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PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
| ý | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |
| For the fiscal year ended December 31, OR | ||
| o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |
For the transition period from to
Commission file number 1-16725
PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
| Delaware | 711 High Street, | 42-1520346 | ||
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | Des Moines, Iowa 50392 (Address of principal executive offices) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |
(515) 247-5111
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class Common Stock, par value $0.01 | Name of each exchange on which registered New York Stock Exchange |
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yeso Noý
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yesý Noo
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yesý Noo
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment of this Form 10-K.ý
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filerý | Accelerated filero | Non-accelerated filero (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting companyo |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.) Yeso Noý
As of February 4, 2015,1, 2017, there were outstanding 294,110,248287,476,821 shares of Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share of the Registrant.
The aggregate market value of the shares of the Registrant's common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was $14,833,259,052approximately $11.8 billion based on the closing price of $50.48$41.11 per share of Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2014.2016.
Documents Incorporated by Reference
The information required to be furnished pursuant to Part III of this Form 10-K is set forth in, and is hereby incorporated by reference herein from, the Registrant's definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders to be held on May 19, 2015,16, 2017, to be filed by the Registrant with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the year ended December 31, 2014.2016.
PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NOTE CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contains statements whichthat constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements relating to trends in operations and financial results and the business and the products of the Registrant and its subsidiaries, as well as other statements including words such as "anticipate," "believe," "plan," "estimate," "expect," "intend" and other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are made based upon management's current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. Such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance.
Actual results may differ materially from those included in the forward-looking statements as a result of risks and uncertainties. Those risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risk factors listed in Item 1A. "Risk Factors."
Principal Financial Group, Inc. ("PFG") is a leader in global investment management leader offering businesses, individuals and institutional clients a wide range of financial products and services, including retirement, asset management and insurance through our diverse family of financial services companies. We had $519.3$591.6 billion in assets under management ("AUM") and approximately 19.722.1 million customers worldwide as of December 31, 2014.2016.
Our global asset management businesses serve a broad range of investors in 76 countries through offices in 19 countries, including in the major financial centers worldwide. We provide long-term investment strategies to institutional, retirement, high net worth and retail clients by offering a range of capabilities including equity, fixed income, real estate and other alternative investments, as well as fund offerings.
In the U.S., we primarily focus on small and medium-sized businesses, which we define as companies with lessfewer than 1,000 employees, providingby offering a broad array of retirement and employee benefit solutions and individual insurance solutions to meet the needs of the business, the business owner and their employees. We are thea leading provider of corporate defined contribution plans in the U.S., according to Spectrem Group.plans. We are also thea leading employee stock ownership plan consultant. In addition, we are a leading provider of nonqualified plans, defined benefit plans and plan termination annuities. We are also one of the largest providers of specialty benefits insurance product solutions.
We believe small and medium-sized businesses are an underserved market, offering attractive growth opportunities in the U.S. in retirement services and other employee benefits. We alsobenefit markets.
Additionally, we believe there iswe have a significant opportunity to leverage our U.S. retirement expertise intoin select international markets that have adopted or are moving toward private sector defined contribution pension systems. This opportunity is particularly compellingOur international asset management and accumulation businesses focus on the opportunities created as aging populations around the world are drivingdrive increased demand for retirement accumulation, retirement asset management and retirement income management solutions.
We organize our businesses into the following reportable segments:
We also have a Corporate segment, which consists of the assets and activities that have not been allocated to any other segment.
See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 16, Segment Information" for financial results of our segments, including our operating revenues for our products and services described in each of the subsequent segment discussions.segments.
Retirement and Investor ServicesIncome Solutions Segment
Our asset accumulation activities in the U.S. date back to the 1940s when we first began providing pension plan products and services. We now offer a comprehensive portfolio of asset accumulation products and services for retirement savings and investment:retirement income:
We organize our Retirement and Investor Services ("RIS")Income Solutions operations into two business groupings:
Accumulation Business
Retirement and Income Solutions — Fee
Full Service Accumulation
Products
We offer a wide variety of investment and administrative products and services for defined contribution pension plans, including 401(k) and 403(b) plans,plans; defined benefit pension plans,plans; nonqualified executive benefit plans and ESOPs. A 403(b) plan is
a plan described in Section 403(b) of the Internal Revenue Code that provides retirement benefits for employees of tax-exempt organizations and public schools.
Products
Full service accumulation products respond to the needs of plan sponsors seeking both administrative and investment services for defined contribution plans or defined benefit plans. The investment component of both the defined contribution and defined benefit plans may be in the form of a generalguaranteed account, separate account, a mutual fund offering or a collective investment trust. In addition, defined contribution plansplan sponsors may also offer their own employer securitysecurities as an investment option.option under the plan.
We deliver both administrative and investment services to our defined contribution plan and defined benefit plan customers through annuitiesannuity contracts, collective investment trusts and mutual funds. Group annuitiesannuity contracts and the underlyingcollective investment optionstrusts used to fund qualified plans are not required to be registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Our mutual fund offeringservice platform is called Principal Advantage. It is a qualified plan productservice package based on our series mutual fund, Principal Funds, Inc. ("PFI"). We offer investments covering the full range of stable value, equity, fixed income, real estate and international investment options managed by our Principal Global Investors segment as well as third party asset managers. In addition, full service accumulation offers plan sponsors trust services through an affiliated trust company.
As of December 31, 2014,2016, we provided full service accumulation products to (a) over 33,60035,900 defined contribution pension plans, of which approximately 28,400over 30,900 were 401(k) plans, including $117.3$134.3 billion in assets and covering 4.04.6 million eligible plan participants, and (b) to over 2,2002,100 defined benefit pension plans, including $18.0$19.3 billion in assets and covering over 326,600306,400 eligible plan participants. As of December 31, 2014,2016, approximately 56% of our full service accumulation account values were managed by our Principal Global Investors segment. Third party asset managers provide asset management services with respect to the remaining assets. Of those third party assets, 27% isAs it relates to our full service accumulation account values, 28% were managed entirely by the third party asset managers 10% isthat were not under contract to sub-advise a PFG product, 9% were sub-advised and 7% representsrepresented employer securities.
Markets and Distribution
We offer our full service accumulation products and services to employer-sponsored pension plans, including qualified and nonqualified defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans. Our primary target market is plans sponsored by small and medium-sized businesses, which we believe remains under-penetrated. According to Spectrem Group,Retirement Resources, Inc., in 2013,2015, only 22%24% of businesses with between 10 and 49 employees, 51% of businesses with between 50 and 99 employees, 55%61% of businesses with between 100 and 249 employees and 71%73% of businesses with between 250 and 500499 employees offered a 401(k) plan. The same study indicates that 76%81% of employers with between 500 and 1,000999 employees, 84%95% of employers with between 1,000 and 5,0004,999 employees and 86%95% of employers with 5,000 or more employees offered a 401(k) plan in 2013.2015.
We distribute our full service accumulation products and services nationally, primarily through a captive retirement services sales force. As of December 31, 2014, 1192016, 108 retirement services sales representatives in 4241 offices, operating as a wholesale distribution network, maintained relationships with over 14,40016,000 independent brokers,advisors, consultants and agents. Retirement services sales representatives are an integral part of the sales process alongside the referring consultant or independent broker.advisor. We compensate retirement services sales representatives through a blend of salary and production-based incentives, while we pay independent brokers,advisors, consultants and agents a commission or fee.
As of December 31, 2014,2016, we had a separate staff of over 290260 service and education specialists located in the sales offices whooffices. These specialists play a key role in the ongoing servicing of pension plans by providing local services to our customers, such as reviewing plan performance, investment options and plan design; communicating the customers' needs and feedback to us and helping employees understand the benefits of their pension plans. The following summarizes our distribution channels:
We believe our approach to full service accumulation plan services distribution, which gives us a local sales and service presence, that differentiates us from many of our competitors. We have also established a number of marketing and distribution relationships to increase the sales of our accumulation products.products and services.
Principal FundsIndividual Variable Annuities
We have been providingoffer variable annuities to individuals and plans. Individual variable annuities are savings vehicles through which the customer makes one or more deposits of varying amounts and intervals.
Products
Our individual variable deferred annuities provide customers with the flexibility to allocate their deposits to mutual funds to customers since 1969. We offer mutual funds to individuals, businesses and institutional investors for use within variable life and variable annuity contracts, for use in employer-sponsored pension plans, as a rollover investment option, and for general investment purposes.
Products and Services
Principal Funds plans to grow into a top advisor sold mutual fund company with a sales force focused on multiple channels. As of December 2014, as reportedmanaged by the Strategic Insight, we are ranked 16th according to AUM (long-term funds) of the top 50 intermediary sold mutual funds. We provide accounting, compliance, corporate governance and product development for all mutual funds we organize.
Principal Funds, Inc. PFI is a series mutual fund that, as of December 31, 2014, offered 80 investment options. Five of this fund's R share classes act as the funding vehicles for Principal Advantage, the defined contribution product described above under "Retirement and Investor Services Segment-Full Service Accumulation-Products." This fund also offers three classes of shares to individuals. One of these three share classes is for IRA rollovers (J shares) and two are for general investment purposes (A and C shares). PFI offers four additional classes of shares: (1) I shares, which are offered primarily to specified institutional investors, (2) P shares, which are used primarily in adviser fee-based programs, (3) S shares, which are offered solely to clients of Spectrum Asset Management's Separately Managed Account business and (4) R-6, which are primarily offered to specified retirement plan clients.Global Investors segment or unaffiliated third party asset managers. As of December 31, 2014,2016, 92% of our $9.4 billion in variable annuity account balances was allocated to mutual funds managed by the fund had $112.1 billionPrincipal Global Investors segment and our guaranteed option. The remaining 8% was allocated to mutual funds managed by unaffiliated third party asset managers. Generally speaking, the customers bear the investment risk for the variable options and have the right to allocate their assets among various separate mutual funds. The value of AUM. We report the results for this fundannuity fluctuates in Full Service Accumulation or Principal Funds based on the distribution channel associatedaccordance with the AUM.experience of the mutual funds chosen by the customer. Customers have the option to allocate all or a portion of their account to our guaranteed option, in which case we credit interest at rates we determine, subject to contractual minimums.
Principal Variable Contracts Funds, Inc. Principal Variable Contracts Funds, Inc. Customers may elect a living benefit guarantee (commonly known in the industry as a guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit, or "GMWB"). We bear the GMWB investment risk. Our goal is a series mutual fund that, asto hedge the GMWB investment risk through the use of December 31, 2014, provided 39 investment options for variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts issued by Principal Life Insurance Company ("Principal Life") and other insurance companies not affiliated with Principal Life.sophisticated risk management techniques. As of December 31, 2014, this fund2016, $6.3 billion of the $9.0 billion of variable annuity separate account values had AUMthe GMWB rider. Our major source of $8.2 billion. AUM backing Principal Liferevenue from variable annuities is mortality and expense fees we charge to the customer, generally determined as a percentage of the market value of the assets held in a separate investment sub-account. Account balances of variable annuity contracts is reportedwith the GMWB rider were invested in Individual Annuities. AUM backing Principal Life variable life insurance contracts is reported in the U.S. Insurance Solutions segment.
Principal Managed Portfolio. Principal Managed Portfolio is an advisory product offered by one of our registeredseparate account investment advisors, Princor Financial Services Corporation ("Princor"), which permits the client to invest primarily in mutual funds of Principal Funds, Inc. The other investments offered through the program are municipal bond funds comprising the fixed income component in the tax-sensitive non-qualified Model Portfolios and a limited number of mutual funds and Exchange Traded Funds ("ETFs") representing alternative asset classes and investment strategies. Clients are charged a quarterly asset-based fee on this product. As of December 31, 2014, Principal Managed Portfolio had accumulated $1.0 billion in assets.options as follows:
Principal Advisory Select and Principal Dynamic Portfolios. These are advisory products offered by one of our registered investment advisors, Princor, which permits the client to invest in a broad array of investments. Clients are charged a quarterly asset-based fee on these products. As of December 31, 2014, these products had accumulated $3.0 billion in assets.
Principal Collective Investment Trust. These are pooled investment vehicles designed for retirement plans and maintained by a bank or trust company. Delaware Charter Guarantee &Trust Company currently offers the Principal Trust Target Date Fund series and the Principal Diversified Real Asset Collective Investment Trust. As of December 31, 2014, Principal Funds reported $394.6 million in assets from these products.
| | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | ||||||
Balanced funds | $ | 5,898.2 | $ | 5,403.1 | |||
Equity funds | 258.6 | 292.7 | |||||
Bond funds | 138.5 | 163.0 | |||||
Money market funds | 3.8 | 6.3 | |||||
Specialty funds | 1.2 | 1.4 | |||||
| | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 6,300.3 | $ | 5,866.5 | |||
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Percent of total variable annuity separate account values | 70 | % | 68 | % | |||
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Markets and Distribution
Our target markets for PFI's retail share classes areindividual variable annuities include owners, executives and employees of small and medium-sized businesses and individuals seeking to accumulate savingsand/or eventually receive distributions of assets for retirement. We market variable annuities to individuals for both qualified and nonqualified retirement and other purposes, as well as nonqualified individual savings plans utilizing payroll deductions. We also market PFI's retail share classes to participants in pension plans who are departing their plans and reinvesting their retirement assets into individual retirement accounts.savings.
We sell PFI's share classes primarilyour individual variable annuity products through registered representatives from other broker-dealers;our affiliated financial representatives; independent brokers registered with our securities broker-dealer, Princor; direct deposits from our employeesrepresentatives, who accounted for 96%, 95% and others and Principal Connection. As93% of annuity sales for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, 64 retailrespectively. The remaining sales representatives across the United States, operating as a wholesale distribution network, maintained relationships with over 51,000 independent brokers, consultantswere made through banks, brokerage general agencies, mutual fund companies, Principal Connection and agents.unaffiliated broker-dealer firms. Principal Connection is our direct response distribution channel for retail financial services products to individuals. Principal Connection's services are available over the phone, on the Internetinternet or by mail. Princor recruits, trainsAffiliated financial representatives continued to be the primary distribution channel of our variable deferred annuities.
Retirement and supervises registered representatives selling our products through Principal Connection.Income Solutions — Spread
Individual Fixed Annuities
Individual annuities offer a tax-deferred means of accumulating retirement savings, as well as a tax-efficient source of income during the payout period.
Products
We offer both fixed and variable annuities to individuals and pension plans. Individual annuities may be categorized in two ways: (1) deferred, in which case assets accumulate until the contract is surrendered, the customer dies or the customer begins receiving benefits under an annuity payout option, or (2) payout, in which case payments are made for a fixed period of time or for life.
Products
Fixed Deferred Annuities. Our individual fixed deferred annuities consist of both single premium deferred annuity contracts and flexible premium deferred annuity contracts ("FPDAs"). Some FPDA contracts limit the period of time deposits are allowed (e.g., only one year). For certain contracts, the principal amount is guaranteed. We credit the customer's account with a fixed interest rate for a specified number of years. Thereafter, we reset the interest rate credited to the contract based upon our discretion, subject to contractual minimums, by taking into account market and other conditions. We also offer a fixed deferred annuity where the interest credited is linked to an external equity index, subject to maximum and minimum values. Our majorOne source of income from fixed deferred annuities is the spreaddifference between the investment income earned on the underlying general account assets and the interest rate credited to the contracts. We bear the investment risk because, while we credit customers' accounts with a stated interest rate, we cannot be certain the
investment income we earn on our general account assets will exceed that rate. The Principal Global Investors segment manages the assets supporting these contracts.
Variable Deferred Annuities. Individual variable deferred annuities are savings vehicles through which the customer makes one or more deposits of varying amounts and intervals. Customers have the flexibility to allocate their deposits to mutual funds managed by the Principal Global Investors segment or unaffiliated third party asset managers. As of December 31, 2014, 89% of our $8.9 billion in variable annuity account balances was allocated to mutual funds and our general account, which are managed by the Principal Global Investors segment and 11% was allocated to mutual funds managed by unaffiliated third party asset managers. Generally speaking, the customers bear the investment risk and have the right to allocate their assets among various separate mutual funds. The value of the annuity fluctuates in accordance with the experience of the mutual funds chosen by the customer. Customers have the option to allocate all or a portion of their account to our general account, in which case we credit interest at rates we determine, subject to contractual minimums. Customers may elect a living benefit guarantee (commonly known in the industry as a guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit, or "GMWB"). We bear the GMWB investment risk. Our goal is to hedge the GMWB investment risk through the use of sophisticated risk management techniques. As of December 31, 2014, $5.7 billion of the $8.9 billion of variable annuity account value had the GMWB rider. Our major source of revenue from variable annuities is mortality and expense fees we charge to the customer, generally determined as a percentage of the market value of the assets held in a separate investment sub-account. Account balances of variable annuity contracts with the GMWB rider were invested in separate account investment options as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | ||||||
Equity funds | $ | 381.4 | $ | 469.6 | |||
Bond funds | 210.7 | 256.9 | |||||
Balanced funds | 5,019.0 | 4,077.2 | |||||
Money market funds | 7.0 | 8.0 | |||||
Specialty funds | 1.8 | — | |||||
| | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 5,619.9 | $ | 4,811.7 | |||
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Percent of total variable annuity account values | 63 | % | 59 | % | |||
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Fixed Income Annuities. Our individual fixed income annuities consist of single premium immediate annuity contracts ("SPIAs") and deferred income annuity contracts ("DIAs"). SPIAs and DIAs are products where the customer pays a premium in return for periodic benefit payments. SPIA payments begin immediately and DIA payments begin after a deferral period, during which a return-of-premium death benefit is included. Payments may be contingent upon the survival of one or two individuals or payments may be fixed, meaning payments are contractually guaranteed and do not depend on the continuing survival of any individual. Our major source of income from fixed immediate annuities is the spreaddifference between the investment income earned on the underlying general account assets and the interest rate implied in the calculation of annuity benefit payments. We bear the investment risk because we cannot be certain the investment income we earn on our general account assets will exceed the rate implied in the SPIA and DIA contracts. The Principal Global Investors segment manages the assets supporting these contracts.
Markets and Distribution
Our target markets for individual fixed annuities include owners, executives and employees of small and medium-sized businesses and individuals seeking to accumulate and/or eventually receive distributions of assets for retirement. We market both fixed and variable annuities to individuals for both qualified and nonqualified retirement savings.
We sell our individual fixed annuity products through our affiliated financial representatives, who accounted for 49%7%, 47%6% and 46%11% of annuity sales for the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012,2014, respectively. The remaining sales were made through banks, brokerage general agencies, mutual fund companies, Principal Connection and unaffiliated broker-dealer firms. Affiliated financial representatives continued to be the primary distribution channel of our variable
deferred annuities. The majority of overall annuity sales, however, were from non-affiliated distribution channels, as a result of focused efforts to increase fixed annuity sales through non-affiliated distributionthese channels.
Bank and Trust Services
Bank and trust services include Principal Bank and Principal Trust Company. Principal Bank is a federal savings bank that began its activities in February 1998. As of December 31, 2014, Principal Bank had over 280,000 customers and approximately $2.2 billion in assets. Principal Bank operates under a limited purpose charter and may only accept deposits held in a fiduciary capacity and may not hold demand deposits, own commercial loans or originate loans. Delaware Charter Guarantee & Trust Company, dba Principal Trust Company, is a Delaware state-chartered non-deposit trust company that was chartered in 1899. As of December 31, 2014, Principal Trust Company served as trustee or custodian to over 229,000 accounts, which held assets of approximately $157.0 billion. The majority of the trust assets are affiliated and reported in Full Service Accumulation AUM.
Products
Principal Bank's products and services include IRAs that are primarily funded by moneys rolled over from qualified retirement plans. The IRAs hold savings accounts, money market accounts and certificates of deposit. The deposit products provide a relatively stable source of funding and liquidity for Principal Bank and are backed by purchases of investment securities and residential mortgage loans.
Principal Trust Company specializes in providing trust solutions for a full array of employee benefit plans and accounts including 401(k) and 403(b) plans, defined benefit pension plans, nonqualified executive benefit plans and ESOPs. Principal Trust Company also maintains collective investment funds and provides personal trust services.
Markets and Distribution
Principal Bank pursues asset retention strategies by offering bank products and services to participants rolling out of qualified retirement plans primarily serviced by affiliates of PFG. Principal Bank services customers through the telephone, mail and Internet.
Principal Trust Company offers directed trust services to qualified and non-qualified retirement plans serviced by the affiliates of PFG. Personal trust services are primarily available through affiliated financial representatives. Collective investment trust funds are offered to qualified retirement plan clients of our full service accumulation business as well as non-affiliated retirement plan recordkeepers.
Investment Only
Products
The threetwo primary products for which we provide investment only services are: GICs and funding agreements and other investment only products.agreements.
GICs and funding agreements pay a specified rate of return. The rate of return can be a floating rate based on an external market index or a fixed rate. Our investment only products contain provisions disallowing or limiting early surrenders, including penalties for early surrenders and minimum notice requirements.
Deposits to investment only products are predominantly in the form of single payments. As a result, the level of new deposits can fluctuate from one fiscal quarter to another. Assets investedThe amounts earned by us are derived in GICs and funding agreements generate a spreadpart from the difference between the investment income earned by us and the amount credited to the customer. Our other investment only products consist of separate accounts invested in either equities or fixed income instruments. The Principal Global Investors segment manages the assets supporting investment only account values.the contractual promises.
Markets and Distribution
We marketissue GICs and funding agreements primarily to pension plan sponsors and other institutions. We also offer themGICs as part of our full service accumulation products. We sellissue our GICs primarily to plan sponsors for funding of tax-qualified retirement plans. We sell our funding agreements directly to institutions that may or may not be pension funds and unconsolidated special purpose vehicles domiciled either in the U.S. or offshore for funding agreement-backed note programs. The funding agreements soldissued as part of these funding agreement-backed note programs work by having investors purchase debt obligations from the special purpose vehicle which, in turn, purchases the funding agreement from us with terms similar to those of the debt obligations. The strength of this market is dependent on debt capital market conditions. As a result, our sales through this channel can vary widely from one quarter to another. In addition to theThe special purpose vehicle sellingissues the funding agreement-backed notes to U.S. and foreign institutional investors, the special purpose vehicle may also sell notes to U.S. retail investors through a SEC-registered shelf debt issuance program.
Table of Contentsinvestors.
Full Service Payout
Products
Full service payout products respond primarily to the needs of pension plan participants who, upon retirement or terminationsponsors in the form of their employment, seek a guaranteed income stream. Plan participants who seek these services include those from pension plans we service, as well as pension plans other providers service. We primarily offer single premium group annuities, which are immediate or deferred annuities that provide a current or future specific income amount, fully guaranteed by us. These are available to defined contribution and defined benefit plan participants. We make regular payments to individuals, invest the underlying assets on their behalf and provide tax reporting to them. We also reinsure single premium immediate annuities issued by another insurer.
Single premium group annuities are traditionally used in conjunction withThe majority of our business originates from defined benefit plans particularly those where the plan isthat are being terminated. In such instances,these situations, the plan sponsor transfers all its obligations under the plan to an insurer by paying a single premium. Increasingly, these products are purchased by defined contribution plan participants who reach retirement age. Generally, plan sponsors restrict their purchases to insurance companies with superior or excellent financial quality ratings because the Department of Labor has mandated that annuities be purchased only from the "safest available" insurers.
PremiumSince premium received from full service payout products areis generally in the form of single payments. As a result,payments, the level of new premiums can fluctuate depending on the number of retirements and large-scale annuity sales in a particular fiscal quarter. The Principal Global Investors segment manages the assets supporting full service payout account values.
Markets and Distribution
Our primary distribution channel for full service payout products is comprised of several specialized home office sales consultants working through consultants and brokers that specialize in this type of business. Our sales consultants also make sales directly to institutions. Our nationally dispersed retirement services sales representatives act as a secondary distribution channel for these products.
Banking Services
IRAs are provided by Principal Connection also distributes full service payoutBank, primarily funded by retirement savings rolled over from qualified retirement plans. Principal Bank is a federal savings bank that formed in February 1998. As of December 31, 2016, Principal Bank had nearly 348,000 customers and approximately $2.4 billion in assets. Principal Bank operates under a limited purpose charter and may only accept deposits held in a fiduciary capacity, may not hold demand deposits or own commercial loans and cannot originate loans.
