, 2020 to meet employees' withholding tax obligations (December 31, 2019: 3.3 million). The fair value of these shares withheld at the respective withholding dates was $47.1 million (December 31, 2019: $59.0 million).

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the company entered into three forward contracts to repurchase $500.0 million of shares as part of its announced $1.2 billion common stock buyback program. Under these contracts, the counterparty purchased 25.8 million shares during the year ended December 31, 2019. See Note 10, “Share Capital,” for details of these forward contracts.2022. At December 31, 2020,2023, approximately $732.2$382.2 million remained authorized under the company's common share repurchase authorization approved by the Board on July 22, 2016 (December 31, 2019: $732.22022: $532.2 million).

The forward contract completed on May 13, 2019 for $200 million of common shares settled on January 4, 2021. Remaining contracts settle on April 1, 2021.
Debt

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Long-term debt

The carrying value of our long-term debt at December 31, 20202023 was $2,082.6$1,489.5 million (December(December 31, 2019: $2,080.32022: $1,487.6 million), See Item 8, Financial Statements and was comprised of the following:
$ in millionsDecember 31, 2020December 31, 2019
$1.5 billion floating rate credit facility expiring August 11, 2022— — 
Unsecured Senior Notes:
$600 million 3.125% - due November 30, 2022598.7 598.1 
$600 million 4.000% - due January 30, 2024596.8 595.8 
$500 million 3.750% - due January 15, 2026496.7 496.1 
$400 million 5.375% - due November 30, 2043390.4 390.3 
Long-term debt2,082.6 2,080.3 
Supplementary Data, Note 8, “Debt,” for additional disclosures.

For the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, the company's weighted average cost of debt was 3.77% (yearwas 4.28% (year ended December 31, 2019: 3.93%2022: 4.15%).

Financial covenants under the credit agreement include: (i) the quarterly maintenance of an adjustedAdjusted debt/EBITDAEarnings before income tax, depreciation, amortization, interest expense, common share-based compensation expense, unrealized (gains)/losses from investments, net, and unusual or otherwise non-recurring gains and losses (Covenant Adjusted EBITDA) leverage ratio, as defined in the credit agreement, of not greater than 3.25:1.00, (ii) an interest coverage ratio (EBITDA, as defined in the credit agreement/(Covenant Adjusted EBITDA/interest payableexpense for the four consecutive fiscal quarters ended before the date of determination) of not less than 4.00:1.00. As of December 31, 2020,2023, we were in compliance with our financial covenants.covenants. At December 31, 2020,2023, our leverage ratio was 1.37:was 0.69:1.00 (December(December 31, 2019: 1.31:2022: 0.78:1.00), and our interest coverage ratio was 11.83:20.40:1.00 (December 31, 2019: 11.76:2022: 19.51:1.00).

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The December 31, 20202023 and 20192022 coverage ratio calculations are as follows:
Last four quarters ended
$ millionsDecember 31, 2020December 31, 2019
Net income attributable to Invesco Ltd.524.8 564.7 
Dividends on preferred shares236.8 123.6 
Impact of CIP on net income attributable to Invesco Ltd.(9.4)1.6 
Tax expense261.6 235.1 
Amortization/depreciation203.5 177.6 
Interest expense129.3 135.7 
Common share-based compensation expense188.5 207.5 
Unrealized (gains)/losses from investments, net (1)
(5.6)(37.1)
Pre-acquisition EBITDA of acquired business— 186.6
EBITDA (2)
1,529.5 1,595.3 
Adjusted debt (2)
$2,094.2 $2,091.5 
Leverage ratio (Adjusted debt/EBITDA - maximum 3.25:1.00)1.37 1.31 
Interest coverage (EBITDA/Interest Expense - minimum 4.00:1.00)11.83 11.76 
Last four quarters ended
(in millions)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Net income/(loss) attributable to Invesco Ltd.$(333.7)$683.9 
Dividends on preferred shares236.8 236.8 
Tax expense/(benefit)(69.7)322.2 
Amortization/depreciation/impairment1,431.7 195.3 
Interest expense70.5 85.2 
Common share-based compensation expense114.6 106.2 
Unrealized (gains)/losses from investments, net (1)
(11.9)87.7 
OppenheimerFunds acquisition-related matter recoveries (2)
— (55.0)
Covenant Adjusted EBITDA (3)
$1,438.3 $1,662.3 
Adjusted debt (3)
$992.4 $1,290.3 
Leverage ratio (Adjusted debt/Covenant Adjusted EBITDA - maximum 3.25:1.00)0.69 0.78 
Interest coverage (Covenant Adjusted EBITDA/Interest expense - minimum 4.00:1.00)20.40 19.51 
____________

(1)Adjustments for unrealized gains and losses from investments, as defined in our credit facility,agreement, may also include non-cash gains and losses on investments to the extent that they do not represent anticipated future cash receipts or expenditures.
(2)     Unusual or otherwise non-recurring gains and losses, as defined in our credit agreement, are adjusted for in the determination of Covenant Adjusted EBITDA. The insurance recoveries related to the OppenheimerFunds acquisition-related matter are considered unusual and have been removed from the determination of Covenant Adjusted EBITDA.
(2)(3)    Covenant Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted debt are non-GAAP financial measures that are used by management in connection with certain debt covenant calculations under our credit agreement. The calculation of Covenant Adjusted EBITDA above (a reconciliation from net income attributable to InvescoLtd.) is defined by our credit agreement, and therefore netNet income attributable to Invesco Ltd. is the most appropriate GAAP measure from which to reconcile to Covenant Adjusted EBITDA. The calculation of 2023 Adjusted debt is defined in our amended credit facilityagreement and equals long-term debt of $2,082.6$1,489.5 million plus $11.6$2.8 million in letters of credit.credit less $500.0 million of excess unrestricted cash (cash and cash equivalents less the minimum regulatory capital requirement, not to exceed $500 million (2022: $200.0 million).

On January 30, 2024, Invesco Finance PLC, a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of the Parent, paid in full the outstanding balance of the $600.0 million senior notes which were due on January 30, 2024. Further, $128.5 million was drawn on the floating rate facility on January 31, 2024.

The discussion that follows identifies risks associated with the company's liquidity and capital resources. The Item 1. Business -- Risk Management section contains a broader discussion of the company's overall approach to risk management.
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Credit and Liquidity Risk

Capital management involves the management of the company's liquidity and cash flows. The company manages its capital by reviewing annual and projected cash flow forecasts and by monitoring credit, liquidity and market risks, such as interest rate and foreign currency risks (as discussed in Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk”), through measurement and analysis. The company is primarily exposed to credit risk through its cash and cash equivalent deposits, which are held by external firms. The company invests its cash balances in its own institutional money market products, as well as with external high credit-quality financial institutions. These arrangements create exposure to concentrations of credit risk.

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Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk that one party to a financial instrument will cause a financial loss for the other party by failing to meet an obligation. All cashCash and cash equivalent balances are subject to credit risk, as they represent deposits made by the company with external banks and other institutions. As of December 31, 2020,2023, our maximum exposure to credit risk related to our cashCash and cash equivalent balances is $1,408.4 million.$1,469.2 million, of which $927.8 million is invested in affiliated money market funds. No more than 10% of our Cash and cash equivalent balances is held with any one third-party financial institution. See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 22, “Related Parties,”2, "Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities" for information regarding cashCash and cash equivalents invested in affiliated money market funds.

The company does not utilize credit derivatives or similar instruments to mitigate the maximum exposure to credit risk. The company does not expect any counterparties to its financial instruments to fail to meet their obligations.

Liquidity Risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the company will encounter difficulty in meeting obligations associated with its financial liabilities as the same become due. The company is exposed to liquidity risk through its $2,082.6$1,489.5 million in total debt. The company actively manages liquidity risk by preparing cash flow forecasts for future periods, reviewing them regularly with senior management, maintaining a committed credit facility,agreement, scheduling significant gaps between major debt maturities and engaging external financing sources in regular dialogue.

Effects of Inflation

Inflation can impact our organization primarily in two ways. First, inflationary pressures can result in increases in our cost structure, especially to the extent that large expense components such as compensation are impacted. To the degree that these expense increases are not recoverable or cannot be counterbalanced through pricing increases due to the competitive environment, our profitabilitynet income could be negatively impacted. Secondly, the value of the assets that we manage may be negatively impacted when inflationary expectations result in a rising interest rate environment. DeclinesA decline in the valuesvalue of these AUM could lead to reduced revenues as management fees are generally calculated based upon the size of AUM.

Off Balance Sheet Commitments

See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 20,18, “Commitments and Contingencies, - Off Balance Sheet Commitments,” for more information regarding undrawn capital commitments.

Contractual Obligations

We have various financial obligations that require future cash payments. The following table outlines the timing of payment requirements related to our commitments as of December 31, 2020:
$ in millions
Total (4,5,6,7)
Within 1 Year1-3 Years3-5 YearsMore Than 5 Years
Long-term debt (1)
2,082.6 — 598.7 596.8 887.1 
Estimated interest payments on long-term debt (1)
719.1 83.0 147.2 92.5 396.4 
Operating leases (2)
584.1 81.2 144.1 98.8 260.0 
Purchase obligations (3)
874.3 568.2 157.1 70.0 79.0 
Total4,260.1 732.4 1,047.1 858.1 1,622.5 
____________

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(1)    Long-term debt includes $2,082.6 million of fixed rate debt. Fixed interest payments are reflected in the table above in the periods they are due, and include any issuance discounts. The table above includes the company's debt; debt of CIP is excluded from the table above, as the company is not obligated for these amounts. See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 21, “Consolidated Investment Products," for additional information.

(2)    Operating leases reflect obligations for leased building space and other assets.

Included in the table above is an additional operating lease the company entered into during the third quarter of 2019, but has not yet commenced. The expected lease obligations are approximately $232.5 million which will be paid over an expected lease term of 15 years. This operating lease will commence in fiscal year 2022. See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 15, Operating Leases,” for additional information.

(3)    In the ordinary course of business, Invesco enters into contracts or purchase obligations with third parties whereby the third parties provide services to or on behalf of Invesco. Purchase obligations included in the contractual obligations table above represent fixed-price contracts, which are either non-cancelable or cancelable with a penalty. At December 31, 2020, the company's obligations primarily reflect standard service contracts for portfolio, market data, office-related services and third-party marketing and promotional services. In addition, the company is a party to certain variable-price contractual arrangements (e.g., contingent future payments based on AUM levels, number of accounts, transaction volume, etc.) for which the company is reimbursed by affiliated funds and as such are not included in the table above. Purchase obligations are recorded as liabilities in the company's Consolidated Financial Statements when services are provided. Purchase obligations also include contingent consideration liabilities.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, the company entered into three forward contracts to repurchase $500.0 million of shares as part of its announced $1.2 billion common stock buyback program. At December 31, 2020 the payable was $309.0 million and is included in other liabilities. See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 10, “Share Capital,” for additional details.

(4)    The company has capital commitments into co-invested funds that are to be drawn down over the life of the partnership as investment opportunities are identified. At December 31, 2020, the company's undrawn capital and purchase commitments were $453.5 million. These are not included in the above table. See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 20, “Commitments and Contingencies,” for additional details.

(5)    The company had $61.9 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2020. Due to the uncertainty with respect to the timing and amounts that will ultimately be paid, this amount has been excluded from the contractual obligations table above. See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 17, “Taxation,” for a discussion regarding income taxes.

(6)    In addition to the contractual obligations in the table above, we periodically make contributions to defined benefit pension plans. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we contributed $25.5 million and $24.0 million, respectively, to these plans. In 2021, we expect to contribute $15.2 million to our defined benefit pension plans. See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 13, “Retirement Benefit Plans,” for detailed benefit pension plan information. The company has various other compensation and benefit obligations, including bonuses, commissions and incentive payments payable, defined contribution plan matching contribution obligations, and deferred compensation arrangements, that are excluded from the table above.

(7)    In addition to the contractual obligations in the table above, and pursuant to an agreement entered into at the consummation of the acquisition of OppenheimerFunds, MassMutual, as the holder of seed capital investments in certain funds and accounts included in the acquisition, has the right to redeem its seed capital investments in accordance with an agreed upon schedule. In the event MassMutual exercises its redemption rights and the applicable fund or account is unable to meet such redemption (for example, due to illiquid investments or the need to maintain a level of investment in the fund), the company would be required to fund such redemption to MassMutual and seek reimbursement from the applicable fund or account at a later time when the fund or account is able to fulfill a redemption request. MassMutual has exercised its redemption rights and redeemed a portion of the seed capital per the agreed upon schedule. At December 31, 2020, the total amount of seed capital subject to this agreement is approximately $357.8 million. As of the date of this report, the company was not required to fund these redemptions nor does the company anticipate having to fund any of the seed capital subject to this agreement.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are disclosed in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 1, “Accounting Policies." Critical accounting policies and estimates are those that require complex management judgment regarding matters that are highly uncertain at the time policies were applied and estimates were made. Different estimates reasonably could have been used in the current period that would have had a material effect on these Consolidated Financial Statements, and changes in these estimates are likely to occur from period-to-period in the future. The discussion below provides information on the significant judgments and assumptions applied in each area and should be read in conjunction with the significant accounting policies footnote previously referenced.

Goodwill

Our goodwill impairment testing conducted during 2020 and 2019 indicated that the fair value of the reporting unit more likely than not exceeded its carrying value. During our annual impairment test in 2020 and 2019, management performed the optional qualitative approach which indicated that a quantitative assessment of the goodwill impairment test was not necessary. Due to the decline in our assets under management resulting from COVID-19, management also performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test which indicated no impairment. The company cannot predict the occurrence of future events that might adversely affect the reported value of goodwill that totaled $8,916.3 million and $8,509.4 million at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Such events include, but are not limited to, strategic decisions made in response to economic and competitive conditions, the impact of the economic environment on the company's AUM or any other material negative change in AUM and related effective fee rates.

When management utilizes the option to first assess goodwill impairment on a qualitative basis, the totality of certain events and circumstances are assessed to determine if it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Such events and circumstances include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall financial performance of the company and or significant changes in share price. If the qualitative assessment indicates that an impairment may be likely or management elected to not perform the qualitative assessment, management performs a quantitative test to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. The fair value of the reporting unit is generally determined using an income approach where estimated future cash flows are discounted to arrive at a single present value amount. The income approach includes inputs that require significant management judgment, including AUM growth rates, projected effective fee rates, pre-tax profit margins, effective tax rates and discount rates.

The quantitative test includes assumptions updated for current market conditions, including the company's updated forecasts for changes in AUM due to market gains or losses and long-term net flows and the corresponding changes in revenue and expenses. Market gains are based upon historical returns of the S&P 500 index, treasury bond returns and treasury bill returns, as applicable to the company's AUM mix on the testing date. The most sensitive of these assumptions are the AUM growth rate, fee rates, operating expense and the discount rate to determine present value. The discount rates used are estimates of the weighted average cost of capital for the investment management sector reflecting the overall industry risks associated with future cash flows and have been calculated consistently from period to period. While the company believes all assumptions utilized in our assessment are reasonable and appropriate, changes in these estimates could produce different fair value amounts and therefore different goodwill impairment assessments.

Intangible Assets

Where evidence exists that the underlying arrangements have a high likelihood of continued renewal at little or no cost to the company, the intangible asset is assigned an indefinite life and reviewed for impairment on an annual basis. Similar to Goodwill, managementManagement has the option to first assess indefinite-lived intangible assets for qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test. Definite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable (i.e., the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the intangible asset). In addition, management's judgment is required to estimate the period over which definite-lived intangible assets will contribute to the company's cash flows and the pattern in which these assets will be consumed. A change in the remaining useful life of any of these assets, or the reclassification of an indefinite-lived intangible asset to a definite-lived intangible asset, could have a significant impact on the company's amortization expense, which was $62.5 million, $52.7 million and $29.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.expense.

Intangible assets not subject to amortization are tested for impairment annually as of October 1 or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. If a quantitative assessment is required, the impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of an intangible asset withto its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. If required, fairManagement used an income approach to value indefinite-lived intangible assets related to acquired management contracts of U.S. retail mutual funds. An income approach includes assumptions for current market conditions, including the asset’s updated forecasts of AUM to take into consideration market gains or losses, net long-term flows and the corresponding changes in revenue and expenses.
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is generallyThe most sensitive assumptions used in the income approach are the revenue forecast, the long-term growth rate and the discount rate applied to the cash flow forecast to determine present value. The revenue projections used are within a range of (5)% to 1% over the forecast period. Taking into consideration the AUM mix of the U.S. retail mutual funds, the long-term growth rate was determined using the historical returns of the S&P 500 index, treasury bonds and treasury bills. The long-term growth rate used by management in the annual impairment test was 2.5% which decreased from the long-term growth rate used in prior periods of 4.5% due to sustained outflows of AUM related to U.S. retail mutual funds. The discount rate is an income approach where estimatedestimate of the weighted average cost of capital for the investment management sector reflecting the overall industry risks associated with future cash flows are discountedand considers an applicable size premium for the intangible asset. The discount rate used by management was 13.05% which increased 365 bps from the prior year due to arrive at a single present value amount. The income approach includesincreases in the risk-free discount rate and systematic risk inputs that require significant management judgment, including AUM growth rates, product mix, projected effective fee rates, pre-tax profit margins, effective tax rates and discount rates. The most sensitiveas well as the use of these assumptions toan asset-specific risk premium. We assessed the determinationreasonableness of the estimated fair value areof the AUMintangible asset by considering applicable market data.

Based on our annual impairment analysis as of October 1, 2023, we determined that the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets related to acquired management contracts of U.S. retail mutual funds of $5,818.6 million exceeded the estimated fair value. As such, a $1,248.9 million impairment was recorded in Amortization and impairment of intangibles expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income which reduced the carrying value to $4,569.7 million. The impairment was driven by a decrease in the long-term growth rate, fee rates, operating expense andan increase in the discount rate which isand lower projected earnings as a weighted average costresult of capital including consideration oflower AUM for these management contracts. While the company size premiums. Changesbelieves all assumptions utilized in our assessment are reasonable and appropriate, changes in these estimates could produce different fair value amounts and therefore differentwhich could drive impairment conclusions. During 2020 and 2019, ourin future periods. For example, assuming all other assumptions remain static, a decrease to the revenue forecast of 2% would result in an incremental impairment of $79 million. A decrease to the long-term growth rate of 25 bps would result in an incremental impairment of $75 million. Also, an increase to the discount rate of 15 bps would result in an incremental impairment of $58 million. The impairment does not impact the company’s liquidity or capital resources.

Our annual impairment reviews of our other indefinite-lived intangible assets determined that nothere was not an impairment existed at the respective review dates, theof these intangibles. The classifications of indefinite-lived and definite-lived intangible assets remain appropriate, and no changes to the expected lives of the definite-lived intangible assets were required.

Goodwill

Management has the option to first assess goodwill for qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test. Due to the sustained decline in our assets understock price into the fourth quarter, management resulting from COVID-19, management also performedopted to perform a quantitative annual impairment test on certain indefinite-lived intangible assetsas of October 1, 2023. Management used an income approach to value the reporting unit. An income approach includes assumptions for current market conditions, including the company's updated forecasts for changes in AUM due to market gains or losses, net long-term flows and the corresponding changes in revenue and expenses. The most sensitive assumptions used in the first quarterincome approach are the long-term growth rate and the discount rate applied to the cash flow forecast to determine present value. Taking into consideration the company’s AUM mix, the long-term growth rate was determined using the historical returns of 2020the S&P 500 index, treasury bonds and treasury bills.The long-term growth rate used by management in the annual impairment test was 4.5% which indicated no impairment.is consistent with prior periods. The discount rate used is an estimate of the weighted average cost of capital for the investment management sector reflecting the overall industry risks associated with future cash flows. The discount rate used by management was 11.2% which increased 180 bps from the prior year due to increases in the risk-free rate and systematic risk inputs as well as the use of a company-specific risk premium. We assessed the reasonableness of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit by giving consideration to our market capitalization and implied control premium over a reasonable period of time and to applicable market data.

Based on our annual impairment analysis of goodwill as of October 1, 2023, we determined that the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by 5% due to lower profitability in 2023 and an increase in the discount rate from the prior year. While the company believes all assumptions utilized in our assessment are reasonable and appropriate, changes in these estimates could produce different fair value amounts which could drive impairment in future periods. For example, assuming all other assumptions remain static, a decrease to the long-term growth rate of 20 bps or an increase to the discount rate of 15 bps would cause the carrying value of the reporting unit to approximate its fair value. In addition, if in future periods, the price of our stock declines significantly for an extended period of time, there could be an impairment of goodwill.

The company cannot predict the occurrence of future events that might adversely affect the reported value of goodwill of $8,691.5 million at December 31, 2023. Such events include, but are not limited to, strategic decisions made in response to economic and competitive conditions, the impact of the economic environment on the company's AUM or any other material negative change in AUM and related fee rates, or a significant and sustained decline in the company's stock price. An impairment in the future would not impact the company’s liquidity or capital resources.
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Income Taxes

We operate inThe company files U.S. federal, state and numerous countries, states and other taxing jurisdictions.foreign income tax returns. The income tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant taxing authorities. Significant judgment is required in the determination of our annual income tax provision,s, which includes the assessment of deferred tax assets and uncertain tax positions, as well as the interpretation and application of existing and newly enacted tax laws, regulation changes and new judicial rulings. Therefore, it is possible that actual results will vary from those recognized in our Consolidated Financial Statements due to changes in the interpretation of applicable guidance or as a result of examinations by taxing authorities.

Deferred tax assets, net of any associated valuation allowance, have been recognized based on management's belief that taxable income of the appropriate character, more likely than not, will be sufficient to realize the benefits of these assets over time. In the event that actual results differ from our expectations, or if our historical trends of positive operating income changes, we may be required to record a valuation allowance on some or all of these deferred tax assets, which may have a significant effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In assessing whether a valuation allowance should be established against a deferred income tax asset, the company considers all available evidence, which includes the nature, frequency and severity of recent losses, forecasts of future profitability and the duration of statutory carry back and carry forward periods, among other factors.

In the assessment of uncertain tax positions, significant judgment is required to estimate the range of possible outcomes and determine the probability, on a more likely than not basis, of favorable or unfavorable outcomes upon ultimate settlement of an issue. UnrecognizedChanges in the estimate of uncertain tax benefits as well aspositions occur periodically due to changes in interpretations of tax laws, the related intereststatus of examinations by tax authorities and penalties, are regularly evaluated and adjusted as appropriate to reflect changesnew regulatory or judicial guidance that could impact the relative merits and risksrisk of tax positions. These changes, when they occur, impact tax expense and can materially impact results of operations. The company recognizes any interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits (UTBs) on the Consolidated Statements of Income as components of income tax expense.

CIP

Assessing if an entity is a variable interest entity (VIE) or voting interest entity (VOE) involves judgment and analysis on a structure-by-structure basis. Factors assessed as part of the analysis include the legal organization of the entity, the company's contractual involvement with the entity and any related party or de facto agent implications of the company's involvement with the entity. A VIE, in the context of the company and its managed funds, is a fund that does not have sufficient equity to finance its operations without additional subordinated financial support, or a fund for which the risks and rewards of ownership are not directly linked to voting interests. If the company is deemed to have the power to direct the activities of the fund that most significantly impact the fund's economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses/right to receive benefits from the fund that could potentially be significant to the fund, then the company is deemed to be the fund's primary beneficiary and is required to consolidate the fund. Assessing if the company has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the fund’s economic results may involve significant judgment.

As of December 31, 2020, the company consolidated CIP that held investments of $7,910.0 million (December 31, 2019: $7,808.0 million).

Contingencies

Contingencies arise when we have a present obligation as a result of a past event that is both probable and reasonably estimable. We must from time to time make material estimates with respect to legal and other contingencies. The nature of our business requires compliance with various laws and regulations, as well as various contractual obligations, and exposes us to a variety of legal proceedings and matters in the ordinary course of business. While the outcomes of matters such as these are inherently uncertain and difficult to predict, we maintain reserves reflected in accounts payable and accrued expenses, as
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appropriate, for identified losses that are, in our judgment, probable and reasonably estimable. We expense any related legal fees as they are incurred. Management's judgment is based on the advice of legal counsel, ruling on various motions by the applicable court, review of the outcome of similar matters, if applicable, and review of guidance from governmental and other regulatory authorities, if applicable. Contingent consideration payable in relation to a business acquisition is recorded as of the acquisition date as part of the fair value transferred in exchange for the acquired business.

As described in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 20, “Commitments and Contingencies,” the company has accrued an estimated liability of $387.8 million related to a restatement of certain historical fund financial statements. The liability represents the expected reimbursement to fund shareholders and excludes any amounts that may be recovered through indemnification and insurance recoveries, as well as other remediation costs related to the matter, such as legal and consulting costs, or the costs of communicating with fund shareholders. Uncertainties remain as of the date of this report regarding the nature, scope and amounts of such costs, as well as the degree to which the company will ultimately be financially responsible for bearing such costs.

Regarding the estimated liability, the primary source of uncertainty is the activity of the underlying fund shareholders in omnibus accounts, the majority of which data the company has not yet received. The determination of the liability due to each fund shareholder will be based on a number of factors, including:

The timing of fund shareholder transactions,
The frequency and magnitude of fund shareholder transactions,
The dates on which each fund shareholder opened and closed his or her account, and
The difference between the historical net asset value of the Funds and the corrected price on the dates when a fund shareholder engaged in transaction activity and the Funds made distributions

The calculation of the liability depends on these variables in the aggregate; therefore, it is not possible to evaluate the impact of possible trends in each variable on the overall calculation. Additionally, given the unique nature of each outstanding third-party data set, we are not able to determine a range of reasonably possible outcomes at this time.

