Item 1. Business
Essex Property Trust, Inc. ("Essex"), a Maryland corporation, is an S&P 500 company that operates as a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust ("REIT"). Essex owns all of its interest in its real estate and other investments directly or indirectly through Essex Portfolio, L.P. (the "Operating Partnership" or "EPLP"). Essex is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership and as of December 31, 2019,2021, had an approximately 96.6% general partnership interest in the Operating Partnership. In this report, the terms the "Company," "we," "us," and "our" also refer to Essex Property Trust, Inc., the Operating Partnership and those entities/subsidiaries owned or controlled by Essex and/or the Operating Partnership.
Essex has elected to be treated as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, commencing with the year ended December 31, 1994. Essex completed its initial public offering on June 13, 1994. In order to maintain compliance with REIT tax rules, the Company utilizes taxable REIT subsidiaries for various revenue generating or investment activities. All taxable REIT subsidiaries are consolidated by the Company for financial reporting purposes.
The Company is engaged primarily in the ownership, operation, management, acquisition, development and redevelopment of predominantly apartment communities, located along the West Coast of the United States. As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company owned or had ownership interests in 250252 operating apartment communities, aggregating 60,57061,911 apartment homes, excluding the Company's ownership in preferred equity co-investments, loan investments, onethree operating commercial building,buildings, and a development pipeline comprised of fiveone consolidated projectsproject and twoone unconsolidated joint venture projectsproject aggregating 1,960371 apartment homes (collectively, the "Portfolio").
The Company’s website address is http://www.essex.com. The Company’s annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports, and the Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders are available, free of charge, on its website as soon as practicable after the Company files the reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The information contained on the Company's website shall not be deemed to be incorporated into this report.
The following is a discussion of the Company’s business strategies in regards to real estate investment and management.
Recognizing that all real estate markets are cyclical, the Company regularly evaluates the results of its regional economic, and local market research, and adjusts the geographic focus of its portfolio accordingly. The Company seeks to increase its portfolio
allocation in markets projected to have the strongest local economies and to decrease allocations in markets projected to have declining economic conditions. Likewise, the Company also seeks to increase its portfolio allocation in markets that have attractive property valuations and to decrease allocations in markets that have inflated valuations and low relative yields.
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(1)Property Name
| In March 2019, the Company purchased the joint venture partner's 45% membership interest | Location | | Ownership | | Quarter in the One2021 | | Purchase Price |
7 South Market co-investment based on an estimated property valuation of $179.0 million. In conjunction with the acquisition, $86.0 million of mortgage debt that encumbered the property was repaid.Linden |
| South San Francisco, CA | | EPLP | | Q3 | | $ | 33.5 | |
(2)Third & Broad
| In June 2019, the Company acquired Brio for a total contract price of $164.9 million in a DownREIT transaction. As part of the acquisition, the Company assumed $98.7 million of mortgage debt in the community. |
Seattle, WA | | EPLP | | Q3 | | 52.5 | |
(3)Total 2021
| Contract prices represent the total contract price at 100%. |
| | | | $ | 86.0 | |
(4)
| In December 2019, the Company purchased the joint venture partner's 25% ownership interest in Hidden Valley, a consolidated community, based on an estimated property valuation of $97.0 million and an encumbrance of $29.7 million of mortgage debt. |
Dispositions of Real Estate
As part of its strategic plan to own quality real estate in supply-constrained markets, the Company continually evaluates all of its communities and sells those which no longer meet its strategic criteria. The Company may use the capital generated from the dispositions to invest in higher-return communities, or other real estate investments or to repay debts.fund other commitments. The Company believes that the sale of these communities will not have a material impact on its future results of operations or cash flows nor will their sale materially affect its ongoing operations. Generally,In general, the Company seeks to have anyoffset the dilutive impact of longer-termon long-term earnings dilution resultingand funds from operations from these dispositions offset bythrough the positive impact from reinvestingof reinvestment of proceeds.
In October 2019, a Canada Pension Plan Investment Board ("CPPIB" or "CPP") joint venture, in whichFor the Company had a 55.0% ownership interest at the time, sold Mosso, a 463 unit apartment home community located in San Francisco, CA, for $311.0 million, resulting in a gain of $50.2 million for the Company.
In October 2019,year ended December 31, 2021, the Company sold four communities consisting of 912 apartment homes for approximately $330.0 million.
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Property Name | | Location | | Apartment Homes | | Ownership | | Quarter in 2021 | | Sales Price (in millions) | |
Hidden Valley | | Simi Valley, CA | | 324 | | | EPLP | | Q1 | | $ | 105.0 | | (1) |
Park 20 | | San Mateo, CA | | 197 | | | EPLP | | Q1 | | 113.0 | | (2) |
Axis 2300 | | Irvine, CA | | 115 | | | EPLP | | Q1 | | 57.5 | | (3) |
Devonshire Apartments | | Hemet, CA | | 276 | | | EPLP | | Q3 | | 54.5 | | (4) |
Total 2021 | | 912 | | | | | | | $ | 330.0 | | |
(1) The Company recognized a land parcel adjacent to$69.2 million gain on sale. In conjunction with the Mylo development community located in Santa Clara, CA, for $10.8sale, the Company repaid $29.7 million and recordedof mortgage debt that encumbered the property.
(2) The Company recognized an immaterial gain.gain on sale.
(3) The Company recognized a $30.8 million gain on sale.
In December 2019, the(4) The Company sold land located in San Mateo, CA, that had been held for future development for $12.5recognized a $42.9 million and recorded a loss of $3.2 million.gain on sale.
Development Pipeline
The Company defines development projects as new communities that are being constructed, or are newly constructed and are in a phase of lease-up and have not yet reached stabilized operations. As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company's development pipeline was comprised of fiveone consolidated projectsproject under development and twoone unconsolidated joint venture projectsproject under development aggregating 1,960371 apartment homes, with total incurred costs of $1.0 billion,$156.0 million, and estimated remaining project costs of approximately $222.0$61.0 million, $193.0$32.6 million of which represents the Company's share of estimated remaining costs, for total estimated project costs of $1.3 billion.$217.0 million.
The Company defines predevelopment projects as proposed communities in negotiation or in the entitlement process with an expected high likelihood of becoming entitled development projects. As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company had various consolidated predevelopment projects. The Company may also acquire land for future development purposes or sale.
The following table sets forth information regarding the Company’s development pipeline ($ in millions):
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| | | | | | | | As of |
| | | | | | | | 12/31/2021 |
| | | | Essex | | Estimated | | Incurred | | Estimated |
Development Pipeline | | Location | | Ownership% | | Apartment Homes | | Project Cost (1) | | Project Cost(1) |
Development Projects - Consolidated | | | | | | | | | | |
Station Park Green - Phase IV | | San Mateo, CA | | 100% | | 107 | | | $ | 91 | | | $ | 94 | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total Development Projects - Consolidated | | | | | | 107 | | | 91 | | | 94 | |
Development Projects - Joint Venture | | | | | | | | | | |
Scripps Mesa Apartments (2) | | San Diego, CA | | 51% | | 264 | | | 44 | | | 102 | |
Total Development Projects - Joint Venture | | | | | | 264 | | | 44 | | | 102 | |
Predevelopment Projects - Consolidated | | | | | | | | | | |
Other Projects | | Various | | 100% | | — | | | 21 | | | 21 | |
Total - Consolidated Predevelopment Projects | | | | | | — | | | 21 | | | 21 | |
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Grand Total - Development and Predevelopment Pipeline | | | | | | 371 | | | $ | 156 | | | $ | 217 | |
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| | | | | | | | As of |
| | | | | | | | 12/31/2019 |
| | | | Essex | | Estimated | | Incurred | | Estimated |
Development Pipeline | | Location | | Ownership% | | Apartment Homes | | Project Cost (1) | | Project Cost(1) |
Development Projects - Consolidated | | | | | | | | | | |
Station Park Green - Phase II | | San Mateo, CA | | 100% | | 199 |
| | $ | 135 |
| | $ | 141 |
|
Station Park Green - Phase III | | San Mateo, CA | | 100% | | 172 |
| | 119 |
| | 134 |
|
Station Park Green - Phase IV | | San Mateo, CA | | 100% | | 107 |
| | 16 |
| | 94 |
|
Mylo (2) | | Santa Clara, CA | | 100% | | 476 |
| | 197 |
| | 226 |
|
Wallace on Sunset (3) | | Hollywood, CA | | 100% | | 200 |
| | 70 |
| | 105 |
|
Total Development Projects - Consolidated | | | | | | 1,154 |
| | 537 |
| | 700 |
|
Development Projects - Joint Venture | | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
|
Patina at Midtown (4) | | San Jose, CA | | 50% | | 269 |
| | 115 |
| | 136 |
|
500 Folsom (5) | | San Francisco, CA | | 50% | | 537 |
| | 377 |
| | 415 |
|
Total Development Projects - Joint Venture | | | | | | 806 |
| | 492 |
| | 551 |
|
Predevelopment Projects - Consolidated | | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
|
Other Projects | | Various | | 100% | | — |
| | 20 |
| | 20 |
|
Total - Consolidated Predevelopment Projects | | | | | | — |
| | 20 |
| | 20 |
|
Grand Total - Development and Predevelopment Pipeline | | | | | | 1,960 |
| | $ | 1,049 |
| | $ | 1,271 |
|
(1)Includes costs related to the entire project, including both the Company's and joint venture partners' costs. Includes incurred costs and estimated costs to complete these development projects. For predevelopment projects, only incurred costs are included in estimated costs.(2)Incurred project cost and estimated project cost are net of a projected value for low income housing tax credit proceeds and the value of the tax-exempt bond structure.
| |
(1)
| Includes costs related to the entire project, including both the Company's and joint venture partners' costs. Includes incurred costs and estimated costs to complete these development projects. For predevelopment projects, only incurred costs are included in estimated costs. |
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(2)
| Mylo was previously named Gateway Village. |
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(3)
| Wallace on Sunset was previously named Essex Hollywood. |
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(4)
| Patina at Midtown was previously named Ohlone. |
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(5)
| Estimated project cost for this development is net of a projected value for low-income housing tax credit proceeds and the value of the tax exempt bond structure. |
Redevelopment Pipeline
The Company defines the redevelopment pipeline as existing properties owned or recently acquired, which have been targeted for additional investment by the Company with the expectation of increased financial returns through property improvement. During redevelopment, apartment homes may not be available for rent and, as a result, may have less than stabilized operations. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had ownership interests in four major redevelopment communities aggregating 1,327 apartment homes with estimated redevelopment costs of $132.7 million, of which approximately $14.9 million remains to be expended.
Long Term Debt
During 2019,2021, the Company made regularly scheduled principal payments and loan payoffs of $951.6$3.5 million ofto its secured mortgage notes payable at an average interest rate of 4.2%2.9%.
In February 2019,March 2021, the CompanyOperating Partnership issued $350.0$450.0 million of senior unsecured notes due on March 1, 2029,2028 with a coupon rate of 4.000%1.700% per annum (the "2029"2028 Notes"), which are payable on March 1 and September 1 of each year, beginning on September 1, 2019.2021. The 20292028 Notes were offered to investors at a price of 99.188%99.423% of the principal amount thereof.par value. The 2029 Notes are general unsecured senior obligations of the Operating Partnership, rank equally in right of payment with all other senior
unsecured indebtedness of the Operating Partnership and are unconditionally guaranteed by Essex Property Trust, Inc. In March 2019, the Company issued an additional $150.0 million of the 2029 Notes at a price of 100.717% of the principal amount thereof. These additional notes have substantially identical terms as the 2029 Notes issued in February 2019. The Company used the net proceeds of these offerings to repay indebtedness under its unsecured lines of credit and for other general corporate and working capital purposes.
In August 2019, the Company issued $400.0 million of senior unsecured notes due on January 15, 2030, with a coupon rate of 3.000% per annum (the "2030 Notes"), which are payable on January 15 and July 15 of each year, beginning on January 15, 2020. The 2030 Notes were offered to investors at a price of 98.632% of the principal amount thereof. The 20302028 Notes are general unsecured senior obligations of the Operating Partnership, rank equally in right of payment with all other senior unsecured indebtedness of the Operating Partnership and are unconditionally guaranteed by Essex Property Trust, Inc. In October 2019, the Company issued an additional $150.0 million of the 2030 notes at a price of 101.685% of the principal amount thereof. These additional notes have substantially identical terms as the 2030 Notes issued in August 2019.Essex. The Company used the net proceeds of these offerings to prepay certain secured indebtedness under outstanding mortgage notes,this offering to repay upcoming debt maturities, including all or a portion of certain unsecured term loans, and for general corporate and working capital purposes.
In June 2021, the Operating Partnership issued $300.0 million of senior unsecured notes due on June 15, 2031 with a coupon rate of 2.550% per annum (the "2031 Notes"), which are payable on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on December 15, 2021. The 2031 Notes were offered to investors at a price of 99.367% of par value. The 2031 Notes are general unsecured senior obligations of the Operating Partnership, rank equally in right of payment with all other senior unsecured indebtedness underof the Operating Partnership and are unconditionally guaranteed by Essex. The Company used the net proceeds of this offering to repay upcoming debt maturities, including to fund the redemption of $300.0 million aggregate principal amount (plus the make-whole amount and accrued and unpaid interest) of its outstanding 3.375% senior unsecured lines of creditnotes due January 2023, and for other general corporate and working capital purposes.
Bank Debt
As of December 31, 2019, Fitch Ratings,2021, Moody’s Investor Service and Standard and Poor's ("S&P") credit agencies rated Essex Property Trust, Inc. and Essex Portfolio, L.P. BBB+/Stable, Baa1/Stable and BBB+/Stable, respectively.
At December 31, 2019,2021, the Company had two unsecured lines of credit aggregating $1.24 billion. The Company's $1.2 billion credit facility had an interest rate of the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR")LIBOR plus 0.825%0.775%, with a scheduled maturity date in December 2022September 2025 with one 18-month extension,three 6-month extensions, exercisable at the Company's option. In January 2020, the line of credit facility was amended such that the scheduled maturity date was extended to December 2023 with one 18-month extension, exercisable at the Company's option. The underlying interest rate on the amended line is based on a tiered rate structure tied to the Company's corporate ratings and is currently at LIBOR plus 0.825%. The Company's $35.0 million working capital unsecured line of credit had an interest rate of LIBOR plus 0.825%0.775%, with a scheduled maturity date in February 2021.2023.
Equity Transactions
In September 2021, the Company entered into a new equity distribution agreement pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate gross sales price of up to $900.0 million (the “2021 ATM Program”). In connection with the 2021 ATM Program, the Company may also enter into related forward sale agreements, and may sell shares of its common stock pursuant to these agreements. The use of a forward sale agreement would allow the Company to lock in a share price on the sale of shares of its common stock at the time the agreement is executed, but defer receipt of the proceeds from the sale of shares until a later date should the Company elect to settle such forward sale agreement, in whole or in part, in shares of its common stock.
The 2021 ATM Program replaces the Company’s prior equity distribution agreement entered into in September 2018 (the “2018 ATM Program”), which was terminated upon the establishment of the 2021 ATM Program. During the year ended December 31, 2019,2021, the Company issued 228,271did not issue any shares of common stock through its equity distribution program at an average price of $321.56 per share for proceeds of $73.4 million.the 2021 ATM Program or through the 2018 ATM Program. As of December 31, 2019,2021, there were no outstanding forward sale agreements, and $826.6$900.0 million of shares remain available to be sold under this program.the 2021 ATM Program.
In January 2019,During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company repurchased and retired 234,06140,000 shares of its common stock totaling $57.0$9.2 million, including commissions, at an average pricecommissions. As of $243.48 per share. In February 2019, the board of directors approved the replenishment of the stock repurchase plan such that, as of such date,December 31, 2021, the Company had $250.0$214.5 million of purchase authority remaining under the replenished plan. The Company did not repurchase any additional shares during the year ended December 31, 2019, such that as of December 31, 2019, the Company hadits $250.0 million of purchase authority remaining under the stock repurchase plan.
Co-investments
The Company has entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures or partnerships (including limited liability companies) through which we own an indirect economic interest in less than 100% of the community or land or other investments owned directly by the joint venture or partnership. For each joint venture the Company holds a non-controlling interest in the venture and earns customary management fees and may earn development fees, asset property management fees, and a promote interest.
The Company has also made, and may continue in the future to make, preferred equity investments in various multifamily development projects. The Company earns a preferred rate of return on these investments.
OFFICES AND EMPLOYEESHUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
Company Overview and Values
The Company is headquartered in San Mateo, CA, and has regional offices in Woodland Hills, CA; Irvine, CA; San Diego, CA and Bellevue, WA. As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company had 1,8221,757 employees, ninety-nine percent (99%) of which were full-time employees, and of which 1,382 employees worked in operations and 375 were employed in the corporate offices. The Company's mission is to create quality communities in premier locations and it is critical to the Company's mission that it attracts, trains and retains a talented and diverse team by providing a better place to work and significant opportunities for professional growth. The Company's culture supports its mission and is guided by its core values: to act with integrity, to care about what matters, to do right with urgency, to lead at every level and to seek fairness. The Company seeks to reinforce those values within its workforce.
Workplace Diversity
The Company believes it has one of the most diverse workforces among its peers in the real estate industry. The Company believes that its robust and integrated diversity, equity, and inclusion strategy, which utilizes training programs, employee committees, and executive sponsorships to strengthen and promote diversity, equal opportunity, and fair treatment for all Company associates. As of December 31, 2021, the Company's workforce was approximately 43% Hispanic or Latino, 29% White, 12% Asian, 8% Black or African American, 1% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 1% American Indian or Alaska Native, and 5% two or more races. 1% of employees chose to not disclose their race. As of December 31, 2021, the Company's workforce was 42% female and 58% male, of which corporate associates were 56% female and on-site operational associates were 38% female. The Company had 308 females in positions of manager or higher, representing 65% of managerial positions. Additionally, 50% of the Company’s executive officers are female and 56% of the Company’s senior executives are female. The tables below detail the Company's gender representation by position and the age diversity of its workforce.
The Company has a Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion ("DEI") Committee which directs the overarching goal setting, implementation, and follow-up for DEI initiatives and whose chairperson reports directly to the CEO on the Committee’s
activities. The Company supports the employee-led affinity groups, Women at Essex and the LGBTQ+ focused Rainbow Alliance, which foster a sense of community and inclusion for a diverse mix of associates at the Company through discussions and activities that are intended to engage, educate, enable, and empower the Company's employees. All associates are offered training aimed at preventing workplace harassment, including harassment based on age, gender or ethnicity, and all managers are required to complete harassment training. In 2021, the Company provided 2,878 hours of training for all its employees covering the foundations of DEI and awareness of unconscious bias in the workplace.
The Company is committed to pay equity and conducts a pay equity analysis on an annual basis. The Company's pay equity analysis for 2021 indicated a zero percent (0%) pay gap between men and women.
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Gender Representation by Position (1) | | December 31, 2021 |
| Male # (2) | | Female # (2) | | Male % | | Female % |
Corporate - Top Executives, VPs, Assistant VPs, Directors, & Managers | | 70 (3) | | 66 (3) | | 51% | | 49% |
Corporate - Below manager position | | 94 | | 145 | | 39% | | 61% |
Field - Regional Directors/Managers, Community Managers and Assistant Managers | | 96 | | 242 | | 28% | | 72% |
Field - Leasing Specialists, Leasing Managers, Relationship Reps, Bookkeepers | | 119 | | 194 | | 38% | | 62% |
Field - Maintenance Supervisors and Techs | | 534 | | 10 | | 98% | | 2% |
Field - Porter, Landscaper, Painter, Security Guard, Amenities Attendant | | 103 | | 82 | | 56% | | 44% |
(1) Table excludes two employees that did not declare gender.
(2) Gender is labeled as how respondents elected to be self-identified.
(3) Includes one Field - VP Property Management position that oversees Operations.
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Total Workforce by Age Group | | December 31, 2021 |
| # | | % |
<= 25 | | 172 | | 10% |
26-35 | | 534 | | 30% |
36-45 | | 417 | | 24% |
46-55 | | 349 | | 20% |
56-65 | | 248 | | 14% |
> 65 | | 37 | | 2% |
Training and Development
The Company values leadership at every level and demonstrates such value with respect to its associates by providing opportunities for all associates to develop personal and professional skills and by offering programs to encourage employee retention and advancement. In 2021, over 36,000 hours of training and development programs were provided to associates, with our investment in training totaling almost $375,000. These programs include: leadership training, communication training, individual learning plans, Community Manager and Maintenance Manager training, and mentorship programs. Additionally, the Company provides its associates with outside educational benefits by offering an annual $3,000 tuition reimbursement to further support professional growth. To identify, retain and reward top performers, the Company offers a tenure program, which involves a cash gift for every five years of service, as well as excellence awards and a spot bonus recognition program to reward associates for good teamwork, good ideas and good service. The Company encourages internal promotions and hiring for open positions. In 2021, the Company promoted 16% of its employees to higher positions in the Company. Additionally, the Company engages in succession planning for its leadership and managerial positions and its executive team identifies and mentors the Company's top talent in order to ensure strong leadership at the Company for the future.
Employee Well-Being
The Company's compensation and benefits program and safety practices further reinforce its commitment to investing in the well-being of its associates while ensuring that its employees are fairly incentivized to ensure fulfillment of the Company’s mission. The Company offers competitive compensation and a standard suite of benefits, including health insurance, a retirement plan with a $6,000 annual matching potential benefit, life and disability coverage, and commuter benefits.
Additionally, the Company offers a housing discount for associates that live at Company communities, and additionally offers retirement support, associate discount programs, and health benefit credits for participation in wellness programs. In 2021, the Company revised its wellness program to ensure associates had increased ability to rest and recharge including additional days off and resources to encourage physical, mental, and financial well-being. The Company engages in an annual compensation study to ensure that its compensation is aligned with market standards and that the Company is appropriately compensating its top performers.
Providing a safe working environment and ensuring employee safety is imperative to the Company. The Company has safety policies in place that coincide with an Injury & Illness Prevention Program, which seeks to prevent workplace accidents and protect the health and safety of the Company's associates. In 2021, the Company provided safety training to Community Managers, Maintenance Supervisors, and Maintenance Technicians on topics including Industrial Safety and Health, Confined Space Awareness, Electrical Safety and Protection, Active Shooter Event, Fire Extinguishing, Safety Data Sheets, Safe Lifting the E-Way, Ladder Safety, and Heat Stress in the Workplace.
As an essential business operating in 2021, the Company's on-site teams supported its residents by providing administrative, operational and maintenance assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to best protect and support the Company's associates working on-site, the Company and its affiliates spent over $5.0 million on new COVID-19 related protocols and other costs. The Company undertook various COVID-19 safety measures, including implementing work from home where possible, purchasing personal protective equipment and establishing physical distancing and other health safety procedures for its on-site employees, providing paid leave to employees affected by COVID-19, increasing cleaning protocols at its sites and offices, prohibiting all non-essential work-related travel, requiring masks to be worn at all offices and when entering resident homes, and providing regular communication about COVID-19 impacts and protocols to its associates.Keeping the Company's associates healthy and safe continues to be critical, and the Company hopes its actions contributed toward minimizing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Community and Social Impact
The Company believes volunteering can create positive change in the communities where our associates live and work and that the Company's commitment to giving back helps it attract and retain associates. The Company's Volunteer Program is aimed at supporting and encouraging eligible associates to become actively involved in their communities through the Company's support of charity initiatives and offering paid hours for volunteer time. Additionally, in 2020 the Company established the Essex Cares program to provide direct aid to the Company’s residents, associates, and local communities. The programs created within Essex Cares provide assistance for in-need segments of the community, including those who have experienced financial hardships caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Employee Engagement
In order to engage and promote communication with our associates and solicit meaningful feedback on our efforts to create a positive work environment, the Company issues engagement pulse surveys to all associates annually. The results of the 2021 survey indicate that 94% of surveyed associates consider that their day-to-day work directly impacts the Company’s mission and vision, 94% believe that their opinions and ideas matter at Essex, and 94% feel that the Company supports diversity, equity and inclusion in the workplace.
INSURANCE
The Company purchases general liability and property insurance coverage, including loss of rent, for each of its communities. The Company also purchases limited earthquake, terrorism, environmental and flood insurance. There are certain types of losses which may not be covered or could exceed coverage limits. The insurance programs are subject to deductibles and self-insured retentions in varying amounts. The Company utilizes a wholly owned insurance subsidiary, Pacific Western Insurance LLC ("PWI") to self-insure certain earthquake and property losses. As of December 31, 2019,2021, PWI had cash and marketable securities of approximately $78.4$198.1 million, and is consolidated in the Company's financial statements.
All of the Company's communities are located in areas that are subject to earthquake activity. The Company evaluates its financial loss exposure to seismic events by using actuarial loss models developed by the insurance industry and in most cases property vulnerability analysis based on structural evaluations by seismic consultants. The Company manages this exposure, where considered appropriate, desirable, and cost-effective, by upgrading properties to increase their resistance to forces caused by seismic events, by considering available funds and coverages provided by PWI and/or by purchasing seismic insurance. In most cases the Company also purchases limited earthquake insurance for certain properties owned by the Company's co-investments.
In addition, the Company carries other types of insurance coverage related to a variety of risks and exposures.
Based on market conditions, the Company may change or potentially eliminate insurance coverages, or increase levels of self-insurance. Further, the Company may incur losses, which could be material, due to uninsured risks, deductibles and self-insured retentions, and/or losses in excess of coverage limits.
COMPETITION
There are numerous housing alternatives that compete with the Company’s communities in attracting tenants. These include other apartment communities, condominiums and single-family homes. If the demand for the Company’s communities is reduced or if competitors develop and/or acquire competing housing, rental rates and occupancy may drop which may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
The Company faces competition from other REITs, businesses and other entities in the acquisition, development and operation of apartment communities. Some competitors are larger and have greater financial resources than the Company. This competition may result in increased costs of apartment communities the Company acquires and/or develops.
WORKING CAPITAL
The Company believes that cash flows generated by its operations, existing cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities balances, availability under existing lines of credit, access to capital markets and the ability to generate cash from the disposition of real estate are sufficient to meet all of its reasonably anticipated cash needs during 2020.2022.
The timing, source and amounts of cash flows provided by financing activities and used in investing activities are sensitive to changes in interest rates, stock price, and other fluctuations in the capital markets environment, which can affect the Company’s plans for acquisitions, dispositions, development and redevelopment activities.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
As a real estate owner and operator, we are subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws, regulations and ordinances and may be subject to liability and the costs of removal or remediation of certain potentially hazardous materials that may be present in our communities. See the discussion under the caption, "Risks Related to Real Estate Investments and Our Operations - The Company’s Portfolio may have environmental liabilities" in Item 1A, Risk Factors, for information concerning the potential effect of environmental regulations on its operations, which discussion under the caption "The Company’s Portfolio may have environmental liabilities"is incorporated by reference into this Item 1.
OTHER MATTERS
Certain Policies of the Company
The Company intends to continue to operate in a manner that will not subject it to regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940. The Company may in the future (i) issue securities senior to its common stock, (ii) fund acquisition activities with borrowings under its line of credit and (iii) offer shares of common stock and/or units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership or affiliated partnerships as partial consideration for property acquisitions. The Company from time to
time acquires partnership interests in partnerships and joint ventures, either directly or indirectly through subsidiaries of the Company, when such entities’ underlying assets are real estate.
The Company invests primarily in apartment communities that are located in predominantly coastal markets within Southern California, Northern California, and the Seattle metropolitan area. The Company currently intends to continue to invest in apartment communities in such regions. However, these practices may be reviewed and modified periodically by management.
ITEM 1A: RISK FACTORS
For purposes of this section, the term "stockholders" means the holders of shares of Essex Property Trust, Inc.’s common stock. Set forth below are the risks that we believe are material to Essex Property Trust, Inc.’s stockholders and Essex Portfolio, L.P.’s unitholders. You should carefully consider the following factors in evaluating our Company, our properties and our business.
Our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including, without limitation, those set forth below, any one of which could cause our actual operating results to vary materially from recent results or from our anticipated future results.
Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Operations
General real estate investment risks may adversely affect property income and values.Real estate investments are subject to a variety of risks. If the communities and other real estate investments, including development and redevelopment properties, do not generate sufficient income to meet operating expenses, including debt service and capital expenditures, cash flow and the ability to make distributions to Essex's stockholders or the Operating Partnership's unitholders will be adversely affected. Income from the communities may be further adversely affected by, among other things, the following factors:factors, in addition to the other risk factors listed in this Item 1A:
•changes in the general or local economic climate, including layoffs, plant closings, industry slowdowns, relocations of significant local employers, changing demographics, increased worker locational flexibility from teleconferencing and video-conferencing technology, and other events negatively impacting local employment rates andrates. wages and the local economy;
•local economic conditions in which the communities are located, such as oversupply of housing or a reduction in demand for rental housing;
•adverse economic, regulatory, or market conditions due to the attractiveness and desirability ofCOVID-19 pandemic leading to (1) a temporary or permanent move by tenants and/or prospective tenants from locations in which our communities are located, (2) increased costs or government limitations on revenue, and/or (3) delinquency due to tenants, including, without limitation, our technology offerings and our ability to identify and cost effectively implement new, relevant technologies, and to keep up with constantly changing consumer demand for the latest innovations;various eviction moratoria;
•inflationary environments in which the costs to operate and maintain communities increase at a rate greater than our ability to increase rents, or deflationary environments where we may be exposed to declining rents more quickly under our short-term leases; and
competition from other available housing alternatives;
changes in rent control or stabilization laws or other laws regulating housing;
•the Company’s ability to provide for adequate maintenanceappeal and insurance;
declines in the financial condition of our tenants, which may make it more difficult for us to collect rents from some tenants;
tenants' perceptions of the safety, convenience and attractivenessdesirability of our communities and the neighborhoods where they are located; and
changes in interest rates and availability of financing.
As leases at the communities expire,to tenants, may enter into new leases on terms that are less favorable to the Company. Income and real estate values also may be adversely affected by such factors as applicable laws, including, without limitation, the Americans with Disabilities Actsize and amenity offerings of 1990 (the "Disabilities Act"), Fair Housing Amendment Actour apartment homes, the safety and convenience of 1988 (the "FHAA"), permanenttheir locations, our technology offerings and temporary rent control laws, rent stabilization laws, other laws regulating housing that may prevent the Company from raising rentsour ability to offset increased operating expenses,identify and tax laws.cost effectively implement new, relevant technologies,.
Short-term leases expose us to the effects of declining market rents, and the Company may be unable to renew leases or relet units as leases expire. Substantially all of our apartment leases are for a term of one year or less. If the Company is unable to promptly renew the in place short-term leases or relet the units, or if the rental rates upon renewal or reletting are significantly lower than expected rates, then the Company’s results of operations and financial condition will be adversely affected. With these short termshort-term leases, our rental revenues are impacted by declines in market rents more quickly than if our leases were for longer terms.
National and regional economic environments can negatively impact the Company’s liquidity and operating results. The Company'sCompany’s forecast for the national economy assumes growth of the gross domestic productGDP of the national economy and the economies of the west coast states. In the event of a recession or other negative economic effects the Company could incur reductions in rental rates,and occupancy levels,rates, property valuations and increases in operating costs such as advertising and turnover expenses. AAny such recession or similar event may affect consumer confidence and spending and negatively impact the volume and pricing of real estate transactions, which could negatively affect the Company’s liquidity and its ability to vary its portfolio promptly in response to changes to the economy. Furthermore, if residents do not experience increases in their income, they may be unable or unwilling to pay rent increases, and delinquencies in rent payments and rent defaults may increase.
Rent control, or other changes in applicable laws, or noncompliance with applicable laws, could adversely affect the Company's operations, property values or expose us to liability.The Company must own, operate, manage, acquire, develop and redevelop its properties in compliance with numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations, some of which may conflict with one another or be subject to limited judicial or regulatory interpretations. These laws and regulations may include zoning laws, building codes, rent control or stabilization laws, governmental emergency orders, laws benefiting disabled persons, including, without limitation, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, federal, state and local tax laws, landlord tenant laws, environmental laws, employment laws, immigration laws and other laws regulating housing, including, without limitation, the Fair Housing Amendment Act of 1988, or that are generally applicable to the Company's business and operations. Noncompliance with laws could expose the Company to liability. If the Company does not comply with any or all of these requirements, it may have to payliability, including fines to government authorities or damage awards to private litigants, and/reduced income or may have to decrease rentsincreased costs in order to comply with such requirements. The Company does not know whether these These
requirements willmay change, or whether new requirements willmay be imposed. Changes in, or noncompliance with, these regulatory requirements could require the Company to make significant unanticipated expenditures which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.to address noncompliance.
In addition, rentRent control or rent stabilization laws, and new such laws that may be implemented, and other regulatory restrictions may limit our ability to increase rents and pass through new or increased operating costs to our tenants. There has been a recent increase in municipalities, including those in which we own properties, considering or being urged by advocacy groups to consider rent control or rent stabilization laws and regulations or take other actions which could limit our ability to raise rents based solely on market conditions. These initiatives and any other future enactments of rent control or rent stabilization laws or other laws regulating multifamily housing, as well as any lawsuits against the Company arising from such rent control or other laws, may reduce rental revenues or increase operating costs. Such laws and regulations limit our ability to charge market rents, increase rents, evict tenants or recover increases in our operating expenses and could reduce the value of our communities or make it more difficult for us to dispose of properties in certain circumstances. Expenses associated with our investment in these communities, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in rental income from the community. Furthermore, such regulations may negatively impact our ability to attract higher-paying tenants to such communities.
The COVID-19 pandemic, or the future outbreak of other highly contagious diseases, could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Uncertainty still surrounds COVID-19, and the potential short-term and long-term effects, including but not limited to shifts in consumer housing demand based on geography, affordability, housing type and unit type, mainly resulting from the paradigm shift of work culture, as well as economic uncertainty, volatility and increased regulation. As a result, our ability to make distributions to Essex’s stockholders and the Operating Partnership’s unitholders may be compromised and we could experience volatility with respect to the market value of our properties and common stock and Operating Partnership units. In some cases, we are subject to eviction moratoria or may be legally required to or otherwise agree to restructure tenants’ rent obligations and may not be able to do so on terms as favorable to us as those currently in place. Furthermore, various city, county and state laws restricting rent increases in times of emergency have come into effect in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, and numerous state, local, federal and industry-initiated efforts have and may continue to affect our ability to collect rent or enforce remedies for the failure to pay rent, including, among others, limitations or prohibitions on evicting tenants unwilling or unable to pay rent and prohibitions on the ability to collect unpaid rent during certain timeframes. In the event of tenant nonpayment, default or bankruptcy, we may incur costs in protecting our investment and re-leasing our property and have limited ability to renew existing leases or sign new leases at projected rents.
Our properties may also incur significant costs or losses related to legislative mandates which may result in a negative impact on our occupancy levels. For example, many companies initially required, and now are continuing to allow or require, employees to “work from home” for an extended period of time, causing some tenants to move away from the urban centers temporarily or permanently. Some businesses many have permanently closed due to deteriorating economic conditions, which has contributed to the temporary, or possibly permanent, deterioration of neighborhoods in and around some of our urban communities, which may be further worsened by increases in homelessness and crime. There may also be an increased risk of material litigation due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including litigation brought by our residents or employees.
Market fluctuations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic may affect our ability to obtain necessary funds for our operations, acquisitions, or re-financings. In addition, macro-economic factors have caused some worker shortages and construction delays which could increase costs and lower profitability. Market fluctuations and construction delays experienced by the Company’s third-party mezzanine loan borrowers and preferred equity investment sponsors may also negatively impact their ability to repay the Company. Further, while the Company carries general liability, pollution, and property insurance along with other insurance policies that may provide some coverage for any losses or costs incurred in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, given the novelty of the issue and the scale of losses incurred throughout the world, there is no guarantee that we will be able to recover all or any portion of our losses and costs under these policies. We may be additionally impacted by changes in legislation relating to insurance coverages with respect to the pandemic, including, but not limited to, workers’ compensation. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events or any other related matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Acquisitions of communities involve various risks and uncertainties and may fail to meet expectations. The Company intends to continue to acquire apartment communities. However, there are risks that acquisitions will fail to meet the Company’s expectations. The Company’s estimates of future income, expenses and the costs of improvements or redevelopment that are necessary to allow the Company to market an acquired apartment community as originally intended may prove to be inaccurate. In addition, following an acquisition, the value and operational performance of an apartment community may be diminished if obsolescence or neighborhood changes occur before we are able to redevelop or sell the community. Also, in connection with such acquisitions, we may assume unknown or contingent liabilities, which could ultimately lead to material costs for us that we did not expect to incur.incur and for which the Company may have no recourse, or only limited recourse, against the sellers due to limited and no indemnification requirements for a breach of representations and warranties. In addition, the total amount of costs and expenses that may be incurred with respect to liabilities associated with apartment communities may exceed our expectations, and we may experience other unanticipated adverse effects, all of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The Company expects to finance future acquisitions in whole or in part, under various forms of secured or unsecured financing or through the issuance of partnership units by the Operating Partnership or related partnerships
or joint ventures or additional equity by the Company. The use of equity financing rather than debt, for future developments or acquisitions could dilute the interest of the Company’s existing stockholders. If the Company finances new acquisitions under existing lines of credit, there is a risk that, unless the Company obtains substitute financing, the Company may not be able to undertake additional borrowing for further acquisitions or developments or such borrowing may be not available on advantageous terms.
Development and redevelopment activities may be delayed, not completed, and/or not achieve expected results. The Company pursues development and redevelopment projects and these projects generally require various governmental and other approvals, which have no assurance of being received and/or the timing of which may be delayed from the Company’s expectations.projects. The Company defines development projects as new communities that are being constructed or are newly constructed and are in a phase of lease-up and have not yet reached stabilized operations, and redevelopment projects as existing properties owned or recently acquired that have been targeted for additional investment by the Company with the expectation of increased financial returns through property improvement. As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company had fiveone consolidated development projectsproject and twoone unconsolidated joint venture development projectsproject comprised of 1,960371 apartment homes for an estimated cost of $1.3 billion,$217.0 million, of which $222.0$61.0 million remains to be expended, and $193.0$32.6 million is the Company's share. In addition, at December 31, 2019, the Company had ownership interests in four major redevelopment projects aggregating 1,327 apartment homes with estimated redevelopment costs of $132.7 million, of which approximately $14.9 million remains to be expended.
The Company’s development and redevelopment activities generally entail certain risks, including, among others:
•funds may be expended and management's time devoted to projects that may not be completed on time or at all;
•construction costs of a project may exceed original estimates possibly making the project economically unfeasible;
•projects may be delayed due to, without limitation, adverse weather conditions, labor or material shortage, municipal office closures and staff shortages, government recommended or mandated work stoppages due to health concerns, or environmental remediation;
•occupancy rates and rents at a completed project may be less than anticipated;
•expenses at completed development or redevelopment projects may be higher than anticipated, including, without limitation, due to costs of litigation over construction contracts by general contractors, environmental remediation or increased costs for labor, materials and leasing;
•we may be unable to obtain, or experience a delay in obtaining, necessary zoning, occupancy, or other required governmental or third party permits and authorizations, which could result in increased costs or delay or abandonment of opportunities;
•we may be unable to obtain financing with favorable terms, or at all, for the proposed development or redevelopment of a community, which may cause us to delay or abandon an opportunity; and
•we may incur liabilities to third parties during the development process, for example, in connection with managing existing improvements on the site prior to tenant terminations and demolition (such as commercial space) or in connection with providing services to third parties (such as the construction of shared infrastructure or other improvements.)
These risks may reduce the funds available for distribution to Essex’s stockholders and the Operating Partnership's unitholders. Further, the development and redevelopment of communities is also subject to the general risks associated with real estate investments. For further information regarding these risks, please see the risk factor above titled "General real estate investment risks may adversely affect property income and values."
Our apartment communities may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities which could cause us to incur substantial costs. The properties that the Company owns or may acquire are or may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities for which the Company may have no recourse, or only limited recourse, against the sellers. In general, the representations and warranties provided under the transaction agreements related to the sales of the properties may not survive the closing of the transactions. While the Company will seek to require the sellers to indemnify us with respect to breaches of representations and warranties that survive, such indemnification may be limited and subject to various materiality thresholds, a significant deductible or an aggregate cap on losses. As a result, there is no guarantee that we will recover any amounts with respect to losses due to breaches by the sellers of their representations and warranties. In addition, the total amount of costs and expenses that may be incurred with respect to liabilities associated with apartment communities may exceed our expectations, and we may experience other unanticipated adverse effects, all of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The geographic concentration of the Company’s communities and fluctuations in local markets may adversely impact the Company’s financial condition and operating results. The Company generated significant amounts of rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019,2021, from the Company’s communities concentrated in Southern California (primarily Los Angeles, Orange, Santa Barbara, San Diego, and Ventura counties), Northern California (the San Francisco Bay Area), and the Seattle metropolitan area. For the year ended December 31, 2019, 82%2021, 83% of the Company’s rental revenues were generated from communities located in California. This geographic concentration could present risks if local property market performance falls below expectations. In general, factorsFactors that may adversely affect local market and economic conditions include among others, the following:
the economic climate, which may be adversely impacted by a reduction in jobs or income levels, industry slowdowns, changing demographics and other factors;
local conditions, such as oversupply of, or reduced demand for, apartment homes;
declines in household formation or employment or lack of employment growth;
rent control or stabilization laws, or other laws regulating rental housing, which could prevent the Company from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs, or the inability or unwillingness of tenants to pay rent increases;
competition from other available apartments and other housing alternatives and changes in market rental rates;
economic conditions that could cause an increase in our operating expenses, including increases in property taxes, utilities and routine maintenance; and
regional specific acts of nature (e.g., earthquakes, fires, floods, etc.). and those other factors listed in the risk factor titled “General real estate investment risks may adversely affect property income and values” and elsewhere in this Item 1A.
Because the Company’s communities are primarily located in Southern California, Northern California and the Seattle metropolitan area,geographically concentrated, the Company is exposed to greater economic concentration risks than if it owned a more geographically diverse portfolio. The Company is susceptible to adverse developments in California and Washington economic and regulatory environments, such as increases in real estate and other taxes, and increased costs of complying with governmental regulations. In addition, the State of California is generally regarded as more litigious and more highly regulated and taxed than many states, which may reduce demand for the Company’s communities. California has also experienced increased relocation out of the state. Any adverse developments in the economy or real estate markets in California or Washington, or any decrease in demand for the Company’s communities resulting from the California
or Washington regulatory or business environments, could have an adverse effect on the Company’s business and results of operations.
The Company may experience various increased costs, including increased property taxes, to own and maintain its properties.Real property taxes on our properties may increase as our properties are reassessed by taxing authorities or as property tax rates change. Our real estate taxes in Washington could increase as a result of property value reassessments or
increased property tax rates in that state. A current California law commonly referred to as Proposition 13 generally limits annual real estate tax increases on California properties to 2% of assessed value. However, under Proposition 13, property tax reassessment generally occurs as a result of a "change in ownership" of a property, as specially defined for purposes of those rules. Because the property taxing authorities may not determine whether there has been a "change in ownership" or the actual reassessed value of a property for a period of time after a transaction has occurred, we may not know the impact of a potential reassessment for a considerable amount of time following a particular transaction. Therefore, the amount of property taxes we are required to pay could increase substantially from the property taxes we currently pay or have paid in the past, including on a retroactive basis. In addition, from time to time voters and lawmakers have announced initiatives to repeal or amend Proposition 13 to eliminate its application to commercial and industrial property, increase the permitted annual real estate tax increases, and/or introduce split tax roll legislation. Such initiatives, if successful, could increase the assessed value and/or tax rates applicable to commercial property in California, including our apartment communities. Further, changes in U.S. federal tax law including U.S. tax legislation enacted in December 2017 (the "2017 Tax Legislation"), could cause state and local governments to alter their taxation of real property.
The Company may experience increased costs associated with capital improvements and routine property maintenance, such as repairs to the foundation, exterior walls, and rooftops of its properties, as its properties advance through their life-cycles. In some cases, we may spend more than budgeted amounts to make necessary improvements or maintenance. Increases in the Company’s expenses to own and maintain its properties could adversely impact the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
Competition in the apartment community market and other housing alternatives may adversely affect operations and the rental demand for the Company’s communities. There are numerous housing alternatives that compete with the Company’s communities in attracting tenants. These include other apartment communities, condominiums and single-family homes that are available for rent or for sale in the markets in which our communities are located. Competitive housing in a particular area and fluctuations in cost of owner-occupied single- and multifamily homes caused by a decrease in housing prices, mortgage interest rates and/or government programs to promote home ownership or create additional rental and/or other types of housing, or an increase in desire for more space due to work from home needs or increased time spent at home, could adversely affect the Company’s ability to retain its tenants, lease apartment homes and increase or maintain rents. If the demand for the Company’s communities is reduced or if competitors develop and/or acquire competing apartment communities, rental rates may drop, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The Company also faces competition from other companies, REITs, businesses and other entities in the acquisition, development and operation of apartment communities. This competition may result in an increase in prices and costs of apartment communities that the Company acquires and/or develops.
Investments in mortgages, mezzanine loans, subordinated debt, other real estate, and other marketable securities could adversely affect the Company’s cash flow from operations.operations. The Company may purchase or otherwise invest in securities issued by entities which own real estate and/or invest in mortgages or unsecured debt obligations. Such mortgages may be first, second or third mortgages, and these mortgages and/or other investments may not be insured or otherwise guaranteed. The Company may make or acquire mezzanine loans, which take the form of subordinated loans secured by second mortgages on the underlying property or loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of either the entity owning the property or a pledge of the ownership interests of the entity or entities that owns the interest in the entity owning the property. In general, investmentsinvesting in mortgages include the following risks:
thatmay pose some risk, including but not limited to the value of mortgaged property may be less than the amounts owed, causing realized or unrealized losses;
the borrower may not pay indebtedness under the mortgage when due, requiring the Company to foreclose, and the amount recovered in connection with the foreclosure may be less than the amount owed;
that interest rates payable on the mortgages may be lower than the Company’s cost of funds;
in the case of junior mortgages, that foreclosure of a senior mortgage could eliminate the junior mortgage; and
delays in the collection of principal and interest if a borrower claims bankruptcy.
bankruptcy; possible senior lender default or overconcentration of senior lenders in portfolio; and unanticipated early prepayments may limit the Company’s expected return on its investment. If any of the above were to occur, it could adversely affect the Company’s cash flows from operations.