Products
The IRAs offered by Principal Bank provide Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC")-insured retirement solutions for its customers. The IRAs are held in savings accounts, money market accounts and certificates of deposit. The deposit products provide a relatively stable source of funding and liquidity for Principal Bank and are backed by purchases of investment securities and residential mortgage loans.
Markets and Distribution
Principal Bank offers bank products and services to participants inrolling out of qualified retirement plans we service who are terminating employment or retiring.primarily serviced by affiliates of PFG. Principal Bank services customers through the telephone, mail and internet.
Principal Global Investors Segment
Our Principal Global Investors segment manages assets for sophisticated investors around the world, using a multi-boutique strategy that enables the segment to provide an expanded range ofprovides diverse investment capabilities including equity, fixed income, real estate and other alternative investments. We also have experience in asset allocation, stable value management and other structured investment strategies. We focus on providing services to our other segments in addition to our retail mutual fund and third party institutional clients. We maintain offices in Australia, Brazil, Dubai,China, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States.
We deliver our products and services through our network of specialized investment groups and boutiques including Principal Global Investors — Equities; Principal Global Investors — Fixed Income; Aligned Investors; Principal Real Estate Investors, LLC; Principal Enterprise Capital, LLC; Spectrum Asset Management, Inc.; Post Advisory Group, LLC; Columbus Circle Investors; Edge Asset Management, Inc.; Morley Financial Services, Inc.; Macro Currency Group; Finisterre Capital LLP; Origin Asset Management LLP; CIMBand Principal Islamic Asset Management Sdn. Bhd.; Multi-Asset Advisors Group and Liongate Capital Management LLP.Portfolio Strategies. As of December 31, 2014,2016, Principal Global Investors and its boutiques managed $314.0$390.5 billion in assets.
Products We have been providing mutual funds to customers since 1969. We offer mutual funds to individuals, businesses and Servicesinstitutional investors for use within variable life contracts, variable annuity contracts and employer-sponsored pension plans; as a rollover investment option and for general investment purposes. We plan to grow into a top advisor-sold mutual fund company with a sales force focused on multiple channels. As of December 31, 2016, as reported by the Strategic Insight, we are ranked 14th according to AUM (long-term funds) of the intermediary sold mutual fund companies.
We also maintain various other domestic and global fund platforms, separately managed accounts and segregated accounts for some larger institutional and retail investors.
Our products and services are provided for a fee as defined by client mandates. Our fees are generally driven by AUM. We are
Boutiques
Our multi-boutique strategy is diversified across the following primary asset classes.classes and service delivery options.
Equity Investments. As of December 31, 2014,2016, Principal Global Equities, Aligned Investors — Equitiesand Principal Real Estate Investors, LLC along with Columbus Circle Investors, Edge Asset Management, Inc. and Origin Asset Management LLP managed $111.2$143.1 billion in global equity assets. Our equity capabilities encompass large-cap stocks, mid-cap andstocks, small-cap stocks and real estate investment trusts in developed and emerging markets worldwide. As of December 31, 2014, 45% of equity AUM was derived from our pension products, 33% from other products of PFG and the remaining 22% from third party institutional clients.
Fixed Income Investments. As of December 31, 2014,2016, Principal Global Investors — Fixed Income and Principal Real Estate Investors, LLC along with Spectrum Asset Management, Inc.; Post Advisory Group, LLC; Edge Asset Management, Inc. and Morley Financial Services, Inc. managed $130.2$184.3 billion in global fixed income assets. Collectively, our experience in fixed income management spans multiple economic and credit market cycles and encompasses all major fixed income sectors, including commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS"), and security types. Our research and risk
management capabilities in worldwide debt markets provide a strong foundation for broadly diversified "multi-sector" portfolios, tailored to specific client objectives. As of December 31, 2014, 37% of these assets were derived from third party institutional clients, 32% from other products of PFG, and the remaining 31% from PFG pension products.
Real Estate Investments. Principal Global Investors, through its affiliates Principal Real Estate Investors, LLC and Principal Enterprise Capital, LLC, managed a portfolio of primarily U.S. commercial real estate assets of $57.3 billion as
of December 31, 2014. Principal Real Estate Investors, LLC provides our clients with a broad range of real estate investment options including private real estate equity, commercial mortgages, bridge/mezzanine loans, commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS") and real estate investment trust securities. As of December 31, 2014, 48% of the commercial real estate portfolio was derived from third party institutional clients, 29% from other products of PFG and the remaining 23% from PFG pension products.
Other Alternative Investments. We offer products and services through other alternative asset classes including managing private real estate equity, commercial mortgages and bridge/mezzanine loans through Principal Real Estate Investors, LLC; managing real estate operating companies through Principal Enterprise Capital, LLC; managing currency mandates through our Macro Currency Group boutique and managing hedge fund mandates through the Liongate Capital Management LLP, Finisterre Capital LLP and Columbus Circle Investors boutiques. As of December 31, 2014,2016, we managed $13.5$59.1 billion with 96% derived from third partyin alternative asset classes.
Principal Portfolio Strategies. Principal Portfolio Strategies is a specialized asset allocation boutique offering multi-asset and/or multi-manager portfolio construction services that aim to deliver reliable, risk-adjusted investment outcomes to individual investors, institutional clientsinvestors and the remaining 4% of these assets derived from other PFG products.participants in employer-sponsored plans.
Products and Services
Multi-Asset Advisors Group was established to provide advice on multi-asset strategies to global clients and to develop and manage customized multi-asset products to address specific client needs. Multi-Asset Advisors Group helpsProducts offered by the Principal Global Investors optimizesegment include individually managed accounts, separately managed accounts for high net worth individuals and several fund platforms for retail and institutional investors, as described below.
Principal Funds, Inc. PFI is a series mutual fund that, as of December 31, 2016, offered 84 investment options for defined contribution plans, individuals, institutional investors, adviser fee-based programs, and other retirement plan clients. We report the results for this fund in the Retirement and Income Solutions segment or Principal Global Investors segment based on the distribution channel associated with the AUM.
Principal Variable Contracts Funds, Inc. Principal Variable Contracts Funds, Inc. is a series mutual fund that provides investment options for variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts issued by the Principal Life Insurance Company ("Principal Life") and other insurance companies not affiliated with Principal Life. AUM backing our broad range of capabilities while enhancingvariable annuity contracts is reported in the Retirement and Income Solutions segment. AUM backing our position as a thought leadervariable life insurance contracts is reported in the U.S. Insurance Solutions segment.
Other Principal Global Investors Funds. Principal Global Investors maintains various fund platforms including Qualifying Investor Alternative Fund and trusted advisor to large institutional clients.Undertaking for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities funds domiciled in Dublin, Collective Investment Trusts, Business Trusts and other boutique sponsored funds. These funds are generally managed by our boutiques.
Markets and Distribution
Our products and services are distributed through various channels to reach and meet the needs of a broad investor base. We employed 150distribute our services through institutional and retail sales representatives, relationship management, and client service professionals as of December 31, 2014, who workedwork with consultants and directly with large investors to acquire and retain third party institutional clients.clients, retail clients and other investors. We also maintain relationships with independent broker-dealers to distribute our products and services, maintaining relationships with over 61,000 independent brokers, consultants and agents. As of December 31, 2014,2016, Principal Global Investors and its boutiques had approximately 808869 third party institutional clients in 42 countries with $114.0$130.6 billion of AUM in 49 countries.AUM.
Principal International Segment
Our Principal International segment has operations in Brazil, Chile, China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ("SAR"), India, MexicoLatin America and Southeast Asia. We focus on countrieslocations with growing middle classes, favorable demographics and increasing long-term savings, ideally with defined contribution retirement markets. We entered these locations through acquisitions, start-up operations and joint ventures.
The activities of our Principal International segment reflect our efforts to accelerate the growth of our AUM by capitalizing on the international trend toward private sector defined contribution pension systems and individual long-term savings. We offer pension accumulation products and services, mutual funds, asset management, income annuities and life insurance accumulation products.
Markets, Products and Distribution
Latin America
Brazil. We offer pension accumulation and income annuity products through a co-managed joint venture, Brasilprev Seguros e Previdencia S.A. ("Brasilprev"). We ownowned 25% of the economic interest and 50.01% of the voting shares.shares as of December 31, 2016. The partner is Banco do Brasil ("Banco"), the largest bank in Latin America which had approximately 5,5005,400 Brazilian branches as of September 30, 2014. According to Federação Nacional de Previdência e Vida, Brasilprev ranked second in the Brazilian private pension market based upon managed assets as of November 30, 2014, and first in 2014 net sales.2016.
Brasilprev has the exclusive distribution rights of its pension accumulation and income annuity products through the Banco network until October 2032. Our joint venture provides products for the retirement needs of individuals and employers. Banco's employees sell these products directly to individual clients through its bank branches. In addition, our joint venture reaches corporate clients through two wholesale distribution channels: (1) a network of independent brokers who sell to the public and (2) Banco's corporate account executives who sell to existing and prospective corporate clients.
We offer mutual fund and asset management services through Claritas Administração de Recursos Ltda. ("Claritas"), an independentour wholly owned Brazilian mutual fund and asset management company. We own 62.7% of the economic interest, and the remainder is owned by employee-partners. The company manages equity funds, balanced funds, managed accounts and other strategies for affluent clients and institutions and sells through its multi-channel distribution network.
Chile. We offer a complete array of pension accumulation and income annuity products. We also offer mutual fund, asset management services and life insurance accumulation products.
We offer mandatory employee-funded pension and voluntary savings plans through Administradora de Fondos de Pensiones Cuprum S.A. ("Cuprum"). We own 97.96%owned 97.97% of Cuprum as of December 31, 2016, and the rest is publicly floated. Cuprum's products are sold through a proprietary sales network of approximately 710920 sales employees as of December 31, 2014.2016.
We offer income annuity and life insurance accumulation products through Principal Compañía de Seguros de Vida Chile S.A., our wholly owned life insurance company. The annuity products are distributed through a network of brokers and independent agents numbering approximately 335 as of December 31, 2014.agents. Life insurance accumulation products are also offered to individuals through brokers and financial advisors.
We offer voluntary savings plans and mutual funds through Principal Administradora General de Fondos S.A., our wholly-ownedwholly owned mutual fund company. According to the Asociación de Adminstradoras de Fondos Mutuos de Chile, we
ranked first in AUM for mutual fund companies offering these plans in Chile as of December 31, 2014. Products are distributed to retail clients through our proprietary sales force, financial advisors, brokerage houses and alliances with financial institutions.
We offer asset management services through Principal Asset Management Chile S.A. This wholly owned company sells its products through a proprietary sales force.
Mexico. We offer pension accumulation, mutual funds, income annuities and asset management services through our wholly owned companies.
We offer mandatory pension plans through Principal Afore, S.A. de C.V., Principal Grupo Financiero. We manage and administer individual retirement accounts under the mandatory privatized social security system for all employees in Mexico. As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately 2.8 million individual retirement accounts. We distribute products and services through a proprietary sales force of approximately 450 sales representatives as of December 31, 2016, as well as independent brokers who sell directly to individuals. In addition, we have an agreement for the exclusive distribution of Principal Afore's products through HSBC Bank's extensive network in Mexico through September 2017.
We offer mutual funds and asset management services through Principal Fondos de Inversión, S.A. de C.V., Operadora de Fondos de Inversión, Principal Grupo Financiero. We distribute products and services through a sales force of approximately 110 employees as of December 31, 2016, and through distribution agreements with other financial entities. We offer both domestic and international products, typically sold directly to clients.
We also administer previously sold income annuities and life products.
Asia
China. We offer mutual funds and asset management services to individuals and institutions through a joint venture, CCB Principal Asset Management Co., Ltd. We ownowned 25% and China Construction Bank ("CCB") is the majority partner with 65% ownership. We sell mutual funds primarily through our partner bank, CCB. The bankownership as of December 31, 2016. CCB provides extensivewidespread distribution capabilitiessupport for the joint venture in termsvia its extensive network of brand awareness and the number ofapproximately 15,000 branch outlets which number approximately 15,000 as of June 2014.December 31, 2015, and brand awareness.
Hong Kong SAR. We offer both pension accumulationsaving and mutual fund products to corporate and retail clients through wholly owned companies.
We offer two types of pension saving schemes, Mandatory Provident Fund ("MPF") schemes to serve the mandatory retirement market.and Occupational Retirement Schemes Ordinance ("ORSO"). We target small and medium-sized employers and distribute products through a proprietary sales force that maintains relationships with third party intermediaries such as insurance companies, independent financial advisors, brokers consultants and banks.employee benefit consultants. In addition, we have an agreement for the exclusive distribution of pension products through AXA's extensive agency network in Hong Kong through 2030. We also target individual account holders who have changed jobs or are looking to consolidate their retirement accounts. We service MPFserviced approximately 570,000 accounts and as of December 31, 2014, had 240,000 accounts. On November 7, 2014, we announced we will acquire AXA's MPF and Occupational Retirement Schemes Ordinance ("ORSO") business. The transaction is expected to close in third quarter 2015.2016.
We sell mutual funds to retail customers seeking to accumulate assets for retirement and other long-term investment needs. Our mutual funds are distributed through a proprietary sales force that maintains relationships with third party intermediaries such as banks, insurance companies, and independent financial advisors. To further grow our mutualadvisors, securities brokers, direct-to-customer fund business we expect to leverage our operations in the Hong Kong SAR to pursue potential opportunities created by the mutual recognition of fund products between Hong Kongplatforms and China. To date, the governments have not formally announced a start date for mutual recognition.private wealth management firms.
India. We offer mutual funds and asset management services to both retail and corporate customers through our joint venture Principal Pnb Asset Management Company Private Limited. We ownowned 78.6% as of December 31, 2016, and the partner is Punjab National Bank, (21.4%), a large Indian commercial bank with a network of approximately 6,100 branches.6,800 branches as of June 30, 2016. Mutual funds are sold through bank branches, proprietary sales offices, independent distributors and direct sales.
We also have a proprietary distribution company, Principal Retirement Advisors Private Limited, that focuses on promoting and advising on retirement and long-term investment products in these emerging markets.
Mexico. We offer pension accumulation, mutual funds, income annuities and asset management services through our wholly-owned companies.
We offer mandatory pension plans through Principal Afore, S.A. de C.V., Principal Grupo Financiero. We manage and administer individual retirement accounts under the mandatory privatized social security system for all employees in Mexico. As of December 31, 2014, we had approximately 3.7 million individual retirement accounts. We distribute products and services through a proprietary sales force of approximately 960 sales representatives as of December 31, 2014, as well as independent brokers who sell directly to individuals. In addition, we have an agreement for the exclusive distribution of Principal Afore's products through HSBC Bank's extensive network in Mexico through 2017.
We offer mutual funds and asset management services through Principal Fondos de Inversión, S.A. de C.V., Operadora de Fondos de Inversión, Principal Grupo Financiero. We distribute products and services through a sales force of approximately 60 employees and through distribution agreements with other financial entities. We offer both domestic and international products, typically sold directly to clients.
We also administer previously sold income annuities and life products.India market.
Southeast Asia. We offer mutual funds, asset management services and pension accumulation products through our joint venture CIMB-Principal Asset Management Berhad ("CPAM"). We ownowned 40% in CIMB-Principal and 50% in CIMB Principal Islamic as of December 31, 2016, and the partner is CIMB Group, the second largest bank by assets in Malaysia withwhich has a strong presence in many Asian countries. CPAM ranked second in total unit trust assets managed and second in Islamic unit trust assets managed in the Malaysian asset management industry as of December 31, 2014. CPAM also manages a significant amount of institutional asset mandates.
The joint ventureCPAM has wholly owned subsidiaries in Singapore (CIMB-Principal Asset Management (S) Pte. Ltd.), Indonesia (PT CIMB-Principal Asset Management) and Thailand (CIMB-Principal Asset Management Company Limited).
CPAM distributes conventional and Islamic mutual funds through the branches of its partner bank (approximately 1,000 bank branches throughout Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Singapore) and through an agency sales force of approximately 6,9006,000 agents selling to retail customers as of December 31, 2014.2016. CPAM also distributes its mutual funds through third party institutions including other banks and security houses.
As of December 31, 2014, CPAM ranked second in private retirement schemes managed in the new voluntary retirement market.
CIMB-Principal Asset Management Company Limited (Thailand) acquired Finansa Asset Management Limited on January 22, 2015. The acquisition will integrate both asset management firms and further enhance CIMB-Principal Asset Management's position as Thailand's leading asset management company. Finansa Asset Management Limited has approximately $1.0 billion of AUM.
U.S. Insurance Solutions Segment
Our U.S. Insurance Solutions segment offers individualgroup and groupindividual insurance solutions. We focus on providing comprehensive insurance solutions for small and medium-sized businesses and their owners and executives. We organize our operations into two divisions: Individual LifeSpecialty Benefits Insurance and Specialty BenefitsIndividual Life Insurance. However, we share key resources in our core areas such as strategic leadership, distribution and marketing.
Specialty Benefits Insurance
Specialty benefits insurance, which includes group dental, vision, life and disability insurance and individual disability insurance, is an important component of the employee benefit offering at small and medium-sized businesses. We offer traditional employer sponsored and voluntary products for group dental, vision, life and disability. We also offer group dental, vision and disability on a fee-for-service basis. Our individual disability insurance is also sold on an individual or multi-life basis.
Products and Services
Group Dental and Vision Insurance. We began selling group dental and vision insurance in the late 1960s. Our plans provide partial reimbursement for dental and vision expenses. As of December 31, 2016, we had over 48,000 group dental and vision insurance policies in force covering nearly 1.3 million employee lives. According to Life Insurance and Market Research Association ("LIMRA"), we were the 7th largest group dental insurer in terms of number of contracts/employer groups in force in 2015. In addition to indemnity and preferred provider organization dental offered on both an employer paid and voluntary basis, we offer a prepaid dental plan in Arizona through our Employers Dental Services, Inc. subsidiary. We also offer a discount dental product nationally. Our indemnity vision product and our managed care vision product are offered on both an employer paid and voluntary basis.
Group Life Insurance. Group life insurance was one of our first group products beginning in the early 1940s. Our group life insurance provides coverage to employees and their dependents for a specified period. As of December 31, 2016, we had nearly 57,000 group policies providing $140 billion of group life insurance in force to approximately 2.3 million employee lives. According to LIMRA, in 2015 we were ranked 3rd in the U.S. in terms of the number of group life insurance contracts in force. We currently sell traditional group life insurance that does not provide for accumulation of cash values on both an employer paid and voluntary basis. Our group life insurance business remains focused on the traditional, annually renewable term product. Group term life and group universal life accounted for 98% and 2%, respectively, of our total group life insurance in force as of December 31, 2016. We no longer market group universal life insurance to new employer groups.
Group Disability Insurance. Group disability insurance has also been sold since the early 1940s. Our group disability insurance provides a benefit to insured employees who become disabled. In most instances, this benefit is in the form of a monthly income. Our group disability products include both short-term and long-term disability, offered on both an employer paid and voluntary basis. As of December 31, 2016, long-term disability represented 62% of total group disability premium, while short-term disability represented 38% of total group disability premium. In addition, we provide disability management services, also called rehabilitation services, to assist individuals in returning to work as quickly as possible following disability. We also work with disability claimants to improve the approval rate of Social Security benefits, thereby reducing payment of benefits by the amount of Social Security payments received. As of December 31, 2016, we served approximately 1.8 million employee lives through more than 43,000 contracts. According to LIMRA, our group short-term disability business was ranked 5th and our group long-term disability business was ranked 4th in the U.S. as of December 31, 2015, in terms of number of contracts/employer groups in force. We also offer voluntary critical illness insurance, which provides a lump-sum cash benefit to pay for additional expenses associated with the five most common critical illnesses.
Individual Disability Insurance. Individual disability insurance has been sold since the early 1950s. Our individual disability insurance products provide income protection to the insured member and/or business in the event of disability. In most instances, this benefit is in the form of a monthly income. In addition to income replacement, we offer products
to pay business-related costs such as overhead expenses for a disabled business owner, buy-out costs for business owners purchasing a disabled owner's interest in the business, expenditures for replacement of a key person and business loan payments. We also offer a product to protect retirement savings in the event of disability. As of December 31, 2016, we served approximately 184,000 individual disability policyholders. According to LIMRA, our individual disability business was ranked 5th in the U.S. in terms of premium in force in the non-cancellable segment of the market and 5th overall, as of December 31, 2015.
Fee-for-Service. We offer administration of group dental, disability and vision benefits on a fee-for-service basis.
Individual Life Insurance
We began as an individual life insurer in 1879.1879 when we began selling traditional life insurance products to individuals. We now specialize in providing solutions for small to medium-sized companies to protect against risk and loss, assist with succession planning and wealth transfer and to build and protect wealth for retirement. We also provide solutions to meet the personal needs of business owners, executives and affluent individuals. Our U.S. operations administered approximately 557,000588,000 individual life insurance policies with over $231$295 billion of individual life insurance in force as of December 31, 2014. We specialize in business insurance needs for small to medium-sized companies through our wide range of business and nonqualified solutions and also provide personal insurance.
Small and medium-sized companies are challenged with how to build quality benefits packages for executives, how to transition the company's ownership to a partner or family member and how to save for retirement. In addition, executives and other key employees often have personal insurance needs. These needs are the focus of our products within the individual life insurance arena.2016.
Products and Services
Our Business Owner and Executive Solutions platform as well as our nonqualified deferred compensation offering combines administration and consulting to service our clients' needs. We target the business and personal insurance needs of owners and executives of small and medium-sized businesses with an increasing focus on providing insurance solutions for nonqualified executive benefits. In addition, we market our products to meet traditional retail insurance needs. We offer a variety of individual life insurance products, including universal life insurance, variable universal life insurance and termtraditional life insurance.
Universal and Variable Universal Life Insurance. Universal and variable universal life insurance products offer the policyholder the option of adjusting both the premium and the death benefit amounts of the insurance contract. Universal life insurance typically includes a cash value account that accumulates at a credited interest rate based on the investment returns of the block of business. Variable universal life insurance is credited with the investment returns of the various investment options selected. For the year ended December 31, 2014, 66%2016, 61% of individual life insurance annualized first year premium sales were generated from universal and variable universal life insurance products. Universal and variable universal life insurance represented 36%29% of individual life insurance in force as of December 31, 2014.2016.
After a deduction for policy level expenses, we credit net deposits to an account maintained for the policyholder. For universal life contracts, the entire account balance is invested in the general account. Interest is credited to the policyholder's account based on the earnings on general account investments.investments, subject to contractual minimums. For variable universal life contracts, the policyholder may allocate the account balance among our general account and a variety of mutual funds underlying the contract. Interest is credited on amounts allocated to the Principal Life general account in the same manner as for universal life. Net investment performance on mutual funds is allocated directly to the policyholder accounts; the policyholder bears the investment risk. Some of our universal life and variable universal life insurance contracts contain what are commonly referred to as "secondary" or "no-lapse" guarantee provisions. A no-lapse guarantee keeps the contract in force, even if the contractholder's account balance is insufficient to cover all of the contract charges, provided that the contractholder has continually paid a specified minimum premium.
Traditional Life Insurance. Traditional life insurance includes participating whole life, adjustable life products and non-participating term life insurance products. Participating products and non-participating term life insurance products represented 34%39% of our individual life insurance annualized first year premium sales for the year ended December 31, 2014,2016, and 64%71% of individual life insurance in force as of December 31, 2014.2016. Adjustable life insurance products provide a guaranteed benefit in return for the payment of a fixed premium and allow the policyholder to set the coverage period, premium and face amount combination. Term insurance products provide a guaranteed death benefit for a specified period of time in return for the payment of a fixed premium. Policyholder dividends are not paid on term insurance.
Specialty benefits insurance, which includes group dental, vision, life and disability insurance and individual disability insurance, is an important component of the employee benefit offering at small and medium-sized businesses. We offer traditional employer sponsored and voluntary products for group dental, vision, life and disability. We also offer group dental, vision and disability on a fee-for-service basis.