Recent Accounting Standards

See Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 1, “Accounting Policies - Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted and Pending Accounting Pronouncements.”

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Item 7A.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

In the normal course of its business, the company is primarily exposed to market risk in the form of AUM market price risk, securities market risk, interest rate risk and foreign exchange rate risk.

AUM Market Price Risk

The company's investment management revenues are comprised of fees based on the value of AUM. Declines in the market prices of equity and fixed income securities, commodities and derivatives, or other similar financial instruments held in client portfolios could cause revenues to decline because of lower investment management fees by:

Causing the value of AUM to decrease.
Causing the returns realized on AUM to decrease (impacting performance fees).
Causing clients to withdraw funds in favor of investments in markets that they perceive to offer greater opportunity and that the company does not serve.
Causing clients to rebalance assets away from investments that the company manages into investments that the company does not manage.
Causing clients to reallocate assets away from products that earn higher revenues into products that earn lower revenues.

Underperformance of client accounts relative to competing products could exacerbate these factors.

Assuming the revenue yield on AUM for the year remains unchanged,, a 10% decline inin the average AUM for the year would result in a corresponding decline in revenue. Certain expenses, including distribution and compensation expenses, may not vary in proportion with the changes in the market value of AUM. As such, the impact on operatingOperating margin or net income of a decline in the market values of AUM may be greater or less than the percentage decline in the market value of AUM.
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Securities Market Risk

The company's exposure to market risk from financial instruments measured at fair value arises primarily from its investments and also from its contingent consideration liability.investments. The following table summarizes the impact of a 10% increase or decrease in the fair values of these financial instruments:
December 31, 2020
$ in millionsFair ValueFair Value assuming 10% increaseFair Value assuming 10% decrease
Equity investments (a)
360.3 396.3 324.3 
Total assets measured at fair value exposed to market risk360.3 396.3 324.3 
Direct investments in CIP (b)
426.5 469.2 383.9 
Contingent consideration liability (c)
(18.6)(20.5)(16.7)

December 31, 2023
(in millions)Fair ValueFair Value assuming 10% increaseFair Value assuming 10% decrease
Equity investments (1)
$272.4 $299.6 $245.2 
Total assets measured at fair value exposed to market risk$272.4 $299.6 $245.2 
Net investments in CIP (2)
$527.4 $580.1 $474.7 
____________

(a)(1)If such a 10% increase or decrease in fair values were to occur, the change attributable to $360.3$272.4 million of these equity investments would result in a corresponding increase or decrease in our pre-tax earnings. At December 31, 2020, $202.72023, $196.7 million of these equity investments are held to hedge economically certain deferred compensation plans in which the company participates.company's employees participate. In addition to holding equity investments, in 2017, the company purchasedhas a total return swap (TRS) to economically hedge certain deferred compensation plans. The notional value of the total return swapTRS at December 31, 20202023 was $279.3$393.0 million. The company recognizes as compensation expense the appreciation or depreciation of the compensation liability over the award's vesting period in proportion to the vested amount of the award. The company immediately recognizes the appreciation or depreciation of these investments, which is included in other gains and losses. This creates a timing difference between the recognition of the compensation expense and the investment gain or loss impacting net income, which will reverse and will offset to zero over the life of the award at the end of the multi-year vesting period.
(b)(2)These represent Invesco’s directUpon consolidation, the company's net investments in investment products that are consolidated. Upon consolidation, these direct investmentsCIP are eliminated, and the assets and liabilities of the CIP are consolidated in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, together withwhich are offset by a noncontrolling interest balance representing the portion of the CIP owned by third parties. The assets of CIP include investments which are measured at fair value. If a 10% increase or decrease in the fair values of Invesco’s directnet investments in CIP were to occur, it would result in a corresponding increase or decrease in our netNet income attributable to Invesco Ltd.
(c)
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Cash balances invested in money market funds of $947.3$927.8 million have been excluded from the table above. These are valued under the market approach at the net asset valueNAV of the underlying funds, which is maintained at $1. Assets held for policyholders of $7,582.1$393.9 million have also been excluded from the table above. The entity holds assets that are managed for its clients on its balance sheet with an equal and offsetting liability to the policyholders, which is linked to the value of the investments. The investments and the policyholderPolicyholder payables held by this business are carried in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as separate account assets and liabilities at fair value in accordance with ASC Topic 944, “Financial Services - Insurance.” Changes in fair value are recorded and offset to zero in the Consolidated Statements of Income in other operating revenues. Increases or decreases in the fair value of these investments will therefore have no impact to our pre-tax earnings.

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Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk relates to the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The company is exposed to interest rate risk primarily through its external debt and cash and cash equivalent investments. On December 31, 2020,2023, the interest rates on 100.0% of the company's borrowings were fixed for a weighted average period of 6.96.0 years, and the company had a balance of zero on its floating rate credit facility.agreement.

The interest rate profile of the financial liabilities of the company on December 31 was:
$ in millionsDecember 31, 2020December 31, 2019
Long-term debt
(in millions)(in millions)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Debt
Fixed rate
Fixed rate
Fixed rateFixed rate2,082.6 2,080.3 
Floating rateFloating rate— — 
TotalTotal2,082.6 2,080.3 
Weighted average interest rate percentageWeighted average interest rate percentage3.8 %3.9 %
Weighted average interest rate percentage
Weighted average interest rate percentage4.3 %4.2 %
Weighted average period for which rate is fixed in yearsWeighted average period for which rate is fixed in years6.9 7.9 

See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 9,8, “Debt,” for additional disclosures relating to the U.S. Dollar floating and fixed rate obligations.

The sensitivity of our financial assets to interest rate risk is immaterial.

Foreign Exchange Rate Risk

The company has transactional currency exposures that occur when any of the company’s subsidiaries receive or pay cash in a currency different from its functional currency. Such exposure arises from sales or purchases by operating subsidiaries in currencies other than the subsidiaries’ functional currencies. These exposures are not actively managed.

The company also has certain investments in foreign operations, whose net assets and results of operations are exposed to foreign currency translation risk when translated into U.S. Dollars upon consolidation into Invesco Ltd.Invesco. A strengthening U.S. Dollar has a negative impact on the company's foreign currency denominated earnings when presented in U.S. Dollars. The company's most significant foreign exchange rate risk exposure relates to the translation of Pound Sterling-denominated and Euro-denominated transactions into the U.S. Dollar reporting currency. The company’s put option contract to hedge its Pound-Sterling-based operating income expired on June 30, 2020.currency. Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 19,17, "Geographic Information," containscontains disclosure of revenue by geography. Revenues from external customers earned in the U.K. is an indicator of the company's exposure to the Pound Sterling; however, expenses incurred in the U.K. provide a natural offset to the company's exposure to the Pound Sterling.

The company is also exposed to foreign exchange revaluation into the Consolidated Statements of Incomecurrency translation risk on monetary assets and liabilities that are held by subsidiaries in different functional currencies than the subsidiaries' functional currencies. The impact of the revaluation is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Net foreign exchange revaluation losses were $4.5$0.9 million in 2020 (2019: $13.62023 (2022: $2.4 million of losses)gains) and are included in generalGeneral and administrative expenses and otherOther gains and losses, net on the Consolidated Statements of Income. We continue to monitor our exposure to foreign exchange revaluation and have put in place net investment hedge structures discussed in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements, Note 11--"Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)."

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Supplementary Quarterly Financial Data

The following is selected unaudited consolidated data for Invesco Ltd. for the quarters indicated:
20202019
$ in millions, except per common share dataQ4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1
Operating revenues:
Investment management fees1,148.8 1,096.8 1,037.1 1,168.3 1,254.2 1,257.1 1,071.3 923.7 
Service and distribution fees367.8 352.7 332.7 365.8 378.0 385.1 294.1 219.3 
Performance fees57.3 — 3.5 4.8 49.8 14.9 15.7 21.8 
Other56.2 48.1 45.7 60.0 60.8 63.5 58.3 49.8 
Total operating revenues1,630.1 1,497.6 1,419.0 1,598.9 1,742.8 1,720.6 1,439.4 1,214.6 
Operating expenses:
Third-party distribution, service and advisory507.7 480.8 444.0 515.1 528.1 545.1 451.8 368.0 
Employee compensation486.9 444.5 454.6 421.9 460.1 446.0 421.9 381.3 
Marketing20.6 15.6 14.4 32.7 41.0 33.2 33.4 28.0 
Property, office and technology126.1 127.5 128.3 130.4 140.8 131.2 114.9 107.2 
General and administrative95.9 89.7 188.9 106.3 121.7 104.5 94.2 83.8 
Transaction, integration and restructuring175.1 71.0 71.7 75.5 136.5 185.5 304.9 46.1 
Total operating expenses1,412.3 1,229.1 1,301.9 1,281.9 1,428.2 1,445.5 1,421.1 1,014.4 
Operating income217.8 268.5 117.1 317.0 314.6 275.1 18.3 200.2 
Other income/(expense):
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates26.0 18.6 11.2 16.9 9.5 19.8 12.1 15.0 
Interest and dividend income9.1 2.6 2.4 6.4 14.0 5.9 3.9 4.7 
Interest expense(24.4)(33.8)(34.8)(36.3)(34.6)(35.0)(33.0)(33.1)
Other gains and losses, net59.9 31.5 60.0 (106.5)(3.3)13.8 24.1 31.1 
Other income/(expense) of CIP, net111.3 99.2 (50.5)(20.1)22.8 37.0 51.1 38.9 
Income before income taxes399.7 386.6 105.4 177.4 323.0 316.6 76.5 256.8 
Income tax (provision)/benefits(68.9)(91.9)(43.4)(57.4)(80.4)(74.0)(14.5)(66.2)
Net income330.8 294.7 62.0 120.0 242.6 242.6 62.0 190.6 
Net (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities(60.5)(43.8)37.7 20.7 (3.6)(11.1)(21.9)(12.9)
Less: Dividends declared on preferred shares(59.2)(59.2)(59.2)(59.2)(59.2)(64.4)— — 
Net income attributable to Invesco Ltd.211.1 191.7 40.5 81.5 179.8 167.1 40.1 177.7 
Earnings per common share (1):
Basic$0.46 $0.42 $0.09 $0.18 $0.40 $0.36 $0.09 $0.44 
Diluted$0.46 $0.41 $0.09 $0.18 $0.39 $0.36 $0.09 $0.44 
Average common shares outstanding (1):
Basic461.0 461.1 460.1 455.7 454.1 462.8 431.6 401.6 
Diluted463.5 463.5 463.1 458.9 457.9 466.9 433.8 401.9 
Dividends declared per common share:$0.16 $0.16 $0.16 $0.31 $0.31 $0.31 $0.31 $0.30 
____________
(1)    The sum of the quarterly earnings per common share amounts may differ from the annual earnings per common share amounts due to the required method of computing the weighted average number of common shares in interim periods.
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Item 8.  Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Index to Financial Statements and Supplementary Data


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Annual Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management of the company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). The company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate
because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Under the supervision, and with the participation of the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, management assessed the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020.2023. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management concluded that the company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020.2023.

The company's independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, havehas issued a report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, which is included herein.
    

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Invesco Ltd.

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Invesco Ltd. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of changes in equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020,2023, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020,2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20202023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020,2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Annual Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.Reporting appearing under Item 8. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated beloware mattersarising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to theconsolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidatedfinancial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

AccountingIndefinite-Lived Intangible Assets Impairment Assessment for Income TaxesAcquired Management Contracts of U.S. Retail Mutual Funds

As described in Notes 1, 2 and 175 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recorded income tax expenseCompany’s management contracts indefinite-lived intangible assets, net balance was $5,705.4 million as of $261.6December 31, 2023. As disclosed by management, the carrying value of indefinite-lived intangible assets related to acquired management contracts of U.S. retail mutual funds was $4,569.7 million, which included a $1,248.9 million impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2020, and had net deferred tax assets of $318.8 million, including a valuation allowance of $104.5 million, and total gross unrecognized income tax benefits of $61.9 million2023. Management tests for impairment annually as of December 31, 2020, $50.5 millionOctober 1 or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. If the qualitative assessment indicates that an impairment may be likely or management elects to not perform the qualitative assessment, management performs a quantitative test to determine the fair value of which would affect the Company's effective tax rate if recognized inintangible assets and compares the fair value with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized. Fair value is generally determined using an income approach where estimated future periods.cash flows are discounted to arrive at a single present value amount. The Company files U.S. federal, U.S. state and local, and numerous foreign income tax returns. As disclosed by management, significant judgment is requiredmost sensitive assumptions used in the determination ofincome approach are the Company’s annual income tax provisions, which includesrevenue forecast, the assessment of deferred tax assetslong-term growth rate and uncertain tax positions, as well as the interpretation and application of existing and newly enacted tax laws, regulation changes, and new judicial rulings.discount rate.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the accountingindefinite-lived intangible assets impairment assessment for income taxesacquired management contracts of U.S. retail mutual funds is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when determiningdeveloping the provision for income taxes, includingfair value estimate of the interpretation and application of newly enacted tax laws, regulation changes, and new judicial rulings; this in turn led tointangible assets; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to the revenue forecast, the long-term growth rate and the discount rate; and (iii) the audit evidence relating to management’s interpretationeffort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and application of newly enacted tax laws, regulation changes, and new judicial rulings.knowledge.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the provisionmanagement’s indefinite-lived intangible assets impairment assessment for income taxes,acquired management contracts of U.S. retail mutual funds, including controls over the interpretation and applicationvaluation of newly enacted tax laws, regulation changes, and new judicial rulings.the acquired management contracts of U.S. retail mutual fund indefinite-lived intangible assets. These procedures also included, among others (i) evaluatingtesting management’s assessmentprocess for developing the fair value estimate of the applicabilityindefinite lived intangible assets; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of newly enacted tax laws, regulation changes, and new judicial rulings; (ii) testing management'sthe income tax calculations, includingapproach used by management; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the income approach; and considering the Company's compliance with tax laws; and (iii)(iv) evaluating the statusreasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management related to the revenue forecast, the long-term growth rate and resultsthe discount rate. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the income tax audits withapproach and (ii) the relevant tax authorities.reasonableness of the revenue forecast, long-term growth rate and discount rate assumptions.

Commitments and Contingencies - OppenheimerFunds Acquisition-Related MatterGoodwill Impairment Assessment

As described in Note 20Notes 1 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s goodwill balance was $8,691.5 million as of December 31, 2020,2023. The Company has one reporting unit for goodwill, which management reviews for impairment annually as of October 1 and between annual tests when events and circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred. If the Company accruedqualitative assessment indicates that an estimated liability of $387.8 million for remediation costs relatedimpairment may be likely or management elected to not perform the qualitative assessment, a restatement of historical financial statements for certain funds acquired as partquantitative impairment test is performed at the reporting unit level. If the carrying amount of the Company’s acquisitionreporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized. The principal method of OppenheimerFunds, which represents the expected reimbursement to certain fund shareholders from the Company. The estimate is based primarily on management’s assumptions around the activitydetermining fair value of the underlying fund shareholders in the omnibus accounts, the majority of which data the Company has not yet received. Estimation of the liability involves significant judgment, and asreporting unit is an income approach where estimated future cash flows are discounted to arrive at a single present value amount. As disclosed by management, the determination of liability due to each fund shareholder is based on a number of factors includingmost sensitive assumptions used in the timing of fund shareholder transactions,income approach are the frequency and magnitude of fund shareholder transactions, the dates on which each fund shareholder opened and closed his or her account,long-term growth rate and the difference between the historical net asset value of the Funds and the corrected price on the dates when a fund shareholder engaged in transaction activity and the Funds made distributions.discount rate.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to OppenheimerFunds acquisition-related matterthe goodwill impairment assessment is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when determiningdeveloping the estimated liability for expected reimbursement to certain fund shareholders, which in turn led tofair value estimate of the reporting unit; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions aroundrelated to the activity oflong-term growth rate and the underlying shareholders in the omnibus accounts, the majority of which data the Company has not yet received;discount rate; and (ii)(iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

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Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s determinationgoodwill impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation of the liability for expected reimbursement to certain fund shareholders.reporting unit. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for determiningdeveloping the estimated liability;fair value estimate of the reporting unit; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the methodology;income approach used by management; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the available data on the activity of the underlying shareholders;income approach; and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of management’sthe significant assumptions aroundused by management related to the activity oflong-term growth rate and the underlying shareholders in the omnibus accounts, the majority of which data the Company has not yet received.discount rate. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in testingevaluating (i) the completeness and accuracyappropriateness of the available data.income approach and (ii) the reasonableness of the long-term growth rate and discount rate assumptions.


/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Atlanta, Georgia
February 18, 202121, 2024

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2013.
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Invesco Ltd.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
As ofAs of
(in millions, except per share data)(in millions, except per share data)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents
As of
$ in millions, except per share dataDecember 31, 2020December 31, 2019
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents1,408.4 1,049.0 
Accounts receivable
Unsettled fund receivables109.4 162.7 
Accounts receivable
Accounts receivableAccounts receivable741.1 855.6 
InvestmentsInvestments826.8 829.5 
Assets of consolidated investment products (CIP):
Assets of CIP:
Cash and cash equivalents of CIP
Cash and cash equivalents of CIP
Cash and cash equivalents of CIPCash and cash equivalents of CIP301.7 652.2 
Accounts receivable and other assets of CIPAccounts receivable and other assets of CIP175.5 172.9 
Investments of CIPInvestments of CIP7,910.0 7,808.0 
Assets held for policyholdersAssets held for policyholders7,582.1 10,835.6 
Prepaid assets149.2 144.0 
Other assets
Other assets
Other assetsOther assets514.2 459.6 
Property, equipment and software, netProperty, equipment and software, net563.8 583.5 
Intangible assets, netIntangible assets, net7,305.6 7,358.3 
GoodwillGoodwill8,916.3 8,509.4 
Total assetsTotal assets36,504.1 39,420.3 
LIABILITIESLIABILITIES
Accrued compensation and benefitsAccrued compensation and benefits973.7 1,030.7 
Accrued compensation and benefits
Accrued compensation and benefits
Accounts payable and accrued expensesAccounts payable and accrued expenses1,920.4 1,904.0 
Liabilities of CIP:Liabilities of CIP:
Debt of CIPDebt of CIP6,714.1 6,234.6 
Debt of CIP
Debt of CIP
Other liabilities of CIPOther liabilities of CIP588.6 949.6 
Policyholder payablesPolicyholder payables7,582.1 10,835.6 
Unsettled fund payables98.4 154.2 
Long-term debt2,082.6 2,080.3 
Debt
Debt
Debt
Deferred tax liabilities, netDeferred tax liabilities, net1,523.5 1,529.5 
Total liabilitiesTotal liabilities21,483.4 24,718.5 
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 20)00
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 18)Commitments and contingencies (See Note 18)
TEMPORARY EQUITYTEMPORARY EQUITY
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated entitiesRedeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities211.8 383.5 
PERMANENT EQUITYPERMANENT EQUITY
Equity attributable to Invesco Ltd.:Equity attributable to Invesco Ltd.:
Preferred shares ($0.20 par value; $1,000 liquidation preference; 4.0 million authorized, issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively)4,010.5 4,010.5 
Common shares ($0.20 par value; 1,050.0 million authorized; 566.1 million and 566.1 million shares issued as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively)113.2 113.2 
Equity attributable to Invesco Ltd.:
Equity attributable to Invesco Ltd.:
Preferred shares ($0.20 par value; $1,000 liquidation preference; 4.0 million authorized, issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022)
Preferred shares ($0.20 par value; $1,000 liquidation preference; 4.0 million authorized, issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022)
Preferred shares ($0.20 par value; $1,000 liquidation preference; 4.0 million authorized, issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022)
Common shares ($0.20 par value; 1,050.0 million authorized; 566.1 million shares issued as of December 31, 2023 and 2022)
Additional paid-in-capitalAdditional paid-in-capital7,811.4 7,860.8 
Treasury sharesTreasury shares(3,253.8)(3,452.5)
Retained earningsRetained earnings6,085.0 5,917.8 
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), net of taxAccumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax(404.5)(587.3)
Total equity attributable to Invesco Ltd.Total equity attributable to Invesco Ltd.14,361.8 13,862.5 
Equity attributable to nonredeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated entitiesEquity attributable to nonredeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities447.1 455.8 
Total permanent equityTotal permanent equity14,808.9 14,318.3 
Total liabilities, temporary and permanent equityTotal liabilities, temporary and permanent equity36,504.1 39,420.3 


See accompanying notes.


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Invesco Ltd.
Consolidated Statements of Income
Years ended December 31,
$ in millions, except per common share data202020192018
Years ended December 31,Years ended December 31,
(in millions, except per common share data)(in millions, except per common share data)202320222021
Operating revenues:Operating revenues:
Investment management fees
Investment management fees
Investment management feesInvestment management fees4,451.0 4,506.3 4,082.3 
Service and distribution feesService and distribution fees1,419.0 1,276.5 968.5 
Performance feesPerformance fees65.6 102.2 56.9 
OtherOther210.0 232.4 206.4 
Total operating revenuesTotal operating revenues6,145.6 6,117.4 5,314.1 
Operating expenses:Operating expenses:
Third-party distribution, service and advisoryThird-party distribution, service and advisory1,947.6 1,893.0 1,608.2 
Third-party distribution, service and advisory
Third-party distribution, service and advisory
Employee compensationEmployee compensation1,807.9 1,709.3 1,494.4 
MarketingMarketing83.3 135.6 134.8 
Property, office and technologyProperty, office and technology512.3 494.1 410.5 
General and administrativeGeneral and administrative480.8 404.2 324.4 
Transaction, integration and restructuringTransaction, integration and restructuring393.3 673.0 136.9 
Amortization and impairment of intangible assets
Total operating expensesTotal operating expenses5,225.2 5,309.2 4,109.2 
Operating income920.4 808.2 1,204.9 
Operating income/(loss)
Other income/(expense):Other income/(expense):
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliatesEquity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates72.7 56.4 33.8 
Interest and dividend incomeInterest and dividend income20.5 28.5 21.3 
Interest expenseInterest expense(129.3)(135.7)(111.5)
Other gains and losses, net44.9 65.7 (40.0)
Other gains/(losses), net
Other income/(expense) of CIP, netOther income/(expense) of CIP, net139.9 149.8 29.6 
Income before income taxes1,069.1 972.9 1,138.1 
Income/(loss) before income taxes
Income tax provisionIncome tax provision(261.6)(235.1)(255.0)
Net income807.5 737.8 883.1 
Net income/(loss)
Net (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated entitiesNet (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities(45.9)(49.5)(0.3)
Dividends on preferred shares(236.8)(123.6)
Net income attributable to Invesco Ltd.524.8 564.7 882.8 
Dividends declared on preferred shares
Net income/(loss) attributable to Invesco Ltd.
Earnings per common share:Earnings per common share:
Earnings per common share:
Earnings per common share:
-basic
-basic
-basic-basic$1.14 $1.29 $2.14 
-diluted-diluted$1.13 $1.28 $2.14 

See accompanying notes.




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Invesco Ltd.Ltd.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Years ended December 31,
$ in millions202020192018
Net income807.5 737.8 883.1 
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax:
Currency translation differences on investments in foreign subsidiaries182.7 155.6 (327.1)
Actuarial gain/(loss) related to employee benefit plans(6.3)(10.8)(13.0)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax6.4 2.9 (0.5)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)182.8 147.7 (340.6)
Total comprehensive income/(loss)990.3 885.5 542.5 
Comprehensive (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities(45.9)(49.5)(0.3)
Dividends on preferred shares(236.8)(123.6)
Comprehensive (loss)/income attributable to Invesco Ltd.707.6 712.4 542.2 
Years ended December 31,
(in millions)202320222021
Net income/(loss)$(168.2)$925.5 $1,969.4 
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax:
Currency translation differences on investments in foreign subsidiaries144.9 (463.1)(73.4)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax(4.3)(37.8)36.4 
Other comprehensive income/(loss)140.6 (500.9)(37.0)
Total comprehensive income/(loss)(27.6)424.6 1,932.4 
Comprehensive loss/(income) attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities71.3 (4.8)(339.6)
Dividends declared on preferred shares(236.8)(236.8)(236.8)
Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to Invesco Ltd.$(193.1)$183.0 $1,356.0 

See accompanying notes.