The Company’s ownership of co-investments, including joint ventures and joint ownership of communities, its ownership of properties with shared facilities with a homeowners' association or other entity, its ownership of properties subject to a
ground lease and its preferred equity investments and its other partial interests in entities that own communities, could limit the Company’s ability to control such communities and may restrict our ability to finance, sell or otherwise transfer our interests in these properties and expose us to loss of the properties if such agreements are breached by us or terminated.
The Company has entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, certain co-investments, including joint ventures or partnerships through which it owns an indirect economic interest in less than 100% of the community or land or other investments owned directly by the joint venture or partnership. As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company had, through several joint ventures, an interest in 10,67210,257 apartment homes in stabilized operating communities for a total book value of $743.5$565.3 million.
Joint venture partners often have shared control over the development and operation of the joint venture assets. Therefore, it is possible that a joint venture partner in an investment might become bankrupt, or have economic or business interests or goals that are inconsistent with the Company’s business interests or goals, or be in a position to take action contrary to the Company’s instructions or requests, or its policies or objectives. Consequently, a joint venture partner's actions might subject property owned by the joint venture to additional risk. Although the Company seeks to maintain sufficient influence over any joint venture to achieve its objectives, the Company may be unable to take action without its joint venture partners’ approval. A joint venture partner might fail to approve decisions that are in the Company’s best interests. Should a joint venture partner become bankrupt, the Company could become liable for such partner’s share of joint venture liabilities. In some instances, the Company and the joint venture partner may each have the right to trigger a buy-sell arrangement, which could cause the Company to sell its interest, or acquire a partner’s interest, at a time when the Company otherwise would not have initiated such a transaction.
From time to time, the Company, through the Operating Partnership, investsmakes certain co-investments in corporations, limited partnerships, limited liability companies or otherthe form of preferred equity investments in third-party entities that have been formed for the purpose of acquiring, developing, financing, or managing real property. The Company makes certain co-investments in the form of preferred equity investments in third party entities that own real estate. With preferred equity investments and certain other co-investments, the Operating Partnership’s interest in a particular entity is typically less than a majority of the outstanding voting interests of that entity. Therefore, the Operating Partnership’s ability to control the daily operations of such co-investment may be limited. Furthermore, the Operating Partnership may not have the power to remove a majority of the board of directors (in the case of a corporation) or the general partner or partners (in the case of a limited partnership) of such co-investment in the event that its operations conflict with the Operating Partnership’s objectives. The Operating Partnership may not be able to dispose of its interests in such co-investment. In the event that such co-investment or the partners in such co-investment become insolvent or bankrupt or fail to develop or operate the property in the manner anticipated and expected, the Operating Partnership may not receive the expected return in its expected timeframe or at all and may lose up to its entire investment in, and any advances to, the co-investment. Additionally, the preferred return negotiated on these co-investments may be lower than the Company's cost of funds. The Company may also incur losses if any guarantees or indemnifications were made by the Company.
The Company also owns properties indirectly under "DownREIT" structures. The Company has entered into, and in the future may enter into, transactions that could require the Company to pay the tax liabilities of partners that contribute assets into DownREITs, joint ventures or the Operating Partnership, in the event that certain taxable events, which are within the Company’s control, occur. Although the Company plans to hold the contributed assets or, if such assets consist of real property, defer recognition of gain on sale of such assets pursuant to the like-kind exchange rules under Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), the Company can provide no assurance that the Company will be able to do so and if such tax liabilities were incurred they could have a material impact on its financial position.
Also, from time to time, the Company invests in properties which may be subject to certain shared facilities agreements with homeowners'homeowners’ associations and other entities and/or invests in properties subject to ground leases where a subtenant may have certain similar rights to that of a party under such a shared facilities agreement. For such properties,agreement and the Company'sCompany’s ability to control the expenditure of capital improvementsexpenditures, make necessary repairs and its allocation with such other partiescontrol certain decisions may adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may pursue acquisitions of other REITs and real estate companies, which may not yield anticipated results and could adversely affect our results of operations. We may make acquisitions of and/or investments in other REITs and real estate companies that offer properties and communities to augment our market coverage or enhance our property offerings. We may also enter into strategic alliances or joint ventures to achieve these goals. There can be no assurance that we will be able to identify suitable acquisition, investment, alliance or joint venture opportunities, that we will be able to consummate any such transactions or relationships on terms and conditions acceptable to us, or that such transactions or relationships will be successful. In addition, our original estimates and assumptions used in assessing any acquisition may be inaccurate, and we may not realize the expected financial or strategic benefits of any such acquisition.
These transactions or any other acquisitions involve risks and uncertainties. For example, as a consequence of such transactions, we may assume unknown liabilities, which could ultimately lead to material costs for us. In addition, the integration of acquired businesses or other acquisitions may not be successful and could result in disruption to other parts of our business. To integrate acquired businesses or other acquisitions, we must implement our management information systems, operating systems and internal controls, and assimilate and manage the personnel of the acquired operations. The expected synergies from acquisitions may not be fully realized, which could result in increased costs or other issues and have an adverse effect on our business. There can be no assurance that all pre-acquisition property due diligence will have identified all material issues that might arise with respect to such acquired business and its properties or as to any such other acquisitions. Any future acquisitions we make may also require significant additional debt or equity financing, which, in the case of debt financing, would increase our leverage and potentially affect our credit ratings and, in the case of equity or equity-linked financing, could be dilutive to Essex's stockholders and the Operating Partnership's unitholders. Additionally, the value of these investments could decline for a variety of reasons. These and other factors could affect our ability to achieve anticipated levels of profitability at acquired operations or realize other anticipated benefits of an acquisition, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Real estate investments are relatively illiquid and, therefore, the Company's ability to vary its portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions may be limited. Real estate investments are illiquid and, in our markets, can at times be difficult to sell at prices we find acceptable. We may be unable to consummate dispositions of properties or interests in properties in a timely manner, on attractive terms, or at all. These potential difficulties in selling real estate in our markets may limit our ability to change or reduce the apartment communities in our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we are found to have held, acquired or developed a community as inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, federal tax laws may limit our ability to sell the community without incurring a 100% tax on the gain on the sale of the community and potentially adversely impacting our status as a REIT unless we own the community through one of our taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRSs").
Compliance with laws benefiting disabled persons may require the Company to make significant unanticipated expenditures or impact the Company’s investment strategy. Under the Disabilities Act, all places of public accommodation are required to comply with federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. The FHAA requires that multifamily communities first occupied after March 13, 1991 be accessible to handicapped tenants and visitors. These and other federal, state and local laws and regulations may require modifications to existing buildings or restrict certain renovations by requiring improved access to such buildings by disabled persons and may require other structural features which add to the cost of buildings under construction. Legislation or regulations adopted in the future may impose further burdens or restrictions on the Company with respect to improved access by disabled persons. The costs of compliance with these laws and regulations may be substantial. Noncompliance with these laws could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants and also could result in an order to correct any noncomplying feature, which could result in substantial capital expenditures.
The Company may not be able to lease its retail/commercial space consistent with its projections or at market rates. The Company has retail/commercial space in its portfolio, which represents approximately 2% of our total revenue. The retail/commercial space at our properties, among other things, serves as an additional amenity for our tenants. The long term nature of our retail/commercial leases, and the characteristics of many of our retail/commercial tenants (small, local businesses), may subject us to certain risks. We may not be able to lease new space for rents that are consistent with our projections or at market rates, and the longer termlonger-term leases for existing space could result in below market rents over time. Also, when leases for our existing retail/commercial space expire, the space may not be relet on a timely basis, or at all, or the terms of reletting, including the cost of allowances and concessions to tenants, may be less favorable than the current lease terms. Our properties compete with other properties with retail/commercial space. The presence of competitive alternatives may affect our ability to lease space and the level of rents we can obtain. If our retail/commercial tenants experience financial distress or bankruptcy, they may fail to comply with their contractual obligations, seek concessions in order to continue operations or cease their operations, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
The Company’s portfolio may have environmental liabilities. Under various federal, state and local environmental and public health laws, regulations and ordinances, we have been required, and may be required in the future, regardless of our knowledge or responsibility, to investigate and remediate the effects of hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum product releases at our properties (including in some cases naturally occurring substances such as methane and radon gas). We may be held liable under these laws or common law to a governmental entity or to third parties for response costs, property damage, personal injury or natural resources damages and for investigation and remediation costs incurred as a result of the impacts resulting from such releases. While the Company is unaware of any such response action required or damage claims associated with its existing properties which individually or in aggregate would have a material adverse effect on our business, assets, financial
condition or results of operations, potential future costs and damage claims may be substantial and could exceed any insurance coverage we may have for such events or such coverage may not exist. Further, the presence of such substances, or the failure to properly remediate any such impacts, may adversely affect our ability to borrow against, develop, sell or rent the affected property. In addition, some environmental laws create or allow a government agency to impose a lien on the impacted property in favor of the government for damages and costs it incurs as a result of responding to hazardous or toxic substance or petroleum product releases.
Investments in real property create a potential for environmental liabilities on the part of the owner of such real property. The Company carries certain limited insurance coverage for this type of environmental risk as to its properties; however, such coverage is not fully available for all properties and, as to those properties for which limited coverage is fully available, it may not apply to certain claims arising from known conditions present on those properties. In general, in connection with the ownership (direct or indirect), operation, financing, management and development of its communities, the Company could be considered as the owner or operator of such properties or as having arranged for disposal or treatment of hazardous substances present there and therefore may be potentially liable for removal or clean-up costs, as well as certain other costs and environmental liabilities. The Company may also be subject to governmental fines, costs related to injuries to third parties and/or damage to a third party's property.
Properties which we plan to acquire undergo a pre-acquisition Phase I environmental site assessment, which is intended to afford the Company protection against so-called "owner liability" under the primary federal environmental law, as well as further environmental assessment, which may involve invasive techniques such as soil or ground water sampling where conditions warranting such further assessment are identified and seller’s consent is obtained. Despite these assessments, no assurance can be given that all environmental conditions present on or beneath or emanating from a given property will be discovered or that the full nature and extent of those conditions which are discovered will be adequately ascertained and quantified.
In connection with our ownership, operation and development of communities, from time to time we undertake remedial action in response to the presence of subsurface or other contaminants, including contaminants in soil, groundwater and soil vapor beneath or affecting our buildings. The Company does so pursuant to appropriate environmental regulatory requirements with the objective of obtaining regulatory closure or a no further action determination that will allow for future use, development and sale of any impacted community.
Certain environmental laws impose liability for release of asbestos-containing materials ("ACMs") into the air or exposure to lead-based paint ("LBP"), and third parties may seek recovery from owners or operators of apartment communities for personal injury associated with ACMs or LBP.
Mold growth may occur when excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed in a timely manner. Although the occurrence of mold at multifamily and other structures, and the need to remediate such mold, is not a new phenomenon, there has been increased awareness in recent
years that certain molds may in some instances lead to adverse health effects, including allergic or other reactions. The Company has adopted policies for promptly addressing and resolving reports of mold when it is detected, and to minimize any impact mold might have on tenants of the affected property. The Company believes its mold policies and proactive response to address any known mold existence reduce its risk of loss from these cases;property, however, no assurance can be provided that the Company has identified and responded to all mold occurrences.
California has enacted legislation, commonly referred to as "Proposition 65," requiring that covered businesses provide "clear and reasonable" warnings be given tobefore knowingly exposing persons who are exposed to chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity, including tobacco smoke. The legislation allows private persons to sue to enforce this warning requirement and recover their legal fees and costs for doing so. Although the Company has sought to comply with Proposition 65 requirements where it appears applicable, we cannot assure you that the Company will not be adversely affected by private enforcement litigation relating to Proposition 65.
Methane gas is a naturally-occurring gas that is commonly found below the surface in several areas, particularly in the Southern California coastal areas. Methane is a non-toxic gas, but is flammable and can be explosive at sufficient concentrations when in confined spaces and exposed to an ignition source. Naturally-occurring methane gas is regulated at the state and federal level as a greenhouse gas but is not otherwise regulated as a hazardous substance; however, some local governments, such as Los Angeles County, require that new buildings constructed in areas designated methane gas zones install detection and/or venting systems. Radon is also a naturally-occurring gas that is found below the surface and can pose a threat to human health requiring abatement action if present in sufficient concentration within occupied areas. The Company cannot assure you that it will not be adversely affected by costs related to its compliance with methane or radon gas related requirements or litigation costs related to methane or radon gas.
We cannot assure you that costs or liabilities incurred as a result of environmental matters will not affect our ability to make distributions to Essex's stockholders or the Operating Partnership's unitholders, or that such costs or liabilities will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations; however, However, the Company is unaware of any pending or threatened alleged claim resulting from such matters which would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
The Company may incur general uninsured losses.losses or may experience market conditions that impact the procurement of certain insurance policies. The Company purchases general liability and property, including loss of rent, insurance coverage for each of its communities. The Company may also purchase limited earthquake, terrorism, environmental and flood insurance for some of its communities. However, there are types of losses, generally catastrophic in nature, such as losses due to wars, acts of terrorism, earthquakes, pollution, environmental matters or extreme weather conditions such as hurricanes, fires and floods that are uninsurable or not economically insurable, or may be insured subject to limitations, such as large deductibles or co-payments. Insurance risks associated with potential terrorist acts could sharply increase the premiums the Company pays for coverage against property and casualty claims. The Company utilizes a wholly owned insurance subsidiary, Pacific Western Insurance LLC ("PWI"), to self-insure certain earthquake and property losses for some of the communities in its portfolio. As of December 31, 2019,2021, PWI, which is consolidated in the Company's financial statements, had cash and marketable securities of approximately $78.4$198.1 million. The value of the marketable securities of PWI could decline and if a decline in value were to occur, PWI'sadversely affect PWI’s ability to cover all or any portion of the amount of any insured losses could be adversely affected.losses.
All of our communities are located in areas that are subject to earthquake activity. The Company evaluates its financial loss exposure to seismic events by using actuarial loss models developed by the insurance industry and property vulnerability analyses based on structural evaluations by seismic consultants. The Company manages this exposure, where considered appropriate, desirable, and cost-effective, by upgrading properties to increase their resistance to forces caused by seismic events, by considering available funds and coverages provided by PWI and/or, in some cases, by purchasing seismic insurance. Purchasing seismic insurance coverage can be costly and such seismic insurance is in limited supply. As a result, the Company may experience a shortage in desired coverage levels if market conditions are such that insurance is not available, or the cost of the insurance makes it, in management's view, not economically practical. The Company may purchase limited earthquake insurance for certain high-density properties and, in most cases, properties owned by the Company's co-investments.
The Company carries other types of insurance coverage related to a variety of risks and exposures, including cyber risk insurance. There has been a reduction in the number of insurance companies in the market offering certain types of insurance the Company has previously purchased and premiums have materially increased for certain types of insurance coverage. Based on market conditions, the Company may change or potentially eliminate insurance coverages, or increase levels of self-insurance. Further, we cannot assure you that the Company will not incur losses, which could be material, due to uninsured risks, deductibles and self-insured retentions, and/or losses in excess of coverage limits.
We have significant investments in large metropolitan markets, such as the metropolitan markets in Southern California, Northern California, and Seattle. These markets may in the future be the target of actual or threatened terrorist attacks. Future terrorist attacks in these markets could directly or indirectly damage our communities, both physically and financially, or cause losses that exceed our insurance coverage. Our communities could also directly or indirectly be the location or target of actual or threatened terrorist attacks, crimes, shootings, other acts of violence or other incidents beyond our control, the occurrence of which could directly impact the value of our communities through damage, destruction, loss or increased security costs, as well as operational losses due to reduction of traffic and rental demand for our communities, and the availability of insurance for such acts may be limited or may be subject to substantial costs. If such an incident were to occur at one of our communities, we
may also be subject to significant liability claims. Such events and losses could significantly affect our ability to operate those communities and materially impair our ability to achieve our expected results. Additionally, we may be obligated to continue to pay any mortgage indebtedness and other obligations relating to affected properties.
Although the Company may carry insurance for potential losses associated with its communities, employees, tenants, and compliance with applicable laws, it may still incur losses due to uninsured risks, deductibles, copayments or losses in excess of applicable insurance coverage and those losses may be material. In the event of a substantial loss, insurance coverage may not be able to cover the full replacement cost of the Company’s lost investment, or the insurance carrier may become insolvent and not be able to cover the full amount of the insured losses. Changes in building codes and ordinances, environmental considerations and other factors might also affect the Company’s ability to replace or renovate an apartment community after it has been damaged or destroyed. In addition, certain causalities and/or losses incurred may expose the Company in the future to higher insurance premiums.
Climate change may adversely affect our business. To the extent that climate change does occur, we may experience extreme weather and changes in precipitation, temperature and temperature,wild fire exposure, all of which may result in physical damage or a decrease in demand for our communities located in these areas or affected by these conditions. Should the impact of climate change be material in nature or occur for lengthy periods of time, our financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected.affected, and may negatively impact the types and pricing of insurance the Company is able to procure.
Our properties are located along the West Coast of the United States. To the extent climate change causes changes in weather patterns, the regions where our communities are located could experience increases in storm intensity, wild fires, rising sea levels and/or drought frequency. Over time, such conditions could result in reduced demand for housing in areas where our communities are located and increased costs related to further developing our communities to mitigate the effects of climate change or repairing damage related to the effects of climate change that may or may not be fully covered by insurance.
In addition, changes in federal, state and statelocal legislation and regulation on climate change could result in increased operating costs (for example, increased utility costs) and/or increased capital expenditures to improve the energy efficiency of our existing communities and could also require us to spend more on our new development communities without a corresponding increase in revenue. For example, various federal, regional and state laws and regulations have been implemented or are under consideration to mitigate the effects of climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions, including the recently updated California energy efficiency standards, referred to as Title 24 or The Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings. Among other things, "green" building codes may seek to reduce emissions through the imposition of standards for design, construction materials, water and energy usage and efficiency and waste management. The imposition of such requirements in the future could increase the costs of maintaining or improving our existing properties or developing properties (for example, to improve their energy efficiency and/or resistance to inclement weather) without a corresponding increase in revenue, resulting in adverse impacts to our operating results. Further, the impact of climate change may increase the cost of, or make unavailable, property insurance or other hazard insurance on terms we find acceptable or necessary to adequately protect our properties.
Accidental death or severe injuries at our communities due to fires, floods, other natural disasters or hazards could adversely affect our business and results of operations. The accidental death or severe injuries of persons living in our communities due to fires, floods, other natural disasters or hazards could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Our insurance coverage may not cover all losses associated with such events, and we may experience difficulty marketing communities where any such events have occurred, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Adverse changes in laws may adversely affect the Company's liabilities and/or operating costs relating to its properties and its operations.Increases in real estate taxes and income, service and transfer taxes cannot always be passed through to tenants or users in the form of higher rents, and may adversely affect the Company's cash available for distribution and its ability to make distributions to Essex's stockholders or the Operating Partnership's unitholders and pay amounts due on its debts. Similarly,Additionally, ongoing political volatility may increase the likelihood of significant changes in laws, such as repeal of Proposition 13, that could affect the Company's overall strategy. Changes in laws increasing the potential liability of the Company and/or its operating costs on a range of issues, including those regarding potential liability for other environmental conditions existing on properties or increasing the restrictions on discharges or other conditions, as well as changes in laws affecting development, construction and safety requirements, may result in significant unanticipated expenditures, including without limitation, those related to structural or seismic retrofit or more costly operational safety systems and programs, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company. For example, (1) the California statute, the "Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Act of 2008," also known as "SB375," provides that, in order to reduce greenhouse emissions, there should be regional planning to coordinate housing needs with regional transportation and such planning could lead to restrictions on, or increases in, property development that adversely affect the Company and (2) the Environmental Protection Agency has implemented a program for long-term phase out of HCFC-22 coolant (freon) by 2030, which could lead to increased capital and/or operating costs.
The soundness of financial institutions could adversely affect us. We maintain cash and cash equivalent balances, including significant cash amounts at our wholly owned insurance subsidiary, PWI, as well as 401(k) plan assets in a limited number of financial institutions. Our cash balances are generally in excess of federally insured limits. The failure or collapse of one or more of these financial institutions may materially adversely affect our ability to recover our cash balances or the 401(k) assets. Certain financial institutions are lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. In the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects these financial institutions or counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Additionally, certain of our tax-exempt bond financing documents require us to obtain a guarantee from a financial institution of payment of the principal and interest on the bonds. The guarantee may take the form of a letter of credit, surety bond, guarantee agreement or other additional collateral. If the financial institution defaults in its guarantee obligations, or if we are unable to renew the applicable guarantee or otherwise post satisfactory collateral, a default will occur under the applicable tax-exempt bonds and the community could be foreclosed upon if we do not redeem the bonds.
Failure to succeed in new markets may limit the Company’s growth. The Company may make acquisitions or commence development activity outside of its existing market areas if appropriate opportunities arise. The Company’s historical experience in its existing markets does not ensure that it will be able to operate successfully in new markets. The Company may be exposed to a variety of risks if it chooses to enter new markets. These risks include among others:
but are not limited to an inability to evaluate accurately local apartment market conditions and local economies;
an inability to identify appropriate acquisition opportunities or to obtain land for development;
an inability to hire and retain key personnel; and
lack of familiarity with local governmental and permitting procedures.
Current volatility in market and economic conditions may impact the accuracy of the various estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements and footnotes to the financial statements.
Various estimates are used in the preparation of our financial statements, including estimates related to the fair value of tangible and intangible assets and the carrying value of our real estate investments. Often these estimates require the use of local market knowledge and data that is difficult to assess, as well as estimates of future cash flows associated with our real estate investments that can also be difficult to accurately predict. Although our management believes it has been prudent and used reasonable judgment in making these estimates, it is possible that actual results may differ materially from these estimates.
Our business and reputation depend on our ability to continue providing high quality housing and consistent operation of our communities, the failure of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.Our business and reputation depend on providing We also provide tenants with quality housing with highly reliable services, including with respect to water and electric power, along with the consistent operation of our communities, including a wide variety of amenities such as covered parking, swimming pools, clubhouses with fitness facilities, playground areas, tennis courtsgyms, playgrounds, and similar features.
Public utilities, especially those that provide water and electric power, are fundamental for the consistent operation of our communities. The delayed delivery or any material reduction or prolonged interruption of these services may cause tenants to terminate their leases or may result in a reduction of rents and/or increase in our costs or other issues. In addition, we may fail to provide quality housing and continuous access to amenities as a result of other factors, including government mandated closures, mechanical failure, power outage, human error, vandalism, physical or electronic security breaches, war, terrorism or similar events. Such service interruptions, mechanical failures or other events may also expose us to additional liability claims and damage our reputation and brand and could cause tenants to terminate or not renew their leases, or prospective tenants to seek housing elsewhere. Any such failures could impair our ability to continue providing quality housing and consistent operation of our communities, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The Company’s real estate assets may be subject to impairment charges. The Company continually evaluates the recoverability of the carrying value of its real estate assets under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"). Factors considered in evaluating impairment of the Company’s existing multifamily real estate assets held for investment include significant declines in property operating profits, recurring property operating losses and other significant adverse changes in general market conditions that are considered permanent in nature. Generally, a multifamily real estate asset held for investment is not considered impaired if the undiscounted, estimated future cash flows of the asset over its estimated holding period are in excess of the asset’s net book value at the balance sheet date. Assumptions used to estimate annual and residual cash flow and the estimated holding period of such assets require the judgment of management. There can be no assurance that the Company will not take charges in the future related to the impairment of the Company’s assets.Any future impairment charges could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.
We face risks associated with land holdings and related activities. We hold land for future development and may in the future acquire additional land holdings. The risks inherent in purchasing, owning and developing land increase as demand for apartments, or rental rates, decrease. Real estate markets are highly uncertain and, as a result, the value of undeveloped land may fluctuate significantly. In addition, carrying costs can be significant and can result in losses or reduced profitability. As a result, we hold certain land, and may, in the future acquire additional land, in our development pipeline at a cost we may not be able to fully recover or at a cost which may preclude our developing a profitable multifamily community. If there are subsequent changes in the fair value of our land holdings which we determine is less that the carrying basis of our land holdings reflected in our financial statements plus estimated costs to sell, we may be required to take future impairment changes which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
Under certain circumstances, assets owned
We rely on information technology in our operations, and any material failure, inadequacy, interruption or breach of the Company’s privacy or information security systems, or those of our vendors or other third parties, could materially adversely affect the Company’s business and financial condition. We rely on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of business processes, including financial transactions and records, personally identifiable information, and tenant and lease data. Our business requires us, including some of our vendors, to use and store personally identifiable and other sensitive information of our tenants and employees. The collection and use of personally identifiable information is governed by a subsidiary REITfederal and state laws and regulations. Privacy and information security laws continue to evolve and may be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another. The Company endeavors to comply with all such laws and regulations, including by providing required disclosures, promptly responding to be disposedconsumer requests for data, and seeking vendor compliance with applicable privacy and information security laws. Compliance with all such laws and regulations may increase the Company’s operating costs and adversely impact the Company’s ability to market the Company’s properties and services.
Although we have taken steps to abide by privacy and security laws, and to protect the security of via a sale of capital stock rather than an asset sale. Under certain circumstances, assets ownedour information systems and maintain confidential tenant, prospective tenant and employee information, the compliance and security measures put in place by a subsidiary REITthe Company, and such vendors, cannot guarantee perfect compliance or provide absolute security, and the Company and our vendors' compliance systems and/or information technology infrastructure may be requiredvulnerable to criminal cyber-attacks or data security incidents, including, ransom of data, such as, without limitation, tenant and/or employee information, due to employee error, malfeasance, or other vulnerabilities. Any such incident could compromise the Company’s or such vendors’ networks (or the networks or systems of third parties that facilitate the Company’s or such vendors’ business activities), and the information stored by the Company or such vendors could be disposedaccessed, misused, publicly disclosed, corrupted, lost, or stolen, resulting in fraud, including wire fraud related to Company assets, or other harm. Moreover, if there is a compliance failure, or if a data security incident or breach affects the Company’s systems or such vendors’ systems, whether through a breach of viathe Company’s systems or a salebreach of capital stock rather than as an asset sale bythe systems of third parties, or results in the unauthorized release of personally identifiable information, the Company’s reputation and brand could be materially damaged, which could increase our costs in attracting and retaining tenants, and other serious consequences may result. Such potential other consequences include, without limitation, that subsidiary REIT, whichthe Company may limitbe exposed to a risk of litigation, including, without limitation, government enforcement actions, private
litigation or criminal penalties; and that the numberCompany may be exposed to a risk of persons willinglossincluding, without limitation, loss related to acquire indirectly any assets held bythe fact that subsidiary REIT. As a result, weagreements with such vendors, or such vendors’ financial condition, may not allow the Company to recover all costs related to a cyber breach for which they alone or they and the Company should be able to realize a return on our investment in a joint venture that utilizes a subsidiary REIT structure, at the time or on the terms we desire.
We may from time to time be subject to litigation,jointly responsible for, which could haveresult in a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Privacy and information security risks have generally increased in recent years because of the proliferation of new technologies, such as ransomware, and the increased sophistication and activities of perpetrators of cyber-attacks. We maintain cyber risk insurance which may provide some coverage for certain risks arising out of cyber breaches. However, there can be no assurance that our cyber risk insurance will be sufficient in the event of a cyber incident.
In the future, the Company may expend additional resources to continue to enhance the Company’s information security measures to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities and/or to further ensure compliance with privacy and information security laws. Despite these steps, there can be no assurance that the Company will not suffer a significant data security incident in the future, that unauthorized parties will not gain access to sensitive data stored on the Company’s systems, or that any such incident will be discovered in a timely manner. Any failure in or breach of the Company’s information security systems, those of third party service providers, or a breach of other third party systems that ultimately impacts the operational or information security systems of the Company as a result of cyber-attacks or information security breaches could result in a wide range of potentially serious harm to our business financial condition and results of operations. Further, the techniques used by criminals to obtain unauthorized access to sensitive data, such as phishing are increasing in sophistication and are often novel or change frequently; accordingly, the Company may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures.
Reliance on third party software providers to host systems critical to our operations and to provide the Company with data.We may berely on certain key software vendors to support business practices critical to our operations, including the collection of rent and ancillary income and communication with our tenants, and to provide us with data, including data we use to set our rents and predict occupancies. The market is currently experiencing a party to various claims and routine litigation arisingconsolidation of these software vendors particularly in the ordinary coursemulti-family space, which may negatively impact the Company’s choice of business. Somevendor and pricing options. Moreover, if any of these claims may result in defense costs, settlements, fineskey vendors were to terminate our relationship or judgments against us, some of which are not,access to data, or cannot be, coveredto fail, we could suffer losses while we sought to replace the services and information provided by insurance. Payment of any such costs, settlements, fines or judgments that are not insured could have an adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations. In addition, certain litigation or the resolution of certain litigation may affect the availability or cost of some of our insurance coverage, which could adversely impact our results of operations and cash flow, expose us to increased risks that would be uninsured, or adversely impact our ability to attract officers and directors.vendors.
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and Financings
Capital and credit market conditions and volatilitymay affect the Company’s access to sources of capital and/or the cost of capital, which could negatively affect the Company’s business, stock price, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. In periods when the capital and credit markets experience significant volatility, the amounts, sources and cost of capital available to the Company may be adversely affected. Our current balance sheet, the debt capacity available on the unsecured line of credit with a diversified bank group, access to the public and private placement debt markets and secured debt financing providers such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac provide some insulation from volatile capital markets. We primarily use external financing, including sales of debt and equity securities, to fund acquisitions, developments, and redevelopments and to refinance indebtedness as it matures. If sufficient sources of external financing are not available to us on cost effective terms, we could be forced to limit our acquisition, development and redevelopment activity and/or take other actions to fund our business activities and repayment of debt, such as selling assets, reducing our cash dividend or paying outdistributing less than 100% of our REIT taxable income. In general, to the extent that the Company’s access to capital and credit is at a higher cost than the Company has experienced in recent years (reflected in higher interest rates for debt financing or a lower stock price for equity financing without a corresponding change to investment cap rates) the Company’s ability to make acquisitions, develop or redevelop communities, obtain new financing, and refinance existing borrowing at competitive rates could be adversely affected, which would impact the Company's financial standing and related credit rating. In addition, if our ability to obtain financing is adversely affected, the Company’s stock price may be adversely affected, and we may be unable to satisfy scheduled maturities on existing financing through other sources of our liquidity, which, in the case of secured financings, could result in lender foreclosure on the apartment communities securing such debt.
Debt financing has inherent risks. At December 31, 2019,2021, the Company had approximately $5.8$6.3 billion of indebtedness (including $660.4$565.6 million of variable rate indebtedness, of which $175.0 million is subject to an interest rate swap effectively fixing the interest rate on $175.0 million in debt)indebtedness). The Company is subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including, among others, the following:
cash flow may not be sufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest;
inability to refinance maturing indebtedness on encumbered apartment communities;
inability to comply with debt covenants could cause defaults and an acceleration of maturity dates; and
paying debt before the scheduled maturity date could result in prepayment penalties.
The Company may not be able to renew, repay or refinance its indebtedness when due or may be required to refinance its indebtedness at higher interest rates or on terms that may not be as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness. If the Company is unable to refinance its indebtedness on acceptable terms, or at all, the Company might be forced to dispose of one or more of its properties on disadvantageous terms, which might result in losses. Such losses could have an adverse effect on the Company and its ability to make distributions to Essex's stockholders or the Operating Partnership's unitholders and pay amounts due on its debt. Furthermore, if a property is mortgaged to secure payment of indebtedness and the Company is unable to meet mortgage payments, the mortgagee could foreclose on the property, appoint a receiver and exercise rights under an assignment of rents and leases, or pursue other remedies, all with a consequential loss of revenues and asset value. Foreclosures could also create taxable income without accompanying cash proceeds, thereby hindering our ability to meet REIT distribution requirements.
Debt financing of communities may result in insufficient cash flow to service debt and fund distributions. Where appropriate, the Company intends to continue to use leverage to increase the rate of return on the Company’s investments and to provide for additional investments that the Company could not otherwise make. ThereThe Company is a risk thatsubject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including, but not limited to cash flow from the communities willmay not be insufficientsufficient to meet both debt payment obligationsrequired payments of principal and interest and the REIT distribution requirements of the Code.Code; inability to renew, repay, or refinance maturing indebtedness on encumbered apartment communities on favorable terms or at all, possibly requiring the Company to sell a property or properties on disadvantageous terms; inability to comply with debt covenants could trigger cash management provisions limiting our ability to control cash flows, cause defaults, or an acceleration of maturity dates; and paying debt before the scheduled maturity date could result in prepayment penalties. Any of these risks might result in losses that could have an adverse effect on the Company and its ability to make distributions to
Essex's stockholders or the Operating Partnership's unitholders and pay amounts due on its debt. Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness and to fund our operations, working capital and capital expenditures, depends on our ability to generate cash in the future. There is a risk that we may not be able to refinance existing indebtedness or that a refinancing will not be done on as favorable terms, which in either case could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. To a certain extent, our cash flow is subject to general economic, industry, regional, financial, competitive, operating, legislative, regulatory, taxation and other factors, many of which are beyond our control.
As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company had 2412 consolidated communities encumbered by debt. With respect to such communities, all of them are secured by deeds of trust relating solely to those communities. The holders of this indebtedness will have rights with respect to these communities and, if debt payment obligations are not met, lenders may seek foreclosure of communities, or may appoint a receiver and exercise rights under an assignment of rents and leases, or pursue other remedies which would reduce the Company’s income and net asset value, and its ability to service other debt.Foreclosures could also create taxable income without accompanying cash proceeds, thereby hindering our ability to meet REIT distribution requirements.
Compliance requirements of tax-exempt financing and below market rent requirements may limit income from certain communities. At December 31, 2019,2021, the Company had approximately $255.4$224.4 million of variable rate tax-exempt financing. This tax-exempt financing provides for certain deed restrictions and restrictive covenants. The Company expects to engage in tax-exempt financings in the future. If the compliance requirements of the tax-exempt financing restrict our ability to increase our rental rates to low or moderate income tenants, or eligible/qualified tenants, then our income from these properties may be limited. While we generally believe that the interest rate benefit attendant to properties with tax-exempt bonds more than outweigh any loss of income due to restrictive covenants or deed restrictions, this may not always be the case. Some of these requirements are complex and our failure to comply with them may subject us to material fines or liabilities. Certain state and local authorities may impose additional rental restrictions. These restrictions may limit income from the tax-exempt financed communities if the Company is required to decrease its rental rates to attract tenants who satisfy the median income test. If the Company does not reserve the required number of apartment homes for tenants satisfying these income requirements, the tax-exempt status of the bonds may be terminated, the obligations under the bond documents may be accelerated and the Company may be subject to additional contractual liability. Notwithstanding the limitations due to tax-exempt financing requirements, the income from certain communities may be limited due to below market rent requirements imposed by local authorities in connection with the original development of the community.
The indentures governing our notes and other financing arrangements contain restrictive covenants that limit our operating flexibility. The indentures that govern our publicly registered notes contain financial and operating covenants that, among other things, restrict our ability to take specific actions, even if we believe them to be in our best interests, including restrictions on our ability to:
to consummate a merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets; and
incur additional secured and unsecured indebtedness.
The instruments governing our other unsecured indebtedness require us to meet specified financial covenants, including covenants relating to net worth, fixed charge coverage, debt service coverage, the amounts of total indebtedness and secured indebtedness, leverage and certain investment limitations. These covenants may restrict our ability to expand or fully pursue our business strategies. Our ability to comply with these provisions and those contained in the indentures governing the notes, may be affected by changes in our operating and financial performance, changes in general business and economic conditions, adverse regulatory developments or other events adversely impacting us. The breach of any of these covenants, including those contained in our indentures, could result in a default under our indebtedness, which could cause those and other obligations to become due and payable. If any of our indebtedness is accelerated, we may not be able to repay it.
Rising interest rates may affect the Company’s costs of capital and financing activities and results of operation and otherwise adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Interest rates could increase, which could result in higher interest expense on the Company’s variable rate indebtedness or increase interest rates when refinancing maturing fixed rate debt. Prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact the Company’s ability to make acquisitions and develop apartment communities with positive economic returns on investment and the Company’s ability to refinance existing borrowings. In addition, an increase in market interest rates may lead purchasers of our common stock to demand a greater annual dividend yield, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
Uncertainty relating to the LIBOR calculation process and potential phasing out of LIBOR after 2021 may materially adversely affect us. The interest rate on certain of the Company’s secured and unsecured debt obligations, including the Company’s two unsecured lines of credit, is based on the LIBOR. In July 2017, the United Kingdom regulator that regulates LIBOR announced its intention to phase out LIBOR rates by the end of 2021. Furthermore, inOn March 5, 2021, the United States,Kingdom regulator confirmed its intentions to cease the Alternative Reference Rates Committeepublication of the Federal Reserve Board has proposed replacingone week and two month U.S. dollar LIBOR with a new index calculated by short-term repurchase agreements -immediately following the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR).December 31, 2021 publications, and the remaining U.S. dollar LIBOR tenors immediately following the June 30, 2023 publications. At this time, no consensus exists as to what rate or rates may become accepted alternatives to LIBOR, and it is impossible to predict whether and to what extent banks will continue to provide LIBOR submissions to the administrator of LIBOR whether LIBOR rates will cease to be published or supported before or after 2021 or whether any additional reforms to LIBOR may be enacted in the United Kingdom, the United States or elsewhere. Any changes in the method used for determining LIBOR may result in a sudden or prolonged increase or decrease in LIBOR. If a published U.S. dollar LIBOR rate is unavailable after 2021,June 2023, the interest rates on certain of the Company’s debt obligations could change. Uncertainty as to the nature of such potential changes, phase out, alternative reference rates or other reforms may materially adversely affect the trading market for LIBOR-based securities. Any of these proposals or consequences could have a material adverse effect on our financing costs, and as a result, our financial condition and results of operations.
Interest rate hedging arrangements may result in losses. The Company from time to time uses interest rate swaps and interest rate caps contracts to manage certain interest rate risks. Although these agreements may partially protect against rising interest
rates, they also may reduce the benefits to the Company if interest rates decline. If a hedging arrangement is not indexed to the same rate as the indebtedness that is hedged, the Company may be exposed to losses to the extent that the rate governing the indebtedness and the rate governing the hedging arrangement change independently of each other. Finally, nonperformance by the other party to the hedging arrangement may subject the Company to increased credit risks. In order to minimize counterparty credit risk, the Company enters into hedging arrangements only with investment grade financial institutions.
A downgrade in the Company's investment grade credit rating could materially and adversely affect its business and financial condition. The Company plans to manage its operations to maintain its investment grade credit rating with a capital structure consistent with its current profile, but there can be no assurance that it will be able to maintain its current credit ratings. Any downgrades in terms of ratings or outlook by any of the rating agencies could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s cost and availability of capital, which could in turn have a material adverse impact on its financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.liquidity, as well as the Company's stock price.
Changes in the Company’s financing policy may lead to higher levels of indebtedness. The Company’s organizational documents do not limit the amount or percentage of indebtedness that may be incurred. The Company has adopted a policy of maintaining a limit on debt financing consistent with the existing covenants required to maintain the Company’s unsecured line of credit bank facility, unsecured debt and senior unsecured bonds. Although pursuant to this policy the Company manages its debt to be in compliance with the debt covenants, the Company may increase the amount of outstanding debt at any time without a concurrent improvement in the Company’s ability to service the additional debt. Accordingly, the Company could become more leveraged, resulting in an increased risk of default on its debt covenants or on its debt obligations and in an increase in debt service requirements. Any covenant breach or significant increase in the Company’s leverage could materially adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and ability to access debt and equity capital markets in the future.
If the Company or any of its subsidiaries defaults on an obligation to repay outstanding indebtedness when due, the default could trigger a cross-default or cross-acceleration under other indebtedness. If the Company or any of its subsidiaries defaults on its obligations to repay outstanding indebtedness, the default could cause a cross-default or cross-acceleration under other indebtedness. A default under the agreements governing the Company’s or its subsidiaries’ indebtedness, including a default under mortgage indebtedness, lines of credit, bank term loan, or the indenture for the Company’s outstanding senior notes, that is not waived by the required lenders or holders of outstanding notes, could trigger cross-default or cross-acceleration provisions under one or more agreements governing the Company’s indebtedness, which could cause an immediate default or allow the lenders to declare all funds borrowed thereunder to be due and payable.
The Company could be negatively impacted by the condition of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac and by changes in government support for multifamily housing. Historically, the Company has utilized borrowing from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. There are no assurances that these entities will lend to the Company in the future. The Company primarily utilizes unsecured debt and repays secured debt at or near its respective maturity and places less reliance on agency mortgage debt financing. Potential options have been proposed for the future of agency mortgage finance in the United States that could involve the phase out of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. While we believe Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will continue to provide liquidity to our sector, should they discontinue doing so, have their mandates changed or reduced or be disbanded or reorganized by the government or if there is reduced government support for multifamily housing more generally, it may adversely affect interest rates, capital availability, development of multifamily communities and the value of multifamily residential real estate and, as a result, may adversely affect the Company and its growth and operations.
Risks Related to the Company in General and the Ownership of Essex’s StockPersonnel
The Company depends on its key personnel, whose continued service is not guaranteed. The Company’s success depends on its ability to attract, train and retain executive officers, senior officers and company managers. There is substantial competition for qualified personnel in the real estate industry and the departure of any of the Company’s key personnel could have an adverse effect on the Company. While the Company engages in regular succession planning for key positions, the Company’s plans may be impacted and therefore adjusted due to the departure of any key personnel. Additionally, the Company must continue to recruit and train qualified operational staff at its properties. While the Company offers competitive pay and benefits, it may be difficult to appropriately staff our properties in a highly competitive job market.
The price per share of the Company’s stock may fluctuate significantly.
The market price per share of the Company’s common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to many factors, including without limitation:
regional, national and global economic conditions;
actual or anticipated variations in the Company’s quarterly operating results or dividends;
changes in the Company’s funds from operations or earnings estimates;
issuances of common stock, preferred stock or convertible debt securities, or the perception that such issuances might occur;
publication of research reports about the Company or the real estate industry;
the general reputation of REITs and the attractiveness of their equity securities in comparison to other equity securities (including securities issued by other real estate based companies);
general stock and bond market conditions, including changes in interest rates on fixed income securities, that may lead prospective purchasers of the Company’s stock to demand a higher annual yield from dividends;
shifts in our investor base to a higher concentration of passive investors such as exchange traded fund and index funds, which may adversely affect our ability to communicate effectively with our investors;
the resale of substantial amounts of the Company's stock, or the anticipation of such resale, by large holders of our securities;
availability of capital markets and cost of capital;
a change in analyst ratings or the Company’s credit ratings;
terrorist activity adversely affecting the markets in which the Company’s securities trade, possibly increasing market volatility and causing erosion of business and consumer confidence and spending;
natural disasters such as earthquakes;
changes in public policy and tax law; and
the issuance of ratings and scores related to corporate social responsibility ("CSR") and environmental, social and governance ("ESG") reports and disclosures.
Many of the factors listed above are beyond the Company’s control. These factors may cause the market price of shares of the Company’s common stock to decline, regardless of the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or business prospects.
The Company’s future issuances of common stock, preferred stock or convertible debt securities could be dilutive to current stockholders and adversely affect the market price of the Company’s common stock. In order to finance the Company’s acquisition and development activities, the Company has issued and sold common stock, preferred stock and convertible debt securities. The Company may in the future sell further shares of common stock, including pursuant to its equity distribution program with Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Barclays Capital Inc., BNP Paribas Securities Corp., BTIG, LLC, Capital One Securities, Inc., Jefferies LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Mizuho Securities USA LLC, MUFG Securities Americas Inc., and Scotia Capital (USA) Inc.
In 2018, the Company filed a new shelf registration statement with the SEC, allowing the Company to sell an undetermined number of equity and debt securities as defined in the prospectus. Future sales of common stock, preferred stock or convertible debt securities may dilute stockholder ownership in the Company and could adversely affect the market price of the common stock.
The Company’s Chairman is involved in other real estate activities and investments, which may lead to conflicts of interest. The Company’s Chairman, George M. Marcus, is not an employee of the Company, and is involved in other real estate activities and investments, which may lead to conflicts of interest. Mr. Marcus owns interests in various other real estate-related businesses and investments. He is the Chairman of the Marcus & Millichap Company ("MMC"), which is a parent company of
a diversified group of real estate service, investment and development firms. Mr. Marcus is also the Co-Chairman of Marcus & Millichap, Inc. ("MMI"), and Mr. Marcus owns a controlling interest in MMI. MMI is a national brokerage firm listed on the NYSE that underwent its initial public offering in 2013.
Mr. Marcus has agreed not to divulge any confidential or proprietary information that may be received by him in his capacity as Chairman of the Company to any of his affiliated companies and that he will absent himself from any and all discussions by Essex's Board of Directors regarding any proposed acquisition and/or development of an apartment community where it appears that there may be a conflict of interest with any of his affiliated companies. Notwithstanding this agreement, Mr. Marcus and his affiliated entities may potentially compete with the Company in acquiring and/or developing apartment communities, which competition may be detrimental to the Company. In addition, due to such potential competition for real estate investments, Mr. Marcus and his affiliated entities may have a conflict of interest with the Company, which may be detrimental to the interests of Essex's stockholders and the Operating Partnership's unitholders.
The influence of executive officers, directors, and significant stockholders may be detrimental to holders of common stock. As of December 31, 2019,2021, Mr. Marcus wholly or partially owned approximately 1.9 million shares of common stock (including shares issuable upon exchange of limited partnership interests in the Operating Partnership and certain other partnerships, indirectly held shares of common stock and assuming exercise of all vested options)stock). Mr. Marcus currently does not have majority control over the Company. However, he currently has, and likely will continue to have, significant influence with respect to the election of directors and approval or disapproval of significant corporate actions. Consequently, his influence could result in decisions that do not reflect the interests of all the Company’s stockholders.
Under the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership, the consent of the holders of limited partnership interests is generally required for certain amendments of the agreement and for certain extraordinary actions. Through their ownership of limited partnership interests and their positions with the Company, the Company’s directors and executive officers, including Mr. Marcus, have substantial influence on the Company. Consequently, their influence could result in decisions that do not reflect the interests of all stockholders.