Products and Services
Group Dental and Vision Insurance. We began selling group dental and vision insurance in the late 1960s. Our plans provide partial reimbursement for dental and vision expenses. As of December 31, 2014, we had nearly 38,000 group dental and vision insurance policies in force covering over 1,016,000 employee lives. According to Life Insurance and Market Research Association ("LIMRA"), we were the 7th largest group dental insurer in terms of number of contracts/employer groups in force in 2013. In addition to indemnity and preferred provider organization dental offered on both an employer paid and voluntary basis, we offer a prepaid dental plan in Arizona through our Employers Dental Services, Inc. subsidiary. In 2012, we purchased a 100% interest in First Dental Health, a California based organization that includes a discount dental product nationally and a dental network of preferred providers primarily in California. Our indemnity vision product and our newly introduced managed care vision product are offered on both an employer paid and voluntary basis.
Group Life Insurance. Group life insurance was one of our first group products beginning in the early 1940s. Our group life insurance provides coverage to employees and their dependents for a specified period. As of December 31, 2014, we had nearly 50,000 group policies providing $121.3 billion of group life insurance in force to approximately 2.0 million employee lives. According to LIMRA, in 2013 we were ranked 4th in the U.S. in terms of the number of group life insurance contracts in force. We currently sell traditional group life insurance that does not provide for accumulation of cash values on both an employer paid and voluntary basis. Our group life insurance business remains focused on the traditional, annually renewable term product. Group term life and group universal life accounted for 98% and 2%, respectively, of our total group life insurance in force as of December 31, 2014. We no longer market group universal life insurance to new employer groups.
Group Disability Insurance. Group disability insurance has also been sold since the early 1940s. Our group disability insurance provides a benefit to insured employees who become disabled. In most instances, this benefit is in the form of a monthly income. Our group disability products include both short-term and long-term disability, offered on both an employer paid and voluntary basis. As of December 31, 2014, long-term disability represented 64% of total group disability premium, while short-term disability represented 36% of total group disability premium. In addition, we provide disability management services, also called rehabilitation services, to assist individuals in returning to work as quickly as possible following disability. We also work with disability claimants to improve the approval rate of Social Security benefits, thereby reducing payment of benefits by the amount of Social Security payments received. As of December 31, 2014, we served approximately 1.5 million employee lives under nearly 38,000 contracts. According to LIMRA, our group short-term disability business was ranked 6th and our group long-term disability business was ranked 4th in the U.S. as of December 31, 2013, in terms of number of contracts/employer groups in force. We recently expanded our product offering to include voluntary critical illness insurance. The insurance provides a lump-sum cash benefit to pay for additional expenses associated with the five most common critical illnesses.
Individual Disability Insurance. Individual disability insurance has been sold since the early 1950s. Our individual disability insurance products provide income protection to the insured member and/or business in the event of disability. In most instances, this benefit is in the form of a monthly income. In addition to income replacement, we offer products to pay business-related costs such as overhead expenses for a disabled business owner, buy-out costs for business owners purchasing a disabled owner's interest in the business, expenditures for replacement of a key person and business loan payments. We also offer a product to protect retirement savings in the event of disability. As of December 31, 2014, we served approximately 168,000 individual disability policyholders. According to LIMRA, our individual disability business was ranked 5th in the U.S. in terms of premium in force in the non-cancellable segment of the market and 7th overall, as of December 31, 2013.
Fee-for-Service. We offer administration of group dental, disability and vision benefits on a fee-for-service basis.
U.S. Insurance Solutions Markets and Distribution
For each of our products, administration and distribution channels are customized to meet customer needs and expectations for that product.
We sell our individual life and individual disability income products in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, primarily targeting owners and executives of small and medium-sized businesses. Small and medium-sized business sales represented 55% of individual life sales and 60% of individual disability sales for the year ended December 31, 2014. Much of our life insurance sales efforts focus on the Business Owner and Executive Solutions market. This strategy offers solutions to address business owner financial challenges such as exiting the business, business transition, retaining key employees and retirement planning. Key employees also have needs to supplement retirement income, survivor income, and business protection. We believe the Business Owner and Executive Solutions segment offers growth opportunities and we will continue to develop strategies to capitalize on this expanding market.
We distribute our individual life and individual disability insurance products through our affiliated financial representatives and independent brokers, as well as other marketing and distribution alliances. Affiliated financial representatives were responsible for 27% of individual life insurance sales based on first year annualized premium and 13% of individual disability sales for the year ended December 31, 2014. We had 1,211 affiliated financial representatives in 34 offices as of December 31, 2014. Although they are independent contractors, we have a close tie with affiliated financial representatives and we offer them benefits, training and access to tools and expertise. To meet the needs of the
various marketing channels, particularly the independent brokers, we employ wholesale distributors — Regional Vice Presidents for individual life and Regional Vice Presidents for individual disability. A key differentiator in the nonqualified executive benefit sale is our Regional Vice Presidents-Nonqualified Plans, who are not only wholesalers but also consultants and subject-matter experts providing point-of-sale support in closing cases.
We market our group life, disability, dental and vision insurance products to small and medium-sized businesses, primarily targeting our sales toward owners and human resources professionals. We sell our group life, disability, dental and vision products in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. We continually adapt our products and pricing to meet local market conditions. We market our fee-for-service capabilities to employers that self-insure their employees' dental, disability and vision benefits. We market our fee-for-service businesses in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
The group insurance market continues to see a shift to voluntary/worksite products due to various pressures on employers. In keeping with this market change, which shifts the funding of such products from the employer to the employee, we continue to place an enhanced focus on our voluntary benefits platform. We believe the voluntary/worksite market presents growth opportunities and we will continue to develop strategies to capitalize on this expanding market.
As of December 31, 2014,2016, we had 115130 sales representatives and 141149 service representatives in 28 local markets. Our sales representatives accounted for 98% of our group insurance sales for the year ended December 31, 2014.2016. The service representatives play a key role in servicing the case by providing local, responsive services to our customers and their brokers, such as renewing contracts, revising plans, solving administrative issues and communicating the customers' needs and feedback to us.
We sell our individual life and individual disability income products in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, primarily targeting owners and executives of small and medium-sized businesses. Small and medium-sized business sales represented 52% of individual life sales and 62% of individual disability sales for the year ended December 31, 2016. Much of our life insurance sales efforts focus on the Business Owner and Executive Solutions market. This strategy offers solutions to address business owner financial challenges such as exiting the business, business transition, retaining key employees and retirement planning. Key employees also have needs to supplement retirement income, survivor income, and business protection. We believe the Business Owner and Executive Solutions segment offers growth opportunities and we will continue to develop strategies to capitalize on this expanding market.
We distribute our individual life and individual disability insurance products through our affiliated financial representatives and independent brokers, as well as other marketing and distribution alliances. Affiliated financial representatives were responsible for 23% of individual life insurance sales based on first year annualized premium and 14% of individual disability sales for the year ended December 31, 2016. We had 1,161 affiliated financial representatives in 33 offices as of December 31, 2016. Although they are independent contractors, we have a close tie with affiliated financial representatives and we offer them benefits, training and access to tools and expertise. To meet the needs of the various marketing channels, particularly the independent brokers, we employ wholesale distributors — Regional Vice Presidents for individual life and Regional Vice Presidents for individual disability. A key differentiator in the nonqualified executive benefit sale is our Regional Vice Presidents-Nonqualified Plans, who are not only wholesalers but also consultants and subject-matter experts providing point-of-sale support in closing cases.
During fourth quarter 2016, we decided to move long-term care, a business we exited and fully reinsured in 1997, from the U.S. Insurance Solutions segment to the Corporate segment to align it with the management of other exited businesses in the Corporate segment. This change has been applied retrospectively to our segment financial information but did not impact our consolidated financial statements.
Our Corporate segment manages the assets representing capital that has not been allocated to any other segment. Financial results of the Corporate segment primarily reflect our financing activities (including interest expensefinancing costs and preferred stock dividends), income on capital not allocated to other segments, inter-segment eliminations, income tax risks and certain income, expenses and other after-tax adjustments not allocated to the segments based on the nature of such items. Results of Principal Securities, Inc., our retail broker-dealer and registered investment advisor, and our exited group medical and long-term care insurance businessbusinesses are reported in this segment.
Competition in our segments is based on a number of factors including: scale, service, product features, price, investment performance, commission structure, distribution capacity, financial strength ratings and name recognition. We compete with a large number of financial services companies such as banks, mutual funds, broker-dealers, insurers and asset managers. Some of these companies offer a broader array of products, more competitive pricing, greater diversity of distribution sources, better brand recognition or, with respect to insurers, higher financial strength ratings. Some may also have greater financial resources with which to compete or may have better investment performance at various times. We believe we distinguish ourselves from our competitors through our:
Insurance companies are assigned financial strength ratings by rating agencies based upon factors relevant to policyholders. Financial strength ratings are generally defined as opinions as to an insurer's financial strength and ability to meet ongoing obligations to policyholders. Information about ratings provides both industry participants and insurance consumers meaningful insights on specific insurance companies. Higher ratings generally indicate financial stability and a stronger ability to pay claims.
Principal Life and Principal National Life Insurance Company ("PNLIC") have been assigned the following insurer financial strength ratings:
| Rating Agency | Financial Strength Rating | Rating Structure | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A.M. Best Company, Inc. | A+ ("Superior") with a stable outlook | Second highest of | ||
| Fitch Ratings Ltd. | Fourth highest of 19 rating levels | |||
| Moody's Investors Service | A1 ("Good") with a stable outlook | Fifth highest of 21 rating levels | ||
| A+ ("Strong") with a stable outlook | Fifth highest of |
A.M. Best's ratings for insurance companies range from "A++" to "S". A.M. Best indicates that "A++" and "A+" ratings are assigned to those companies that in A.M. Best's opinion have superior ability to meet ongoing obligations to policyholders.insurance obligations. Fitch's ratings for insurance companies range from "AAA" to "C". Fitch "AA" ratings indicate very strong capacity to meet policyholder and contractholder obligations on a timely basis.contract obligations. Moody's Investors Service ("Moody's") ratings for insurance companies range from "Aaa" to "C". Moody's Investors Service indicates that "A" ratings are assigned to those
companies that have demonstratedoffer good financial security. Standard & Poor'sS&P Global's ("S&P") ratings for insurance companies range from "AAA" to "NR". Standard & Poor'sS&P indicates that "A" ratings are assigned to those companies that have demonstrated strong financial security characteristics. In evaluating a company's financial and operating performance, these rating agencies review its profitability, leverage and liquidity, as well as its book of business, the adequacy and soundness of its reinsurance, the quality and estimated market value of its assets, the adequacy of its policy reserves, the soundness of its risk management programs, the experience and competency of its management and other factors. All of
A.M. Best, Moody's and Fitch have all changed their outlook on the fourU.S. life insurance sector to 'negative' from 'stable' in 2016. Continued low interest rates, an uncertain regulatory environment, exposure to asset management and international risks and low domestic growth are pressuring the sector.
S&P is the only rating agenciesagency to maintain a 'stable' outlook on the U.S. life insurance sector. The rating agencies have indicated they expect gradually increasingS&P's view is that continued low interest rates will help stabilize earnings on spread businesses and rising equity marketspressure insurers' bottom lines, but strong capitalization will grow assets under management.offset the credit quality impact.
We believe our strong ratings are an important factor in marketing our products to our distributors and customers, as ratings information is broadly disseminated and generally used throughout the industry. Our ratings reflect each rating agency's opinion of our financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet our obligations to policyholders and are not evaluations directed toward the protection of investors. Such ratings are neither a rating of securities nor a recommendation to buy, hold or sell any security, including our common stock. For more information on ratings, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Financial Strength and Credit Ratings."
Our businesses are subject to regulation and supervision by U.S. federal and state regulatory authorities as well as non-U.S. regulatory authorities for our operations outside the U.S., which can have a significant effect on our business. Our businesses are also affected by U.S. federal, state and local tax laws as well as tax laws for jurisdictions outside the U.S.
PFG, our parent holding company, is not licensed as an insurer, investment advisor, broker-dealer, bank or other regulated entity. However, because it is the holding company for all of our operations, it is subject to regulation of our regulated entities, including as an insurance holding company. We are subject to legal and regulatory requirements applicable to public companies, including public reporting and disclosure, securities trading, accounting and financial reporting and corporate governance.
U.S. Insurance Regulation
We are subject to the insurance holding company laws in the states where our insurance companies are domiciled. Principal Life and PNLIC are domiciled in Iowa and their principal insurance regulatory authority is the Insurance Division of the Department of Commerce of the State of Iowa. Our other U.S. insurance companies are principally regulated by the insurance departments of the states in which they are domiciled. These laws generally require each insurance company directly or indirectly owned by the holding company to register with the insurance department in the insurance company's state of domicile and to furnish financial and other information about the operations of the companies within the holding company system. Transactions affecting the insurers in the holding company system must be fair and at arm's length. Most states have insurance laws that require regulatory approval of a direct or indirect change in control of an insurer or an insurer's holding company and laws requiringthat require prior notification of state insurance departments of a change in control of a non-domiciliary insurance company doing business in that state.
Annually, our U.S. insurance companies must submit an opinion from a board-appointed qualified actuary to state insurance regulators, where licensed, on whether the statutory assets held backing statutory reserves are sufficient to meet contractual obligations and related expenses of the insurer. If such an opinion cannot be rendered noting the sufficiency of assets, then the insurance company must set up additional statutory reserves drawing from available statutory surplus until such an opinion can be given.
State insurance departments have broad administrative powers over the insurance business, including insurance company licensing and examination, agent licensing, establishment of reserve requirements and solvency standards, premium rate regulation, admittance of assets to statutory surplus, policy form approval, unfair trade and claims practices regulation and other matters. State insurance statutes also typically place restrictions and limitations on the amount of dividends or other distributions payable by insurance company subsidiaries to their parent companies. See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources" for further details.
In order to enhance the regulation of insurer solvency, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") has established risk-based capital standards. The standards require life insurers to submit a report to state regulators on an annual basis regarding their risk-based capital based upon four categories of risk: asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate risk and business risk. As of December 31, 2013,2016, the statutory surplus of each of our U.S. life insurance companies exceeded the minimum level of risk-based capital requirements required before state insurance departments would take action against an insurer.requirements.
State and federal insurance and securities regulatory authorities and other state law enforcement agencies and attorneys general regularly make inquiries and conduct examinations or investigations regarding our compliance with, among other things, insurance laws and securities laws.
Each state has insurance guaranty association laws under which insurers doing business in a state can be assessed, up to prescribed limits, in order to cover contractual benefit obligations of insolvent insurance companies. The guaranty associations levy assessments on each member insurer in a jurisdiction on the basis of the proportionate share of the premiums written by such insurer in the lines of business in which the insolvent insurer is engaged. Some jurisdictions permit the member insurers to recover the assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets.
Securities Regulation
Insurance and investment products such as variable annuities, variable life insurance and some funding agreements that constitute securities and mutual fund products are subject to securities laws and regulations, including state securities regulation as well as federal regulation under the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority and other regulatory authorities. These regulations affect investment advice, sales and related activities for these products.
We also have entities whichthat are registered as investment advisers with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
Employee Retirement Income Security Act
As we provide products and services for U.S. employee benefit plans, we are subject to regulation under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"). ERISA provisions include reporting and disclosure requirements and standards of conduct.
Banking Regulation
Principal Bank, a wholly owned subsidiary, is a federal savings bank regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Principal Bank's deposits are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"),FDIC, making the Bank subject to certain of the FDIC's regulations.
Environmental Regulation
As we own and operate real property, we are subject to federal, state and local environmental laws and could be subject to environmental liabilities and costs associated with required remediation of our properties. We routinely have environmental assessments performed for real estate being acquired or used as collateral for commercial mortgages we use for investment.
Regulation of International Businesses
Our international businesses are supervised by regulatory authorities in the jurisdictions in which they operate.
Like all financial services companies, we are exposed to a wide variety of financial, operational and other risks, as described in Item 1A. "Risk Factors." Effective enterprise risk management is, therefore, a key component of our business model.
Enterprise risk management helps us to:
We utilize an integrated risk management framework to help us identify, assess, monitor, report, manage and manageaggregate our material risks within established limitsrisk appetites and risk tolerances. The framework delivers important perspective that is used in strategic and tactical decision making and is adaptable to changes in our businesses and in the
external environments in which we operate. Our approach also requires a commitment to continuous improvement and periodic validation.
Our governance structure includes Board of DirectorDirectors oversight, internal risk committees, a corporate risk management function and embedded risk professionals in all of our business units and functional areas. Our Board of Directors, Audit Committee, Finance Committee, Human Resource Committee and Nominating and Governance Committee provide oversight no less frequently than quarterly, addressing variousrelevant aspects and assessments of our risk profile. Quarterly reports on risk topics and an annual enterprise-wide risk report are provided to the Board of Directors by the Corporate Chief Risk Officer.
Our internal risk committees meet on a regular and frequent basis to discuss various issues and reflect onreview profile status. Each business unit and key functional area has its own risk committee that is responsible for oversight of allthe material risks within the unit.unit or area. These committees typicallymay include key corporate leaders. We also have internal committees that provide oversight around a certain risk or group of related risks across the organization. This matrix approach helps us maintain comprehensive risk coverage and preserve an integrated view of risks. Two committees reside at the top of our internal risk committee hierarchy. The Corporate Strategic Working Group provides enterprise-wide oversight around our strategic risk profile and the Enterprise Risk Management Committee, comprised of members from corporate seniorthe executive management team, exercises enterprise-wide oversight around all otherfor our most significant risk profiles.
The business units and functional areas are responsible for identifying, assessing, monitoring, reporting and managing their own risks. Chief Risk Officers embedded within each business unit or risk professionals in functional areas help align risk management practice with the strategies of the unit as well as with enterprise-wide objectives. The Corporate Chief Risk Officer and supporting staff are separate from the business units and provide objective oversight, framework enablement and aggregated risk analysis. Internal Audit provides independent assurance around effective risk management design and control execution.
WeRisk appetites, tolerances and limits have been established risk tolerances from an overall corporate perspective, aenterprise-wide and business unit perspective and for specific risk categories, of risks.where appropriate. We monitor a variety of risk metrics on an ongoing basis and take the appropriate steps to help us stay withinmanage our established risk appetites and tolerances. PotentiallyQuarterly risk reporting provides a feedback loop between business units, functional areas, our internal risk committees and the corporate risk management function. This reporting also includes perspectives on emerging risk. To the extent potentially significant actionsbusiness activities or operational initiatives are considered, in termsanalysis of the possible impact on our risk profile includingtakes place. This analysis includes, but is not limited to, the capital required,implications; the impact on near term and long-term earnings andearnings; the ability to meet our targets with respect to return on equity, liquidity, debt/capital, cash coverage, business risk and operational risk. Quarterly risk reporting provides a feedback loop between the business unitsrisk; and the Corporate Chief Risk Officer and includes, among other things, emerging risk outlooks or incident reporting, if necessary. We have developed a Business Continuity Management Program that identifies critical business functions and includes plans for their protection and recovery in the event of a disaster or other business interruption.
We regularly build uponimpact to our already strong risk management practices to incorporate updated modeling tools, processes and metrics, which we actively use to better understand and manage our business.reputation.
As of December 31, 2014,2016, we had 14,87314,854 employees. None of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements governing employment with us.except a group of employees within our Cuprum organization in Chile. We believe that our employee relations are satisfactory.
Our Internetinternet website can be found at www.principal.com. We make available free of charge, on or through our Internetinternet website, access to our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is filed with or furnished to the SEC. Also available free of charge on our Internetinternet website is our code of business conduct and ethics, corporate governance guidelines and charters for the Audit, Finance, Human Resources and Nominating and Governance committees of our Board of Directors. Also see Item 10. "Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance."
This section provides an overview of the risks that may impact our performance in the future.
Risks relating to economic conditions, market conditions and investments
Adverse capital and credit market conditions may significantly affect our ability to meet liquidity needs, as well as our access to capital and cost of capital.
Our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and statutory capital position could be materially adversely affected by volatility, uncertainty and disruption in the capital and credit markets.
We maintain a level of cash and securities which, combined with expected cash inflows from investments and operations, is believed adequate to meet anticipated short-term and long-term benefit and expense payment obligations. However, withdrawal and surrender levels may differ from anticipated levels for a variety of reasons, such as changes in economic conditions or changes in our claims paying ability and financial strength ratings. For additional information regarding our exposure to interest rate risk and the impact of a downgrade in our financial strength ratings, see "— Changes in interest rates or credit spreads or a sustained low interest rate environment may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and our net income can vary from period-to-period"period to period" and "— A downgrade in our financial strength or credit ratings may increase policy surrenders and withdrawals, reduce new sales
and terminate relationships with distributors, impact existing liabilities and increase our cost of capital, any of which could adversely affect our profitability and financial condition." In addition, mark-to-market adjustments on our derivative instruments may lead to fluctuations in our reported statutory capital. These fluctuations may result in the need for additional capital to maintain a targeted level of statutory capital relative to the NAIC's risk-based capital requirements. In the event our current internal sources of liquidity do not satisfy our needs, we may have to seek additional financing and, in such case, we may not be able to successfully obtain additional financing on favorable terms, or at all. The availability of additional financing will depend on a variety of factors such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the volume of trading activities, the overall availability of credit to the financial services industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, as well as customers' or lenders' perception of our long- or short-term financial prospects. Similarly, our access to funds may be impaired if regulatory authorities or rating agencies take negative actions against us.
Disruptions, uncertainty or volatility in the capital and credit markets may limit our access to capital required to operate our business, most significantly our insurance operations. Such market conditions may limit our ability to replace,
in a timely manner, maturing liabilities; satisfy statutory capital requirements; fund redemption requests on insurance or other financial products; generate fee income and market-related revenue to meet liquidity needs and access the capital necessary to grow our business. As such, we may be forced to delay raising capital, issue shorter tenor securities than we prefer, utilize available internal resources or bear an unattractive cost of capital, which could decrease our profitability and significantly reduce our financial flexibility and liquidity.
In addition, we maintain credit facilities with various financial institutions as a potential source of excess liquidity. These facilities are in place to bridge timing in cash flows to minimize the cost of meeting our obligations, particularly during periods when alternative sources of liquidity are limited. Our ability to borrow funds under these facilities is conditioned on our satisfaction of covenants and other requirements contained in the facilities. Our failure to comply with these covenants, or the failure of lenders to fund their lending commitments, would restrict our ability to access these credit facilities and, consequently, could limit our flexibility in meeting our cash flow needs.
For further discussion on liquidity risk management, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources."
Conditions in the global capital markets and the economy generally may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.operations.
Our results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global capital markets and the economy generally, both in the U.S. and elsewhere around the world. Adverse economic conditions may result in a decline in our AUM and revenues and erosion of our profit margins. In addition, in the event of extreme prolonged market events and economic downturns, such as the recent global financial crisis, we could incur significant losses. Even in the absence of a market downturn, we are exposed to substantial risk of loss due to market volatility.
Factors such as consumer spending, business investment, government spending, the volatility and strength of the capital markets, investor and consumer confidence, foreign currency exchange rates and inflation levels all affect the business and economic environment and, ultimately, the amount and profitability of our business. In an economic downturn characterized by higher unemployment, lower family income, lower corporate earnings, lower business investment, negative investor sentiment and lower consumer spending, the demand for our financial and insurance products could be adversely affected. In addition, we may experience an elevated incidence of claims and lapses or surrenders of policies. Our policyholders may choose to defer paying insurance premiums or stop paying insurance premiums altogether. In addition, reductions in employment levels of our existing employer customers may result in a reduction in membership levels and premium income for our specialty benefits products. Participants within the retirement plans for which we provide administrative services may elect to reduce or stop their payroll deferrals to these plans, which would reduce AUM and revenues. In addition, reductions in employment levels may result in a decline in employee deposits into retirement plans. Adverse changes in the economy could affect net income negatively and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
An economic downturn may also lead to weakening of foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar, which would adversely affect the translation of segment pre-tax operating earnings and equity of our international operations into our consolidated financial statements. For further discussion on foreign currency exchange risk, see Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Foreign Currency Risk."
Continued volatilityVolatility or declines in the equity, bond or real estate markets could reduce our AUM and may result in investors withdrawing from the markets or decreasing their rates of investment, all of which could reduce our revenues and net income.