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Invesco Ltd.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Years ended December 31,
$ in millions202020192018
Years ended December 31,Years ended December 31,
(in millions)(in millions)202320222021
Operating activities:Operating activities:
Net income807.5 737.8 883.1 
Net income/(loss)
Net income/(loss)
Net income/(loss)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities:Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities:
Amortization and depreciationAmortization and depreciation203.5 177.6 142.1 
Amortization and depreciation
Amortization and depreciation
Impairment of intangible assets
Common share-based compensation expenseCommon share-based compensation expense188.5 207.5 172.4 
Other gains and losses, net(44.9)(65.7)40.0 
Other (gains)/losses, net
Other (gains)/losses, net
Other (gains)/losses, net
Other (gains)/losses of CIP, netOther (gains)/losses of CIP, net(32.1)(32.9)55.1 
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliatesEquity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates(72.7)(56.4)(33.8)
Distributions from equity method investeesDistributions from equity method investees33.9 9.7 9.2 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
(Purchase)/sale of investments by CIP, net
(Purchase)/sale of investments by CIP, net
(Purchase)/sale of investments by CIP, net(Purchase)/sale of investments by CIP, net(48.2)(213.4)(340.7)
(Purchase)/sale of investments, net(Purchase)/sale of investments, net263.1 167.0 (45.5)
(Increase)/decrease in receivables(Increase)/decrease in receivables3,744.4 934.3 944.4 
Increase/(decrease) in payablesIncrease/(decrease) in payables(3,812.7)(748.9)(997.5)
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activitiesNet cash provided by/(used in) operating activities1,230.3 1,116.6 828.8 
Investing activities:Investing activities:
Purchase of property, equipment and softwarePurchase of property, equipment and software(115.0)(124.3)(102.5)
Purchase of property, equipment and software
Purchase of property, equipment and software
Purchase of investments by CIP
Purchase of investments by CIP
Purchase of investments by CIPPurchase of investments by CIP(4,548.6)(5,244.8)(4,488.3)
Sale of investments by CIPSale of investments by CIP3,782.3 3,654.9 3,210.1 
Purchase of investmentsPurchase of investments(153.6)(229.1)(153.5)
Sale of investmentsSale of investments143.2 123.3 123.1 
Capital distribution from equity method investeesCapital distribution from equity method investees26.6 78.1 45.5 
Collateral received/(posted), net26.0 (63.8)
Purchase of business, net of cash acquired290.5 (1,469.3)
Other investing activities
Other investing activities
Other investing activities
Net cash inflows/(outflows) upon consolidation/deconsolidation of CIP
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activitiesNet cash provided by/(used in) investing activities(865.1)(1,425.4)(2,898.7)
Financing activities:Financing activities:
Purchases of treasury shares
Purchases of treasury shares
Purchases of treasury sharesPurchases of treasury shares(47.1)(469.8)(51.8)
Dividends paid - preferredDividends paid - preferred(236.8)(123.6)
Dividends paid - commonDividends paid - common(357.4)(529.1)(490.6)
Third-party capital invested into CIPThird-party capital invested into CIP185.8 289.5 465.8 
Third-party capital invested into CIP
Third-party capital invested into CIP
Third-party capital distributed by CIPThird-party capital distributed by CIP(236.4)(144.1)(117.0)
Borrowings of debt of CIPBorrowings of debt of CIP1,268.0 3,348.8 2,463.8 
Repayments of debt of CIPRepayments of debt of CIP(791.1)(1,819.6)(1,045.4)
Payment on forward contracts(190.6)
Collateral received/(posted), net142.0 
Net borrowings/(repayments) under credit facility(330.8)330.8 
Repayment of senior notes
Settlement of forward contracts on treasury shares
Collateral received/(returned), net
Payment of contingent consideration
Payment of contingent consideration
Payment of contingent considerationPayment of contingent consideration(22.3)(20.0)(15.6)
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activitiesNet cash provided by/(used in) financing activities(285.9)201.3 1,540.0 
Increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalentsIncrease/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents79.3 (107.5)(529.9)
Foreign exchange movement on cash and cash equivalentsForeign exchange movement on cash and cash equivalents27.5 17.7 (43.8)
Foreign exchange movement on cash and cash equivalents of CIPForeign exchange movement on cash and cash equivalents of CIP25.8 (7.0)(1.0)
Net cash inflows (outflows) upon consolidation/deconsolidation of CIP5.5 (7.4)(137.6)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of periodCash and cash equivalents, beginning of period1,701.2 1,805.4 2,517.7 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period1,839.3 1,701.2 1,805.4 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
Cash and cash equivalentsCash and cash equivalents1,408.4 1,049.0 1,147.7 
Restricted cash (1)
129.2 
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents of CIPCash and cash equivalents of CIP301.7 652.2 657.7 
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash per consolidated statement of cash flows1,839.3 1,701.2 1,805.4 
Cash and cash equivalents of CIP
Cash and cash equivalents of CIP
Total cash and cash equivalents per consolidated statement of cash flows
Supplemental Cash Flow Information:Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
Interest paid
Interest paid
Interest paidInterest paid(93.1)(99.4)(100.8)
Interest receivedInterest received2.7 9.2 8.9 
Taxes paidTaxes paid(223.8)(193.7)(322.0)
(1)    Restricted cash of $129.2 million as of December 31, 2020 is recorded in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet

See accompanying notes.
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Invesco Ltd.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
Equity Attributable to Invesco Ltd.
(in millions, except per share data)
(in millions, except per share data)
(in millions, except per share data)Preferred SharesCommon SharesAdditional Paid-in-CapitalTreasury SharesRetained EarningsAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)Total Equity Attributable to Invesco Ltd.Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated EntitiesTotal Permanent EquityRedeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Entities/Temporary Equity
January 1, 2023
Equity Attributable to Invesco Ltd.
$ in millions, except per share dataPreferred SharesCommon SharesAdditional Paid-in-CapitalTreasury SharesRetained EarningsAccumulated Other Comprehensive IncomeTotal Equity Attributable to Invesco Ltd.Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated EntitiesTotal Permanent EquityRedeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Entities/Temporary Equity
January 1, 20204,010.5 113.2 7,860.8 (3,452.5)5,917.8 (587.3)13,862.5 455.8 14,318.3 383.5 
Net income/(loss)
Net income/(loss)
Net income— — — — 761.6 — 761.6 34.7 796.3 11.2 
Other comprehensive income— — — — — 182.8 182.8 — 182.8 — 
Net income/(loss)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)
Change in noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities, netChange in noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities, net— — — — — — — (43.4)(43.4)(182.9)
Issuance of shares— — — — — 
Dividends declared - preferred ($59.00 per share)Dividends declared - preferred ($59.00 per share)— — — — (236.8)— (236.8)— (236.8)— 
Dividends declared - common ($0.78 per share)— — — — (357.6)— (357.6)— (357.6)— 
Dividends declared - preferred ($59.00 per share)
Dividends declared - preferred ($59.00 per share)
Dividends declared - common ($0.7875 per share)
Employee common share plans:Employee common share plans:
Common share-based compensation
Common share-based compensation
Common share-based compensationCommon share-based compensation— — 188.5 — — — 188.5 — 188.5 — 
Vested common sharesVested common shares— — (227.3)227.3 — — — — — 
Other common share awardsOther common share awards— — (10.6)18.5 — — 7.9 — 7.9 — 
Purchase of common sharesPurchase of common shares— — — (47.1)— — (47.1)— (47.1)— 
December 31, 20204,010.5 113.2 7,811.4 (3,253.8)6,085.0 (404.5)14,361.8 447.1 14,808.9 211.8 
December 31, 2023

See accompanying notes.

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Invesco Ltd.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (continued)
Equity Attributable to Invesco Ltd.
$ in millions, except per share dataPreferred SharesCommon SharesAdditional Paid-in-CapitalTreasury SharesRetained EarningsAccumulated Other Comprehensive IncomeTotal Equity Attributable to Invesco Ltd.Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated EntitiesTotal Permanent EquityRedeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Entities/Temporary Equity
January 1, 201998.1 6,334.8 (3,003.6)5,884.5 (735.0)8,578.8 357.4 8,936.2 396.2 
Equity Attributable to Invesco Ltd.
(in millions, except per share data)
(in millions, except per share data)
(in millions, except per share data)Preferred SharesCommon SharesAdditional Paid-in-CapitalTreasury SharesRetained EarningsAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)Total Equity Attributable to Invesco Ltd.Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated EntitiesTotal Permanent EquityRedeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Entities/Temporary Equity
January 1, 2022
Net incomeNet income— — — — 688.3 — 688.3 9.5 697.8 40.0 
Other comprehensive income— — — — — 147.7 147.7 — 147.7 — 
Net income
Net income
Other comprehensive income/(loss)
Change in noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities, netChange in noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities, net— — — — — — — 88.9 88.9 (52.7)
Issuance of shares4,010.5 15.1 1,438.2 — — — 5,463.8 — 5,463.8 — 
Dividends declared - preferred ($30.81 per
share)
— — — — (123.6)— (123.6)— (123.6)— 
Dividends declared - common ($1.23 per share)— — — — (531.4)— (531.4)— (531.4)— 
Dividends declared - preferred ($59.00 per
share)
Dividends declared - preferred ($59.00 per
share)
Dividends declared - preferred ($59.00 per
share)
Dividends declared - common ($0.73 per share)
Employee common share plans:Employee common share plans:
Common share-based compensation
Common share-based compensation
Common share-based compensationCommon share-based compensation— — 207.5 — — — 207.5 — 207.5 — 
Vested common sharesVested common shares— — (118.3)207.0 — — 88.7 — 88.7 — 
Other common share awardsOther common share awards— — (1.4)8.9 — — 7.5 — 7.5 — 
Purchase of common sharesPurchase of common shares— — — (664.8)— — (664.8)— (664.8)— 
December 31, 20194,010.5 113.2 7,860.8 (3,452.5)5,917.8 (587.3)13,862.5 455.8 14,318.3 383.5 
December 31, 2022

See accompanying notes.
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Invesco Ltd.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (continued)
Equity Attributable to Invesco Ltd.
(in millions, except per share data)
(in millions, except per share data)
(in millions, except per share data)Preferred SharesCommon SharesAdditional Paid-in-CapitalTreasury SharesRetained EarningsAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)Total Equity Attributable to Invesco Ltd.Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated EntitiesTotal Permanent EquityRedeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Entities/Temporary Equity
January 1, 2021
Equity Attributable to Invesco Ltd.
$ in millions, except per share dataCommon SharesAdditional Paid-in-CapitalTreasury SharesRetained EarningsAccumulated Other Comprehensive IncomeTotal Equity Attributable to Invesco Ltd.Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated EntitiesTotal Permanent EquityRedeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Entities/Temporary Equity
January 1, 201898.1 6,282.0 (2,781.9)5,489.1 (391.2)8,696.1 259.5 8,955.6 243.2 
Adjustment for adoption of ASU 2016-01— — — 3.2 (3.2)— — — 
January 1, 2018, as adjusted98.1 6,282.0 (2,781.9)5,492.3 (394.4)8,696.1 259.5 8,955.6 243.2 
Net incomeNet income— — — 882.8 — 882.8 28.3 911.1 (28.0)
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — (340.6)(340.6)— (340.6)— 
Net income
Net income
Other comprehensive income/(loss)
Change in noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities, netChange in noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities, net— — — — — — 69.6 69.6 181.0 
Dividends declared - common ($1.19 per share)— — — (490.6)— (490.6)— (490.6)— 
Dividends declared - preferred ($59.00 per share)
Dividends declared - preferred ($59.00 per share)
Dividends declared - preferred ($59.00 per share)
Dividends declared - common ($0.67 per share)
Employee common share plans:Employee common share plans:
Common share-based compensation
Common share-based compensation
Common share-based compensationCommon share-based compensation— 172.4 — — — 172.4 — 172.4 — 
Vested common sharesVested common shares— (120.6)120.6 — — — — — 
Other common share awardsOther common share awards— 1.0 6.6 — — 7.6 — 7.6 — 
Purchase of common sharesPurchase of common shares— — (348.9)— — (348.9)— (348.9)— 
December 31, 201898.1 6,334.8 (3,003.6)5,884.5 (735.0)8,578.8 357.4 8,936.2 396.2 
December 31, 2021

See accompanying notes.


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Invesco Ltd.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

1.  ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Corporate Information

Invesco Ltd. (Parent) and all of its consolidated entities (collectively, theThe company or Invesco) provideprovides retail and institutional clients with an array of global investment management capabilities. The company operates globally and its sole business is investment management.

Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted

Financial Instruments. On January 1, 2020, the company adopted Accounting Standard Update 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (ASU 2016-13) using the modified retrospective approach. ASU 2016-13 amends guidance related to reporting credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost and available for sale securities and adds an impairment model that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. Under the modified retrospective approach, entities are required to report any effect from adoption as a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings at the adoption date. The company has determined that there is no material impact upon adoption of this amendment.
Goodwill. On January 1, 2020, the company adopted Accounting Standards Update 2017-04, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment” (ASU 2017-04), which revised the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. The company has adopted ASU 2017-04 using a prospective approach. In the event a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds fair value, the amount of impairment will equal the excess carrying value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. To the extent carrying amount exceeds fair value in a future goodwill impairment test, the amendment could change the amount of impairment expense the company records.
Cloud Computing Arrangements. On January 1, 2020, the company adopted Accounting Standards Update 2018-15, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software: Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract” (ASU 2018-15), which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The company has adopted ASU 2018-15 using a prospective approach to all implementation costs incurred after adoption. The company has determined that there is no material impact upon adoption of this standard.
Pending Accounting Pronouncements

Income TaxesSegment Disclosures.. In December of 2019,November 2023, the FASBFinancial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update 2019-12, “Simplifying Accounting for Income Taxes”2023-07, "Segment Reporting: Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures" (ASU 2019-12)2023-07). The standard is intended to simplify various aspects related to income taxesrequires disclosure of the Chief Operating Decision Maker and removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740.detailed information about segment expenses on a quarterly and annual basis. ASU 2019-122023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

Income Tax Disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09, "Income Taxes: Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" (ASU 2023-09). The standard requires disaggregated income tax disclosures of the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025 and early adoption is permitted. The company has determined that there will be no materialis currently evaluating the impact upon adoption of this amendment.amendment on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

Basis of Accounting and ConsolidationPresentation

The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United StatesU.S. and with rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange CommissionSEC and consolidate the financial statements of the Parent and all of its controlled subsidiaries. In the opinion of management, the Consolidated Financial Statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, which are necessary for the fair presentation of the financial condition and results of operations for the periods presented. All significant intercompany transactions, balances, revenues and expenses are eliminated upon consolidation.

The company provides investment management servicesConsolidated Financial Statements have been prepared primarily on the historical cost basis; however, certain items are presented using other bases such as fair value, where such treatment is required or voluntarily elected. The financial statements of subsidiaries, with the exception of certain CIP, are prepared for the same reporting period as the Parent and use consistent accounting policies, which, where applicable, have been adjusted to and has transactions with, various retail mutual funds and similarU.S. GAAP from local generally accepted accounting principles or reporting regulations. Noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities private equity funds, real estate funds, fund-of-funds, collateralized loan obligations (CLOs), and other investment products sponsoredrepresents the interests in certain entities consolidated by the company either because the company has control over the entity or has determined that it is the primary beneficiary, but the company does not own all of the entity's equity. To the extent that noncontrolling interests represent equity which is redeemable or convertible for cash or other assets at the option of the equity holder, these are deemed to represent temporary equity, and are classified as equity attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the normal courseConsolidated Balance Sheets. Nonredeemable noncontrolling interests are classified as a component of business for the investment of client assets. The company serves as the investment manager, making day-to-day investment decisions concerning the assets of these products.permanent equity.

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In addition to consolidating the financial statements of the Parent and all of its controlled subsidiaries, the Consolidated Financial Statements include the consolidation of certain investment products (Consolidated Investment Products or CIP) that meet the definition of either a voting rights entity (VOE),VOE, if the company is deemed to have a controlling financial interest in the fund, or a variable interest entity (VIE),VIE, if the company has been deemed to be the primary beneficiary of the fund.

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Certain of these investment products typicallyincluding, but not limited to, CLOs, funds that are structured as partnership entities (such as private equity funds, real estate funds and fund-of-funds) and certain non-U.S. mutual funds are considered, for accounting and consolidation analysis purposes, to be VIEs if the VIE criteria are met.VIEs. A VIE, in the context of the company and its managed funds, is a fund that does not have sufficient equity to finance its operations without additional subordinated financial support, or a fund for which the risks and rewards of ownership are not directly linked to voting interests. If the company is deemed to have the power to direct the activities of the fund that most significantly impact the fund's economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses/right to receive benefits from the fund that could potentially be significant to the fund, then the company is deemed to be the fund's primary beneficiary and is required to consolidate the fund.

The company's economic risk with respect to each investment in a CIP is limited to its equity ownership and any uncollected management and performance fees. See Note 21,19, "Consolidated Investment Products," for additional information regarding the impact of CIP.

Consolidation Analysis

The company inventories its funds by vehicle type on a quarterly basis. The company assesses modifications to existing funds on an ongoing basis to determine if a significant reconsideration event has occurred. The consolidation analysis includes a detailed review of the terms of the fund's governing documents and a comparison of the significant terms against the consolidation criteria in ASC Topic 810, including a determination of whether the fund is a VIE or a VOE. Seed moneycapital and co-investments in managed funds in which the company has determined that it is the primary beneficiary or in which the company has a controlling financial interest are consolidated if the impact of doing so is deemed material. If the company subsequently determines that it no longer controls the managed funds in which it has invested, or no longer has an obligation to absorb losses or rights to receive benefits, the company will deconsolidate the funds. If there are any remaining holdings in the managed funds or if the managed funds are not required to be consolidated, the investment is no longer accounted for as CIP and is moved to the investments line item in the balance sheet and is accounted for as described in the "Investments" accounting policy below.

Upon consolidation of an investment product, the company's gain or loss on its investment (before consolidation) eliminates with the company's shareAll of the offsetting loss or gain in the fund. Upon consolidation of directlyinvestments held CLOs, the company's and the funds' accounting policies are effectively aligned, resulting in the reclassification of the company's gain or loss (representing the changes in the market value of the company's holding in the consolidated fund) from other comprehensive income into other gains/losses. The net impact from consolidation of funds previously carried as available-for-sale investments to net income attributable to Invesco Ltd. in each period primarily represents the changes in the value of the company's holdings in its consolidated CLOs.

Consolidation of CLOs

A significant portion ofby VIEs are CLOs. CLOs are investment vehicles created for the sole purpose of issuing collateralized loan instruments that offer investors the opportunity for returns that vary with the risk level of their investment. The notes issued by the CLOs are backed by diversified collateral asset portfolios consisting primarily of loans or structured debt. For managing the collateral of the CLO entities, the company earns investment management fees, includingpresented at fair value in some cases subordinated management fees, as well as contingent performance fees. The company has invested in certain of the entities, generally taking a portion of the unrated, junior subordinated position. The company's investments in CLOs are generally subordinated to other interests in the entities and entitle the company and other subordinated tranche investors to receive the residual cash flows, if any, from the entities. The company's subordinated interest can take the form of (1) subordinated notes, (2) income notes or (3) preference/preferred shares. The company has determined that, although the junior tranches have certain characteristics of equity, they should be accounted for and disclosed as debt on the company's Consolidated Balance Sheets as the subordinatedat December 31, 2023 and income notes have a stated maturity indicating a date for which they are mandatorily redeemable. The preference shares are also classified as debt, as redemption is required only upon liquidation or termination of the CLO and not of the company.

The company determined that it was the primary beneficiary of certain CLOs, as it has the power to direct the activities of the CLOs that most significantly impact the CLOs' economic performance, and the obligation to absorb losses/right to receive benefits from the CLOs that could potentially be significant to the CLOs. The primary beneficiary assessment includes an analysis of the rights of the company in its capacity as investment manager. In some CLOs, the company's role as investment
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manager provides that the company contractually has the power, as defined in ASC Topic 810, to direct the activities of the CLOs that most significantly impact the CLOs' economic performance, such as managing the collateral portfolio and the CLOs' credit risk. In other CLOs, the company determined that it does not have this power in its role as investment manager due to certain rights held by other investors in the products or restrictions that limit the company's ability to manage the collateral portfolio and its credit risk. Additionally, the primary beneficiary assessment includes an analysis of the company's rights to receive benefits and obligations to absorb losses associated with its first loss position and management/performance fees.

2022. The company has elected the fair value option under ASC Topic 825-10-25 to measure the assets of all consolidated CLOs at fair value. All of the investments held by VIEs are presented at fair value in the company's Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2020 and 2019. The notes issued by consolidated CLOs are measured under the measurement alternative that requires the reporting entity to measure both the financial assets and the fair value of the financial liabilities of the CLOCLOs using the more observable of the fair value of the financial assets and the fair value of the financial liabilities. The company’s earnings fromGains or losses related to assets and liabilities of consolidated CLOs reflectare offset in Other income/(expense) of CIP, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Net income (loss) attributable to Invesco Ltd. includes only the changes in fair value of its ownthe company’s economic interests in the CLOs. Gains or losses on assets and liabilities of theconsolidated CLOs are not attributeddue to noncontrolling interests but are offset in other gains/(losses) of CIP.interests.

Consolidation of Private Equity, Real Estate and Fund-of-Funds

The company also consolidates certain private equity funds and from time to time real estate funds that are structured as partnerships in which the company is the general partner receiving a management and/or performance fee. Private equity investments made by the underlying funds consist of direct investments in, or fund investments in other private equity funds that hold direct investments in, equity or debt securities of operating companies that are generally not initially publicly traded. Private equity funds are considered investment companies and are therefore accounted for under ASC Topic 946, “Financial Services - Investment Companies.” The company has retained the specialized industry accounting principles of these investment products in its Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 21, “Consolidated Investment Products,” for additional details.

Consolidation Basis

The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared primarily on the historical cost basis; however, certain items are presented using other bases such as fair value, where such treatment is required or voluntarily elected, as discussed above. The financial statements of subsidiaries, with the exception of certain CIP, are prepared for the same reporting period as the Parent and use consistent accounting policies, which, where applicable, have been adjusted to U.S. GAAP from local generally accepted accounting principles or reporting regulations. The financial information of certain CIP is included in the company's Consolidated Financial Statements on a one-month or a three-month lag based upon the availability of fund financial information. Noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities represents the interests in certain entities consolidated by the company either because the company has control over the entity or has determined that it is the primary beneficiary, but of which the company does not own all of the entity's equity. To the extent that noncontrolling interests represent equity which is redeemable or convertible for cash or other assets at the option of the equity holder, these are deemed to represent temporary equity, and are classified as equity attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Nonredeemable noncontrolling interests are classified as a component of permanent equity.

Use of Estimates

In preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported revenues, expenses, assets, liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities. The year ended December 31, 2020 was characterized by heightened uncertainty due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which impacted the level of judgment used in estimates and assumptions made by management. The primary estimates and assumptions made relate to goodwill and intangible impairment, certain investments which are carried at fair value, post-employment benefit plan obligations, income taxes and contingent losses. Additionally, estimation is involved when determining investment and debt valuation for certain CIP; however, changes in the fair values of these amounts are largely offset by noncontrolling interests. Use of available information and application of judgment are inherent in the formation of estimates. Actual results in the future could differ from such estimates, and the differences may be material to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Acquisition Accounting

In accordance with ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations," each acquisition is evaluated to determine if it meets the definition of a business. If the acquisition does not meet the definition of a business, it is accounted for as an asset acquisition. For an asset acquisition, the cost of the acquisition is allocated to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed on a
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relative fair value basis. Transaction costs are included in the cost of the acquisition and no goodwill is recognized. If the acquisition does meet the definition of a business, it is accounted for as a business combination. For a business combination, any excess of the cost of the acquisition over the fair values of the identifiable net assets acquired attributable to the company is recognized as goodwill. With certain exceptions, 100% of the fair values of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and noncontrolling interests is recognized in acquisitions of less than a 100% controlling interest when the acquisition constitutes a change in control of the acquired entity. Additionally, when partial ownership in an acquiree is obtained and it is determined that the company controls the acquiree, the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interests are recognized and consolidated at 100% of their fair values at that date, regardless of the percentage ownership in the acquiree. As goodwill is calculated as a residual, all goodwill of the acquired business, not just the company's common share, is recognized under this “full-goodwill” approach. Noncontrolling interests are stated at the noncontrolling shareholder's proportion of the pre-acquisition carrying values of the acquired net assets. The results of entities acquired or sold during the year are included from or to the date control changes.

Contingent consideration obligations that are elements of consideration transferred are recognized as of the acquisition date as part of the fair value transferred in exchange for the acquired business. Acquisition-related costs incurred in connection with a business combination are expensed as transaction, integration and restructuring costs.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash held at banks and short-term investments with a maturity upon acquisition of three months or less.less (primarily held in affiliated money market funds). Cash and cash equivalents of CIP are not available for general use by the company.

Cash balances may not be readily accessible to the Parent due to capital adequacy requirements of certain of our subsidiaries. We meet these requirements in part by holding cashCash and cash equivalents. This retained cash can be used for general business purposes in the countries where it is located and is therefore not considered restricted cash.

Restricted cash primarily consists
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Table of cash collateral related to the company's share repurchase forward contracts. See Note 10, "Share Capital," for additional information. Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash are presented separately on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.Contents

Investments

The majority of the company’s investment balances relate to balances held in affiliated funds.funds and equity method investees. In the normal course of business, the company invests in various types of affiliated investment products, either as “seed money”capital” or as longer-term investments alongside third-party investors, typically referred to as “co-investments.” Seed moneycapital investments are investments held in Invesco managed funds with the purpose of providing capital to the funds during their development periods to allow the funds to achieve critical mass, establish their track records and obtain third-party investments. Seed moneycapital may also be held for regulatory purposes in certain jurisdictions. Co-investments are often required of the investment manager by third-party investors in closed-ended funds to demonstrate an aligning of the investment manager’s interests with those of the third-party investors. The company also invests in affiliated funds in connection with its deferred compensation plans, whereby certain employees defer portions of their annual bonus into funds.

Investments are categorized as equity investments, available-for-sale investments, equity method investments, foreign time deposits and other investments. See Note 4,3, “Investments,” for additional details.

Equity investments include seed money,capital, investments held to settle the company's deferred compensation plan liabilities and other equity securities. Equity investments are securities bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term. Equity investments are measured at fair value. Gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of equity investments are included in income.

Available-for-sale investments include co-investments in affiliated CLOs and investments in other debt securities. Available-for-sale investments are measured at fair value. Gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of available-for-sale investments are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, until the investment is sold or otherwise disposed of, or if the investment is determined to be other-than-temporarily impaired, at which time the cumulative gain or loss previously reported in equity is included in income. The specific identification method is used to determine the realized gain or loss on securities sold or otherwise disposed.