Our related party guidelines may not adequately address all of the issues that may arise with respect to related party transactions. The Company has adopted "Related Party Transaction Approval Process Guidelines" that provide generally that any transaction in which a director or executive officer has an interest must have the prior approval of the Audit Committee of Essex'sEssex’s Board of Directors. The review and approval procedures in these guidelines are intended to determine whether a particular related party transaction is fair, reasonable and serves the interests of the Company'sCompany’s stockholders. Pursuant to these guidelines, related party transactions have been approved from time to time. There is no assurance that this policy will be adequate for determining whether a particular related party transaction is suitable and fair for the Company. Also, the policy'spolicy’s procedures may not identify and address all the potential issues and conflicts of interests with a related party transaction.
Stockholders
Employee theft or fraud could result in loss. Certain of our employees have limited control over changes in our policiesaccess to, or signature authority with respect to, bank accounts or other Company assets, which exposes us to the risk of fraud or theft. In addition, certain employees have access to key information technology ("IT") infrastructure and operations. Essex’s Board of Directors determines our major policies, including our policies regarding investments, financing, growth, debt capitalization, REIT qualification and distributions. Essex’s Board of Directors may amend or revise theseto tenant and other policies without a vote of the stockholders. Under the Company’s Charter and the Maryland General Corporation Law, stockholders currently have a right to vote on the following matters:
the election of Essex’s Board of Directorsinformation that is commercially valuable. Should any employee compromise our IT systems, or the removal of any member of Essex’s Board of Directors;
any amendment of Essex’s Charter, except that Essex’s Board of Directors may amend the Charter without stockholder approval to:
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◦ | change our name or the name or other designation or the par value of any class or series of our stock and the aggregate par value of our stock; |
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◦ | increase or decrease the number of our shares of any class or series of stock that we have the authority to issue; |
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◦ | classify or reclassify any unissued shares of stock by setting or changing the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to distributions, qualifications or terms and conditions of redemption of such shares; and |
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◦ | effect certain reverse stock splits; |
our liquidation and dissolution; and
except as otherwise permitted by law, our being a party to any merger, consolidation, conversion, salemisappropriate tenant or other disposition of allinformation, we could incur losses, including significant financial or substantially all of our assets or similar reorganization.
In addition, stockholders are permitted to vote upon certain proposals submitted by stockholders to amend the Company's Bylaws, subject to various requirements and limitations set forth in the Bylaws. All other matters are subject to the discretion of Essex’s Board of Directors. In addition, pursuant to Maryland law, all matters other than the election or removal of a director mustreputational harm, from which full recovery cannot be declared advisable by Essex’s Board of Directors prior to a stockholder vote.
Our score or rating by proxy advisory firms or other corporate governance consultants advising institutional investors could have an adverse effect on the perception of our corporate governance, and thereby negatively impact the market price of our common stock. Various proxy advisory firms and other corporate governance consultants advising institutional investors provide scores or ratings of our governance measures, nominees for election as directors, executive compensation practices, ESG or sustainability matters, and other matters that may be submitted to stockholders for consideration at our annual meetings. From time to time certain matters that we propose for approvalassured. We also may not receive a favorable scorehave insurance that covers any losses in full or rating,that covers losses from particular criminal acts. Potential liabilities for theft or may result in a negative score or rating or recommendation against the nominee or matter proposed. These unfavorable scores or ratings may leadfraud are not quantifiable and an estimate of possible loss cannot be made.
Risks Related to rejected proposals or a loss of stockholder confidence in our corporate governance measures, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
We periodically review our corporate governance measures, including our ESG business practices,Taxes and consider implementing changes that we believe are responsive to concerns that have been raised, but there may be times where we decide not to implement changes or other measures recommended by proxy advisors or other corporate governance consultants that we believe are contrary to the best interests of our stockholders, notwithstanding the adverse effect this decision may have on our scores or ratings or the perception of our corporate governance, thereby negatively impacting the market price of our common stock.
Corporate responsibility, specifically related to ESG factors, may impose additional costs and expose us to new risks. The Company and many of its investors and potential investors are focused on corporate responsibility, specifically related to ESG factors. Some investors may use ESG factors to guide their investment strategies. Many investment funds focus on positive ESG business practices and sustainability scores when making investments and may consider a company’s sustainability efforts and/or score when making an investment decision. In addition, investors, particularly institutional investors, may use ESG or sustainability scores to benchmark companies against their peers. Although the Company makes ESG disclosures and undertakes sustainability initiatives, there can be no assurance that the Company will score highly on ESG matters in the future. In addition, the criteria by which companies are rated may change, which could cause the Company to perform differently or worse than it has in the past. The Company may face reputational damage in the event its corporate responsibility procedures or standards do not meet the standards set by various constituencies. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have an adverse effect on the price of the Company’s stock and the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations, including increased development costs, capital expenditures and operating expenses.
We could face adverse consequencesStatus as a result of actions of activist investors. Campaigns by stockholders to effect changes at publicly traded companies are sometimes led by investors seeking to increase short-term stockholder value through actions such as financial restructuring, increased debt, special dividends, stock repurchases or sales of assets or the entire company. Responding to stockholder activism or engaging in a process or proxy contest may be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations and divert the attention of our management team and our employees from executing our business plan, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.REIT
Failure to generate sufficient rental revenue or other liquidity needs and impacts of economic conditions could limit cash flow available for dividend distributions, as well as the form and timing of such distributions, to Essex's stockholders or the Operating Partnership's unitholders. A decrease in rental revenue, or liquidity needs such as the repayment of indebtedness or funding of our acquisition and development activities, could have an adverse effect on our ability to pay distributions to Essex's stockholders or the Operating Partnership's unitholders. Significant expenditures associated with each community such as debt service payments, if any, real estate taxes, insurance and maintenance costs are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in income from a community.
The form, timing and/or amount of dividend distributions in future periods may vary and be impacted by economic and other considerations. The form, timing and/or amount of dividend distributions will be declared at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend on actual cash from operations, our financial condition, capital requirements, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Code and other factors as the Board of Directors may consider relevant. The Board of Directors may modify our dividend policy from time to time.
Essex may choose to pay dividends in its own stock, in which case stockholders may be required to pay tax in excess of the cash they receive. We may distribute taxable dividends that are payable in part in Essex's stock. Taxable stockholders receiving such dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend as income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for federal income tax purposes. As a result, a U.S. stockholder may be required to pay tax with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the stock it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in stock. In addition, the trading price of
Essex's stock would experience downward pressure if a significant number of our stockholders sell shares of Essex's stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends.
The Maryland Business Combination Act may delay, defer or prevent a transaction or change in control of the Company that might involve a premium price for the Company's stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders. Under the Maryland General Corporation Law, certain "business combinations" between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is defined as any person (and certain affiliates of such person) who beneficially owns ten percent or more of the voting power of the then-outstanding voting stock of the corporation. The law also requires a two supermajority stockholder votes for such transactions. This means that the transaction must be approved by at least:
least 80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding voting shares; and
two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding voting shares other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom the business combination is to be effected.
The statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations that are exempted by the board of directors prior to the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These voting provisions do not apply if the stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under the Maryland General Corporation Law. As permitted by the statute, the Board of Directors of Essex irrevocably has elected to exempt any business combination among the Company, George M. Marcus, who is the chairman of the Company, and MMC or any entity owned or controlled by Mr. Marcus and MMC. Consequently, the five-year prohibition and supermajority vote requirements described above will not apply to any business combination between the Company, Mr. Marcus, or MMC. As a result, the Company may in the future enter into business combinations with Mr. Marcus and MMC, without compliance with the supermajority vote requirements and other provisions of the Maryland Business Combination Act.
Certain provisions contained in the Operating Partnership agreement, Charter and Bylaws, and certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law could delay, defer or prevent a change in control. While the Company is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, and generally has full and exclusive responsibility and discretion in the management and control of the Operating Partnership, certain provisions of the Operating Partnership agreement place limitations on the Company’s power to act with respect to the Operating Partnership. Such limitations could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for the Company’s stock or otherwise be in the best interests of its stockholders or that could otherwise adversely affect their interests. The partnership agreement provides that if the limited partners own at least 5% of the outstanding units of partnership interest in the Operating Partnership, the Company may not, without first obtaining the consent of a majority in interest of the limited partners in the Operating Partnership, transfer all or any portion of the Company’s general partner interest in the Operating Partnership to another entity. Such limitations on the Company’s power to act may result in the Company’s being precluded from taking action that the Board of Directors otherwise believes is in the best interests of the Company or its stockholders.
The Company’s Charter authorizes the issuance of additional shares of common stock or preferred stock and the setting of the preferences, rights and other terms of such stock without the approval of the holders of the common stock. The Company may establish one or more classes or series of stock that could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control. Such a transaction might involve a premium price for the Company’s stock or otherwise be in the best interests of the holders of common stock. Also, such a class or series of stock could have dividend, voting or other rights that could adversely affect the interests of holders of common stock.
The Company’s Charter contains provisions limiting the transferability and ownership of shares of capital stock, which may delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control. For example, subject to receiving an exemption from the Board of Directors, potential acquirers may not purchase more than 6% in value of the stock (other than qualified pension trusts which can acquire 9.9%). This may discourage tender offers that may be attractive to the holders of common stock and limit the opportunity for stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of common stock.
The Maryland General Corporation Law restricts the voting rights of holders of shares deemed to be "control shares." Under the Maryland General Corporation Law, "control shares" are those which, when aggregated with any other shares held by the acquirer, entitle the acquirer to exercise voting power within specified ranges. Although the Bylaws exempt the Company from the control share provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law, the Board of Directors may amend or eliminate the provisions of the Bylaws at any time in the future. Moreover, any such amendment or elimination of such provision of the Bylaws may result in the application of the control share provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law not only to control shares which may be acquired in the future, but also to control shares previously acquired. If the provisions of the Bylaws are amended or eliminated, the control share provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law could delay, defer or
prevent a transaction or change in control that might involve a premium price for the stock or otherwise be in the best interests of the Company’s stockholders.
The Company’s Charter and Bylaws as well as Maryland General Corporation Law also contain other provisions that may impede various actions by stockholders without approval of Essex’s Board of Directors, and that in turn may delay, defer or prevent a transaction, including a change in control that might involve a premium price for the stock or otherwise be in the best interests of the Company'sCompany’s stockholders. Those provisions include, among others:
others, directors may be removed by stockholders, without cause, only upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast generally in the election of the directors, and with cause, only upon the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes entitled to be cast generally in the election of the directors;
Essex’s Board of Directors can fix the number of directors and fill vacant directorships upon the vote of a majority of the directors and Essex's Board of Directors can classify the board such that the entire board is not up for re-election annually;
stockholders must give advance notice to nominate directors or propose business for consideration at a stockholders’ meeting; and
for stockholders to call a special meeting, the meeting must be requested by not less than a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at the meeting.
We rely on information technology in our operations, and any material failure, inadequacy, interruption or breach of the Company’s privacy or information security systems, or those of our vendors or other third parties, could materially adversely affect the Company’s business and financial condition. The protection of tenant, employee, and company data is critically important to the Company. We rely on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of business processes, including financial transactions and records, personally identifiable information, and tenant and lease data. Our business requires us, including some of our vendors, to use and store personally identifiable and other sensitive information of our tenants and employees. The collection and use of personally identifiable information is governed by federal and state laws and regulations. Privacy and information security laws continue to evolve and may be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another. The Company endeavors to ensure compliance with all such laws and regulations, including by providing required disclosures, promptly responding to consumer requests for data, and seeking vendor compliance with applicable privacy and information security laws. Compliance with all such laws and regulations may increase the Company’s operating costs and adversely impact the Company’s ability to market the Company’s properties and services.
Although we have taken steps to abide by privacy and security laws, and to protect the security of our information systems and maintain confidential tenant, prospective tenant and employee information, the compliance and security measures put in place by the Company, and such vendors, cannot guarantee perfect compliance or provide absolute security, and the Company and our vendors' compliance systems and/or information technology infrastructure may be vulnerable to criminal cyber-attacks or data security incidents, including, ransom of data, such as, without limitation, tenant and/or employee information, due to employee error, malfeasance, or other vulnerabilities. Any such incident could compromise the Company’s or such vendors' networks (or the networks or systems of third parties that facilitate the Company’s or such vendors’ business activities), and the information stored by the Company or such vendors could be accessed, misused, publicly disclosed, corrupted, lost, or stolen, resulting in fraud, including wire fraud related to Company assets, or other harm. Moreover, if there is a compliance failure, or if a data security incident or breach affects the Company’s systems or such vendors' systems, whether through a breach of the Company’s systems or a breach of the systems of third parties, or results in the unauthorized release of personally identifiable information, the Company’s reputation and brand could be materially damaged, which could increase our costs in attracting and retaining tenants, and other serious consequences may result. Such potential other consequences include, without limitation, that the Company and certain executive officers may be exposed to a risk of litigation and possible liability, including, without limitation, government enforcement actions and private litigation; and that the Company may be exposed to a risk of loss including, without limitation, loss related to the fact that agreements with such vendors, or such vendors' financial condition, may not allow the Company to recover all costs related to a cyber breach for which they alone or they and the Company should be jointly responsible for, which could result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Privacy and information security risks have generally increased in recent years because of the proliferation of new technologies, such as ransomware, and the increased sophistication and activities of perpetrators of cyber-attacks. In light of the increased risks, we have dedicated additional Company resources to strengthening the security of the Company’s computer systems, including maintaining cyber risk insurance which may provide some coverage for certain risks arising out of cyber breaches. However, there can be no assurance that our cyber risk insurance will be sufficient in the event of a cyber incident.
In the future, the Company may expend additional resources to continue to enhance the Company’s information security measures to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities and/or to further ensure compliance with privacy and information security laws. Despite these steps, there can be no assurance that the Company will not suffer a significant data security incident in the future, that unauthorized parties will not gain access to sensitive data stored on the Company’s systems, or that any such incident will be discovered in a timely manner. Any failure in or breach of the Company's information security systems, those of third party service providers, or a breach of other third party systems that ultimately impacts the operational or information security systems of the Company as a result of cyber-attacks or information security breaches could result in a wide range of potentially serious harm to our business and results of operations. Additionally, government agencies involved in investigating any potential data security incidents may impose injunctive relief or other civil or criminal penalties on the Company and/or certain executives, which could, among other things, divert the attention of management, impact the Company's ability to collect and use tenant information, materially increase data security costs and/or otherwise require us to alter how we operate our business. Further, the techniques used by criminals to obtain unauthorized access to sensitive data, such as phishing and other forms of human engineering, are increasing in sophistication and are often novel or change
frequently; accordingly, the Company may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures.
Expanding social media vehicles present new risks. The use of social media could cause us to suffer brand damage or information leakage. Negative posts or comments about us on any social networking website could damage our reputation. In addition, employees or others might disclose non-public sensitive information relating to our business through external media channels. The continuing evolution of social media will present us with new challenges and risks.
Employee theft or fraud could result in loss. Certain of our employees have access to, or signature authority with respect to, bank accounts or other Company assets, which exposes us to the risk of fraud or theft. In addition, certain employees have access to key information technology ("IT") infrastructure and to tenant and other information that is commercially valuable. Should any employee compromise our IT systems, or misappropriate tenant or other information, we could incur losses, including significant financial or reputational harm, from which full recovery cannot be assured. We also may not have insurance that covers any losses in full or that covers losses from particular criminal acts. Potential liabilities for theft or fraud are not quantifiable and an estimate of possible loss cannot be made.
Any material weaknesses identified in the Company's internal control over financial reporting could have an adverse effect on the Company’s stock price. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires the Company to evaluate and report on its internal control over financial reporting. If the Company identifies one or more material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting, the Company could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of its financial reports, which in turn could have an adverse effect on the Company’s stock price.
Tax Risks
Sales of apartment communities could incur tax risks. If we are found to have held, acquired or developed a community as inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, federal tax laws may limit our ability to sell the community without incurring a 100% tax on the gain on the sale of the community and potentially adversely impacting our status as a REIT unless we own the community through one of our TRSs.
Loss of the Company's REIT status would have significant adverse consequences to the Company and the value of the Company's common stock. The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. The Company’s qualification as a REIT requires it to satisfy various annual and quarterly requirements, including income, asset and distribution tests, established under highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations.
To qualify under the income test, (i) at least 75% of the Company’s annual gross income generally must be derived from rents from real property, mortgage interest, gain from the sale or other disposition of real property held for investment, dividends or other distributions on, and gain from the sale or other disposition of shares of other REITs and certain other limited categories of income and (ii) at least 95% of the Company’s annual gross income generally must be derived from the preceding sources plus other dividends, interest other than mortgage interest, and gain from the sale or other disposition of stock and securities held for investment. To qualify under the asset test, at the end of each quarter, at least 75% of the value of the Company’s assets must consist of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified real estate assets and there are significant additional limitations regarding the Company’s investment in securities other than government securities and qualified real estate assets, including limitations on the percentage of our assets that can be represented by the Company’s TRSs. To comply with the distribution test, the Company generally must distribute to its stockholders each calendar year at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, determined before a deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain. In addition, to the extent the Company satisfies the 90% test, but distributes less than 100% of its REIT taxable income, it will be subject to corporate income tax on such undistributed income and could be subject to an additional 4% excise tax. Because the Company needs to meet these tests to maintain its qualification as a REIT, it could cause the Company to have to forgo certain business opportunities and potentially require the Company to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
In addition to the income, asset and distribution tests described above, the Company’s qualification as a REIT involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within the Company’s control. Although the Company intends that its current organization and method of operation enable it to qualify as a REIT, it cannot assure you that it so qualifies or that it will be able to remain so qualified in the future. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, the Company would be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on the Company’s taxable income at corporate rates (and the Company could be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax for taxable years prior to 2018), and the Company would not be allowed to deduct dividends paid to its stockholders in computing its taxable income. The Company would also be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which the Company failed to qualify, unless we are entitled to relief under statutory provisions. The additional tax liability would reduce its net earnings available for investment or distribution to Essex stockholders and Operating Partnership unitholders, and the Company would no longer be
required to make distributions to its stockholders for the purpose of maintaining REIT status. As a result of all these factors, the Company’s failure to qualify as a REIT also could impair its ability to expand its business and raise capital, and could adversely affect the value and market price of the Company’s common stock.
Complying with REIT requirements may affect our profitability and may force us to liquidate or forgo otherwise attractive investments. To qualify as a REIT, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the nature and diversification of our assets, the sources of our income and the amounts we distribute to our stockholders. We may be required to liquidate or forgo otherwise attractive investments in order to satisfy the asset and income tests or to qualify under certain statutory relief provisions. We also may be required to make distributions to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. As a result, having to comply with the distribution requirement could cause us to: (1) sell assets in adverse market conditions; (2) borrow on unfavorable terms; or (3) distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions, capital expenditures or repayment of debt. Accordingly, satisfying the REIT requirements could materially and adversely affect us. Moreover, if we are compelled to liquidate our investments to meet any of these asset, income or distribution tests, or to repay obligations to our lenders, we may be unable to comply with one or more of the requirements applicable to REITs or may be subject to a 100% tax on any resulting of debt. Accordingly, satisfying the REIT requirements could materially and adversely affect us. Moreover, if we are compelled to liquidate our investments to meet any of these asset, income or distribution tests, or to repay obligations to our lenders, we may be unable to comply with one or more of the requirements applicable to REITs or may be subject to a 100% tax on any resulting gain if such sales constitute prohibited transactions.
Legislative or other actions affecting REITs could have a negative effect on the Company or its stockholders. The rules dealing with federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Changes to the tax laws, with or without retroactive legislation, could adversely affect the Company or its stockholders. New legislation, Treasury Regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly and negatively affect the Company’s ability to qualify as a REIT, the federal income tax consequences of such qualification, or the federal income tax consequences of an investment in the Company. Also, the law relating to the tax treatment of other entities, or an investment in other entities, could change, making an investment in such other entities more attractive relative to an investment in a REIT.
The 2017 Tax Legislation has significantly changed the U.S. federal income taxation of U.S. businesses and their owners, including REITs and their stockholders. The legislation remains unclear in many respects and could be subject to potential amendments and technical corrections, as well as interpretations and implementing regulations by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and Internal Revenue Service, any of which could lessen or increase certain adverse impacts of the legislation. In addition, it remains unclear how these U.S. federal income tax changes will affect state and local taxation, which often uses federal taxable income as a starting point for computing state and local tax liabilities. Because state and local tax laws may adopt some of the base-broadening provisions of the 2017 Tax Legislation, such as the limitation on the deduction for net interest expense, while not adopting corresponding rate reductions, state and local tax liabilities may increase. While some of the changes made by the tax legislation may adversely affect the Company in one or more reporting periods and prospectively, other changes may be beneficial on a going forward basis. The Company continues to work with its tax advisors and auditors to determine the full impact that the 2017 Tax Legislation as a whole will have on the Company.
The Company’s ownership of TRSstaxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRSs") is subject to certain restrictions, and it will be required to pay a 100% penalty tax on certain income or deductions if transactions with the Company’s TRSs are not conducted on arm’s length terms. The Company has established several TRSs. The TRSs must pay U.S. federal income tax on their taxable income.income as a regular C corporation. While the Company will attempt to ensure that its dealings with its TRSs do not adversely
affect its REIT qualification, it cannot provide assurances that it will successfully achieve that result. Furthermore, the Company may be subject to a 100% penalty tax, to the extent dealings between the Company and its TRSs are not deemed to be arm’s length in nature. The Company intends that its dealings with its TRSs will be on an arm’s length basis. No assurances can be given, however, that the Internal Revenue Service will not assert a contrary position.
Failure of one or more of the Company’s subsidiaries to qualify as a REIT could adversely affect the Company’s ability to qualify as a REIT. The Company owns interests in multiple subsidiary REITs that have elected to be taxed as REITs under the Code. These subsidiary REITs are subject to the various REIT qualification requirements and other limitations that are applicable to the Company. If any of the Company’s subsidiary REITs were to fail to qualify as a REIT, then (i) the subsidiary REIT would become subject to federal income tax and (ii) the Company’s ownership of shares in such subsidiary REIT would cease to be a qualifying asset for purposes of the asset tests applicable to REITs. If any of the Company’s subsidiary REITs were to fail to qualify as REITs, it is possible that the Company could also fail to qualify as a REIT.
The tax imposed on REITs engaging in "prohibited transactions" may limit the Company’s ability to engage in transactions which would be treated as sales for federal income tax purposes. From time to time, the Company may transfer or otherwise dispose of some of its properties. Under the Code, unless certain exceptions apply, any gain resulting from transfers of properties that the Company holds as inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business could be treated as income from a prohibited transaction subject to a 100% penalty tax.tax from the gain on the sale of the community, which could potentially adversely impact our status as a REIT unless we own the community through one of our TRSs. Since the Company acquires properties for investment purposes, it does not believe that its occasional transfers or disposals of property should be treated as prohibited transactions. However, whether property is held for investment purposes depends on all the facts and circumstances surrounding the particular transaction. The Internal Revenue Service may contend that certain transfers or disposals of properties by the Company are prohibited transactions. If the Internal Revenue Service were to argue successfully that a transfer or disposition of property constituted a prohibited transaction, then the Company would be required to pay a 100% penalty tax on any gain allocable to it from the prohibited transaction, and the Company’s ability to retain proceeds from real property sales may be jeopardized.
Dividends payable by REITs may be taxed at higher rates than dividends of non-REIT corporations, which could reduce the net cash received by stockholders and may be detrimental to the Company’s ability to raise additional funds through any future sale of its stock. Dividends paid by REITs to U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts or estates are generally not eligible for the reduced tax rate applicable to qualified dividends received from non-REIT corporations. However, under the
2017 Tax Legislation, U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates generally may deduct 20% of ordinary dividends from a REIT for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. Although this deduction reduces the effective tax rate applicable to certain dividends paid by REITs, such tax rate is still higher than the tax rate applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends. This may cause investors to view REIT investments as less attractive than investments in non-REIT corporations, which in turn may adversely affect the value of stock in REITs, including the Company's stock.
Non-U.S. investors that invest in the Company should be aware of the following U.S. federal income tax considerations in connection with such investment. First, distributions by the Company from its current and accumulated earnings and profits are subject to a 30% U.S. withholding tax in the hands of non-U.S. investors, unless the 30% is reduced by an applicable income tax treaty. Such distributions may also be subject to a 30% withholding tax under the "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act" ("FATCA") unless a non-U.S. investor complies with certain requirements prescribed by FATCA. Second, distributions by the Company that are attributable to gains from dispositions of U.S. real property ("capital gain dividends") will be treated as income that is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business in the hands of a non-U.S. investor, such that a non-U.S. investor will have U.S. federal income tax payment and filing obligations with respect to capital gain dividends. Furthermore, capital gain dividends may be subject to an additional 30% "branch profits tax" (which may be reduced by an applicable income tax treaty) in the hands of a non-U.S. investor that is a corporation. Third, any gain derived by a non-U.S. investor on a disposition of such investor’s stock in the Company will subject such investor to U.S. federal income tax payment and filing requirements unless the Company is treated as a domestically-controlled REIT. A REIT is "domestically controlled" if less than 50% of the REIT’s capital stock, by value, has been owned directly or indirectly by persons who are not qualifying U.S. persons during a continuous five-year period ending on the date of disposition or, if shorter, during the entire period of the REIT’s existence. The Company believes that it is a domestically-controlled REIT, but no assurances can be given in this regard. Notwithstanding the foregoing, even if the Company were not a domestically-controlled REIT, under a special exception non-U.S. investors should not have U.S. federal income tax payment and filing obligations on capital gain dividends or a disposition of their stock in the Company if (i) they did not own more than 10% of such stock at any time during the one-year period ending on the date of the disposition, and (ii) the Company’s stock continues to be regularly traded on an established securities market located in the United States and certain other non-U.S. investors may also not be subject to these payment and filing obligations. Non-U.S. investors should consult with their independent advisors as to the above U.S. tax considerations and other U.S. tax consequences of an investment in the Company’s stock, in light of their particular circumstances.
We may face risks in connection with Section 1031 exchanges. From time to time we dispose of real properties in transactions intended to qualify as "like-kind exchanges" under Section 1031 of the Code. If a transaction intended to qualify as a Section 1031 exchange is later determined to be taxable, we may face adverse consequences, and if the laws applicable to such transactions are amended or repealed, we may not be able to dispose of real properties on a tax deferred basis.
If the Operating Partnership failed to qualify as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, the Company could cease to qualify as a REIT and suffer other adverse consequences. The Company believes that the Operating Partnership will continue to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, the Operating Partnership is not subject to U.S. federal income tax on its income. Instead, each of its partners is required to pay tax on the partner’s allocable share of the income of the Operating Partnership. No assurances can be given, however, that the Internal Revenue Service will not challenge the Operating Partnership’s status as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or that a court would not sustain such a challenge. If the Internal Revenue Service were successful in treating the Operating Partnership as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Company could fail to meet the income tests and/or the asset tests applicable to REITs and, accordingly, cease to qualify as a REIT. Also, the failure of the Operating Partnership to qualify as a partnership would cause it to become subject to federal and state corporate income tax, which would reduce significantly the amount of cash available for debt service and distribution to its partners.partners, including us.
Partnership tax audit rules could have a material adverse effect on us. The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 changed theUnder current federal partnership tax audit rules, applicable to U.S. federal income tax audits of partnerships. Under the rules, effective for taxable years beginning in 2018, among other changes and subject to certain exceptions, any audit adjustment to items of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit of a partnership (and a partner’s allocable share thereof) is determined, and taxes, interest, and penalties attributable thereto are assessed and collected, at the partnership level. Unless the partnership makes an election permitted under the new law or takes certain steps to require the partners to pay their tax on their allocable shares of the adjustment, it is possible that partnerships in which we directly or indirectly invest would be
required to pay additional taxes, interest, and penalties as a result of an audit adjustment. We, as a direct or indirect partner of these partnerships, could be required to bear the economic burden of those taxes, interest, and penalties even though Essex, as a REIT, may not otherwise have been required to pay additional corporate‑level taxes had we owned the assets of the partnership directly. The partnership tax audit rules apply to Essex Portfolio, L.P. and its subsidiaries that are classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The changes created
by these rules are significant for collecting tax in partnership audits and, accordingly, thereThere can be no assurance that these rules will not have a material adverse effect on us.
General Risks
We may from time to time be subject to litigation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Some of these claims may result in defense costs, settlements, fines or judgments against us, some of which are not, or cannot be, covered by insurance. Payment of any such costs, settlements, fines or judgments that are not insured could have an adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations. In addition, certain litigation or the resolution of certain litigation may affect the availability or cost of some of our insurance coverage, which could adversely impact our reputation, our results of operations and cash flow, expose us to increased risks that would be uninsured.
Rising interest rates may affect the Company’s costs of capital and financing activities and results of operation and otherwise adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Interest rates could increase, which could result in higher interest expense on the Company’s variable rate indebtedness or increase interest rates when refinancing maturing fixed rate debt. Prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact the Company’s ability to make acquisitions and develop apartment communities with positive economic returns on investment and the Company’s ability to refinance existing borrowings. In addition, an increase in market interest rates may lead purchasers of our common stock to demand a greater annual dividend yield, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
The soundness of financial institutions could adversely affect us. We maintain cash and cash equivalent balances, including significant cash amounts at our wholly owned insurance subsidiary, PWI, as well as 401(k) plan assets in a limited number of financial institutions. Our cash balances are generally in excess of federally insured limits. The failure or collapse of one or more of these financial institutions may materially adversely affect our ability to recover our cash balances or the 401(k) assets. Certain financial institutions are lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. In the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects these financial institutions or counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Additionally, certain of our tax-exempt bond financing documents require us to obtain a guarantee from a financial institution of payment of the principal and interest on the bonds. The guarantee may take the form of a letter of credit, surety bond, guarantee agreement or other additional collateral. If the financial institution defaults in its guarantee obligations, or if we are unable to renew the applicable guarantee or otherwise post satisfactory collateral, a default will occur under the applicable tax-exempt bonds and the community could be foreclosed upon if we do not redeem the bonds.
The price per share of the Company’s stock may fluctuate significantly. The market price per share of the Company’s common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to many factors, including without limitation:
•regional, national and global economic conditions;
•actual or anticipated variations in the Company’s quarterly operating results or dividends;
•changes in the Company’s funds from operations or earnings estimates;
•publication of research reports about the Company or the real estate industry;
•the general reputation of REITs and the attractiveness of their equity securities in comparison to other equity securities (including securities issued by other real estate based companies);
•general stock and bond market conditions, including changes in interest rates on fixed income securities, that may lead prospective purchasers of the Company’s stock to demand a higher annual yield from dividends;
•shifts in our investor base to a higher concentration of passive investors such as exchange traded fund and index funds, which may adversely affect our ability to communicate effectively with our investors;
•the resale of substantial amounts of the Company's stock, or the anticipation of such resale, by large holders of our securities;
•availability of capital markets and cost of capital;
•a change in analyst ratings or the Company’s credit ratings;
•terrorist activity, armed conflict or geopolitical impacts adversely affecting the markets in which the Company’s securities trade, possibly increasing market volatility and causing erosion of business and consumer confidence and spending;
•hazards such as natural disasters like earthquakes, wildfires, landslides or flooding; terrorism; an active shooter at a property or corporate office; an incident involving multiple key members of the executive team; or an epidemic or pandemic;
•changes in public policy and tax law; and
•those other factors discussed in this Item 1A.
Many of the factors listed above are beyond the Company’s control. These factors may cause the market price of shares of the Company’s common stock to decline, regardless of the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or business prospects.
The Company’s future issuances of common stock, preferred stock or convertible debt securities could be dilutive to current stockholders and adversely affect the market price of the Company’s common stock. In order to finance the Company’s acquisition and development activities, the Company could issue and sell common stock, preferred stock and convertible debt securities, including pursuant to its equity distribution program. In 2021, the Company filed a new shelf registration statement with the SEC, allowing the Company to sell an undetermined number of equity and debt securities as defined in the prospectus. Future sales of common stock, preferred stock or convertible debt securities may dilute stockholder ownership in the Company and could adversely affect the market price of the common stock. Additionally, the perception that such issuances might occur could adversely affect the market price of the common stock.
Stockholders have limited control over changes in our policies and operations. Essex’s Board of Directors determines our major policies, including our policies regarding investments, financing, growth, debt capitalization, REIT qualification and distributions. Essex’s Board of Directors may amend or revise these and other policies without a vote of the stockholders. In addition, pursuant to Maryland law, all matters other than the election or removal of a director must be declared advisable by Essex’s Board of Directors prior to a stockholder vote.
Our score or rating by proxy advisory firms or other corporate governance consultants advising institutional investors could have an adverse effect on the perception of our corporate governance, and thereby negatively impact the market price of our common stock. Various proxy advisory firms and other corporate governance consultants advising institutional investors provide scores or ratings of our governance measures, nominees for election as directors, executive compensation practices, environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters, and other matters that may be submitted to stockholders for consideration at our annual meetings. From time to time certain matters that we propose for approval may not receive a favorable score or rating, or may result in a recommendation against the nominee or matter proposed. These unfavorable scores or ratings may lead to rejected proposals or a loss of stockholder confidence in our corporate governance measures, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
We continuously review our corporate governance measures, including our ESG business practices, and consider implementing changes that we believe are responsive to concerns that have been raised, but there may be times where we decide not to implement recommendations by proxy advisors or other corporate governance consultants that we believe are contrary to the best interests of our stockholders, notwithstanding the adverse effect this decision may have on our scores or ratings or the perception of our corporate governance, thereby negatively impacting the market price of our common stock.
Corporate responsibility, specifically related to ESG factors, may impose additional costs and expose us to new risks. The Company and many of its investors and potential investors are focused on corporate responsibility, specifically related to ESG factors. Some investors may use ESG factors to guide their investment strategies. Many investment funds focus on positive ESG business practices and sustainability scores when making investments and may consider a company’s sustainability efforts and/or score when making an investment decision. In addition, investors, particularly institutional investors, may use ESG or sustainability scores to benchmark companies against their peers.Although the Company makes ESG disclosures and undertakes sustainability and diversity initiatives, there can be no assurance that the Company will score highly on ESG matters in the future. In addition, the criteria by which companies are rated may change, which could cause the Company to perform differently or worse than it has in the past. The Company may face reputational damage in the event its corporate responsibility procedures or standards do not meet the standards set by various constituencies. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have an adverse effect on the price of the Company’s stock and the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations, including increased development costs, capital expenditures and operating expenses.
We could face adverse consequences as a result of actions of activist investors. Campaigns by stockholders to effect changes at publicly traded companies are sometimes led by investors seeking to increase short-term stockholder value through actions such as financial restructuring, increased debt, special dividends, stock repurchases or sales of assets or the entire company. Responding to stockholder activism or engaging in a process or proxy contest may be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations and divert the attention of our management team and our employees from executing our business plan, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Expanding social media vehicles present new risks. The use of social media could cause us to suffer brand damage or information leakage. Negative posts or comments about us on any social networking website could damage our reputation. In addition, employees or others might disclose non-public sensitive information relating to our business through external media channels. The continuing evolution of social media will present us with new challenges and risks.
Any material weaknesses identified in the Company's internal control over financial reporting could have an adverse effect on the Company’s stock price. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires the Company to evaluate and report on its internal control over financial reporting. If the Company identifies one or more material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting, the Company could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of its financial reports, which in turn could have an adverse effect on the Company’s stock price.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
The Company’s portfolio as of December 31, 20192021 (including communities owned by unconsolidated joint ventures, but excluding communities underlying preferred equity investments) was comprised of 250252 stabilized operating apartment communities (comprising 60,57061,911 apartment homes), of which 26,69526,245 apartment homes are located in Southern California, 21,64223,141 apartment homes are located in Northern California, and 12,23312,525 apartment homes are located in the Seattle metropolitan area. The Company’s apartment communities accounted for 99.3% of the Company’s revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019.2021.
Occupancy Rates
Financial occupancy is defined as the percentage resulting from dividing actual rental income by total potentialscheduled rental income. Total potentialscheduled rental income represents the value of all apartment homes, with occupied apartment homes valued at contractual rental rates pursuant to leases and vacant apartment homes valued at estimated market rents. When calculating actual rents for occupied apartment homes and market rents for vacant apartment homes, delinquencies and concessions are not taken into account. The Company believes that financial occupancy is a meaningful measure of occupancy because it considers the value of each vacant unit at its estimated market rate. Financial occupancy may not completely reflect short-term trends in physical occupancy and financial occupancy rates, and the Company's calculation of financial occupancy may not be comparable to financial occupancy as disclosed by other REITs. Market rates are determined using the recently signed effective rates on new leases at the property and are used as the starting point in the determination of the market rates of vacant apartment homes. The Company may increase or decrease these rates based on a variety of factors, including overall supply and demand for housing, concentration of new apartment deliveries within the same submarket which can cause periodic disruption due to greater rental concessions to increase leasing velocity, and rental affordability.
For communities that are development properties in lease-up without stabilized occupancy figures, the Company believes the physical occupancy rate is the appropriate performance metric. While a community is in the lease-up phase, the Company’s primary motivation is to stabilize the property, which may entail the use of rent concessions and other incentives, and thus financial occupancy which is based on contractual income is not considered the best metric to quantify occupancy.
Communities
The Company’s communities are primarily urban and suburban high density wood frame communities comprising of three to seven stories above grade construction with structured parking situated on 1-10 acres of land with densities averaging between 30-80+ units per acre. As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company’s communities include 103104 garden-style, 137138 mid-rise, and 10 high-rise communities. Garden-style communities are generally defined as on-grade properties with two and/or three-story buildings with no structured parking while mid-rise communities are generally defined as properties with three to seven story buildings and some structured parking. High-rise communities are typically defined as properties with buildings that are greater than seven stories, are steel or concrete framed, and frequently have structured parking. The communities have an average of approximately 242246 apartment homes, with a mix of studio, one-, two- and some three-bedroom apartment homes. A wide variety of amenities are available at the Company’s communities, including covered parking, fireplaces, swimming pools, clubhouses with fitness facilities, playground areas and dog parks.
The Company hires, trains and supervises on-site service and maintenance personnel. The Company believes that the following primary factors enhance the Company’s ability to retain tenants:
•located near employment centers;
•attractive communities that are well maintained; and
•proactive customer service.
Commercial Buildings
The Company owns an office buildingthree commercial buildings with approximately 106,716281,000 square feet located in Irvine, CA,California and Washington, of which the Company occupied approximately 14,000 square feet as of December 31, 2019.2021. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2019,2021, the office building'scommercial buildings' physical occupancy rate was 83%98% consisting of 67 tenants, including the Company.
Operating Portfolio
The table below describes the Company’s operating portfolio as of December 31, 2019.2021. (See Note 8, "Mortgage Notes Payable" to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in Part IV, Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more
information about the Company’s secured mortgage debt and Schedule III thereto for a list of secured mortgage loans related to the Company’s portfolio.)