Because the revenues of our asset management and accumulation businesses are, to a large extent, based on the value of AUM, a decline in domestic and global equity, bond or real estate markets will decrease our revenues. Turmoil in these markets could lead investors to withdraw from these markets, decrease their rates of investment or refrain from making new investments, which may reduce our net income, revenues and AUM. As we continue to shift toward a more fee-based business model, our revenues and net income may become more sensitive to fluctuations in the equity, bond, and real estate markets.
For further discussion on equity risk management, see Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Equity Risk."
Changes in interest rates or credit spreads or a sustained low interest rate environment may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and our net income can vary from period-to-period.period to period.
In recent years, interest rates have remained at or near historically low levels. During periods of declining interest rates or sustained low interest rates, the interest rates we earn on our assets may be lower than the rates assumed in pricing our products, thereby reducing our profitability. For some of our products, such as GICs and funding agreements, we are unable to lower the rate we credit to customers in response to the lower return we will earn on our investments. In addition, guaranteed minimum interest rates on our life insurance and annuity products may constrain our ability to lower the rate we credit to customers. If interest rates remain low over a sustained period of time, this may result in increases in our reserves and true-ups or unlocking of our deferred acquisition cost ("DAC") asset and other actuarial balances. During periods of declining interest rates, borrowers may prepay or redeem mortgages and bonds that we own, which would force us to reinvest the proceeds at lower interest rates. Furthermore, declining interest rates may reduce the rate of policyholder surrenders and withdrawals on our life insurance and annuity products, thus increasing the duration of the liabilities and creating asset and liability duration mismatches. Low interest rates may also result in increasedincrease the cost of hedging costs. Although we take measures to manage the economic risks of investing in a changing interest rate environment, we
may not be able to mitigate the interest rate risk of our assets relative to our liabilities.GMWB rider. Declining interest rates or a sustained low interest rate environment may also result in changes to the discount rate assumption used for valuing our pension and other postretirement benefit ("OPEB") obligations, which could negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, certain statutory capital and reserve requirements are based on formulas or models that consider interest rates and a prolonged period of low interest rates may increase the statutory capital we are required to hold as well as the amount of assets we must maintain to support statutory reserves.
Increases in market interest rates may also adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. During periods of increasing market interest rates, we may offer higher crediting rates on our insurance and annuity products in order to keep these products competitive. Because returns on our portfolio of invested assets may not increase as quickly as current interest rates, we may have to accept lower spreads, thus reducing our profitability. Rapidly rising interest rates may also result in an increase in policy surrenders, withdrawals and requests for policy loans as customers seek to achieve higher returns. In addition, rising interest rates would cause unrealized lossesa decrease in the value of financial assets held at fair value on our investment portfolio.consolidated statements of financial position. Despite our efforts to reduce the impact of rising interest rates, we may be required to sell assets to raise the cash necessary to respond to an increase in surrenders, withdrawals and loans, thereby realizing capital losses on the assets sold. An increase in policy surrenders and withdrawals may also require us to accelerate amortization of our DAC asset relating to these products, which would further reduce our profitability. Rising interest rates may also cause a decline in the value of the fixed income assets that we manage, resulting in a reduction in our fee revenue.
We attempt to significantly reducerevenue in the impact of changesshort term. In addition, a significant increase in interest rates onmay cause a reduction in the fair value of intangible assets in our resultsreporting units, potentially leading to an impairment of operations and financial condition. We accomplish this reduction primarily by managing the duration of our assets relative to the duration of our liabilities.goodwill or other intangible assets.
For further discussion onabout interest rate risk management, see Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Interest Rate Risk".Risk."
Our exposure to credit spreads primarily relates to market price variability and reinvestment risk associated with changes in credit spreads. A widening of credit spreads would cause unrealized losses in our investment portfolio, would increase losses associated with credit-based derivatives we have sold that do not qualify or have not been designated for hedge accounting where we assume credit exposure and, if issuer credit spreads increase as a result of fundamental credit deterioration, would likely result in higher other-than-temporary impairments. Credit spread tightening will reduce net investment income associated with new purchases of fixed maturities. Credit spread tightening may also cause an increase in the reported value of certain liabilities that are valued using a discount rate that reflects our own credit spread. In addition, market volatility may make it difficult to value certain of our securities if trading becomes less frequent. As such, valuations may include assumptions or estimates that may have significant period-to-period changes from market volatility, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
Our investment portfolio is subject to several risks that may diminish the value of our invested assets and the investment returns credited to customers, which could reduce our sales, revenues, AUM and net income.
An increase in defaults or write-downs on our fixed maturities portfolio may reduce our profitability.
We are subject to the risk that the issuers of the fixed maturities we own will default on principal and interest payments, particularly if a major downturn in economic activity occurs.payments. As of December 31, 2014,2016, our U.S. investment operations held $47.0$51.6 billion of fixed maturities, or 76%75% of total U.S. invested assets, of which approximately 8%7% were below investment grade, including $458.3$228.9 million, or 0.97%0.44% of our total fixed maturities whichthat we classified as either "problem," "potential problem" or "restructured." See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — U.S. Investment Operations — Fixed Maturities."
Our U.S. fixed maturities portfolio includes securities collateralized by residential and commercial mortgage loans. As of December 31, 2014, our U.S. investment operations held $4.1 billion of residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS"), of which $2.8 billion are Government National Mortgage Association, Federal National Mortgage Association or Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation pass-through securities, and $4.0 billion of commercial mortgage-backed securities, which represent in combination 17% of our total fixed maturities portfolio. See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — U.S. Investment Operations — Fixed Maturities." For residential mortgage-backed securities, prepayment speeds, changes in mortgage delinquency or recovery rates, credit rating changes by rating agencies, changes in property values underlying the loans and the quality of service provided by service providers on securities in our portfolios could lead to write-downs on these securities. For commercial mortgage-backed securities, changes in mortgage delinquency or default rates, interest rate movements, credit quality and vintage of the underlying loans, changes in property values underlying the loans and credit rating changes by rating agencies could result in write-downs of those securities.
Approximately $1.3$1.1 billion of our U.S. commercial mortgage-backed securities are scheduled to mature in 2017. We may be exposed to losses if borrowers in the underlying mortgages are unable to repay their loans at the time of maturity. Several mitigating factors have resulted in strong refinancing rates in 2013 and 2014.2014-2016. These factors include low interest rates,
improving real estate fundamentals, and the availability of capital from the new issues and high yield debt markets. However, refinancing risks could increase over the next three yearsyear if we experience high interest rates that are not supported by commensurate economic growth or a slowdown in the economy that results in lower income growth and a decline in property values.
As of December 31, 2014,2016, the international investment operations of our fully consolidated subsidiaries held $3.2$3.7 billion of fixed maturities, or 53%52%, of total international invested assets, of which 17%13% are government bonds. Some non-government bonds have been rated on the basis of the issuer's country credit rating. However, the ratings relationship between national ratings and global ratings is not linear with the U.S. The starting point for national ratings differs by country, which makes the assessment of credit quality more difficult. See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — International Investment Operations." An increase in defaults on our fixed maturities portfolio could harm our financial strength and reduce our profitability.
An increased rate of delinquency and defaults on our commercial mortgage loans, including balloon maturities with and without amortizing payments, may adversely affect our profitability.
Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio faces both delinquency and default risk. Commercial mortgage loans of $10.7$12.0 billion represented 15%16% of our total invested assets as of December 31, 2014.2016. As of December 31, 2014,2016, there were no loans that were in the process of foreclosure totaled $0.0 million, or 0% ofin our commercial mortgage loan portfolio. The performance of our commercial mortgage loan investments, however, may fluctuate in the future. An increase in the delinquency rate of, and defaults under, our commercial mortgage loan portfolio could harm our financial strength and decrease our profitability.
As of December 31, 2014,2016, approximately $8.8$9.9 billion, or 82%, of our U.S. investment operations commercial mortgage loans before valuation allowance had balloon payment maturities. A balloon maturity is a loan with all or a meaningful portion of the loan amount due at the maturity of the loan. The default rate on commercial mortgage loans with balloon payment maturities has historically been higher than for commercial mortgage loans with a fully amortizing loan structure. Since a significant portion of the principal is repaid at maturity, the amount of loss on a default is generally greater than fully amortizing commercial mortgage loans. An increase in defaults on balloon maturity loans as a result of the foregoing factors could harm our financial strength and decrease our profitability.
Mark-to-market adjustments on certain equity method investments and trading securities may reduce our profitability or cause volatility in our reported earnings.
Our investment portfolio includes certain equity method investments and trading securities that are reported at fair value on the consolidated statements of financial position, with changes in fair value reported in net investment income on the consolidated statements of operations. Mark-to-market adjustments on these investments may reduce our profitability or cause our net income to vary from period to period. We anticipate that acquisition and investment activities may increase the number and magnitude of these investments in the future.
We may have difficulty selling our privately placed fixed maturities, commercial mortgage loans and real estate investments because they are less liquid than our publicly traded fixed maturities.
We hold certain investments that may lack liquidity,be less liquid, such as privately placed fixed maturities, mortgage loans and real estate investments. These asset classes represented approximately 42%40% of the value of our invested assets as of December 31, 2014.2016.
If we require significant amounts of cash on short notice, we may have difficulty selling these investments in a timely manner, be forced to sell them for less than we otherwise would have been able to realize or both. The reported value of our relatively illiquid types of investments, our investments in the asset classes described above and, at times, our high quality, generally liquid asset classes, do not necessarily reflect the lowest possible price for the asset. If we were forced to sell certain of our assets in the current market, there can be no assurance that we will be able to sell them for the prices at which we have recorded them and we may be forced to sell them at significantly lower prices.
The impairment of other financial institutions could adversely affect us.
We use derivative instruments to hedge various risks we face in our businesses. See Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk." We enter into a variety of derivative instruments including interest rate swaps, interest rate options, swaptions, interest rate futures, currency swaps, currency forwards, equity options, equity futures, credit default swaps and total return swaps, with a number of counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, clearinghouses, exchanges and other institutions. For transactions where we are in-the-money, we are exposed to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty. We establish collateral agreements with nominal thresholds for a large majority of our counterparties to limit our exposure. However, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the loan or derivative exposure. With regard to our derivative exposure, we have over-collateralization requirements on the portion of collateral we hold, based on the risk profile of the assets posted as collateral. We also have exposure to these financial institutions in the form of unsecured debt instruments and equity investments. Such losses or impairments to the carrying value of these assets may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Our requirements to post collateral or make payments related to declines in market value of specified assets may adversely affect our liquidity and expose us to counterparty credit risk.
Many of our derivative transactions with financial and other institutions specify the circumstances under which the parties are required to post collateral. The amount of collateral we may be required to post under these agreements may increase under certain circumstances, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, under the terms of some of our transactions we may be required to make payment to our counterparties related to any decline in the market value of the specified assets. Such payments could have an adverse effect on our liquidity. Furthermore, with respect to any such payments, we will have unsecured risk to the counterparty as these amounts are not required to be segregated from the counterparty's other funds, are not held in a third party custodial account, and are not required to be paid to us by the counterparty until the termination of the transaction.
Environmental liability exposure may result from our commercial mortgage loan portfolio and real estate investments.
Liability under environmental protection laws resulting from our commercial mortgage loan portfolio and real estate investments may harm our financial strength and reduce our profitability. Under the laws of several states, contamination of a property may give rise to a lien on the property to secure recovery of the costs of cleanup. In some states, this kind of lien has priority over the lien of an existing mortgage against the property, which would impair our ability to foreclose on that property should the related loan be in default. In addition, under the laws of some states and under the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, we may be liable for costs of addressing releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that require remedy at a property securing a mortgage loan held by us, if our agents or employees have become sufficiently involved in the hazardous waste aspects of the operations of the related obligor on that loan, regardless of whether or not the environmental damage or threat was caused by the obligor. We also may face this liability after foreclosing on a property securing a mortgage loan held by us. This may harm our financial strength and decrease our profitability.
Regional concentration of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio in California may subject us to losses attributable to economic downturns or catastrophes in that state.
Commercial mortgage lending in the state of California accounted for 19%18%, or $2.1$2.2 billion, of our U.S. investment operations commercial mortgage loan portfolio before valuation allowance as of December 31, 2014.2016. Due to this concentration of commercial mortgage loans in California, we are exposed to potential losses resulting from the risk of an economic downturn in California as well as to catastrophes, such as earthquakes, that may affect the region. While we generally do not require earthquake insurance for properties on which we make commercial mortgage loans, we do take into account property specific engineering reports, construction type and geographical concentration by fault lines in our investment underwriting guidelines. If economic conditions in California deteriorate or catastrophes occur, we may in the future experience delinquencies or defaults on the portion of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio located in California, which may harm our financial strength and reduce our profitability.
Gross unrealized losses may be realized or result in future impairments, resulting in a reduction in our net income.
Fixed maturities that are classified as available-for-sale ("AFS") are reported on the consolidated statements of financial position at fair value. Unrealized gains or losses on AFS securities are recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") and are, therefore, excluded from net income. Our U.S. investment operations had gross unrealized losses on fixed maturities of $0.3$0.6 billion pre-tax as of December 31, 2014,2016, and the component of gross unrealized losses for securities trading down 20% or more for over six months was approximately $0.1 billion pre-tax. The accumulated change in fair value of the AFS securities is recognized in net income when the gain or loss is realized upon the sale of the asset or in the event that the decline in fair value is determined to be other than temporary (referred to as an other-than-temporary impairment). Realized losses or impairments may have a material adverse impact on our net income in a particular quarterly or annual period.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could adversely impact our profitability and financial condition.
Principal International writes policiessells products denominated in various local currencies and generally invests the associated assets in local currencies. For diversification purposes, assets backing the products may be partially invested in non-local currencies, andcurrencies. In our U.S. operations, we also issue foreign currency-denominated funding agreements to nonqualified investors in the institutional market or invest in foreign currency-denominated investments. The associated foreign currency exchange risk in each instance is hedged or managed to specific risk tolerances. Although our investment and hedging strategies limit the effect of currency exchange rate fluctuation on local operating results, fluctuations in such rates affect the translation of thesethe results of our international operations into our consolidated financial statements. For further discussion on foreign currency exchange risk, see Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Foreign Currency Risk."
Risks relating to estimates, assumptions and valuations
Our valuation of investments and the determinations of the amount of allowances and impairments taken on our investments may include methodologies, estimations and assumptions which are subject to differing interpretations and, if changed, could materially adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.
Fixed maturities, equity securities and derivatives represent the majority of total cash and invested assets reported at fair value on our consolidated statements of financial position, represented the majority of our total cash and invested assets.excluding separate accounts. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price). Fair value estimates are made based on available market information and judgments about the financial instrument at a specific point in time. Considerable judgment is often required to develop estimates of fair value, and the use of different assumptions or valuation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.
For additional information on our valuation methodology, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14, Fair Value Measurements."
During periods of market disruption including periods of significantly rising or high interest rates, rapidly widening credit spreads or illiquidity, it may be difficult to value certain securities, for example collateralized mortgage obligations and collateralized debt obligations, if trading becomes less frequent and/or market data becomes less observable. There may be certain asset classes that were in active markets with significant observable data that become illiquid due to the current financial environment. In such cases, the valuation process may require more subjectivity and management judgment. As such, valuations may include inputs and assumptions that are less observable or require greater estimation as well as valuation methods that require greater estimation, which could result in values that are different from the value at which the investments may be ultimately sold. Further, rapidly changing credit and equity market conditions could materially impact the valuation of securities as reported within our consolidated financial statements and the period-to-period changes in value could vary significantly. Decreases in value may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
The determination of the amount of allowances and impairments vary by investment type and is based upon our periodic evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class. Such evaluations and assessments require significant judgment and are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. There can be no assurance that our management has accurately assessed the level of impairments taken and allowances reflected in our financial statements. Furthermore, additionalAdditional impairments may need to be taken or allowances provided for in the future. Historical trendsfuture, and the ultimate loss may not be indicativeexceed management's current estimate of future impairments or allowances.impairment amounts.
Additionally, our management considers a wide range of factors about the instrument issuer and uses their best judgment in evaluating the cause of the decline in the estimated fair value of the instrument and in assessing the prospects for recovery. Inherent in management's evaluation of the instrument are assumptions and estimates about the operations of the issuer and its future earnings potential. For further information regarding our impairment methodology,and allowance methodologies, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — U.S. Investment OperationsOperations" under the captions "Fixed Maturities" and "Mortgage Loans" and Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Valuation and Impairment of Fixed Maturities.Income Investments."
Any impairments of or valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect during the years in which the basis differences reverse. We are required to evaluate the recoverability of our deferred tax assets each quarter and establish a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce our deferred tax assets to an amount that is more-likely-than-not to be realizable. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, we consider many factors, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, taxable income in prior carryback years and implementation of any feasible and prudent tax planning strategies management would employ to realize the tax benefit.
Inherent in the provision for income taxes are estimates regarding the deductibility of certain items, the timing of income and expense recognition and the current or future realization of operating losses, capital losses, and certain tax credits.credits and future enacted changes in applicable tax rates as well as the tax base. In the event these estimates differ from our prior estimates due to the receipt of new information, we may be required to significantly change the provision for income taxes recorded in the consolidated financial statements. Any such change could significantly affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements in the year these estimates change. A further significant decline in value of assets incorporated into our tax planning strategies could lead to an increase of our valuation allowance on deferred tax assets having an adverse effect on current and future results.
For additional information, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Income Taxes."
We may face losses if our actual experience differs significantly from our pricing and reserving assumptions.
Our profitability depends significantly upon the extent to which our actual experience is consistent with the assumptions used in setting prices for our products and establishing liabilities for future insurance and annuity policy benefits and claims. The premiums that we charge and the liabilities that we hold for future policy benefits are based on assumptions reflecting a number of factors, including the amount of premiums that we will receive in the future, rate of
return on assets we purchase with premiums received, expected claims, mortality, morbidity, lapse rates and expenses. However, due to the nature of the underlying risks and the high degree of uncertainty associated with the determination of the liabilities for unpaid policy benefits and claims, we cannot determine precisely the amounts we will ultimately pay to settle these liabilities. As a result, we may experience volatility in the level of our profitability and our reserves from period-to-period.period to period. To the extent that actual experience is less favorable than our underlying assumptions, we could be required to increase our liabilities, which may harm our financial strength and reduce our profitability.
For example, if mortality or morbidity rates are higher than our pricing assumptions, we willmay be required to make greater claims payments on our life insurance policies sooner than we had projected. However, this risk may be partially offset by our use of third party reinsurance. In addition, the mortality risk on our life insurance business may be partially offset by our payout annuity business, where an increase in mortality rates will result in a decrease in benefit payments,payments. Concentrations of risk, by both geography and industry, may cause mortality or morbidity rates in our use of third party reinsurance. Our results of operations may alsogroup insurance businesses or individual disability insurance to be adversely impacted by an increase in morbidity rates.higher than anticipated.
Our results of operations may also be adversely impacted if our actual investment earnings differ from our pricing and reserve assumptions. Changes in economic conditions may lead to changes in market interest rates or changes in our investment strategies, either of which could cause our actual investment earnings to differ from our pricing and reserve assumptions.
For additional information on our insurance reserves, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Insurance Reserves."
The pattern of amortizing our DAC asset and other actuarial balances on our universal life-type insurance contracts, participating life insurance policies and certain investment contracts may change, impacting both the level of theour DAC asset and other actuarial balances and the timing of our net income.
Amortization of theour DAC asset and other actuarial balances depends on the actual and expected profits generated by the lines of business that incurred the expenses. Expected profits are dependent on assumptions regarding a number of factors including investment returns, benefit payments, expenses, mortality and policy lapse. Due to the uncertainty associated with establishing these assumptions, we cannot, with precision, determine the exact pattern of profit emergence. As a result, amortization of these balances will vary from period-to-period.period to period. To the extent that actual experience emerges less favorably than expected or our expectation for future profits decreases, theour DAC asset and other actuarial balances may be adjusted, reducing our profitability in the current period.
For additional information, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances."
Legal, regulatory and tax risks
We may not be able to protect our intellectual property and may be subject to infringement claims.
We rely on a combination of contractual rights and copyright, trademark, patent and trade secret laws to establish and protect our intellectual property. Although we use a broad range of measures to protect our intellectual property rights, third parties may infringe or misappropriate our intellectual property. We may have to litigate to enforce and protect our copyrights, trademarks, patents, trade secrets and know-how or to determine their scope, validity or enforceability, which represents a diversion of resources that may be significant in amount and may not prove successful. The loss of intellectual property protection or the inability to secure or enforce the protection of our intellectual property assets could have a material adverse effect on our business and our ability to compete.
We also may be subject to costly litigation in the event that another party alleges our operations or activities infringe upon such other party's intellectual property rights. Third parties may have, or may eventually be issued, patents or other protections that could be infringed by our products, methods, processes or services or could otherwise limit our ability to offer certain product features. Any party that holds such a patent could make a claim of infringement against us. We may also be subject to claims by third parties for breach of copyright, trademark, license usage rights, or misappropriation of trade secret rights. Any such claims and any resulting litigation could result in significant liability for damages. If we were found to have infringed or misappropriated a third party patent or other intellectual property rights, we could incur substantial liability, and in some circumstances could be enjoined from providing certain products or services to our customers or utilizing and benefiting from certain methods, processes, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets or licenses, or alternatively could be required to enter into costly licensing arrangements with third parties, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our ability to pay stockholder dividends and meet our obligations may be constrained by the limitations on dividends Iowa insurance laws impose on Principal Life.
We are an insurance holding company whose assets include all of the outstanding shares of the common stock of Principal Life and other subsidiaries. Our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders and meet our obligations, including paying operating expenses and any debt service, depends upon the receipt of dividends from Principal Life. Iowa insurance laws impose limitations on the ability of Principal Life to pay dividends to us. Any inability of Principal Life to pay dividends to us in the future may cause us to be unable to pay dividends to our stockholders and meet our other obligations. See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources" for a discussion of regulatory restrictions on Principal Life's ability to pay us dividends.
Changes in laws or regulations may reduce our profitability.
Changes in regulations may reduce our profitability.
Our insurance business is subject to comprehensive state regulation and supervision throughout the U.S. and in the international markets in which we operate. We are also impacted by federal legislation and administrative policies in areas such as securities laws, employee benefit plan regulation, financial services regulations and federal and international taxation. Changes in laws or regulations or the interpretation thereof could significantly increase our compliance costs and reduce our profitability. Failure to comply with applicable regulations may expose us to significant penalties and reputational damage. The results of the recent U.S. presidential and congressional elections may increase the chance of federal legislative and regulatory changes that could have an unknown impact on the various types of regulation discussed below.
Changes in insurance regulations may reduce our profitability.
The primary purpose of stateinsurance regulation of the insurance business is to protect policyholders, not stockholders. TheIn the U.S., the laws of the various states establish insurance departments with broad powers to regulate such matters as:
State insurance regulators, federal regulators and the NAIC continually reexamine existing laws and regulations, and may impose changes in the future. New interpretations of existing laws and the passage of new legislation may harm our ability to sell new policies, increase our claims exposure on policies we issued previously and adversely affect our profitability and financial strength.
State insurance guaranty associations have the right to assess insurance companies doing business in their state for funds to help pay the obligations of insolvent insurance companies to policyholders and claimants. Because the amount and timing of an assessment is beyond our control, the liabilities we have established for these potential assessments may not be adequate. In addition, regulators may change their interpretation or application of existing laws and regulations.
The NAIC regularly reviews and updates its statutory reserve and risk-based capital requirements. Changes to these requirements may increase the amount of reserves and capital our U.S. insurance companies are required to hold and may adversely impact Principal Life's ability to pay dividends to us. See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources" for a discussion of regulatory restrictions on Principal Life's ability to pay us dividends. In addition, changes in lawsstatutory reserve or regulationsrisk-based capital requirements may adversely impact our financial strength ratings. See the risk factor entitled "A downgrade in our financial strength or the interpretation thereof could significantlycredit ratings may increase policy surrenders and withdrawals, reduce new sales and terminate relationships with distributors, impact existing liabilities and increase our compliance costs andcost of capital, any of which could adversely affect our profitability and financial strength.