Equity method investments include investments over which the company is deemed to have significant influence, including corporate joint ventures and non-controlled entities, in which the company's ownership is between 20 and 50 percent, and co-
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investmentsco-investments in certain managed funds generally structured as partnerships or similar vehicles. Investments in joint ventures are investments jointly controlled by the company and external parties. Co-investments in managed funds structured as partnerships or similar vehicles include private equity, real estate and fund-of-funds. The equity method of accounting requires that the investment is initially recorded at cost, including any excess value paid over the book value of the investment acquired. The carrying amount of the investment is increased or decreased to recognize the company's common share of the after-tax profit or loss of the investee after the date of acquisition and is decreased as dividendsdistributions are received. Distributions received from equity method investees are classified in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as either operating or investing activities based on the nature of the distribution. The proportionate share of income or loss is included in equityEquity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates in the Consolidated Statements of Income, and the proportionate share of other comprehensive income or loss is included in accumulated other comprehensive income in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.Income.

Fair Value

Fair value is determined using a valuation hierarchy (discussed in Note 3,2, “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities”), generally by reference to an active trading market, using quoted closing or bid prices as of each reporting period end. When a readily ascertainable market value does not exist for an investment, the fair value is calculated based on the expected cash flows of its underlying net asset base, taking into account applicable discount rates and other factors. Judgment is used to ascertain if a formerly active market has become inactive and in determining fair values when markets have become inactive. As a practical expedient, the company may elect to use NAV as the fair value for certain CIP.

Assets Held for Policyholders and Policyholder Payables

One of the company's subsidiaries, Invesco Pensions Limited, is an insurance entity that was established to facilitate retirement savings plans in the UK.U.K. The entity holds assets that are managed for its clients on its balance sheet with an equal and offsetting liability to the policyholders, which is linked to the value of the investments. The investments are legally segregated and are generally not subject to claims that arise from any ofavailable for use by the company's other businesses.company. Investments and policyholder payables held by this business meet the definition of financial instruments and are carried in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as separate account assets and liabilities at fair value in accordance with ASC Topic 944, “Financial Services - Insurance.” Changes in fair value are recorded and offset to zero in the Consolidated Statements of Income in other operating revenues. Management fees earned from policyholder investments are accounted for as described in the company's revenue recognition accounting policy.

Deferred Sales Commissions

Mutual fund shares sold without a sales commission at the time of purchase typically have an asset-based fee (12b-1 fee) that is charged to the fund over a period of years and a contingent deferred sales charge (CDSC). The CDSC is an asset-based fee that is charged to investors that redeem during a stated period. Commissions paid at the date of sale to brokers and dealers for sales of mutual funds that have a CDSC are capitalized and amortized over a period not to exceed the redemption period of the related fund (generally up to six years). The deferred sales commission asset, which is included in prepaid assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets,is reviewed periodically for impairment by reviewing the recoverability of the asset based on estimated future fees to be collected.Income.

Property, Equipment, Software and Depreciation

Property, equipment and software includes owned property, leasehold improvements, computer hardware/software and other equipment and is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation or amortization and any previously recorded impairment in value. Expenditures for major additions and improvements are capitalized; minor replacements, maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Amounts incurred are presented as work-in-progress until the construction or purchase of the property and equipment is substantially complete and ready for its intended use, at which at that point, the asset will begin to be depreciated or amortized. Depreciation or amortization is provided on property, equipment and software at rates calculated to write off the cost, less estimated residual value, of each asset on a straight-line basis over itsthe asset's expected useful life: owned buildings over 50 years,
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leasehold improvements over the shorter of the lease term or useful life of the improvement; and computers and other various equipment between three and seven years.

Purchased and internally developed software is capitalized whereif the related costs can be measured reliably, and it is probable that the asset will generate future economic benefits. For internally developed software, the company capitalizes qualifiedcertain internal and external costs incurred related to software development activities.activities that will generate future economic benefits. These capitalized costs are amortized into operating expenses on a straight-line basis over itsthe software's useful life, generally over five to seven years. Depreciation or amortization expense is recorded through theincluded in Property, office and technology line itemexpense on the Consolidated Income Statement.

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The company reevaluates the useful life determination for property, equipment and software each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining useful life. OnUpon a sale or retirement, the asset cost and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from the Consolidated Financial Statements and any related gain or loss is reflected in income.

The carrying amounts of property, equipment and software are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying values may not be recoverable. At each reporting date, an assessment is made forto identify any indicationindicators of impairment. If an indication ofAn impairment exists, recoverabilitytest is tested by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the asset. If those net undiscounted cash flows do not exceed the carrying amount (i.e. the asset is not recoverable), the next step would be performed which is to determine the fair value of the asset and recordif an impairment charge, if any.indicator is identified.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets identified on the acquisition of a business are capitalized separately from goodwill if the fair value can be measured reliably on initial recognition (transaction date). Intangible assets consist primarily of mutual fund and other client management contracts, customer relationships and distribution agreements. Certain management contracts are managed and operated on a single global platform and are therefore reviewed in aggregate as one unit of valuation andvaluation. These contracts are considered interchangeable because investors may freely transfer between funds. Similarly, cash flows generated by new funds added to the global platform are included when determining the fair value of the intangible asset.

Intangible assets that are determined to be finite-lived are amortized and recorded as transaction, integration and restructuring expenses on a straight-line basis over their useful lives, from two to twelveten years, whichwhich reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits are realized. The company reevaluates the useful life determination forreviews intangible assets each reporting period to determine whether events andor circumstances warrant a revision tohave occurred that indicate the remaining useful lifeexpected period of economic benefit may no longer be appropriate or there is an indication of impairment. If there is an indication of impairment, management will perform an impairment analysis. The company considers its own assumptions, which require management's judgment, about renewal or extension of the term of the arrangement, consistent with its expected use of the asset. A change in the useful life of an intangible asset could have a significant impact on the company's amortization expense.

Where evidence exists that the underlying arrangementsagreements have a high likelihood of continued renewal at little or no cost to the company, the intangible asset is assigned an indefinite life and reviewed for impairment on an annual basis. Intangible assets not subject to amortization are tested for impairment annually as of October 11st or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. When testing intangible assets for impairment, management has the option to first perform a qualitative assessment. If the qualitative assessment indicates that an impairment may be likely or management elected to not perform the qualitative assessment, management performs a quantitative test to determine the fair value of the intangible assets and compares the fair value with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized into transaction, integration and restructuring expenses in an amount equal to that excess. Fair value is generally determined using an income approach where estimated future cash flows are discounted to arrive at a single present value amount.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the identifiable net assets of businesses acquired and is recorded in the functional currency of the acquired entity. Goodwill is recognized as an asset and is reviewed for impairment annually as of October 11st and between annual tests when events and circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred.

The company has determined that it has 1one reporting unit for goodwill impairment testing purposes the consolidated Invesco Ltd. single operating segment, which is consistent with internal management reporting and management's oversight of operations. The company evaluated the components of its business, which are business units one level below the operating segment level in making this determination. The company's operating segment represents 1one reporting unit because all of the components are similar due to the common nature of products and services offered, type of clients, methods of distribution, manner in which each component is operated, extent to which they share assets and resources and the extent to which they support and benefit from common product development efforts.

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The company has the option to first qualitatively assess whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If the qualitative assessment indicates that an impairment may be likely or management elected to not utilized,perform the qualitative assessment, a quantitative impairment test is performed at the reporting unit level. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, then goodwillan impairment loss is impaired, andrecognized for the reporting unit in an amount ofequal to that excess. However, the impairment loss
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equals the amount by which the carrying value exceeds fair value, not tocannot exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

The principal method of determining fair value of the reporting unit is an income approach where estimated future cash flows are discounted to arrive at a single present value amount. The discount rate used is derived based on the time valueweighted average cost of moneycapital and the risk profile of the stream of future cash flows. Recent results and projections based on expectations regarding revenue, expenses, capital expenditure and acquisition earn out payments produce aThe calculated present value for the reporting unit. The present value produced for the reporting unit is the fair value of the reporting unit. This amount is reconciled to the company's market capitalization to determine an implied control premium, which is compared to an analysis of historical control premiums experienced by peer companies over a long period of time to assess the reasonableness of the fair value of the reporting unit.

Debt and FinancingIssuance Costs

Debt issuance costs related to the issuance of Senior Notessenior notes are presented as a deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability. Debt issuance costs related to the company's credit facilityagreement are presented as a deferred asset within Other Assetsassets on the company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. After initial recognition, debt issuance costs are measured at amortized cost. Finance charges and debtDebt issuance costs are amortized over the term of the debt using the effective interest method.method and are reflected in Interest charges are recognizedexpense in the Consolidated Statements of Income in the period in which theyIncome. After initial recognition, debt issuance costs are incurred.measured at amortized cost.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is measured and recognized based on the five step process outlined in ASC Topic 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers." Revenue is determined based on the transaction price negotiated with the customer, net of discounts, value added tax and other sales-related taxes.

Investment management fees are derived from providing professional services to manage client accounts and sponsored investment vehicles. Investment management services are satisfied over time as the services are provided and are typically based upon a percentage of the value of the client’s assets under management.AUM. Investment management fees for certain arrangements include fees for distribution and administrative-related services. Any fees collected in advance are deferred and recognized as income over the period in which services are rendered.

Service fees are earned for services rendered relating to fund accounting, transfer agent, administrative and/or other maintenance activities performed for sponsored investment vehicles. Service fees are generally based upon a percentage of the value of the assets under management.AUM. Service fees are also earned from the delivery of digital solutions to our customers. All of these services are transferredsatisfied over time.

The company provides distribution services to certain sponsored investment vehicles. Fees are generally earned based upon a percentage of the value of the assets under management,AUM, as the fee amounts do not crystallize completely upon the sale of a share or unit. Accordingly, the distribution fee revenues are recognized over time as the amount of the fees becomes known. For example, U.S. distribution fees can include 12b-1 fees earned from certain mutual funds to cover allowable sales and marketing expenses for those funds and also include asset-based sales charges paid by certain mutual funds for a period of time after the sale of those funds. Generally, retail products offered outside of the U.S. do not generate a separate distribution fee; the quoted management fee rate is inclusive of these services. The company also has certain arrangements whereby the distribution fees are paid upon the subscription or redemption of a share or unit.

Performance fee revenues, associated with retail funds will fluctuate from period to period and may not correlate with general market changes, since most of the fees are driven by relative performance to the respective benchmark rather than by absolute performance. Performance fee revenues, including carried interests and performance fees related to partnership investments and separate accounts, are generated on certain management contracts when performance hurdles are achieved. Such fee revenues are recorded in operatingOperating revenues when the contractual performance criteria have been met and when it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue recognized will not occur in future reporting periods. Cash receipt of performance fees generally occurs after the performance fee revenue is earned; however, the company may receive, from time-to-time, cash distributions of carried interest before any revenue is earned. Such distributions are reflected as deferred carried interest liabilities within accountsAccounts payable and accrued expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Given the uniqueness of each fee arrangement, performance fee contracts are evaluated on an individual basis to determine the timing of revenue recognition. Performance fees typically arise from investment management activities that were initially undertaken in prior reporting periods.

Other revenues include fees derived primarily from transaction commissions earned upon the sale of new investments into certain of our funds and fees earned upon the completion of transactions in our real estate and private equity asset groups. Real
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estate transaction fees are derived from commissions earned through the buying and selling of properties. Private equity transaction fees include commissions associated with the restructuring of, and fees from providing advice to, portfolio companies held by the funds. These transaction fees are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income on the date when Invesco’s services are complete, which typically coincides with when the transactions are legally complete.

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Principal versus Agent

The company utilizes third partythird-party service providers to fulfill certain performance obligations in its revenue agreements. Generally, the company is deemed to be the principal in these arrangements because the company controls the investment management and other related services before they are transferred to customers. Such control is evidenced by the company’s primary responsibility to customers and the ability to negotiate the third partythird-party contract price andas well as select and direct third partythird-party service providers, or a combination of these factors. Therefore, investment management and service and distribution fee revenues and the related third partythird-party distribution, service and advisory expenses are reported on a gross basis.

Third-party distribution, service and advisory expenses include periodic “renewal” commissions paid to brokers and independent financial advisors for the continuing oversight of their clients' assets over the time they are invested and are payments for the servicing of client accounts. Renewal commissions are calculated based upon a percentage of the AUM value and apply to much of the company's non-U.S. retail operations. As discussed above, the revenues from the company’s U.S. retail operations include 12b-1 distribution fees, which are largely passed through to brokers who sell the funds asfunds. The fees passed through to the broker dealers are included in third-party distribution expenses along with additional marketing support distribution costs. Both the revenues and the costs are dependent on the underlying AUM of the brokers' clients. Third-party distribution expenses also include the amortization of upfront commissions paid to broker-dealers for sales of fund shares with a contingent deferred sales chargeCDSC (a charge levied to the investor for client redemption of AUM within a certain contracted period of time). The upfront distribution commissions are amortized over the redemption period. Also included in third-party distribution, service and advisory expenses are sub-transfer agency fees that are paid to third parties for processing client common share purchases and redemptions, call center support and client reporting. These costs are reimbursed by the related funds.funds and are included in service and distribution fees.

Common Share-Based Compensation

The company issues equity-settled common share-based awards to certain employees, which are measured at fair value at the date of grant. Fair value for the common share awards representing equity interests identical to those associated with common shares traded in the open market is determined using the market price at the date of grant. The fair value determined at the grant date is expensed, based on the company's estimate of common shares that will eventually vest, on a straight-line or accelerated basis over the vesting period. The initial forfeiture rate applied to most grants is 3% per year,year, based upon the company's historical experience with respect to employee turnover. Fair value for the common share awards representing equity interests identical to those associated with common shares traded in the open market is determined using the market price at the date of grant.

Deferred Compensation

The company grants deferred cash awards to certain employees which are linked in value to investment products. During the vesting period, employees earn a return linked to the appreciation or depreciation of specified investments. The company currently hedges economically the exposure to market movements on certain of these awards by holding the investments on its balance sheet and through a total return swapTRS financial instrument. The company recognizes as compensation expense the value of the liability to employees, including the appreciation or depreciation of the liability, over the award's vesting period in proportion to the vested amount of the award. The company immediately recognizes the full value of the related investment, and any subsequent appreciation or depreciation of the investment, in Other gains and losses,gains/(losses), net.

Pensions

For defined contribution plans, contributions payable related to the accounting period are charged to the income statement.expensed and included in Employee compensation expense. For defined benefit plans, the cost of providing benefits is separately determined for each plan using the projected unit credit method, based on actuarial valuations performed at each balance sheet date. The company's annual measurement date is December 31.31st. A portion of actuarial gains and losses is recognized through the income statementexpensed and included in Other gains/(losses), net if the net cumulative unrecognized actuarial gain or loss at the end of the prior period exceeds the greater of 10.0% of the present value of the defined benefit obligation (before deducting plan assets) at that date and 10.0% of the fair value of any plan assets.

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Leases

The company determines whether an arrangement is a lease at contract inception. Lease liabilities and right-of-use assets are recognized on the lease commencement date based on the net present value of fixed lease payments over the lease term. The company includes options to extend or terminate a lease within the lease term when it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. Lease liabilities represent an obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, whileand right-of-use assets represent a right to use an underlying asset during the lease term. Right-of-use assets exclude capital improvement funding and other lease concessions provided by the landlord.

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As the company's leases generally do not have a readily determinable implicit rate, the company uses its incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of fixed lease payments based on information available at the lease commencement date. Fixed lease expenseexpenses for operating leases are generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The company combines lease components and non-lease components such as fixed maintenance and other costs into a single lease component, which results in the capitalization of all fixed payments within lease liabilities and right-of-use assets. Variable lease payments, such as variable maintenance costs or payments based on an index rate or usage, are expensed as incurred and are excluded from lease liabilities and right-of-use assets.

Taxation

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for temporary differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and their respective tax bases, using the enacted statutory tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the income tax provision in the period that includesin which the enactment date.change is enacted. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The company recognizes all excess tax benefits and deficiencies related to common share-based awards as a discrete item in the income tax provision in the Consolidated Statements of Income in the period in which the awards vest. The company reportsrecords a liability for unrecognized tax benefitsUTBs resulting from uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters in the income tax provision in the Consolidated Statements of Income.provision.

Earnings Per Common Share

Basic and diluted earnings per common shareEPS are computed using the two-class method, which treats unvested restricted common shares as if they were a separate class of common shares. Under the two-class method, netNet income attributable to Invesco Ltd. is adjusted for the allocation of earnings to the unvested restricted common shares. In addition, the weighted-average common shares outstanding is adjusted for unvested restricted common shares. There is no difference between the calculated earnings per common share amounts attributable to Invesco Ltd. and the calculated earnings per common share amounts under the two-class method.

Comprehensive Income

The company's otherOther comprehensive income/(loss) consists of foreign currency translation adjustments and employee benefit plan liability adjustments, changes in unrealized gains and losses and reclassification adjustments for realized gains/(losses) on debt securities classified as available-for-sale, and the company's share of other comprehensive income of equity method investments.adjustments. Such amounts are recorded net of applicable taxes.

Translation of Foreign Currencies

Transactions in foreign currencies (currencies other than the functional currencies of the company's subsidiaries) are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing on the dates of the transactions. At each balance sheet date, monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured into the functional currencies of the company's subsidiaries at the rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Gains and losses arising onThe revaluation areof these transactions is included in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The company's reporting currency and the functional currency of the Parent is U.S. Dollars. On consolidation, the assets and liabilities of company subsidiary operationsthe company's subsidiaries, whose functional currencies are currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, (“foreign” operations) are translated at the rates of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date. Exchange differences arising on the translation of the assets and liabilities of foreign operations are recorded directly to accumulated Other comprehensive income in equity until the disposal of the net investment of the foreign entity, at which time, the exchange differences are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Income and expense items included in the Consolidated Statements of Income amounts are translated at the weighted average rates for the year, which approximate actual exchange rates. Exchange differences arising onrates with the translation of the net assets of foreign operations are taken directlyexchange impact recorded to accumulated other
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comprehensive income in equity until the disposal of the net investment, at which time they are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Goodwill and other fair value adjustments arising on acquisition of a foreign entity are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign entity and are translated at rates of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date.

The company may, from time to time, designate certain intercompany debt as non-derivative net investment hedging instruments against foreign currency exposure related to its net investment in foreign operations. See Note 11, "Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)." In the management of its cross-border fund operations, foreign currency forward and swap contracts are purchased daily to hedge against foreign exchange rate movements during the four-day client money settlement period. Certain CIP may also utilize such instruments.

2. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
On May 24, 2019, the company acquired OppenheimerFunds, an investment management subsidiary of Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company's (MassMutual). The following table summarizes the finalized amounts of identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, as well as the consideration transferred to acquire OppenheimerFunds.
$ in millionsFair Value
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents360.0 
Accounts receivable133.1 
Investments178.4 
Prepaid assets24.8 
Other assets181.2 
Property, equipment and software, net104.1 
Intangible assets (1)
5,189.0 
Goodwill (2)
1,505.3 
Total assets7,675.9 
LIABILITIES
Accrued compensation and benefits263.9 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses728.1 
Deferred tax liabilities, net1,088.0 
Total liabilities2,080.0 
Total identifiable net assets5,595.9 
Summary of consideration
Cash consideration35.0 
Common stock consideration (3)
1,453.6 
Preferred stock consideration (4)
4,010.5 
Other consideration (5)
96.8 
Total cash and stock consideration5,595.9 
____________
(1)    Intangible assets are comprised of the following:
indefinite-lived intangible asset related to management contracts of $4,907.0 million consists primarily of contracts related to mutual funds.
finite-lived intangible asset related to management contracts of $255.0 million consists primarily of contracts related to sub-advised accounts and has an estimated useful life of eight years.
acquired trade name asset of $27.0 million has an estimated useful life of six years.
The intangible assets created in the acquisition are not expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
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(2)    Goodwill is calculated as the difference between the acquisition date fair value of the total consideration transferred and the aggregate values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The goodwill created in the acquisition is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The goodwill balance resulted primarily from the opening balance sheet net deferred tax liability. See Note 7, "Goodwill," for an analysis of the change in goodwill balances between periods. As a result of an accounting matter related to four Master Limited Partnership funds, the company adjusted the initial accounting for the acquisition by recording a liability of an estimated amount of $380.5 million, an adjustment to goodwill of $287.0 million and a deferred tax asset of $93.5 million (for expected future tax benefits) during the first quarter of 2020. See Note 20, "Commitments and Contingencies," for additional details regarding the accounting matter.
(3)    The common shares were fair valued using the company’s market price on closing date and reflects a discount for the common shares issued to MassMutual (75,563,041 shares) with a two-year lock-up period, resulting in a value of approximately $19.195 per share. Common shares issued to OppenheimerFunds employee shareholders (153,574 shares) were valued at the market price on closing date, which was $20.42.
(4)    The preferred shares (4,010,448 shares) were fair valued using a discounted cash flow model, resulting in a value of $1,000 per share.
(5)    Other consideration primarily consists of the fair value of the vested portion of replacement employee common share-based awards.
Transaction and integration costs related to the OppenheimerFunds acquisition included within the Transaction, integration and restructuring line item on the Consolidated Statements of Income were $221.3 million, for the year ended December 31, 2020 (December 31, 2019: $625.0 million).

Supplemental Pro Forma Information

The following unaudited pro forma summary presents consolidated information of the company as if the business combination had occurred on January 1, 2019, the earliest period presented herein.
For the year ended December 31,
$ in millions2019
Operating revenues6,935.1 
Net income683.4 
The pro forma adjustments include dividends on preferred shares, transaction costs and adjustments to depreciation and intangible asset amortization expense. Cost savings or operating synergies expected to result from the acquisition are not included in the pro forma results. These pro forma results are not indicative of the actual results of operations that would have been achieved nor are they indicative of future results of operations.

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3.2. FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

The fair value of financial instruments are presented in the below summary table. The fair value of financial instruments held by CIP are presented in Note 21,19, "Consolidated Investment Products."
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
(in millions)(in millions)Fair ValueFair Value
Cash and cash equivalents
December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
$ in millionsFair ValueFair Value
Cash and cash equivalents1,408.4 1,049.0 
Restricted cash (2)
129.2 
Equity investments
Equity investments
Equity investmentsEquity investments360.3 432.5 
Foreign time deposits (1)
Foreign time deposits (1)
29.9 32.0 
Foreign time deposits (1)
Foreign time deposits (1)
Assets held for policyholdersAssets held for policyholders7,582.1 10,835.6 
Policyholder payables (1)
Policyholder payables (1)
(7,582.1)(10,835.6)
Contingent consideration liability(18.6)(60.2)
Total return swap related to deferred compensation plans
____________

(1)These financial instruments are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Foreign time deposits are measured at cost plus accrued interest, which approximates fair value, and are accordingly classified as Level 2 securities. Policyholder payables are indexed to the value of the assets held for policyholders.
(2)policyholders and changes in fair value Restricted cash isare recorded and offset to zero in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheetother operating revenues.

A three-level valuation hierarchy exists for disclosure of fair value measurements based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:

Level 1 - inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 - inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 - inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

An asset or liability's categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

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The following table presents, for each of the hierarchy levels described above, the carrying value of the company's assets and liabilities, including major security type for equity and debt securities, which are measured at fair value on the company's Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 20202023 and December 31, 2019,2022, respectively:
As of December 31, 2020
$ in millionsFair Value MeasurementsQuoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds947.3 947.3 
Investments:(1)
 
Equity investments: 
Seed money153.5 153.5 
Investments related to deferred compensation plans202.7 202.7 
Other equity securities4.1 4.1 
Assets held for policyholders7,582.1 7,582.1 
Total8,889.7 8,889.7 
Liabilities:    
Contingent consideration liability(18.6)(18.6)
Total(18.6)(18.6)
As of December 31, 2019
$ in millionsFair Value MeasurementsQuoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds620.9 620.9 
Investments:(1)
Equity investments:
Seed money235.5 235.5 
Investments related to deferred compensation plans192.4 192.4 
Other equity securities4.6 4.6 
Assets held for policyholders10,835.6 10,835.6 
Total11,889.0 11,889.0 
Liabilities:    
Contingent consideration liability(60.2)(60.2)
Total(60.2)(60.2)

As of December 31, 2023
(in millions)Fair Value MeasurementsQuoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds (1)
$927.8 $927.8 $— $— 
Investments: (2)
 
Equity investments: 
Seed capital75.7 75.7 — — 
Investments related to deferred compensation plans196.7 196.7 — — 
Assets held for policyholders (3)
393.9 393.9 — — 
Total return swap related to deferred compensation plans$4.9 $— $4.9 $— 
Total$1,599.0 $1,594.1 $4.9 $— 
Liabilities:    
Contingent consideration liability$(1.3)$— $— $(1.3)
Total$(1.3)$— $— $(1.3)
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As of December 31, 2022
(in millions)Fair Value MeasurementsQuoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds (1)
$760.8 $760.8 $— $— 
Investments: (2)
Equity investments:
Seed capital177.9 177.9 — — 
Investments related to deferred compensation plans146.1 146.1 — — 
Other equity securities1.0 1.0 — — 
Assets held for policyholders (3)
668.7 668.7 — — 
Total$1,754.5 $1,754.5 $— $— 
Liabilities:    
Total return swap related to deferred compensation plans(1.6)— (1.6)— 
Contingent consideration liability$(1.3)$— $— $(1.3)
Total$(2.9)$— $(1.6)$(1.3)
____________
(1)Foreign time deposits ofThe balance primarily represents cash held in affiliated money market funds.
(2) $29.9 million (December 31, 2019: $32.0 million) are excluded from this table. Equity method and other investments of $426.1$631.8 million and $10.5$14.9 million, resrpectively,espectively, as of December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2019: $350.82022: $621.2 million and $14.2$24.7 million, respectively) are also excluded from this table. These investments are not measured at fair value, in accordance with applicable accounting standards.
Put option contracts

The company's put option contract to hedge economically foreign currency risk on the translation of a portion of its Pound Sterling-denominated earnings into U.S. Dollars expired on June 30, 2020. There were no purchases during the year ended December 31, 2020 (2019: $3.9 million). (3)The company recognized a gainmajority of $0.1 million related to the put option contracts in the year ended December 31, 2020 (2019: $4.8 million loss).Assets held for policyholders are held in affiliated funds.