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| | | | | | Apartment | | Year | | Year | | |
Communities (1) | | Location | | Type | | Homes | | Built | | Acquired | | Occupancy(2) |
Southern California | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Alpine Village | | Alpine, CA | | Garden | | 301 | | | 1971 | | 2002 | | 98% |
Anavia | | Anaheim, CA | | Mid-rise | | 250 | | | 2009 | | 2010 | | 96% |
Barkley, The (3)(4) | | Anaheim, CA | | Garden | | 161 | | | 1984 | | 2000 | | 98% |
Park Viridian | | Anaheim, CA | | Mid-rise | | 320 | | | 2008 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Bonita Cedars | | Bonita, CA | | Garden | | 120 | | | 1983 | | 2002 | | 98% |
The Village at Toluca Lake | | Burbank, CA | | Mid-rise | | 145 | | | 1974 | | 2017 | | 98% |
Camarillo Oaks | | Camarillo, CA | | Garden | | 564 | | | 1985 | | 1996 | | 98% |
Camino Ruiz Square | | Camarillo, CA | | Garden | | 159 | | | 1990 | | 2006 | | 98% |
Pinnacle at Otay Ranch I & II | | Chula Vista, CA | | Mid-rise | | 364 | | | 2001 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Mesa Village | | Clairemont, CA | | Garden | | 133 | | | 1963 | | 2002 | | 94% |
Villa Siena | | Costa Mesa, CA | | Garden | | 272 | | | 1974 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Emerald Pointe | | Diamond Bar, CA | | Garden | | 160 | | | 1989 | | 2014 | | 98% |
Regency at Encino | | Encino, CA | | Mid-rise | | 75 | | | 1989 | | 2009 | | 96% |
The Havens (5) | | Fountain Valley, CA | | Garden | | 440 | | | 1969 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Valley Park | | Fountain Valley, CA | | Garden | | 160 | | | 1969 | | 2001 | | 98% |
Capri at Sunny Hills (4) | | Fullerton, CA | | Garden | | 102 | | | 1961 | | 2001 | | 97% |
Haver Hill (6) | | Fullerton, CA | | Garden | | 264 | | | 1973 | | 2012 | | 98% |
Pinnacle at Fullerton | | Fullerton, CA | | Mid-rise | | 192 | | | 2004 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Wilshire Promenade | | Fullerton, CA | | Mid-rise | | 149 | | | 1992 | | 1997 | | 97% |
Montejo Apartments | | Garden Grove, CA | | Garden | | 124 | | | 1974 | | 2001 | | 98% |
The Henley I | | Glendale, CA | | Mid-rise | | 83 | | | 1974 | | 1999 | | 97% |
The Henley II | | Glendale, CA | | Mid-rise | | 132 | | | 1970 | | 1999 | | 97% |
CBC and The Sweeps | | Goleta, CA | | Garden | | 239 | | | 1962 | | 2006 | | 95% |
Huntington Breakers | | Huntington Beach, CA | | Mid-rise | | 342 | | | 1984 | | 1997 | | 96% |
The Huntington | | Huntington Beach, CA | | Garden | | 276 | | | 1975 | | 2012 | | 97% |
Hillsborough Park (7) | | La Habra, CA | | Garden | | 235 | | | 1999 | | 1999 | | 98% |
Village Green | | La Habra, CA | | Garden | | 272 | | | 1971 | | 2014 | | 97% |
The Palms at Laguna Niguel | | Laguna Niguel, CA | | Garden | | 460 | | | 1988 | | 2014 | | 98% |
Trabuco Villas | | Lake Forest, CA | | Mid-rise | | 132 | | | 1985 | | 1997 | | 99% |
Marbrisa | | Long Beach, CA | | Mid-rise | | 202 | | | 1987 | | 2002 | | 97% |
Pathways at Bixby Village | | Long Beach, CA | | Garden | | 296 | | | 1975 | | 1991 | | 97% |
5600 Wilshire | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 284 | | | 2008 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Alessio | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 624 | | | 2001 | | 2014 | | 95% |
Ashton Sherman Village | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 264 | | | 2014 | | 2016 | | 96% |
Avant | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 440 | | | 2014 | | 2015 | | 95% |
The Avery | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 121 | | | 2014 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Bellerive | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 63 | | | 2011 | | 2011 | | 95% |
Belmont Station | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 275 | | | 2009 | | 2009 | | 95% |
Bunker Hill | | Los Angeles, CA | | High-rise | | 456 | | | 1968 | | 1998 | | 95% |
Catalina Gardens | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 128 | | | 1987 | | 2014 | | 95% |
Cochran Apartments | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 58 | | | 1989 | | 1998 | | 96% |
Emerson Valley Village | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 144 | | | 2012 | | 2016 | | 96% |
Gas Company Lofts (6) | | Los Angeles, CA | | High-rise | | 251 | | | 2004 | | 2013 | | 95% |
The Blake LA | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 196 | | | 1979 | | 1997 | | 96% |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Apartment | | Year | | Year | | |
Communities (1) | | Location | | Type | | Homes | | Built | | Acquired | | Occupancy(2) |
Southern California | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Alpine Village | | Alpine, CA | | Garden | | 301 |
| | 1971 | | 2002 | | 97% |
Anavia | | Anaheim, CA | | Mid-rise | | 250 |
| | 2009 | | 2010 | | 97% |
Barkley, The (3)(4) | | Anaheim, CA | | Garden | | 161 |
| | 1984 | | 2000 | | 97% |
Park Viridian | | Anaheim, CA | | Mid-rise | | 320 |
| | 2008 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Bonita Cedars | | Bonita, CA | | Garden | | 120 |
| | 1983 | | 2002 | | 97% |
Village at Toluca Lake (5) | | Burbank, CA | | Mid-rise | | 145 |
| | 1974 | | 2017 | | 96% |
Camarillo Oaks | | Camarillo, CA | | Garden | | 564 |
| | 1985 | | 1996 | | 97% |
Camino Ruiz Square | | Camarillo, CA | | Garden | | 159 |
| | 1990 | | 2006 | | 97% |
Pinnacle at Otay Ranch I & II | | Chula Vista, CA | | Mid-rise | | 364 |
| | 2001 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Mesa Village | | Clairemont, CA | | Garden | | 133 |
| | 1963 | | 2002 | | 98% |
Villa Siena | | Costa Mesa, CA | | Garden | | 272 |
| | 1974 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Emerald Pointe | | Diamond Bar, CA | | Garden | | 160 |
| | 1989 | | 2014 | | 98% |
Regency at Encino | | Encino, CA | | Mid-rise | | 75 |
| | 1989 | | 2009 | | 97% |
The Havens (6) | | Fountain Valley, CA | | Garden | | 440 |
| | 1969 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Valley Park | | Fountain Valley, CA | | Garden | | 160 |
| | 1969 | | 2001 | | 97% |
Capri at Sunny Hills (4) | | Fullerton, CA | | Garden | | 102 |
| | 1961 | | 2001 | | 96% |
Haver Hill (7) | | Fullerton, CA | | Garden | | 264 |
| | 1973 | | 2012 | | 97% |
Pinnacle at Fullerton | | Fullerton, CA | | Mid-rise | | 192 |
| | 2004 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Wilshire Promenade | | Fullerton, CA | | Mid-rise | | 149 |
| | 1992 | | 1997 | | 97% |
Montejo Apartments | | Garden Grove, CA | | Garden | | 124 |
| | 1974 | | 2001 | | 98% |
416 on Broadway | | Glendale, CA | | Mid-rise | | 115 |
| | 2009 | | 2010 | | 97% |
The Henley I | | Glendale, CA | | Mid-rise | | 83 |
| | 1974 | | 1999 | | 97% |
The Henley II | | Glendale, CA | | Mid-rise | | 132 |
| | 1970 | | 1999 | | 97% |
CBC and The Sweeps | | Goleta, CA | | Garden | | 239 |
| | 1962 | | 2006 | | 98% |
Devonshire | | Hemet, CA | | Garden | | 276 |
| | 1988 | | 2002 | | 97% |
Huntington Breakers | | Huntington Beach, CA | | Mid-rise | | 342 |
| | 1984 | | 1997 | | 97% |
The Huntington | | Huntington Beach, CA | | Garden | | 276 |
| | 1975 | | 2012 | | 96% |
Axis 2300 | | Irvine, CA | | Mid-rise | | 115 |
| | 2010 | | 2010 | | 97% |
Hillsborough Park (8) | | La Habra, CA | | Garden | | 235 |
| | 1999 | | 1999 | | 97% |
Village Green | | La Habra, CA | | Garden | | 272 |
| | 1971 | | 2014 | | 96% |
The Palms at Laguna Niguel | | Laguna Niguel, CA | | Garden | | 460 |
| | 1988 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Trabuco Villas | | Lake Forest, CA | | Mid-rise | | 132 |
| | 1985 | | 1997 | | 97% |
Marbrisa | | Long Beach, CA | | Mid-rise | | 202 |
| | 1987 | | 2002 | | 97% |
Pathways at Bixby Village | | Long Beach, CA | | Garden | | 296 |
| | 1975 | | 1991 | | 96% |
5600 Wilshire | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 284 |
| | 2008 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Alessio | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 624 |
| | 2001 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Ashton Sherman Village | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 264 |
| | 2014 | | 2016 | | 97% |
Avant | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 440 |
| | 2014 | | 2015 | | 95% |
The Avery | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 121 |
| | 2014 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Bellerive | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 63 |
| | 2011 | | 2011 | | 98% |
Belmont Station | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 275 |
| | 2009 | | 2009 | | 97% |
Bunker Hill | | Los Angeles, CA | | High-rise | | 456 |
| | 1968 | | 1998 | | 92% |
Catalina Gardens | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 128 |
| | 1987 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Cochran Apartments | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 58 |
| | 1989 | | 1998 | | 97% |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Apartment | | Year | | Year | | |
Communities (1) | | Location | | Type | | Homes | | Built | | Acquired | | Occupancy(2) |
Marbella | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 60 | | | 1991 | | 2005 | | 96% |
Pacific Electric Lofts (8) | | Los Angeles, CA | | High-rise | | 314 | | | 2006 | | 2012 | | 95% |
Park Catalina | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 90 | | | 2002 | | 2012 | | 96% |
Park Place | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 60 | | | 1988 | | 1997 | | 96% |
Regency Palm Court (6) | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 116 | | | 1987 | | 2014 | | 94% |
Santee Court | | Los Angeles, CA | | High-rise | | 165 | | | 2004 | | 2010 | | 96% |
Santee Village | | Los Angeles, CA | | High-rise | | 73 | | | 2011 | | 2011 | | 96% |
Tiffany Court | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 101 | | | 1987 | | 2014 | | 98% |
Wallace on Sunset | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 200 | | | 2021 | | 2021 | | 96% |
Wilshire La Brea | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 478 | | | 2014 | | 2014 | | 95% |
Windsor Court (6) | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 95 | | | 1987 | | 2014 | | 95% |
Windsor Court | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 58 | | | 1988 | | 1997 | | 96% |
Aqua at Marina Del Rey | | Marina Del Rey, CA | | Mid-rise | | 500 | | | 2001 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Marina City Club (9) | | Marina Del Rey, CA | | Mid-rise | | 101 | | | 1971 | | 2004 | | 96% |
Mirabella | | Marina Del Rey, CA | | Mid-rise | | 188 | | | 2000 | | 2000 | | 97% |
Mira Monte | | Mira Mesa, CA | | Garden | | 354 | | | 1982 | | 2002 | | 98% |
Hillcrest Park | | Newbury Park, CA | | Garden | | 608 | | | 1973 | | 1998 | | 97% |
Fairway Apartments at Big Canyon (10) | | Newport Beach, CA | | Mid-rise | | 74 | | | 1972 | | 1999 | | 98% |
Muse | | North Hollywood, CA | | Mid-rise | | 152 | | | 2011 | | 2011 | | 97% |
Country Villas | | Oceanside, CA | | Garden | | 180 | | | 1976 | | 2002 | | 99% |
Mission Hills | | Oceanside, CA | | Garden | | 282 | | | 1984 | | 2005 | | 97% |
Renaissance at Uptown Orange | | Orange, CA | | Mid-rise | | 460 | | | 2007 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Mariner's Place | | Oxnard, CA | | Garden | | 105 | | | 1987 | | 2000 | | 98% |
Monterey Villas | | Oxnard, CA | | Garden | | 122 | | | 1974 | | 1997 | | 99% |
Tierra Vista | | Oxnard, CA | | Mid-rise | | 404 | | | 2001 | | 2001 | | 98% |
Arbors at Parc Rose (8) | | Oxnard, CA | | Mid-rise | | 373 | | | 2001 | | 2011 | | 98% |
The Hallie | | Pasadena, CA | | Mid-rise | | 292 | | | 1972 | | 1997 | | 96% |
The Stuart | | Pasadena, CA | | Mid-rise | | 188 | | | 2007 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Villa Angelina | | Placentia, CA | | Garden | | 256 | | | 1970 | | 2001 | | 96% |
Fountain Park | | Playa Vista, CA | | Mid-rise | | 705 | | | 2002 | | 2004 | | 95% |
Highridge (4) | | Rancho Palos Verdes, CA | | Mid-rise | | 255 | | | 1972 | | 1997 | | 97% |
Cortesia | | Rancho Santa Margarita, CA | | Garden | | 308 | | | 1999 | | 2014 | | 98% |
Pinnacle at Talega | | San Clemente, CA | | Mid-rise | | 362 | | | 2002 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Allure at Scripps Ranch | | San Diego, CA | | Mid-rise | | 194 | | | 2002 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Bernardo Crest | | San Diego, CA | | Garden | | 216 | | | 1988 | | 2014 | | 98% |
Cambridge Park | | San Diego, CA | | Mid-rise | | 320 | | | 1998 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Carmel Creek | | San Diego, CA | | Garden | | 348 | | | 2000 | | 2014 | | 98% |
Carmel Landing | | San Diego, CA | | Garden | | 356 | | | 1989 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Carmel Summit | | San Diego, CA | | Mid-rise | | 246 | | | 1989 | | 2014 | | 97% |
CentrePointe | | San Diego, CA | | Garden | | 224 | | | 1974 | | 1997 | | 98% |
Esplanade (5) | | San Diego, CA | | Garden | | 616 | | | 1986 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Form 15 | | San Diego, CA | | Mid-rise | | 242 | | | 2014 | | 2016 | | 95% |
Montanosa | | San Diego, CA | | Garden | | 472 | | | 1990 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Summit Park | | San Diego, CA | | Garden | | 300 | | | 1972 | | 2002 | | 98% |
Essex Skyline (11) | | Santa Ana, CA | | High-rise | | 350 | | | 2008 | | 2010 | | 97% |
Fairhaven Apartments (4) | | Santa Ana, CA | | Garden | | 164 | | | 1970 | | 2001 | | 98% |
Parkside Court (5) | | Santa Ana, CA | | Mid-rise | | 210 | | | 1986 | | 2014 | | 97% |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Apartment | | Year | | Year | | |
Communities (1) | | Location | | Type | | Homes | | Built | | Acquired | | Occupancy(2) |
Emerson Valley Village | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 144 |
| | 2012 | | 2016 | | 97% |
Gas Company Lofts (7) | | Los Angeles, CA | | High-rise | | 251 |
| | 2004 | | 2013 | | 97% |
The Blake LA | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 196 |
| | 1979 | | 1997 | | 97% |
Marbella | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 60 |
| | 1991 | | 2005 | | 97% |
Pacific Electric Lofts (9) | | Los Angeles, CA | | High-rise | | 314 |
| | 2006 | | 2012 | | 95% |
Park Catalina | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 90 |
| | 2002 | | 2012 | | 97% |
Park Place | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 60 |
| | 1988 | | 1997 | | 97% |
Regency Palm Court (7) | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 116 |
| | 1987 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Santee Court | | Los Angeles, CA | | High-rise | | 165 |
| | 2004 | | 2010 | | 96% |
Santee Village | | Los Angeles, CA | | High-rise | | 73 |
| | 2011 | | 2011 | | 96% |
Tiffany Court | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 101 |
| | 1987 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Wilshire La Brea | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 478 |
| | 2014 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Windsor Court (7) | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 95 |
| | 1987 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Windsor Court | | Los Angeles, CA | | Mid-rise | | 58 |
| | 1988 | | 1997 | | 97% |
Aqua Marina Del Rey | | Marina Del Rey, CA | | Mid-rise | | 500 |
| | 2001 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Marina City Club (10) | | Marina Del Rey, CA | | Mid-rise | | 101 |
| | 1971 | | 2004 | | 97% |
Mirabella | | Marina Del Rey, CA | | Mid-rise | | 188 |
| | 2000 | | 2000 | | 97% |
Mira Monte | | Mira Mesa, CA | | Garden | | 354 |
| | 1982 | | 2002 | | 97% |
Hillcrest Park | | Newbury Park, CA | | Garden | | 608 |
| | 1973 | | 1998 | | 97% |
Fairway Apartments at Big Canyon (11) | | Newport Beach, CA | | Mid-rise | | 74 |
| | 1972 | | 1999 | | 96% |
Muse | | North Hollywood, CA | | Mid-rise | | 152 |
| | 2011 | | 2011 | | 96% |
Country Villas | | Oceanside, CA | | Garden | | 180 |
| | 1976 | | 2002 | | 97% |
Mission Hills | | Oceanside, CA | | Garden | | 282 |
| | 1984 | | 2005 | | 97% |
Renaissance at Uptown Orange | | Orange, CA | | Mid-rise | | 460 |
| | 2007 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Mariner's Place | | Oxnard, CA | | Garden | | 105 |
| | 1987 | | 2000 | | 97% |
Monterey Villas | | Oxnard, CA | | Garden | | 122 |
| | 1974 | | 1997 | | 97% |
Tierra Vista | | Oxnard, CA | | Mid-rise | | 404 |
| | 2001 | | 2001 | | 97% |
Arbors at Parc Rose (9) | | Oxnard, CA | | Mid-rise | | 373 |
| | 2001 | | 2011 | | 97% |
The Hallie | | Pasadena, CA | | Mid-rise | | 292 |
| | 1972 | | 1997 | | 96% |
The Stuart | | Pasadena, CA | | Mid-rise | | 188 |
| | 2007 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Villa Angelina | | Placentia, CA | | Garden | | 256 |
| | 1970 | | 2001 | | 97% |
Fountain Park | | Playa Vista, CA | | Mid-rise | | 705 |
| | 2002 | | 2004 | | 96% |
Highridge (4) | | Rancho Palos Verdes, CA | | Mid-rise | | 255 |
| | 1972 | | 1997 | | 96% |
Cortesia | | Rancho Santa Margarita, CA | | Garden | | 308 |
| | 1999 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Pinnacle at Talega | | San Clemente, CA | | Mid-rise | | 362 |
| | 2002 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Allure at Scripps Ranch | | San Diego, CA | | Mid-rise | | 194 |
| | 2002 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Bernardo Crest | | San Diego, CA | | Garden | | 216 |
| | 1988 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Cambridge Park | | San Diego, CA | | Mid-rise | | 320 |
| | 1998 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Carmel Creek | | San Diego, CA | | Garden | | 348 |
| | 2000 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Carmel Landing | | San Diego, CA | | Garden | | 356 |
| | 1989 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Carmel Summit | | San Diego, CA | | Mid-rise | | 246 |
| | 1989 | | 2014 | | 97% |
CentrePointe | | San Diego, CA | | Garden | | 224 |
| | 1974 | | 1997 | | 97% |
Esplanade (6) | | San Diego, CA | | Garden | | 616 |
| | 1986 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Form 15 | | San Diego, CA | | Mid-rise | | 242 |
| | 2014 | | 2016 | | 96% |
Montanosa | | San Diego, CA | | Garden | | 472 |
| | 1990 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Summit Park | | San Diego, CA | | Garden | | 300 |
| | 1972 | | 2002 | | 97% |
Essex Skyline (12) | | Santa Ana, CA | | High-rise | | 349 |
| | 2008 | | 2010 | | 93% |
Fairhaven Apartments (4) | | Santa Ana, CA | | Garden | | 164 |
| | 1970 | | 2001 | | 97% |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Apartment | | Year | | Year | | |
Communities (1) | | Location | | Type | | Homes | | Built | | Acquired | | Occupancy(2) |
Pinnacle at MacArthur Place | | Santa Ana, CA | | Mid-rise | | 253 | | | 2002 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Hope Ranch | | Santa Barbara, CA | | Garden | | 108 | | | 1965 | | 2007 | | 98% |
Bridgeport Coast (12) | | Santa Clarita, CA | | Mid-rise | | 188 | | | 2006 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Meadowood (7) | | Simi Valley, CA | | Garden | | 320 | | | 1986 | | 1996 | | 98% |
Shadow Point | | Spring Valley, CA | | Garden | | 172 | | | 1983 | | 2002 | | 98% |
The Fairways at Westridge (12) | | Valencia, CA | | Mid-rise | | 234 | | | 2004 | | 2014 | | 98% |
The Vistas of West Hills (12) | | Valencia, CA | | Mid-rise | | 220 | | | 2009 | | 2014 | | 98% |
Allegro | | Valley Village, CA | | Mid-rise | | 97 | | | 2010 | | 2010 | | 97% |
Lofts at Pinehurst, The | | Ventura, CA | | Garden | | 118 | | | 1971 | | 1997 | | 99% |
Pinehurst (13) | | Ventura, CA | | Garden | | 28 | | | 1973 | | 2004 | | 99% |
Woodside Village | | Ventura, CA | | Garden | | 145 | | | 1987 | | 2004 | | 99% |
Passage Buena Vista (14) | | Vista, CA | | Garden | | 179 | | | 2020 | | 2021 | | 97% |
Walnut Heights | | Walnut, CA | | Garden | | 163 | | | 1964 | | 2003 | | 98% |
The Dylan | | West Hollywood, CA | | Mid-rise | | 184 | | | 2014 | | 2014 | | 96% |
The Huxley | | West Hollywood, CA | | Mid-rise | | 187 | | | 2014 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Reveal | | Woodland Hills, CA | | Mid-rise | | 438 | | | 2010 | | 2011 | | 96% |
Avondale at Warner Center | | Woodland Hills, CA | | Mid-rise | | 446 | | | 1970 | | 1999 | | 97% |
| | | | | | 26,245 | | | | | | | 97% |
Northern California | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Belmont Terrace | | Belmont, CA | | Mid-rise | | 71 | | | 1974 | | 2006 | | 97% |
Fourth & U | | Berkeley, CA | | Mid-rise | | 171 | | | 2010 | | 2010 | | 95% |
The Commons | | Campbell, CA | | Garden | | 264 | | | 1973 | | 2010 | | 97% |
Pointe at Cupertino | | Cupertino, CA | | Garden | | 116 | | | 1963 | | 1998 | | 97% |
Connolly Station | | Dublin, CA | | Mid-rise | | 309 | | | 2014 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Avenue 64 | | Emeryville, CA | | Mid-rise | | 224 | | | 2007 | | 2014 | | 95% |
The Courtyards at 65th Street (15) | | Emeryville, CA | | Mid-rise | | 331 | | | 2004 | | 2019 | | 95% |
Emme | | Emeryville, CA | | Mid-rise | | 190 | | | 2015 | | 2015 | | 95% |
Foster's Landing | | Foster City, CA | | Garden | | 490 | | | 1987 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Stevenson Place | | Fremont, CA | | Garden | | 200 | | | 1975 | | 2000 | | 96% |
Mission Peaks | | Fremont, CA | | Mid-rise | | 453 | | | 1995 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Mission Peaks II | | Fremont, CA | | Garden | | 336 | | | 1989 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Paragon Apartments | | Fremont, CA | | Mid-rise | | 301 | | | 2013 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Boulevard | | Fremont, CA | | Garden | | 172 | | | 1978 | | 1996 | | 96% |
Briarwood (8) | | Fremont, CA | | Garden | | 160 | | | 1978 | | 2011 | | 98% |
The Woods (8) | | Fremont, CA | | Garden | | 160 | | | 1978 | | 2011 | | 97% |
The Rexford (16) | | Fremont, CA | | Garden | | 203 | | | 1973 | | 2021 | | 100% |
City Centre (12) | | Hayward, CA | | Mid-rise | | 192 | | | 2000 | | 2014 | | 97% |
City View | | Hayward, CA | | Garden | | 572 | | | 1975 | | 1998 | | 96% |
Lafayette Highlands | | Lafayette, CA | | Garden | | 150 | | | 1973 | | 2014 | | 95% |
777 Hamilton (17) | | Menlo Park, CA | | Mid-rise | | 195 | | | 2017 | | 2019 | | 97% |
Apex | | Milpitas, CA | | Mid-rise | | 367 | | | 2014 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Regency at Mountain View (6) | | Mountain View, CA | | Mid-rise | | 142 | | | 1970 | | 2013 | | 96% |
Bridgeport (7) | | Newark, CA | | Garden | | 184 | | | 1987 | | 1987 | | 96% |
The Landing at Jack London Square | | Oakland, CA | | Mid-rise | | 282 | | | 2001 | | 2014 | | 96% |
The Grand | | Oakland, CA | | High-rise | | 243 | | | 2009 | | 2009 | | 97% |
The Galloway | | Pleasanton, CA | | Mid-rise | | 506 | | | 2016 | | 2016 | | 97% |
Radius | | Redwood City, CA | | Mid-rise | | 264 | | | 2015 | | 2015 | | 96% |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Apartment | | Year | | Year | | |
Communities (1) | | Location | | Type | | Homes | | Built | | Acquired | | Occupancy(2) |
Parkside Court (6) | | Santa Ana, CA | | Mid-rise | | 210 |
| | 1986 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Pinnacle at MacArthur Place | | Santa Ana, CA | | Mid-rise | | 253 |
| | 2002 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Hope Ranch | | Santa Barbara, CA | | Garden | | 108 |
| | 1965 | | 2007 | | 99% |
Bridgeport Coast (13) | | Santa Clarita, CA | | Mid-rise | | 188 |
| | 2006 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Hidden Valley | | Simi Valley, CA | | Garden | | 324 |
| | 2004 | | 2004 | | 97% |
Meadowood (8) | | Simi Valley, CA | | Garden | | 320 |
| | 1986 | | 1996 | | 96% |
Shadow Point | | Spring Valley, CA | | Garden | | 172 |
| | 1983 | | 2002 | | 97% |
The Fairways at Westridge (13) | | Valencia, CA | | Mid-rise | | 234 |
| | 2004 | | 2014 | | 96% |
The Vistas of West Hills (13) | | Valencia, CA | | Mid-rise | | 220 |
| | 2009 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Allegro | | Valley Village, CA | | Mid-rise | | 97 |
| | 2010 | | 2010 | | 97% |
Lofts at Pinehurst, The | | Ventura, CA | | Garden | | 118 |
| | 1971 | | 1997 | | 97% |
Pinehurst (14) | | Ventura, CA | | Garden | | 28 |
| | 1973 | | 2004 | | 99% |
Woodside Village | | Ventura, CA | | Garden | | 145 |
| | 1987 | | 2004 | | 97% |
Walnut Heights | | Walnut, CA | | Garden | | 163 |
| | 1964 | | 2003 | | 96% |
The Dylan | | West Hollywood, CA | | Mid-rise | | 184 |
| | 2014 | | 2014 | | 96% |
The Huxley | | West Hollywood, CA | | Mid-rise | | 187 |
| | 2014 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Reveal | | Woodland Hills, CA | | Mid-rise | | 438 |
| | 2010 | | 2011 | | 97% |
Avondale at Warner Center | | Woodland Hills, CA | | Mid-rise | | 446 |
| | 1970 | | 1999 | | 97% |
| | | | | | 26,695 |
| | | | | | 97% |
Northern California | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Belmont Terrace | | Belmont, CA | | Mid-rise | | 71 |
| | 1974 | | 2006 | | 96% |
Fourth & U | | Berkeley, CA | | Mid-rise | | 171 |
| | 2010 | | 2010 | | 97% |
The Commons | | Campbell, CA | | Garden | | 264 |
| | 1973 | | 2010 | | 96% |
Pointe at Cupertino | | Cupertino, CA | | Garden | | 116 |
| | 1963 | | 1998 | | 97% |
Connolly Station (15) | | Dublin, CA | | Mid-rise | | 309 |
| | 2014 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Avenue 64 | | Emeryville, CA | | Mid-rise | | 224 |
| | 2007 | | 2014 | | 96% |
The Courtyards at 65th Street (16) | | Emeryville, CA | | Mid-rise | | 331 |
| | 2004 | | 2019 | | 96% |
Emme (15) | | Emeryville, CA | | Mid-rise | | 190 |
| | 2015 | | 2015 | | 96% |
Foster's Landing | | Foster City, CA | | Garden | | 490 |
| | 1987 | | 2014 | | 95% |
Stevenson Place | | Fremont, CA | | Garden | | 200 |
| | 1975 | | 2000 | | 97% |
Mission Peaks | | Fremont, CA | | Mid-rise | | 453 |
| | 1995 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Mission Peaks II | | Fremont, CA | | Garden | | 336 |
| | 1989 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Paragon Apartments | | Fremont, CA | | Mid-rise | | 301 |
| | 2013 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Boulevard | | Fremont, CA | | Garden | | 172 |
| | 1978 | | 1996 | | 96% |
Briarwood (9) | | Fremont, CA | | Garden | | 160 |
| | 1978 | | 2011 | | 97% |
The Woods (9) | | Fremont, CA | | Garden | | 160 |
| | 1978 | | 2011 | | 97% |
City Centre (13) | | Hayward, CA | | Mid-rise | | 192 |
| | 2000 | | 2014 | | 96% |
City View | | Hayward, CA | | Garden | | 572 |
| | 1975 | | 1998 | | 96% |
Lafayette Highlands | | Lafayette, CA | | Garden | | 150 |
| | 1973 | | 2014 | | 97% |
777 Hamilton (17) | | Menlo Park, CA | | Mid-rise | | 195 |
| | 2017 | | 2019 | | 94% |
Apex | | Milpitas, CA | | Mid-rise | | 366 |
| | 2014 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Regency at Mountain View (7) | | Mountain View, CA | | Mid-rise | | 142 |
| | 1970 | | 2013 | | 97% |
Bridgeport (8) | | Newark, CA | | Garden | | 184 |
| | 1987 | | 1987 | | 97% |
The Landing at Jack London Square | | Oakland, CA | | Mid-rise | | 282 |
| | 2001 | | 2014 | | 96% |
The Grand | | Oakland, CA | | High-rise | | 243 |
| | 2009 | | 2009 | | 96% |
The Galloway (15) | | Pleasanton, CA | | Mid-rise | | 506 |
| | 2016 | | 2016 | | 97% |
Radius | | Redwood City, CA | | Mid-rise | | 264 |
| | 2015 | | 2015 | | 97% |
Township | | Redwood City, CA | | Mid-rise | | 132 |
| | 2014 | | 2019 | | 97% |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Apartment | | Year | | Year | | |
Communities (1) | | Location | | Type | | Homes | | Built | | Acquired | | Occupancy(2) |
Township | | Redwood City, CA | | Mid-rise | | 132 | | | 2014 | | 2019 | | 95% |
San Marcos | | Richmond, CA | | Mid-rise | | 432 | | | 2003 | | 2003 | | 96% |
500 Folsom (14) | | San Francisco, CA | | High-rise | | 537 | | | 2021 | | 2021 | | 100% |
Bennett Lofts | | San Francisco, CA | | Mid-rise | | 164 | | | 2004 | | 2012 | | 92% |
Fox Plaza | | San Francisco, CA | | High-rise | | 445 | | | 1968 | | 2013 | | 94% |
MB 360 | | San Francisco, CA | | Mid-rise | | 360 | | | 2014 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Park West | | San Francisco, CA | | Mid-rise | | 126 | | | 1958 | | 2012 | | 97% |
101 San Fernando | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 323 | | | 2001 | | 2010 | | 95% |
360 Residences (15) | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 213 | | | 2010 | | 2017 | | 95% |
Bella Villagio | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 231 | | | 2004 | | 2010 | | 97% |
Century Towers (14) | | San Jose, CA | | High-rise | | 376 | | | 2017 | | 2017 | | 97% |
Enso | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 183 | | | 2014 | | 2015 | | 97% |
Epic | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 769 | | | 2013 | | 2013 | | 97% |
Esplanade | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 278 | | | 2002 | | 2004 | | 97% |
Fountains at River Oaks | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 226 | | | 1990 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Marquis | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 166 | | | 2015 | | 2016 | | 97% |
Meridian at Midtown (15) | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 218 | | | 2015 | | 2018 | | 96% |
Mio | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 103 | | | 2015 | | 2016 | | 96% |
Palm Valley | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 1,100 | | | 2008 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Patina at Midtown (14) | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 269 | | | 2021 | | 2021 | | 80% |
Sage at Cupertino (4) | | San Jose, CA | | Garden | | 230 | | | 1971 | | 2017 | | 93% |
Silver (14) | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 268 | | | 2019 | | 2021 | | 91% |
The Carlyle (7) | | San Jose, CA | | Garden | | 132 | | | 2000 | | 2000 | | 95% |
The Waterford | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 238 | | | 2000 | | 2000 | | 97% |
Willow Lake | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 508 | | | 1989 | | 2012 | | 96% |
Lakeshore Landing | | San Mateo, CA | | Mid-rise | | 308 | | | 1988 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Hillsdale Garden (14) | | San Mateo, CA | | Garden | | 697 | | | 1948 | | 2006 | | 94% |
Station Park Green - Phases I, II, and III | | San Mateo, CA | | Mid-rise | | 492 | | | 2018 | | 2018 | | 95% |
Deer Valley | | San Rafael, CA | | Garden | | 171 | | | 1996 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Bel Air | | San Ramon, CA | | Garden | | 462 | | | 1988 | | 1995 | | 97% |
Canyon Oaks | | San Ramon, CA | | Mid-rise | | 250 | | | 2005 | | 2007 | | 98% |
Crow Canyon | | San Ramon, CA | | Mid-rise | | 400 | | | 1992 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Foothill Gardens | | San Ramon, CA | | Garden | | 132 | | | 1985 | | 1997 | | 97% |
Mill Creek at Windermere | | San Ramon, CA | | Mid-rise | | 400 | | | 2005 | | 2007 | | 96% |
Twin Creeks | | San Ramon, CA | | Garden | | 44 | | | 1985 | | 1997 | | 97% |
1000 Kiely | | Santa Clara, CA | | Garden | | 121 | | | 1971 | | 2011 | | 97% |
Le Parc | | Santa Clara, CA | | Garden | | 140 | | | 1975 | | 1994 | | 96% |
Marina Cove (18) | | Santa Clara, CA | | Garden | | 292 | | | 1974 | | 1994 | | 96% |
Mylo | | Santa Clara, CA | | Mid-rise | | 476 | | | 2021 | | 2021 | | 96% |
Riley Square (8) | | Santa Clara, CA | | Garden | | 156 | | | 1972 | | 2012 | | 96% |
Villa Granada | | Santa Clara, CA | | Mid-rise | | 270 | | | 2010 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Chestnut Street Apartments | | Santa Cruz, CA | | Garden | | 96 | | | 2002 | | 2008 | | 99% |
Bristol Commons | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Garden | | 188 | | | 1989 | | 1995 | | 97% |
Brookside Oaks (4) | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Garden | | 170 | | | 1973 | | 2000 | | 97% |
Lawrence Station | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Mid-rise | | 336 | | | 2012 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Magnolia Lane (19) | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Garden | | 32 | | | 2001 | | 2007 | | 97% |
Magnolia Square (4) | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Garden | | 156 | | | 1963 | | 2007 | | 97% |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Apartment | | Year | | Year | | |
Communities (1) | | Location | | Type | | Homes | | Built | | Acquired | | Occupancy(2) |
San Marcos | | Richmond, CA | | Mid-rise | | 432 |
| | 2003 | | 2003 | | 97% |
Bennett Lofts | | San Francisco, CA | | Mid-rise | | 165 |
| | 2004 | | 2012 | | 95% |
Fox Plaza | | San Francisco, CA | | High-rise | | 445 |
| | 1968 | | 2013 | | 95% |
MB 360 | | San Francisco, CA | | Mid-rise | | 360 |
| | 2014 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Park West | | San Francisco, CA | | Mid-rise | | 126 |
| | 1958 | | 2012 | | 95% |
101 San Fernando | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 323 |
| | 2001 | | 2010 | | 96% |
360 Residences (16) | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 213 |
| | 2010 | | 2017 | | 95% |
Bella Villagio | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 231 |
| | 2004 | | 2010 | | 96% |
Century Towers (18) | | San Jose, CA | | High-rise | | 376 |
| | 2017 | | 2017 | | 95% |
Enso | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 183 |
| | 2014 | | 2015 | | 97% |
Epic (15) | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 769 |
| | 2013 | | 2013 | | 96% |
Esplanade | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 278 |
| | 2002 | | 2004 | | 96% |
Fountains at River Oaks | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 226 |
| | 1990 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Marquis | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 166 |
| | 2015 | | 2016 | | 96% |
Meridian at Midtown (16) | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 218 |
| | 2015 | | 2018 | | 95% |
Mio | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 103 |
| | 2015 | | 2016 | | 97% |
Museum Park | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 117 |
| | 2002 | | 2014 | | 97% |
One South Market (19) | | San Jose, CA | | High-rise | | 312 |
| | 2015 | | 2015 | | 96% |
Palm Valley | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 1,099 |
| | 2008 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Sage at Cupertino (4) | | San Jose, CA | | Garden | | 230 |
| | 1971 | | 2017 | | 96% |
The Carlyle (8) | | San Jose, CA | | Garden | | 132 |
| | 2000 | | 2000 | | 97% |
The Waterford | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 238 |
| | 2000 | | 2000 | | 96% |
Willow Lake | | San Jose, CA | | Mid-rise | | 508 |
| | 1989 | | 2012 | | 96% |
Lakeshore Landing | | San Mateo, CA | | Mid-rise | | 308 |
| | 1988 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Hillsdale Garden | | San Mateo, CA | | Garden | | 697 |
| | 1948 | | 2006 | | 97% |
Park 20 (15) | | San Mateo, CA | | Mid-rise | | 197 |
| | 2015 | | 2015 | | 97% |
Station Park Green - Phase I | | San Mateo, CA | | Mid-rise | | 121 |
| | 2018 | | 2018 | | 95% |
Deer Valley | | San Rafael, CA | | Garden | | 171 |
| | 1996 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Bel Air | | San Ramon, CA | | Garden | | 462 |
| | 1988 | | 1995 | | 97% |
Canyon Oaks | | San Ramon, CA | | Mid-rise | | 250 |
| | 2005 | | 2007 | | 97% |
Crow Canyon | | San Ramon, CA | | Mid-rise | | 400 |
| | 1992 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Foothill Gardens | | San Ramon, CA | | Garden | | 132 |
| | 1985 | | 1997 | | 97% |
Mill Creek at Windermere | | San Ramon, CA | | Mid-rise | | 400 |
| | 2005 | | 2007 | | 97% |
Twin Creeks | | San Ramon, CA | | Garden | | 44 |
| | 1985 | | 1997 | | 97% |
1000 Kiely | | Santa Clara, CA | | Garden | | 121 |
| | 1971 | | 2011 | | 97% |
Le Parc | | Santa Clara, CA | | Garden | | 140 |
| | 1975 | | 1994 | | 97% |
Marina Cove (20) | | Santa Clara, CA | | Garden | | 292 |
| | 1974 | | 1994 | | 97% |
Riley Square (9) | | Santa Clara, CA | | Garden | | 156 |
| | 1972 | | 2012 | | 97% |
Villa Granada | | Santa Clara, CA | | Mid-rise | | 270 |
| | 2010 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Chestnut Street Apartments | | Santa Cruz, CA | | Garden | | 96 |
| | 2002 | | 2008 | | 95% |
Bristol Commons | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Garden | | 188 |
| | 1989 | | 1995 | | 97% |
Brookside Oaks (4) | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Garden | | 170 |
| | 1973 | | 2000 | | 97% |
Lawrence Station | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Mid-rise | | 336 |
| | 2012 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Magnolia Lane (21) | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Garden | | 32 |
| | 2001 | | 2007 | | 97% |
Magnolia Square (4) | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Garden | | 156 |
| | 1963 | | 2007 | | 97% |
Montclaire | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Mid-rise | | 390 |
| | 1973 | | 1988 | | 97% |
Reed Square | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Garden | | 100 |
| | 1970 | | 2011 | | 98% |
Solstice | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Mid-rise | | 280 |
| | 2014 | | 2014 | | 98% |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Apartment | | Year | | Year | | |
Communities (1) | | Location | | Type | | Homes | | Built | | Acquired | | Occupancy(2) |
Montclaire | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Mid-rise | | 390 | | | 1973 | | 1988 | | 97% |
Reed Square | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Garden | | 100 | | | 1970 | | 2011 | | 96% |
Solstice | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Mid-rise | | 280 | | | 2014 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Summerhill Park | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Garden | | 100 | | | 1988 | | 1988 | | 97% |
Via | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Mid-rise | | 284 | | | 2011 | | 2011 | | 97% |
Windsor Ridge | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Mid-rise | | 216 | | | 1989 | | 1989 | | 96% |
Vista Belvedere | | Tiburon, CA | | Mid-rise | | 76 | | | 1963 | | 2004 | | 96% |
Verandas (12) | | Union City, CA | | Mid-rise | | 282 | | | 1989 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Agora | | Walnut Creek, CA | | Mid-rise | | 49 | | | 2016 | | 2016 | | 97% |
Brio (4) | | Walnut Creek, CA | | Mid-rise | | 300 | | | 2015 | | 2019 | | 96% |
| | | | | | 23,141 | | | | | | | 96% |
Seattle, Washington Metropolitan Area | | | | | | | | | | |
Belcarra | | Bellevue, WA | | Mid-rise | | 296 | | | 2009 | | 2014 | | 96% |
BellCentre | | Bellevue, WA | | Mid-rise | | 249 | | | 2001 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Cedar Terrace | | Bellevue, WA | | Garden | | 180 | | | 1984 | | 2005 | | 96% |
Courtyard off Main | | Bellevue, WA | | Mid-rise | | 110 | | | 2000 | | 2010 | | 95% |
Ellington | | Bellevue, WA | | Mid-rise | | 220 | | | 1994 | | 2014 | | 94% |
Emerald Ridge | | Bellevue, WA | | Garden | | 180 | | | 1987 | | 1994 | | 97% |
Foothill Commons | | Bellevue, WA | | Mid-rise | | 394 | | | 1978 | | 1990 | | 96% |
Palisades, The | | Bellevue, WA | | Garden | | 192 | | | 1977 | | 1990 | | 97% |
Park Highland | | Bellevue, WA | | Mid-rise | | 250 | | | 1993 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Piedmont | | Bellevue, WA | | Garden | | 396 | | | 1969 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Sammamish View | | Bellevue, WA | | Garden | | 153 | | | 1986 | | 1994 | | 97% |
Woodland Commons | | Bellevue, WA | | Garden | | 302 | | | 1978 | | 1990 | | 96% |
Bothell Ridge (5) | | Bothell, WA | | Garden | | 214 | | | 1988 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Canyon Pointe | | Bothell, WA | | Garden | | 250 | | | 1990 | | 2003 | | 97% |
Inglenook Court | | Bothell, WA | | Garden | | 224 | | | 1985 | | 1994 | | 96% |
Pinnacle Sonata | | Bothell, WA | | Mid-rise | | 268 | | | 2000 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Salmon Run at Perry Creek | | Bothell, WA | | Garden | | 132 | | | 2000 | | 2000 | | 97% |
Stonehedge Village | | Bothell, WA | | Garden | | 196 | | | 1986 | | 1997 | | 98% |
Highlands at Wynhaven | | Issaquah, WA | | Mid-rise | | 333 | | | 2000 | | 2008 | | 96% |
Park Hill at Issaquah | | Issaquah, WA | | Garden | | 245 | | | 1999 | | 1999 | | 97% |
Wandering Creek | | Kent, WA | | Garden | | 156 | | | 1986 | | 1995 | | 97% |
Ascent | | Kirkland, WA | | Garden | | 90 | | | 1988 | | 2012 | | 96% |
Bridle Trails | | Kirkland, WA | | Garden | | 108 | | | 1986 | | 1997 | | 97% |
Corbella at Juanita Bay | | Kirkland, WA | | Garden | | 169 | | | 1978 | | 2010 | | 97% |
Evergreen Heights | | Kirkland, WA | | Garden | | 200 | | | 1990 | | 1997 | | 97% |
Slater 116 | | Kirkland, WA | | Mid-rise | | 108 | | | 2013 | | 2013 | | 96% |
Montebello | | Kirkland, WA | | Garden | | 248 | | | 1996 | | 2012 | | 97% |
Martha Lake Apartments (16) | | Lynwood, WA | | Mid-rise | | 155 | | | 1991 | | 2021 | | 97% |
Aviara (19) | | Mercer Island, WA | | Mid-rise | | 166 | | | 2013 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Laurels at Mill Creek | | Mill Creek, WA | | Garden | | 164 | | | 1981 | | 1996 | | 98% |
Monterra in Mill Creek (16) | | Mill Creek, WA | | Garden | | 139 | | | 2003 | | 2021 | | 97% |
Parkwood at Mill Creek | | Mill Creek, WA | | Garden | | 240 | | | 1989 | | 2014 | | 97% |
The Elliot at Mukilteo (4) | | Mukilteo, WA | | Garden | | 301 | | | 1981 | | 1997 | | 96% |
Castle Creek | | Newcastle, WA | | Garden | | 216 | | | 1998 | | 1998 | | 98% |
Elevation | | Redmond, WA | | Garden | | 158 | | | 1986 | | 2010 | | 96% |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Apartment | | Year | | Year | | |
Communities (1) | | Location | | Type | | Homes | | Built | | Acquired | | Occupancy(2) |
Summerhill Park | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Garden | | 100 |
| | 1988 | | 1988 | | 98% |
Via | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Mid-rise | | 284 |
| | 2011 | | 2011 | | 97% |
Windsor Ridge | | Sunnyvale, CA | | Mid-rise | | 216 |
| | 1989 | | 1989 | | 98% |
Vista Belvedere | | Tiburon, CA | | Mid-rise | | 76 |
| | 1963 | | 2004 | | 96% |
Verandas (13) | | Union City, CA | | Mid-rise | | 282 |
| | 1989 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Agora (22) | | Walnut Creek, CA | | Mid-rise | | 49 |
| | 2016 | | 2016 | | 99% |
Brio (4) | | Walnut Creek, CA | | Mid-rise | | 300 |
| | 2015 | | 2019 | | 97% |
| | | | | | 21,642 |
| | | | | | 96% |
Seattle, Washington Metropolitan Area | | | | | | | | | | |
Belcarra | | Bellevue, WA | | Mid-rise | | 296 |
| | 2009 | | 2014 | | 97% |
BellCentre | | Bellevue, WA | | Mid-rise | | 248 |
| | 2001 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Cedar Terrace | | Bellevue, WA | | Garden | | 180 |
| | 1984 | | 2005 | | 96% |
Courtyard off Main | | Bellevue, WA | | Mid-rise | | 110 |
| | 2000 | | 2010 | | 96% |
Ellington | | Bellevue, WA | | Mid-rise | | 220 |
| | 1994 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Emerald Ridge | | Bellevue, WA | | Garden | | 180 |
| | 1987 | | 1994 | | 97% |
Foothill Commons | | Bellevue, WA | | Mid-rise | | 394 |
| | 1978 | | 1990 | | 96% |
Palisades, The | | Bellevue, WA | | Garden | | 192 |
| | 1977 | | 1990 | | 97% |
Park Highland | | Bellevue, WA | | Mid-rise | | 250 |
| | 1993 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Piedmont | | Bellevue, WA | | Garden | | 396 |
| | 1969 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Sammamish View | | Bellevue, WA | | Garden | | 153 |
| | 1986 | | 1994 | | 98% |
Woodland Commons | | Bellevue, WA | | Garden | | 302 |
| | 1978 | | 1990 | | 97% |
Bothell Ridge (6) | | Bothell, WA | | Garden | | 214 |
| | 1988 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Canyon Pointe | | Bothell, WA | | Garden | | 250 |
| | 1990 | | 2003 | | 96% |
Inglenook Court | | Bothell, WA | | Garden | | 224 |
| | 1985 | | 1994 | | 96% |
Pinnacle Sonata | | Bothell, WA | | Mid-rise | | 268 |
| | 2000 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Salmon Run at Perry Creek | | Bothell, WA | | Garden | | 132 |
| | 2000 | | 2000 | | 97% |
Stonehedge Village | | Bothell, WA | | Garden | | 196 |
| | 1986 | | 1997 | | 96% |
Highlands at Wynhaven | | Issaquah, WA | | Mid-rise | | 333 |
| | 2000 | | 2008 | | 97% |
Park Hill at Issaquah | | Issaquah, WA | | Garden | | 245 |
| | 1999 | | 1999 | | 97% |
Wandering Creek | | Kent, WA | | Garden | | 156 |
| | 1986 | | 1995 | | 98% |
Ascent | | Kirkland, WA | | Garden | | 90 |
| | 1988 | | 2012 | | 96% |
Bridle Trails | | Kirkland, WA | | Garden | | 108 |
| | 1986 | | 1997 | | 97% |
Corbella at Juanita Bay | | Kirkland, WA | | Garden | | 169 |
| | 1978 | | 2010 | | 96% |
Evergreen Heights | | Kirkland, WA | | Garden | | 200 |
| | 1990 | | 1997 | | 96% |
Slater 116 | | Kirkland, WA | | Mid-rise | | 108 |
| | 2013 | | 2013 | | 97% |
Montebello | | Kirkland, WA | | Garden | | 248 |
| | 1996 | | 2012 | | 96% |
Aviara (23) | | Mercer Island, WA | | Mid-rise | | 166 |
| | 2013 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Laurels at Mill Creek | | Mill Creek, WA | | Garden | | 164 |
| | 1981 | | 1996 | | 96% |
Parkwood at Mill Creek | | Mill Creek, WA | | Garden | | 240 |
| | 1989 | | 2014 | | 96% |
The Elliot at Mukilteo (4) | | Mukilteo, WA | | Garden | | 301 |
| | 1981 | | 1997 | | 96% |
Castle Creek | | Newcastle, WA | | Garden | | 216 |
| | 1998 | | 1998 | | 97% |
Delano | | Redmond, WA | | Mid-rise | | 126 |
| | 2005 | | 2011 | | 97% |
Elevation | | Redmond, WA | | Garden | | 158 |
| | 1986 | | 2010 | | 97% |
Pure Redmond | | Redmond, WA | | Mid-rise | | 105 |
| | 2016 | | 2019 | | 99% |
Redmond Hill (9) | | Redmond, WA | | Garden | | 442 |
| | 1985 | | 2011 | | 96% |
Shadowbrook | | Redmond, WA | | Garden | | 418 |
| | 1986 | | 2014 | | 96% |
The Trails of Redmond | | Redmond, WA | | Garden | | 423 |
| | 1985 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Vesta (9) | | Redmond, WA | | Garden | | 440 |
| | 1998 | | 2011 | | 97% |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Apartment | | Year | | Year | | |
Communities (1) | | Location | | Type | | Homes | | Built | | Acquired | | Occupancy(2) |
Brighton Ridge | | Renton, WA | | Garden | | 264 |
| | 1986 | | 1996 | | 96% |
Fairwood Pond | | Renton, WA | | Garden | | 194 |
| | 1997 | | 2004 | | 97% |
Forest View | | Renton, WA | | Garden | | 192 |
| | 1998 | | 2003 | | 97% |
Pinnacle on Lake Washington | | Renton, WA | | Mid-rise | | 180 |
| | 2001 | | 2014 | | 96% |
8th & Republican (16) | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 211 |
| | 2016 | | 2017 | | 97% |
Annaliese | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 56 |
| | 2009 | | 2013 | | 98% |
The Audrey at Belltown | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 137 |
| | 1992 | | 2014 | | 96% |
The Bernard | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 63 |
| | 2008 | | 2011 | | 98% |
Cairns, The | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 99 |
| | 2006 | | 2007 | | 97% |
Collins on Pine | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 76 |
| | 2013 | | 2014 | | 98% |
Domaine | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 92 |
| | 2009 | | 2012 | | 98% |
Expo (18) | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 275 |
| | 2012 | | 2012 | | 96% |
Fountain Court | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 320 |
| | 2000 | | 2000 | | 97% |
Patent 523 | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 295 |
| | 2010 | | 2010 | | 97% |
Taylor 28 | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 197 |
| | 2008 | | 2014 | | 97% |
Velo and Ray (16) | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 308 |
| | 2014 | | 2019 | | 96% |
Vox Apartments | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 58 |
| | 2013 | | 2013 | | 97% |
Wharfside Pointe | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 155 |
| | 1990 | | 1994 | | 97% |
| | | | | | 12,233 |
| | | | | | 97% |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total/Weighted Average | | | | | | 60,570 |
| | | | | | 97% |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Apartment | | Year | | Year | | |
Communities (1) | | Location | | Type | | Homes | | Built | | Acquired | | Occupancy(2) |
Pure Redmond | | Redmond, WA | | Mid-rise | | 105 | | | 2016 | | 2019 | | 96% |
Redmond Hill (8) | | Redmond, WA | | Garden | | 442 | | | 1985 | | 2011 | | 96% |
Shadowbrook | | Redmond, WA | | Garden | | 418 | | | 1986 | | 2014 | | 95% |
The Trails of Redmond | | Redmond, WA | | Garden | | 423 | | | 1985 | | 2014 | | 95% |
Vesta (8) | | Redmond, WA | | Garden | | 440 | | | 1998 | | 2011 | | 96% |
Brighton Ridge | | Renton, WA | | Garden | | 264 | | | 1986 | | 1996 | | 96% |
Fairwood Pond | | Renton, WA | | Garden | | 194 | | | 1997 | | 2004 | | 98% |
Forest View | | Renton, WA | | Garden | | 192 | | | 1998 | | 2003 | | 97% |
Pinnacle on Lake Washington | | Renton, WA | | Mid-rise | | 180 | | | 2001 | | 2014 | | 97% |
8th & Republican (15) | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 211 | | | 2016 | | 2017 | | 96% |
Annaliese | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 56 | | | 2009 | | 2013 | | 97% |
The Audrey at Belltown | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 137 | | | 1992 | | 2014 | | 96% |
The Bernard | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 63 | | | 2008 | | 2011 | | 96% |
Cairns, The | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 99 | | | 2006 | | 2007 | | 95% |
Collins on Pine | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 76 | | | 2013 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Canvas | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 123 | | | 2014 | | 2021 | | 100% |
Domaine | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 92 | | | 2009 | | 2012 | | 97% |
Expo (14) | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 275 | | | 2012 | | 2012 | | 93% |
Fountain Court | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 320 | | | 2000 | | 2000 | | 95% |
Patent 523 | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 295 | | | 2010 | | 2010 | | 96% |
Taylor 28 | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 197 | | | 2008 | | 2014 | | 96% |
Velo and Ray (15) | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 308 | | | 2014 | | 2019 | | 96% |
Vox Apartments | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 58 | | | 2013 | | 2013 | | 95% |
Wharfside Pointe | | Seattle, WA | | Mid-rise | | 155 | | | 1990 | | 1994 | | 97% |
| | | | | | 12,525 | | | | | | | 96% |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total/Weighted Average | | | | | | 61,911 | | | | | | | 96% |
Footnotes to the Company’s Portfolio Listing as of December 31, 20192021
| |
(1)(1)Unless otherwise specified, the Company consolidates each community in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
| Unless otherwise specified, the Company consolidates each community in accordance with U.S. GAAP. |
| |
(2)
| For communities, occupancy rates are based on financial occupancy for the year ended December 31, 2019. For an explanation of how financial occupancy is calculated, see "Occupancy Rates" in this Item 2. |
| |
(3)
| The community is subject to a ground lease, which, unless extended, will expire in 2082. |
| |
(4)
| Each of these communities is part of a DownREIT structure in which the Company is the general partner or manager and the other limited partners or members are granted rights of redemption for their interests. |
| |
(5)
| This community is owned by BEX III, LLC ("BEX III"). The Company has a 50% interest in BEX III, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting. |
| |
(6)
| This community is owned by BEXAEW. The Company has a 50% interest in BEXAEW, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting. |
| |
(7)
| This community is owned by Wesco III. The Company has a 50% interest in Wesco III, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting. |
| |
(8)
| This community is owned by BEX II, LLC ("BEX II"). The Company has a 50% interest in BEX II, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting. |
| |
(9)
| This community is owned by Wesco I, LLC ("Wesco I"). The Company has a 58% interest in Wesco I, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting. |
| |
(10)
| This community is subject to a ground lease, which, unless extended, will expire in 2067. |
| |
(11)
| This community is subject to a ground lease, which, unless extended, will expire in 2027. |
| |
(12)
| The Company has a 97% interest and an Executive Vice President of the Company has a 3% interest in this community. |
| |
(13)
| This community is owned by Wesco IV, LLC ("Wesco IV") The Company has a 50% interest in Wesco IV, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting. |
| |
(14)
| This community is subject to a ground lease, which, unless extended, will expire in 2028. |
| |
(15)
| This community is owned by an entity that, as of December 31, 2019, was co-owned by the Company and the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board ("CPPIB" or "CPP"). The Company had a 55% ownership in this community, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting. In January 2020, the Company purchased CPPIB's 45% interest. |
| |
(16)
| This community is owned by Wesco V, LLC ("Wesco V"). The Company has a 50% interest in Wesco V, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting. |
| |
(17)
| This community is owned by BEX IV, LLC ("BEX IV"). The Company has a 50.1% interest in BEX IV, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting. |
| |
(18)
| The Company has 50% ownership in this community, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting. |
| |
(19)
| In March 2019, the Company purchased its joint venture partner's 45.0% interest in the One South Market co-investment. As a result of this purchase, the Company consolidates One South Market. |
| |
(20)
| A portion of this community on which 84 apartment homes are presently located is subject to a ground lease, which, unless extended, will expire in 2028. |
| |
(21)
| The community is subject to a ground lease, which, unless extended, will expire in 2070. |
| |
(22)
| This community is owned by an entity that, as of December 31, 2019, was co-owned primarily by the Company and CPPIB. The Company had a 51% membership interest in this community, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting. In January 2020, the Company purchased CPPIB's 45% interest. |
| |
(23)
| This community is subject to a ground lease, which, unless extended, will expire in 2070. |
(2)For communities, occupancy rates are based on financial occupancy for the year ended December 31, 2021, except for communities that were stabilized during the year, in which case occupancy as of December 31, 2021 was used. For an explanation of how financial occupancy is calculated, see "Occupancy Rates" in this Item 2.