Federal legislation and administrative policies in areas such as employee benefit plan regulation, financial services regulation and federal taxation can reduce our profitability. We provide products and services to certain employee benefit plans that are subject to ERISA or the Internal Revenue Codecondition" for a discussion of 1986, as amended. The U.S. Congress has, from time to time, considered legislationrisks relating to changes in ERISA to permit applicationour financial strength ratings.
The NAIC is developingState regulators are implementing a principles-based reserving ("PBR") approach for life insurance and non-variable annuity products. The PBR framework for individual life insurance is expected towill become effective beginning in 2017 but could take effect as early as 2016; theand can be adopted by companies for new business at any time during a permitted three year transition period. The effective date for the group and individual annuity PBR framework is not yet known.known, but portions could be effective as soon as 2018. Under the PBR framework, statutory reserves would reflect a combination of company experience and prescribed assumptions and methodologies. Our preliminary analysis indicates thatThe ultimate financial impact of the life PBR approach may increase the volatility of our statutory reserves.framework on new business is uncertain, but it could result in higher reserves, more volatile reserves and uncertain tax treatment.
The NAIC Model Regulation entitled "ValuationWe have implemented reinsurance transactions utilizing affiliated reinsurers and highly rated third parties to finance a portion of Life Insurance Policies," commonly known as "Regulation XXX", establishes statutory reserve requirementsthe reserves for our term life insurance policies and universal life insurance policies with secondary guarantees. Actuarial Guideline 38 ("AG38") clarifies the application of Regulation XXX with respect to certain universal life insurance policies with secondary guarantees. We have implemented reinsurance transactions utilizing affiliated reinsurers to mitigate the capital impact of Regulation XXX and AG38 on our term and universal life insurance business. The NAIC recently adopted Actuarial Guideline 48 ("AG48"), which established a new regulatory requirement for Regulation XXX and AG38 reserves ceded to reinsurers, including affiliated reinsurers. The new guideline will limit the amount of statutory reserves that can be financed through affiliated reinsurance transactions. The new guidance will apply prospectively to new policies issued and new reinsurance financing transactions entered into on or after January 1, 2015. AG48 may diminish our ability to mitigate the capital impact of
Regulation XXX and AG38, potentially impacting the types, amounts and pricing of products offered by our U.S. insurance subsidiaries. Additionally, ourOur ability to enter into new reserve financing transactions wouldwill continue to be dependent on the cost and forms of financing available in the market and our ability to obtain required regulatory approvals. Once life insurance PBR becomes fully effective, there may no longer be any financial advantage to pursuing the use of these affiliate reinsurance transactions for new business. For additional information regarding our use of affiliated reinsurance transactions, see Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 15, Statutory Insurance Financial Information."
The NAIC has proposed an expansionis working on updates to its statutory framework for variable annuities, which includes statutory reserve, capital and derivative accounting requirements. While the details of and financial impacts from these reforms are uncertain, the changes could negatively impact our profitability and capital position or create additional volatility. The NAIC could implement these reforms effective as early as 2017. In addition, the New York Department of Financial Services is considering a revision to the separate account regulations of its state. The status of these revisions is very uncertain, but if adopted, these revisions could negatively impact the ability of New York licensed insurers to issue competitive variable annuity products nationally.
The NAIC is pursuing a variety of reforms to its risk-based capital ("RBC") formula to includeframework:
Our international insurance businesses are also subject to comprehensive regulation and supervision from central and/or local governmental authorities in each country in which we operate. New interpretations of existing laws and regulations or the adoption of new laws and regulations may harm our international businesses and reduce our profitability in those businesses. Changes to capital requirements are currently included in a draft proposalsproposal in Chile,Chile. In addition, Brazil and Mexico. India has recently made significant increases in theadopted new capital requirements for a mutual fund business.that will become effective at the end of 2017.
In addition, theThe International Association of Insurance Supervisors (the "IAIS"("IAIS") has proposed a common framework for the supervision of Internationally Active Insurance Groups ("IAIGs"), which is scheduled to be effectiveready for implementation within the various countries starting in 2019. Under the proposed framework, IAIGs would be supervised on a group-wide basis across national boundaries and each IAIG would be required to conduct its own risk and solvency assessment to monitor and manage its overall solvency. Theunder a set of enhanced supervisory standards. Under this framework, the IAIS is also developing a risk-based globalgroup-wide Insurance Capital Standard ("ICS"), which would apply to IAIGs. In addition, in October 2014For systemic risk management, the IAIS issued Basic Capital Requirements ("BCR"), which will applyFinancial Stability Board is continuing to implement group supervisory and capital requirements for Global Systemically Important Insurers ("G-SIIs"), along with a yet to be developed Higher Loss Absorbency ("HLA") requirement.. We currently are not designated as an IAIG or a G-SII. However, it is possible thatIf we may bewere so designated in the future, in which case we may be subject to supervision and capital requirements beyond those applicable to any competitors who are not classified as an IAIG or G-SII. In addition, the ICS and BCR frameworkwithout those designations. These international frameworks may influence applicablethe regulatory capital requirements in the jurisdictions in which we operate, potentially leading to an increase in our capital requirements.
Changes in tax laws could increase our tax costs and reduce sales of our insurance, annuity and investment products.
Current federal income tax laws generally permit the tax-deferred accumulation of earnings on the premiums paid by the holders of annuities and life insurance products. Taxes, if any, are payable on income attributable to a distribution under the contract for the year in which the distribution is made. The U.S. Congress has, from time to time, considered legislation that would reduce or eliminate the benefit of such deferral of taxation on the accretion of value within life insurance and nonqualified annuity contracts. Enactment of this legislation, including a simplified "flat tax" income structure with an exemption from taxation for investment income, could result in fewer sales of our insurance, annuity and investment products. In addition, changes in the federal estate tax laws could negatively affect the demand for the types of life insurance used in estate planning.
In addition, we benefit from certain tax items, including but not limited to, tax-exempt bond interest, dividends-received deductions, tax credits (such as foreign tax credits) and insurance reserve deductions. From time to time, the U.S. Congress, as well as foreign, state and local governments, considers legislation that could reduce or eliminate the benefits associated with these tax items. If such legislation is adopted, our profitability could be negatively impacted. We continue to evaluate the impact that potential tax reform, which lacks sufficient detail and is relatively uncertain, may have on our future results of operations and financial condition.
Changes in federal, state and foreign securities laws may reduce our profitability.
Our asset management and accumulation and life insurance businesses are subject to various levels of regulation under federal, state and foreign securities laws. These laws and regulations are primarily intended to protect investors in the securities markets or investment advisory or brokerage clients and generally grant supervisory agencies broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict the conduct of business for failure to comply with such laws and regulations. Changes to these laws or regulations, — or the interpretation thereof, — that restrict the conduct of our business could significantly increase our compliance costs and reduce our profitability.
Changes in employee benefit regulations may reduce our profitability.
We provide products and services to certain employee benefit plans that are subject to ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The U.S. Congress has, from time to time, considered legislation relating to changes in ERISA to permit application of state law remedies, such as consequential and punitive damages, in lawsuits for wrongful denial of benefits, which, if adopted, could increase our liability for damages in future litigation. In addition, reductions in contribution levels to defined contribution plans may decrease our profitability.
In April 2016, the Department of Labor ("DOL") released its final fiduciary definition regulation package. The regulation broadens the definition of a fiduciary under ERISA to include persons providing investment advice to an employee benefit plan or an IRA for a fee or other compensation. The DOL also released two new prohibited transaction class exemptions and amendments to current prohibited transaction exemptions. Broker-dealers and advisors are in various stages of determining the implications of the regulations on their business models. How they proceed could impact our business. Even with this fluid environment, our preliminary assessment of the new regulation's impact to our business and future financial results indicates the costs will not have a significant effect on our financial condition or results of operations. As the rules become applicable and are operationalized, we will assess what business impacts need to be addressed and how they affect the organization.
Financial services regulatory reform may reduce our profitability, impact how we do business or limit our ability to engage in certain capital expenditures.
On July 21, 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act became law. The Dodd-Frank Act makes extensive changes to the laws regulating financial services firms and requires various federal agencies to adopt a broad range of new implementation rules and regulations, including regulations surrounding the use of derivatives. The federal agencies were given significant discretion in drafting the implementation rules and regulations, and consequently, some of the impacts of the Dodd-Frank Act are not fully known yet. It is likely that new margining aspects of the law will increase hedging costs for the company and possibly cause fundamental shifts to the way risks are hedged.
TableChanges in tax laws could increase our tax costs and reduce sales of Contentsour insurance, annuity and investment products.
Current federal income tax laws generally permit the tax-deferred accumulation of earnings on the premiums paid by the holders of annuities and life insurance products. Taxes, if any, are payable on income attributable to a distribution under the contract for the year in which the distribution is made. The U.S. Congress has, from time to time, considered legislation that would reduce or eliminate the benefit of such deferral of taxation on the accretion of value within life insurance and nonqualified annuity contracts. Enactment of this legislation, including a simplified income tax structure, could result in fewer sales of our insurance, annuity and investment products. In addition, changes in the federal estate tax laws could negatively affect the demand for the types of life insurance used in estate planning.
In addition, we benefit from certain tax items, including but not limited to, dividends received deductions, tax credits (such as foreign tax credits), tax-exempt bond interest and insurance reserve deductions. From time to time, the U.S. Congress, as well as foreign, state and local governments, consider legislative changes that could reduce or eliminate the benefits associated with these and other tax items. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has released proposed policy around Base Erosion and Profit Shifting. As such legislation is adopted by participating countries, our profitability could be negatively impacted. We continue to evaluate the impact potential tax reform proposals, which currently lack sufficient detail, may have on our future results of operations and financial condition.
Changes in accounting standards may reduce the transparency of our reported profitability and financial condition.
Accounting standards are subject to change and can reduce the transparency of our reported profitability. See Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 1, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies". The Financial Accounting Standards Board is currently working on several key projects. These projects could result in significant changes to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"), including the accounting standards for insurance contracts. There is still significantsome uncertainty surrounding the effective dates and transition methods for the proposed changes. If adopted, the proposed changes in accounting standards could reducehave the transparency ofpotential to negatively impact our reported profitability and financial resultsratios and therefore may make it more difficult for investors and regulators to accurately assess our financial condition and profitability. In addition, the required adoption of new accounting standards may result in significant incremental costs associated with initial implementation and on-goingongoing compliance.
Results of litigation and regulatory investigations may affect our financial strength or reduce our profitability.
We are regularly involved in litigation, both as a defendant and as a plaintiff, but primarily as a defendant. Litigation naming us as a defendant ordinarily arises out of our business operations as a provider of asset management and accumulation products and services; life and disability insurance; and our investment activities.
We are, from time to time, also involved in various governmental, regulatory and administrative proceedings and inquiries. We have received regulatory inquiries from certain state insurance regulators and other officials relating to compliance with unclaimed property laws and the use of data available on the U.S. Social Security Administration's Death Master File (or a similar database) to identify instances where benefits under life insurance policies, annuities and retained asset accounts are payable. It is possible that other jurisdictions may pursue similar inquiries and that such inquiries may result in payments to beneficiaries, escheatment of funds deemed abandoned under state laws and changes to procedures for the identification and escheatment of abandoned property.
These factors may affect our financial strength or reduce our profitability. For further discussion on litigation and regulatory investigation risk, see Item 3. "Legal Proceedings," Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 12, Contingencies, Guarantees and Indemnifications" under the caption, "Litigation and Regulatory Contingencies" and Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 10, Income Taxes.Taxes" under the caption "Other Tax Information."
From time to time we may become subject to tax audits, tax litigation or similar proceedings, and as a result we may owe additional taxes, interest and penalties in amounts that may be material.
We are subject to income taxes in the United States as well as many other jurisdictions. In determining our provisions for income taxes and our accounting for tax-related matters in general, we are required to exercise judgment. We regularly make estimates where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. The final determination of any tax audit, appeal of the decision of a taxing authority, tax litigation or similar proceedings may be materially different from that reflected in our historical financial statements. The assessment of additional taxes, interest and penalties could be materially adverse to our current and future results of operations and financial condition.
Applicable laws and our certificate of incorporation and by-laws may discourage takeovers and business combinations that some stockholders might consider in their best interests.
State laws and our certificate of incorporation and by-laws may delay, defer, prevent, or render more difficult a takeover attempt that some stockholders might consider in their best interests. For instance, they may prevent our stockholders from receiving the benefit from any premium to the market price of our common stock offered by a bidder in a takeover context. Even in the absence of a takeover attempt, the existence of these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock if they are viewed as discouraging takeover attempts in the future.
State laws and our certificate of incorporation and by-laws may also make it difficult for stockholders to replace or remove our management. These provisions may facilitate management entrenchment, which may delay, defer or prevent a change in our control, which may not be in the best interests of our stockholders.
The following provisions, included in our certificate of incorporation and by-laws, may also have anti-takeover effects and may delay, defer or prevent a takeover attempt that some stockholders might consider in their best interests. In particular, our certificate of incorporation and by-laws:
In addition, Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware may limit the ability of an "interested stockholder" to engage in business combinations with us. An interested stockholder is defined to include persons owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock.
Risks relating to our business
Competition from companies that may have greater financial resources, broader arrays of products, higher ratings and stronger financial performance may impair our ability to retain existing customers, attract new customers and maintain our profitability.
We believe that our ability to compete is based on a number of factors including scale, service, product features, price, investment performance, commission structure, distribution capacity, financial strength ratings and name recognition. We compete with a large number of financial services companies such as banks, mutual funds, broker-dealers, insurers and asset managers, many of which have advantages over us in one or more of the above competitive factors.
Each of our segments faces strong competition. competition:
In the event competitors charge lower premiums or fees for substantially similar products, we may face pressure to lower our prices in order to attract and retain customers. Reductions in the premiums and fees we charge may adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
Damage to our reputation may adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
Our continued success is dependent upon our ability to earn and maintain the trust and confidence of customers, distributors, employees and other stakeholders. Damage to our reputation may arise from a variety of sources including, but not limited to, litigation or regulatory actions, compliance failures, employee misconduct and unfavorable press coverage. Any damage to our reputation could adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers, distributors and employees, potentially leading to a reduction in our revenues and profitability.
A downgrade in our financial strength or credit ratings may increase policy surrenders and withdrawals, reduce new sales and terminate relationships with distributors, impact existing liabilities and increase our cost of capital, any of which could adversely affect our profitability and financial condition.
A.M. Best, Fitch, Moody's Investors Services and Standard & Poor'sS&P publish financial strength ratings on U.S. life insurance companies thatas well as some of our international insurance companies. These ratings are indicators of an insurance company's ability to meet contractholder and policyholder obligations. These rating agencies also assign credit ratings on non-life insurance entities, such as PFG and Principal Financial Services, Inc. ("PFS"). Credit ratings are indicators of a debt issuer's ability to meet the terms of debt obligations in a timely manner, and are important factors in overall funding profile and ability to access external capital.
Ratings are important factors in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies and maintaining public confidence in products being offered. A ratings downgrade, or the potential for such a downgrade, could, among other things:
Any of these consequences could adversely affect our profitability and financial condition.
Client terminations or withdrawals or changes in investor preferences may lead to a reduction in revenues for our asset management and accumulation businesses.
Revenues from our asset management and accumulation products are primarily fee-based. Our asset-based fees are typically calculated as a percentage of the market value of assets under management. Our asset management and accumulation clients may elect to terminate their relationship with us or withdraw funds, generally on short notice. Client terminations and withdrawals may be driven by a variety of factors, including economic conditions, investment performance, investor preferences or changes in our reputation in the marketplace. Significant terminations or withdrawals may reduce our AUM, thus adversely affecting our revenues and profitability.
In addition, fee levels can vary significantly among different types of investments. We generally earn higher fees on liquid alternatives and equity investments vs. fixed income investments and on actively managed investments vs. indexed or passive investment strategies. Therefore, our fee revenue is impacted by both the value and the composition of our AUM. Investor preferences with respect to asset classes and investment strategies may shift over time due to market conditions, tax law changes, regulatory changes and various other factors. Changes in the composition of our assets under management may adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
Guarantees within certain of our products that protect policyholders may decrease our earnings or increase the volatility of our results of operations or financial position under U.S. GAAP if our hedging or risk management strategies prove ineffective or insufficient.
Certain of our variable annuity products include guaranteed minimum death benefits and/or guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits. Periods of significant and sustained downturns in equity markets, increased equity volatility or reduced interest rates could result in an increase in the valuation of the future policy benefit or policyholder account balance liabilities associated with such products, resulting in a reduction to net income. We use derivative instruments to attempt to mitigate changes in the liability exposure related to interest rate, equity market and volatility movements, and the volatility of net income associated with these liabilities. While we believe that these and other actions have mitigated the overall economic risks related to these benefits,However, we remain liable for the guaranteed benefits in the event that derivative counterparties are unable or unwilling to pay. The liability exposure and volatility of net income may also be influenced by changes in market credit spreads reflecting our own creditworthiness, for which we do not attempt to hedge. In addition, we are subject to the risk that hedging and other management procedures prove ineffective or that unanticipated policyholder behavior or mortality, combined with adverse market events, produces economic losses beyond the scope of the risk management techniques employed. These, individually or collectively, may have a material adverse effect on net income, financial condition or liquidity. We are also subject to the risk that the cost of hedging these guaranteed minimum benefits increases as implied volatilities increase and/or interest rates decrease, resulting in a reduction to net income.
If we are unable to attract and retain qualified employees and sales representatives and develop new distribution sources, our results of operations, financial condition and sales of our products may be adversely impacted.
Our continued success is largely dependent on our ability to attract and retain qualified employees. We face intense competition in attracting and retaining key employees, including investment, marketing, finance, legal, compliance and other professionals. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified employees, our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely impacted.
We distribute our asset accumulation, asset management and life and specialty benefit insurance products and services through a variety of distribution channels, including our own internal sales representatives, independent brokers, banks, broker-dealers and other third party marketing organizations. We must attract and retain sales representatives to sell our products. Strong competition exists among financial services companies for efficient sales representatives. We compete with other financial services companies for sales representatives primarily on the basis of our financial position, support services and compensation and product features. If we are unable to attract and retain sufficient sales representatives to sell our products, our ability to compete and revenues from new sales would suffer.
Our ability to increase and retain AUM is directly related to the performance of our investments as measured against market averages and the performance of our competitors. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified portfolio managers, we may face reduced sales and increased cash outflows in our asset accumulation and asset management businesses.
Our international businesses face political, legal, operational and other risks that could reduce our profitability in those businesses.
Our international businesses face political, legal, operational and other risks that we do not face in our operations in the U.S. We face the risk of discriminatory regulation, nationalization or expropriation of assets, price controls and exchange controls or other restrictions that prevent us from transferring funds from these operations out of the countrieslocations in which they operate or converting local currencies we hold into U.S. dollars or other currencies. Some of our international businesses are, and are likely to continue to be, in emerging or potentially volatile markets. In addition, we rely on local staff, including local sales forces, in these countriesthose locations where there is a risk that we may encounter labor problems with local staff, especially in countrieslocations where workers' associations and trade unions are strong. Some of our international businesses are joint ventures in which we hold a minority interest. In these joint ventures, we lack complete management and operational control over the operations, which may limit our ability to take action to protect or increase the value of our investment in the joint venture.
We may need to fund deficiencies in our Closed Block assets.
In connection with its conversion in 1998 into a stock life insurance company, Principal Life established an accounting mechanism, known as a "Closed Block" for the benefit of participating ordinary life insurance policies that had a dividend scale in force on July 1, 1998. Dividend scales are the actuarial formulas used by life insurance companies to determine amounts payable as dividends on participating policies based on experience factors relating to, among other things, investment results, mortality, lapse rates, expenses, premium taxes and policy loan interest and utilization rates. The Closed Block was designed to provide reasonable assurance to policyholders included in the Closed Block that, after the conversion, assets would be available to maintain the aggregate dividend scales in effect for 1997 if the experience underlying such scales were to continue.
We allocated assets to the Closed Block as of July 1, 1998, in an amount such that we expected their cash flows, together with anticipated revenues from the policies in the Closed Block, to be sufficient to support the Closed Block
business, including payment of claims, certain direct expenses, charges and taxes and to provide for the continuation of
aggregate dividend scales in accordance with the 1997 policy dividend scales if the experience underlying such scales continued, and to allow for appropriate adjustments in such scales if the experience changed. We bear the costs of administrative expenses associated with Closed Block policies and, accordingly, these costs were not funded as part of the assets allocated to the Closed Block. Any increase in such costs in the future will be borne by us. As of December 31, 2014,2016, Closed Block assets and liabilities were $4,188.1$3,893.7 million and $4,818.1$4,442.8 million, respectively.
We will continue to pay guaranteed benefits under the policies included in the Closed Block, in accordance with their terms. The Closed Block assets, cash flows generated by the Closed Block assets and anticipated revenues from policies included in the Closed Block may not be sufficient to provide for the benefits guaranteed under these policies. If they are not sufficient, we must fund the shortfall. Even if they are sufficient, we may choose for business reasons to support dividend payments on policies in the Closed Block with our general account funds.
The Closed Block assets, cash flows generated by the Closed Block assets and anticipated revenues from policies in the Closed Block will benefit only the holders of those policies. In addition, to the extent that these amounts are greater than the amounts estimated at the time we funded the Closed Block, dividends payable in respect of the policies included in the Closed Block may be greater than they would have been in the absence of a Closed Block. Any excess net income will be available for distribution over time to Closed Block policyholders but will not be available to our stockholders. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 6, Closed Block" for further details.
A pandemic, terrorist attack, military action or other catastrophic event could adversely affect our net income.
Our mortality and morbidity experience could be adversely impacted by a catastrophic event. In addition, a severe catastrophic event may cause significant volatility in global financial markets, disruptions to commerce and reduced economic activity. The resulting macroeconomic conditions could adversely affect our cash flows, as well as the value and liquidity of our invested assets. We may also experience operational disruptions if our employees are unable or unwilling to come to work due to a pandemic or other catastrophe. We have developed extensive contingency plans to minimize the risk of operational disruptions. In addition, our use of reinsurance reduces our exposure to adverse mortality experience. Despite these measures, we may still be exposed to losses in the event of a pandemic, terrorist attack, military action or other catastrophe.
Our reinsurers could default on their obligations or increase their rates, which could adversely impact our net income and financial condition.
We cede life, disability, health and healthlong-term care insurance to other insurance companies through reinsurance. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 1, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies." However, weThe collectability of reinsurance recoverables is largely dependent on the solvency of the individual insurers. We remain liable to the policyholder, even if the reinsurer defaults on its obligations with respect to the ceded business. In addition, a reinsurer's insolvency may cause us to lose our reserve credits on the ceded business, in which case we would be required to establish additional reserves.
The premium rates that we charge are based, in part, on the assumption that reinsurance will be available at a certain cost. Most of our reinsurance contracts contain provisions whichthat limit the reinsurer's ability to increase rates on in-force business; however, some do not. If a reinsurer raises the rates that it charges on a block of in-force business, our profitability may be negatively impacted if we are not able to pass the increased costs on to the customer. If reinsurers raise the rates that they charge on new business, we may be forced to raise the premiums that we charge, which could have a negative impact on our competitive position.
To mitigate the risks associated with the use of reinsurance, we carefully select our reinsurers, and we monitor their ratings and financial condition on a regular basis. We also spread our business among several reinsurers, in order to diversify our risk exposure.
We face risks arising from acquisitions of businesses.
We have engaged in acquisitions ofacquired businesses in the past, and expect to continue to do so in the future. We face a number of risks arising from acquisition transactions, including difficulties in integrating the acquired business into our operations, difficulties in assimilating and retaining employees and intermediaries, difficulties in retaining the existing customers of the acquired entity, unforeseen liabilities that arise in connection with the acquired business, and unfavorable market conditions that could negatively impact our growth expectations for the acquired business.business and sustained declines in the equity market that could reduce the AUM and fee revenues for certain acquired businesses. These risks may prevent us from realizing the expected benefits from acquisitions and could result in the impairment of goodwill and/or intangible assets recognized at the time of acquisition.
For additional information on our goodwill and other intangible assets, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets."