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Total return swapReturn Swap

In addition to holding equity investments, the company has a total return swap (TRS)TRS to hedge economically certaincertain deferred compensation liabilities. The notional value of the total return swapTRS at December 31, 20202023 was $279.3$393.0 million, and the fair value of the TRS was an asset of $5.1 million.$4.9 million (December 31, 2022 notional value was $326.6 million and the fair value was a liability of $1.6 million). The company’s net collateral paid balance related to the TRS was $25.9 million at December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022: $0.0 million). During the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, market valuation gains of $39.8related to the TRS were $30.1 million were recognized in other gains and losses, net (December 31, 2019: net gains of $16.8 million).

In 2020, the company also had total return swaps with respect to certain ETFs, which were settled as of February 29, 2020 (December 31, 2019: aggregate notional value2022: $74.3 million of the total return swaps was $145.9 million)net losses). Under the terms of each total return swap, the company received the related market gains or losses on the underlying investments and paid a floating rate to the respective counterparty. For the year ended December 31, 2020, market valuation gains of $0.8 million were recognized in other gains and losses (December 31, 2019: gains of $9.9 million).

The fair value of the total return swapsTRS was determined under the market approach using quoted prices of the underlying investments and, as such, is classified as level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. The total return swaps areTRS is not designated for hedge accounting.

Contingent Consideration LiabilityNonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

Contingent consideration liabilities represent expected future obligationsCertain of the company,company's assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, typically upon identification of impairment indicators. We measured the fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets related to acquired management contracts of U.S. retail mutual funds during our annual impairment assessment completed as of the dateOctober 1, 2023. The fair value of acquisitionthese assets was determined using a discounted cash flow modelan income approach and are categorized withinis classified as level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Changes in fair value of the company’s contingent consideration liabilities are recorded in other gains and losses, netThe most sensitive assumptions used in the period incurred. An increase in forecasted AUM levels or projectedincome approach are the revenue forecast, the long-term growth rate and a decrease in the discount rate would increase the fair value of the company’s contingent consideration liabilities, while a decrease in forecasted AUM or projected revenue and an increase in the discount rate would decrease the liabilities.

The contingent consideration liability relatedapplied to the investment management contracts acquired from Deutsche Bank was valued at $5.9 million ascash flow forecast to determine present value. The revenue projections used are within a range of December 31, 2020. Inputs(5)% to 1% over the forecast period. The long-term growth rate used in the model to determine the liability related to the pre-existing contingent consideration arrangement, which currently assumes no growth rates in forecasted AUM.

In connection with the OppenheimerFunds acquisition (see Note 2, "Business Combinations"), Invesco acquired a contingent
consideration liability related to a historical OppenheimerFunds transaction valued at $8.4 million as of December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2020, inputs used to determine the liability related to these arrangements assumed 0 growth rate in management fees and afair-value measurement was 2.5%. The discount rate of 10.7%.

The following table shows a reconciliation ofused in the beginning and ending fair value measurements for level 3 assets and liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, which are valued using significant unobservable inputs:
For the year ended December 31, 2020For the year ended December 31, 2019
$ in millionsContingent Consideration LiabilityContingent Consideration Liability
Beginning balance(60.2)(40.9)
Revision to purchase price allocation5.5 (31.5)
Net unrealized gains and losses included in other gains and losses13.8 (7.8)
Disposition/settlements22.3 20.0 
Ending balance(18.6)(60.2)

fair-value measurement was 13.05%.
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4.3.  INVESTMENTS

The disclosures below include details of the company's investments. Investments held by CIP are detailed inin Note 21,19, "Consolidated Investment Products."
$ in millionsDecember 31, 2020December 31, 2019
Equity investments:
Seed money153.5 235.5 
Investments related to deferred compensation plans202.7 192.4 
Other equity securities4.1 4.6 
Equity method investments426.1 350.8 
Foreign time deposits29.9 32.0 
Other10.5 14.2 
Total investments826.8 829.5 

(in millions)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Equity investments:
Seed capital$75.7 $177.9 
Investments related to deferred compensation plans196.7 146.1 
Other equity securities— 1.0 
Equity method investments631.8 621.2 
Foreign time deposits— 25.7 
Other14.9 24.7 
Total investments (1)
$919.1 $996.6 
____________
(1)    The majority of the company’s investment balances relate to balances held in affiliated funds and equity method investees.
Equity investments

Net gains recorded in Other gains/(losses) in the Consolidated Statements of Income resulting from equity investments and total return swaps, which have equity investments as their underlying asset,the TRS for the year ended December 31, 2020, were $41.72023, were $61.3 million (December(December 31, 2019: $82.52022: $150.4 million net gain)losses). TheThe unrealized gains and losses for the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, that relate to equity investments still held at December 31, 2020,2023, was a $19.4$17.2 million net gain (December 31, 2019: $53.22022: $44.0 million net gainloss related to equity investments still held at December 31, 2019)2022).

Equity method investments

Following are the company's investments in joint ventures and affiliates, which are accounted for using the equity method and are recorded as investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
Name of CompanyCountry of Incorporation% Voting Interest Owned
Huaneng Invesco WLR (Beijing) Investment FundPrivate Equity Management Company Ltd.China50.0%
Invesco Great Wall Fund Management Company LimitedChina49.0%
Pocztylion - ARKAPoland29.3%

Undistributed earnings from equity method investees have not been a material restriction on the company's ability to pay dividends to shareholders. Equity method investments also include the company's investments in certain of its managed private equity, real estate and other investment entities. These entities include variable interest entities for which the company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary and other investment products structured as partnerships for which the company is the general partner and the other limited partners possess either substantive kick-out, liquidation or participation rights. See Note 1, “Accounting Policies,” for additional information.

Noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities

Most of the noncontrolling interest balances included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets relate to CIP (see Note 21, "Consolidated Investment Products"). The company owns 100% of the voting control of its corporate subsidiary entities, directly or indirectly, with the exception of the following entities, which are consolidated with resulting noncontrolling interests:
Name of CompanyCountry of Incorporation% Voting Interest Owned
VV Immobilien Verwaltungs und Beteiligungs GmbHGermany70.0%
HVH Immobilien und Beteiligungs GmbHGermany70.0%


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5.4.  PROPERTY, EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE

The following is a summary of property, equipment and software:
$ in millionsDecember 31, 2020December 31, 2019
Technology and Other Equipment302.4 310.5 
Software810.7 733.4 
Land and Buildings119.0 110.3 
Leasehold Improvements254.7 274.1 
Work in Process83.1 74.4 
Property, Equipment and Software, Gross1,569.9 1,502.7 
Less: Accumulated Depreciation(1,001.7)(919.2)
Less: Impairment Expense (1)
(4.4)
Property, Equipment and Software, Net563.8 583.5 
__________
(1)    During the year ended December 31, 2020, the company recorded an impairment expense of $17.8 million to transaction, integration and restructuring expense related to a property we intend to sublease, of which $4.4 million related to leasehold improvements and $13.4 million related to the right-of-use assets (see Note 15, “Operating Leases”).
(in millions)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Technology and Other Equipment$267.6 $273.2 
Software800.0 930.6 
Land and Buildings87.3 87.8 
Leasehold Improvements277.7 226.2 
Work in Process111.6 173.1 
Property, Equipment and Software, Gross1,544.2 1,690.9 
Less: Accumulated Depreciation(935.9)(1,121.0)
Less: Accumulated Impairment(8.8)(8.8)
Property, Equipment and Software, Net$599.5 $561.1 

Depreciation expense related to property,Property, equipment and software was $141.0was $132.9 million, $124.9 $131.5 million and $112.4$142.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 2018,2021, respectively.

The following is a summary of accumulated depreciation:

(in millions)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Beginning balance$(1,121.0)$(1,074.5)
Depreciation expense(132.9)(131.5)
Property, equipment, and software retirements and disposals327.1 61.6 
Foreign currency translation adjustment(9.1)23.4 
Ending balance$(935.9)$(1,121.0)

6.5.  INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following table presents the major classes of the company's intangible assets at December 31, 20202023 and 2019:2022:
$ in millionsGross Book ValueAccumulated AmortizationNet Book Value
December 31, 2020
(in millions)(in millions)Gross Book ValueAccumulated Amortization and ImpairmentNet Book Value
December 31, 2023
Management contracts - indefinite-lived
Management contracts - indefinite-lived
Management contracts - indefinite-livedManagement contracts - indefinite-lived6,982.7 N/A6,982.7 
Management contracts - finite-livedManagement contracts - finite-lived319.9 (118.7)201.2 
Developed technologyDeveloped technology99.2 (50.9)48.3 
Other110.8 (37.4)73.4 
Other (1)
TotalTotal7,512.6 (207.0)7,305.6 
December 31, 2019
December 31, 2022
Management contracts - indefinite-lived
Management contracts - indefinite-lived
Management contracts - indefinite-livedManagement contracts - indefinite-lived6,969.1 N/A6,969.1 
Management contracts - finite-livedManagement contracts - finite-lived319.3 (84.5)234.8 
Developed technologyDeveloped technology98.6 (31.7)66.9 
Other112.2 (24.7)87.5 
Other (1)
TotalTotal7,499.2 (140.9)7,358.3 
__________
(1) Includes indefinite-lived non-management contracts intangible assets of $19.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

There were no acquisitions during 2020 (2019: Invesco acquired $4,907.0
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Amortization expense was $49.9 million in indefinite lived management contracts, $255.0 million(December 31, 2022: $63.8 million; December 31, 2021: $62.9 million) and impairment of finite-lived intangible asset related management contracts and $27.0 million of trade name assets related to the Oppenheimer acquisition. Other 2019 additions toindefinite-lived intangible assets related to the preliminary valuationsmanagement contracts of acquisitions of digital wealth technology companies. Amortizable intangible assets of $315.4 million related to 2019 acquisitions have a weighted-average amortization period of 7.15 years).

The 2020 and 2019 annual impairment reviews of indefinite-lived intangible assets determined that 0 impairment existed. Due to the decline in our assets under management in the three months ended March 31, 2020, management determined that an interim impairment testU.S. retail mutual funds was necessary for certain of our indefinite-lived management contract assets during 2020. The analysis resulted in 0 impairment because the fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets exceeded their carrying value. No interim impairment test was deemed necessary during 2019.

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Amortization expense was $62.5$1,248.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 (December 31, 2019: $52.7 million; December 31, 2018: $29.7 million). Estimated2023. The impairment was driven by a decrease in the long-term growth rate, an increase in the discount rate and lower projected earnings for the management contracts. Estimated amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years based upon the company's intangible assets at December 31, 20202023 is as follows:
$ in millions

Years Ended December 31,
Estimated Amortization Expense
2021(62.8)
2022(60.3)
2023(52.0)
2024(46.4)
2025(39.2)
(in millions)

Years Ended December 31,
Estimated Amortization Expense
2024$(44.8)
2025$(37.7)
2026$(35.9)
2027$(3.6)
2028$(1.5)

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7.6.  GOODWILL

The table below details changes in the goodwill balance:
$ (in millionsmillions)Net Book Value
January 1, 20202023$8,509.48,557.7 
Business combinations (See Note 2)285.8 
Foreign exchange121.1133.8 
December 31, 20202023$8,916.38,691.5 
January 1, 20192022$7,157.18,882.5 
Business combinations (See Note 2)1,229.1 
Foreign exchange123.2 (324.8)
December 31, 20192022$8,509.48,557.7 

The 2020 additions to goodwill of $285.8 million related to adjustments to the purchase price allocation of the Oppenheimer acquisition. See Note 2, “Business Combinations,” for additional details. The 2019 addition to goodwill consists of $1,219.5 million related to additions from the Oppenheimer acquisition and the acquisitions of digital wealth technology companies.

The 2020 and 2019 annual impairment reviews determined that 0 impairment existed at the respective review dates. Due to the decline in our assets under management in the three months ended March 31, 2020, management determined that an interim impairment test was necessary during 2020. The analysis resulted in no impairment because the fair value of the company exceeded its carrying value. No interim impairment test was deemed necessary during 2019.

8.7.  OTHER LIABILITIES

The table below details the components of other liabilities:
As of
$ in millionsDecember 31, 2020December 31, 2019
Compensation and benefits148.2 195.6 
Accrued bonus and deferred compensation825.5 835.1 
Accrued compensation and benefits973.7 1,030.7 
Accruals and other liabilities307.6 403.9 
OppenheimerFunds acquisition-related matter (See Note 20)387.8 
Forward contract collateral (See Note 10)104.1 
Forward contract payable (See Note 10)309.0 496.5 
Lease liability (See Note 15)319.2 364.8 
Deferred carried interest (1)
58.0 45.8 
Contingent consideration liability (See Note 3)18.6 60.2 
Accounts payable348.9 414.6 
Income taxes payable67.2 118.2 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses1,920.4 1,904.0 
__________
As of
(in millions)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Compensation and benefits$98.3 $87.8 
Accrued bonus and deferred compensation802.1 773.0 
Accrued compensation and benefits$900.4 $860.8 
Accruals and other liabilities$567.5 $606.5 
Lease liability (See Note 14)433.7 480.2 
Accounts payable31.5 59.6 
Unsettled funds payable151.2 79.4 
Income taxes payable110.5 89.1 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses$1,294.4 $1,314.8 

(1) The opening and closing balance of deferred carried interest liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $45.8 million and $58.0 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2020, 0 performance fee revenue was recognized that had been included in the deferred carried interest liability balance at the beginning of the period.


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9.  LONG-TERM8.  DEBT

The issuer of the senior notes, Invesco Finance PLC, is an indirect 100% owned finance subsidiary of Invesco Ltd. (the Parent),the Parent, and the Parent fully and unconditionally guarantees the securities. As discussed in Note 1, "Accounting Policies - Cash and Cash Equivalents," certain of our subsidiaries are required to maintain minimum levels of capital. These and other similar provisions of applicable law may have the effect of limiting withdrawals of capital, repayment of intercompany loans and payment of dividends by such entities.

The disclosures below include details of the company's debt. Debt of CIP is detailed in Note 21,19, “Consolidated Investment Products.”
December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
$ in millions
Carrying Value (2)
Fair Value
Carrying Value (2)
Fair Value
$1.5 billion floating rate credit facility expiring August 11, 2022
Unsecured Senior Notes: (1)
$600 million 3.125% - due November 30, 2022598.7 632.9 598.1 617.5 
$600 million 4.000% - due January 30, 2024596.8 660.2 595.8 639.2 
$500 million 3.750% - due January 15, 2026496.7 564.8 496.1 533.0 
$400 million 5.375% - due November 30, 2043390.4 517.8 390.3 491.8 
Long-term debt2,082.6 2,375.7 2,080.3 2,281.5 
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
(in millions)
Carrying Value (3)
Fair Value
Carrying Value (3)
Fair Value
$2.0 billion floating rate credit agreement expiring April 26, 2028 (1)
$— $— $— $— 
Unsecured Senior Notes (2):
$600 million 4.000% - due January 30, 2024599.9 599.1 598.8 591.5 
$500 million 3.750% - due January 15, 2026498.6 489.1 497.9 486.4 
$400 million 5.375% - due November 30, 2043391.0 409.6 390.9 397.3 
 Debt$1,489.5 $1,497.8 $1,487.6 $1,475.2 
____________

(1)On April 26, 2023, Invesco Ltd. and its indirect subsidiary, Invesco Finance PLC, amended and restated the $1.5 billion floating rate credit agreement, increasing the facility’s capacity to $2.0 billion, extending the expiration date from April 26, 2026 to April 26, 2028, and changing the base interest rate from the London inter-bank offered rate (LIBOR) to the secured overnight financing rate (SOFR) plus a 0.10% adjustment (Adjusted SOFR).
(2)The company's senior note indentures contain certain restrictions on mergers or consolidations. Beyond these items, there are no other restrictive covenants in the indentures.
(2)(3)The difference between the principal amounts and the carrying values of the senior notes in the table above reflect the unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts.

The fair market value of the company's senior notes was determined by market quotes provided by a third partythird-party pricing service, which utilizes Level 2 valuation inputs. In the absence of an active market, the company relies upon the average price quoted by brokers for determining the fair market value of the debt.

Analysis of Borrowings by Maturity:
$ in millionsDecember 31, 2020
2022598.7 
2024596.8 
2026496.7 
2043390.4 
Long-term debt2,082.6 
At December 31, 2020,2023, the outstanding balance on the floating rate credit facilityagreement was 0. zero. Borrowings under the floating rate credit facilityagreement will bear interest at (i) LIBORAdjusted SOFR for specified interest periods or (ii) a floating base rate (based upon the highest of (a) the Bank of America prime rate, (b) the Federal Funds rate plus 0.50% and (c) LIBORAdjusted SOFR for an interest period of one month plus 1.00%), plus, in either case, an applicable margin determined with reference to the higher of the available credit ratings of the companyParent or its indirect subsidiary, Invesco Finance PLC. Based on credit ratings of the Parent as of December 31, 2020 of the company,2023 and December 31, 2022, the applicable margin for LIBOR-basedSOFR-based loans was 1.13% and for base rate loans was 0.13%. In addition, the company is required to pay the lenders a facility fee on the aggregate commitments of the lenders (whether or not used) at a rate per annum which is based on the higher of the available credit ratings of the companyParent or its indirect subsidiary, Invesco Finance PLC. Based on credit ratings as of December 31, 2020,2023 and December 31, 2022, the annual facility fee was equal to 0.15%.0.13% for both periods.

The credit agreement governing the credit facility contains customary restrictive covenants on the company and its subsidiaries. Restrictive covenants in the credit agreement include, but are not limited to: prohibitions on creating, incurring or assuming any liens; entering into merger arrangements; selling, leasing, transferring or otherwise disposing of assets; making a material change in the nature of the business; making a significant accounting policy change in certain situations; entering into transactions with affiliates; and incurring indebtedness through the subsidiaries (other than the borrower, Invesco Finance PLC). Many of these restrictions are subject to certain minimum thresholds and exceptions. Financial covenants under the credit
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agreement include: (i) the quarterlyquarterly maintenance of a debt/Covenant Adjusted EBITDA leverage ratio, as defined in the credit agreement, of not greater than 3.25:1.00, (ii) aan interest coverage ratio (EBITDA,(Covenant Adjusted EBITDA, as defined in the credit agreement/interest payableexpense for the four consecutive fiscal quarters ended before the date of determination) of not less than 4.00:1.00. The company is in compliance with all restrictive debt covenants as of December 31, 2023.

The credit agreement governing the credit facility also contains customary provisions regarding events of default which could result in an acceleration or increase in amounts due, including (subject to certain materiality thresholds and grace periods) payment default, failure to comply with covenants, material inaccuracy of representation or warranty, bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings, change of control, certain judgments, ERISA matters, cross-default to other debt agreements, governmental action prohibiting or
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restricting the company or its subsidiaries in a manner that has a material adverse effect, and failure of certain guaranty obligations. The company is in compliance with all regulatory minimum net capital requirements.

At December 31, 2020, the company maintains approximately $11.6 million in letters of credit from a variety of banks. The letters of credit are generally one-year automatically-renewable facilities and are maintained for various commercial reasons.

10.9.  SHARE CAPITAL

The preferred shares issued in connection with the acquisition of OppenheimerFunds have a $0.20 par value, liquidation preference of $1,000 per share and fixed cash dividend rate of 5.90% per annum, payable quarterly on a non-cumulative basis. Shares of preferred stock are not redeemable prior to the 21st anniversary of their original issue date of May 24, 2019. The number of preferred shares issued and outstanding is represented in the table below:
As of
As of
As of
As of
in millionsin millionsDecember 31, 2020December 31, 2019
Preferred shares issued (1)
Preferred shares issued (1)
Preferred shares issued (1)
Preferred shares issued (1)
4.04.0
Preferred shares outstanding (1)
Preferred shares outstanding (1)
4.04.0
Preferred shares outstanding (1)
Preferred shares outstanding (1)
__________
(1)    SharesPreferred shares are held by MassMutual and are subject to a lock-up period of five years, which disallowsprohibits the sale of preferred shares by MassMutual during the five-year period beginning on the original issue date ofuntil May 24, 2019.2024.
The number of common shares and common share equivalents issued are represented in the table below:
In millionsDecember 31, 2020December 31, 2019December 31, 2018
Common shares issued566.1 566.1 490.4 
Less: Treasury shares for which dividend and voting rights do not apply(107.0)(112.8)(93.3)
Common shares outstanding459.1 453.3 397.1 

In millionsDecember 31, 2023December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Common shares issued566.1 566.1 566.1 
Less: Treasury shares for which dividend and voting rights do not apply(116.6)(111.3)(104.9)
Common shares outstanding449.5 454.8 461.2 

During the year ended December 31, 2019,2023, the company entered into three forward contracts to purchase itsrepurchased 9.6 million common shares. The details of the forward contracts for the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, are as follows:
Year ended December 31, 2020
In millions, except strike priceCommon Shares PurchasedInitial Strike PriceForward priceHedge Completion DateTotal Treasury Shares RecordedSettlement DateTotal Liability Recorded
$200 million - entered on May 13, 20199.8 $20.51 $ 12.0005/30/2019$198.7 01/04/2021$117.0 
$200 million - entered on July 2, 201910.0 $20.00 $ 12.0007/30/2019$193.7 04/01/2021$119.4 
$100 million - entered on August 27, 20196.0 $16.59 $ 12.0009/27/2019$102.6 04/01/2021$72.6 
25.8 $495.0 $309.0 

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Year ended December 31, 2019
In millions, except strike priceCommon Shares PurchasedInitial Strike PriceForward PriceHedge Completion DateTotal Treasury Shares RecordedSettlement DateTotal Liability Recorded
$200 million - entered on May 13, 20199.8 $20.51 $20.51 05/30/2019$198.7 01/04/2021$199.1 
$200 million - entered on July 2, 201910.0 $20.00 $20.00 07/30/2019$193.7 04/01/2021$195.3 
$100 million - entered on August 27, 20196.0 $16.59 $16.59 09/27/2019$102.6 04/01/2021$102.1 
25.8 $495.0 $496.5 

Treasury shares were calculated by multiplying the number of common shares being purchased by the fair market value of Invesco’s common share price as of the hedge completion date. The company has recorded a corresponding payable to the counterparty, which represents the present value of the amount to be paid at settlement, discounted by using the implicit interest rate at inception of the forward contract. The implicit interest rate was calculated using the effective interest method. The payable includes a discount or premium on the forward purchase price represented by the difference between the fair market value of the common share price and the strike price on hedge completion date.

During the first quarter of 2020, the company amended its forward contracts resulting in a reduced forward price of $12.00. The company applied $190.6 million of collateral already paid against the forward payable, which reduced the amount the company will be required to pay at the time of settlement. The collateral is determined based on Invesco's common share price in relation to the forward price per the amended forward contract. If the forward price is greater than Invesco's common share price, the collateral is in a net paid position. If the forward price is less than Invesco's common share price, the collateral is in a net received position. As of December 31, 2020, the company's net collateral received related to the forward contracts was $104.1 million (December 31, 2019: $37.8 million net collateral paid). The company's total liability and collateral received are recorded in accounts payable and accrued expense on the Consolidated Balance Sheets (December 31, 2019: collateral paid recorded in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets). The forward contract entered into on May 13, 2019 settled on January 4, 2021. The forward contract entered into on October 24, 2018 settled on July 1, 2019.

The company did not purchase shares in the open market during the year ended December 31, 2020,at a cost of $150.0 million (December 31, 2019: 5.62022: 8.9 million common shares at a cost of $110.8$200.0 million). Separately, an aggregate of 3.41.9 million shares were withheld on vesting events during the year ended December 31, 20202023 to meet employees' withholding tax obligations (December 31, 2019: 3.32022: 2.4 million). The fair value of thesethe common shares withheld at the respective withholding dates was $47.1was $37.5 million (December 31, 2019: $59.02022: $44.7 million). At December 31, 2020,2023, approximately $732.2 $382.2 million remained authorized under the company's common share repurchase authorization approved by the Board on July 22, 2016 (December 31, 2019: $732.22022: $532.2 million).

Total treasury shares at December 31, 20202023 were 121.6124.7 million (December 31, 2019: 128.22022: 119.5 million), including 14.6including 8.1 million unvested restricted common stock awards (December 31, 2019: 15.42022: 8.2 million) for which dividend and voting rights apply. The market price of common shares at the end of 2020on December 31, 2023 was $17.43.$17.84. The total market value of the company's 121.6124.7 million treasury shares was $2.1$2.2 billion at December 31, 2020.2023.