(3)The community is subject to a ground lease, which, unless extended, will expire in 2083.
(4)Each of these communities is part of a DownREIT structure in which the Company is the general partner or manager and the other limited partners or members are granted rights of redemption for their interests.
(5)This community is owned by BEXAEW. The Company has a 50% interest in BEXAEW, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
(6)This community is owned by Wesco III, LLC ("Wesco III"). The Company has a 50% interest in Wesco III, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
(7)This community is owned by BEX II, LLC ("BEX II"). The Company has a 50% interest in BEX II, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
(8)This community is owned by Wesco I, LLC ("Wesco I"). The Company has a 58% interest in Wesco I, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
(9)This community is subject to a ground lease, which, unless extended, will expire in 2067.
(10)This community is subject to a ground lease, which, unless extended, will expire in 2027.
(11)The Company has a 97% interest and a former Executive Vice President of the Company has a 3% interest in this community.
(12)This community is owned by Wesco IV, LLC ("Wesco IV") The Company has a 50% interest in Wesco IV, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
(13)This community is subject to a ground lease, which, unless extended, will expire in 2028.
(14)The Company has an interest in a single asset entity owning this community.
(15)This community is owned by Wesco V, LLC ("Wesco V"). The Company has a 50% interest in Wesco V, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
(16)This community is owned by Wesco VI, LLC ("Wesco VI"). The Company has a 50% interest in Wesco VI, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
(17)This community is owned by BEX IV, LLC ("BEX IV"). The Company has a 50.1% interest in BEX IV, which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
(18)A portion of this community on which 84 apartment homes are presently located is subject to a ground lease, which, unless extended, will expire in 2028.
(19)The community is subject to a ground lease, which, unless extended, will expire in 2070.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
The information regarding lawsuits, other proceedings and claims, set forth in Note 17, "Commitments and Contingencies", to our consolidated financial statements included in Part IV, Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 3. In addition to such matters referred to in Note 17, the Company is subject to various other legal and/or regulatory proceedings arising in the course of its business operations. We believe that, with respect to such matters that we are currently a party to, the ultimate disposition of any such matter will not result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not Applicable.
Part II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
The shares of the Company’s common stock are traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol ESS.
There is no established public trading market for the Operating Partnership's limited partnership units ("OP Units").
Holders
The approximate number of holders of record of the shares of Essex's common stock was 1,2481,121 as of February 18, 2020.23, 2022. This number does not include stockholders whose shares are held in investment accounts by other entities. Essex believes the actual number of stockholders is greater than the number of holders of record.
As of February 18, 2020,23, 2022, there were 65 holders of record of OP Units, including Essex.
Return of Capital
Under provisions of the Code, the portion of the cash dividend, if any, that exceeds earnings and profits is considered a return of capital. The return of capital is generated due to a variety of factors, including the deduction of non-cash expenses, primarily depreciation, in the determination of earnings and profits.
The status of the cash dividends distributed for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019 related to common stock are as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
Common Stock | | | | | | |
Ordinary income | | 70.92 | % | | 85.23 | % | | 83.81 | % |
Capital gain | | 22.07 | % | | 10.68 | % | | 13.78 | % |
Unrecaptured section 1250 capital gain | | 7.01 | % | | 4.09 | % | | 2.41 | % |
| | | | | | |
| | 100.00 | % | | 100.00 | % | | 100.00 | % |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|
| | | | | | | | | |
| | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
Common Stock | | | | | | |
Ordinary income | | 83.81 | % | | 79.72 | % | | 84.04 | % |
Capital gain | | 13.78 | % | | 15.35 | % | | 13.20 | % |
Unrecaptured section 1250 capital gain | | 2.41 | % | | 4.93 | % | | 2.76 | % |
| | 100.00 | % | | 100.00 | % | | 100.00 | % |
Dividends and Distributions
Future dividends/distributions by Essex and the Operating Partnership will be at the discretion of the Board of Directors of Essex and will depend on the actual cash flows from operations of the Company, its financial condition, capital requirements, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Code, applicable legal restrictions and such other factors as the Board of Directors deems relevant. There are currently no contractual restrictions on Essex's and the Operating Partnership's present or future ability to pay dividends and distributions, and we do not anticipate that our ability to pay dividends/distributions will be impaired; however, there can be no assurances in that regard.
The Board of Directors declared a dividend/distribution for the fourth quarter of 20192021 of $1.95$2.09 per share. The dividend/distribution was paid on January 15, 202014, 2022 to stockholders/unitholders of record as of January 2, 2020.3, 2022.
Dividend Reinvestment and Share Purchase Plan
Essex has adopted a dividend reinvestment and share purchase plan designed to provide holders of common stock with a convenient and economical means to reinvest all or a portion of their cash dividends in shares of common stock and to acquire additional shares of common stock through voluntary purchases. Computershare, LLC, which serves as Essex's transfer agent, administers the dividend reinvestment and share purchase plan. For a copy of the plan, contact Computershare, LLC at (312) 360-5354.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The information required by this section is incorporated herein by reference from our Proxy Statement, relating to our 20202022 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, under the headings "Equity Compensation Plan Information," to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2019.2021.
Issuance of Registered Equity Securities
In September 2021, the Company entered into the 2021 ATM Program, a new equity distribution agreement pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate gross sales price of up to $900.0 million. In connection with the 2021 ATM Program, the Company may also enter into related forward sale agreements, and may sell shares of its common stock pursuant to these agreements. The use of a forward sale agreement would allow the Company to lock in a share price on the sale of shares of its common stock at the time the agreement is executed, but defer receipt of the proceeds from the sale of shares until a later date should the Company elect to settle such forward sale agreement, in whole or in part, in shares of its common stock.
During the year ended December 31, 2019,2021, the Company issued 228,271did not issue any shares of common stock through its equity distribution program at an average price of $321.56 per share for proceeds of $73.4 million.under the 2021 ATM Program or the 2018 ATM Program. As of December 31, 2019,2021, there were no outstanding forward sale agreements, and $826.6$900.0 million of shares remainsremain available to be sold under this program.the 2021 ATM Program.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
In December 2015, Essex's Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase plan to allow Essex to acquire shares in an aggregate of up to $250.0 million. In January 2019, pursuant to such authorization, the Company repurchased and retired 234,061 shares of its common stock totaling $57.0 million, including commissions, at an average price of $243.48 per share. In February 2019, the Board of Directors approved the replenishment of the stock repurchase plan such that, as of such date, the Company had $250.0 million of purchase authority remaining under the stock repurchase plan. TheIn each of May and December 2020, the Board of Directors approved the replenishment of the stock repurchase plan such that, as of each such date, Essex had $250.0 million of purchase authority remaining under the replenished plan. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company repurchased and retired 40,000 shares of its common stock totaling $9.2 million, including commissions, at an average price of $229.30 per share. All of such purchases occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2021, and the Company did not repurchase any additional shares during the year ended Decemberin 2021 subsequent to March 31, 2019, such that as2021. As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company had $250.0$214.5 million of purchase authority remaining under the stock repurchase plan.
Performance Graph
The line graph below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on Essex's common stock for the last five years with the cumulative total return on the S&P 500 and the NAREIT All Equity REIT index over the same period. This comparison assumes that the value of the investment in the common stock and each index was $100 on December 31, 20142016 and that all dividends were reinvested.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Period Ending |
Index | | 12/31/2014 |
| | 12/31/2015 |
| | 12/31/2016 |
| | 12/31/2017 |
| | 12/31/2018 |
| | 12/31/2019 |
|
Essex Property Trust, Inc. | | 100.00 |
| | 118.87 |
| | 118.71 |
| | 126.79 |
| | 132.83 |
| | 167.25 |
|
NAREIT All Equity REIT Index | | 100.00 |
| | 102.83 |
| | 111.70 |
| | 121.39 |
| | 116.48 |
| | 149.86 |
|
S&P 500 Index | | 100.00 |
| | 101.38 |
| | 113.51 |
| | 138.29 |
| | 132.23 |
| | 173.86 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Period Ending |
Index | | 12/31/2016 | | 12/31/2017 | | 12/31/2018 | | 12/31/2019 | | 12/31/2020 | | 12/31/2021 |
Essex Property Trust, Inc. | | $ | 100.00 | | | $ | 106.82 | | | $ | 111.98 | | | $ | 141.00 | | | $ | 115.49 | | | $ | 176.01 | |
NAREIT All Equity REIT Index | | $ | 100.00 | | | $ | 108.67 | | | $ | 104.28 | | | $ | 134.17 | | | $ | 127.30 | | | $ | 179.87 | |
S&P 500 Index | | $ | 100.00 | | | $ | 121.83 | | | $ | 116.49 | | | $ | 153.17 | | | $ | 181.35 | | | $ | 233.41 | |
| |
(1)(1)Common stock performance data is provided by S&P Global Market Intelligence.
| Common stock performance data is provided by S&P Global Market Intelligence (formerly SNL Financial). |
The graph and other information furnished under the above caption "Performance Graph" in this Part II Item 5 of this Form 10-K shall not deemed to be "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, or to the liabilities of the Exchange Act.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
During the years ended December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, the Operating Partnership issued OP Units in private placements in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, in the amounts and for the consideration set forth below:
During the years ended December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, Essex issued an aggregate of 178,675248,725 and 39,17570,802 shares of its common stock upon the exercise of stock options, respectively. Essex contributed the proceeds from the option exercises of $37.5$58.5 million and $6.2$14.9 million to the Operating Partnership in exchange for an aggregate of 178,675248,725 and 39,17570,802 OP Units, as required by the Operating Partnership’s partnership agreement, during the years ended December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, respectively.
During the years ended December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, Essex issued an aggregate of 16,11430,360 and 1,98124,666 shares of its common stock in connection with restricted stock awards for no cash consideration, respectively. For each share of common stock issued by Essex in connection with such awards, the Operating Partnership issued OP Units to Essex as required by the Operating
Partnership's partnership agreement, for an aggregate of 16,11430,360 and 1,98124,666 OP Units during the years ended December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, respectively.
During the years ended December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, Essex issued an aggregate of 12,63310,293 and 5,2508,783 shares of its common stock in connection with the exchange of OP Units and DownREIT units by limited partners or members into shares of common stock. For each share of common stock issued by Essex in connection with such exchange, the Operating Partnership issued OP Units to Essex as required by the Operating Partnership's partnership agreement, for an aggregate of 12,63310,293 and 5,2508,783 OP Units during the year ended December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, respectively.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company issued 228,271Essex may sell shares of common stock through its equity distribution program. Essex contributedprogram, then contribute the net proceeds from these share issuances of $73.4 million to the Operating Partnership in exchange for an aggregate of 228,271 OP units,Units as required by the Operating Partnership's partnership agreement. As of December 31, 2019, there are no outstanding forward purchase agreements. During the year ended December 31, 2018, no2021 and 2020, the Company did not issue or sell any shares of the Company's common stock were issued or sold by Essex pursuant to its equity distribution programs.the 2021 ATM Program or the 2018 ATM Program. As of December 31, 2021, there were no outstanding forward sale agreements.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data[Reserved]
The following tables set forth summary financial and operating information for Essex and the Operating Partnership from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2019.
Essex Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | ($ in thousands, except per share amounts) |
OPERATING DATA: | | | | | | | | | | |
Rental and other property | | $ | 1,450,628 |
| | $ | 1,390,870 |
| | $ | 1,354,325 |
| | $ | 1,285,723 |
| | $ | 1,185,498 |
|
Management and other fees from affiliates | | 9,527 |
| | 9,183 |
| | 9,574 |
| | 8,278 |
| | 8,909 |
|
Net income | | 464,448 |
| | 413,599 |
| | 458,043 |
| | 438,410 |
| | 248,239 |
|
Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 439,286 |
| | $ | 390,153 |
| | $ | 433,059 |
| | $ | 411,124 |
| | $ | 226,865 |
|
Per share data: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Basic: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 6.67 |
| | $ | 5.91 |
| | $ | 6.58 |
| | $ | 6.28 |
| | $ | 3.50 |
|
Weighted average common stock outstanding | | 65,840 |
| | 66,041 |
| | 65,829 |
| | 65,472 |
| | 64,872 |
|
Diluted: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 6.66 |
| | $ | 5.90 |
| | $ | 6.57 |
| | $ | 6.27 |
| | $ | 3.49 |
|
Weighted average common stock outstanding | | 65,939 |
| | 66,085 |
| | 65,898 |
| | 65,588 |
| | 65,062 |
|
Cash dividend per common share | | $ | 7.80 |
| | $ | 7.44 |
| | $ | 7.00 |
| | $ | 6.40 |
| | $ | 5.76 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | As of December 31, |
| | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | ($ in thousands) |
BALANCE SHEET DATA: | | | | | | | | | | |
Investment in rental properties (before accumulated depreciation) | | $ | 14,038,142 |
| | $ | 13,366,101 |
| | $ | 13,362,073 |
| | $ | 12,687,722 |
| | $ | 12,338,129 |
|
Net investment in rental properties | | 10,348,660 |
| | 10,156,553 |
| | 10,592,776 |
| | 10,376,176 |
| | 10,388,237 |
|
Real estate under development | | 546,075 |
| | 454,629 |
| | 355,735 |
| | 190,505 |
| | 242,326 |
|
Co-investments | | 1,335,339 |
| | 1,300,140 |
| | 1,155,984 |
| | 1,161,275 |
| | 1,036,047 |
|
Total assets | | 12,705,405 |
| | 12,383,596 |
| | 12,495,706 |
| | 12,217,408 |
| | 12,008,384 |
|
Total indebtedness, net | | 5,808,873 |
| | 5,605,942 |
| | 5,689,126 |
| | 5,563,260 |
| | 5,318,757 |
|
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | | 37,410 |
| | 35,475 |
| | 39,206 |
| | 44,684 |
| | 45,452 |
|
Cumulative redeemable preferred stock | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 73,750 |
|
Stockholders' equity | | 6,220,427 |
| | 6,267,073 |
| | 6,277,406 |
| | 6,192,178 |
| | 6,237,733 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | As of and for the years ended December 31, |
| | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | ($ in thousands, except per share amounts) |
OTHER DATA: | | |
Funds from operations ("FFO")(1) attributable to common stockholders and unitholders: | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 439,286 |
| | $ | 390,153 |
| | $ | 433,059 |
| | $ | 411,124 |
| | $ | 226,865 |
|
Adjustments: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Depreciation and amortization | | 483,750 |
| | 479,884 |
| | 468,881 |
| | 441,682 |
| | 453,423 |
|
Gains not included in FFO attributable to common stockholders and unitholders | | (79,468 | ) | | (73,683 | ) | | (159,901 | ) | | (167,607 | ) | | (81,347 | ) |
Impairment loss | | 7,105 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Impairment loss from unconsolidated co-investments | | 11,484 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Deferred tax expense on sale of real estate and land - taxable REIT subsidiary activity | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 4,410 |
| | — |
|
Depreciation and amortization from unconsolidated co-investments | | 60,655 |
| | 62,954 |
| | 55,531 |
| | 50,956 |
| | 49,826 |
|
Noncontrolling interest related to Operating Partnership units | | 15,343 |
| | 13,452 |
| | 14,825 |
| | 14,089 |
| | 7,824 |
|
Insurance reimbursements | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (1,751 | ) |
Depreciation attributable to third party ownership and other | | (1,805 | ) | | (940 | ) | | (286 | ) | | (9 | ) | | (781 | ) |
Funds from operations attributable to common stockholders and unitholders | | $ | 936,350 |
| | $ | 871,820 |
| | $ | 812,109 |
| | $ | 754,645 |
| | $ | 654,059 |
|
Non-core items: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Merger and integration expenses | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 3,798 |
|
Expensed acquisition and investment related costs | | 168 |
| | 194 |
| | 1,569 |
| | 1,841 |
| | 2,414 |
|
Deferred tax expense on unrealized gain on unconsolidated co-investment (2) | | 1,457 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Gain on sale of marketable securities | | (1,271 | ) | | (737 | ) | | (1,909 | ) | | (5,719 | ) | | (598 | ) |
Unrealized (gains) losses on marketable securities | | (5,710 | ) | | 5,159 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Equity income from non-core co-investment (3) | | (4,143 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Interest rate hedge ineffectiveness (4) | | 181 |
| | 148 |
| | (78 | ) | | (250 | ) | | — |
|
(Gain) loss on early retirement of debt, net | | (3,717 | ) | | — |
| | 1,796 |
| | 606 |
| | 6,114 |
|
Gain on early retirement of debt from unconsolidated co-investment | | — |
| | (3,662 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Co-investment promote income | | (809 | ) | | (20,541 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (192 | ) |
Income from early redemption of preferred equity investments | | (3,562 | ) | | (1,652 | ) | | (356 | ) | | — |
| | (1,954 | ) |
Accelerated interest income from maturity of investment in mortgage backed security | | (7,032 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Excess of redemption value of preferred stock over carrying value | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2,541 |
| | — |
|
General and administrative and other, net | | 1,181 |
| | 8,745 |
| | (1,083 | ) | | — |
| | (651 | ) |
Insurance reimbursements and legal settlements, net | | (858 | ) | | (561 | ) | | (25 | ) | | (4,470 | ) | | (2,319 | ) |
Core funds from operations ("Core FFO")(1) attributable to common stockholders and unitholders | | $ | 912,235 |
| | $ | 858,913 |
| | $ | 812,023 |
| | $ | 749,194 |
| | $ | 660,671 |
|
Weighted average number of shares outstanding, diluted (FFO)(5) | | 68,199 |
| | 68,322 |
| | 68,194 |
| | 67,890 |
| | 67,310 |
|
Funds from operations attributable to common stockholders and unitholders per share - diluted | | $ | 13.73 |
| | $ | 12.76 |
| | $ | 11.91 |
| | $ | 11.12 |
| | $ | 9.72 |
|
Core funds from operations attributable to common stockholders and unitholders per share - diluted | | $ | 13.38 |
| | $ | 12.57 |
| | $ | 11.91 |
| | $ | 11.04 |
| | $ | 9.82 |
|
| |
| FFO is a financial measure that is commonly used in the REIT industry. The Company presents FFO and FFO excluding non-core items (referred to as "Core FFO") as supplemental operating performance measures. FFO and Core FFO are not used by the Company as, nor should they be considered to be, alternatives to net income computed under U.S. GAAP as an indicator of the Company’s operating performance or as alternatives to cash from operating activities computed under U.S. GAAP as an indicator of the Company's ability to fund its cash needs. |
FFO and Core FFO are not meant to represent a comprehensive system of financial reporting and do not present, nor do they intend to present, a complete picture of the Company's financial condition and operating performance. The Company believes that net income computed under U.S. GAAP is the primary measure of performance and that FFO and Core FFO are only meaningful when they are used in conjunction with net income. The Company considers FFO and Core FFO to be useful financial performance measurements of an equity REIT because, together with net income and cash flows, FFO and Core FFO provide investors with additional bases to evaluate operating performance and ability of a REIT to incur and service debt and to fund acquisitions and other capital expenditures and to pay dividends. By excluding gains or losses related to sales of depreciated operating properties and excluding real estate depreciation (which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates), FFO can help investors compare the operating performance of a real estate company between periods or as compared to different companies. By further adjusting for items that are not considered part of the Company’s core business operations, Core FFO allows investors to compare the core operating performance of the Company to its performance in prior reporting periods and to the operating performance of other real estate companies without the effect of items that by their nature are not comparable from period to period and tend to obscure the Company’s actual operating results. The Company believes that its consolidated financial statements, prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, provide the most meaningful picture of its financial condition and its operating performance.
In calculating FFO, the Company follows the definition for this measure published by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT"), which is the leading REIT industry association. The Company believes that, under the NAREIT FFO definition, the two most significant adjustments made to net income are (i) the exclusion of historical cost depreciation and (ii) the exclusion of gains and losses from the sale of previously depreciated properties. The Company agrees that these two NAREIT adjustments are useful to investors for the following reasons:
| |
(a) | historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with U.S. GAAP assumes, through depreciation charges, that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. NAREIT stated in its White Paper on Funds from Operations “since real estate asset values have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry investors have considered presentations of operating results for real estate companies that use historical cost accounting to be insufficient by themselves." Consequently, NAREIT’s definition of FFO reflects the fact that real estate, as an asset class, generally appreciates over time and depreciation charges required by U.S. GAAP do not reflect the underlying economic realities. |
| |
(b) | REITs were created as a legal form of organization in order to encourage public ownership of real estate as an asset class through investment in firms that were in the business of long-term ownership and management of real estate. The exclusion, in NAREIT’s definition of FFO, of gains and losses from the sales of previously depreciated operating real estate assets allows investors and analysts to readily identify the operating results of the long-term assets that form the core of a REIT’s activity and assists in comparing those operating results between periods. |
Management believes that it has consistently applied the NAREIT definition of FFO to all periods presented. However, there is judgment involved and other REITs' calculation of FFO may vary from the NAREIT definition for this measure, and thus their disclosure of FFO may not be comparable to the Company’s calculation.
The table to which this footnote relates is a reconciliation of net income available to common stockholders to FFO and Core FFO for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015.
| |
(2)
| A deferred tax expense was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2019 related to the $4.4 million net unrealized gain on Real Estate Technology Ventures, L.P. co-investment discussed below. |
| |
(3)
| Represents the Company's share of co-investment income from Real Estate Technology Ventures, L.P. Income for the year ended December 31, 2019 includes a net unrealized gain of $4.4 million. |
| |
(4)
| Interest rate swaps are generally adjusted to fair value through other comprehensive income (loss). However, because certain of the Company's interest rate swaps do not have a 0% LIBOR floor, while related hedged debt in these cases is subject to a 0% LIBOR floor, the portion of the change in fair value of these interest rate swaps attributable to this mismatch, if any, is recorded as a non-cash interest rate hedge ineffectiveness through interest expense. On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU No. 2017-12 "Derivatives and Hedging - Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities," which resulted in a cumulative effect adjustment of approximately $181,000 from interest expense to accumulated other comprehensive income. |
| |
(5)
| Assumes conversion of all outstanding OP Units into shares of the Company's common stock and excludes all DownREIT units for which the Operating Partnership has the ability and intention to redeem the units for cash and does not consider them to be common stock equivalents. |
Essex Portfolio, L.P. and Subsidiaries
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | ($ in thousands, except per unit amounts) |
OPERATING DATA: | | | | | | | | | | |
Rental and other property | | $ | 1,450,628 |
| | $ | 1,390,870 |
| | $ | 1,354,325 |
| | $ | 1,285,723 |
| | $ | 1,185,498 |
|
Management and other fees from affiliates | | 9,527 |
| | 9,183 |
| | 9,574 |
| | 8,278 |
| | 8,909 |
|
Net income | | 464,448 |
| | 413,599 |
| | 458,043 |
| | 438,410 |
| | 248,239 |
|
Net income available to common unitholders | | $ | 454,629 |
| | $ | 403,605 |
| | $ | 447,884 |
| | $ | 425,213 |
| | $ | 234,689 |
|
Per unit data: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Basic: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Net income available to common unitholders | | $ | 6.67 |
| | $ | 5.91 |
| | $ | 6.58 |
| | $ | 6.28 |
| | $ | 3.50 |
|
Weighted average common units outstanding | | 68,141 |
| | 68,316 |
| | 68,082 |
| | 67,696 |
| | 67,054 |
|
Diluted: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Net income available to common unitholders | | $ | 6.66 |
| | $ | 5.90 |
| | $ | 6.57 |
| | $ | 6.27 |
| | $ | 3.49 |
|
Weighted average common units outstanding | | 68,240 |
| | 68,360 |
| | 68,151 |
| | 67,812 |
| | 67,244 |
|
Cash distributions per common unit | | $ | 7.80 |
| | $ | 7.44 |
| | $ | 7.00 |
| | $ | 6.40 |
| | $ | 5.76 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | As of December 31, |
| | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | ($ in thousands) |
BALANCE SHEET DATA: | | | | | | | | | | |
Investment in rental properties (before accumulated depreciation) | | $ | 14,038,142 |
| | $ | 13,366,101 |
| | $ | 13,362,073 |
| | $ | 12,687,722 |
| | $ | 12,338,129 |
|
Net investment in rental properties | | 10,348,660 |
| | 10,156,553 |
| | 10,592,776 |
| | 10,376,176 |
| | 10,388,237 |
|
Real estate under development | | 546,075 |
| | 454,629 |
| | 355,735 |
| | 190,505 |
| | 242,326 |
|
Co-investments | | 1,335,339 |
| | 1,300,140 |
| | 1,155,984 |
| | 1,161,275 |
| | 1,036,047 |
|
Total assets | | 12,705,405 |
| | 12,383,596 |
| | 12,495,706 |
| | 12,217,408 |
| | 12,008,384 |
|
Total indebtedness, net | | 5,808,873 |
| | 5,605,942 |
| | 5,689,126 |
| | 5,563,260 |
| | 5,318,757 |
|
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | | 37,410 |
| | 35,475 |
| | 39,206 |
| | 44,684 |
| | 45,452 |
|
Cumulative redeemable preferred interest | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 71,209 |
|
Partners' capital | | 6,281,242 |
| | 6,329,613 |
| | 6,330,415 |
| | 6,244,364 |
| | 6,287,381 |
|
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. These consolidated financial statements include all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary to reflect a fair statement of the results and all such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature.
OVERVIEW
Essex is a self-administered and self-managed REIT that acquires, develops, redevelops, and manages apartment communities in selected residential areas located on the West Coast of the United States. Essex owns all of its interests in its real estate investments, directly or indirectly, through the Operating Partnership. Essex is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership and, as of December 31, 2019,2021, had an approximately 96.6% general partner interest in the Operating Partnership.
The Company’s investment strategy has two components: constant monitoring of existing markets, and evaluation of new markets to identify areas with the characteristics that underlie rental growth. The Company’s strong financial condition supports its investment strategy by enhancing its ability to quickly shift acquisition, development, redevelopment, and disposition activities to markets that will optimize the performance of the Company's portfolio.
As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company owned or had ownership interests in 250252 operating apartment communities, comprising 60,57061,911 apartment homes, excluding the Company's ownership in preferred equity co-investments, loan investments, onethree operating commercial buildingbuildings, and a development pipeline comprised of fiveone consolidated projectsproject and twoone unconsolidated joint venture projects.project.
The Company’s apartment communities are predominately located in the following major regions:
Southern California (primarily Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, and Ventura counties)
Northern California (the San Francisco Bay Area)
Seattle Metro (Seattle metropolitan area)
As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company’s development pipeline was comprised of fiveone consolidated projectsproject under development, twoone unconsolidated joint venture projectsproject under development, and various predevelopment projects aggregating 1,960371 apartment homes, with total incurred costs of $1.0 billion,$156.0 million, and estimated remaining project costs of approximately $222.0$61.0 million, $193.0$32.6 million of which represents the Company's estimated remaining costs, for total estimated project costs of $1.3 billion.$217.0 million.
As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company also had an ownership interest in onethree operating commercial buildingbuildings (totaling approximately 106,716281,000 square feet).
By region, the Company's operating results for 20192021 and 20182020 and projection for 20202022 new housing supply (defined as new multifamily apartment homes and single family homes, excluding developments with fewer than 50 apartment homes as well as student, senior and 100% affordable housing), projection for 20202022 job growth, and 20202022 estimated Same-Property revenue growth are as follows:
Southern California Region: As of December 31, 2019,2021, this region represented 45%43% of the Company’s consolidated operating apartment homes. Revenues for "2019"2021 Same-Properties" (as defined below), or "Same-Property revenues," increased 3.0%3.2% in 20192021 as compared to 2018.2020. In 2020,2022, the Company projects new residential supply of 31,40031,750 apartment homes and single family homes, which represents 0.5% of the total housing stock. The Company projects an increase of 91,850310,000 jobs or 1.2%, and an increase4.0% in 2020 Same-Property revenues of between 2.2% to 3.2% in 2020.the Southern California region.
Northern California Region: As of December 31, 2019,2021, this region represented 35%37% of the Company’s consolidated operating apartment homes. Same-Property revenues increased 3.8%decreased 5.6% in 20192021 as compared to 2018.2020. In 2020,2022, the Company projects new residential supply of 17,95018,250 apartment homes and single family homes, which represents 0.8% of the total housing stock. The Company projects an increase of 72,350157,000 jobs or 2.0%, and an increase4.7% in 2020 Same-Property revenues of between 2.6% to 3.6% in 2020.the Northern California region.
Seattle Metro Region: As of December 31, 2019,2021, this region represented 20% of the Company’s consolidated operating apartment homes. Same-Property revenues increased 3.8%decreased 1.7% in 20192021 as compared to 2018.2020. In 2020,2022, the Company projects new residential supply of 13,40014,800 apartment homes and single family homes, which represents 1.0%1.1% of the total housing stock. The
Company projects an increase of 43,20063,000 jobs or 2.4%, and an increase3.6% in 2020 Same-Property revenuesthe Seattle Metro region.
In total, the Company projects an increase in 20202022 Same-Property revenues of between 2.6%7.0% to 3.6%, as renewal and new leases are signed at higher rents in 2020 than 2019.8.5%. Same-Property operating expenses are projected to increase in 20202022 by 2.5%3.5% to 3.5%4.5%.
The Company’s consolidated operating communities are as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of | | As of |
| December 31, 2021 | | December 31, 2020 |
| Apartment Homes | | % | | Apartment Homes | | % |
Southern California | 22,190 | | | 43 | % | | 22,560 | | | 43 | % |
Northern California | 19,123 | | | 37 | % | | 19,319 | | | 37 | % |
Seattle Metro | 10,341 | | | 20 | % | | 10,217 | | | 20 | % |
Total | 51,654 | | | 100 | % | | 52,096 | | | 100 | % |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of | | As of |
| December 31, 2019 | | December 31, 2018 |
| Apartment Homes | | % | | Apartment Homes | | % |
Southern California | 22,674 |
| | 45 | % | | 22,674 |
| | 46 | % |
Northern California | 17,556 |
| | 35 | % | | 16,136 |
| | 33 | % |
Seattle Metro | 10,343 |
| | 20 | % | | 10,238 |
| | 21 | % |
Total | 50,573 |
| | 100 | % | | 49,048 |
| | 100 | % |
Co-investments, including Wesco I, Wesco III, Wesco IV, Wesco V, LLC, CPPIB,Wesco VI, BEXAEW, BEX II, BEX III,IV, and BEX IV500 Folsom communities, developments under construction, and preferred equity interest co-investment communities are not included in the table presented above for both periods. A community previously held in the BEX III co-investment was consolidated in the second quarter of 2021 and is excluded from the December 31, 2020 table but included in the December 31, 2021 table.
The COVID-19 Pandemic
The United States and other countries around the world are continuing to experience impacts related to the COVID-19 pandemic and its related variants which has created considerable instability, disruption, and uncertainty. Governmental authorities in impacted regions are taking extraordinary steps in an effort to slow down the spread of the viruses and mitigate its impact on affected populations. Federal, state and local jurisdictions have implemented varying forms of requirements related to sponsors and patrons of public gatherings and required businesses to make changes to their operations in a manner that negatively affects profitability, resulting in job losses and related financial impacts that may affect future operations to an unknown extent. While the California eviction moratorium sunsetted during the third quarter of 2021, other state and local eviction moratoriums and laws that limit rent increases during times of emergency and prohibit the ability to collect unpaid rent during certain timeframes continue to be in effect in various formats at various regions in which Essex's communities are located, impacting Essex and its properties. The Company is working to comply with the stated intent of local, county, state and federal laws. In that regard, the Company has implemented a wide range of practices to protect and support its employees and residents. Such measures include instituting a hybrid work model for corporate associates to work at the Company's corporate offices and remotely, and transitioning many public interactions with leasing staff to on-line and telephonic communications;
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the Company's residents, their health, their employment, and, thus, their ability to pay rent, have been and may continue to be impacted. To support residents, the Company has implemented the following steps, including, but not limited to:
•assembling a Resident Response Team to effectively and efficiently respond to resident needs and concerns with respect to the pandemic;
•structuring payment plans for residents who are unable to pay their rent as a result of the outbreak and waiving late fees where required or applicable for those residents; and
•establishing the Essex Cares fund for the purpose of supporting the Company’s residents and communities that are experiencing financial hardships caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the U.S. and world economies generally, and on the Company's results in particular, has been, and may continue to be significant. The long-term impact will largely depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including, but not limited to, whether employees and employers will continue to promote remote work if and when the pandemic concludes. This includes new information which may emerge concerning the severity of COVID-19 and related variants, the success of actions taken to contain or treat COVID-19, future laws that may be enacted, the impact on job growth and the broader economy, and reactions by consumers, companies, governmental entities and capital markets. The labor shortage due partly to various government mandates and vaccine requirements implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic and supply chain disruptions may negatively impact the Company's results of operations.
Primarily as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company's cash delinquencies as a percentage of scheduled rental income for the Company’s stabilized apartment communities or "Same-Property" (stabilized properties consolidated by the Company for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020) remained higher than the pre-pandemic period but improved from 2.5% for 2020 to 1.9% for 2021. The Company has executed some payment plans and will continue to work with residents
to collect such cash delinquencies. As a result of continued analysis of the collectability of delinquencies, reported delinquencies as a percentage of scheduled rent for the Company's Same-Property portfolio was 2.0% for the year ended December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, the delinquencies have not had a material adverse impact to the Company's liquidity position.
The COVID-19 pandemic has not negatively impacted the Company's ability to access traditional funding sources on the same or reasonably similar terms as were available in recent periods prior to the pandemic, as demonstrated by the Company's financing activity during the year ended December 31, 2021 discussed in the “Liquidity and Capital Resources" section below. The Company is not at material risk of not meeting the covenants in its credit agreements and is able to timely service its debt and other obligations.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 20192021 to the Year Ended December 31, 20182020
The Company’s average financial occupancy for the Company’s stabilized apartment communities or "2019"2021 Same-Property" (stabilized properties consolidated by the Company for the years ended December 31, 20192021 and 2018) decreased 102020) increased 40 basis points to 96.6%96.4% in 20192021 from 96.7%96.0% in 2018.2020. Financial occupancy is defined as the percentage resulting from dividing actual rental income by total potentialscheduled rental income. Actual rental income represents contractual rental income pursuant to leases without considering delinquency and concessions. Total potentialscheduled rental income represents the value of all apartment homes, with occupied apartment homes valued at contractual rental rates pursuant to leases and vacant apartment homes valued at estimated market rents. The Company believes that financial occupancy is a meaningful measure of occupancy because it considers the value of each vacant apartment home at its estimated market rate.
Market rates are determined using the recently signed effective rates on new leases at the property and are used as the starting point in the determination of the market rates of vacant apartment homes. The Company may increase or decrease these rates based on a variety of factors, including overall supply and demand for housing, concentration of new apartment deliveries within the same submarket which can cause periodic disruption due to greater rental concessions to increase leasing velocity, and rental affordability. Financial occupancy may not completely reflect short-term trends in physical occupancy and financial occupancy rates, and the Company's calculation of financial occupancy may not be comparable to financial occupancy disclosed by other REITs.
The Company does not take into account delinquency and concessions to calculate actual rent for occupied apartment homes and market rents for vacant apartment homes. The calculation of financial occupancy compares contractual rates for occupied apartment homes to estimated market rents for unoccupied apartment homes, and thus the calculation compares the gross value of all apartment homes excluding delinquency and concessions. For apartment communities that are development properties in lease-up without stabilized occupancy figures, the Company believes the physical occupancy rate is the appropriate performance metric. While an apartment community is in the lease-up phase, the Company’s primary motivation is to stabilize the property, which may entail the use of rent concessions and other incentives, and thus financial occupancy, which is based on contractual income is not considered the best metric to quantify occupancy.
The regional breakdown of the Company’s 20192021 Same-Property portfolio for financial occupancy for the years ended December 31, 20192021 and 20182020 is as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Years ended December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
Southern California | 96.8 | % | | 96.0 | % |
Northern California | 96.2 | % | | 96.1 | % |
Seattle Metro | 96.2 | % | | 96.0 | % |
|
| | | | | |
| Years ended December 31, |
| 2019 | | 2018 |
Southern California | 96.6 | % | | 96.7 | % |
Northern California | 96.7 | % | | 96.8 | % |
Seattle Metro | 96.6 | % | | 96.5 | % |
The following table provides a breakdown of revenue amounts, including the revenues attributable to 20192021 Same-Properties.
| | | | Number of Apartment | | Years Ended December 31, | | Dollar | | Percentage | | Number of Apartment | | Years Ended December 31, | | Dollar | | Percentage |
Property Revenues ($ in thousands) | | Homes | | 2019 | | 2018 | | Change | | Change | Property Revenues ($ in thousands) | | Homes | | 2021 | | 2020 | | Change | | Change |
2019 Same-Properties: | | | | | | | | | | | |
2021 Same-Properties: | | 2021 Same-Properties: | | | | | | | | | | |
Southern California | | 21,979 |
| | $ | 590,943 |
| | $ | 573,658 |
| | $ | 17,285 |
| | 3.0 | % | Southern California | | 20,800 | | | $ | 557,906 | | | $ | 540,771 | | | $ | 17,135 | | | 3.2 | % |
Northern California | | 15,685 |
| | 530,970 |
| | 511,679 |
| | 19,291 |
| | 3.8 | % | Northern California | | 16,072 | | | 490,513 | | | 519,746 | | | (29,233) | | | (5.6) | % |
Seattle Metro | | 10,238 |
| | 245,398 |
| | 236,525 |
| | 8,873 |
| | 3.8 | % | Seattle Metro | | 10,218 | | | 239,819 | | | 243,900 | | | (4,081) | | | (1.7) | % |
Total 2019 Same-Property revenues | | 47,902 |
| | 1,367,311 |
| | 1,321,862 |
| | 45,449 |
| | 3.4 | % | |
2019 Non-Same Property Revenues | | |
| | 83,317 |
| �� | 69,008 |
| | 14,309 |
| | 20.7 | % | |
Total property revenues | | |
| | $ | 1,450,628 |
| | $ | 1,390,870 |
| | $ | 59,758 |
| | 4.3 | % | |
Total 2021 Same-Property Revenues | | Total 2021 Same-Property Revenues | | 47,090 | | | 1,288,238 | | | 1,304,417 | | | (16,179) | | | (1.2) | % |
2021 Non-Same Property Revenues | | 2021 Non-Same Property Revenues | | | | 143,180 | | | 181,733 | | | (38,553) | | | (21.2) | % |
Total Property Revenues | | Total Property Revenues | | | | $ | 1,431,418 | | | $ | 1,486,150 | | | $ | (54,732) | | | (3.7) | % |
Essex’s business is operated primarily through the Operating Partnership. Essex issues public equity from time to time, but does not otherwise generate any capital itself or conduct any business itself, other than incurring certain expenses from operating as a public company which are fully reimbursed by the Operating Partnership. Essex itself does not hold any indebtedness, and its only material asset is its ownership of partnership interests of the Operating Partnership. Essex’s principal funding requirement is the payment of dividends on its common stock and preferred stock. Essex’s sole source of funding for its dividend payments is distributions it receives from the Operating Partnership.
The liquidity of Essex is dependent on the Operating Partnership’s ability to make sufficient distributions to Essex. The primary cash requirement of Essex is its payment of dividends to its stockholders. Essex also guarantees some of the Operating Partnership’s debt, as discussed further in Notes 7 and 8 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part IV, Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. If the Operating Partnership fails to fulfill certain of its debt requirements, which trigger Essex’s guarantee obligations, then Essex will be required to fulfill its cash payment commitments under such guarantees. However, Essex’s only significant asset is its investment in the Operating Partnership.
For Essex to maintain its qualification as a REIT, it must pay dividends to its stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains. While historically Essex has satisfied this distribution requirement by making cash distributions to its stockholders, it may choose to satisfy this requirement by making distributions of other property, including, in limited circumstances, Essex’s own stock. As a result of this distribution requirement, the Operating Partnership cannot rely on retained earnings to fund its ongoing operations to the same extent that other companies whose parent companies are not REITs can. Essex may need to continue to raise capital in the equity markets to fund the Operating Partnership’s working capital needs, acquisitions and developments.
The Company’s unsecured lines of credit and unsecured debt agreements contain debt covenants related to limitations on indebtedness and liabilities and maintenance of minimum levels of consolidated earnings before depreciation, interest and amortization. The Company was in compliance with the debt covenants as of December 31, 20192021 and 2018.2020.
The Company pays quarterly dividends from cash available for distribution. Until it is distributed, cash available for distribution is invested by the Company primarily in investment grade securities held available for sale or is used by the Company to reduce balances outstanding under its lines of credit.
The Company uses interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, and total return swap contracts to manage certain interest rate risks. The valuation of these instruments is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves. The fair values of interest rate swaps and total return swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts (or payments) and the discounted expected variable cash payments (or receipts). The variable cash payments (or receipts) are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. The Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty's nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements.
The Company has four total return swap contracts, with an aggregate notional amount of $255.4$224.4 million, that effectively converts $255.4$224.4 million of mortgage notes payable to a floating interest rate based on the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association Municipal Swap Index ("SIFMA") plus a spread. The total return swaps provide fair market value protection on the mortgage notes payable to our counterparties during the initial period of the total return swap until the Company's option to call the mortgage notes at par can be exercised. The Company can currently call all four of the total return swaps, with $255.4$224.4 million of the outstanding debt at par. These derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting.
As of December 31, 2019, the Company had no interest rate caps. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had interest rate caps, which were not accounted for as hedges, totaling a notional amount of $9.9 million that effectively limited the Company’s exposure to interest rate risk by providing a ceiling on the variable interest rate for $9.9 million of the Company’s tax exempt variable rate debt. These interest rate caps matured in December 2019.