A computer system failure or security breach could disrupt our business, damage our reputation and adversely impact our profitability.
We rely on computer systems to conduct business, including customer service, marketing and sales activities, customer relationship management and producing financial statements. While we have policies, procedures, automation and backup plans designed to prevent or limit the effect of failure, our computer systems may be vulnerable to disruptions or breaches as the result of natural disasters, man-made disasters, criminal activity, pandemics, or other
events beyond our control. The failure of our computer systems for any reason could disrupt our operations, result in the loss of customer business and adversely impact our profitability.
We retain confidential information on our computer systems, including customer information and proprietary business information. Any compromise of the security of our computer systems that results in the disclosure of personally identifiable customer information could damage our reputation, expose us to litigation, increase regulatory scrutiny and require us to incur significant technical, legal and other expenses.
Loss of key vendor relationships or failure of a vendor to protect information of our customers or employees could adversely affect our business or result in losses.
We rely on services and products provided by many vendors in the United States and abroad. These include, for example, vendors of computer hardware and software and vendors of services. In the event that one or more of our vendors suffers a bankruptcy or otherwise becomes unable to continue to provide products or services, or fails to protect personal information of our customers or employees, we may suffer operational impairments, reputational damage and financial losses.
Our enterprise risk management framework may not be fully effective in identifying or mitigating all of the risks to which we are exposed.
We utilize an integrated risk management framework, which is designed to manage material risks within established risk appetites and risk tolerances. Nonetheless, our policies and procedures may not be fully effective in identifying or mitigating every risk to which we are exposed. Many of our methods for managing and mitigating risk rely on models and assumptions that are based, in part, on observed historical data. As a result, these methods may not accurately predict future exposures, which may be significantly greater than our historical measures indicate. We may be exposed to unanticipated risks as a result of changes in market conditions, new products or new business strategies, catastrophes or other unforeseen circumstances. If our risk management framework proves ineffective, we may suffer unexpected losses, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Our financial results may be adversely impacted by global climate changes.
Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have increased dramatically since the industrial revolution, resulting in a gradual increase in global average temperatures and an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters. These trends are expected to continue in the future and have the potential to impact nearly all sectors of the economy to varying degrees. Our initial research indicates that climate change does not pose an imminent or significant threat to our operations or business, but we will continue to monitor new developments in the future.
Potential impacts may include the following:
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
As of December 31, 2014,2016, we owned 3233 properties in our home office complex in Des Moines, Iowa, and in various other locations. Of these 3233 properties, 17 are office buildings, 1 is a warehouse facility, 1112 are parking lots and ramps, 1 is a park/green space, 1 is a childcare center and 1 is a power generation plant. Of the office and warehouse space, we occupy approximately 92% of the 2.6 million square feet of space in these buildings. The balance of the space in these buildings is rented to commercial tenants or is occupied by the property management company servicing these properties.
We lease office space for various offices located throughout the U.S. and internationally. We believe that our owned and leased properties are suitable and adequate for our current business operations.
Disclosure concerning material legal proceedings can be found in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 12, Contingencies, Guarantees and Indemnifications" under the caption, "Litigation and Regulatory Contingencies" and Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 10, Income Taxes" under the caption, "Other Tax Information," which are incorporated here by this reference.
Executive Officers of the Registrant
The following information is furnished with respect to our executive officers, each of whom is elected by and serves at the pleasure of the Board of Directors.
Timothy M. Dunbar, 57,59, has been Executive Vice President of the Company and Principal Life and Chief Investment Officer of the Company and Principal Life since January 2014. Prior to that date, he served as Senior Vice President of the Company and Principal Life since 2011, and Chief Investment Officer of the Company and Principal Life since January 2013. Prior to that date, Mr. Dunbar was in charge of Strategy and Finance for the Company and Principal Life in 2011 and 2012, overseeing the business management and strategic direction of the capital markets, corporate strategy and corporate treasury areas. He retains his responsibility for capital markets. Mr. Dunbar previously served as the executive director and head of equities for Principal Global Investors from 2004 until 2011.
Gregory B. Elming, 5456, has been Senior Vice President and Chief Risk Officer of the Company and Principal Life since March 2011. Prior to that time, he was Senior Vice President and Controller of the Company and Principal Life since 2007.
Ralph C. Eucher, 62,Nora M. Everett, 57, has been Executive Vice President, Retirement and Income Solutions of the Company and Principal Life since March 2013, responsible for global human resources, corporate real estate and aviation operations.2015. Prior to that time, he washer current position, she served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Principal Funds since 2008 and Senior Vice President and Deputy General Counsel of the Company and Principal Life since 2002, overseeing human resources and corporate real estate since 2008.2004.
Daniel J. Houston, 5355, has been a director of the Company and Principal Life and President and Chief OperatingExecutive Officer of the Company and Principal Life since November 2014.August 2015. Prior to that date, he held the same positions except was Chief Operating Officer (and not Chief Executive Officer) since November 2014. Previously, he served as President, Retirement, Insurance and Financial Services of the Company and Principal Life since 2010. He was President, Retirement and Investor ServicesIncome Solutions of the Company and Principal Life from February 2008 until January 2010, and was Executive Vice President, Retirement and Investor ServicesIncome Solutions of the Company and Principal Life from June 2006 to February 2008.
Terrance J. Lillis, 62,64, has been Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company and Principal Life since February 2014. Prior to that date, he was Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company and Principal Life since August 2008 and Senior2008. Effective February 14, 2017, Mr. Lillis will serve as Executive Vice President (but not as Chief Financial Officer) of the Company and Principal Life sinceuntil his retirement, which will be no later than May 2008.1, 2017.
James P. McCaughan, 61,63, who heads the Principal Global Investors segment of our operations, has been President, Principal Global Investors of the Company and Principal Life since December 2003.
Gary P. Scholten, 57,59, has been Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer of the Company and Principal Life since February 2014. Prior to that date, he was Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer of the Company and Principal Life since November 2002. From 1998 to 2002, he was Vice President of retail information services of Principal Life.
Karen E. Shaff,60,62, has been Executive Vice President and General Counsel of the Company and Principal Life since February 2004 and, in addition, Secretary of the Company and Principal Life since January 2014. Prior thereto, she was Senior Vice President and General Counsel of the Company since April 2001, and Senior Vice President and General Counsel of Principal Life since January 2000.
Deanna D. Strable-Soethout, 48, has been Executive Vice President of the Company and Principal Life since September 2016 and President, U.S. Insurance Solutions of the Company and Principal Life since March 2015. Prior to that, she served as Senior Vice President of the Company and Principal Life since 2006. Effective February 14, 2017, Ms. Strable will serve as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company and Principal Life, but no longer as President, U.S. Insurance Solutions.
Luis Valdes, 57,59, has been the head of the Principal International segment of our operations since March 2012, has been President, Principal International of the Company and Principal Life since March 2011. Prior to his current position, he was Senior Vice President and President — PFG Latin America of the Company and Principal Life since March 2010, and was Vice President — Principal International of Principal Life from 2000 until March 2010.
Larry D. Zimpleman, 63, has been a Director of the Company and Principal Life since 2006 and Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company and Principal Life since November 2014. Prior to that date, he was Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company and Principal Life since May 2009 and was President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company and Principal Life from May 2008 to May 2009. Prior thereto, he was President and Chief Operating Officer of the Company and Principal Life from May 2006 to May 2008. He was President, Retirement and Investor Services of the Company and Principal Life from December 2003 through May 2006. Mr. Zimpleman served as chairman of the board and a director of the Principal Funds from December 2001 to December 2008.
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "PFG" on October 23, 2001. Prior to such date, there was no established public trading market for our common stock. On February 4, 2015,1, 2017, there were 338,536293,874 stockholders of record of our common stock.
The following table presents the high and low prices per share for our common stock on the NYSE for the periods indicated and the dividends declared per share during such periods.
| | High | Low | Dividends declared | High | Low | Dividends declared | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||
2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||
First quarter | $ | 49.83 | $ | 41.20 | $ | 0.28 | $ | 44.30 | $ | 33.09 | $ | 0.38 | ||||||||
Second quarter | $ | 50.74 | $ | 42.90 | $ | 0.32 | $ | 44.90 | $ | 38.03 | $ | 0.39 | ||||||||
Third quarter | $ | 55.07 | $ | 48.82 | $ | 0.34 | $ | 51.72 | $ | 38.84 | $ | 0.41 | ||||||||
Fourth quarter | $ | 54.31 | $ | 46.49 | $ | 0.34 | $ | 61.34 | $ | 50.96 | $ | 0.43 | ||||||||
2013 | ||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||
First quarter | $ | 34.58 | $ | 28.75 | $ | 0.23 | $ | 52.56 | $ | 46.01 | $ | 0.36 | ||||||||
Second quarter | $ | 39.05 | $ | 32.59 | $ | 0.23 | $ | 53.42 | $ | 49.81 | $ | 0.38 | ||||||||
Third quarter | $ | 44.94 | $ | 36.75 | $ | 0.26 | $ | 58.02 | $ | 41.67 | $ | 0.38 | ||||||||
Fourth quarter | $ | 50.97 | $ | 41.45 | $ | 0.26 | $ | 52.21 | $ | 43.64 | $ | 0.38 | ||||||||
Future dividend decisions will be based on and affected by a number of factors, including our results and financial requirements and the impact of regulatory restrictions. See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources" for a discussion of regulatory restrictions on Principal Life's ability to pay dividends.
The following table presents the amount of our share purchase activity for the periods indicated:
| Period | Total number of shares purchased (1) | Average price paid per share | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced programs | Maximum dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the programs (in millions) (2) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January 1, 2014 - January 31, 2014 | 14,659 | $ | 49.31 | — | $ | 55.0 | |||||||
February 1, 2014 - February 28, 2014 | 590,027 | $ | 44.46 | 566,027 | $ | 229.8 | |||||||
March 1, 2014 - March 31, 2014 | 1,343,197 | $ | 45.87 | 1,027,200 | $ | 182.5 | |||||||
April 1, 2014 - April 30, 2014 | 604,545 | $ | 45.69 | 604,524 | $ | 154.9 | |||||||
May 1, 2014 - May 31, 2014 | 114,533 | $ | 46.40 | 114,300 | $ | 149.6 | |||||||
June 1, 2014 - June 30, 2014 | 572,400 | $ | 48.66 | 572,180 | $ | 121.8 | |||||||
July 1, 2014 - July 31, 2014 | 518,363 | $ | 51.33 | 517,372 | $ | 95.2 | |||||||
August 1, 2014 - August 31, 2014 | 558,812 | $ | 51.19 | 545,000 | $ | 67.3 | |||||||
September 1, 2014 - September 30, 2014 | 332,482 | $ | 53.90 | 321,074 | $ | 49.9 | |||||||
October 1, 2014 - October 31, 2014 | — | $ | — | — | $ | 49.9 | |||||||
November 1, 2014 - November 30, 2014 | 2,989 | $ | 52.00 | — | $ | 49.9 | |||||||
December 1, 2014 - December 31, 2014 | 981 | $ | 50.59 | — | $ | 49.9 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | 4,652,988 | 4,267,677 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Period | Total number of shares purchased (1) | Average price paid per share | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced programs | Maximum dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the programs (in millions) (2) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January 1, 2016 - January 31, 2016 | 1,152 | $ | 44.97 | — | $ | 75.0 | |||||||
February 1, 2016 - February 28, 2016 | 2,240,756 | $ | 36.58 | 1,724,800 | $ | 412.5 | |||||||
March 1, 2016 - March 31, 2016 | 608,190 | $ | 38.88 | 600,631 | $ | 389.1 | |||||||
April 1, 2016 - April 30, 2016 | 604,097 | $ | 40.43 | 602,993 | $ | 364.7 | |||||||
May 1, 2016 - May 31, 2016 | 590,856 | $ | 42.83 | 590,856 | $ | 339.4 | |||||||
June 1, 2016 - June 30, 2016 | 1,279,789 | $ | 42.48 | 1,278,981 | $ | 285.1 | |||||||
July 1, 2016 - July 31, 2016 | 848,812 | $ | 41.34 | 848,812 | $ | 250.0 | |||||||
August 1, 2016 - August 31, 2016 | 8,268 | $ | 47.11 | — | $ | 250.0 | |||||||
September 1, 2016 - September 30, 2016 | — | $ | — | — | $ | 250.0 | |||||||
October 1, 2016 - October 31, 2016 | — | $ | — | — | $ | 250.0 | |||||||
November 1, 2016 - November 30, 2016 | 179 | $ | 53.13 | — | $ | 250.0 | |||||||
December 1, 2016 - December 31, 2016 | 545,513 | $ | 58.73 | 545,513 | $ | 218.0 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | 6,727,612 | 6,192,586 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The following table sets forth certain selected historical consolidated financial information. We derived the consolidated financial information (except for amounts referred to as "Other Supplemental Data") for each of the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 20122014 and as of December 31, 20142016 and 20132015 from our audited consolidated financial statements and notes to the financial statements included in this Form 10-K. We derived the consolidated financial information (except for amounts referred to as "Other Supplemental Data") for the years ended December 31, 20112013 and 20102012 and as of December 31, 2012, 20112014, 2013 and 20102012 from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this Form 10-K. The following summary of consolidated financial information (except for amounts referred to as "Other Supplemental Data") has been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
In order to fully understand our consolidated financial information, please also see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our audited consolidated financial statements and the notes to the financial statements included in this Form 10-K. The results for past accounting periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future accounting period.
| | As of or for the year ended December 31, | As of or for the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 (1) | 2013 (1) | 2012 (1) | 2011 | 2010 | 2016 (1) | 2015 (1) | 2014 (1) | 2013 | 2012 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | ($ in millions, except per share data and as noted) | ($ in millions, except per share data and as noted) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income Statement Data: | �� | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | 3,722.9 | $ | 3,154.1 | $ | 3,219.4 | $ | 2,891.0 | $ | 3,555.5 | $ | 5,299.1 | $ | 5,310.3 | $ | 3,722.9 | $ | 3,154.1 | $ | 3,219.4 | ||||||||||||
Fees and other revenues | 3,482.1 | 3,222.2 | 2,626.7 | 2,526.7 | 2,337.1 | 3,627.4 | 3,653.1 | 3,482.1 | 3,222.2 | 2,626.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment income | 3,257.9 | 3,138.4 | 3,254.9 | 3,375.3 | 3,495.8 | 3,296.5 | 3,052.1 | 3,257.9 | 3,138.4 | 3,254.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized capital gains (losses) | 14.7 | (225.2 | ) | 114.1 | (122.3 | ) | (190.2 | ) | 171.1 | (51.1 | ) | 14.7 | (225.2 | ) | 114.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | $ | 10,477.6 | $ | 9,289.5 | $ | 9,215.1 | $ | 8,670.7 | $ | 9,198.2 | $ | 12,394.1 | $ | 11,964.4 | $ | 10,477.6 | $ | 9,289.5 | $ | 9,215.1 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income from continuing operations, net of related income taxes | $ | 1,176.4 | $ | 936.1 | $ | 825.4 | $ | 674.5 | $ | 670.5 | $ | 1,361.8 | $ | 1,253.2 | $ | 1,176.4 | $ | 936.1 | $ | 825.4 | ||||||||||||
Net income | $ | 1,176.4 | $ | 936.1 | $ | 825.4 | $ | 674.5 | $ | 670.5 | $ | 1,361.8 | $ | 1,253.2 | $ | 1,176.4 | $ | 936.1 | $ | 825.4 | ||||||||||||
Earnings per Share Data: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations, net of related income taxes, per share: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Basic | $ | 3.70 | $ | 2.99 | $ | 2.60 | $ | 1.92 | $ | 1.93 | $ | 4.55 | $ | 4.11 | $ | 3.70 | $ | 2.99 | $ | 2.60 | ||||||||||||
Diluted | $ | 3.65 | $ | 2.95 | $ | 2.58 | $ | 1.91 | $ | 1.92 | $ | 4.50 | $ | 4.06 | $ | 3.65 | $ | 2.95 | $ | 2.58 | ||||||||||||
Net income per share: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Basic | $ | 3.70 | $ | 2.99 | $ | 2.60 | $ | 1.92 | $ | 1.93 | $ | 4.55 | $ | 4.11 | $ | 3.70 | $ | 2.99 | $ | 2.60 | ||||||||||||
Diluted | $ | 3.65 | $ | 2.95 | $ | 2.58 | $ | 1.91 | $ | 1.92 | $ | 4.50 | $ | 4.06 | $ | 3.65 | $ | 2.95 | $ | 2.58 | ||||||||||||
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 1.28 | $ | 0.98 | $ | 0.78 | $ | 0.70 | $ | 0.55 | $ | 1.61 | $ | 1.50 | $ | 1.28 | $ | 0.98 | $ | 0.78 | ||||||||||||
Balance Sheet Data: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total assets | $ | 219,087.0 | $ | 208,191.4 | $ | 161,830.2 | $ | 147,271.5 | $ | 144,591.3 | $ | 228,014.3 | $ | 218,660.3 | $ | 219,087.0 | $ | 208,191.4 | $ | 161,830.2 | ||||||||||||
Long-term debt | $ | 2,531.2 | $ | 2,601.4 | $ | 2,671.3 | $ | 1,564.8 | $ | 1,583.7 | $ | 3,125.7 | $ | 3,265.2 | $ | 2,531.2 | $ | 2,601.4 | $ | 2,671.3 | ||||||||||||
Series A preferred stock | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||
Series B preferred stock | $ | 0.1 | $ | 0.1 | $ | 0.1 | $ | 0.1 | $ | 0.1 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 0.1 | $ | 0.1 | $ | 0.1 | ||||||||||||
Total stockholders' equity | $ | 10,232.0 | $ | 9,777.0 | $ | 9,703.4 | $ | 9,306.2 | $ | 9,246.8 | $ | 10,293.8 | $ | 9,377.4 | $ | 10,232.0 | $ | 9,777.0 | $ | 9,703.4 | ||||||||||||
Other Supplemental Data: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AUM ($ in billions) | $ | 519.3 | $ | 483.2 | $ | 403.0 | $ | 335.0 | $ | 318.8 | $ | 591.6 | $ | 527.4 | $ | 519.3 | $ | 483.2 | $ | 403.0 | ||||||||||||
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following analysis discusses our financial condition as of December 31, 2014,2016, compared with December 31, 2013,2015, and our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012,2014, and, where appropriate, factors that may affect our future financial performance. The discussion should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes to the financial statements and the other financial information included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
Our narrative analysis below contains forward-looking statements intended to enhance the reader's ability to assess our future financial performance. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements that represent our beliefs concerning future operations, strategies, financial results or other developments, and contain words and phrases such as "anticipate," "believe," "plan," "estimate," "expect," "intend," and other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are made based upon management's current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. Such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance.
Actual results may differ materially from those included in the forward-looking statements as a result of risks and uncertainties. Those risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risk factors listed in Item 1A. "Risk Factors."
We provide financial products and services through the following reportable segments:
We also have a Corporate managessegment, which consists of the assets representing capitaland activities that hashave not been allocated to any other segment. Financial resultsSee Item 1. "Business" for a description of the Corporate segment primarily reflect our financing activities (including interest expense and preferred stock dividends), income on capital not allocated to other segments, inter-segment eliminations, income tax risks and certain income, expenses and other after-tax adjustments not allocated to the segments based on the nature of such items.reportable segments.
Positive market performance and net customer cash flows led to account value increases in our Retirement and Investor Services segment's account valuesIncome Solutions segment and AUM increases in our Principal Global Investors segment's AUM.segment. Since account values and AUM are the base by which these businesses generate revenues, the increase in account values and AUM has contributed to the overall improvement of our profits.operating revenues in these segments.
In our Principal International segment, we continued to grow our business organically through our existing subsidiaries and joint ventures and through strategic acquisitions. Local currency AUM, a key indicator of earnings growth for the segment, increased significantly as a result of positive net customer cash flows and market performance. The financial results for the Principal International segment are also impacted by fluctuations of the foreign currency to U.S. dollar exchange rates for the countrieslocations in which we have business.
The U.S. Insurance Solutions segment has been impacted by lower interest rates for the past few years, as well as decreases in our long-term interest rate assumptions. The current low interest rate environmentwhich has caused spread compression whereas the decrease in long-term interest rate assumptions hasand led to higher reserves and lower profit marginsreserves. This has resulted in the segment.changes to our product offerings.
Our profitability depends in large part upon our:
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The increasing complexity of the business environment and applicable authoritative accounting guidance requires us to closely monitor our accounting policies. Our significant accounting policies are described in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 1, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies." We have identified critical accounting policies that are complex and require significant judgment and estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. A summary of our critical accounting policies is intended to enhance the reader's ability to assess our financial condition and results of operations and the potential volatility due to changes in estimates and changes in guidance. The identification, selection and disclosure of critical accounting estimates and policies have been discussed with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
Valuation and Impairment of Fixed Income Investments
Fixed Maturities. Fixed maturities include bonds, asset-backed securities ("ABS"), redeemable preferred stock and certain non-redeemable preferred securities. We classify our fixed maturities as either AFS or trading and, accordingly, carry them at fair value in the consolidated statements of financial position. Volatility in net income can result from
changes in fair value of fixed maturities classified as trading. Volatility in other comprehensive income can result from changes in fair value of fixed maturities classified as AFS.
The fair values of our public fixed maturities are primarily based on market prices from third party pricing vendors. We have regular interactions with these vendors to ensure we understand their pricing methodologies and to confirm they are utilizing observable market information. In addition, 23%6% of our invested asset portfolio as of December 31, 2014,2016, was invested in privately placed fixed maturities that are private placement assets, where there arewith no readily available market quotes to determine the fair market value. The majority of these assets are valued using a spreadmatrix pricing matrixvaluation approach that utilizes observable market inputs. SecuritiesIn the matrix approach, securities are grouped into pricing categories that vary by sector, rating and average life. Each pricing category is assigned a risk spread based on studies of observable public market data from the investment professionals assigned to specific security classes. The expected cash flows of the security are then discounted back at the current Treasury curve plus the appropriate risk spread. Certain market events that could impactAlthough the matrix valuation approach provides a fair valuation of each pricing category, the valuation of securities include issuer credit ratings, business climate, management changes, litigation and government actions among others. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14, Fair Value Measurements" for further discussion.an individual security within each pricing category may actually be impacted by company specific factors.
If we are unable to price a fixed maturity security using prices from third party pricing vendors or other sources specific to the asset class, we may obtain a broker quote or utilize an internal pricing model specific to the asset utilizing relevant market information, to the extent available and where at least one significant unobservable input is utilized. These are reflected in Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy and can include fixed maturities across all asset classes. As of December 31, 2014,2016, less than 1% of our total fixed maturities were Level 3 securities valued using internal pricing models.
A rate increase of 100 basis points would produce a total value of approximately $47.2 billion, as compared See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to the recorded amount of $49.7 billion related to our fixed maturity, AFS financial assets with interest rate risk held by us as of December 31, 2014. For additional information see Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Interest Rate Risk".Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14, Fair Value Measurements" for further discussion.
The $1,004.3$257.4 million increase in net unrealized gains from U.S. investment operations for the year ended December 31, 2014,2016, can primarily be attributed to tightening of credit spreads, partially offset by an approximate 539 basis points decreasepoint increase in interest rates. For additional information about interest rate risk see Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk".
Fixed maturities classified as AFS are subject to impairment reviews. When evaluating fixed maturities for impairment, we consider relevant facts and circumstances in evaluating whether a credit or interest-relatedinterest rate-related impairment of a security is other than temporary. Relevant facts and circumstances considered include: (1) the extent and length of time the fair value has been below cost; (2) the reasons for the decline in value; (3) the financial position and access to capital of the issuer, including the current and future impact of any specific events; (4) for structured securities, the adequacy of the expected cash flows and (5) our intent to sell a security or whether it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost which, in some cases, may extend to maturity. To the extent we determine that a security is deemed to be other than temporarily impaired, an impairment loss is recognized. See item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, Investments — Other-Than-Temporary Impairments" for further discussion.