Movements in Treasury Shares comprise:
Year ended
Year endedYear ended
In millionsIn millionsDecember 31, 2020December 31, 2019December 31, 2018In millionsDecember 31, 2023December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Beginning balanceBeginning balance128.2 103.0 92.4 
Acquisition of common sharesAcquisition of common shares3.4 34.7 16.0 
Distribution of common sharesDistribution of common shares(9.3)(9.2)(5.2)
Common shares distributed to meet ESPP obligationCommon shares distributed to meet ESPP obligation(0.7)(0.3)(0.2)
Ending balanceEnding balance121.6 128.2 103.0 
Ending balance
Ending balance

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11.10.  OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS)

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) were as follows:
2020
$ in millionsForeign currency translationEmployee benefit plansEquity method investmentsAvailable-for-sale investmentsTotal
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax:
Currency translation differences on investments in foreign subsidiaries182.7 182.7 
Actuarial gain/(loss) related to employee benefit plans(6.3)(6.3)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net6.4 6.4 
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax182.7 0.1 182.8 
Beginning balance(462.0)(126.1)0.1 0.7 (587.3)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax182.7 0.1 182.8 
Ending balance(279.3)(126.0)0.1 0.7 (404.5)
2019
$ in millionsForeign currency translationEmployee benefit plansEquity method investmentsAvailable-for-sale investmentsTotal
Other comprehensive income/(loss) net of tax:
Currency translation differences on investments in foreign subsidiaries155.6 155.6 
Actuarial gain/(loss) related to employee benefit plans(10.8)(10.8)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net2.4 0.1 0.4 2.9 
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax155.6 (8.4)0.1 0.4 147.7 
Beginning balance(617.6)(117.7)0.3 (735.0)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax155.6 (8.4)0.1 0.4 147.7 
Ending balance(462.0)(126.1)0.1 0.7 (587.3)
2023
2023
2023
(in millions)
(in millions)
(in millions)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax:
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax:
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax:
Currency translation differences on investments in foreign subsidiaries
Currency translation differences on investments in foreign subsidiaries
Currency translation differences on investments in foreign subsidiaries
2018
$ in millionsForeign currency translationEmployee benefit plansEquity method investmentsAvailable-for-sale investmentsTotal
Other comprehensive income/(loss) net of tax:
Currency translation differences on investments in foreign subsidiaries(327.1)(327.1)
Actuarial gain/(loss) related to employee benefit plans(13.0)(13.0)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), netOther comprehensive income/(loss), net5.0 (4.3)(1.2)(0.5)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of taxOther comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax(327.1)(8.0)(4.3)(1.2)(340.6)
Beginning balanceBeginning balance(290.5)(109.7)4.3 4.7 (391.2)
Adjustment for adoption of ASU 2016-01(3.2)(3.2)
January 1, 2018, as adjusted(290.5)(109.7)4.3 1.5 (394.4)
Beginning balance
Beginning balance
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of taxOther comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax(327.1)(8.0)(4.3)(1.2)(340.6)
Ending balanceEnding balance(617.6)(117.7)0.3 (735.0)
Ending balance
Ending balance

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Net Investment Hedge
2022
$ in millionsForeign currency translationEmployee benefit plansTotal
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax:
Currency translation differences on investments in foreign subsidiaries(463.1)— (463.1)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net— (37.8)(37.8)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax(463.1)(37.8)(500.9)
Beginning balance(351.9)(89.6)(441.5)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax(463.1)(37.8)(500.9)
Ending balance(815.0)(127.4)(942.4)

The company designated certain intercompany debt as a non-derivative net investment hedging instrument against foreign currency exposure related to its net investment in foreign operations. At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, £130 million ($174.5 million and $172.1 million, respectively) of intercompany debt was designated as a net investment hedge. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the company recognized foreign currency losses of $2.4 million (2019: losses of $6.5 million, 2018: gains of $10.3 million) resulting from the net investment hedge within currency translation differences on investments in foreign subsidiaries in other comprehensive income.
2021
$ in millionsForeign currency translationEmployee benefit plansTotal
Other comprehensive income/(loss) net of tax:
Currency translation differences on investments in foreign subsidiaries(73.4)— (73.4)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net— 36.4 36.4 
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax(73.4)36.4 (37.0)
Beginning balance(278.5)(126.0)(404.5)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax(73.4)36.4 (37.0)
Ending balance(351.9)(89.6)(441.5)

12.11.  COMMON SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

The company recognized total expensescompensation expense of $188.5$114.6 million $207.5, $106.2 million and $172.4$140.1 million related to equity-settled common share-based payment transactions in 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 2018,2021, respectively. The income tax benefit recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income for common share-based compensation arrangements was $27.8 million $17.4 million for 2020 (2019: $38.12023 (2022: $21.7 million; 2018: $40.82021: $30.0 million).

CommonEmployee common share awards are broadly classified into 2two categories: time-vested and performance-vested. Common share awards are measured at fair value at the date of grant and are expensed, based on the company's estimate of common shares that will eventually vest, on a straight-line or accelerated basis over the vesting period. The company's RSU grant-date fair value is measured by Invesco’s common stock price.

Time-vested awards vest ratably over a defined period of continued employee service. Performance-vested awards vest upon (i) the company's attainment of certain pre-established performance criteria, and (ii) a defined period of continued employee service.
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Time-vested and performance-vested equity awards are granted in the form of restricted stock awards (RSAs) or restricted stock units (RSUs). With respect to the performance-vested awards granted in February 2018, vesting is tied to the achievement of specific levels of adjusted operating margin with vesting ranging from 0% to 150%. With respect to the performance-vested awards granted in February 20192021, 2022 and 2020,2023, vesting is tied to the achievement of specific levels of adjusted operating margin and relative total shareholder return with vesting ranging from 0% to 150%.

Employee common share awards are measured at fair value based on Invesco's common stock price at the date of grant and are expensed, based on the company's estimate of common shares that will eventually vest, on a straight-line or accelerated basis over the vesting period.

With respect to time-vested awards, dividends accrue directly to the employee holder of RSAs, and cash payments in lieu of dividends are made to employee holders of certain RSUs. With respect to performance-vested awards, dividends and cash payments in lieu of dividends are deferred and are paid at the same rate as on the underlying shares if and to the extent the award vests.

The 2016 Global Equity Incentive Plan, (2016 GEIP)which was originally approved by the company's common shareholders in May 2016 and most recently amended and restated in May 2021, authorizes the issuance of up to 31.4 16.0 million shares under this plan. The company's common shareholders initially approved the 2016 GEIP in May 2016 and subsequently approved the 2016 GEIP, as amended, in May 2019. shares. In May 2010, the board approved the 2010 Global Equity Incentive Plan ST (GEIP ST). The GEIP ST authorizes the issuance of up to 8.5 million shares.shares. With respect to the GEIP ST, awards are only granted as employment inducement awards in connection with a strategic transaction and, as a result, do not require shareholder approval under the rules of the New York Stock ExchangeNYSE or otherwise.

Movements on employee common share awards priced in U.S. Dollars during the years ended December 31, are detailed below:
202020192018
Millions of common shares, except fair valuesTime-VestedPerformance-VestedWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value ($)Time-VestedPerformance-VestedTime-
Vested
Performance-Vested
2023202320222021
(In millions of common shares, except fair values)(In millions of common shares, except fair values)Time-VestedPerformance-VestedWeighted Average Grant Date Fair ValueTime-VestedPerformance-VestedTime-
Vested
Performance-Vested
Unvested at the beginning of yearUnvested at the beginning of year18.7 1.1 21.94 12.5 0.9 12.0 0.9 
Granted during the year (1)
8.8 0.9 14.09 15.5 0.6 5.7 0.4 
Granted during the year
Forfeited during the yearForfeited during the year(0.5)20.91 (0.5)(0.3)
Vested and distributed during the yearVested and distributed during the year(8.9)(0.4)24.17 (8.8)(0.4)(4.9)(0.4)
Unvested at the end of the yearUnvested at the end of the year18.1 1.6 19.11 18.7 1.1 12.5 0.9 
___________

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(1)With respect to the time-vested awards granted in 2019, includes 6.2 million restricted shares as employment inducement awards in connection with completed acquisitions.

The total fair value of common shares that vested during 20202023 was $124.6$101.4 million (2019: $177.1 (2022: $141.8 million; 2018: $160.82021: $187.9 million). The weighted average grant date fair value of the U.S. dollar share awards that were granted during 20202023 was $14.09 (2019: $19.66; 2018: $31.78) $17.53 (2022: $21.23; 2021: $22.61).

At December 31, 2020,2023, there was $221.8$121.4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested common share awards; that cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.252.44 years.

13.12.  RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS

Defined Contribution Plans

The company operates defined contribution retirement benefit plans for all qualifying employees. The assets of the plans are held separately from those of the company in funds under the control of trustees. When employees leave the plans prior to vesting fully in the contributions, the contributions payable by the company aremay be reduced by the amount of forfeited contributions.

The total amounts charged to the Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2020,2023 of $86.4$73.9 million (December 31, 2019: $73.52022: $76.4 million, December 31, 2018: $69.32021: $81.2 million) represent contributions paid or payable to these plans by the company at rates specified in the rules of the plans. As of December 31, 2020,2023, accrued contributions of $30.7$12.9 million (December 31, 2019: $31.32022: $28.3 million) for the current year will be paid to the plans.

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Defined Benefit Plans

The company maintains legacy defined benefit pension plans for qualifying employees of its subsidiaries in the UK,U.K., Ireland, Germany and Taiwan. All defined benefit plans are closed to new participants.

The most recent actuarial valuations of plan assets and the present value of the defined benefit obligation were valued as of December 31, 2020.2023. The benefit obligation, related current service cost and prior service cost were measured using the projected unit credit method.

Benefit Obligations and Funded Status

The amounts included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets arising from the company's obligations and plan assets in respect of its defined benefit retirement plans are as follows:
Retirement Plans
$ in millions20202019
Retirement PlansRetirement Plans
(in millions)(in millions)20232022
Benefit obligationBenefit obligation(587.1)(551.7)
Fair value of plan assetsFair value of plan assets585.0 524.5 
Funded statusFunded status(2.1)(27.2)
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
Other assetsOther assets30.4 2.5 
Other assets
Other assets
Accrued compensation and benefitsAccrued compensation and benefits(32.5)(29.7)
Funded statusFunded status(2.1)(27.2)

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Changes in the benefit obligations were as follows:
Retirement Plans
$ in millions20202019
January 1551.7 475.6 
Service cost2.4 1.1 
Interest cost9.2 13.4 
Actuarial (gains)/losses40.6 64.0 
Exchange difference21.4 16.4 
Benefits paid(11.5)(18.6)
Curtailment0.4 
Settlement(26.7)(0.6)
December 31587.1 551.7 

Retirement Plans
(in millions)20232022
January 1$303.0 $512.8 
Service cost0.2 — 
Interest cost14.0 8.8 
Actuarial (gains)/losses5.0 (154.3)
Exchange difference17.2 (50.7)
Benefits paid(13.6)(13.6)
December 31$325.8 $303.0 

Key assumptions used in plan valuations are detailed below. Appropriate local mortality tables are also used. The weighted average assumptions used to determine defined benefit obligations at December 31, 2020,2023, and 20192022 are as follows:
Retirement Plans
20202019
Discount rate1.83 %1.93 %
Expected rate of salary increases2.85 %2.95 %
Future pension trend rate increases2.64 %2.74 %

Retirement Plans
20232022
Discount rate4.37 %4.55 %
Expected rate of salary increases2.87 %2.97 %
Future pension trend rate increases3.28 %3.35 %

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Changes in the fair value of plan assets in the current period were as follows:
Retirement Plans
$ in millions20202019
January 1524.5 430.2 
Actual return on plan assets55.2 73.7 
Foreign currency changes20.1 16.0 
Contributions from the company25.5 24.0 
Benefits paid(11.5)(18.6)
Settlement and other(28.8)(0.8)
December 31585.0 524.5 

Retirement Plans
(in millions)20232022
January 1$335.8 $577.0 
Actual return on plan assets8.4 (195.0)
Foreign currency changes19.3 (57.6)
Contributions from the company0.2 25.0 
Benefits paid(13.6)(13.6)
December 31$350.1 $335.8 

The components of the amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income at December 31, 2020,2023 and 20192022 are as follows:
Retirement Plans
$ in millions20202019
Retirement PlansRetirement Plans
(in millions)(in millions)20232022
Prior service cost/(credit)Prior service cost/(credit)7.4 6.1 
Net actuarial loss/(gain)Net actuarial loss/(gain)144.4 145.4 
TotalTotal151.8 151.5 

The amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income expected to be amortized into the Consolidated Income Statement during the year ending December 31, 20212024 are as follows:

$ (in millionsmillions)Retirement Plans
Prior service cost/(credit)0.3 $0.2 
Net actuarial loss/(gain)3.14.9 
Total3.4 $5.1 

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The total accumulated and projected benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets for plans with accumulated and projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets are as follows:
Retirement Plans
$ in millions20202019
Plans with accumulated and projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:
Accumulated and projected benefit obligation574.2 540.1 
Fair value of plan assets572.3 512.8 

Retirement Plans
(in millions)20232022
Plans with accumulated and projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:
  Accumulated and projected benefit obligation$4.2 $41.7 
  Fair value of plan assets$1.5 $34.8 

Net Periodic Benefit Cost

The components of net periodic benefit cost in respect of these defined benefit plans are as follows:
Retirement Plans
$ in millions202020192018
Service cost2.4 1.1 3.8 
Interest cost9.2 13.4 12.6 
Expected return on plan assets(23.7)(22.1)(22.0)
Amortization of prior service cost/(credit)0.2 0.3 0.2 
Amortization of net actuarial (gain)/loss3.6 2.9 2.1 
Settlement8.0 (0.2)3.1 
Curtailment (gain)/loss0.4 
Net periodic benefit cost/(credit)(0.3)(4.2)(0.2)

Retirement Plans
(in millions)202320222021
Service cost$0.2 $— $0.6 
Interest cost14.0 8.8 8.9 
Expected return on plan assets(14.7)(13.5)(16.8)
Amortization of prior service cost/(credit)0.5 0.2 0.2 
Amortization of net actuarial (gain)/loss3.8 0.8 2.7 
Settlement— — 4.4 
Curtailment (gain)/loss— — (0.3)
Net periodic benefit cost/(credit)$3.8 $(3.7)$(0.3)
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The weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019,2023, 2022 and 20182021 are:
Retirement Plans
202020192018
Retirement PlansRetirement Plans
2023202320222021
Discount rateDiscount rate1.93 %2.82 %2.47 %Discount rate4.55 %1.91 %1.83 %
Expected return on plan assetsExpected return on plan assets4.69 %5.00 %4.73 %Expected return on plan assets4.13 %3.28 %3.01 %
Expected rate of salary increasesExpected rate of salary increases2.95 %3.24 %3.26 %Expected rate of salary increases2.97 %3.10 %2.85 %
Future pension rate increasesFuture pension rate increases2.74 %3.04 %2.97 %Future pension rate increases3.35 %3.29 %2.64 %

In developing the expected rate of return, the company considers long-term compound annualized returns based on historical and current market data. Using this reference information, the company develops forward-looking return expectations for each asset category and an expected long-term rate of return for a targeted portfolio. Discount rate assumptions were based upon AA-rated corporate bonds of suitable terms and currencies.

Plan Assets

The analysis of the plan assets as of December 31, 20202023 was as follows:
$ in millionsRetirement Plans% of Plan Assets
Cash and cash equivalents22.4 3.8 %
Fund investments224.2 38.3 %
Equity securities193.6 33.1 %
Government debt securities15.0 2.6 %
Guaranteed investments contracts22.2 3.8 %
Other assets107.6 18.4 %
Total585.0 100.0 %

(in millions)Retirement Plans% of Plan Assets
Cash and cash equivalents$36.9 10.5 %
Fund investments75.6 21.6 %
Equity securities15.7 4.5 %
Government debt securities16.3 4.7 %
Guaranteed investments contracts97.0 27.7 %
Other investments108.6 31.0 %
Total$350.1 100.0 %

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The analysis of the plan assets as of December 31, 20192022 was as follows:
$ in millionsRetirement Plans% of Plan Assets
Cash and cash equivalents27.3 5.2 %
Fund investments207.3 39.5 %
Equity securities181.4 34.6 %
Government debt securities22.5 4.3 %
Guaranteed investments contracts13.2 2.5 %
Other assets72.8 13.9 %
Total524.5 100.0 %

(in millions)Retirement Plans% of Plan Assets
Cash and cash equivalents$33.1 9.8 %
Fund investments86.3 25.7 %
Equity securities14.9 4.4 %
Government debt securities9.6 2.9 %
Guaranteed investments contracts96.0 28.6 %
Other investments95.9 28.6 %
Total$335.8 100.0 %

Plan assets are not held in company stock. The investment policies and strategies for plan assets held by defined benefit plans include:

Funding - to have sufficient assets available to pay members benefits;
Security - to maintain the minimum Funding Requirement;
Stability - to have due regard to the employer's ability in meeting contribution payments given their size and incidence.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for each major category of plan assets measured at fair value. Information about the valuation hierarchy levels used to measure fair value is detailed in Note 3,2, “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities.”

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Cash and cash equivalents

Cash equivalents include cash in the bank and cash investments in money market funds. Cash investments in money market funds are valued under the market approach through the use of quoted market prices in an active market, which is the net asset valueNAV of the underlying funds, and are classified within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

Fund investments

These plan assets are primarily invested in affiliated funds and are classified within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. They are valued at the net asset valueNAV of common shares held by the plan at year end.

Equity securities, corporate debt securities, government debt securities and other investments

These plan assets are classified within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy and are valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded.

Guaranteed investment contracts

These plan assets are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy and are valued through use of unobservable inputs by discounting the related cash flows based on current yields of similar instruments with comparable durations considering the credit-worthiness of the issuer. Guaranteed investment contracts balance at December 31, 2020 is $22.2 million (December 31, 2019: $13.2 million).

Cash Flows

The estimated amounts of contributions expected to be paid to the plans during 2021 2024 are $15.2 million for retirement plans.$0.2 million. There are 0no future annual benefits of plan participants covered by insurance contracts issued by the employer or related parties.

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The benefits expected to be paid in each of the next five fiscal years and in the five fiscal years thereafter are as follows:
$ in millionsRetirement Plans
Expected benefit payments:
202112.1 
202212.4 
202312.8 
202413.2 
202513.6 
Thereafter in the succeeding five years74.8 

(in millions)Retirement Plans
Expected benefit payments:
2024$9.6 
2025$9.9 
2026$10.3 
2027$10.5 
2028$10.9 
Thereafter in the succeeding five years$62.4 

14.13. RESTRUCTURING

During the year ended December 31,In 2020, the company initiated a strategic evaluation (the “Initiative”) focusing on four key areas of our expense base: our organizational model, our real estate footprint, management of third partythird-party spend and technology and operations efficiency.

Restructuring expenses related to this initiativethe strategic evaluation were $119.0$44.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.2023 (December 31, 2022: $41.0 million). Restructuring expenses are recorded to transaction,Transaction, integration and restructuring expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The company estimates $150 million to $175 million
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Table of remaining restructuring expenses related to this initiative through the end of 2022, of which approximately 60% will be employee compensation costs with the remainder comprised of property, office and technology costs and general and administrative costs. A substantial portion of these expenses will result in future cash expenditures.Contents

The following table shows the rollforwardroll-forward of the restructuring liability as of December 31, 20202023 and total restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2020.2023 and December 31, 2022. The company recorded the liability to accrued compensation and benefits, accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.Sheets.

$ in millionsEmployee
Compensation
Other ExpensesTotal
Balance as of July 1, 2020
Accrued charges4.9 5.2 10.1 
Payments(1.4)(3.4)(4.8)
Balance as of October 1, 20203.5 1.8 5.3 
Accrued charges80.1 3.9 84.0 
Payments(39.1)(5.7)(44.8)
Balance as of December 31, 202044.5 44.5 
Non-cash charges (1)
19.5 5.4 24.9 
Total charges104.5 14.5 119.0 
For the twelve month period ended December 31, 2023For the twelve month period ended December 31, 2022
Beginning balance$7.1 $34.8 
Accrued charges29.7 13.9 
Payments(36.8)(41.6)
Ending balance$— $7.1 
Cumulative non-cash charges (1)
89.174.5
Cumulative charges incurred$304.8 $260.5 
__________
(1)    There were $19.5 million in non-cash employee compensation that pertain toNon-cash charges include stock-based compensation, and $5.4 million related to the accelerated depreciation of certain assets and location strategy costs.costs (including the impairment charges referenced in Note 4, "Property, Equipment Software", and in Note 14, "Operating Leases").

The company completed the strategic evaluation during the first quarter of 2023.

15.14.  OPERATING LEASES

The company leases office space in almost all its business locations of business,and data centers and has certain equipment under non-cancelable operating leases. The operating leases have a weighted-average remaining lease term of 5.749.95 years for the year ended December 31, 2020 (2019: 6.402023 (2022: 10.27 years) and generally include 1one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from 1 to 10 years. Certain lease arrangements include an option to terminate the lease if a notification is provided to the landlord within 1-8.2 within 1 to 5.2 years prior to the end of the lease term. The company has sole discretion in exercising lease renewal and termination options. The lease terms used in the company’s lease measurements do not include renewal options as they are not reasonably certain to be exercised as of the date of this report.
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The company elected to combine lease and non-lease components in calculating the lease liability and right-of-use asset for operating leases.

Variable lease payments are determined based on the terms and conditions outlined in the lease contracts and are primarily determined in relation to the extent of the company’s usage of the right-of use-asset or the nature and extent of services received from the lessor. Variable lease costs consists primarily of common area maintenance and other operating expenses as negotiated with the lessor.

As of December 31, 2020,2023, the right-of-use asset of $275.7 $319.3 million was included within Otherin Other assets, and the lease liability of $319.2$433.7 million was included within Accountsin Accounts payable and accrued expenses, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The components of lease expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2023, December 31, 20192022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows:

$ in millionsYear ended December 31, 2020Year ended December 31, 2019
(in millions)(in millions)Year ended December 31, 2023Year ended December 31, 2022Year ended December 31, 2021
Operating lease costOperating lease cost91.6 70.0 
Variable lease costVariable lease cost23.4 26.8 Variable lease cost25.919.025.5
Less: sublease incomeLess: sublease income(2.1)(0.6)
Total lease expenseTotal lease expense112.9 96.2 
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the company recorded an impairment expense of $17.8 million to transaction, integration and restructuring expense related to a property we intend to sublease, of which $13.4 million related to the right-of-use assets and $4.4 million related to leasehold improvements (see Note 5, “Property, Equipment Software”).


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Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the year ended December 31, 20202023 and December 31, 20192022 werewas as follows:
$ in millionsYear ended December 31, 2020Year ended December 31, 2019
Operating cash flows from operating leases included in the measurement of lease liabilities98.3 72.8
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities36.7 167.7

(in millions)Year ended December 31, 2023Year ended December 31, 2022
Cash outflows from operating leases included in the measurement of lease liabilities$80.8 $70.7 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities$22.7 $214.8 

In determining the discount rate, the company considered the interest rate yield for specific interest rate environments and the company’s credit spread at the inception of the lease.

The weighted-average discount rate for the operating lease liability for the year ended December 31, 20202023 was 4.14% 3.39% (2019: 3.50%(2022: 3.78%).

As of December 31, 2020,2023, the maturities of the company’s lease liabilities (primarily related to real estate leases) were as follows:
$ in millions
Year Ending December 31,2020Lease Liabilities
202181.2 
202269.9 
202356.5 
202439.9 
202531.4 
Thereafter72.7 
Total lease payments351.6 
Less: interest(32.4)
Present value of lease liabilities319.2 
Excluded from the tables above is an additional operating lease for the company’s new Atlanta headquarters that was entered into during third quarter of 2019, but has not yet commenced. The expected lease obligations are approximately $232.5 million
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which will be paid over an expected lease term of 15 years. This operating lease will commence in 2022 and will replace the company’s existing lease for the current headquarters.