As of December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, the aggregate carrying value of the interest rate swap contracts was an asseta liability of $1.0zero and $2.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and $5.8 million, respectively, and is included2020, the swap contracts were presented in prepaid expenses and other assets on the consolidated balance sheets andas a liability of $0.2zero and $2.4 million, and zero, respectively, and iswere included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The aggregate carrying value of the interest rate caps was zero on the balance sheets as of both December 31, 2019 and 2018. The aggregate carrying and fair value of the total return swaps was zero at both December 31, 20192021 and 2018.2020.
Hedge ineffectiveness related to cash flow hedges, which is reported in current year income as interest expense, net was zero, zero, and a loss of $0.2 million, a loss of $0.1 million, and a gain of $0.1 million, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 2017,2019, respectively.
Issuance of Common Stock
In September 2018, the Company filed a new shelf registration statement with the SEC, allowing the Company to sell an undetermined number or amount of certain equity and debt securities of the Company, as defined in the prospectus contained in the shelf registration statement.
Also in September 2018,2021, the Company entered into the 2021 ATM Program, a new equity distribution agreement pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate gross sales price of up to $900.0 million (the "2018 ATM Program").million. In connection with the 20182021 ATM Program, the Company may also enter into related forward sale agreements, whereby, at the Company’s discretion, itand may sell shares of its common stock under the 2018 ATM Program under forward salepursuant to these agreements. The use of a forward sale agreement would allow the Company to lock in a share price on the sale of shares of its common stock at the time the agreement is executed, but defer receivingreceipt of the proceeds from the sale of shares until a later date. date should the Company elect to settle such forward sale agreement, in whole or in part, in shares of common stock.
The 2021 ATM Program replaces the prior equity distribution agreement entered into in September 2018 (the "2018 ATM Program"), which was terminated upon the establishment of the 2021 ATM Program. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company anticipates usingdid not sell any shares of its common stock through the net proceeds, which are contributed2021 ATM Program or through the 2018 ATM Program. As of December 31, 2021, there were no outstanding forward purchase agreements, and $900.0 million of shares remain available to be sold under the Operating Partnership, to acquire, develop, or redevelop properties, which primarily will be apartment communities, to make other investments and for working capital or general corporate purposes, which may include2021 ATM Program. For the repaymentyear ended December 31, 2020, the Company did not issue any shares of indebtedness.
its common stock through the 2018 ATM Program. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company issued 228,271 shares of common stock through the 2018 ATM Program at an average price of $321.56 per share for proceeds of $73.4 million. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company did not sell any shares of its common stock through the 2018 ATM Program or through the previous equity distribution agreement. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company issued 345,444 shares of common stock through the previous equity distribution agreement at an average price of $260.38 per share for total proceeds of $89.9 million. As of December 31, 2019, $826.6 million of shares remains available to be sold under the 2018 ATM Program.
Capital Expenditures
Non-revenue generating capital expenditures are improvements and upgrades that extend the useful life of the property. For the year ended December 31, 2019,2021, non-revenue generating capital expenditures totaled approximately $1,764$1,914 per apartment home. These expenditures do not include the improvements required in connection with the origination of mortgage loans, expenditures for deferred maintenance on acquisition properties, expenditures for property renovations and improvements which are expected to generate additional revenue or cost savings, and do not include expenditures incurred due to changes in government regulations that the Company would not have incurred otherwise, costs related to the COVID-19 pandemic, retail, furniture and fixtures, or expenditures for which the Company expects to be reimbursed. The Company expects that cash from operations and/or its lines of credit will fund such expenditures.
Development and Predevelopment Pipeline
The Company defines development projects as new communities that are being constructed, or are newly constructed and are in a phase of lease-up and have not yet reached stabilized operations. As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company's development pipeline was comprised of fiveone consolidated projectsproject under development, twoone unconsolidated joint venture projectsproject under development and various consolidated predevelopment projects, aggregating 1,960371 apartment homes, with total incurred costs of $1.0 billion,$156.0 million, and estimated remaining project costs of approximately $222.0$61.0 million, $193.0$32.6 million of which represents the Company's estimated remaining costs, for total estimated project costs of $1.3 billion.$217.0 million.
The Company defines predevelopment projects as proposed communities in negotiation or in the entitlement process with an expected high likelihood of becoming entitled development projects. The Company may also acquire land for future development purposes or sale.
The Company expects to fund the development and predevelopment pipelinecommunities by using a combination of some or all of the following sources: its working capital, amounts available on its lines of credit, construction loans, net proceeds from public and private equity and debt issuances, and proceeds from the disposition of assets, if any.
Redevelopment Pipeline
The Company defines redevelopment communities as existing properties owned or recently acquired, which have been targeted for additional investment by the Company with the expectation of increased financial returns through property improvement. During redevelopment, apartment homes may not be available for rent and, as a result, may have less than stabilized operations. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had ownership interests in four major redevelopment communities aggregating 1,327 apartment homes with estimated redevelopment costs of $132.7 million, of which approximately $14.9 million remains to be expended.
Alternative Capital Sources
The Company utilizes co-investments as an alternative source of capital for acquisitions of both operating and development communities. As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company had an interest in 806264 apartment homes in communities actively under development with joint ventures for total estimated costs of $0.6 billion.$102.0 million. Total estimated remaining costs total approximately $0.1 billion,$58.0 million, of which the Company estimates that its remaining investment in these development joint ventures will be approximately $29.5$29.6 million. In addition, the Company had an interest in 10,67210,257 apartment homes in operating communities with joint ventures and other investments for a total book value of $0.7 billion.$565.3 million.
Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments
The following table summarizes our obligations at December 31, 2019 ($ in thousands):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ending |
| | 2020 | | 2021 and 2022 | | 2023 and 2024 | | Thereafter | | Total |
Mortgage notes payable | | $ | 288,057 |
| | $ | 74,841 |
| | $ | 6,054 |
| | $ | 618,383 |
| | $ | 987,335 |
|
Unsecured debt | | — |
| | 1,150,000 |
| | 1,000,000 |
| | 2,650,000 |
| | 4,800,000 |
|
Lines of credit | | — |
| | — |
| | 55,000 |
| | — |
| | 55,000 |
|
Interest on indebtedness (1) | | 209,711 |
| | 343,462 |
| | 254,353 |
| | 622,817 |
| | 1,430,343 |
|
Ground leases | | 3,506 |
| | 7,012 |
| | 7,012 |
| | 124,991 |
| | 142,521 |
|
Operating leases | | 3,349 |
| | 6,753 |
| | 6,433 |
| | 21,682 |
| | 38,217 |
|
| | $ | 504,623 |
| | $ | 1,582,068 |
| | $ | 1,328,852 |
| | $ | 4,037,873 |
| | $ | 7,453,416 |
|
| |
(1)
| Interest on indebtedness for variable debt was calculated using interest rates as of December 31, 2019. |
We have a commitment, which is not reflected in the table above, to make additional capital contributions to a limited partnership in which we hold an equity interest. The capital contributions may be called by the general partner at any time until September 2022 after giving appropriate notice. As of December 31, 2019, we had committed to make additional capital contributions totaling up to $8.1 million if and when called by the general partner of the limited partnership until September 2022.
Real Estate and Other Commitments
The following table summarizes the Company's unfunded real estate commitmentand other future commitments at December 31, 20192021 ($ in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Number of Properties | | Investment | | Remaining Commitment |
Joint ventures (1): | | | | | | |
Preferred equity investments | | 4 | | | $ | 128,000 | | | $ | 27,867 | |
Mezzanine loans | | 2 | | | 140,000 | | | 52,734 | |
Non-core co-investments | | — | | | 37,000 | | | 16,020 | |
| | | | | | |
Consolidated: | | | | | | |
Real estate under development | | 1 | | | 91,162 | | | 3,000 | |
| | | | $ | 396,162 | | | $ | 99,621 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Number of Properties | | Investment | | Remaining Commitment |
Joint ventures: | | | | | | |
Preferred equity investments | | 7 |
| | $ | 166,500 |
| | $ | 20,300 |
|
Real estate under development (1) | | 2 |
| | 245,825 |
| | 29,500 |
|
| | | | | | |
Consolidated: | | | | | | |
Real estate under development | | 5 |
| | 557,415 |
| | 162,900 |
|
| |
|
| | $ | 969,740 |
| | $ | 212,700 |
|
(1) Excludes approximately $29.6 million of the Company's share of estimated project costs for Scripps Mesa Apartments which have been fully funded.
| |
(1)At December 31, 2021, the Company had operating lease commitments of $167.4 million for ground, building and garage leases with maturity dates ranging from 2025 to 2083. $7.0 million of this commitment is due within the next twelve months.
| Estimated project cost for development of the Company's 500 Folsom project is net of a projected value for low-income housing tax credit proceeds and the value of the tax exempt bond structure. |
Variable Interest Entities
In accordance with accounting standards for consolidation of variable interest entities ("VIEs"), the Company consolidates the Operating Partnership, 1718 DownREIT entities (comprising nine communities) and six co-investments as of December 31, 2019.2021. As of December 31, 2018,2020, the Company consolidated the Operating Partnership, 1617 DownREIT entities (comprising eightnine communities), and eightfive co-investments. The Company consolidates these entities because it is deemed the primary beneficiary. Essex has no assets or liabilities other than its investment in the Operating Partnership. The consolidated total assets and liabilities related to the above consolidated co-investments and DownREIT entities, net of intercompany eliminations, were approximately $1.0 billion$909.3 million and $364.3$320.1 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2019,2021, and $849.8$898.5 million and $261.7$326.8 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2018.2020. Noncontrolling interests in these entities were $122.5$122.4 million and $64.5$120.8 million as of December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, respectively. The Company's financial risk in each VIE is limited to its equity investment in the VIE. As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company did not have any other VIEs of which it was deemed to be the primary beneficiary and did not have any VIEs of which it was not deemed to be the primary beneficiary.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures of
contingent assets and liabilities. The Company defines critical accounting policiesestimates as those accounting policiesestimates that requireinvolve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on the Company's management to exercise their most difficult, subjective and complex judgments.financial condition or results of operations of the Company. The Company’s critical accounting policies and estimates relate principally to the following key areas: (i) accounting for the acquisition of investments in real estate (specifically, the allocation between land and buildings)buildings during the
year ended December 31, 2020); and (ii) evaluation of events and changes in circumstances indicating whether the Company’s rental properties may be impaired. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, current market conditions, and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from those estimates made by management.
The Company accounts for its acquisitions of investments in real estate by assessing each acquisition to determine if it meets the definition of a business or if it qualifies as an asset acquisition. We expect that acquisitions of individual operating communities will generally be viewed as asset acquisitions, and result in the capitalization of acquisition costs, and the allocation of purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the relative fair value of the respective assets and liabilities.
In making estimates of relative fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, the Company utilizes a number of sources, including independent land appraisals which consider comparable market transactions, its own analysis of recently acquired or developed comparable properties in our portfolio for land comparables and building replacement costs, and other publicly available market data. In calculating the fair value of identified intangible assets of an acquired property, the in-place leases are valued based on in-place rent rates and amortized over the average remaining term of all acquired leases. The allocation of the total consideration exchanged for a real estate acquisition between the identifiable assets and liabilities and the depreciation we recognize over the estimated useful life of the asset could be impacted by different assumptions and estimates used in the calculation. The reasonable likelihood that the estimate could have a material impact on the financial condition of the Company is based on the total consideration exchanged for real estate during any given year. The allocation of the value between land and building was a critical accounting estimate during the year ended December 31, 2020 as result of the potential material impact of the Company's acquisition of a land parcel and six communities for a total purchase price of $463.4 million.
The Company periodically assesses the carrying value of its real estate investments for indicators of impairment. The judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on monitoring investment market conditions and performance compared to budget for operating properties including the net operating income for the most recent 12 month period, monitoring estimated costs for properties under development, the Company's ability to hold and its intent with regard to each asset, and each property's remaining useful life. Although each of these may result in an impairment indicator, the shortening of an expected holding period due to the potential sale of a property is the most likely impairment indicator. Whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a property held for investment may not be fully recoverable, the carrying amount is evaluated. If the sum of the property’s expected future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) is less than the carrying amount of the property, then the Company will recognize an impairment loss equal to the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the property.
WhenChanges in operating and market conditions may result in a change of our intent to hold the Company determines that a property is held for sale, it discontinuesthrough the periodic depreciationend of that property. The criteria for determining when a property is held for sale requires judgmentits useful life and has potential financial statementmay impact as depreciation would cease and an impairment loss could occur upon determination of held for sale status. Assets held for sale are reported at the lowerassumptions utilized to determine the future cash flows of the carrying amount or estimated fair value less costs to sell.real estate investment.
The Company bases its accounting estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may vary from those estimates and those estimates could be different under different assumptions or conditions.
Funds from Operations
Funds from Operations ("FFO") is a financial measure that is commonly used in the REIT industry. The Company presents FFO and FFO excluding non-core items (referred to as "Core FFO") as supplemental operating performance measures. FFO and Core FFO are not used by the Company as, nor should they be considered to be, alternatives to net income computed under U.S. GAAP as an indicator of the Company’s operating performance or as alternatives to cash from operating activities computed under U.S. GAAP as an indicator of the Company's ability to fund its cash needs.
FFO and Core FFO are not meant to represent a comprehensive system of financial reporting and do not present, nor do they intend to present, a complete picture of the Company's financial condition and operating performance. The Company believes that net income computed under U.S. GAAP is the primary measure of performance and that FFO and Core FFO are only meaningful when they are used in conjunction with net income. The Company considers FFO and Core FFO to be useful financial performance measurements of an equity REIT because, together with net income and cash flows, FFO and Core FFO provide investors with additional bases to evaluate operating performance and ability of a REIT to incur and service debt and to fund acquisitions and other capital expenditures and to pay dividends. By excluding gains or losses related to sales of depreciated operating properties and excluding real estate depreciation (which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates), FFO can help investors compare the operating performance of a real estate company between periods or as compared to different companies. By further adjusting for items that are not considered part of the Company’s core business operations, Core FFO allows investors to compare the core
operating performance of the Company to its performance in prior reporting periods and to the operating performance of other real estate companies without the effect of items that by their nature are not comparable from period to period and tend to obscure the Company’s actual operating results. The Company believes that its consolidated financial statements, prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, provide the most meaningful picture of its financial condition and its operating performance.
In calculating FFO, the Company follows the definition for this measure published by NAREIT, which is the leading REIT industry association. The Company believes that, under the NAREIT FFO definition, the two most significant adjustments made to net income are (i) the exclusion of historical cost depreciation and (ii) the exclusion of gains and losses from the sale of previously depreciated properties. The Company agrees that these two NAREIT adjustments are useful to investors for the following reasons:
(a)historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with U.S. GAAP assumes, through depreciation charges, that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. NAREIT stated in its White Paper on Funds from Operations “since real estate asset values have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry investors have considered presentations of operating results for real estate companies that use historical cost accounting to be insufficient by themselves." Consequently, NAREIT’s definition of FFO reflects the fact that real estate, as an asset class, generally appreciates over time and depreciation charges required by U.S. GAAP do not reflect the underlying economic realities.
(b)REITs were created as a legal form of organization in order to encourage public ownership of real estate as an asset class through investment in firms that were in the business of long-term ownership and management of real estate. The exclusion, in NAREIT’s definition of FFO, of gains and losses from the sales of previously depreciated operating real estate assets allows investors and analysts to readily identify the operating results of the long-term assets that form the core of a REIT’s activity and assists in comparing those operating results between periods.
Management believes that it has consistently applied the NAREIT definition of FFO to all periods presented. However, there is judgment involved and other REITs' calculation of FFO may vary from the NAREIT definition for this measure, and thus their disclosure of FFO may not be comparable to the Company’s calculation.
The table below is a reconciliation of net income available to common stockholders to FFO and Core FFO for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | As of and for the years ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| | ($ in thousands, except per share amounts) |
OTHER DATA: | | |
Funds from operations attributable to common stockholders and unitholders: | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 488,554 | | | $ | 568,870 | | | $ | 439,286 | |
Adjustments: | | | | | | |
Depreciation and amortization | | 520,066 | | | 525,497 | | | 483,750 | |
Gains not included in FFO attributable to common stockholders and unitholders | | (145,253) | | | (301,886) | | | (79,468) | |
Impairment loss | | — | | | 1,825 | | | 7,105 | |
Impairment loss from unconsolidated co-investments | | — | | | — | | | 11,484 | |
| | | | | | |
Depreciation and amortization from unconsolidated co-investments | | 61,059 | | | 51,594 | | | 60,655 | |
Noncontrolling interest related to Operating Partnership units | | 17,191 | | | 19,912 | | | 15,343 | |
| | | | | | |
Depreciation attributable to third party ownership and other | | (571) | | | (539) | | | (1,805) | |
Funds from operations attributable to common stockholders and unitholders | | $ | 941,046 | | | $ | 865,273 | | | $ | 936,350 | |
Non-core items: | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Expensed acquisition and investment related costs | | 203 | | | 1,591 | | | 168 | |
Deferred tax expense on unrealized gain on unconsolidated co-investment (1) | | 15,668 | | | 1,531 | | | 1,457 | |
Gain on sale of marketable securities | | (3,400) | | | (2,131) | | | (1,271) | |
Unrealized gains on marketable securities | | (33,104) | | | (12,515) | | | (5,710) | |
Provision for credit losses | | 141 | | | 687 | | | — | |
Equity income from non-core co-investment (2) | | (55,602) | | | (5,289) | | | (4,143) | |
Interest rate hedge ineffectiveness | | — | | | — | | | 181 | |
Loss (gain) on early retirement of debt, net | | 19,010 | | | 22,883 | | | (3,717) | |
Loss (gain) on early retirement of debt from unconsolidated co-investment | | 25 | | | (38) | | | — | |
Co-investment promote income | | — | | | (6,455) | | | (809) | |
Income from early redemption of preferred equity investments | | (8,469) | | | (210) | | | (3,562) | |
Accelerated interest income from maturity of investment in mortgage backed security | | — | | | (11,753) | | | (7,032) | |
| | | | | | |
General and administrative and other, net | | 1,026 | | | 14,958 | | | 1,181 | |
Insurance reimbursements, legal settlements, and other, net | | (35,234) | | | (81) | | | (858) | |
Core funds from operations attributable to common stockholders and unitholders | | $ | 841,310 | | | $ | 868,451 | | | $ | 912,235 | |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding, diluted (FFO) (3) | | 67,335 | | | 67,726 | | | 68,199 | |
Funds from operations attributable to common stockholders and unitholders per share - diluted | | $ | 13.98 | | | $ | 12.78 | | | $ | 13.73 | |
Core funds from operations attributable to common stockholders and unitholders per share - diluted | | $ | 12.49 | | | $ | 12.82 | | | $ | 13.38 | |
(1)Represents deferred tax expense related to net unrealized gains on technology co-investments.
(2)Represents the Company's share of co-investment income from technology co-investments.
(3)Assumes conversion of all outstanding OP Units into shares of the Company's common stock and excludes DownREIT units.
Net Operating Income
Net operating income ("NOI") and Same-Property NOI are considered by management to be important supplemental performance measures to earnings from operations included in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. The presentation of Same-Property NOI assists with the presentation of the Company’s operations prior to the allocation of depreciation and any corporate-level or financing-related costs. NOI reflects the operating performance of a community and allows for an easy comparison of the operating performance of individual communities or groups of communities. In addition, because prospective buyers of real estate have different financing and overhead structures, with varying marginal impacts to overhead by acquiring real estate, NOI is considered by many in the real estate industry to be a useful measure for determining the value of a real estate asset or group of assets. The Company defines Same-Property NOI as Same-Property revenues less Same-Property operating expenses, including property taxes. Please see the reconciliation of earnings from operations to NOI and Same-Property NOI, which in the table below is the NOI for stabilized properties consolidated by the Company for the periods presented ($ in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
Earnings from operations | $ | 529,995 | | | $ | 491,441 | | | $ | 481,112 | |
Adjustments: | | | | | |
Corporate-level property management expenses | 36,188 | | | 34,573 | | | 34,067 | |
Depreciation and amortization | 520,066 | | | 525,497 | | | 483,750 | |
Management and other fees from affiliates | (9,138) | | | (9,598) | | | (9,527) | |
General and administrative | 51,838 | | | 65,388 | | | 54,262 | |
Merger and integration expenses | — | | | — | | | — | |
Expensed acquisition and investment related costs | 203 | | | 1,591 | | | 168 | |
Impairment loss | — | | | 1,825 | | | 7,105 | |
(Gain) Loss on sale of real estate and land | (142,993) | | | (64,967) | | | 3,164 | |
NOI | 986,159 | | | 1,045,750 | | | 1,054,101 | |
Less: Non Same-Property NOI | (94,755) | | | (129,158) | | | (77,204) | |
Same-Property NOI | $ | 891,404 | | | $ | 916,592 | | | $ | 976,897 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
Earnings from operations | $ | 481,112 |
| | $ | 511,989 |
| | $ | 472,945 |
|
Adjustments: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Corporate-level property management expenses | 32,899 |
| | 31,062 |
| | 30,156 |
|
Depreciation and amortization | 483,750 |
| | 479,884 |
| | 468,881 |
|
Management and other fees from affiliates | (9,527 | ) | | (9,183 | ) | | (9,574 | ) |
General and administrative | 54,262 |
| | 53,451 |
| | 41,385 |
|
Expensed acquisition and investment related costs | 168 |
| | 194 |
| | 1,569 |
|
Impairment loss | 7,105 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
(Gain) Loss on sale of real estate and land | 3,164 |
| | (61,861 | ) | | (26,423 | ) |
NOI | 1,052,933 |
| | 1,005,536 |
| | 978,939 |
|
Less: Non Same-Property NOI | (63,492 | ) | | (53,044 | ) | | (55,389 | ) |
Same-Property NOI | $ | 989,441 |
| | $ | 952,492 |
| | $ | 923,550 |
|
Forward-Looking Statements
Certain statements in this "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K which are not historical facts may be considered forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act") and Section 21E of the Exchange Act, including statements regarding the Company's expectations, estimates, assumptions, hopes, intentions, beliefs and strategies regarding the future. Words such as "expects," "assumes," "anticipates," "may," "will," "intends," "plans," "projects," "believes," "seeks," "future," "estimates," and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements regarding the Company's expectations related to the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and related variants on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations and the impact of any additional measures taken to mitigate the impact of the pandemic, the Company's intent, beliefs or expectations with respect to the timing of completion of current development and redevelopment projects and the stabilization of such projects, the timing of lease-up and occupancy of its apartment communities, the anticipated operating performance of its apartment communities, the total projected costs of development and redevelopment projects, co-investment activities, qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code 2020of 1986, as amended, 2022 Same-Property revenue and operating expenses generally and in specific regions, 2020 Same-Property operating expenses, the real estate markets in the geographies in which the Company's properties are located and in the United States in general, the adequacy of future cash flows to meet anticipated cash needs, its financing activities and the use of proceeds from such activities, the availability of debt and equity financing, general economic conditions including the potential impacts from such economic conditions, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and governmental measures intended to prevent its spread, trends affecting the Company's financial condition or results of operations, changes to U.S. tax laws and regulations in general or specifically related to REITs or real estate, changes to laws and regulations in jurisdictions in which communities the Company owns are located, and other information that is not historical information.
While the Company's management believes the assumptions underlying its forward-looking statements are reasonable, such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond the Company’s control, which could cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The
Company cannot assure the future results or outcome of the matters described in these statements; rather, these statements merely reflect the Company’s current expectations of the approximate outcomes of the matters discussed. Factors that might cause the Company’s actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following: the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and related variants, which remains inherently uncertain as to duration and severity, and any additional governmental measures taken to limit its spread, and other potential future outbreaks of infectious diseases or other health concerns, which could continue to adversely affect the Company's business and its tenants, and cause a significant downturn in general economic conditions, the real estate industry, and the markets in which the Company's communities are located; uncertainty regarding ongoing hostility between Russia and the Ukraine and the related impact on macroeconomic conditions as a result of such conflict; the Company may fail to achieve its business objectives; the actual completion of development and redevelopment projects may be subject to delays; the stabilization dates of such projects may be delayed; the Company may abandon or defer development or redevelopment projects for a number of reasons, including changes in local market conditions which make development less desirable, increases in costs of development, increases in the cost of capital or lack of capital availability, resulting in losses; the total projected costs of current development and redevelopment projects may exceed expectations; such development and redevelopment projects may not be completed; development and redevelopment projects and acquisitions may fail to meet expectations; estimates of future income from an acquired property may prove to be inaccurate; occupancy rates and rental demand may be adversely affected by competition and local economic and market conditions; there may be increased interest rates and operating costs; the Company may be unsuccessful in the management of its relationships with its co-investment partners; future cash flows may be inadequate to meet operating requirements and/or may be insufficient to provide for dividend payments in accordance with REIT requirements; there may be a downturn in general economic conditions, the real estate industry and the markets in which the Company's communities are located; changes in laws or regulations; the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness; unexpected difficulties in leasing of development projects; volatility in financial and securities markets; the Company’s failure to successfully operate acquired properties; unforeseen consequences from cyber-
intrusion;cyber-intrusion; the Company’s inability to maintain our investment grade credit rating with the rating agencies; government approvals, actions and initiatives, including the need for compliance with environmental requirements; and those further risks, special considerations, and other factors discussed in Item 1A, Risk Factors, of this Form 10-K, and those risk factors and special considerations set forth in the Company’s other filings with the SEC which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Additionally, the risks, uncertainties and other factors set forth above or otherwise referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the other reports that the Company has filed with the SEC may be further amplified by the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and related variants. All forward-looking statements are made as of the date hereof, and the Company assumes no obligation to update or supplement this information for any reason, and therefore, they may not represent the Company's estimates and assumptions after the date of this report.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks
Interest Rate Hedging Activities
The Company’s objective in using derivatives is to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements or other identified risks. To accomplish this objective, the Company uses interest rate swaps as part of its cash flow hedging strategy. As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company had entered into fiveno outstanding interest rate swap contracts to mitigate the risk of changes in the interest-related cash outflows on $175.0 million of the unsecured term debt. As of December 31, 2019, the Company also had $255.4 million of secured variable rate indebtedness. All of the Company’s interest rate swaps are designated as cash flow hedges as of December 31, 2019. The following table summarizes the notional amount, carrying value, and estimated fair value of the Company’s cash flow hedge derivative instruments used to hedge interest rates as of December 31, 2019. The notional amount represents the aggregate amount of a particular security that is currently hedged at one time, but does not represent exposure to credit, interest rates or market risks. The table also includes a sensitivity analysis to demonstrate the impact on the Company’s derivative instruments from an increase or decrease in 10-year Treasury bill interest rates by 50 basis points, as of December 31, 2019.contracts.
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Carrying and | | Estimated Carrying Value |
| | | | Maturity | | Estimated | | + 50 | | - 50 |
($ in thousands) | | Notional Amount | | Date Range | | Fair Value | | Basis Points | | Basis Points |
Cash flow hedges: | | | | | | | | |
| | |
|
Interest rate swaps | | $ | 175,000 |
| | 2022 | | $ | 794 |
| | $ | 2,556 |
| | $ | 989 |
|
Total cash flow hedges | | $ | 175,000 |
| | 2022 | | $ | 794 |
| | $ | 2,556 |
| | $ | 989 |
|
Additionally, the Company has entered into total return swap contracts, with an aggregate notional amount of $255.4$224.4 million that effectively convert $255.4$224.4 million of fixed mortgage notes payable to a floating interest rate based on the SIFMA plus a spread and have a carrying value of zero at December 31, 2019.2021. The Company is exposed to insignificant interest rate risk on these swaps as the related mortgages are callable, at par, by the Company, co-terminus with the termination of any related swap. These derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting.
Interest Rate Sensitive Liabilities
The Company is exposed to interest rate changes primarily as a result of its lines of credit and long-term debt used to maintain liquidity and fund capital expenditures and expansion of the Company’s real estate investment portfolio and operations. The Company’s interest rate risk management objective is to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows and to lower its overall borrowing costs. To achieve its objectives, the Company borrows primarily at fixed rates and may enter into derivative financial instruments such as interest rate swaps, caps and treasury locks in order to mitigate its interest rate risk on a related financial instrument. The Company does not enter into derivative or interest rate transactions for speculative purposes.
The Company’s interest rate risk is monitored using a variety of techniques. The table below presents the principal amounts and weighted average interest rates by year of expected maturity to evaluate the expected cash flows. Management has estimated the fair value of the Company’s $5.2$5.8 billion of fixed rate debt at December 31, 2019,2021, to be $5.4$6.0 billion. Management has estimated the fair value of the Company’s $660.4$565.6 million of variable rate debt at December 31, 2019,2021, to be $655.8$561.7 million based on the
terms of existing mortgage notes payable and variable rate demand notes compared to those available in the marketplace. The following table represents scheduled principal payments ($ in thousands):
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| For the Years Ended December 31, |
($ in thousands, except for interest rates) | 2020 | | 2021 | | 2022 | | 2023 | | 2024 | | Thereafter | Total | | Fair value |
Fixed rate debt | $287,405 | | $530,940 | | $342,408 | | $602,093 | | $402,177 | | $3,016,884 | $5,181,907 | | $5,410,106 |
Average interest rate | 5.8% | | 4.3% | | 3.7% | | 3.7% | | 4.0% | | 3.7% | | | |
Variable rate debt (1) | $652 | | $713 | | $405,780 | | $852 | | $932 | | $251,499 | $660,428 | | $655,849 |
Average interest rate | 2.4% | | 2.4% | | 2.7% | | 2.4% | | 2.4% | | 2.3% | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| For the Years Ended December 31, |
($ in thousands, except for interest rates) | 2022 | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2025 | | 2026 | | Thereafter | Total | | Fair value |
Fixed rate debt | $42,408 | | $302,093 | | $402,177 | | $632,035 | | $548,291 | | $3,836,558 | $5,763,562 | | $5,996,335 |
Average interest rate | 3.6% | | 3.4% | | 4.0% | | 3.5% | | 3.5% | | 3.2% | | | |
Variable rate debt (1) | $780 | | $2,109 | | $932 | | $1,019 | | $1,114 | | $559,666 | $565,620 | | $561,670 |
Average interest rate | 1.2% | | 1.1% | | 1.2% | | 1.2% | | 1.2% | | 1.1% | | | |
| |
(1)(1)$224.4 million of variable rate debt is tax exempt to the note holders.
| $175.0 million is subject to interest rate protection agreements ($175.0 million is subject to interest rate swaps). $255.4 million is subject to total return swaps. |
The table incorporates only those exposures that exist as of December 31, 2019;2021; it does not consider those exposures or positions that could arise after that date. As a result, the Company’s ultimate realized gain or loss, with respect to interest rate fluctuations and hedging strategies would depend on the exposures that arise prior to settlement.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The response to this item is submitted as a separate section of this Form 10-K. See Item 15.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Not applicable.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Essex Property Trust, Inc.
As of December 31, 2019,2021, Essex carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including Essex's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of Essex's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, Essex’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of December 31, 2019,2021, Essex’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by Essex in the reports that Essex files or submits under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and that such disclosure controls and procedures were also effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that Essex files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to Essex’s management, including Essex’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There were no changes in Essex’s internal control over financial reporting, that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2019,2021, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Essex’s internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Essex’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Essex’s management assessed the effectiveness of Essex’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019.2021. In making this assessment, Essex’s management used the criteria set forth in the report entitled "Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013)" published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). Essex’s management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2019,2021, its internal control over financial reporting was effective based on these criteria. Essex’s independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, has issued an attestation report over Essex’s internal control over financial reporting, which is included herein.
Essex Portfolio, L.P.
As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Operating Partnership carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including Essex's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Operating Partnership's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of December 31, 2019,2021, the Operating Partnership’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by the Operating Partnership in the reports that the Operating Partnership files or submits under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and that such disclosure controls and procedures were also effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Operating Partnership files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Operating Partnership’s management, including Essex's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There were no changes in the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting, that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2019,2021, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The Operating Partnership’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). The Operating Partnership’s management assessed the effectiveness of the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019.2021. In making this assessment, the Operating Partnership’s management used the criteria set forth in the report entitled "Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013)" published by COSO. The Operating Partnership’s management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2019,2021, its internal control over financial reporting was effective based on these criteria.
Item 9B. Other Information
NoneNone.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference from our Proxy Statement, relating to our 20202022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, under the heading "Board and Corporate Governance Matters," to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2019.2021.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference from our Proxy Statement, relating to our 20202022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, under the headings "Executive Compensation" and "Director Compensation," to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2019.2021.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference from our Proxy Statement, relating to our 20202022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, under the heading "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management," to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2019.2021.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference from our Proxy Statement, relating to our 20202022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, under the heading "Certain Relationships and Related Persons Transactions," to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2019.2021.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference from our Proxy Statement, relating to our 20202022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, under the headings "Report of the Audit Committee" and "Fees Paid to KPMG LLP," to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2019.2021.
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(A) Financial Statements
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| | | | |
(1) Consolidated Financial Statements of Essex Property Trust, Inc. | Page |
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Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 185) | |
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Consolidated Balance Sheets: As of December 31, 20192021 and 20182020 | |
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Consolidated Statements of Income: Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019 | |
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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income: Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019 | |
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Consolidated Statements of Equity: Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019 | |
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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows: Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019 | |
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | |
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(2) Consolidated Financial Statements of Essex Portfolio, L.P. | |
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | |
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Consolidated Balance Sheets: As of December 31, 20192021 and 20182020 | |
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Consolidated Statements of Income: Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019 | |
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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income: Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019 | |
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Consolidated Statements of Capital: Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019 | |
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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows: Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019 | |
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | |
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(3) Financial Statement Schedule – Schedule III – Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation as of December 31, 20192021 | |
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(4) See the Exhibit Index immediately preceding the signature page and certifications for a list of exhibits filed or incorporated by reference as part of this report. | |
(B) Exhibits
The Company hereby files, as exhibits to this Form 10-K, those exhibits listed on the Exhibit Index referenced in Item 15(A)(4) above.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Essex Property Trust, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Essex Property Trust, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑yearthree-year period ended December 31, 2019,2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedule III(collectively, (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‑yearthree-year period ended December 31, 2019,2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019,2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control -– Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 20, 202025, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for leases as of January 1, 2019 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements.
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for the derecognition of nonfinancial assets as of January 1, 2018 due to the adoption of the Accounting Standard Codification Topic 610-20, Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit MattersMatter
The critical audit mattersmatter communicated below are mattersis a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that werewas communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relaterelates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit mattersmatter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit mattersmatter below, providing a separate opinionsopinion on the critical audit mattersmatter or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.it relates.
Evaluation of events or changes in circumstances that indicate rental properties may be impaired
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company had $10.3 billion in rental properties as of December 31, 2019. The Company evaluates the carrying amount of rental properties for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a rental property may not be fully recoverable.
The Company had $11.0 billion in rental properties as of December 31, 2021.
We identified the evaluation of events or changes in circumstances that indicate rental properties may be impaired as a critical audit matter. Specifically, a high degree of subjective and complex auditor judgment was required to evaluate the intent regarding the expected period the Company will receive cash flows from the rental property. Changes to shorten the expected period the Company will receive cash flows from the rental property could indicate a potential impairment.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter includedmatter. We evaluated the following. Wedesign and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s process to evaluate events or
changes in circumstances that would indicate rental properties may be impaired includingimpaired. This included controls over the process for determining the expected period the Company will receive cash flows from the rental property. We evaluated the Company’s assessment by 1)(1) inquiring with the Company about events or changes in circumstances considered by the Company, 2)(2) considering certain factors related to the current economic environment, and 3)(3) reading board of director’s minutes and external communications with investors and analysts. In addition, we visited and inspected certain rental property sites to observe the property conditions and inquired of property management personnel regarding events or changes in circumstances that indicate the rental properties may be impaired.
Evaluation of the value allocated to land and buildings in certain asset acquisitions
As discussed in Notes 2 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company acquired $373.3 million of real estate properties recorded as asset acquisitions for the year ended December 31, 2019. In asset acquisitions, the Company determines the value allocated to land and buildings using their relative estimated fair values.
We identified the evaluation of the value allocated to land and buildings in certain asset acquisitions as a critical audit matter. There was a high degree of subjective and complex auditor judgment in evaluating the fair value amounts used in the allocation of the purchase price to land and building. Specifically, the relevance and reliability of market information including comparable land sales identified and replacement costs used to determine the building value.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested certain internal controls over the Company’s land and building value estimation process in asset acquisitions including controls over the identification of publicly available and comparable land sales and key inputs used to estimate the replacement cost of the building. For certain asset acquisitions, with the assistance of valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, we 1) compared the Company’s determination of the fair value of land to independently developed ranges of estimates based on publicly available land sales, and 2) compared the key inputs in the Company’s replacement building cost value to ranges of estimates of market data such as industry guides used for developing replacement building values.
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1994.
San Francisco, California
February 20, 202025, 2022
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Essex Property Trust, Inc.:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Essex Property Trust, Inc. and subsidiaries’subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019,2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control -– Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019,2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control -– Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019,2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedule III (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 20, 202025, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’sManagement's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
San Francisco, California
February 20, 202025, 2022
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Partners of Essex Portfolio, L.P. and the Board of Directors of Essex Property Trust, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Essex Portfolio, L.P. and subsidiaries (the Operating Partnership) as of December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, capital, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑yearthree-year period ended December 31, 2019,2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedule III (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Operating Partnership as of December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‑yearthree-year period ended December 31, 2019,2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Operating Partnership has changed its method of accounting for leases as of January 1, 2019 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements.
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Operating Partnership has changed its method of accounting for the derecognition of nonfinancial assets as of January 1, 2018 due to the adoption of the Accounting Standard Codification Topic 610-20, Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Operating Partnership’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Operating Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Operating Partnership is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit MattersMatter
The critical audit mattersmatter communicated below are mattersis a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that werewas communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relaterelates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit mattersmatter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit mattersmatter below, providing a separate opinionsopinion on the critical audit mattersmatter or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.it relates.
Evaluation of events or changes in circumstances that indicate rental properties may be impaired
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Operating Partnership had $10.3 billion in rental properties as of December 31, 2019. The Operating Partnership evaluates the carrying amount of rental properties for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a rental property may not be fully recoverable. The Operating Partnership had $11.0 billion in rental properties as of December 31, 2021.
We identified the evaluation of events or changes in circumstances that indicate rental properties may be impaired as a critical audit matter. Specifically, a high degree of subjective and complex auditor judgment was required to evaluate the intent regarding the expected period the Operating Partnership will receive cash flows from the rental property. Changes to shorten the expected period the Operating Partnership will receive cash flows from the rental property could indicate a potential impairment.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter includedmatter. We evaluated the following. Wedesign and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Operating Partnership’s process to evaluate
events or changes in circumstances that would indicate rental properties may be impaired includingimpaired. This included controls over the process for determining the expected period the Operating Partnership will receive cash flows from the rental property. We evaluated the Operating Partnership’s assessment by 1)(1) inquiring with the Operating Partnership about events or changes in circumstances considered by the Operating Partnership, 2)(2) considering certain factors related to the current economic environment, and 3)(3) reading board of director’s minutes and external communications with investors and analysts. In addition, we visited and inspected certain rental property sites to observe the property conditions and inquired of property management personnel regarding events or changes in circumstances that indicate the rental properties may be impaired.
Evaluation of the value allocated to land and buildings in certain asset acquisitions
As discussed in Notes 2 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Operating Partnership acquired $373.3 million of real estate properties recorded as asset acquisitions for the year ended December 31, 2019. In asset acquisitions, the Operating Partnership determines the value allocated to land and buildings using their relative estimated fair values.
We identified the evaluation of the value allocated to land and buildings in certain asset acquisitions as a critical audit matter. There was a high degree of subjective and complex auditor judgment in evaluating the fair value amounts used in the allocation of the purchase price to land and building. Specifically, the relevance and reliability of market information including comparable land sales identified and replacement costs used to determine the building value.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested certain internal controls over the Operating Partnership’s land and building value estimation process in asset acquisitions including controls over the identification of publicly available and comparable land sales and key inputs used to estimate the replacement cost of the building. For certain asset acquisitions, with the assistance of valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, we 1) compared the Operating Partnership’s determination of the fair value of land to independently developed ranges of estimates based on publicly available land sales, and 2) compared the key inputs in the Operating Partnership’s replacement building cost value to ranges of estimates of market data such as industry guides used for developing replacement building values.
We have served as the Operating Partnership's auditor since 2013.