There are aA number of significant risks and uncertainties are inherent in the process of monitoring credit impairments and determining if an impairment is other than temporary. These risks and uncertainties include: (1) the risk that our assessment of an issuer's ability to meet all of its contractual obligations will change based on changes in the credit characteristics of that issuer; (2) the risk that the economic outlook will be worse than expected or have more of an impact on the issuer than anticipated; (3) the risk that our investment professionals are making decisions based on fraudulent or misstated information in the financial statements provided by issuers and (4) the risk that new information
obtained by us or changes in other facts and circumstances lead us to change our intent to not sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost. Any of these situations could result in a charge to net income in a future period. AtAs of December 31, 2014,2016, we had $7,877.6$17,466.4 million in AFS fixed maturities with gross unrealized losses totaling $338.8$648.8 million. Included in the gross unrealized losses are losses attributable to both movements in market interest rates as well as movement in credit spreads. Net income would be reduced by approximately $338.8 million, on a pre-tax basis, if all the securities in an unrealized loss position were deemed to be other than temporarily impaired and our intent was to sell all such securities.
Mortgage Loans. Mortgage loans consist primarily of commercial mortgage loans on real estate. As of December 31, 2014,2016, the carrying value of our commercial mortgage loans was $10,696.9$12,027.8 million. Commercial mortgage loans on real estate are generally reported at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accrual of discounts, computed using the interest method and net of valuation allowances.
Commercial mortgage loans on real estate are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to contractual terms of the loan agreement. When we determine that a loan is impaired, a valuation allowance is established equal to the difference between the carrying amount of the mortgage loan and the estimated value reduced by the cost to sell. Estimated value is based on either the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate, the loan's observable market price or fair value of the collateral. Subsequent changes in the estimated value are reflected in the valuation allowance. Amounts on loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged off and removed from the valuation allowance. The change in the valuation allowance provision is included in net realized capital gains (losses) on our consolidated statements of operations.
The valuation allowance is maintained at a level believed adequate by management to absorb estimated probable credit losses. Management's periodic evaluation and assessment of the valuation allowance adequacy is based on known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect a borrower's ability to repay, the estimated value of
the underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, portfolio delinquency information, underwriting standards, peer group information, current economic conditions, loss experience and other relevant factors. The evaluation of our impaired loan component is subjective, as it requires the estimation of timing and amount of future cash flows expected to be received on impaired loans. For more detailed information concerning mortgage loan valuation allowances and impairments, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, Investments — Mortgage Loan Valuation Allowance."
We have a large experienced commercial real estate staff centrally located in Des Moines, which includes commercial mortgage underwriters, loan closers, loan servicers, engineers, appraisers, credit analysts, research staff, legal staff, information technology personnel and portfolio managers. Experienced commercial real estate senior management adheres to a disciplined process in reviewing all transactions for approval on a consistent basis. TheDuring 2016, the typical new commercial mortgage loan at origination averages 51%averaged 52% loan-to-value with a 2.6 times debt service coverage ratio and iswas internally rated A on a bond equivalent basis. Our entire commercial mortgage loan portfolio, excluding mortgage loans held in our Principal Global Investors segment, averages 48%averaged 46% loan-to-value ratio with a 2.62.7 times debt service coverage ratio.ratio as of December 31, 2016. The large equity cushion and strong debt service coverage in our commercial mortgage loan investments will help insulate us from stress during times of weak commercial real estate fundamentals.
Derivatives
We primarily use derivatives to hedge or reduce exposure to market risks. The fair values of exchange-traded derivatives are determined through quoted market prices. The fair valuevalues of derivative instruments cleared through centralized clearinghouses are determined through market prices published by the clearinghouses. The fair values of non-cleared over-the-counter ("OTC") derivative instruments are determined using either pricing valuation models that utilize market observable inputs or broker quotes. On an absolute fair value basis 74%as of December 31, 2016, 53% of our over-the-counterOTC derivative assets and liabilities arewere valued using pricing valuation models, 6% are valued43% using broker quotes,clearinghouse prices and the remaining 20% are valued4% using clearinghouse prices.broker quotes. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14, Fair Value Measurements" for further discussion. The fair values of our derivative instruments can be impacted by changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, credit spreads, equity indices and volatility, as well as other contributing factors. For additional information see Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk".
We also issue certain annuity contracts and other insurance contracts that include embedded derivatives that have been bifurcated from the host contract. They are valued using a combination of historical data and actuarial judgment. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14, Fair Value Measurements" for further discussion. We include our assumption for own non-performance risk in the valuation of these embedded derivatives. As our credit spreads widen or tighten, the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities decrease or increase, leading to an increase or decrease in net income. If the current market credit spreads reflecting our own creditworthiness move to zero (tighten), the reduction to net income would be approximately $69.6$76.7 million, net of DAC and income taxes, based on December 31, 2014,2016, reported amounts. In addition, the policyholder behavior assumptions used in the valuation of embedded derivatives include risk margins, which increase the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities.
The accounting for derivatives is complex and interpretations of the applicable accounting standards continue to evolve. Judgment is applied in determining the availability and application of hedge accounting designations and the appropriate accounting treatment. Judgment and estimates are used to determine the fair value of some of our derivatives. Volatility in net income can result from changes in fair value of derivatives that do not qualify or are not designated for hedge accounting and changes in fair value of embedded derivatives.
Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances
Incremental direct costs of contract acquisition as well as certain costs directly related to acquisition activities (underwriting, policy issuance and processing, medical and inspection and sales force contract selling) for the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance policies and investment contract business are capitalized to the extent recoverable. Commissions and other incremental direct costs of contract acquisition for the acquisition of long-term service contracts are also capitalized to the extent recoverable. Maintenance costs and acquisition costs that are not deferrable are charged to net income as incurred.
Amortization Based on Estimated Gross Profits. DAC for universal life-type insurance contracts participating life insurance policies and certain investment contracts are amortized over the expected lifetime of the policiescontracts in relation to estimated gross profits ("EGPs"). As of December 31, 2014,2016, these policies accounted for 68%62% of our total DAC balance. In addition to DAC, the following actuarial balances are also amortized in relation to EGPs.
We also have additional benefit reserves that are established for annuity or universal life-type contracts that provide benefit guarantees, or for contracts that are expected to produce profits followed by losses. The liabilities are accrued in relation to estimated contract assessments.
We defineKey assumptions used in the calculation of EGPs to include assumptions relating to mortality, morbidity, lapses, equity returns, general account investment yieldyields and expenses as well as the change in our liability for certain guarantees and the difference between actual and expected reinsurance premiums and recoveries, depending on the nature of the contract. Our general account investment yield assumption reflects our long-term projections of interest rates and net realized capital gains (losses). We develop an estimate of EGPs at issue and each valuation date. As actual experience emerges,and market conditions emerge, the gross profits may vary from those expected either in magnitude or timing, in which case a true-up to actualof actuarial balances occurs as a charge or credit to current net income. In addition, we are required to revise our assumptions regarding future experience if actual experience or other evidence suggests that earlier estimates should be revised; we refer to this as unlocking. Both actions, reflecting actual experience and market conditions and changing future estimates, can change both the current amount and the future amortization pattern of the DAC asset and related actuarial balances.
For individual variable life insurance, individual variable annuities and group annuities that have separate account U.S. equity investment options, we utilize a mean reversion methodology (reversion to the mean assumption), a common industry practice, to determine the future domestic equity market growth rate assumption used for the calculation of EGPs. If actual annualized U.S. equity market performance varies from our 8% long-term assumption, we assume different performance levels in the short-term such that the meanweighted average return is equal to the long-term assumption over the mean reversion period. However, our mean reversion process generally limits assumed returns to a range of 4 - 12%4-12% during the mean reversion period.
Amortization Based on Estimated Gross Revenues. DAC and certain of the actuarial balances on a portion of our universal life products are amortized in proportion to estimated gross revenues rather than EGPs. Estimated gross revenues include similar assumptions as the revenue component of EGPs and the changes of future estimates and reflection of actual experience and market conditions is done in the same manner as EGPs discussed above. As of December 31, 2014,2016, these policies accounted for 6%8% of our total DAC balance.
Amortization Based on Estimated Gross Margins. DAC for participating life insurance products are amortized in proportion to estimated gross margins ("EGMs") rather than EGPs. EGMs include similar assumption items as EGPs, and amortization schedules were developed using models last updated when we stopped selling participating business in the early 2000s. Some products allow for underwritten death benefit increases and cost of living adjustments, resulting in a material amount of new DAC each year, and the amortization schedules are modified as appropriate. As of December 31, 2016, these policies accounted for 4% of our total DAC balance.
Amortization Based on Premium-Paying Period. DAC offor non-participating term life insurance and individual disability policies are amortized over the premium-paying period of the related policies using assumptions consistent with those used in computing policyholder liabilities. Once these assumptions are made for a given policy or group of policies, they will not be changed over the life of the policy unless a loss recognition event occurs. As of December 31, 2014,2016, these policies accounted for 19%21% of our total DAC balance.
Amortization Based on Service Period. DAC offor long-term service contracts are amortized in proportion to the revenue recognized or straight-line if no pattern of revenue recognition can be reasonably predicted. We amortize capitalized costs of long-term service contracts on a straight-line basis, reflecting lapses as they are incurred, over the expected contract life. As of December 31, 2014,2016, these contracts accounted for 7%5% of our total DAC balance.
Internal Replacements. We review policies for modifications that result in the exchange of an existing contract for a new contract. If the new contract is determined to be an internal replacement that is substantially changed from the replaced contract, any unamortized DAC and related actuarial balances are written off and acquisition costs related to the new contract are capitalized as appropriate. If the new contract is substantially unchanged from the replaced contract, we continue to amortize the existing DAC and related actuarial balances.
Recoverability. DAC and sales inducement assets are subject to recoverability testing at the time of policy issue and loss recognition testing on an annual basis, or when an event occurs that may warrant loss recognition. If loss recognition or impairment is necessary, the asset balances are written off to the extent that it is determined that future policy premiums and investment income or gross profits are not adequate to cover related losses and expenses.
Actuarial Assumption Updates. We periodically review and update actuarial assumptions that are inputs to the models for DAC and other actuarial balances and make model refinements as necessary. For more information see "Transactions Affecting Comparability of Results of Operations — Other — Actuarial Assumption Updates."
Sensitivities. As of December 31, 2014,2016, the net balance of DAC and related actuarial balances, excluding balances affected by changes in other comprehensive income ("OCI"), was a $1,958.2$1,445.1 million asset. We perform sensitivity analyses to assess the impact that certain assumptions have on our DAC and related actuarialthese balances. The following table shows the estimated immediate impact of various assumption changes on our DAC and related actuarial balances.
| | Estimated impact to net income (1) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||
Reducing the future equity return assumption by 1% | $ | (7 | ) | |
Reducing the long-term general account net investment returns assumption by 0.5% (2) | (56 | ) | ||
A one-time, 10% drop in equity market values | (11 | ) | ||
| | Estimated impact to net income (1) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||
Reducing the future equity return assumption by 1% | $ | (7 | ) | |
Reducing the long-term general account investment yield assumption by 0.5% | (54 | ) | ||
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill and other intangible assets include the cost of acquired subsidiaries in excess of the fair value of the net tangible assets recorded in connection with acquisitions. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized; rather, we test the carrying value for impairment at least annually. Goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level, which is a business one level below the operating segment. We formally conduct our annual goodwill and other intangible asset impairment testing during the third quarter. Under certain circumstances, interim impairment tests may be required if events occur or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value.
The operating segments and associated reporting units at which we perform our testing are as follows:
Goodwill. U.S. GAAP permits entities to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative impairment test of the two-step goodwill impairment test. Similarly, U.S. GAAP permits entities to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of an intangible asset with an indefinite life is less than its carrying amount to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative assessment. For 2014 testing we began to utilize the qualitative approach on a limited basis for intangible assets with indefinite lives. In our assessment we concluded that it was not necessary to perform a quantitative impairment analysis. In all cases during 2014, we continuedWe continue to perform a two-step test in our evaluation of the carrying value of goodwill.
In Step 1 of the evaluation, the fair value of each reporting unit is determined and compared to the carrying value of the reporting unit. If the fair value is greater than the carrying value, then the carrying value of the reporting unit is deemed to be recoverable, and Step 2 is not required. After completion of our 2016 Step 1 analysis, it was determined that fair values exceeded the carrying amounts for all businesses one level below the operating segment and we dodid not currently have any business at risk of failing the Step 1 goodwill impairment test. If the fair value estimate had been less than the carrying value, it is an indicator that impairment may exist, and Step 2 would be required. In Step 2, the reporting unit's goodwill implied fair value is determined. The reporting unit's fair value as determined in Step 1 is assigned to all of its net assets (recognized and unrecognized) as if the reporting unit were acquired in a business combination as of the date
of the impairment test. If the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill is lower than its carrying amount, goodwill is impaired and written down to its implied fair value.
The determination of fair value for our reporting units is primarily based on an income approach whereby we use discounted cash flows for each reporting unit. When available, and as appropriate, we use market approaches or other valuation techniques to corroborate discounted cash flow results. The discounted cash flow model used for each reporting unit is based on either income or distributable cash flow, depending on the reporting unit being valued. We use different discount rates based upon the weighted average cost of capital adjusted for risks associated with the operations.
For the income model, we determine fair value based on the present value of the most recent income projections for each reporting unit and calculate a terminal value utilizing a terminal growth rate. The significant assumptions in the operating income model include: income projections, including the underlying assumptions; discount rate and terminal growth rate.
For the distributable cash flow model, we determine fair value based on the present value of projected statutory net income and changes in required capital to determine distributable income for the respective reporting unit. The significant assumptions in the distributable cash flow model include: required capital levels; income projections, including
the underlying assumptions; discount rate; new business projection period and new business production growth. We did not recognize an impairment in our 2016 consolidated statement of operations.
Other Intangible Assets. U.S. GAAP permits entities to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of an intangible asset with an indefinite life is less than its carrying amount to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative assessment. We utilize the qualitative approach on a limited basis for testing of intangible assets with indefinite lives. Intangible assets with usefulfinite lives are amortized as related benefits emerge and are reviewed periodically for indicators of impairment in value. If facts and circumstances suggest possible impairment, the sum of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset is compared to the current carrying value of the asset. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized for the excess of the carrying amount of assets over their fair value. For those assets amortized as related benefits emerge, the most significant assumptions involved in the estimation of future benefits include surrender/lapse rates and interest marginsmargins. We did not recognize an impairment in our 2016 consolidated statement of operations.
Sensitivities. In connection with our annual impairment testing process, we performed a sensitivity analysis for goodwill impairment with respect to each of our reporting units and mortality.
determined that a hypothetical 10% decline in the fair value would not result in an impairment of goodwill for any reporting unit. The most significant goodwill and other intangible assets within our 20142016 consolidated statement of financial position resulted from our 2013 acquisition of Cuprum, whereby we recorded $631.8 million of goodwill, and from our 2006 purchase of WM Advisors, Inc., whereby we acquired $608.0 million of investment management contracts which are considered an indefinite-lived intangible. We cannot predict certain future events that might adversely affect the reported value of goodwill and other intangible assets that totaled $1,007.4$1,020.8 million and $1,323.5$1,325.3 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2014.2016. Such events include, but are not limited to, strategic decisions made in response to economic and competitive conditions, the impact of the economic environment on our customer base, interest rate movements, declines in the equity markets, the legal environment in which the businesses operate or a material negative change in our relationships with significant customers. For further information see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 1,14, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies," and "Note 2, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets."
Insurance Reserves
Reserves are liabilities representing estimates of the amounts that will come due, at some point in the future, to or on behalf of our policyholders. U.S. GAAP, allowing for some degree of managerial judgment, prescribes the methods ofprovides guidance for establishing reserves.
Future policy benefits and claims include reserves for individual traditional and group life insurance, disability, health and healthlong-term care insurance and individual and group annuities that provide periodic income payments, whichpayments. These reserves are computed using assumptions of mortality, morbidity, lapse, investment performance and expense. These assumptions are based on our experience, and are periodically reviewed against industry results, to ensure actuarial credibility.emerging trends and future expectations. For long durationlong-duration insurance contracts, once these assumptions are made for a given policy or group of policies, they will not be changed over the life of the policy. However, significant changes in experience or assumptions may require us to provide for expected future losses on a product by establishing premium deficiency reserves. Premium deficiency reserves may also be established for short durationshort-duration contracts to provide for expected future losses. Our reserve levels are reviewed throughout the year using internal analysis including, among other things, experience studies, claim development analysis and annual statutory asset adequacyloss recognition analysis. To the extent experience indicates potential loss recognition, we recognize losses on certain lines of business. The ultimate accuracy of the assumptions on these long-tailed insurance products cannot be determined until the obligation of the entire block of business on which the assumptions were made is extinguished. Short-term variances of actual results from the assumptions used in the computation of the reserves are reflected in current period net income and can impact quarter-to-quarter net income.
Future policy benefits and claims also include reserves for incurred but unreported health, disability, dental, vision and life insurance claims. We recognize claims costs in the period the service was provided to our policyholders. However, claims costs incurred in a particular period are not known with certainty until after we receive, process and pay the claims. We determine the amount of this liability using actuarial methods based on historical claim payment patterns as well as emerging cost trends, where applicable, to determine our estimate of claim liabilities. We also look back to assess how our prior periods' estimates developed. To the extent appropriate, changes in such development are recorded as a change to current period claim expense. Historically, the amount of the claim reserve adjustment made in subsequent reporting periods for prior period estimates have been within a reasonable range given our normal claim fluctuations.
Table We periodically review and update actuarial assumptions that are used to compute reserves. For more information see "Transactions Affecting Comparability of ContentsResults of Operations — Other — Actuarial Assumption Updates."
Benefit Plans
The reported expense and liability associated with pension and other postretirement benefitOPEB plans requires the use of assumptions. Numerous assumptions are made regarding the discount rate, expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, turnover,
expected compensation increases, health care claim costs, health care cost trends, retirement rates and mortality. The discount rate and the expected return on plan assets have the most significant impact on the level of expense.
The assumed discount rate is determined by projecting future benefit payments inherent in the Projected Benefit Obligation and discounting those cash flows using a spot yield curve for high quality corporate bonds. Our assumed discount raterates were 4.15% for the 2014 year-end was 4.00%.our pension plans and 3.75% for our OPEB plans as of December 31, 2016. Typically a 0.25% decrease in the discount rate would increase the pension benefits Projected Benefit Obligation and the Net Periodic Pension Cost ("NPPC") by approximately $122.0$114.0 million and $5.7$6.6 million, respectively. Typically a 0.25% decrease in the discount rate would increase the other postretirement benefits Accumulated Postretirement Benefit Obligation by approximately $4.0$2.4 million and would have a nominal impact on the Net Periodic Benefit Cost ("NPBC"). Typically a 0.25% increase in the discount rate would result in decreases in benefit obligations and expenses at a level generally commensurate with those noted above.
The assumed long-term rate of return on plan assets is set at the long-term rate expected to be earned based on the long-term investment policy of the plans and the various classes of the invested funds. Historical and future expected returns of multiple asset classes were analyzed to develop a risk-free real rate of return and risk premiums for each asset class. The overall long-term rate for each asset class was developed by combining a long-term inflation component, the real risk free rate of return and the associated risk premium. A weighted average rate was developed based on long-term returns for each asset class, the plan's target asset allocation policy and the tax structure of the trusts. For the 20142016 NPPC and 20142016 NPBC, a 6.75%7.20% and 5.36%5.24% weighted average long-term rate of return was used, respectively. For the 20152017 NPPC and 20152017 NPBC, a 7.20%6.70% and 5.36%4.40% weighted average long-term rate of return assumption, respectively, will be used. Typically a 0.25% decrease in the assumed long-term rate of return would increase the NPPC by approximately $5.6$5.4 million and the NPBC by approximately $1.6 million. Typically a 0.25% increase in this rate would result in a decrease to expense at the same levels. The assumed return on plan assets is based on the fair market value of plan assets as of December 31, 2014.2016.
The compensation increase assumption is generally set at a rate consistent with current and expected long-term compensation and salary policy, including inflation.
Actuarial gains and losses are amortized using a straight-line amortization method over the average remaining service period of employees, which is approximately 710 years for pension costs and approximately 104 years for other postretirement benefit costs. The qualified pension plan does not utilize the allowable corridor, while the nonqualified pension plan and OPEB plans utilize the 10% corridor. Prior service costs are amortized on a weighted average basis over approximately 3 years1 year for pension costs and 2 years for other postretirement benefitOPEB costs. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 11, Employee and Agent Benefits" for further discussion.
Income Taxes
We provide for income taxes based on our estimate of the liability for taxes due. Our tax accounting represents management's best estimate of various events and transactions, such as completion of tax audits or establishment of, or changes to, a valuation allowance associated with certain deferred tax assets, which could affect our estimates and effective income tax rate in a particular quarter or annual period. Deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect during the years in which the basis differences reverse. We are required to evaluate the recoverability of our deferred tax assets each quarter and establish a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce our deferred tax assets to an amount that is more-likely-than-not to be realizable. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, we consider many factors, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, taxable income in prior carryback years and implementation of any feasible and prudent tax planning strategies management would employ to realize the tax benefit.
U.S. federal and state deferred income taxes have not been provided on approximately $1,088.4 million and $1,004.6 million of accumulated but undistributed earnings from operations of foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We do not record U.S. federal and state deferred income taxes on foreign earnings not expected to be distributed to the U.S. We apply an exception to the general rule, which under U.S. GAAP otherwise requires the recording of U.S. deferred income taxes on the anticipated repatriation of foreign earnings as recognized for financial reporting purposes. The exception permits us to not record a U.S. deferred income tax liability on foreign earnings we expect to be indefinitely reinvested in our foreign operations. The related deferred income taxes will be recorded in the period it becomes apparent we can no longer positively assert some or all the undistributed earnings will remain invested into the foreseeable future.
Inherent in the provision for income taxes are estimates and our expectations regarding the deductibility of certain items, the timing of income and expense recognition, future performance and the current or future realization of operating losses, capital losses and certain tax credits. We regularly evaluate the capital needs of our domestic and foreign operations considering all available information, including operating and capital plans, regulatory capital requirements, parent company financing and cash flow needs, as well as tax laws applicable to our domestic and foreign subsidiaries. In the event these estimates differ from our prior estimates due to the receipt of new information, we may be required to significantly change the provision for income taxes recorded in the consolidated financial statements. Any such change
could significantly affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements in the year these estimates change. A further significant decline in value of financial assets incorporated into our tax planning strategies could lead to an increaseestablishment of oura valuation allowance on deferred tax assets having an adverse effect on current and future results. In management's judgment, total deferred income tax assets are more-likely-than-not to be realized.
In addition, the amount of income taxes paid is subject to audits in the U.S. as well as various state and foreign jurisdictions. Tax benefits are recognized for book purposes when the more-likely-than-not threshold is met with regard to the validity of an uncertain tax position. Once this threshold is met, for each uncertain tax position we recognize in earnings the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the Internal Revenue Service or other income taxing authorities for audits ongoing or not yet commenced.
We had $298.3$242.9 million and $329.9$229.9 million of current income tax receivables associated with outstanding audit issues reported as other assets in our consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,
2015, respectively. We believe that we havethere are adequate defenses against, or sufficient provisions for, the contested issues, but final resolution of contested issues could take several years while legal remedies are pursued. Consequently, we do not anticipate the ultimate resolution of audits ongoing or not yet commenced to have a material impact on our net income.
Transactions Affecting Comparability of Results of Operations
Acquisitions
We entered into acquisition agreements for the following businesses.
AXA Hong Kong Pension Business. On November 7, 2014,September 1, 2015, we announced we will acquirefinalized the purchase of AXA's MPF and ORSO pension business in Hong Kong for approximately $335.0$335.5 million. As part of the transaction, we will enterentered into an exclusive 15-year distribution agreement with AXA to provide co-branded pension products through AXA's extensive agency network in Hong Kong. The transaction is expected to close third quarter 2015, subject to regulatory approvals. Upon approval, we willWe more than doubledoubled the AUM in our Hong Kong pension business to $6.0$5.9 billion. AXA's MPF and ORSO pension business is consolidated within our Principal International segment.