The company recognized $99.5 million, $72.3 million and $53.2 million in operating lease expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These expenses are net of $2.1 million, $0.6 million and $0.4 million of sublease income in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
(in millions)
Year Ending December 31,2023Lease Liabilities
2024$64.6 
202566.0 
202662.1 
202755.2 
202845.1 
Thereafter237.0 
Total lease payments530.0 
Less: interest(96.3)
Present value of lease liabilities$433.7 

16.  OTHER GAINS AND LOSSES, NET

The components of other gains and losses, net, are as follows:
$ in millions202020192018
Other gains:
Gain on sale of investments1.5 6.9 
Gain on equity investments and total return swap, net41.7 82.5 
Gain on contingent consideration liability15.3 0.9 
Net foreign exchange gains0.1 
Other realized gains1.0 0.1 
Non-service pensions gains2.5 5.2 4.4 
Total other gains60.6 89.2 12.3 
Other losses:
Other-than-temporary impairment of available-for-sale investments(3.6)(2.0)(3.9)
Loss on equity investments and total return swap, net(46.5)
Loss on contingent consideration liability(7.8)
Net foreign exchange losses(2.4)(8.9)(1.9)
Foreign exchange hedge loss(4.8)
Other realized losses
(9.7)
Total other losses(15.7)(23.5)(52.3)
Other gains and losses, net44.9 65.7 (40.0)

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17.15.  TAXATION

The components of the company's income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 20182021 are as follows:
$ in millions202020192018
(in millions)(in millions)202320222021
Current:Current:
Federal
Federal
FederalFederal125.1 102.0 38.8 
StateState19.7 17.0 20.5 
ForeignForeign35.5 94.0 158.2 
180.3 213.0 217.5 
$
Deferred:Deferred:
Federal
Federal
FederalFederal57.6 16.6 35.5 
StateState5.2 4.3 10.0 
ForeignForeign18.5 1.2 (8.0)
81.3 22.1 37.5 
(309.2)
Total income tax expense (benefit)Total income tax expense (benefit)261.6 235.1 255.0 

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A reconciliation between the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate and the effective tax rate per the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 20182021 is as follows:
202020192018
2023 (1)
2023 (1)
20222021
Statutory rateStatutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %Statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Effect of foreign statutory income tax rates(0.5)%(0.8)%0.9 %
State taxes, net of federal tax effectState taxes, net of federal tax effect1.9 %1.8 %2.1 %State taxes, net of federal tax effect3.2 %3.1 %2.9 %
U.S. Tax Reform Impact%%(1.3)%
Effect of foreign taxes on non-U.S. earningsEffect of foreign taxes on non-U.S. earnings11.1 %1.3 %0.1 %
Effect of income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated entitiesEffect of income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities(6.3)%(0.1)%(2.9)%
Effect of income/(loss) attributable to equity method investments in corporate joint venturesEffect of income/(loss) attributable to equity method investments in corporate joint ventures7.4 %(1.7)%(0.9)%
Change in valuation allowanceChange in valuation allowance0.3 %0.5 %0.4 %Change in valuation allowance(2.9)%— %— %
Share-based compensation1.3 %0.9 %(0.2)%
Nontaxable gainsNontaxable gains3.9 %— %— %
Nondeductible executive compensationNondeductible executive compensation(4.6)%— %— %
OtherOther1.4 %1.9 %(0.5)%Other(3.5)%2.2 %1.0 %
Effect of (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests(0.9)%(1.1)%%
Effective tax rate per Consolidated Statements of IncomeEffective tax rate per Consolidated Statements of Income24.5 %24.2 %22.4 %Effective tax rate per Consolidated Statements of Income29.3 %25.8 %21.2 %
__________
(1)    Certain signs within the table in the year ended December 31, 2023 are the opposite compared to the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 as a result of applying each line’s total income tax benefit or expense to the loss before income taxes.

The company’s effective tax rate is affected by the tax rates in foreign jurisdictions, which are different than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21%, and the relative amount of income earned in those jurisdictions. As a result, the effective tax rate will vary from year to year depending on the mix of the profits and losses from each jurisdiction.

The divisioncomponents of incomeincome/(loss) before taxes between U.S. and foreign for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 2018 is2021 are as follows:

$ in millions202020192018
U.S.845.8 511.1 491.8 
Foreign223.3 461.8 646.3 
Income before income taxes1,069.1 972.9 1,138.1 
(in millions)202320222021
Domestic$(469.2)$1,212.0 $2,089.5 
Foreign231.3 35.7 411.0 
Income/(loss) before income taxes$(237.9)$1,247.7 $2,500.5 
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The components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 20202023 and 20192022 include the following:
$ in millions20202019
(in millions)(in millions)20232022
Deferred tax assets:Deferred tax assets:
Compensation and benefitsCompensation and benefits125.9 179.6 
Compensation and benefits
Compensation and benefits
Lease obligationsLease obligations44.5 65.9 
Tax loss carryforwards99.8 124.9 
Investments39.0 32.7 
Net operating loss carryforwards
Fixed assets
Accrued liabilitiesAccrued liabilities97.7 4.1 
OtherOther16.4 25.5 
Total deferred tax assetsTotal deferred tax assets423.3 432.7 
Valuation allowanceValuation allowance(104.5)(126.4)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowanceDeferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance318.8 306.3 
Deferred tax liabilities:Deferred tax liabilities:
Goodwill and intangiblesGoodwill and intangibles(1,745.4)(1,710.4)
Goodwill and intangibles
Goodwill and intangibles
Leased assetsLeased assets(40.3)(62.5)
Fixed assets(27.8)(40.0)
Other
Other
OtherOther(22.9)(20.6)
Total deferred tax liabilitiesTotal deferred tax liabilities(1,836.4)(1,833.5)
Net deferred tax liabilityNet deferred tax liability(1,517.6)(1,527.2)

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Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recorded net when related to the same tax jurisdiction. TheAt December 31, 2023, the company recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets net deferred tax assets of $5.9$1.6 million are included in otherOther assets and the net deferredDeferred tax liabilities of $1,523.5 million are separately presented$1,325.7 million. At December 31, 2022, the company recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.Sheets net deferred tax assets of $30.0 million in Other assets and net Deferred tax liabilities of $1,662.7 million.

At December 31, 2020 and 2019,2023, the company had tax-effected state net operating loss carryforwards of $37.2$33.5 million, and $38.0 million, respectively, which will expire, if not utilized, between 20212024 and 20402038 except for approximately $2.7$2.6 million which have an indefinite life. At December 31, 2020 and 2019,2023, the company also had tax-effected federal and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $62.6$120.8 million, and $86.9 million, respectively, of which approximately $8.6$10.5 million will expire over several years starting in 2023,2024, with the remaining $54.0$110.3 million having an indefinite life. A valuation allowance has been recorded against certain carryforwards and certain deferred tax assets related to tax jurisdictions in which it is unlikely that the deferred tax asset will be realized.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxes that would be payable on the unremitted earnings of the company's foreign subsidiaries and corporate joint ventures, except where it is our intention to indefinitely reinvest the undistributed earnings. A deferred tax liability has not been recognized for our Canadian unremitted earnings, which are indefinitely reinvested, of approximately $1,060.0$1,068.8 million and $1,017.0$1,034.0 million at December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, respectively. If these earnings were distributed as a dividend, Canadian withholding tax of 5.0% would be due on the dividend. There are no other significant jurisdictions for which a deferred tax liability has not been recognized on unremitted earnings.
















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A reconciliation of the gross unrecognized tax benefits (UTBs) balance from January 1, 2018, toUTBs for the years ended December 31, 2020,2023, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:
$ in millionsGross Unrecognized Income Tax Benefits
Balance at January 1, 201819.6 
Additions for tax positions related to the current year1.0 
Additions for tax positions related to prior years0.1 
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years(0.2)
Reductions related to lapse of statute of limitations(0.5)
Balance at December 31, 201820.0 
Additions for tax positions related to the current year1.4 
Additions for tax positions related to prior years1.2 
Additions for tax positions related to prior years of acquired entities54.1 
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years(4.0)
Reductions related to lapse of statute of limitations(2.8)
Balance at December 31, 201969.9 
Additions for tax positions related to the current year6.6 
Additions for tax positions related to prior years2.2 
Reductions related to settlements(9.9)
Reductions related to lapse of statute of limitations(6.9)
Balance at December 31, 202061.9 
(in millions)202320222021
Balance at January 1$100.2 $86.6 $61.9 
Additions for tax positions related to the current year9.6 16.2 15.9 
Additions for tax positions related to prior years1.3 3.1 14.2 
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years(7.7)(1.2)(3.5)
Reductions related to lapse of statute of limitations(1.8)(2.1)(1.9)
Reductions related to settlements(10.3)(2.4)— 
Balance at December 31$91.3 $100.2 $86.6 

The amount of UTBs that, if recognized, would favorably affect the company's effective tax rate was $50.5$72.6 million at December 31, 2020.2023. The company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to UTBs as a component of the income tax provision. The Consolidated Balance Sheets include accrued interest and penalties related to UTBs of $13.2$17.0 million, $11.7$15.1 million and $3.2$14.8 million at December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 2018,2021, respectively. The company recognized expense for interest and penalties related to UTBs of $1.7$1.9 million, $8.5$1.4 million and $0.3$1.6 million in 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 2018,2021, respectively.

The company files U.S. federal, U.S. state and local, and numerous foreign income tax returns. The company is periodically examined by various taxing authorities. With few exceptions, the company is no longer subject to income tax examinations for years prior to 2013. As a result of the completion of taxing authorities' examinations and the expiration of statutes of limitations, it is reasonably possible that the company's gross UTBs may decrease by as much as $16.0$10.0 million within the next twelve months.

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16.  EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

The calculation of earnings per common shareEPS is as follows:
Years ended December 31,
In millions, except per share data202020192018
Net income attributable to Invesco Ltd.$524.8 $564.7 $882.8 
Years ended December 31,Years ended December 31,
(In millions, except per share data)(In millions, except per share data)202320222021
Net income/(loss) attributable to Invesco Ltd.
Invesco Ltd:Invesco Ltd:
Invesco Ltd:
Invesco Ltd:
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basicWeighted average common shares outstanding - basic459.5 437.8 412.4 
Dilutive effect of non-participating common share-based awardsDilutive effect of non-participating common share-based awards3.0 2.7 0.1 
Weighted average common shares outstanding - dilutedWeighted average common shares outstanding - diluted462.5 440.5 412.5 
Earnings per common share:Earnings per common share:
Earnings per common share:
Earnings per common share:
-basic
-basic
-basic-basic$1.14$1.29$2.14
-diluted-diluted$1.13$1.28$2.14

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See Note 12, “Common Share-Based Compensation,” for a summary of common share awards outstandingThere is no difference between the calculated EPS amounts presented above and the calculated EPS amounts under the company's common share-based payment programs. These programs could result in the issuance of common shares that would affect the measurement of basic and diluted earnings per common share.two class method.

There were 0.3 million common shares ofCertain performance-vested awards are excluded from diluted EPS share calculations as the computation of diluted earnings per common share during the year ended December 31, 2020 due to their inclusion being anti-dilutive (years ended December 31, 2019: 0.7 million; December 31, 2018: 0.5 million). There were 0 common shares of time-vested awards excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per common share during the year ended December 31, 2020 (years ended December 31, 2019: NaN; December 31, 2018: NaN). There were 0 contingently issuable common shares excluded from the diluted earnings per common share computation during the year ended December 31, 2020 (December 31, 2019: NaN; December 31, 2018: NaN ), because the necessary performance conditions for the common shares to be issuable haddesignated contingency was not yet been satisfied at the end of the respective period.met.

19.17.  GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

The company operates under 1one business segment, investment management. Geographical information is presented below. There are no revenues or long-lived assets attributed to the company's country of domicile, Bermuda.
$ in millionsAmericasUKEMEA Ex UKAsiaTotal
For the year ended December 31, 2020
Total operating revenues (1)
4,541.6 632.8 645.1 326.1 6,145.6 
Long-lived assets384.0 147.6 9.1 23.1 563.8 
For the year ended December 31, 2019
Total operating revenues (1)
4,290.2 819.7 698.3 309.2 6,117.4 
Long-lived assets416.0 138.5 8.2 20.8 583.5 
For the year ended December 31, 2018
Total operating revenues (1)
3,245.0 977.2 815.9 276.0 5,314.1 
Long-lived assets319.4 122.8 8.1 18.4 468.7 

(in millions)AmericasAPACEMEATotal
For the year ended December 31, 2023
Total operating revenues (1)
$4,380.3 $263.8 $1,072.3 $5,716.4 
Long-lived assets$416.0 $40.0 $143.5 $599.5 
For the year ended December 31, 2022
Total operating revenues (1)
$4,665.1 $284.9 $1,098.9 $6,048.9 
Long-lived assets$395.4 $28.0 $137.7 $561.1 
For the year ended December 31, 2021
Total operating revenues (1)
$5,174.7 $348.6 $1,371.2 $6,894.5 
Long-lived assets$341.4 $23.6 $153.1 $518.1 
__________
(1)    Operating revenues reflect the geographical regions from which services are provided.

20.
18.  COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Commitments and contingencies may arise in the ordinary course of business.

The company has committed to co-invest in certain investment products which may be called in future periods. At December 31, 2020,2023, the company'scompany’s undrawn co-invest capital and purchase commitments were $453.5$623.3 million (December 31, 2019: $357.02022: $336.1 million). The increase in capital commitments is driven by our continued support for our private markets’ capabilities.

On October 18, 2018,
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Certain of our managed investment products have entered into revolving credit facilities with financial institutions. The company provided equity commitments and guarantees to the financial institutions for certain of these revolving credit facilities that are temporary in nature. The revolving credit facilities look first to the respective investment products for repayment and servicing. The company’s equity commitment or guarantee would only be called in the event a particular investment product is unable to meet its obligation. The company believes the likelihood of being required to fund its equity commitments or guarantees under these arrangements to be remote. To date, the company announced planshas not been required to buy back $1.2 billionfund any equity commitments or guarantees under these arrangements. The maximum amount of future payments under the commitments is $275.5 million and under the guarantees is $30.0 million. The fair value of the company's common shares withinguarantee liability is not significant to the next two years. In connection with this effort, the company entered into several forward contracts to purchase its common shares. See Note 10, “Share Capital,” for details of these forward contracts and the related liability outstanding at December 31, 2020.consolidated financial statements.

The Parentcompany and various companysome of its subsidiaries have entered into agreements with financial institutions to guarantee certain obligations of other company subsidiaries. The company would be required to perform under these guarantees in the event of certain defaults. The company has not had prior claims or losses pursuant to these contracts and expects the risk of loss to be remote.

Pursuant to an agreement entered into at the consummation of the acquisition of OppenheimerFunds, MassMutual, as the holder of seed capital investments in certain funds and accounts included in the acquisition, has the right to redeem its seed capital investments in accordance with an agreed upon schedule. In the event MassMutual exercises its redemption rights and the applicable fund or account is unable to meet such redemption (for example, due to illiquid investments or the need to
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maintain a level of investment in the fund), the company would be required to fund such redemption to MassMutual and seek reimbursement from the applicable fund or account at a later time when the fund or account is able to fulfill a redemption request. At December 31, 2020, the total amount of seed capital subject to this agreement is approximately $357.8 million. Since December 31, 2020, MassMutual exercised its redemption rights and redeemed a portion of the seed capital per the agreed upon schedule. As of the date of this report, the company was not required to fund these redemptions nor does the company anticipate having to fund any of the seed capital subject to this agreement.

Legal Contingencies

The company is from time to time involved in pending or threatened litigation relating to claims arising in the ordinary course of its business. The nature and progression of litigation can make it difficult to predict the impact a particular lawsuit or claim will have on the company. There are many reasons that the company cannot make these assessments, including, among others, one or more of the following: the proceeding is in its early stages;stages (or merely threatened); the damages sought are unspecified, unsupportable, unexplained or uncertain; the claimant is seeking relief other than compensatory damages; the matter presents novel legal claims or other meaningful legal uncertainties; discovery has not started or is not complete; there are significant facts in dispute; and there are other parties who may share in any ultimate liability.

The company and certain related entities have in recent years been subject to various regulatory inquiries, reviews and investigations and legal proceedings, including civil litigation and governmental investigations and enforcement actions. These actions can arise from normal business operations and/or matters that have been the subject of previous regulatory reviews. As a global company with investment products registered in numerous countries and subject to the jurisdiction of one or more regulators in each country, at any given time, our business operations may be subject to review, investigation, or disciplinary action.

In assessing the impact that a legal or regulatory matter will have on the company, management evaluates the need for an accrual on a case-by-case basis. If the likelihood of a loss is deemed probable and is reasonably estimable, the estimated loss is accrued. If the likelihood of a loss is assessed as less than probable, ora loss is not accrued. If a loss is deemed probable but an amount or range of loss cannot be reasonably estimated, a loss is not accrued. accrued but the matter is disclosed.

In management’s opinion, adequate accrual has been made as of December 31, 20202023 to provide for any such losses that may arise from matters for which the company has assessed the likelihood as probable and could reasonably estimate an amount.amount and are deemed probable. Management is of the opinionbelieves that the ultimate resolution of such claims will not materially affect the company’s business, financial position, results of operationrevenue, net income or liquidity. Furthermore, in management’s opinion, except as set forth in the "OppenheimerFunds acquisition-related matter" below, it is not possible to estimate a range of reasonably possible losses with respect to other litigation contingencies.

The company is cooperating with requests from the SEC in connection with their investigation of investment advisers’ compliance with record retention requirements relating to certain types of electronic business communications. At this time a range of loss related to this matter cannot be reasonably estimated.

Further, the investment management industry also is generally subject to extensive levels of ongoing regulatory oversight and examination. In the United States, United KingdomU.S., U.K. and other jurisdictions in which the company operates, governmental authorities regularly make inquiries, hold investigations and administer market conduct examinations with respect to the company'scompany’s compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Additional lawsuits or regulatory enforcement actions arising out of these inquiries may in the future be filed against the company, and related entities and individuals in the United States, United KingdomU.S., U.K. and other jurisdictions in which the company and its affiliates operate. Any material loss of investor and/or client confidence as a result of such inquiries and/or litigation could result in a significant decline in assets under management,AUM, which would have an adverse effect on the company’s future financial results and its ability to grow its business.

OppenheimerFunds acquisition-related matter

In the fourth quarter 2019, the company identified an accounting matter which has required that the historical financial statements for certain funds identified below be restated. This matter also will result in remediation costs, all or at least some portion of which the company expects to bear. Uncertainties remain as of the date of this report regarding the nature, scope and amounts of such costs, as well as the degree to which the company will ultimately be financially responsible for bearing such costs. Set forth below is a more detailed description of this matter, based on information available as of the date of this report.

This matter pertains to the following four Master Limited Partnership (MLP) funds: (1) the Invesco SteelPath MLP Income Fund; (2) the Invesco SteelPath MLP Select 40 Fund; (3) the Invesco SteelPath MLP Alpha Fund; and (4) the Invesco SteelPath MLP Alpha Plus Fund (each a Fund and together the Funds). The company acquired sponsorship and management of the Funds on May 24, 2019 as part of its acquisition of OppenheimerFunds.

The Funds invest substantially all their assets in entities that are MLPs for tax purposes. As a result, the Funds are taxable entities subject to Subchapter C of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Tax Code). This is unusual, as most mutual funds are instead subject to Subchapter M of the Tax Code (and, in general, operate as flow through vehicles for tax purposes thereunder). Because of their tax status, the Funds have tax attributes, including deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities, and must make assessments as to the amount of deferred tax assets that may be realizable in accordance with ASC740 Income Taxes (ASC 740).

In preparing their financial statements for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2019, questions arose as to whether the Funds’ previously issued financial statements for certain years failed to include appropriate valuation allowances against the Funds’ deferred tax assets in accordance with ASC 740. Following a regulatory consultation on these matters, the Funds determined
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that certain previously issued financial statements had to be restated (which the Funds have now done), and the Funds have recorded incorrect Net Asset Values (NAVs) for periods dating back to 2015. Remediating these matters has, will or may produce the following costs:

Costs of processing the restated historical financial statements, and related costs of communicating with present and former Fund shareholders;
Costs of reimbursing fund shareholders for transactions in Fund shares made at incorrect NAVs; and
Certain additional costs in connection with these matters.

As stated above, uncertainties remain regarding the nature, scope and amount of these costs. Furthermore, there is uncertainty as to the degree to which the company will become ultimately responsible to absorb some or all such costs. The sources of such uncertainties include, among other things, the following:

The process and method for determining such remediation is subject to various factors that are not yet certain and information that is not yet readily available. In this regard, a significant amount of the investors in the Funds are held in omnibus accounts where the company does not at this time have access to the level of data necessary to determine the appropriate remediation.
The company and/or the Funds may be entitled to seek reimbursement for certain of such costs under applicable insurance policies (subject to the terms of such policies, including applicable deductibles and policy limits).
The company may be entitled to seek indemnification for certain of such costs from MassMutual under the OppenheimerFunds acquisition agreement (subject to the terms of such indemnification, including the specified deductible and limit).

During 2020, the company made progress in its remediation program, including obtaining investor information from certain omnibus accounts. However, efforts are ongoing to collect the necessary data related to the remaining omnibus accounts. Based on information that is currently available, we have recorded an estimated liability of $387.8 million for both pre- and post-acquisition activity related to the matter. For pre-acquisition activity, the company recorded an adjustment to the initial acquisition accounting for a liability of an estimated amount of $380.5 million in accordance with ASC Topic 805, "Business Combinations," and a corresponding adjustment was recorded to goodwill and deferred tax assets. Additionally, the company recognized a liability of an estimated amount of $7.3 million for activity after the acquisition date, which was recorded in earnings. The estimated liability excludes any amounts that may be recovered through indemnification and insurance recoveries, as well as other remediation costs related to the matter, such as legal and consulting costs, or the costs of communicating with fund shareholders.

This estimate is based primarily on assumptions around the activity of the underlying fund shareholders in the omnibus accounts, the majority of which data the company has not yet received. Differences in the patterns of actual underlying fund shareholder activity that has not yet been received compared to data already received could result in increases or decreases to the estimated liability. Estimation of the liability involves significant judgment, and it is difficult to assess whether the fund shareholder reimbursements will ultimately be consistent with the liability.

The measurement period for this transaction closed during the three months ended June 30, 2020; therefore, any further adjustments to the estimate, including any recoveries from insurance or indemnification, will be recorded through earnings in Transaction, integration and restructuring expense. Remediation costs of $11.6 million have been incurred during the year ended December 31, 2020 and recorded as Transaction, integration and restructuring expense.

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Fund Rebalancing Matter

During the second quarter of 2020, the company discovered and corrected an error with respect to 2 funds: the Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund and Invesco V.I. Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund (the Funds). The Funds are passive funds that are managed to track the S&P 500 Equal Weight Index (the Index). In March 2020, due to volatility in the equity markets, S&P Dow Jones Indices communicated the decision to delay, and ultimately to separate, the rebalancing dates for its indices and noted some indices would be rebalanced in April and others in June. The company noted this delay but not the separation of rebalance dates and omitted rebalancing the Funds on April 24, 2020 when S&P rebalanced the Index. The company discovered this omission and rebalanced the Funds on April 29, 2020. The company has paid the Funds $105.3 million to compensate them for the performance difference that arose from market movements between April 24 and April 29. This amount was recorded as a general and administrative expense during the year ended December 31, 2020. The company will seek reimbursement of this loss under applicable insurance coverages (subject to the terms of such policies, including applicable deductibles and policy limits); however, the amount and timing of any recovery is uncertain as of December 31, 2020.

21.19.  CONSOLIDATED INVESTMENT PRODUCTS

The following table presents the balances related to CIP that are included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as well as Invesco's net interest in the CIP for each period presented.
As of
$ in millionsDecember 31, 2020December 31, 2019
Cash and cash equivalents of CIP301.7 652.2 
Accounts receivable and other assets of CIP175.5 172.9 
Investments of CIP7,910.0 7,808.0 
Less: Debt of CIP(6,714.1)(6,234.6)
Less: Other liabilities of CIP(588.6)(949.6)
Less: Retained earnings0.1 9.5 
Less: Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax(9.4)
Less: Equity attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests(211.8)(383.5)
Less: Equity attributable to nonredeemable noncontrolling interests(446.3)(454.9)
Invesco's net interests in CIP426.5 610.6 
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The following table reflects the impact of consolidation of investment products into the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.

Summary of Income Statement Impact of CIP
Years ended December 31,
$ in millions202020192018
Total operating revenues(39.8)(33.5)(28.6)
Total operating expenses22.2 28.1 16.2 
Operating income(62.0)(61.6)(44.8)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates(12.0)5.1 (10.2)
Interest and dividend income(0.3)(4.6)
Other gains and losses, net(10.3)(40.8)34.5 
Interest and dividend income of CIP302.3 345.4 275.4 
Interest expense of CIP(194.5)(228.5)(190.7)
Other gains/(losses) of CIP, net32.1 32.9 (55.1)
Income before income taxes55.3 47.9 9.1 
Income tax provision
Net income55.3 47.9 9.1 
Net (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities(45.9)(49.5)(0.3)
Net income attributable to Invesco Ltd.9.4 (1.6)8.8 

The company's risk with respect to each investment in CIP is limited to its equity ownership and any uncollected management and performance fees. The company has no right to the benefits from, nor does it bear the risks associated with, these investments, beyond the company's direct investments in, and management and performance fees generated from, the investment products. If the company were to liquidate, these investments would not be available to the general creditors of the company, and as a result, the company does not consider investments held by CIP to be company assets. Additionally, the collateral assets of consolidated collateralized loan obligations (CLOs)CLOs are held solely to satisfy the obligations of the CLOs, and the investors in the consolidated CLOs have no recourse to the general credit of the company for the notes issued by the CLOs. CIP are taxed at the investor level and not at the product level; therefore, there is no tax provision reflected in the net impact of CIP. The majority of CIP are VIEs. The following table presents the balances related to CIP that are included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as well as Invesco's net investment in and net receivables from the CIP for each period presented.