San Francisco, California
February 20, 202025, 2022
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets
December 31, 20192021 and 20182020
(Dollars in thousands, except share amounts) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
ASSETS |
Real estate: | | | |
Rental properties: | | | |
Land and land improvements | $ | 3,032,678 | | | $ | 2,929,009 | |
Buildings and improvements | 12,597,249 | | | 12,132,736 | |
| 15,629,927 | | | 15,061,745 | |
Less: accumulated depreciation | (4,646,854) | | | (4,133,959) | |
| 10,983,073 | | | 10,927,786 | |
Real estate under development | 111,562 | | | 386,047 | |
Co-investments | 1,177,802 | | | 1,018,010 | |
Real estate held for sale | — | | | 57,938 | |
| 12,272,437 | | | 12,389,781 | |
Cash and cash equivalents-unrestricted | 48,420 | | | 73,629 | |
Cash and cash equivalents-restricted | 10,218 | | | 10,412 | |
Marketable securities, net of allowance for credit losses of zero as of both December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 | 191,829 | | | 147,768 | |
Notes and other receivables, net of allowance for credit losses of $0.8 million as of both December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (includes related party receivables of $176.9 million and $4.7 million as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively) | 341,033 | | | 195,104 | |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 68,972 | | | 72,143 | |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 64,964 | | | 47,340 | |
Total assets | $ | 12,997,873 | | | $ | 12,936,177 | |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |
Unsecured debt, net | $ | 5,307,196 | | | $ | 5,607,985 | |
Mortgage notes payable, net | 638,957 | | | 643,550 | |
Lines of credit | 341,257 | | | — | |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 180,751 | | | 152,855 | |
Construction payable | 29,136 | | | 31,417 | |
Dividends payable | 143,213 | | | 141,917 | |
Operating lease liabilities | 70,675 | | | 74,037 | |
Liabilities associated with real estate held for sale | — | | | 29,845 | |
Distributions in excess of investments in co-investments | 35,545 | | | — | |
Other liabilities | 39,969 | | | 39,140 | |
Total liabilities | 6,786,699 | | | 6,720,746 | |
Commitments and contingencies | 0 | | 0 |
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | 34,666 | | | 32,239 | |
Equity: | | | |
Common stock; $0.0001 par value, 670,000,000 shares authorized; 65,248,393 and 64,999,015 shares issued and outstanding, respectively | 7 | | | 6 | |
Additional paid-in capital | 6,915,981 | | | 6,876,326 | |
Distributions in excess of accumulated earnings | (916,833) | | | (861,193) | |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net | (5,552) | | | (14,729) | |
Total stockholders' equity | 5,993,603 | | | 6,000,410 | |
Noncontrolling interest | 182,905 | | | 182,782 | |
Total equity | 6,176,508 | | | 6,183,192 | |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 12,997,873 | | | $ | 12,936,177 | |
|
| | | | | | | |
| 2019 | | 2018 |
ASSETS |
Real estate: | | | |
Rental properties: | | | |
Land and land improvements | $ | 2,773,805 |
| | $ | 2,701,356 |
|
Buildings and improvements | 11,264,337 |
| | 10,664,745 |
|
| 14,038,142 |
| | 13,366,101 |
|
Less: accumulated depreciation | (3,689,482 | ) | | (3,209,548 | ) |
| 10,348,660 |
| | 10,156,553 |
|
Real estate under development | 546,075 |
| | 454,629 |
|
Co-investments | 1,335,339 |
| | 1,300,140 |
|
| 12,230,074 |
| | 11,911,322 |
|
Cash and cash equivalents-unrestricted | 70,087 |
| | 134,465 |
|
Cash and cash equivalents-restricted | 11,007 |
| | 16,930 |
|
Marketable securities | 144,193 |
| | 209,545 |
|
Notes and other receivables (includes related party receivables of $90.2 million and $11.1 million as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) | 134,365 |
| | 71,895 |
|
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 74,744 |
| | — |
|
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 40,935 |
| | 39,439 |
|
Total assets | $ | 12,705,405 |
| | $ | 12,383,596 |
|
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |
Unsecured debt, net | $ | 4,763,206 |
| | $ | 3,799,316 |
|
Mortgage notes payable, net | 990,667 |
| | 1,806,626 |
|
Lines of credit | 55,000 |
| | — |
|
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 158,017 |
| | 127,086 |
|
Construction payable | 48,912 |
| | 59,345 |
|
Dividends payable | 135,384 |
| | 128,529 |
|
Operating lease liabilities | 76,740 |
| | — |
|
Other liabilities | 36,565 |
| | 33,375 |
|
Total liabilities | 6,264,491 |
| | 5,954,277 |
|
Commitments and contingencies |
|
| |
|
|
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | 37,410 |
| | 35,475 |
|
Equity: | |
| | |
|
Common stock; $.0001 par value, 670,000,000 shares authorized; 66,091,954 and 65,890,322 shares issued and outstanding, respectively | 7 |
| | 7 |
|
Additional paid-in capital | 7,121,927 |
| | 7,093,079 |
|
Distributions in excess of accumulated earnings | (887,619 | ) | | (812,796 | ) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net | (13,888 | ) | | (13,217 | ) |
Total stockholders' equity | 6,220,427 |
| | 6,267,073 |
|
Noncontrolling interest | 183,077 |
| | 126,771 |
|
Total equity | 6,403,504 |
| | 6,393,844 |
|
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 12,705,405 |
| | $ | 12,383,596 |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Income
Years ended December 31, 2019, 20182021, 2020 and 20172019
(Dollars in thousands, except per share and share amounts) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
Revenues: | | | | | |
Rental and other property | $ | 1,431,418 | | | $ | 1,486,150 | | | $ | 1,450,628 | |
Management and other fees from affiliates | 9,138 | | | 9,598 | | | 9,527 | |
| 1,440,556 | | | 1,495,748 | | | 1,460,155 | |
Expenses: | | | | | |
Property operating, excluding real estate taxes | 264,892 | | | 263,389 | | | 241,357 | |
Real estate taxes | 180,367 | | | 177,011 | | | 155,170 | |
Corporate-level property management expenses | 36,188 | | | 34,573 | | | 34,067 | |
Depreciation and amortization | 520,066 | | | 525,497 | | | 483,750 | |
General and administrative | 51,838 | | | 65,388 | | | 54,262 | |
Expensed acquisition and investment related costs | 203 | | | 1,591 | | | 168 | |
Impairment loss | — | | | 1,825 | | | 7,105 | |
| 1,053,554 | | | 1,069,274 | | | 975,879 | |
Gain (loss) on sale of real estate and land | 142,993 | | | 64,967 | | | (3,164) | |
Earnings from operations | 529,995 | | | 491,441 | | | 481,112 | |
Interest expense | (203,125) | | | (220,633) | | | (217,339) | |
Total return swap income | 10,774 | | | 10,733 | | | 8,446 | |
Interest and other income | 98,744 | | | 40,999 | | | 46,298 | |
Equity income from co-investments | 111,721 | | | 66,512 | | | 112,136 | |
| | | | | |
Deferred tax expense on unrealized gain on unconsolidated co-investment | (15,668) | | | (1,531) | | | (1,457) | |
(Loss) gain on early retirement of debt, net | (19,010) | | | (22,883) | | | 3,717 | |
Gain on remeasurement of co-investment | 2,260 | | | 234,694 | | | 31,535 | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Net income | 515,691 | | | 599,332 | | | 464,448 | |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (27,137) | | | (30,462) | | | (25,162) | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 488,554 | | | $ | 568,870 | | | $ | 439,286 | |
Per share data: | | | | | |
Basic: | | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 7.51 | | | $ | 8.69 | | | $ | 6.67 | |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year | 65,051,465 | | | 65,454,057 | | | 65,840,422 | |
Diluted: | | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 7.51 | | | $ | 8.69 | | | $ | 6.66 | |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year | 65,088,874 | | | 65,564,982 | | | 65,939,455 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
Revenues: | | | | | |
Rental and other property | $ | 1,450,628 |
| | $ | 1,390,870 |
| | $ | 1,354,325 |
|
Management and other fees from affiliates | 9,527 |
| | 9,183 |
| | 9,574 |
|
| 1,460,155 |
| | 1,400,053 |
| | 1,363,899 |
|
Expenses: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Property operating, excluding real estate taxes | 242,525 |
| | 233,764 |
| | 229,076 |
|
Real estate taxes | 155,170 |
| | 151,570 |
| | 146,310 |
|
Corporate-level property management expenses | 32,899 |
| | 31,062 |
| | 30,156 |
|
Depreciation and amortization | 483,750 |
| | 479,884 |
| | 468,881 |
|
General and administrative | 54,262 |
| | 53,451 |
| | 41,385 |
|
Expensed acquisition and investment related costs | 168 |
| | 194 |
| | 1,569 |
|
Impairment loss | 7,105 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| 975,879 |
| | 949,925 |
| | 917,377 |
|
Gain (loss) on sale of real estate and land | (3,164 | ) | | 61,861 |
| | 26,423 |
|
Earnings from operations | 481,112 |
| | 511,989 |
| | 472,945 |
|
Interest expense | (217,339 | ) | | (220,492 | ) | | (222,894 | ) |
Total return swap income | 8,446 |
| | 8,707 |
| | 10,098 |
|
Interest and other income | 46,298 |
| | 23,010 |
| | 24,604 |
|
Equity income from co-investments | 112,136 |
| | 89,132 |
| | 86,445 |
|
Deferred tax expense on unrealized gain on unconsolidated co-investment | (1,457 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
Gain (loss) on early retirement of debt, net | 3,717 |
| | — |
| | (1,796 | ) |
Gain on remeasurement of co-investment | 31,535 |
| | 1,253 |
| | 88,641 |
|
Net income | 464,448 |
| | 413,599 |
| | 458,043 |
|
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (25,162 | ) | | (23,446 | ) | | (24,984 | ) |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 439,286 |
| | $ | 390,153 |
| | $ | 433,059 |
|
Per share data: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Basic: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 6.67 |
| | $ | 5.91 |
| | $ | 6.58 |
|
Weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year | 65,840,422 |
| | 66,041,058 |
| | 65,829,155 |
|
Diluted: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 6.66 |
| | $ | 5.90 |
| | $ | 6.57 |
|
Weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year | 65,939,455 |
| | 66,085,089 |
| | 65,898,255 |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Years ended December 31, 2019, 20182021, 2020 and 20172019
(Dollars in thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
Net income | $ | 515,691 | | | $ | 599,332 | | | $ | 464,448 | |
Other comprehensive income (loss): | | | | | |
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | 9,170 | | | (4,148) | | | (2,948) | |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — | | | 3,338 | | | 1,824 | |
Change in fair value of marketable debt securities, net | 329 | | | (61) | | | 281 | |
Reversal of unrealized gains upon the sale of marketable debt securities | — | | | — | | | (32) | |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 9,499 | | | (871) | | | (875) | |
Comprehensive income | 525,190 | | | 598,461 | | | 463,573 | |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (27,459) | | | (30,432) | | | (25,133) | |
Comprehensive income attributable to controlling interest | $ | 497,731 | | | $ | 568,029 | | | $ | 438,440 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
Net income | $ | 464,448 |
| | $ | 413,599 |
| | $ | 458,043 |
|
Other comprehensive income (loss): | |
| | |
| | |
|
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | (2,948 | ) | | 7,824 |
| | 12,744 |
|
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | 1,824 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Change in fair value of marketable debt securities, net | 281 |
| | (118 | ) | | 3,284 |
|
Reversal of unrealized (gains) losses upon the sale of marketable debt securities | (32 | ) | | 13 |
| | (1,909 | ) |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | (875 | ) | | 7,719 |
| | 14,119 |
|
Comprehensive income | 463,573 |
| | 421,318 |
| | 472,162 |
|
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (25,133 | ) | | (23,702 | ) | | (25,451 | ) |
Comprehensive income attributable to controlling interest | $ | 438,440 |
| | $ | 397,616 |
| | $ | 446,711 |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Equity
Years ended December 31, 2019, 20182021, 2020 and 20172019
(Dollars and shares in thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Common stock | | Additional paid-in capital | | Distributions in excess of accumulated earnings | | Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net | | Noncontrolling interest | | Total |
| | | | | Shares | | Amount | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balances at December 31, 2018 | | | | | 65,890 | | | $ | 7 | | | $ | 7,093,079 | | | $ | (812,796) | | | $ | (13,217) | | | $ | 126,771 | | | $ | 6,393,844 | |
Net income | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 439,286 | | | — | | | 25,162 | | | 464,448 | |
Reversal of unrealized gains upon the sale of marketable debt securities | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (31) | | | (1) | | | (32) | |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,762 | | | 62 | | | 1,824 | |
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (2,849) | | | (99) | | | (2,948) | |
Change in fair value of marketable debt securities, net | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 272 | | | 9 | | | 281 | |
Issuance of common stock under: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Stock option and restricted stock plans, net | | | | | 195 | | | — | | | 33,779 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 33,779 | |
Sale of common stock, net | | | | | 228 | | | — | | | 72,539 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 72,539 | |
Equity based compensation costs | | | | | — | | | — | | | 11,029 | | | — | | | — | | | 1,254 | | | 12,283 | |
Retirement of common stock, net | | | | | (234) | | | — | | | (56,989) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (56,989) | |
Cumulative effect upon adoption of ASU No. 2017-12 | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 175 | | | 6 | | | 181 | |
Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | | | | | — | | | — | | | (3,427) | | | — | | | — | | | 1,419 | | | (2,008) | |
Changes in noncontrolling interest from acquisition | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 65,472 | | | 65,472 | |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (28,493) | | | (28,493) | |
Redemptions of noncontrolling interest | | | | | 13 | | | — | | | (28,083) | | | — | | | — | | | (8,485) | | | (36,568) | |
Common stock dividends ($7.80 per share) | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (514,109) | | | — | | | — | | | (514,109) | |
Balances at December 31, 2019 | | | | | 66,092 | | | $ | 7 | | | $ | 7,121,927 | | | $ | (887,619) | | | $ | (13,888) | | | $ | 183,077 | | | $ | 6,403,504 | |
Net income | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 568,870 | | | — | | | 30,462 | | | 599,332 | |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 3,225 | | | 113 | | | 3,338 | |
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (4,007) | | | (141) | | | (4,148) | |
Change in fair value of marketable debt securities, net | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (59) | | | (2) | | | (61) | |
Issuance of common stock under: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Stock option and restricted stock plans, net | | | | | 95 | | | — | | | 9,201 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 9,201 | |
Sale of common stock, net | | | | | — | | | — | | | (296) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (296) | |
| | | Common stock | | Additional paid-in | | Distributions in excess of accumulated | | Accumulated other comprehensive | | Noncontrolling | | | |
| Shares | | Amount | | capital | | earnings | | loss, net | | Interest | | Total | |
Balances at December 31, 2016 | 65,528 |
| | $ | 6 |
| | $ | 7,029,679 |
| | $ | (805,409 | ) | | $ | (32,098 | ) | | $ | 100,059 |
| | $ | 6,292,237 |
| |
Net income | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 433,059 |
| | — |
| | 24,984 |
| | 458,043 |
| |
Reversal of unrealized gains upon the sale of marketable securities | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (1,846 | ) | | (63 | ) | | (1,909 | ) | |
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 12,322 |
| | 422 |
| | 12,744 |
| |
Change in fair value of marketable securities, net | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 3,176 |
| | 108 |
| | 3,284 |
| |
Issuance of common stock under: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Stock option and restricted stock plans, net | 179 |
| | — |
| | 26,635 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 26,635 |
| |
Sale of common stock, net | 345 |
| | 1 |
| | 89,054 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 89,055 |
| |
Equity based compensation costs | — |
| | — |
| | 9,529 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,773 |
| | 11,302 |
| Equity based compensation costs | | — | | | — | | | 12,453 | | | — | | | — | | | 460 | | | 12,913 | |
Retirement of common stock, net | | Retirement of common stock, net | | (1,197) | | | (1) | | | (269,314) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (269,315) | |
Cumulative effect upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 | | Cumulative effect upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (190) | | | — | | | — | | | (190) | |
Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |
| | — |
| | (136 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 71 |
| | (65 | ) | Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | | — | | | — | | | 4,375 | | | — | | | — | | | (76) | | | 4,299 | |
Changes in noncontrolling interest from acquisition | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 22,506 |
| | 22,506 |
| Changes in noncontrolling interest from acquisition | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,349 | | | 1,349 | |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (27,051 | ) | | (27,051 | ) | Distributions to noncontrolling interest | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (31,367) | | | (31,367) | |
Redemptions of noncontrolling interest | 2 |
| | — |
| | (25,190 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (3,390 | ) | | (28,580 | ) | Redemptions of noncontrolling interest | | 9 | | | — | | | (2,020) | | | — | | | — | | | (1,093) | | | (3,113) | |
Common stock dividends ($7.00 per share) | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (461,376 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (461,376 | ) | |
Balances at December 31, 2017 | 66,054 |
| | $ | 7 |
| | $ | 7,129,571 |
| | $ | (833,726 | ) | | $ | (18,446 | ) | | $ | 119,419 |
| | $ | 6,396,825 |
| |
Common stock dividends ($8.31 per share) | | Common stock dividends ($8.31 per share) | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (542,254) | | | — | | | — | | | (542,254) | |
Balances at December 31, 2020 | | Balances at December 31, 2020 | | 64,999 | | | $ | 6 | | | $ | 6,876,326 | | | $ | (861,193) | | | $ | (14,729) | | | $ | 182,782 | | | $ | 6,183,192 | |
Net income | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 390,153 |
| | — |
| | 23,446 |
| | 413,599 |
| Net income | | | 488,554 | | | 27,137 | | | 515,691 | |
Reversal of unrealized losses upon the sale of marketable securities | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 13 |
| | — |
| | 13 |
| |
| Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 7,564 |
| | 260 |
| | 7,824 |
| Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 8,859 | | | 311 | | | 9,170 | |
Change in fair value of marketable debt securities, net | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (114 | ) | | (4 | ) | | (118 | ) | Change in fair value of marketable debt securities, net | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 318 | | | 11 | | | 329 | |
Issuance of common stock under: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Issuance of common stock under: | | |
Stock option and restricted stock plans, net | 41 |
| | — |
| | 6,213 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 6,213 |
| Stock option and restricted stock plans, net | | 279 | | | 1 | | | 53,051 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 53,052 | |
Sale of common stock, net | — |
| | — |
| | (919 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (919 | ) | Sale of common stock, net | | — | | | — | | | (455) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (455) | |
Equity based compensation costs | — |
| | — |
| | 11,651 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,200 |
| | 12,851 |
| Equity based compensation costs | | — | | | — | | | 11,286 | | | — | | | — | | | 397 | | | 11,683 | |
Retirement of common stock, net | (210 | ) | | — |
| | (51,233 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (51,233 | ) | Retirement of common stock, net | | (40) | | | — | | | (9,172) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (9,172) | |
| Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | | Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | | — | | | — | | | (7,489) | | | — | | | — | | | 599 | | | (6,890) | |
Contributions from noncontrolling interest | | Contributions from noncontrolling interest | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,900 | | | 1,900 | |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | | Distributions to noncontrolling interest | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (29,341) | | | (29,341) | |
Redemptions of noncontrolling interest | | Redemptions of noncontrolling interest | | 10 | | | — | | | (7,566) | | | — | | | — | | | (891) | | | (8,457) | |
Common stock dividends ($8.36 per share) | | Common stock dividends ($8.36 per share) | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (544,194) | | | — | | | — | | | (544,194) | |
Balances at December 31, 2021 | | Balances at December 31, 2021 | | 65,248 | | | $ | 7 | | | $ | 6,915,981 | | | $ | (916,833) | | | $ | (5,552) | | | $ | 182,905 | | | $ | 6,176,508 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cumulative effect upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2,234 |
| | (2,234 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
Cumulative effect upon adoption of ASU No. 2017-05 | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 119,651 |
| | — |
| | 4,057 |
| | 123,708 |
|
Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |
| | — |
| | (1,143 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (21 | ) | | (1,164 | ) |
Changes in noncontrolling interest from acquisition | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 7,919 |
| | 7,919 |
|
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (29,233 | ) | | (29,233 | ) |
Redemptions of noncontrolling interest | 5 |
| | — |
| | (1,061 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (272 | ) | | (1,333 | ) |
Common stock dividends ($7.44 per share) | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (491,108 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (491,108 | ) |
Balances at December 31, 2018 | 65,890 |
| | $ | 7 |
| | $ | 7,093,079 |
| | $ | (812,796 | ) | | $ | (13,217 | ) | | $ | 126,771 |
| | $ | 6,393,844 |
|
Net income | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 439,286 |
| | — |
| | 25,162 |
| | 464,448 |
|
Reversal of unrealized gains upon the sale of marketable debt securities | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (31 | ) | | (1 | ) | | (32 | ) |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,762 |
| | 62 |
| | 1,824 |
|
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (2,849 | ) | | (99 | ) | | (2,948 | ) |
Change in fair value of marketable debt securities, net | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 272 |
| | 9 |
| | 281 |
|
Issuance of common stock under: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Stock option and restricted stock plans, net | 195 |
| | — |
| | 33,779 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 33,779 |
|
Sale of common stock, net | 228 |
| | — |
| | 72,539 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 72,539 |
|
Equity based compensation costs | — |
| | — |
| | 11,029 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,254 |
| | 12,283 |
|
Retirement of common stock, net | (234 | ) | | — |
| | (56,989 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (56,989 | ) |
Cumulative effect upon adoption of ASU No. 2017-12 | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 175 |
| | 6 |
| | 181 |
|
Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |
| | — |
| | (3,427 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 1,419 |
| | (2,008 | ) |
Changes in noncontrolling interest from acquisition | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 65,472 |
| | 65,472 |
|
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (28,493 | ) | | (28,493 | ) |
Redemptions of noncontrolling interest | 13 |
| | — |
| | (28,083 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (8,485 | ) | | (36,568 | ) |
Common stock dividends ($7.80 per share) | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (514,109 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (514,109 | ) |
Balances at December 31, 2019 | 66,092 |
| | $ | 7 |
| | $ | 7,121,927 |
| | $ | (887,619 | ) | | $ | (13,888 | ) | | $ | 183,077 |
| | $ | 6,403,504 |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Years ended December 31, 2019, 20182021, 2020 and 20172019
(Dollars in thousands)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
Cash flows from operating activities: | | | | | |
Net income | $ | 515,691 | | | $ | 599,332 | | | $ | 464,448 | |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | | | | | |
Straight-lined rents | 9,672 | | | (19,426) | | | (1,218) | |
Depreciation and amortization | 520,066 | | | 525,497 | | | 483,750 | |
Amortization of discount on marketable securities | — | | | (19,075) | | | (28,491) | |
Amortization of discount and debt financing costs, net | 9,538 | | | 6,674 | | | 5,689 | |
Gain on sale of marketable securities | (3,400) | | | (2,131) | | | (1,271) | |
Income from early redemption of notes receivable | (4,939) | | | — | | | — | |
Provision for credit losses | 141 | | | 687 | | | — | |
Unrealized gains on equity securities recognized through income | (33,104) | | | (12,515) | | | (5,710) | |
Company's share of gain on the sales of co-investments | — | | | (2,225) | | | (51,097) | |
Earnings from co-investments | (111,721) | | | (64,287) | | | (61,039) | |
Operating distributions from co-investments | 104,833 | | | 74,419 | | | 99,277 | |
Accrued interest from notes and other receivables | (15,902) | | | (3,683) | | | (6,012) | |
Impairment loss | — | | | 1,825 | | | 7,105 | |
| | | | | |
(Gain) loss on the sale of real estate and land | (142,993) | | | (64,967) | | | 3,164 | |
Equity-based compensation | 7,308 | | | 8,157 | | | 7,010 | |
Loss (gain) on early retirement of debt, net | 19,010 | | | 22,883 | | | (3,717) | |
Gain on remeasurement of co-investment | (2,260) | | | (234,694) | | | (31,535) | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | | | | | |
Prepaid expenses, receivables, operating lease right-of-use assets, and other assets | 4,878 | | | (3,730) | | | 6,969 | |
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and operating lease liabilities | 22,298 | | | (10,382) | | | 29,551 | |
Other liabilities | 6,143 | | | 749 | | | 2,206 | |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 905,259 | | | 803,108 | | | 919,079 | |
Cash flows from investing activities: | | | | | |
Additions to real estate: | | | | | |
Acquisitions of real estate and acquisition related capital expenditures, net of cash acquired | (153,481) | | | (460,421) | | | (133,825) | |
Redevelopment | (61,671) | | | (48,980) | | | (70,295) | |
Development acquisitions of and additions to real estate under development | (49,784) | | | (108,781) | | | (158,234) | |
Capital expenditures on rental properties | (121,195) | | | (90,085) | | | (101,689) | |
| | | | | |
Investments in notes receivable | (245,144) | | | (135,343) | | | (231,400) | |
Collections of notes and other receivables | 104,405 | | | 98,711 | | | 168,720 | |
Proceeds from insurance for property losses | 879 | | | 723 | | | 3,734 | |
| | | | | |
Proceeds from dispositions of real estate | 297,454 | | | 339,165 | | | 23,214 | |
Contributions to co-investments | (306,266) | | | (114,017) | | | (402,284) | |
Changes in refundable deposits | (9,486) | | | 96 | | | 5 | |
Purchases of marketable securities | (23,805) | | | (83,379) | | | (46,458) | |
Sales and maturities of marketable securities | 16,577 | | | 113,465 | | | 147,531 | |
| | | | | |
Non-operating distributions from co-investments | 154,120 | | | 71,946 | | | 273,290 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
Cash flows from operating activities: | | | | | |
Net income | $ | 464,448 |
| | $ | 413,599 |
| | $ | 458,043 |
|
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Depreciation and amortization | 483,750 |
| | 479,884 |
| | 468,881 |
|
Amortization of discount on marketable securities | (28,491 | ) | | (17,637 | ) | | (15,119 | ) |
Amortization of (premium) discount and debt financing costs, net | 5,689 |
| | (2,587 | ) | | (5,948 | ) |
Gain on sale of marketable securities | (1,271 | ) | | (737 | ) | | (1,909 | ) |
Unrealized (gain) loss on equity securities recognized through income | (5,710 | ) | | 5,159 |
| | — |
|
Company's share of gain on the sales of co-investments | (51,097 | ) | | (10,569 | ) | | (44,837 | ) |
Earnings from co-investments | (61,039 | ) | | (78,563 | ) | | (41,608 | ) |
Operating distributions from co-investments | 99,277 |
| | 99,593 |
| | 76,764 |
|
Accrued interest from notes and other receivables | (6,012 | ) | | (5,436 | ) | | (4,030 | ) |
Impairment loss | 7,105 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
(Gain) loss on the sale of real estate and land | 3,164 |
| | (61,861 | ) | | (26,423 | ) |
Equity-based compensation | 7,010 |
| | 7,135 |
| | 9,286 |
|
(Gain) loss on early retirement of debt, net | (3,717 | ) | | — |
| | 1,796 |
|
Gain on remeasurement of co-investment | (31,535 | ) | | (1,253 | ) | | (88,641 | ) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Prepaid expenses, receivables, operating lease right-of-use assets, and other assets | 5,751 |
| | (1,203 | ) | | (3,004 | ) |
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and operating lease liabilities | 29,551 |
| | (145 | ) | | (13,474 | ) |
Other liabilities | 2,206 |
| | 1,175 |
| | (170 | ) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 919,079 |
| | 826,554 |
| | 769,607 |
|
Cash flows from investing activities: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Additions to real estate: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Acquisitions of real estate and acquisition related capital expenditures | (133,825 | ) | | (15,311 | ) | | (206,194 | ) |
Redevelopment | (70,295 | ) | | (73,000 | ) | | (69,928 | ) |
Development acquisitions of and additions to real estate under development | (158,234 | ) | | (182,772 | ) | | (137,733 | ) |
Capital expenditures on rental properties | (101,689 | ) | | (81,684 | ) | | (72,812 | ) |
Investments in notes receivable | (231,400 | ) | | — |
| | (106,461 | ) |
Collections of notes and other receivables | 168,720 |
| | 29,500 |
| | 55,000 |
|
Proceeds from insurance for property losses | 3,734 |
| | 1,408 |
| | 648 |
|
Proceeds from dispositions of real estate | 23,214 |
| | 347,587 |
| | 132,039 |
|
Contributions to co-investments | (402,284 | ) | | (162,437 | ) | | (293,363 | ) |
Changes in refundable deposits | 5 |
| | (414 | ) | | 837 |
|
Purchases of marketable securities | (46,458 | ) | | (37,952 | ) | | (67,893 | ) |
Sales and maturities of marketable securities | 147,531 |
| | 31,521 |
| | 35,481 |
|
Non-operating distributions from co-investments | 273,290 |
| | 83,661 |
| | 162,439 |
|
Net cash used in investing activities | (527,691 | ) | | (59,893 | ) | | (567,940 | ) |
Cash flows from financing activities: | |
| | |
| | |
|
F- 11
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash used in investing activities | (397,397) | | | (416,900) | | | (527,691) | |
Cash flows from financing activities: | | | | | |
Proceeds from unsecured debt and mortgage notes | 745,505 | | | 1,452,808 | | | 1,045,290 | |
Payments on unsecured debt and mortgage notes | (1,053,501) | | | (916,209) | | | (1,026,616) | |
Proceeds from lines of credit | 1,050,589 | | | 1,038,426 | | | 1,939,213 | |
Repayments of lines of credit | (709,332) | | | (1,093,426) | | | (1,884,213) | |
| | | | | |
Retirement of common stock | (9,172) | | | (269,315) | | | (56,989) | |
Additions to deferred charges | (8,350) | | | (13,772) | | | (10,898) | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Payments related to debt prepayment penalties | (18,342) | | | (19,605) | | | (1,406) | |
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock | (455) | | | (296) | | | 72,539 | |
Net proceeds from stock options exercised | 58,497 | | | 14,865 | | | 37,467 | |
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation | (5,445) | | | (5,664) | | | (3,688) | |
Contributions from noncontrolling interest | 1,900 | | | — | | | — | |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | (29,379) | | | (30,990) | | | (27,993) | |
Redemption of noncontrolling interest | (8,457) | | | (3,113) | | | (36,568) | |
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interest | (4,463) | | | (872) | | | (73) | |
Common stock dividends paid | (542,860) | | | (536,098) | | | (507,754) | |
Net cash used in financing activities | (533,265) | | | (383,261) | | | (461,689) | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Net (decrease) increase in unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents | (25,403) | | | 2,947 | | | (70,301) | |
Unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 84,041 | | | 81,094 | | | 151,395 | |
Unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 58,638 | | | $ | 84,041 | | | $ | 81,094 | |
| | | | | |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: | | | | | |
Cash paid for interest, net of capitalized interest | $ | 194,203 | | | $ | 211,732 | | | $ | 194,418 | |
Interest capitalized | $ | 6,153 | | | $ | 14,615 | | | $ | 24,169 | |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: | | | | | |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 6,963 | | | $ | 6,892 | | | $ | 6,811 | |
| | | | | |
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Issuance of DownREIT units in connection with acquisition of real estate | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 65,472 | |
| | | | | |
Transfers between real estate under development and rental properties, net | $ | 328,393 | | | $ | 253,039 | | | $ | 19,812 | |
Transfer from real estate under development to co-investments | $ | 3,068 | | | $ | 1,739 | | | $ | 671 | |
| | | | | |
Reclassifications to (from) redeemable noncontrolling interest from additional paid in capital and noncontrolling interest | $ | 6,890 | | | $ | (4,299) | | | $ | 2,008 | |
| | | | | |
Initial recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 77,645 | |
Initial recognition of operating lease liabilities | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 79,693 | |
Debt assumed in connection with acquisition | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 143,006 | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Proceeds from unsecured debt and mortgage notes | 1,045,290 |
| | 298,773 |
| | 597,981 |
|
Payments on unsecured debt and mortgage notes | (1,026,616 | ) | | (230,398 | ) | | (561,160 | ) |
Proceeds from lines of credit | 1,939,213 |
| | 742,961 |
| | 982,246 |
|
Repayments of lines of credit | (1,884,213 | ) | | (921,961 | ) | | (928,246 | ) |
Retirement of common stock | (56,989 | ) | | (51,233 | ) | | — |
|
Additions to deferred charges | (10,898 | ) | | (4,250 | ) | | (4,108 | ) |
Payments related to debt prepayment penalties | (1,406 | ) | | — |
| | (1,630 | ) |
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock | 72,539 |
| | (919 | ) | | 89,055 |
|
Net proceeds from stock options exercised | 37,467 |
| | 6,213 |
| | 26,635 |
|
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation | (3,688 | ) | | (869 | ) | | (316 | ) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | (27,993 | ) | | (29,050 | ) | | (26,552 | ) |
Redemption of noncontrolling interest | (36,568 | ) | | (1,333 | ) | | (28,580 | ) |
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interest | (73 | ) | | (144 | ) | | (5,543 | ) |
Common and preferred stock dividends paid | (507,754 | ) | | (484,182 | ) | | (450,625 | ) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (461,689 | ) | | (676,392 | ) | | (310,843 | ) |
Net increase (decrease) in unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents | (70,301 | ) | | 90,269 |
| | (109,176 | ) |
Unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 151,395 |
| | 61,126 |
| | 170,302 |
|
Unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 81,094 |
| | $ | 151,395 |
| | $ | 61,126 |
|
| | | | | |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: | | | | | |
Cash paid for interest, net of capitalized interest | $ | 194,418 |
| | $ | 203,803 |
| | $ | 212,163 |
|
Interest capitalized | $ | 24,169 |
| | $ | 18,708 |
| | $ | 13,860 |
|
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: | | | | | |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 6,811 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
|
| | | | | |
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Issuance of Operating Partnership units for contributed properties | $ | — |
| | $ | 7,919 |
| | $ | — |
|
Issuance of DownREIT units in connection with acquisition of real estate | $ | 65,472 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 22,506 |
|
Transfers between real estate under development to rental properties, net | $ | 19,812 |
| | $ | 100,415 |
| | $ | 2,413 |
|
Transfer from real estate under development to co-investments | $ | 671 |
| | $ | 853 |
| | $ | 5,075 |
|
Reclassifications to redeemable noncontrolling interest from additional paid in capital and noncontrolling interest | $ | 2,008 |
| | $ | 1,165 |
| | $ | 65 |
|
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interest via reduction of note receivable | $ | — |
| | $ | 4,751 |
| | $ | — |
|
Initial recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 77,645 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
|
Initial recognition of operating lease liabilities | $ | 79,693 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
|
Debt assumed in connection with acquisition | $ | 143,006 |
| | $ | 45,804 |
| | $ | 51,882 |
|
Repayment of mortgage note from new financing proceeds | $ | — |
| | $ | 52,000 |
| | $ | — |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets
December 31, 20192021 and 20182020
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit amounts) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
ASSETS |
Real estate: | | | |
Rental properties: | | | |
Land and land improvements | $ | 3,032,678 | | | $ | 2,929,009 | |
Buildings and improvements | 12,597,249 | | | 12,132,736 | |
| 15,629,927 | | | 15,061,745 | |
Less: accumulated depreciation | (4,646,854) | | | (4,133,959) | |
| 10,983,073 | | | 10,927,786 | |
Real estate under development | 111,562 | | | 386,047 | |
Co-investments | 1,177,802 | | | 1,018,010 | |
Real estate held for sale | — | | | 57,938 | |
| 12,272,437 | | | 12,389,781 | |
Cash and cash equivalents-unrestricted | 48,420 | | | 73,629 | |
Cash and cash equivalents-restricted | 10,218 | | | 10,412 | |
Marketable securities, net of allowance for credit losses of zero as of both December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 | 191,829 | | | 147,768 | |
Notes and other receivables, net of allowance for credit losses of $0.8 million as of both December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (includes related party receivables of $176.9 million and $4.7 million as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively) | 341,033 | | | 195,104 | |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 68,972 | | | 72,143 | |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 64,964 | | | 47,340 | |
Total assets | $ | 12,997,873 | | | $ | 12,936,177 | |
LIABILITIES AND CAPITAL |
Unsecured debt, net | $ | 5,307,196 | | | $ | 5,607,985 | |
Mortgage notes payable, net | 638,957 | | | 643,550 | |
Lines of credit | 341,257 | | | — | |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 180,751 | | | 152,855 | |
Construction payable | 29,136 | | | 31,417 | |
Distributions payable | 143,213 | | | 141,917 | |
Operating lease liabilities | 70,675 | | | 74,037 | |
Liabilities associated with real estate held for sale | — | | | 29,845 | |
Distributions in excess of investments in co-investments | 35,545 | | | — | |
Other liabilities | 39,969 | | | 39,140 | |
Total liabilities | 6,786,699 | | | 6,720,746 | |
Commitments and contingencies | 0 | | 0 |
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | 34,666 | | | 32,239 | |
Capital: | | | |
General Partner: | | | |
Common equity (65,248,393 and 64,999,015 units issued and outstanding, respectively) | 5,999,155 | | | 6,015,139 | |
| 5,999,155 | | | 6,015,139 | |
Limited Partners: | | | |
Common equity (2,282,464 and 2,294,760 units issued and outstanding, respectively) | 56,502 | | | 58,184 | |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (1,804) | | | (11,303) | |
Total partners' capital | 6,053,853 | | | 6,062,020 | |
Noncontrolling interest | 122,655 | | | 121,172 | |
Total capital | 6,176,508 | | | 6,183,192 | |
Total liabilities and capital | $ | 12,997,873 | | | $ | 12,936,177 | |
|
| | | | | | | |
| 2019 | | 2018 |
ASSETS |
Real estate: | | | |
Rental properties: | | | |
Land and land improvements | $ | 2,773,805 |
| | $ | 2,701,356 |
|
Buildings and improvements | 11,264,337 |
| | 10,664,745 |
|
| 14,038,142 |
| | 13,366,101 |
|
Less: accumulated depreciation | (3,689,482 | ) | | (3,209,548 | ) |
| 10,348,660 |
| | 10,156,553 |
|
Real estate under development | 546,075 |
| | 454,629 |
|
Co-investments | 1,335,339 |
| | 1,300,140 |
|
| 12,230,074 |
| | 11,911,322 |
|
Cash and cash equivalents-unrestricted | 70,087 |
| | 134,465 |
|
Cash and cash equivalents-restricted | 11,007 |
| | 16,930 |
|
Marketable securities | 144,193 |
| | 209,545 |
|
Notes and other receivables (related party receivables of $90.2 million and $11.1 million as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) | 134,365 |
| | 71,895 |
|
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 74,744 |
| | — |
|
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 40,935 |
| | 39,439 |
|
Total assets | $ | 12,705,405 |
| | $ | 12,383,596 |
|
LIABILITIES AND CAPITAL |
Unsecured debt, net | $ | 4,763,206 |
| | $ | 3,799,316 |
|
Mortgage notes payable, net | 990,667 |
| | 1,806,626 |
|
Lines of credit | 55,000 |
| | — |
|
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 158,017 |
| | 127,086 |
|
Construction payable | 48,912 |
| | 59,345 |
|
Distributions payable | 135,384 |
| | 128,529 |
|
Operating lease liabilities | 76,740 |
| | — |
|
Other liabilities | 36,565 |
| | 33,375 |
|
Total liabilities | 6,264,491 |
| | 5,954,277 |
|
Commitments and contingencies |
|
| |
|
|
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | 37,410 |
| | 35,475 |
|
Capital: | |
| | |
|
General Partner: | |
| | |
|
Common equity (66,091,954 and 65,890,322 units issued and outstanding, respectively) | 6,234,315 |
| | 6,280,290 |
|
| 6,234,315 |
| | 6,280,290 |
|
Limited Partners: | |
| | |
|
Common equity (2,301,653 and 2,305,389 units issued and outstanding, respectively) | 57,359 |
| | 59,061 |
|
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (10,432 | ) | | (9,738 | ) |
Total partners' capital | 6,281,242 |
| | 6,329,613 |
|
Noncontrolling interest | 122,262 |
| | 64,231 |
|
Total capital | 6,403,504 |
| | 6,393,844 |
|
Total liabilities and capital | $ | 12,705,405 |
| | $ | 12,383,596 |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Income
Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019
(Dollars in thousands, except per unit and unit amounts) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
Revenues: | | | | | |
Rental and other property | $ | 1,431,418 | | | $ | 1,486,150 | | | $ | 1,450,628 | |
Management and other fees from affiliates | 9,138 | | | 9,598 | | | 9,527 | |
| 1,440,556 | | | 1,495,748 | | | 1,460,155 | |
Expenses: | | | | | |
Property operating, excluding real estate taxes | 264,892 | | | 263,389 | | | 241,357 | |
Real estate taxes | 180,367 | | | 177,011 | | | 155,170 | |
Corporate-level property management expenses | 36,188 | | | 34,573 | | | 34,067 | |
Depreciation and amortization | 520,066 | | | 525,497 | | | 483,750 | |
General and administrative | 51,838 | | | 65,388 | | | 54,262 | |
| | | | | |
Expensed acquisition and investment related costs | 203 | | | 1,591 | | | 168 | |
Impairment loss | — | | | 1,825 | | | 7,105 | |
| 1,053,554 | | | 1,069,274 | | | 975,879 | |
Gain (loss) on sale of real estate and land | 142,993 | | | 64,967 | | | (3,164) | |
Earnings from operations | 529,995 | | | 491,441 | | | 481,112 | |
Interest expense | (203,125) | | | (220,633) | | | (217,339) | |
Total return swap income | 10,774 | | | 10,733 | | | 8,446 | |
Interest and other income | 98,744 | | | 40,999 | | | 46,298 | |
Equity income from co-investments | 111,721 | | | 66,512 | | | 112,136 | |
| | | | | |
Deferred tax expense on unrealized gain on unconsolidated co-investment | (15,668) | | | (1,531) | | | (1,457) | |
(Loss) gain on early retirement of debt, net | (19,010) | | | (22,883) | | | 3,717 | |
Gain on remeasurement of co-investment | 2,260 | | | 234,694 | | | 31,535 | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Net income | 515,691 | | | 599,332 | | | 464,448 | |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (9,946) | | | (10,550) | | | (9,819) | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Net income available to common unitholders | $ | 505,745 | | | $ | 588,782 | | | $ | 454,629 | |
Per unit data: | | | | | |
Basic: | | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Net income available to common unitholders | $ | 7.51 | | | $ | 8.69 | | | $ | 6.67 | |
Weighted average number of common units outstanding during the year | 67,340,856 | | | 67,750,665 | | | 68,140,900 | |
Diluted: | | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Net income available to common unitholders | $ | 7.51 | | | $ | 8.69 | | | $ | 6.66 | |
Weighted average number of common units outstanding during the year | 67,378,265 | | | 67,861,590 | | | 68,239,933 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
Revenues: | | | | | |
Rental and other property | $ | 1,450,628 |
| | $ | 1,390,870 |
| | $ | 1,354,325 |
|
Management and other fees from affiliates | 9,527 |
| | 9,183 |
| | 9,574 |
|
| 1,460,155 |
| | 1,400,053 |
| | 1,363,899 |
|
Expenses: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Property operating, excluding real estate taxes | 242,525 |
| | 233,764 |
| | 229,076 |
|
Real estate taxes | 155,170 |
| | 151,570 |
| | 146,310 |
|
Corporate-level property management expenses | 32,899 |
| | 31,062 |
| | 30,156 |
|
Depreciation and amortization | 483,750 |
| | 479,884 |
| | 468,881 |
|
General and administrative | 54,262 |
| | 53,451 |
| | 41,385 |
|
Expensed acquisition and investment related costs | 168 |
| | 194 |
| | 1,569 |
|
Impairment loss | 7,105 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| 975,879 |
| | 949,925 |
| | 917,377 |
|
Gain (loss) on sale of real estate and land | (3,164 | ) | | 61,861 |
| | 26,423 |
|
Earnings from operations | 481,112 |
| | 511,989 |
| | 472,945 |
|
Interest expense | (217,339 | ) | | (220,492 | ) | | (222,894 | ) |
Total return swap income | 8,446 |
| | 8,707 |
| | 10,098 |
|
Interest and other income | 46,298 |
| | 23,010 |
| | 24,604 |
|
Equity income from co-investments | 112,136 |
| | 89,132 |
| | 86,445 |
|
Deferred tax expense on unrealized gain on unconsolidated co-investment | (1,457 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
Gain (loss) on early retirement of debt, net | 3,717 |
| | — |
| | (1,796 | ) |
Gain on remeasurement of co-investment | 31,535 |
| | 1,253 |
| | 88,641 |
|
Net income | 464,448 |
| | 413,599 |
| | 458,043 |
|
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (9,819 | ) | | (9,994 | ) | | (10,159 | ) |
Net income available to common unitholders | $ | 454,629 |
| | $ | 403,605 |
| | $ | 447,884 |
|
Per unit data: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Basic: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Net income available to common unitholders | $ | 6.67 |
| | $ | 5.91 |
| | $ | 6.58 |
|
Weighted average number of common units outstanding during the year | 68,140,900 |
| | 68,315,999 |
| | 68,081,730 |
|
Diluted: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Net income available to common unitholders | $ | 6.66 |
| | $ | 5.90 |
| | $ | 6.57 |
|
Weighted average number of common units outstanding during the year | 68,239,933 |
| | 68,360,030 |
| | 68,150,830 |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019
(Dollars in thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
Net income | $ | 515,691 | | | $ | 599,332 | | | $ | 464,448 | |
Other comprehensive income (loss): | | | | | |
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | 9,170 | | | (4,148) | | | (2,948) | |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — | | | 3,338 | | | 1,824 | |
Change in fair value of marketable debt securities, net | 329 | | | (61) | | | 281 | |
Reversal of unrealized gains upon the sale of marketable debt securities | — | | | — | | | (32) | |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 9,499 | | | (871) | | | (875) | |
Comprehensive income | 525,190 | | | 598,461 | | | 463,573 | |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (9,946) | | | (10,550) | | | (9,819) | |
Comprehensive income attributable to controlling interest | $ | 515,244 | | | $ | 587,911 | | | $ | 453,754 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
Net income | $ | 464,448 |
| | $ | 413,599 |
| | $ | 458,043 |
|
Other comprehensive income (loss): | |
| | |
| | |
|
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | (2,948 | ) | | 7,824 |
| | 12,744 |
|
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | 1,824 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Change in fair value of marketable debt securities, net | 281 |
| | (118 | ) | | 3,284 |
|
Reversal of unrealized (gains) losses upon the sale of marketable debt securities | (32 | ) | | 13 |
| | (1,909 | ) |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | (875 | ) | | 7,719 |
| | 14,119 |
|
Comprehensive income | 463,573 |
| | 421,318 |
| | 472,162 |
|
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (9,819 | ) | | (9,994 | ) | | (10,159 | ) |
Comprehensive income attributable to controlling interest | $ | 453,754 |
| | $ | 411,324 |
| | $ | 462,003 |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Capital
Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019
(Dollars and units in thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net | | | | |
| General Partner | | Limited Partners | | | Noncontrolling interest | | Total |
| Common Equity | | | | Common Equity | | | | |
| Units | | Amount | | | | Units | | Amount | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balances at December 31, 2018 | 65,890 | | | $ | 6,280,290 | | | | | 2,305 | | | $ | 59,061 | | | | $ | (9,738) | | | $ | 64,231 | | | $ | 6,393,844 | |
Net income | — | | | 439,286 | | | | | — | | | 15,343 | | | | — | | | 9,819 | | | 464,448 | |
Reversal of unrealized gains upon the sale of marketable debt securities | — | | | — | | | | | — | | | — | | | | (32) | | | — | | | (32) | |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — | | | — | | | | | — | | | — | | | | 1,824 | | | — | | | 1,824 | |
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | — | | | — | | | | | — | | | — | | | | (2,948) | | | — | | | (2,948) | |
Change in fair value of marketable debt securities, net | — | | | — | | | | | — | | | — | | | | 281 | | | — | | | 281 | |
Issuance of common units under: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
General partner's stock based compensation, net | 195 | | | 33,779 | | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | 33,779 | |
Sale of common stock by general partner, net | 228 | | | 72,539 | | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | 72,539 | |
Equity based compensation costs | — | | | 11,029 | | | | | 10 | | | 1,254 | | | | — | | | — | | | 12,283 | |
Retirement of common units, net | (234) | | | (56,989) | | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | (56,989) | |
Cumulative effect upon adoption of ASU No. 2017-12 | — | | | — | | | | | — | | | — | | | | 181 | | | — | | | 181 | |
Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — | | | (3,427) | | | | | — | | | 109 | | | | — | | | 1,310 | | | (2,008) | |
Changes in noncontrolling interest from acquisition | — | | | — | | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | 65,472 | | | 65,472 | |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | — | | | — | | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | (10,521) | | | (10,521) | |
Redemptions | 13 | | | (28,083) | | | | | (13) | | | (436) | | | | — | | | (8,049) | | | (36,568) | |
Distributions declared ($7.80 per unit) | — | | | (514,109) | | | | | — | | | (17,972) | | | | — | | | — | | | (532,081) | |
Balances at December 31, 2019 | 66,092 | | | $ | 6,234,315 | | | | | 2,302 | | | $ | 57,359 | | | | $ | (10,432) | | | $ | 122,262 | | | $ | 6,403,504 | |
Net income | — | | | 568,870 | | | | | — | | | 19,912 | | | | — | | | 10,550 | | | 599,332 | |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — | | | — | | | | | — | | | — | | | | 3,338 | | | — | | | 3,338 | |
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | — | | | — | | | | | — | | | — | | | | (4,148) | | | — | | | (4,148) | |
Change in fair value of marketable debt securities, net | — | | | — | | | | | — | | | — | | | | (61) | | | — | | | (61) | |
Issuance of common units under: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
General partner's stock based compensation, net | 95 | | | 9,201 | | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | 9,201 | |
Sale of common stock by general partner, net | — | | | (296) | | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | (296) | |
| | | General Partner | Limited Partners | | Accumulated | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | other | | | | | |
| Common Equity | | Common Equity | | comprehensive | | Noncontrolling | | | |
| Units | | Amount | | Units | | Amount | | loss, net | | Interest | | Total | |
Balances at December 31, 2016 | 65,528 |
| | $ | 6,224,276 |
| | 2,237 |
| | $ | 49,436 |
| | $ | (29,348 | ) | | $ | 47,873 |
| | $ | 6,292,237 |
| |
Net income | — |
| | 433,059 |
| | — |
| | 14,825 |
| | — |
| | 10,159 |
| | 458,043 |
| |
Reversal of unrealized gains upon the sale of marketable securities | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (1,909 | ) | | — |
| | (1,909 | ) | |
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 12,744 |
| | — |
| | 12,744 |
| |
Change in fair value of marketable securities, net | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 3,284 |
| | — |
| | 3,284 |
| |
Issuance of common units under: | | | | | | | | | | | | | — |
| |
General partner's stock based compensation, net | 179 |
| | 26,635 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 26,635 |
| |
Sale of common stock by general partner, net | 345 |
| | 89,055 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 89,055 |
| |
Equity based compensation costs | — |
| | 9,529 |
| | 33 |
| | 1,773 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 11,302 |
| Equity based compensation costs | — | | | 12,453 | | | | 2 | | | 460 | | | | — | | | — | | | 12,913 | |
Retirement of common units, net | | Retirement of common units, net | (1,197) | | | (269,315) | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | (269,315) | |
Cumulative effect upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 | | Cumulative effect upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 | — | | | (190) | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | (190) | |
Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |
| | (136 | ) | | — |
| | 136 |
| | — |
| | (65 | ) | | (65 | ) | Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — | | | 4,375 | | | | — | | | (197) | | | | — | | | 121 | | | 4,299 | |
Changes in noncontrolling interest from acquisition | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 22,506 |
| | 22,506 |
| Changes in noncontrolling interest from acquisition | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | 1,349 | | | 1,349 | |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (11,078 | ) | | (11,078 | ) | Distributions to noncontrolling interest | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | (12,292) | | | (12,292) | |
Redemptions | 2 |
| | (25,190 | ) | | (2 | ) | | (405 | ) | | — |
| | (2,985 | ) | | (28,580 | ) | Redemptions | 9 | | | (2,020) | | | | (9) | | | (275) | | | | — | | | (818) | | | (3,113) | |
Distributions declared ($7.00 per unit) | — |
| | (461,376 | ) | | — |
| | (15,973 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (477,349 | ) | |
Balances at December 31, 2017 | 66,054 |
| | $ | 6,295,852 |
| | 2,268 |
| | $ | 49,792 |
| | $ | (15,229 | ) | | $ | 66,410 |
| | $ | 6,396,825 |
| |
Distributions declared ($8.31 per unit) | | Distributions declared ($8.31 per unit) | — | | | (542,254) | | | | — | | | (19,075) | | | | — | | | — | | | (561,329) | |
Balances at December 31, 2020 | | Balances at December 31, 2020 | 64,999 | | | $ | 6,015,139 | | | | 2,295 | | | $ | 58,184 | | | | $ | (11,303) | | | $ | 121,172 | | | $ | 6,183,192 | |
Net income | — |
| | 390,153 |
| | — |
| | 13,452 |
| | — |
| | 9,994 |
| | 413,599 |
| Net income | — | | | 488,554 | | | | — | | | 17,191 | | | | $ | — | | | 9,946 | | | 515,691 | |
Reversal of unrealized gains upon the sale of marketable debt securities | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 13 |
| | — |
| | 13 |
| |
| Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 7,824 |
| | — |
| | 7,824 |
| Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | | 9,170 | | | — | | | 9,170 | |
Change in fair value of marketable debt securities, net | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (118 | ) | | — |
| | (118 | ) | Change in fair value of marketable debt securities, net | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | | 329 | | | — | | | 329 | |
Issuance of common units under: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Issuance of common units under: | | | | | |
General partner's stock based compensation, net | 41 |
| | 6,213 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 6,213 |
| General partner's stock based compensation, net | 279 | | | 53,052 | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | 53,052 | |
Sale of common stock by general partner, net | — |
| | (919 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (919 | ) | Sale of common stock by general partner, net | — | | | (455) | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | (455) | |
Equity based compensation costs | — |
| | 11,651 |
| | 11 |
| | 1,200 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 12,851 |
| Equity based compensation costs | — | | | 11,286 | | | | — | | | 397 | | | | — | | | — | | | 11,683 | |
Retirement of common units, net | (210 | ) | | (51,233 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (51,233 | ) | Retirement of common units, net | (40) | | | (9,172) | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | (9,172) | |
| Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | | Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — | | | (7,489) | | | | — | | | 152 | | | | — | | | 447 | | | (6,890) | |
Contributions from noncontrolling interest | | Contributions from noncontrolling interest | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | 1,900 | | | 1,900 | |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | | Distributions to noncontrolling interest | — | | | — | | | | — | | | — | | | | — | | | (10,215) | | | (10,215) | |
Redemptions | | Redemptions | 10 | | | (7,566) | | | | (13) | | | (296) | | | | — | | | (595) | | | (8,457) | |
Distributions declared ($8.36 per unit) | | Distributions declared ($8.36 per unit) | — | | | (544,194) | | | | — | | | (19,126) | | | | — | | | — | | | (563,320) | |
Balances at December 31, 2021 | | Balances at December 31, 2021 | 65,248 | | | $ | 5,999,155 | | | | 2,282 | | | $ | 56,502 | | | | $ | (1,804) | | | $ | 122,655 | | | $ | 6,176,508 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cumulative effect upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 | — |
| | 2,234 |
| | — |
| | (6 | ) | | (2,228 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
Cumulative effect upon adoption of ASU No. 2017-05 | — |
| | 119,651 |
| | — |
| | 4,057 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 123,708 |
|
Changes in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |
| | (1,143 | ) | | — |
| | (89 | ) | | — |
| | 68 |
| | (1,164 | ) |
Changes in noncontrolling interest from acquisition | — |
| | — |
| | 31 |
| | 7,919 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 7,919 |
|
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (12,174 | ) | | (12,174 | ) |
Redemptions | 5 |
| | (1,061 | ) | | (5 | ) | | (205 | ) | | — |
| | (67 | ) | | (1,333 | ) |
Distributions declared ($7.44 per unit) | — |
| | (491,108 | ) | | — |
| | (17,059 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (508,167 | ) |
Balances at December 31, 2018 | 65,890 |
| | $ | 6,280,290 |
| | 2,305 |
| | $ | 59,061 |
| | $ | (9,738 | ) | | $ | 64,231 |
| | $ | 6,393,844 |
|
Net income | — |
| | 439,286 |
| | — |
| | 15,343 |
| | — |
| | 9,819 |
| | 464,448 |
|
Reversal of unrealized gains upon the sale of marketable debt securities | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (32 | ) | | — |
| | (32 | ) |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,824 |
| | — |
| | 1,824 |
|
Change in fair value of derivatives and amortization of swap settlements | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (2,948 | ) | | — |
| | (2,948 | ) |
Change in fair value of marketable debt securities, net | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 281 |
| | — |
| | 281 |
|
Issuance of common units under: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
General partner's stock based compensation, net | 195 |
| | 33,779 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 33,779 |
|
Sale of common stock by general partner, net | 228 |
| | 72,539 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 72,539 |
|
Equity based compensation costs | — |
| | 11,029 |
| | 10 |
| | 1,254 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 12,283 |
|
Retirement of common units, net | (234 | ) | | (56,989 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (56,989 | ) |
Cumulative effect upon adoption of ASU No. 2017-12 | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 181 |
| | — |
| | 181 |
|
Changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |
| | (3,427 | ) | | — |
| | 109 |
| | — |
| | 1,310 |
| | (2,008 | ) |
Changes in noncontrolling interest from acquisition | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 65,472 |
| | 65,472 |
|
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (10,521 | ) | | (10,521 | ) |
Redemptions | 13 |
| | (28,083 | ) | | (13 | ) | | (436 | ) | | — |
| | (8,049 | ) | | (36,568 | ) |
Distributions declared ($7.80 per unit) | — |
| | (514,109 | ) | | — |
| | (17,972 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (532,081 | ) |
Balances at December 31, 2019 | 66,092 |
| | $ | 6,234,315 |
| | 2,302 |
| | $ | 57,359 |
| | $ | (10,432 | ) | | $ | 122,262 |
| | $ | 6,403,504 |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019
(Dollars in thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
Cash flows from operating activities: | | | | | |
Net income | $ | 515,691 | | | $ | 599,332 | | | $ | 464,448 | |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | | | | | |
Straight-lined rents | 9,672 | | | (19,426) | | | (1,218) | |
Depreciation and amortization | 520,066 | | | 525,497 | | | 483,750 | |
Amortization of discount on marketable securities | — | | | (19,075) | | | (28,491) | |
Amortization of discount and debt financing costs, net | 9,538 | | | 6,674 | | | 5,689 | |
Gain on sale of marketable securities | (3,400) | | | (2,131) | | | (1,271) | |
Income from early redemption of notes receivable | (4,939) | | | — | | | — | |
Provision for credit losses | 141 | | | 687 | | | — | |
Unrealized gains on equity securities recognized through income | (33,104) | | | (12,515) | | | (5,710) | |
Company's share of gain on the sales of co-investments | — | | | (2,225) | | | (51,097) | |
Earnings from co-investments | (111,721) | | | (64,287) | | | (61,039) | |
Operating distributions from co-investments | 104,833 | | | 74,419 | | | 99,277 | |
Accrued interest from notes and other receivables | (15,902) | | | (3,683) | | | (6,012) | |
Impairment loss | — | | | 1,825 | | | 7,105 | |
| | | | | |
(Gain) loss on the sale of real estate and land | (142,993) | | | (64,967) | | | 3,164 | |
Equity-based compensation | 7,308 | | | 8,157 | | | 7,010 | |
Loss (gain) on early retirement of debt, net | 19,010 | | | 22,883 | | | (3,717) | |
Gain on remeasurement of co-investment | (2,260) | | | (234,694) | | | (31,535) | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | | | | | |
Prepaid expenses, receivables, operating lease right-of-use assets, and other assets | 4,878 | | | (3,730) | | | 6,969 | |
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and operating lease liabilities | 22,298 | | | (10,382) | | | 29,551 | |
Other liabilities | 6,143 | | | 749 | | | 2,206 | |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 905,259 | | | 803,108 | | | 919,079 | |
Cash flows from investing activities: | | | | | |
Additions to real estate: | | | | | |
Acquisitions of real estate and acquisition related capital expenditures, net of cash acquired | (153,481) | | | (460,421) | | | (133,825) | |
Redevelopment | (61,671) | | | (48,980) | | | (70,295) | |
Development acquisitions of and additions to real estate under development | (49,784) | | | (108,781) | | | (158,234) | |
Capital expenditures on rental properties | (121,195) | | | (90,085) | | | (101,689) | |
| | | | | |
Investments in notes receivable | (245,144) | | | (135,343) | | | (231,400) | |
Collections of notes and other receivables | 104,405 | | | 98,711 | | | 168,720 | |
Proceeds from insurance for property losses | 879 | | | 723 | | | 3,734 | |
| | | | | |
Proceeds from dispositions of real estate | 297,454 | | | 339,165 | | | 23,214 | |
| | | | | |
Contributions to co-investments | (306,266) | | | (114,017) | | | (402,284) | |
Changes in refundable deposits | (9,486) | | | 96 | | | 5 | |
Purchases of marketable securities | (23,805) | | | (83,379) | | | (46,458) | |
Sales and maturities of marketable securities | 16,577 | | | 113,465 | | | 147,531 | |
| | | | | |
Non-operating distributions from co-investments | 154,120 | | | 71,946 | | | 273,290 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
Cash flows from operating activities: | | | | | |
Net income | $ | 464,448 |
| | $ | 413,599 |
| | $ | 458,043 |
|
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Depreciation and amortization | 483,750 |
| | 479,884 |
| | 468,881 |
|
Amortization of discount on marketable securities | (28,491 | ) | | (17,637 | ) | | (15,119 | ) |
Amortization of (premium) discount and debt financing costs, net | 5,689 |
| | (2,587 | ) | | (5,948 | ) |
Gain on sale of marketable securities | (1,271 | ) | | (737 | ) | | (1,909 | ) |
Unrealized (gain) loss on equity securities recognized through income | (5,710 | ) | | 5,159 |
| | — |
|
Company's share of gain on the sales of co-investments | (51,097 | ) | | (10,569 | ) | | (44,837 | ) |
Earnings from co-investments | (61,039 | ) | | (78,563 | ) | | (41,608 | ) |
Operating distributions from co-investments | 99,277 |
| | 99,593 |
| | 76,764 |
|
Accrued interest from notes and other receivables | (6,012 | ) | | (5,436 | ) | | (4,030 | ) |
Impairment loss | 7,105 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
(Gain) loss on the sale of real estate and land | 3,164 |
| | (61,861 | ) | | (26,423 | ) |
Equity-based compensation | 7,010 |
| | 7,135 |
| | 9,286 |
|
(Gain) loss on early retirement of debt, net | (3,717 | ) | | — |
| | 1,796 |
|
Gain on remeasurement of co-investment | (31,535 | ) | | (1,253 | ) | | (88,641 | ) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Prepaid expenses, receivables, operating lease right-of-use assets, and other assets | 5,751 |
| | (1,203 | ) | | (3,004 | ) |
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and operating lease liabilities | 29,551 |
| | (145 | ) | | (13,474 | ) |
Other liabilities | 2,206 |
| | 1,175 |
| | (170 | ) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 919,079 |
| | 826,554 |
| | 769,607 |
|
Cash flows from investing activities: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Additions to real estate: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Acquisitions of real estate and acquisition related capital expenditures | (133,825 | ) | | (15,311 | ) | | (206,194 | ) |
Redevelopment | (70,295 | ) | | (73,000 | ) | | (69,928 | ) |
Development acquisitions of and additions to real estate under development | (158,234 | ) | | (182,772 | ) | | (137,733 | ) |
Capital expenditures on rental properties | (101,689 | ) | | (81,684 | ) | | (72,812 | ) |
Investments in notes receivable | (231,400 | ) | | — |
| | (106,461 | ) |
Collections of notes and other receivables | 168,720 |
| | 29,500 |
| | 55,000 |
|
Proceeds from insurance for property losses | 3,734 |
| | 1,408 |
| | 648 |
|
Proceeds from dispositions of real estate | 23,214 |
| | 347,587 |
| | 132,039 |
|
Contributions to co-investments | (402,284 | ) | | (162,437 | ) | | (293,363 | ) |
Changes in refundable deposits | 5 |
| | (414 | ) | | 837 |
|
Purchases of marketable securities | (46,458 | ) | | (37,952 | ) | | (67,893 | ) |
Sales and maturities of marketable securities | 147,531 |
| | 31,521 |
| | 35,481 |
|
Non-operating distributions from co-investments | 273,290 |
| | 83,661 |
| | 162,439 |
|
Net cash used in investing activities | (527,691 | ) | | (59,893 | ) | | (567,940 | ) |
Cash flows from financing activities: | |
| | |
| | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash used in investing activities | (397,397) | | | (416,900) | | | (527,691) | |
Cash flows from financing activities: | | | | | |
Proceeds from unsecured debt and mortgage notes | 745,505 | | | 1,452,808 | | | 1,045,290 | |
Payments on unsecured debt and mortgage notes | (1,053,501) | | | (916,209) | | | (1,026,616) | |
Proceeds from lines of credit | 1,050,589 | | | 1,038,426 | | | 1,939,213 | |
Repayments of lines of credit | (709,332) | | | (1,093,426) | | | (1,884,213) | |
| | | | | |
Retirement of common units | (9,172) | | | (269,315) | | | (56,989) | |
Additions to deferred charges | (8,350) | | | (13,772) | | | (10,898) | |
| | | | | |
Payments related to debt prepayment penalties | (18,342) | | | (19,605) | | | (1,406) | |
Net proceeds from issuance of common units | (455) | | | (296) | | | 72,539 | |
Net proceeds from stock options exercised | 58,497 | | | 14,865 | | | 37,467 | |
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation | (5,445) | | | (5,664) | | | (3,688) | |
Contributions from noncontrolling interest | 1,900 | | | — | | | — | |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | (8,369) | | | (8,409) | | | (7,288) | |
Redemption of noncontrolling interests | (8,457) | | | (3,113) | | | (36,568) | |
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests | (4,463) | | | (872) | | | (73) | |
Common units distributions paid | (563,870) | | | (558,679) | | | (528,459) | |
Net cash used in financing activities | (533,265) | | | (383,261) | | | (461,689) | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Net (decrease) increase in unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents | (25,403) | | | 2,947 | | | (70,301) | |
Unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 84,041 | | | 81,094 | | | 151,395 | |
Unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 58,638 | | | $ | 84,041 | | | $ | 81,094 | |
| | | | | |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: | | | | | |
Cash paid for interest, net of capitalized interest | $ | 194,203 | | | $ | 211,732 | | | $ | 194,418 | |
Interest capitalized | $ | 6,153 | | | $ | 14,615 | | | $ | 24,169 | |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: | | | | | |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 6,963 | | | $ | 6,892 | | | $ | 6,811 | |
| | | | | |
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Issuance of DownREIT units in connection with acquisition of real estate | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 65,472 | |
| | | | | |
Transfers between real estate under development and rental properties, net | $ | 328,393 | | | $ | 253,039 | | | $ | 19,812 | |
Transfer from real estate under development to co-investments | $ | 3,068 | | | $ | 1,739 | | | $ | 671 | |
| | | | | |
Reclassifications to (from) redeemable noncontrolling interest from general and limited partner capital and noncontrolling interest | $ | 6,890 | | | $ | (4,299) | | | $ | 2,008 | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Initial recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 77,645 | |
Initial recognition of operating lease liabilities | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 79,693 | |
Debt assumed in connection with acquisition | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 143,006 | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Proceeds from unsecured debt and mortgage notes | 1,045,290 |
| | 298,773 |
| | 597,981 |
|
Payments on unsecured debt and mortgage notes | (1,026,616 | ) | | (230,398 | ) | | (561,160 | ) |
Proceeds from lines of credit | 1,939,213 |
| | 742,961 |
| | 982,246 |
|
Repayments of lines of credit | (1,884,213 | ) | | (921,961 | ) | | (928,246 | ) |
Retirement of common units | (56,989 | ) | | (51,233 | ) | | — |
|
Additions to deferred charges | (10,898 | ) | | (4,250 | ) | | (4,108 | ) |
Payments related to debt prepayment penalties | (1,406 | ) | | — |
| | (1,630 | ) |
Net proceeds from issuance of common units | 72,539 |
| | (919 | ) | | 89,055 |
|
Net proceeds from stock options exercised | 37,467 |
| | 6,213 |
| | 26,635 |
|
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation | (3,688 | ) | | (869 | ) | | (316 | ) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | (7,288 | ) | | (8,518 | ) | | (7,752 | ) |
Redemption of noncontrolling interests | (36,568 | ) | | (1,333 | ) | | (28,580 | ) |
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests | (73 | ) | | (144 | ) | | (5,543 | ) |
Common and preferred units and preferred interest distributions paid | (528,459 | ) | | (504,714 | ) | | (469,425 | ) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (461,689 | ) | | (676,392 | ) | | (310,843 | ) |
Net increase (decrease) in unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents | (70,301 | ) | | 90,269 |
| | (109,176 | ) |
Unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 151,395 |
| | 61,126 |
| | 170,302 |
|
Unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 81,094 |
| | $ | 151,395 |
| | $ | 61,126 |
|
| | | | | |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: | | | | | |
Cash paid for interest, net of capitalized interest | $ | 194,418 |
| | $ | 203,803 |
| | $ | 212,163 |
|
Interest capitalized | $ | 24,169 |
| | $ | 18,708 |
| | $ | 13,860 |
|
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: | | | | | |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 6,811 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
|
| | | | | |
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Issuance of Operating Partnership units for contributed properties | $ | — |
| | $ | 7,919 |
| | $ | — |
|
Issuance of DownREIT units in connection with acquisition of real estate | $ | 65,472 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 22,506 |
|
Transfers between real estate under development to rental properties, net | $ | 19,812 |
| | $ | 100,415 |
| | $ | 2,413 |
|
Transfer from real estate under development to co-investments | $ | 671 |
| | $ | 853 |
| | $ | 5,075 |
|
Reclassifications to redeemable noncontrolling interest from general and limited partner capital and noncontrolling interest | $ | 2,008 |
| | $ | 1,165 |
| | $ | 65 |
|
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interest via reduction of note receivable | $ | — |
| | $ | 4,751 |
| | $ | — |
|
Initial recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 77,645 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
|
Initial recognition of operating lease liabilities | $ | 79,693 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
|
Debt assumed in connection with acquisition | $ | 143,006 |
| | $ | 45,804 |
| | $ | 51,882 |
|
Repayment of mortgage note from new financing proceeds | $ | — |
| | $ | 52,000 |
| | $ | — |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019
(1) Organization
The accompanying consolidated financial statements present the accounts of Essex Property Trust, Inc. ("Essex" or the "Company"), which include the accounts of the Company and Essex Portfolio, L.P. and its subsidiaries (the "Operating Partnership," which holds the operating assets of the Company). Unless otherwise indicated, the notes to consolidated financial statements apply to both the Company and the Operating Partnership.
Essex is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership with a 96.6% general partner interest and the limited partners owned a 3.4% interest as of December 31, 2019.2021. The limited partners may convert their Operating Partnership units into an equivalent number of shares of Essex common stock. Total Operating Partnership limited partnership units ("OP Units," and the holders of such OP Units, "Unitholders") outstanding were 2,301,6532,282,464 and 2,305,3892,294,760 as of December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, respectively, and the redemption value of the units, based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock, totaled approximately $692.5$804.0 million and $565.3$544.8 million, as of December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, respectively. The Company has reserved shares of common stock for such conversions.
As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company owned or had ownership interests in 250252 operating apartment communities, aggregating 60,570comprising 61,911 apartment homes, excluding the Company's ownership interests in preferred interest co-investments, loan investments, 13 operating commercial building, and a development pipeline comprised of 51 consolidated projectsproject and 21 unconsolidated joint venture projects.project. The Communitiesoperating apartment communities are located in Southern California (primarily Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, and Ventura counties), Northern California (the San Francisco Bay Area) and the Seattle metropolitan areas.
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019
(2) Summary of Critical and Significant Accounting Policies
(a) Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
The accounts of the Company, its controlled subsidiaries and the variable interest entities ("VIEs") in which it is the primary beneficiary are consolidated in the accompanying financial statements and prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"). In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented have been included and are normal and recurring in nature. All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Certain reclassifications have been made to conform to the current year’s presentation.
Noncontrolling interest includes the 3.4% limited partner interests in the Operating Partnership not held by the Company at both December 31, 20192021 and 2018.2020. These percentages include the Operating Partnership’s vested long-term incentive plan units (see Note 14).
(b) Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in the Current Year
In February 2016,January 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"(the "FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2016-02 "Leases2021-01 "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 842)848): Scope." which requires an entity that is a lessee to classify leases as either finance or operating and to recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use asset for all leases that have a duration of greater than 12 months. Leases of 12 months or less are to be accounted for similar to prior leasing guidance (Topic 840) for operating leases. For lessors, accounting for leases under the new standard is substantially the same as prior leasing guidance for sales-type leases, direct financing leases, and operating leases, but eliminates current real estate specific provisions and changes the treatment of initial direct costs. In July 2018, the FASB issuedThe amendments in ASU No. 2018-11 "Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements," which includes a practical expedient that allows lessors2021-01 provide optional expedients to not separate nonlease componentsthe current guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting from the associated lease component. This provides the Company with the option of not bifurcating certain common area maintenance recoveries as a non-lease component, if certain requirements are met.expected market transition from LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. The guidance generally can be applied to applicable contract modifications through December 31, 2022. The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-02 and ASU No. 2018-11 as ofthis new guidance in January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective approach and elected2021 on a package of practical expedients. There was no adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as a result of the adoption. See Note 10, Lease Agreements - Company as Lessor, and Note 11, Lease Agreements - Company as Lessee, for further details.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12 "Derivatives and Hedging - Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities," which, among other things, requires entities to present the earnings effect of hedging instruments in the same income statement line item in which the earnings effect of the hedged item is reported. The new standard also adds new
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017
disclosure requirements. The Company adopted ASU No. 2017-12 as of January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method by applying a cumulative effect adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of $0.2 million, representing accumulated net hedge ineffectiveness. Furthermore, as a result of theprospective basis. This adoption of this standard, the Company will recognize qualifying hedge ineffectiveness through accumulated other comprehensive income as opposed to current earnings.
(c) Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13 "Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments," which amends the current approach to estimate credit losses on certain financial assets, including trade and other receivables, available-for-sale securities, and other financial instruments. Generally, this amendment requires entities to establish a valuation allowance for the expected lifetime losses of these certain financial assets. Subsequent changes in the valuation allowance are recorded in current earnings and reversal of previous losses are permitted. Currently, U.S. GAAP requires entities to write down credit losses only when losses are probable and loss reversals aredid not permitted. The FASB additionally issued various updates to clarify and amend the guidance provided in ASU 2016-13. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, "Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments," which, with respect to credit losses, among other things, clarifies and addresses issues related to accrued interest, transfers between classifications of loans or debt securities, recoveries, and variable interest rates. Additionally, in May 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief," which allows entities to irrevocably elect the fair value option on certain financial instruments. The new standards will be effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2020 and early adoption is permitted. The Company expects to apply the new standard on January 1, 2020 and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated results of operations or financial position.
(c) Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2018,2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13 "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820)2020-06 “Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Disclosure Framework - ChangesAccounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity.” The amendments in ASU No. 2020-06 modifies the if-converted method of calculating diluted EPS. For instruments that may be settled in cash or shares, and are not classified as liability, the guidance requires entities to include the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement," which eliminates certain disclosure requirements affecting all levelseffect of measurements, and modifies and adds new disclosure requirements for Level 3 measurements. The new standard will bepotential share settlement in the diluted EPS calculation, if the effect is more dilutive. ASU No. 2020-06 is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2020 and early adoption is permitted. The Company expects to apply the new standard on January 1, 20202022 and will be applied on a prospective basis. The Company does not expect thethis adoption to have a material impact on the Company'sits consolidated results of operations or financial position.
(d) Real Estate Rental Properties
Significant expenditures, which improve or extend the life of an asset and have a useful life of greater than one year, are capitalized. Operating real estate assets are stated at cost and consist of land and land improvements, buildings and improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment, and other costs incurred during their development, redevelopment and acquisition. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred.
The depreciable life of various categories of fixed assets is as follows:
|
| | | | |
Computer software and equipment | 3 - 5 years |
Interior apartment home improvements | 5 years |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 5 - 10 years |
Land improvements and certain exterior components of real property | 10 years |
Real estate structures | 30 years |
The Company capitalizes all costs incurred with the predevelopment, development or redevelopment of real estate assets or are associated with the construction or expansion of real property. Such capitalized costs include land, land improvements, allocated costs of the Company’s project management staff, construction costs, as well as interest and related loan fees, property taxes and insurance. Capitalization begins for predevelopment, development, and redevelopment projects when activity commences. Capitalization ends when the apartment home is completed and the property is available for a new tenant or if the development activities cease.
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019
The Company allocates the purchase price of real estate on a relative fair value basis to land and building including personal property, and identifiable intangible assets, such as the value of above, below and in-place leases. In making estimates of
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017
relative fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, the Company utilizes a number of sources, including independent land and building appraisals which consider comparable market transactions, its own analysis of recently acquired or developed comparable properties in our portfolio for land comparables and building replacement costs, and other publicly available market data. In calculating the fair value of identified intangible assets of an acquired property, the in-place leases are valued based on in-place rent rates and amortized over the average remaining term of all acquired leases.
The values of the above and below market leases are amortized and recorded as either a decrease (in the case of above market leases) or an increase (in the case of below market leases) to rental revenue over the remaining term of the associated leases acquired. The value of acquired in-place leases are amortized to expense over the average remaining term of the leases acquired. The net carrying value of acquired in-place leases is $1.2$8.9 million and $0.1$4.7 million as of December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, respectively, and are included in prepaid expenses and other assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
The Company periodically assesses the carrying value of its real estate investments for indicators of impairment. The judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on monitoring investment market conditions and performance compared to budget for operating properties including the net operating income for the most recent 12 month period, monitoring estimated costs for properties under development, the Company's ability to hold and its intent with regard to each asset, and each property's remaining useful life. Whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a property held for investment may not be fully recoverable, the carrying amount is evaluated. If the sum of the expected future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) is less than the carrying amount (including intangible assets) of a property held for investment, then the Company will recognize an impairment loss equal to the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the property. Fair value of a property is determined using conventional real estate valuation methods, such as discounted cash flow, the property’s unleveraged yield in comparison to the unleveraged yields and/or sales prices of similar communities that have been recently sold, and other third party information, if available. Communities held for sale are carried at the lower of cost andor fair value less estimated costs to sell. As of both December 31, 2019 and 2018, 02021, no properties were classified as held for sale. As of December 31, 2020, 2 properties were classified as held for sale. The Company did not record an impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company recorded an impairment charge of $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 related to one of the Company's consolidated properties as a result of a change in the Company's intent to hold the property for its remaining useful life. The Company recorded an impairment charge of $7.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 on a parcel of land that was part of a consolidated co-investment with Canada Pension Plan Investment Board ("CPPIB" or "CPP"). The impairment charge resulted from the Company's offer to acquireacquisition of CPPIB's 45% interest in the co-investment. The impairment analysis over the parcel’s fair value was determined using internally developed models based on market assumptions. No impairment charges were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2018 or 2017.
In the normal course of business, the Company will receive purchase offers for its communities, either solicited or unsolicited. For those offers that are accepted, the prospective buyer will usually require a due diligence period before consummation of the transaction. It is not unusual for matters to arise that result in the withdrawal or rejection of the offer during this process. The Company classifies real estate as "held for sale" when all criteria under the accounting standardCompany has obtained necessary management approvals to sell a property and the sale of the property is expected to be completed within a year. Evaluating solicited or unsolicited offers generally does not cause properties to be classified as held for the disposals of long-lived assets have been met.sale.
(e) Co-investments
The Company owns investments in joint ventures in which it has significant influence, but its ownership interest does not meet the criteria for consolidation in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Therefore, the Company accounts for co-investments using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the investment is carried at the cost of assets contributed, plus the Company’s equity in earnings less distributions received and the Company’s share of losses. The significant accounting policies of the Company’s co-investment entities are consistent with those of the Company in all material respects.
Upon the acquisition of a controlling interest of a co-investment, the co-investment entity is consolidated and a gain or loss is recognized upon the remeasurement of co-investments in the consolidated statement of income equal to the amount by which the fair value of the Company's previously owned co-investment interest in the Company previously owned exceeds its carrying value. A majority of the co-investments, excluding most preferred equity investments, compensate the Company for its asset management services and some of these investments may provide promote income if certain financial return benchmarks are achieved. Asset management
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019
fees are recognized when earned, and promote fees are recognized when the earnings events have occurred and the amount is determinable and collectible. Any promote fees are reflected in equity income from co-investments.
The Company recorded an other-than-temporary impairment charge of $11.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 on an unconsolidated co-investment with CPPIB which holdsheld Agora, a 49 unit49-unit apartment home community located in Walnut Creek, CA. The other-than-temporary impairment charge resulted from the Company's offer to acquireacquisition of CPPIB's 45% interest in
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017
the co-investment. The impairment analysis over the co-investments fair value was determined using internally developed models based on market assumptions. The impairment is reflected in equity income from co-investments on the consolidated statements of income. No other-than-temporary impairment charges were recorded for the years ended December 31, 20182021 or 2017.2020.
(f) Revenues and Gains on Sale of Real Estate and Land
Revenues from tenants renting or leasing apartment homes are recorded when due from tenants and are recognized monthly as they are earned, which generally approximates a straight-line basis, else, adjustments are made to conform to a straight-line basis. Apartment homes are rented under short-term leases (generally, lease terms of 9 to 12 months). Revenues from tenants leasing commercial space are recorded on a straight-line basis over the life of the respective lease. See Note 4, Revenues, and Note 10, Lease Agreements - Company as Lessor, for additional information regarding such revenues.
The Company also generates other property-related revenue associated with the leasing of apartment homes, including storage income, pet rent, and other miscellaneous revenue. Similar to rental income, such revenues are recorded when due from tenants and recognized monthly as they are earned.
Apart from rental and other property-related revenue, revenues from contracts with customers are recognized as control of the promised services is passed to the customer. For customer contracts related to management and other fees from affiliates (which includes asset management and property management), the transaction price and amount of revenue to be recognized is determined each quarter based on the management fee calculated and earned for that month or quarter. The contract will contain a description of the service and the fee percentage for management services. Payments from such services are one month or one quarter in arrears of the service performed.
Subsequent to the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 610-20 "Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets" on January 1, 2018, theThe Company recognizes any gains on sales of real estate when it transfers control of a property and when it is probable that the Company will collect substantially all of the related consideration.
(g) Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased are classified as cash equivalents. Restricted cash balances relate primarily to reserve requirements for capital replacement at certain communities in connection with the Company’s mortgage debt.
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows ($ in thousands): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
Cash and cash equivalents - unrestricted | $ | 48,420 | | | $ | 73,629 | | | $ | 70,087 | |
Cash and cash equivalents - restricted | 10,218 | | | 10,412 | | | 11,007 | |
Total unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows | $ | 58,638 | | | $ | 84,041 | | | $ | 81,094 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
Cash and cash equivalents - unrestricted | $ | 70,087 |
| | $ | 134,465 |
| | $ | 44,620 |
|
Cash and cash equivalents - restricted | 11,007 |
| | 16,930 |
| | 16,506 |
|
Total unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows | $ | 81,094 |
| | $ | 151,395 |
| | $ | 61,126 |
|
(h) Marketable Securities
The Company reports its equity securities and available for sale debt securities at fair value, based on quoted market prices (Level 1 for the common stock and investment funds, Level 2 for the unsecured bondsdebt and Level 3, for investments in mortgage backed securities, as defined by the FASB standard for fair value measurements as discussed later in Note 2). As of December 31, 20192021 and 2018, $3.62020, $0.8 million and $6.7$2.5 million, respectively, of equity securities presented within common stock and stock funds in the tables below represent
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019
investments measured at fair value, using net asset value as a practical expedient, and are not categorized in the fair value hierarchy.
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017
Any unrealized gain or loss in debt securities classified as available for sale is recorded as other comprehensive income. There were no other than temporary impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 2017.2019. Unrealized gains and losses in equity securities, realized gains and losses in debt securities, interest income, and amortization of purchase discounts are included in interest and other income on the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
As of December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, equity securities and available for sale debt securities consisted primarily of investment-grade unsecured bonds, U.S. treasury securities,debt, and common stock and stock funds. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company classified its investments in mortgage backed securities, one of which matured in November 2019 while the other matures in September 2020, as held to maturity debt securities, and accordingly, these securities are stated at their amortized cost. The discount on the mortgage backed securities is being amortized to interest income based on an estimated yield and the maturity date of the securities.
As of December 31, 20192021 and 20182020, marketable securities consist of the following ($ in thousands):
| | | December 31, 2019 | | December 31, 2021 |
| Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Gain | | Carrying Value | | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized (Loss) Gain | | Carrying Value | |
Equity securities: | | | | | | Equity securities: | | | | | | |
Investment funds - debt securities | $ | 29,588 |
| | $ | 544 |
| | $ | 30,132 |
| Investment funds - debt securities | $ | 62,192 | | | $ | (502) | | | $ | 61,690 | | |
Common stock and stock funds | 34,941 |
| | 2,927 |
| | 37,868 |
| Common stock and stock funds | 79,155 | | | 49,592 | | | 128,747 | | |
| | | | | | | |
Debt securities: | | | | | | Debt securities: | | |
Available for sale | | | | | | Available for sale | | |
U.S. treasury securities | 2,421 |
| | 13 |
| | 2,434 |
| |
Investment-grade unsecured bonds | 1,048 |
| | 60 |
| | 1,108 |
| |
Held to maturity: | |
| | |
| | |
| |
Mortgage backed securities | 72,651 |
| | — |
| | 72,651 |
| |
| Investment-grade unsecured debt | | Investment-grade unsecured debt | 1,051 | | | 341 | | | 1,392 | | |
| Total - Marketable securities | $ | 140,649 |
| | $ | 3,544 |
| | $ | 144,193 |
| Total - Marketable securities | $ | 142,398 | | | $ | 49,431 | | | $ | 191,829 | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2020 |
| Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Gain | | Carrying Value |
Equity securities: | | | | | |
Investment funds - debt securities | $ | 49,646 | | | $ | 985 | | | $ | 50,631 | |
Common stock and stock funds | 81,074 | | | 15,001 | | | 96,075 | |
| | | | | |
Debt securities: | | | | | |
Available for sale | | | | | |
Investment-grade unsecured debt | 1,050 | | | 12 | | | 1,062 | |
Total - Marketable securities | $ | 131,770 | | | $ | 15,998 | | | $ | 147,768 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2018 |
| Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Loss | | Carrying Value |
Equity securities: | | | | | |
Investment funds - debt securities | $ | 31,934 |
| | $ | (568 | ) | | $ | 31,366 |
|
Common stock and stock funds | 39,731 |
| | (1,671 | ) | | 38,060 |
|
| | | | | |
Debt securities: | | | | | |
Available for sale | | | | | |
U.S. treasury securities | 8,983 |
| | (31 | ) | | 8,952 |
|
Investment-grade unsecured bonds | 4,125 |
| | (145 | ) | | 3,980 |
|
Held to maturity: | |
| | |
| | |
|
Mortgage backed securities | 127,187 |
| | — |
| | 127,187 |
|
Total - Marketable securities | $ | 211,960 |
| | $ | (2,415 | ) | | $ | 209,545 |
|
The Company uses the specific identification method to determine the cost basis of a debt security sold and to reclassify amounts from accumulated other comprehensive lossincome for such securities.
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities totaled $16.6 million, $113.5 million and $147.5 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, these sales resulted in gains of $3.4 million, $2.1 million, and $1.3 million, respectively.
For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the portion of equity security unrealized gains recognized in income totaled $33.1 million and $12.5 million in gains, respectively, and were included in interest and other income on the Company's consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019
In November 2019, the Company received cash proceeds of $83.1 million from the maturity of an investment in a mortgage backed security. The Company recognized approximately $7.0 million of accelerated interest income related to this maturity.
For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities totaled $147.5 million, $31.5 million and $35.5 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 these sales resulted in gains of $1.3 million, $0.7 million, and $1.9 million, respectively.
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the portion of equity security unrealized losses or gains that were recognized in income totaled $5.7 million in gains, and $5.2 million in losses, respectively, and were included in interest and other income on the Company's consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
(i) Notes Receivable
Notes receivable relate to real estate financing arrangements including mezzanine and bridge loans. Interest is recognized over the life of the note as interest income.
Each note is analyzed to determine if it is impaired. A note is impaired if it is probable that the Company will not collect all contractually due principal and interest. The Company does not accrue interest when a note is considered impaired and an allowance is recorded for any principal and previously accrued interest that are not believed to be collectible. All cash receipts on impaired notes are applied to reduce the principal amount of such notes until the principal has been recovered and, thereafter, are recognized as interest income. As of December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, no notes were impaired.
In the normal course of business, the Company originates and holds two types of loans: mezzanine loans issued to entities that are pursuing apartment development and short-term bridge loans issued to joint ventures with the Company.
The Company categorizes development project mezzanine loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of the borrowers to service their debt, such as: current financial information, credit documentation, public information, and previous experience with the borrower. The Company initially analyzes each mezzanine loan individually to classify the credit risk of the loan. On a periodic basis the Company evaluates and performs site visits of the development projects associated with the mezzanine loans to confirm whether they are on budget and whether there are any delays in development that could impact the Company's assessment of credit loss.
All bridge loans that the Company issues are, by their nature, short-term and meant only to provide time for the Company’s joint ventures to obtain long-term funding for newly acquired communities. As the Company is a partner in the joint ventures that are borrowing such funds and has performed a detailed review of each community as part of the acquisition process, there is little to no credit risk associated with such loans. As such, the Company does not review credit quality indicators for bridge loans on an ongoing basis.
The Company estimates the allowance for credit losses for each loan type using relevant available information from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made, if necessary, for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics. For example, in the case of mezzanine loans, adjustments may be made due to differences in track record and experience of the mezzanine loan sponsor as well as the percent of equity that the sponsor has contributed to the project.
(j) Capitalization Policy
The Company capitalizes all direct and certain indirect costs, including interest, employee compensation costs, real estate taxes and insurance, incurred during development and redevelopment activities. Interest is capitalized on real estate assets that require a period of time to get them ready for their intended use. The amount of interest capitalized is based upon the average amount of accumulated development expenditures during the reporting period. Included in capitalized costs are management’s estimates of the direct and incremental personnel costs and indirect project costs associated with the Company's development and redevelopment activities. Indirect project costs consist primarily of personnel costs associated with construction administration and development, including accounting, legal fees, and various corporate and community onsite costs that clearly relate to projects under development. Those costs, inclusive of capitalized interest, as well as capitalized development and redevelopment fees totaled $17.9$23.6 million, $18.6$31.4 million and $18.8$42.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 20182021, 2020 and 2017,2019, respectively, most of which relates to development projects. The Company capitalizes leasing costs associated with the lease-up of development communities and amortizes the costs over the life of the leases. The amounts capitalized are immaterial for all periods presented.
(k) Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company values its financial instruments based on the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques described in the FASB’s accounting standard for fair value measurements. Level 1 inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019
assets or liabilities at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets and inputs other than quoted prices observable for the asset or liability. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. The Company uses Level 1 inputs for the fair values of its cash equivalents and its marketable securities except for unsecured bonds and mortgage backed securities. The Company uses Level 2 inputs for its investments in unsecured bonds,debt, notes receivable, notes payable, and derivative assets/liabilities. These inputs include interest rates for similar financial instruments. The Company’s valuation methodology for derivatives is described in Note 9. The Company uses Level 3 inputs to estimate the fair value of its mortgage backed securities. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.
Management believes that the carrying amounts of the outstanding balances under its lines of credit, and notes and other receivables approximate fair value as of December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, because interest rates, yields and other terms for these instruments are consistent with interest rates, yields and other terms currently available for similar instruments. Management has estimated that the fair value of fixed rate debt with a carrying value of $5.2$5.7 billion and $5.0$5.5 billion at December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, respectively, to be $5.4 billion and $5.0$6.0 billion at both December 31, 20192021 and 2018, respectively.2020. Management has
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017
estimated the fair value of the Company’s $660.4$564.9 million and $619.6$775.1 million of variable rate debt at December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, respectively, to be $655.8$561.7 million and $615.2$770.1 million at December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, respectively, based on the terms of existing mortgage notes payable, unsecured debt, and variable rate demand notes compared to those available in the marketplace. Management believes that the carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, construction payables, other liabilities and dividends payable approximate fair value as of December 31, 20192021 and 20182020 due to the short-term maturity of these instruments. Marketable securities except mortgage backed securities, are carried at fair value as of December 31, 20192021 and 2018.2020.
At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s investments in mortgage backed securities had a carrying value of $72.7 million and $127.2 million, respectively. In November 2019, the Company received cash proceeds of $83.1 million from the maturity of an investment in a mortgage backed security. The Company estimated the fair value of its investment in mortgage backed securities at December 31, 2019 and 2018 to be approximately $72.7 million and $129.5 million, respectively. The Company determines the fair value of the mortgage backed securities based on unobservable inputs (Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy) considering the assumptions that market participants would make in valuing these securities. Assumptions such as estimated default rates and discount rates are used to determine expected, discounted cash flows to estimate the fair value.
(l) Interest Rate Protection, Swap, and Forward Contracts
The Company uses interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, and total return swap contracts to manage interest rate risks. The Company’s objective in using derivatives is to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements or other identified risks. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps and interest rate caps as part of its cash flow hedging strategy.
The Company records all derivatives on its consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative and the resulting designation. Derivatives used to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives used to hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges.
For derivatives designated for accounting purposes as fair value hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivative and the hedged item related to the hedged risk are recognized in earnings. For derivatives designated for accounting purposes as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is initially reported in other comprehensive income (outside of earnings) and subsequently reclassified to earnings when the hedged transaction affects earnings, and the ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized directly in earnings. The Company assesses the initial and ongoing effectiveness of each hedging relationship by comparing the changes in fair value or cash flows of the derivative hedging instrument with the changes in fair value or cash flows of the designated hedged item or transaction.
For derivatives not designated for accounting purposes as cash flow hedges, changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. All of the Company’s interest rate swaps are considered cash flow hedges.
(m) Income Taxes
Generally in any year in which Essex qualifies as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") under the Internal Revenue Code (the "IRC"), it is not subject to federal income tax on that portion of its income that it distributes to stockholders. No provision for federal income taxes, other than the taxable REIT subsidiaries discussed below, has been made in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 20192021 as Essex has elected to be and believes it qualifies under the IRC as a REIT and has made distributions during the periods in amounts to preclude Essex from paying federal income tax.
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019
In order to maintain compliance with REIT tax rules, the Company utilizes taxable REIT subsidiaries for various revenue generating or investment activities. The taxable REIT subsidiaries are consolidated by the Company. In general, the activities and tax related provisions, assets and liabilities are not material. On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Act") was signed into law, which reduced the federal income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. As a result of the Tax Act, the Company remeasured its net deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2017, accordingly a net tax benefit of $1.5 million was recorded.
ESSEX PROPERTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
ESSEX PORTFOLIO, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017
As a partnership, the Operating Partnership is not subject to federal or state income taxes, except that in order to maintain Essex's compliance with REIT tax rules that are applicable to Essex, the Operating Partnership utilizes taxable REIT subsidiaries for various revenue generating or investment activities. The taxable REIT subsidiaries are consolidated by the Operating Partnership.
The status of cash dividends distributed for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2021, 2020, and 20172019 related to common stock are classified for tax purposes as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
Common Stock | | | | | |
Ordinary income | 70.92 | % | | 85.23 | % | | 83.81 | % |
Capital gain | 22.07 | % | | 10.68 | % | | 13.78 | % |
Unrecaptured section 1250 capital gain | 7.01 | % | | 4.09 | % | | 2.41 | % |
| 100.00 | % | | 100.00 | % | | 100.00 | % |
|
| | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
Common Stock | | | | | |
Ordinary income | 83.81 | % | | 79.72 | % | | 84.04 | % |
Capital gain | 13.78 | % | | 15.35 | % | | 13.20 | % |
Unrecaptured section 1250 capital gain | 2.41 | % | | 4.93 | % | | 2.76 | % |
| 100.00 | % | | 100.00 | % | | 100.00 | % |
(n) Equity-based Compensation
The cost of share- and unit-based compensation awards is measured at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the awards. The estimated fair value of stock options and restricted stock granted by the Company are being amortized over the vesting period. The estimated grant date fair values of the long-term incentive plan units (discussed in Note 14) are being amortized over the expected service periods.
(o) Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, by Component
Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net, by Component
Essex Property Trust, Inc. ($ in thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Change in fair value and amortization of swap settlements | | Unrealized gain on available for sale securities | | Total |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | (14,771) | | | $ | 42 | | | $ | (14,729) | |
| | | | | |
Other comprehensive income before reclassification | 8,843 | | | 318 | | | 9,161 | |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | 16 | | | — | | | 16 | |
Other comprehensive income | 8,859 | | | 318 | | | 9,177 | |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | (5,912) | | | $ | 360 | | | $ | (5,552) | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Change in fair value and amortization of swap settlements | | Unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities | | Total |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | (13,077 | ) | | $ | (140 | ) | | $ | (13,217 | ) |
Cumulative effect upon adoption of ASU No. 2017-12 | 175 |
| | — |
| | 175 |
|
Other comprehensive income before reclassification | 7,836 |
| | 272 |
| | 8,108 |
|
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | (8,923 | ) | | (31 | ) | | (8,954 | ) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (912 | ) | | 241 |
| | (671 | ) |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | (13,989 | ) | | $ | 101 |
| | $ | (13,888 | ) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss in connection with derivatives are recorded in interest expense on the consolidated statements of income. Realized gains and losses on available for sale debt securities are included in interest and other income on the consolidated statements of income.
The carrying value of redeemable noncontrolling interest in the accompanying balance sheets was $37.4$34.7 million and $35.5$32.2 million as of December 31, 20192021 and 2018,2020, respectively. The limited partners may redeem their noncontrolling interests for cash in certain circumstances.
The changes in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 2018, and 2017 isare as follows:
The preparation of consolidated financial statements, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including those related to acquiring, developing and assessing the carrying values of its real estate portfolio, its investments in and advances to joint ventures and affiliates, and its notes receivable. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, current market conditions, and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may vary from those estimates and those estimates could be different under different assumptions or conditions.