As of
(in millions)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents of CIP$462.4 $199.4 
Accounts receivable and other assets of CIP250.1 203.7 
Investments of CIP8,765.9 8,531.4 
Less: Debt of CIP(7,121.8)(6,590.4)
Less: Other liabilities of CIP(492.1)(329.6)
Less: Retained earnings0.1 0.1 
Less: Equity attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests(745.7)(998.7)
Less: Equity attributable to nonredeemable noncontrolling interests(572.7)(629.3)
Invesco's net investment in and net receivables from CIP$546.2 $386.6 

The following table reflects the impact of consolidation of investment products into the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Years ended December 31,
(in millions)202320222021
Operating income/(loss)$(84.8)$(65.7)$(67.7)
Other income/(expense)13.5 70.5 407.3 
Net (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities71.3 (4.8)(339.6)
Net income/(loss) attributable to Invesco Ltd.$— $— $— 

The following tables present the fair value hierarchy levels of certain CIP balances which are measured at fair value as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
As of December 31, 2023
(in millions)Fair Value MeasurementsQuoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Investments Measured at NAV as a practical expedient(2)
Assets:
Bank loans(1)
$6,837.2 $— $6,140.1 $697.1 $— 
Bonds669.8 13.3 656.2 0.3 — 
Equity securities231.9 85.2 18.3 128.4 — 
Equity and fixed income mutual funds137.9 8.0 129.9 — — 
Investments in other private equity funds425.5 — — — 425.5 
Real estate investments463.6 — — — 463.6 
Total assets at fair value$8,765.9 $106.5 $6,944.5 $825.8 $889.1 

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As of December 31, 2022
(in millions)Fair Value MeasurementsQuoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Investments Measured at NAV as a Practical expedient(2)
Assets:
Bank loans(1)
$6,315.1 $— $6,069.8 $245.3 $— 
Bonds697.5 8.8 688.2 0.5 — 
Equity securities274.9 129.9 29.8 115.2 — 
Equity and fixed income mutual funds230.7 38.8 191.9 — — 
Investments in other private equity funds461.2 — — 7.6 453.6 
Real estate investments552.0 — — — 552.0 
Total assets at fair value$8,531.4 $177.5 $6,979.7 $368.6 $1,005.6 
_________

(1) Bank loan investments, which comprise the majority of consolidated CLOs portfolio collateral, are senior secured corporate loans from a variety of industries. Bank loan investments mature at various dates between 2024 and 2032, pay interest at the applicable reference rate plus a spread of up to 13.38%, and typically range in S&P credit rating categories from BBB down to unrated. Notes issued by consolidated CLOs mature at various dates between 2028 and 2034 and have a weighted average maturity of eight years. The notes are issued in various tranches with different risk profiles. The interest rates are generally variable rates based on the applicable reference rate plus a pre-defined spread, which varies from 0.40% for the more senior tranches to 8.68% for the more subordinated tranches. The investors in this debt are not affiliated with the company and have no recourse to the general credit of the company for this debt. The company elected the fair value option for collateral assets held and notes issued by its consolidated CLOs to eliminate the measurement and recognition inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets and liabilities and recognizing the related gains and losses on different accounting bases. By electing the fair value option, the notes issued by the CLOs are measured based on the fair value of the assets of the CLOs. At December 31, 2023, the unpaid principal balance exceeds the fair value of the senior secured bank loans and bonds by approximately $340.9 million (December 31, 2022: the unpaid principal balance exceeded the fair value of the senior secured bank loans and bonds by approximately $544.1 million). Approximately 0.07% of the collateral assets are in default as of December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022: approximately 0.49% of the collateral assets were in default).
(2) The table below summarizes as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the nature of investments that are valued using the NAV as a practical expedient. Private equity funds are not subject to redemption; however, for certain funds, investors may sell or transfer their interest. Real estate funds are generally subject to a redemption notice period that requires at least 45 days, and the frequency of redemptions is either quarterly or best efforts.
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
(in millions, except term data)Fair ValueTotal Unfunded CommitmentsWeighted Average Remaining TermFair ValueTotal Unfunded CommitmentsWeighted Average Remaining Term
Private equity funds$425.5$56.55.9 years$453.6$74.76.4 years
Real estate investments$463.6$53.8N/A$552.0$53.8N/A

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The following table shows a reconciliation of the beginning and ending fair value measurements for level 3 assets using significant unobservable inputs:
Years ended December 31,
20232022
(in millions)Level 3 AssetsLevel 3 Assets
Beginning Balance as of January 1$368.6 $239.5 
CIP Purchases566.6 31.2 
CIP Sales(54.9)(12.2)
Deconsolidation of CIP(0.6)3.5 
Gains and losses included in the Consolidated Statements of Income7.9 9.8 
Transfers from Level 3 into Levels 1 or 2(377.9)(355.9)
Transfers into Level 3 from Levels 1 or 2310.2 452.0 
Foreign exchange5.9 0.7 
Ending Balance as of December 31$825.8 $368.6 

There is one CIP that elected the fair value option for its borrowings. At December 31, 2023, these borrowings totaled $353.7 million and are classified as level 3 in the valuation hierarchy.

Non-consolidated VIEs

At December 31, 2020,2023, the company's carrying value and maximum risk of loss with respect to VIEs in which the company is not the primary beneficiary was $152.0 million (December 31, 2019: $188.0 million).

Balance Sheet information - newly consolidated VIEs/VOEs

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the company invested in and consolidated 4 new VIEs and 2 new VOEs (December 31, 2019: the company invested in and consolidated 4 new VIEs and 5 new VOEs). The tables below illustrate the summary balance sheet amounts related to these products before consolidation into the company. The balances below are reflective of the balances existing at the consolidation date after the initial funding of the investments by the company and unrelated third-party investors. The current period activity for the consolidated funds, including the initial funding and subsequentincluded our investment of initial cash balances into underlying investments of CIP, is reflected in the company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

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For the year ended December 31, 2020For the year ended December 31, 2019
$ in millionsVIEsVOEsVIEsVOEs
Cash and cash equivalents of CIP9.1 0.1 9.8 0.2 
Accounts receivable and other assets of CIP1.2 0.1 3.1 0.3 
Investments of CIP114.2 17.1 508.7 25.5 
Total assets124.5 17.3 521.6 26.0 
Debt of CIP75.8 188.8 
Other liabilities of CIP37.8 332.8 
Total liabilities113.6 521.6 
Total equity10.9 17.3 26.0 
Total liabilities and equity124.5 17.3 521.6 26.0 

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the company determined it was no longer the primary beneficiary of 15 VIEs and 11 VOEs. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the company determined that it was no longer the primary beneficiary of 6 VIEs and 11 VOEs. The amounts deconsolidated from the Consolidated Balance Sheets are illustrated in the table below. There was 0 net impact to the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 from the deconsolidation of these investment products.
For the year ended December 31, 2020For the year ended December 31, 2019
$ in millionsVIEsVOEsVIEsVOEs
Cash and cash equivalents of CIP4.0 0.2 7.6 
Accounts receivable and other assets of CIP5.0 1.1 22.3 0.6 
Investments of CIP373.7 134.1 626.1 94.3 
Total assets382.7 135.4 656.0 94.9 
— 
Debt of CIP526.2 
Other liabilities of CIP2.8 22.2 
Total liabilities2.8 548.4 
Total equity379.9 135.4 107.6 94.9 
Total liabilities and equity382.7 135.4 656.0 94.9 

The following tables present the fair value hierarchy levels of certain CIP balances which are measured at fair value as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:
As of December 31, 2020
$ in millionsFair Value MeasurementsQuoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Investments Measured at NAV as a practical expedient
Assets:
Bank loans6,864.5 6,864.5 
Bonds539.0 0.6 538.4 
Equity securities137.2 61.3 75.9 
Equity and fixed income mutual funds103.0 91.2 11.8 
Investments in other private equity funds266.3 8.1 258.2 
Total assets at fair value7,910.0 153.1 7,498.7 258.2 
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 As of December 31, 2019
$ in millionsFair Value MeasurementsQuoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Investments Measured at NAV as a Practical expedient
Assets:
Bank loans6,504.4 6,504.4 
Bonds705.9 0.5 705.4 
Equity securities275.9 204.4 71.5 
Equity and fixed income mutual funds29.8 20.3 9.5 
Investments in other private equity funds213.4 213.4 
Real estate investments78.6 78.6 
Total assets at fair value7,808.0 225.2 7,290.8 78.6 213.4 

The following table shows a reconciliation of the beginning and ending fair value measurements for level 3 assets using significant unobservable inputs:
Year ended December 31, 2020Year ended December 31, 2019
$ in millionsLevel 3 AssetsLevel 3 Assets
Beginning balance78.6 11.8 
Purchases58.9 
Deconsolidation of CIP(89.4)
Gains and losses included in the Consolidated Statements of Income(1)
10.8 7.9 
Ending balance78.6 
____________

(1)Included in gains/(losses) of CIP, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2020 are $10.8 million in net unrealized gains attributable to investments still held at December 31, 2020 by CIP (year ended December 31, 2019: $7.9 million net unrealized gains attributable to investments still held at December 31, 2019).
The impact of any gains or losses resulting from valuation changes in the investments of non-CLO CIP attributable to the interests of third parties are offset by resulting changes in gains and losses attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities and therefore do not have a material effect on the financial condition, operating results (including earnings per common share), liquidity or capital resources of the company's common shareholders. Similarly, any gains or losses resulting from valuation changes in the investments of CLOs attributable to the interests of third parties are offset by the calculatedcarrying value of the notes issued by the CLOs (offsetting in other gains/(losses) of CIP) and therefore also do not have a material effect on the financial condition, operating results (including earnings per common share), liquidity or capital resources of the company's common shareholders.

Fair value of consolidated CLOs

The company elected the fair value option for collateral assets held and notes issued by its consolidated CLOs to eliminate the measurement and recognition inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets and liabilities and recognizing the related gains and losses on different accounting bases. By electing the fair value option, the notes issued by the CLOs are measured based on the fair value of the assets of the CLOs.

The collateral assets held by consolidated CLOs are primarily invested in senior secured bank loans, bonds, and equity securities. Bank loan investments at December 31, 2020 of $6,844.3$122.9 million (December 31, 2019: $6,464.32022: $111.5 million), which comprise the majority and unfunded capital commitments of consolidated CLO portfolio collateral, are senior secured corporate loans from a variety of industries, including but not limited to the aerospace and defense, broadcasting, technology, utilities, household products, healthcare, oil and gas, transportation, real estate, packaging, and finance industries. Bank loan investments mature at various dates between 2020 and 2029, pay interest at LIBOR plus a spread of up to 11.00%, and typically range in S&P credit rating categories from BBB+ down to unrated. Interest income on bank loans and bonds is recognized based on the unpaid principal balance and stated interest rate of these investments on an accrual basis. At December 31, 2020, the unpaid principal balance exceeds the fair value of the senior secured bank loans and bonds by approximately $208.6$142.5 million (December 31, 2019: the unpaid principal balance
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exceeded the fair value of the senior secured bank loans and bonds by approximately $181.22022: $100.5 million). Approximately 1.17% of the collateral assets are in default as of December 31, 2020 (December 31, 2019: approximately 0.08% of the collateral assets were in default). CLO investments are valued based on price quotations provided by third party pricing sources. These third party sources aggregate indicative price quotations daily to provide the company with a price for the CLO investments. The company has developed internal controls to review the reasonableness and completeness of these price quotations on a daily basis. If necessary, price quotations are challenged through the third-party pricing source price challenge process.

In addition, the company's internal valuation committee conducts an annual due diligence review of all independent third-party pricing sources to review the provider's valuation methodology as well as ensure internal controls exist over the valuation of the CLO investments. In the event that the third-party pricing source is unable to price an investment, other relevant factors, data and information are considered, including: i) information relating to the market for the investment, including price quotations for and trading in the investment and interests in similar investments, the market environment and investor attitudes towards the investment and interests in similar investments; ii) the characteristics of and fundamental analytical data relating to the investment, including, for senior secured corporate loans, the cost, size, current interest rate, period until next interest rate reset, maturity and base lending rate, the terms and conditions of the senior secured corporate loan and any related agreements, and the position of the senior secured corporate loan in the borrower's debt structure; iii) the nature, adequacy and value of the senior secured corporate loan's collateral, including the CLO's rights, remedies and interests with respect to the collateral; iv) for senior secured corporate loans, the creditworthiness of the borrower, based on an evaluation of its financial condition, financial statements and information about the business, cash flows, capital structure and future prospects; v) the reputation and financial condition of the agent and any intermediate participants in the senior secured corporate loan; and vi) general economic and market conditions affecting the fair value of the senior secured corporate loan.

Notes issued by consolidated CLOs mature at various dates between 2026 and 2033 and have a weighted average maturity of ten years. The notes are issued in various tranches with different risk profiles. The interest rates are generally variable rates based on LIBOR plus a pre-defined spread, which varies from 0.40% for the more senior tranches to 8.07% for the more subordinated tranches. The investors in this debt are not affiliated with the company and have no recourse to the general credit of the company for this debt.

Fair value of consolidated real estate funds

The real estate investment vehicles use one or more valuation techniques (e.g. the market approach, the income approach or the recent transaction "cost" approach) for which sufficient and reliable data is available to value investments classified within level 3. The use of the market approach generally consists of using comparable market transactions, while the use of the income approach generally consists of the net present value of estimated future cash flows, adjusted as appropriate for liquidity, credit, market and/or other risk factors.

The inputs used by the real estate funds in estimating the value of level 3 investments include the original transaction price, recent transactions in the same or similar instruments, as well as completed or pending third-party transactions in the underlying investment or comparable investments. Level 3 investments may also be adjusted to reflect illiquidity and/or non-transferability. Other inputs used include discount rates, cap rates, and income and expense assumptions. The fair value measurement of level 3 investments does not include transaction costs and acquisition fees that may be capitalized as part of the investment's cost basis.

Fair value of consolidated partnership entities

Consolidated private equity funds are generally structured as partnerships. Generally, the investment strategy of underlying holdings in these partnershipsis to seek capital appreciation through direct investments in public or private companies with compelling business models or ideas or through investments in partnership investments that also invest in similar private or public companies. Various strategies may be used. Companies targeted could be distressed organizations, targets of leveraged buyouts or fledgling companies in need of venture capital. Investors in CIP generally may not redeem their investment until the partnership liquidates. Generally, the partnerships have a life that ranges from seven to twelve years unless dissolved earlier. The general partner may extend the partnership term up to a specified period of time as stated in the Partnership Agreement. Some partnerships allow the limited partners to cause an earlier termination upon the occurrence of certain events as specified in the Partnership Agreement.

For private equity partnerships, fair value is determined by reviewing each investment for the sale of additional securities of an issuer to sophisticated investors or for investee financial conditions and fundamentals. Publicly traded portfolio investments are carried at market value as determined by their most recent quoted sale, or if there is no recent sale, at their most recent bid price. For these investments held by CIP, level 1 classification indicates that fair values have been determined using unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets that the partnership has the ability to access. Level 2 classification may
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indicate that fair values have been determined using quoted prices in active markets but give effect to certain lock-up restrictions surrounding the holding period of the underlying investments.

The fair value of level 3 investments held by CIP are derived from inputs that are unobservable and which reflect the limited partnerships' own determinations about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the investments, including assumptions about risk. These inputs are developed based on the partnership's own data, which is adjusted if information indicates that market participants would use different assumptions. The partnerships which invest directly into private equity portfolio companies (direct private equity funds) take into account various market conditions, subsequent rounds of financing, liquidity, financial condition, purchase multiples paid in other comparable third-party transactions, the price of securities of other companies comparable to the portfolio company, and operating results and other financial data of the portfolio company, as applicable.

The partnerships which invest into other private equity funds (funds-of-funds) take into account information received from those underlying funds, including their reported net asset values and evidence as to their fair value approach, including consistency of their fair value application. These investments do not trade in active markets and represent illiquid long-term investments that generally require future capital commitments. The partnerships' reported share of the underlying net asset values of the underlying funds is used as a practical expedient, as allowed by ASC Topic 820, in arriving at fair value.

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
At December 31, 2020, there were no investments held by consolidated real estate funds that were valued using recent private market transactions.

At December 31, 2019, there were $78.6 million of investments held by consolidated real estate funds that were valued using recent private market transactions.

The following narrative will indicate the sensitivity of inputs illustrating the impact of significant increases to the inputs. A directionally opposite impact would apply for significant decreases in these inputs:

For real estate investments, a change in the average rent growth rate would result in a directionally-opposite change in the assumptions for discount rate and terminal capitalization rate. Significant increases in the average growth rate would result in significantly higher fair values. Significant increases in the assumptions for discount rate and terminal capitalization rate in isolation would result in significantly lower fair value measurements.

The table below summarizes as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the nature of investments that are valued using the NAV as a practical expedient and any related liquidation restrictions or other factors which may impact the ultimate value realized:
December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
in millions, except term dataFair ValueTotal Unfunded Commitments
Weighted Average Remaining Term (2)
Fair ValueTotal Unfunded Commitments
Weighted Average Remaining Term (2)
Private equity funds (1)
$258.2$110.16.7 years$213.4$78.36.7 years
____________

(1)    These investments are not subject to redemption; however, for certain funds, the investors may sell or transfer their interest, which may require approval by the general partner of the underlying funds.

(2)    These investments are expected to be returned through distributions as a result of liquidations of the funds' underlying assets over the weighted average periods indicated.

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For investments held by consolidated private equity funds, significant increases in discounts in isolation would result in significantly lower fair value measurements, while significant increases in revenue multiple assumptions in isolation would result in significantly higher fair value measurements. An increase in discount assumptions would result in a directionally opposite change in the assumptions for revenue multiple resulting in lower fair value measurements.

Fair Value of Equity Securities, Bonds and Equity/Fixed Income Mutual Funds

Equity securities are valued under the market approach through use of quoted prices on an exchange. To the extent these securities are actively traded, valuation adjustments are not applied, and they are categorized within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy; otherwise, they are categorized in level 2 or level 3 depending on the inputs used.

Bonds are fair valued using an evaluated quote provided by an independent pricing service. Evaluated quotes provided by the pricing service may be determined without exclusive reliance on quoted prices, and may reflect appropriate factors such as institution-size trading in similar groups of securities, developments related to specific securities, yield, quality, type of issue, coupon rate, maturity, individual trading characteristics and other market data. Depending on the nature of the inputs, these investments are categorized as level 1, 2, or 3.

Equity and fixed income mutual funds are valued under the market approach through the use of quoted market prices available in an active market and is classified within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy; there is no modeling or additional information needed to arrive at the fair values of these investments.

22.20. RELATED PARTIES

As a result of the OppenheimerFunds acquisition, MassMutual has an approximate 16.5% stakeowns approximately 18.1% in the common stock of the company and owns all of the outstanding $4.0$4.0 billion in perpetual, non-cumulative preferred shares.shares as of December 31, 2023. Based on the level of shares owned by MassMutual and the corresponding customary minority shareholder rights, which includes representation on Invesco’s board of directors, the company considers MassMutual a related party.

Additionally, certain managed funds are deemed to be affiliated entities under the related party definition in ASC 850, “Related Party Disclosures.” The majority of the company's Operating revenues and receivables are from Invesco's managed funds. Related parties also include those defined in the company’s proxy statement. Affiliated

Refer to Note 2, "Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities" and Note 3, "Investments" for more information on balances are illustratedinvested in the tables below:
Years ended December 31,
$ in millions202020192018
Affiliated operating revenues:
Investment management fees4,007.8 4,039.7 3,591.7 
Service and distribution fees1,358.8 1,219.1 945.8 
Performance fees39.4 58.0 17.5 
Other200.2 219.5 192.4 
Total affiliated operating revenues5,606.2 5,536.3 4,747.4 
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As of December 31,
$ in millions20202019
Affiliated asset balances:
Cash and cash equivalents947.3 620.9 
Unsettled fund receivables62.9 113.6 
Accounts receivable498.3 599.8 
Investments654.8 633.5 
Assets held for policyholders7,581.8 10,835.3 
Other assets50.8 24.5 
Total affiliated asset balances9,795.9 12,827.6 
Affiliated liability balances:
Accrued compensation and benefits47.4 65.7 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses60.1 53.8 
Unsettled fund payables64.1 116.6 
Total affiliated liability balances171.6 236.1 
Invesco affiliated funds.

23.21. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On January 4, 2021, the company paid $117.0 million to settle a portion of the forward share repurchase liability.

On January 26, 2021,23, 2024, the company declared a fourth quarter 20202023 dividend of $0.155$0.20 per common share, payable on March 2, 2021,4, 2024, to common shareholders of record at the close of business on February 16, 20212024 with an ex-dividend date of February 12, 2021.15, 2024.

On January 26, 2021,23, 2024, the company declared a preferred dividend of $14.75 per preferred share to the holders of preferred shares representing the period from December 1, 20202023 through February 28, 2021.2024. The preferred dividend is payable on March 1, 2021, to preferred shareholders of record at the close of business on February 16, 2021.2024.

On January 30, 2024, Invesco Finance PLC, a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of the Parent, paid in full the outstanding balance of the $600.0 million senior notes which were due on January 30, 2024. Further, $128.5 million was drawn on the floating rate facility on January 31, 2024.


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Item 9.  Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None

Item 9A.  Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Management, with the participation of the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of December 31, 2020.2023. Based upon this evaluation, the chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding the required disclosure.

Management's report on internal control over financial reporting is located in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our independent registered public accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, havehas issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for the year ended December 31, 2020.2023.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B.  Other Information

NoneNone.
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Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

PART III

Item 10.  Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Invesco filed the certification of its Chief Executive Officer with the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)NYSE in 20202023 as required pursuant to Section 303A of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. In addition, Invesco filed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 302 certifications of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer with the Securities and Exchange Commission,SEC, which certifications are attached hereto as Exhibit 31.1 and Exhibit 31.2, respectively.

The information required by this Item will be included in the definitive Proxy Statement for the company's annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020,2023, under the captions “Information About the“Our Executive Officers, of the Company,” “Corporate Governance,” “Board of Directors,” "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" and possibly elsewhere therein. Such information is incorporated into this Item 10 by reference.

Item 11.  Executive Compensation

The information required by this Item will be included in the definitive Proxy Statement for the company's annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020,2023, under the captions “Board of Directors - Director Compensation,” “Executive Compensation,” “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” and possibly elsewhere therein. Such information is incorporated into this Item 11 by reference.


101

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this Item will be included in the definitive Proxy Statement for the company's annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020,2023, under the captions “Executive Compensation,” “Security Ownership of Principal Shareholders,” “Security Ownership of Management,” and possibly elsewhere therein. Such information is incorporated into this Item 12 by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this Item will be included in the definitive Proxy Statement for the company's annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020,2023, under the captions “Corporate Governance,” “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions,” “Board of Directors,” “Related Person Transaction Policy,” and possibly elsewhere therein. Such information is incorporated into this Item 13 by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this Item will be included in the definitive Proxy Statement for the company's annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020,2023, under the captions “Fees Paid to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm,” “Pre-Approval Process and Policy,” and possibly elsewhere therein. Such information is incorporated into this Item 14 by reference.
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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedule

(a)(1) The Consolidated Financial Statements filed as part of this Report are listed in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

(a)(2) No financial statement schedules are required to be filed as part of this Report; therefore, all such schedules have been omitted. Such omission has been made on the basis that information is provided in the Consolidated Financial Statements or related footnotes in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” or is not required to be filed as the information is not applicable.

(a)(3) The exhibits listed on the Exhibit Index are included with this Report.

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Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

Not applicable

Exhibit Index

(Note: Exhibits 10.210.3 through 10.2010.23 and 10.2210.21 through 10.2810.30 are management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements required to be filed as an exhibit to this Report pursuant to Item 15(b) of this Report. References herein to “AMVESCAP,” or “AMVESCAP PLC” are to the predecessor registrant to Invesco Ltd.)
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.74.4
4.8
4.94.5
4.104.6
4.114.7
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.2
103

10.3
10.4
10.5
128


10.6
10.610.7
10.8
10.710.9
10.810.10
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17
10.18
10.19
10.19
10.20
104

10.2110.20
10.22
10.2310.21
10.22
10.23
10.24
10.25
10.26
129


10.25
10.2610.27
10.28
10.2710.29
10.2810.30
10.2910.31
10.3010.32
10.3110.33
10.3210.34
21.0
22.0
23.1
31.1
31.2
32.1
32.2
97
105

101The following financial statements from the Company’scompany’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, formatted in Inline XBRL (ExtensibleExtensible Business Reporting Language)Language (iXBRL) : (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity, and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags.tags
104The cover page from the Company’scompany’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, formatted in Inline XBRL

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.



Invesco Ltd.
By:
/s/ MARTIN L. FLANAGAN
ANDREW R. SCHLOSSBERG
Name:Martin L. FlanaganAndrew Schlossberg
Title:President and Chief Executive Officer
Date:February 19, 202121, 2024


Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated and on the dates indicated.
Name
TitleDate
/s/ MARTIN L. FLANAGANANDREW R. SCHLOSSBERGChief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and President; DirectorFebruary 19, 202121, 2024
Martin L. FlanaganAndrew Schlossberg
/s/ L. ALLISON DUKESSenior Managing Director and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)February 19, 202121, 2024
L. Allison Dukes
/s/ ANNETTE LEGETERRY G. VACHERONChief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)February 19, 202121, 2024
Annette LegeTerry G. Vacheron
/s/ G. RICHARD WAGONER, JR.ChairmanChairperson and DirectorFebruary 19, 202121, 2024
G. Richard Wagoner, Jr.
/s/ SARAH E. BESHARDirectorFebruary 19, 202121, 2024
Sarah E. Beshar
/s/ THOMAS M. FINKEDirectorFebruary 19, 202121, 2024
Thomas M. Finke
/s/ EDWARD D. GARDENTHOMAS P. GIBBONSDirectorFebruary 19, 202121, 2024
Edward D. GardenThomas P. Gibbons
/s/ WILLIAM F. GLAVIN, JR.DirectorFebruary 19, 202121, 2024
William F. Glavin, Jr.
/s/ C. ROBERT HENRIKSONELIZABETH. S. JOHNSONDirectorFebruary 19, 202121, 2024
C. Robert HenriksonElizabeth S. Johnson
/s/ DENIS KESSLERDirectorFebruary 19, 2021
Denis Kessler
/s/ NELSON PELTZDirectorFebruary 19, 2021
Nelson Peltz
/s/ SIR NIGEL SHEINWALDDirectorFebruary 19, 202121, 2024
Sir Nigel Sheinwald
/s/ PAULA C. TOLLIVERDirectorFebruary 21, 2024
Paula C. Tolliver
/s/ CHRISTOPHER C. WOMACKDirectorFebruary 21, 2024
Christopher C. Womack
/s/ PHOEBE A. WOODDirectorFebruary 19, 202121, 2024
Phoebe A. Wood


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