Columbus Circle Investors. On September 30, 2014, we acquired an additional 24.65% interest in Columbus Circle Investors from the minority shareholder partners. We now own 95% of Columbus Circle Investorspartners and are contracted to purchase the remaining 5%interest from the minority shareholder partners in two installments in March 2015 and Marchinstallments. The first installment for an additional 2.5% interest was paid on April 28, 2015. The second installment for the remaining 2.5% interest was paid on April 28, 2016. We now own 100% of Columbus Circle Investors, which is consolidated within our Principal Global Investors segment.
Liongate Capital Management LLP and Liongate Limited. On May 1, 2013, we finalized the purchase of a 55% interest in Liongate Capital Management LLP and Liongate Limited ("Liongate"), a global alternative investment boutique based in London and New York. Liongate is focused on managing portfolios of hedge funds. The purchase price was $44.0 million. Liongate had $1.4 billion in AUM at the time of acquisition and is accounted for on the equity method within the Principal Global Investors segment. In the fourth quarter of 2014, we impaired our investment in Liongate.
Cuprum. On February 4, 2013, we finalized the purchase of Cuprum, a premier pension manager in Chile. As a result of the public tender offer, we initially acquired a 91.55% ownership stake in Cuprum for a purchase price of $1.3 billion. Cuprum had $34.3 billion in AUM at the time of acquisition and is consolidated within the Principal International segment.
First Dental Health. On November 1, 2012, we finalized the purchase of our 100% interest in First Dental Health, a California based independent dental preferred provider organization. First Dental Health is consolidated within the U.S. Insurance Solutions segment.
Claritas Administração de Recursos Ltda./Claritas Investments Ltd. On April 2, 2012, we finalized the purchase of a 60% indirect ownership in Claritas, a leading Brazilian mutual fund and asset management company. The Sao Paulo-based company manages equity funds, balanced funds, managed accounts and other strategies for affluent clients and institutions through its multi-channel distribution network. Claritas had $1.8 billion in AUM at the time of acquisition and is consolidated within the Principal International segment.
Other
Actuarial Assumption Updates. We periodically review and update actuarial assumptions that are inputs to the models for DAC and other actuarial balances and make model refinements as necessary. During the third quarter of 2016, assumption updates and model refinements were made resulting in an unlocking of DAC and other actuarial balances that decreased total company net income by $68.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The pre-tax operating earnings impact was $(33.2) million for our U.S. Insurance Solutions segment, $(31.6) million for our Retirement and Income Solutions segment and $(8.9) million for our Principal International segment for the year ended December 31, 2016.
During the third quarter of 2015, assumption updates and model refinements were made resulting in an unlocking of DAC and other actuarial balances that increased total company net income by $26.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The pre-tax operating earnings impact was $76.8 million for our U.S. Insurance Solutions segment and $(28.7) million for our Retirement and Income Solutions segment for the year ended December 31, 2015.
During the third quarter of 2014, assumption updates and model refinements were made resulting in an unlocking of DAC and other actuarial balances that increased total company net income by $45.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. During the third quarter of 2012, assumption updates and model refinements were made resulting in an unlocking of DAC and other actuarial balances that decreased total company net income by $85.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. Our review and update in 2013 did not result in a material impact to net income.
We updated our actuarial models to reflect the lower interest rate environment in our U.S. operations in 2012. The updates to our long-term interest rate assumptions and related refinements to the interest rate component of our actuarial models resulted in an unlocking that negatively impacted operating earnings. The negative unlocking from the lower interest rates was partially offset by the positive impact from the increased expected persistency in our individual annuities business. The net negative segmentpre-tax operating earnings impact was $66.3 million, which was comprised of $55.2$60.0 million for our U.S. Insurance Solutions segment and $11.1$2.6 million for our Retirement and Investor Services segment.
In addition to the interest rate assumption update, we updated other assumptions and made model refinements that resulted in a net negative unlocking and a $12.9 million decrease to operating earnings in total for the Retirement and Investor Services and U.S. InsuranceIncome Solutions segmentssegment for the year ended December 31, 2012.2014.
Within ourThe individual life insurance business we updated actuarial assumptions as mentioned above, which impactedassumption updates and model refinements had the most significant impact and affected several line items within our income statement. The following table presents the impactincrease (decrease) on the individual life insurance
income statement line items for the years ended December 31, 20142016, 2015 and 2012. The impact for the year ended December 31, 2013, was not material.2014.
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Operating earnings | $ | 39.0 | $ | (62.9 | ) | ||||||||||||
Pre-tax operating earnings | $ | (43.2 | ) | $ | 64.6 | $ | 60.0 | ||||||||||
Fee revenues | 3.1 | 13.5 | (9.5 | ) | (3.0 | ) | 3.1 | ||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | (131.6 | ) | 67.2 | 53.6 | (43.5 | ) | (131.6 | ) | |||||||||
Dividends to policyholders | 8.2 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Operating expenses | 74.7 | 43.0 | (28.1 | ) | (24.1 | ) | 74.7 | ||||||||||
Catalyst Health Solutions, Inc.Chilean Legal Entity Merger. In July 2012, Catalyst Health Solutions, Inc. merged with a wholly owned subsidiaryJanuary 2015, we received regulatory approval and executed upon the merger of SXC Health Solutions Corp.two of our Chilean legal entities. As a result of the merger, we realized an after-tax gain. We subsequently contributed appreciated stock ofrecognized a $105.2 million benefit in net income available to common stockholders in first quarter 2015 to reflect a change in deferred tax balances related to the ultimate surviving corporation (now known as Catamaran Corp.) to The Principal Financial Group Foundation, Inc. and sold our remaining interest in Catamaran Corp., resulting in a total after-tax net realized capital gain of $141.2 million.merged entity.
Other Factors Affecting Comparability
Individual Life Insurance Amortization. During the first quarter of 2012, our individual life insurance business changed its basis for amortizing DAC and other actuarial balances on a portion of our universal life insurance products. The actuarial balances for these products are now amortized based on estimated gross revenues instead of EGPs. This change required an unlocking of the actuarial balances to reflect the pattern of estimated gross revenues, which resulted in volatility within certain income statement line items in the first quarter of 2012. Specifically, fee revenues decreased $46.6 million; benefits, claims and settlement expenses increased $87.9 million; and operating expenses decreased $139.6 million. However, on a net basis the impact was a net gain of $3.3 million after-tax, which is not material.
Fluctuations in Foreign Currency to U.S. Dollar Exchange Rates
Fluctuations in foreign currency to U.S. dollar exchange rates for countrieslocations in which we have operations can affect reported financial results. In years when foreign currencies weaken against the U.S. dollar, translating foreign currencies into U.S. dollars results in fewer U.S. dollars to be reported. When foreign currencies strengthen, translating foreign currencies into U.S. dollars results in more U.S. dollars to be reported.
Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations create variances in our financial statement line items but have not had a materialitems. The most significant impact onoccurs within our consolidated financial results. Principal International segment where pre-tax operating earnings were negatively impacted $31.7$25.3 million and $69.3 million for the yearyears ended December 31, 2014,2016 and 2015, respectively, as a result of fluctuations in foreign currency to U.S. dollar exchange rates. This impact was calculated by comparing (a) the difference between current year results and prior year results to (b) the difference between current year results and prior year results translated using current year exchange rates for both periods. We use this approach to calculate the impact of exchange rates on all revenue and expense line items. For a discussion of our approaches to managing foreign currency exchange rate risk, see Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Foreign Currency Risk."
Stock-Based Compensation Plans
For information related to our Stock-Based Compensation Plans, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 17, Stock-Based Compensation Plans."
The impact of inflation has not had a material effect on our annual consolidated results of operations over the past three years. However, we may be materially affected by inflation in the future.
Employee and Agent Benefits Expense
Variable Investment Income
The 2014 annual defined benefit pension expense for substantially allVariable investment income includes certain types of investment returns such as prepayment fees and income (loss) from certain elements of our employees and certain agents was $85.0 million pre-tax, which was a $58.3 million decrease from the 2013 pre-tax pension expenseother alternative asset classes, including results of $143.3 million. This decrease is primarily duevalue-add real estate sales activity. Due to an increase in the discount rate from 4.00% for 2013 to 4.90% for 2014, and also due to better actual asset returns than expected. Also, the expected long-term return on plan assets used to develop the 2014 expense decreased to 6.75% from 7.50% used in 2013 and partially offset the decrease caused by the other expense components.
The 2015 annual defined benefit pension expense for substantially all of our employees and certain agents is expected to be $123.3 million pre-tax, which is a $38.3 million increase from the 2014 pre-tax pension expense of $85.0 million. This increase is due to a decrease in the discount rate from 4.90% for 2014 to 4.00% for 2015 and a change in the mortality assumptions. Offsetting these increases were a better than expected asset return in 2014 and an increase in the expected long-term return on plan assets to 7.20% for 2015 from 6.75% used in 2014.
The 2014 annual OPEB plan expense (income) for employees and certain agents was $(48.3) million pre-tax, which is a $1.3 million increase from the 2013 pre-tax OPEB income of $(47.0) million. The expense difference is primarily due to better actual asset returns used to develop the 2014 expense (income), which was partially offset by a decrease in the weighted average expected long-term return in 2014, which decreased to 5.36% from 5.62%.The weighted average expected long-term return on plan assets was based on weighted average expected long-term asset returns for the
medical, life and long-term care plan. The expected rate of return for the life plans was reduced to 5.00% to reflect the after-tax return on the plan assets resulting from the decision to have taxes paid by the trust instead of Principal Life. The discount rate used to develop the 2014 expense (income) increased to 4.90%, up from 4.00% used in 2013.
The 2015 annual OPEB plan expense (income) for employees and certain agents is expected to be $(44.7) million pre-tax, which is a $3.6 million decrease from the 2014 pre-tax OPEB income of $(48.3) million. The weighted average expected long-term return on plan assets used to develop the expense (income) in 2015 was 5.36%, which was based on weighted average expected long-term asset returns for the medical, life and long-term care plan. The discount rate used to develop the 2015 expense (income) decreased to 4.00%, down from 4.90% used in 2014. The mortality table was changed for the calculation of the OPEB liabilities as well, but it had little impact.
Impact of Low Interest Rate Environment
The exposure from the low interest rates is reflected in a reduction in the spreads between the investment income we earn and the interest we credit to our customers. Some of our products, primarily our fixed deferred annuity, general account group annuity and universal life insurance products, include guaranteed minimum interest rates. During periods of low or declining interest rates, borrowers may prepay or redeem mortgages and fixed maturities that are invested to support our product obligations, which would force us to reinvest the proceeds at lower interest rates. The resulting lower netits unpredictable nature, variable investment income may make it more difficult for usor may not be material to maintain our desired spread and thereby reduce our profitability. See Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Interest Rate Risk"financial results for a presentationgiven reporting period and may create variances when comparing different reporting periods. For additional information, see "Investments — Investment Results."
Recent Regulatory Changes
On April 6, 2016, the DOL released its final fiduciary definition regulation package. The regulation broadens the definition of a fiduciary under ERISA to include persons providing investment advice to an employee benefit plan or an IRA for a fee or other compensation. The DOL also released two new prohibited transaction class exemptions and amendments to current prohibited transaction exemptions. Broker-dealers and advisors are in various stages of determining the implications of the differences between the interest rates being credited to contractholdersregulations on their business models, and the respective guaranteed minimum interest rates.
Some ofhow they proceed could impact our universal life insurance contracts contain secondary guarantees, which keep the contract in force, even if the contractholder's account balance is insufficient to cover allbusiness. Even with this fluid environment, our preliminary assessment of the contract charges, provided thatnew regulation's impact to our business and future financial results indicates the contractholder has continually paidcosts will not have a specified minimum premium. It is possible that moresignificant effect on our financial condition or results of these secondary guarantees couldoperations. As the rules become applicable and are operationalized, we will assess what business impacts need to be triggered, possibly increasing our policyholder obligationaddressed and thereby reducing our profitability.
Declining or low interest rates could impacthow they affect the discount rate assumption used for the purposes of valuing reserves and our pension and other postretirement benefit obligations. A decrease in the discount rate could result in higher reserves as well as lower margins and an increase in the annual pension and other postretirement benefit expense.
Our expectation of EGPs is an important consideration in determining the amortization of DAC and other actuarial balances. To the extent a low interest rate environment impacts our assumptions regarding future EGPs, an unlocking of DAC and other actuarial balances could occur, decreasing net income.
Lastly, lower net investment income could result in the establishment of a premium deficiency reserve for certain of our insurance products.
We anticipate that a sustained low interest rate environment would reduce the growth in net income.organization.
For recent accounting changes, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 1, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies" under the caption, "Recent Accounting Pronouncements."
The following table presents summary consolidated financial information for the years indicated:
| | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 vs. 2013 | 2013 vs. 2012 | 2016 vs. 2015 | 2015 vs. 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenues: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | 3,722.9 | $ | 3,154.1 | $ | 3,219.4 | $ | 568.8 | $ | (65.3 | ) | $ | 5,299.1 | $ | 5,310.3 | $ | 3,722.9 | $ | (11.2 | ) | $ | 1,587.4 | ||||||||||
Fees and other revenues | 3,482.1 | 3,222.2 | 2,626.7 | 259.9 | 595.5 | 3,627.4 | 3,653.1 | 3,482.1 | (25.7 | ) | 171.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment income | 3,257.9 | 3,138.4 | 3,254.9 | 119.5 | (116.5 | ) | 3,296.5 | 3,052.1 | 3,257.9 | 244.4 | (205.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized capital gains (losses), excluding impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | 92.7 | (109.2 | ) | 232.7 | 201.9 | (341.9 | ) | 269.5 | (20.9 | ) | 92.7 | 290.4 | (113.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Net other-than-temporary impairment (losses) recoveries on available-for-sale securities | 23.8 | (91.5 | ) | (135.9 | ) | 115.3 | 44.4 | (98.8 | ) | (0.8 | ) | 23.8 | (98.0 | ) | (24.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities available-for-sale reclassified to (from) other comprehensive income | (101.8 | ) | (24.5 | ) | 17.3 | (77.3 | ) | (41.8 | ) | 0.4 | (29.4 | ) | (101.8 | ) | 29.8 | 72.4 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | (78.0 | ) | (116.0 | ) | (118.6 | ) | 38.0 | 2.6 | (98.4 | ) | (30.2 | ) | (78.0 | ) | (68.2 | ) | 47.8 | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net realized capital gains (losses) | 14.7 | (225.2 | ) | 114.1 | 239.9 | (339.3 | ) | 171.1 | (51.1 | ) | 14.7 | 222.2 | (65.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | 10,477.6 | 9,289.5 | 9,215.1 | 1,188.1 | 74.4 | 12,394.1 | 11,964.4 | 10,477.6 | 429.7 | 1,486.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Expenses: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | 5,231.0 | 4,683.6 | 5,123.9 | 547.4 | (440.3 | ) | 6,913.2 | 6,697.7 | 5,231.0 | 215.5 | 1,466.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to policyholders | 177.4 | 189.0 | 197.7 | (11.6 | ) | (8.7 | ) | 156.6 | 163.5 | 177.4 | (6.9 | ) | (13.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Operating expenses | 3,574.3 | 3,292.9 | 2,933.5 | 281.4 | 359.4 | 3,732.6 | 3,672.4 | 3,574.3 | 60.2 | 98.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 8,982.7 | 8,165.5 | 8,255.1 | 817.2 | (89.6 | ) | 10,802.4 | 10,533.6 | 8,982.7 | 268.8 | 1,550.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income before taxes | 1,494.9 | 1,124.0 | 960.0 | 370.9 | 164.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income before income taxes | 1,591.7 | 1,430.8 | 1,494.9 | 160.9 | (64.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income taxes | 318.5 | 187.9 | 134.6 | 130.6 | 53.3 | 229.9 | 177.6 | 318.5 | 52.3 | (140.9 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | 1,176.4 | 936.1 | 825.4 | 240.3 | 110.7 | 1,361.8 | 1,253.2 | 1,176.4 | 108.6 | 76.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | 32.3 | 23.4 | 18.8 | 8.9 | 4.6 | 45.3 | 19.2 | 32.3 | 26.1 | (13.1 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc. | 1,144.1 | 912.7 | 806.6 | 231.4 | 106.1 | 1,316.5 | 1,234.0 | 1,144.1 | 82.5 | 89.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Less: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 33.0 | 33.0 | 33.0 | — | — | — | 16.5 | 33.0 | (16.5 | ) | (16.5 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Excess of redemption value over carrying value of preferred shares redeemed | — | 8.2 | — | (8.2 | ) | 8.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 1,111.1 | $ | 879.7 | $ | 773.6 | $ | 231.4 | $ | 106.1 | $ | 1,316.5 | $ | 1,209.3 | $ | 1,111.1 | $ | 107.2 | $ | 98.2 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Year Ended December 31, 20142016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 20132015
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders
Net income available to common stockholders increased primarily due$158.4 million as a result of after-tax net realized capital gains in 2016 as compared to double digit earnings growth in all of the segments, lowerafter-tax net realized capital losses associated within 2015 primarily related to derivatives not designated as hedging instrumentsinstruments. In addition, net income available to common stockholders increased due to a $128.8 million increase in after-tax net investment income attributable to higher average invested assets in our U.S. operations and gains on fixed maturities.a $45.6 million increase in after-tax variable investment income. These increases were partially offset by an increasea $105.2 million benefit from a change in net deferred tax liabilities resulting frombalances related to the third quarter 2014 enactmentmerger of tax legislationtwo of our Chilean legal entities in Chile2015 and thea $95.0 million after-tax decrease related to actuarial assumption updates and model refinements that had an unfavorable impact ofon net income in 2016 as compared to a court rulingfavorable impact in 2015. Additionally, these increases were partially offset by a $49.1 million decrease attributable to lower investment yields on some uncertain tax positionsinvested assets in the second quarter of 2014.our U.S. operations.
Total Revenues
Premiums increased $539.0decreased $150.5 million for the Retirement and Investor ServicesIncome Solutions segment primarily due to growth in our payout annuity blocklower sales of business.
Fee revenuesindividual annuities with life contingencies. Premiums increased $227.1$117.7 million for the Retirement and Investor ServicesU.S. Insurance Solutions segment primarily due to higher fees stemmingresulting from an increase in average account values, which resulted from positive equity market performance and growth in the business.
Net investment income Premiums increased for the Principal International segment primarily in Latin America due to $28.0 million higher inflation-based investment returns on average invested assets and cash as a resultsales of higher inflationsingle premium annuities with life contingencies in Chile and favorable market changes on our mandatory investment in the pension funds of our Chilean pension company. These increases were partially offset by the$6.3 million weakening of the Chilean peso against the U.S. dollardollar.
Fees and lower yieldsother revenues decreased $75.8 million for the Corporate segment primarily due to income on a tax indemnification recognized in 2015. Fees and other revenues decreased $35.5 million for the Retirement and Income Solutions segment primarily due to challenging equity market performance. Fees and other revenues increased $42.3 million for the U.S. Insurance Solutions segment primarily resulting from growth in the business. Fees and other revenues increased $37.7 million for the Principal Global Investors segment primarily due to increased AUM.
Net investment income increased primarily due to $198.1 million attributable to higher average invested assets in our U.S. operations and casha $70.1 million increase in variable investment income. These increases were partially offset by a $75.6 million decrease attributable to lower investment yields on invested assets in our U.S. operations. For additional information, see "Investments — Investment Results.Results — Net Investment Income."
Net realized capital gains (losses) can be volatile due to other-than-temporary impairments of invested assets, mark-to-market adjustments of certain invested assets and our decision to sell invested assets. NetWe had net realized capital gains (losses) improvedin 2016 as compared to net realized capital losses in 2015 primarily due to lower losses onchange in derivatives not designated as hedging instruments and gains on fixed maturities.instruments. For additional information, see "Investments — Investment Results.Results — Net Realized Capital Gains (Losses)."
Total Expenses
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses increased $463.5 million for the Retirement and Investor Services segment primarily due to an increase in reserves resulting from growth in our payout annuity block of business.
Operating expenses increased $161.8 million for the Retirement and Investor Services segment primarily due to higher sub-advisory fee costs stemming from an increase in average account values, which resulted from positive equity market performance, an increase in non-deferrable distribution costs and an increase in DAC amortization related to individual annuities. Operating expenses increased $115.0 million for the U.S. Insurance Solutions segment primarily due to DACa $117.3 million increase resulting from an unfavorable unlocking impact associated with actuarial model and assumption updates and model refinements in 2014.2016 as compared to a favorable unlocking impact in 2015. Additionally, benefits, claims and settlement expenses increased $90.1 million for the U.S. Insurance Solutions segment resulting from growth in our specialty benefits insurance business.
Operating expenses increased for the Corporate segment primarily due to $86.4 million of one-time costs incurred to extinguish long-term debt in 2016 and $10.0 million higher interest expense in 2016 associated with the issuance of long-term debt in 2015. These increases were partially offset by a $42.8 million negative impact of a court ruling on some uncertain tax positions in 2015.
Income Taxes
The effective income tax rates were 21%14% and 17%12% for the years ended December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, respectively. The effective income tax rateSee Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 10, Income Taxes — Effective Income Tax Rate" for the year ended December 31, 2014 was lower than the U.S. corporate income tax rate of 35% ("U.S. statutory rate") primarily due to income tax deductions allowed for corporate dividends received, the presentation of taxes on our share of earnings generated from equity method investments reflected in net investment income and tax credits, partially offset by an increase in net deferred tax liabilities resulting from the third quarter 2014 enactment of tax legislation in Chile. The effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2013, was lower than the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to income tax deductions allowed for corporate dividends received, the presentation of taxes on our share of earnings generated from equity method investments in net investment income and lower tax rates of foreign jurisdictions. The effective income tax rate increased to 21% from 17% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, primarily due to an increase in net deferred tax liabilities resulting from the third quarter 2014 enactment of tax legislation in Chile.further discussion.
Year Ended December 31, 20132015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 20122014
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders
Net income available to common stockholders increased primarily due to higher earningsa $105.2 million change in deferred tax balances related to the merger of two of our RetirementChilean legal entities and Investor Services segment stemming from positivea $44.2 million impairment of Liongate, an equity market performance and growthmethod investment, in the business. This increase was2014. These increases were partially offset by ana $35.9 million after-tax increasedecrease in gains on sales of real estate investments and joint venture real estate, net realized capital losses duein 2015 compared to the net gains in 2014 resulting from a $17.6 million after-tax gaindecrease in 2012 associated with the mergerequity securities, trading and a $14.2 million after-tax write-off of Catalyst Health Solutions, Inc.unamortized book value on corporate owned real estate in 2015.
Total Revenues
Premiums decreased $117.1increased $1,426.9 million for the Retirement and Investor ServicesIncome Solutions segment primarily due to lowerhigher sales of single premium group and individual annuities with life contingencies. The single premium group annuity product, which is typically used to fund defined benefit plan terminations, can generate large premiums from very few customers and therefore premiums tend to vary from period to period. Partially offsetting this decrease was a $47.2 million increase for the U.S. Insurance Solutions segment primarily due to growth as a result of solid sales and stable employment and salary trends in our specialty benefits insurance business.
Fee revenues increased $280.8 million for the Retirement and Investor Services segment primarily due to higher fees stemming from an increase in average account values, which resulted from positive equity market performance and growth in the business. Fee revenues also increased $187.5 million for the Principal International segment primarily due to the acquisition of a Chilean pension company. In addition, fees increased $126.4$88.5 million for the Principal Global Investors segment primarily due to higher management fee revenuesrevenue as a result of increased AUM andAUM. Fee revenues increased performance fee revenue.$52.9 million for the Corporate segment primarily due to income on a tax indemnification.
Net investment income decreased primarily due to a $97.5 million decrease attributable to lower investment yields on our invested assets and cash in our U.S. operations and lower inflation-basedoperations. In addition, net investment returns on average invested assets and cash as a result ofincome decreased $85.6 million due to the weakening of certainthe Latin American currencies against the U.S. dollar. These decreases were partially offset by the acquisition of a Chilean pension company and higher average invested assets in Chile. For additional information, see "Investments — Investment Results.Results — Net Investment Income."
Net realized capital gains (losses) can be volatile due to other-than-temporary impairments of invested assets, mark-to-market adjustments of certain invested assets and our decision to sell invested assets. We had net realized capital losses in 20132015 as compared to net realized capital gains in 20122014 primarily due to a gain associated with the merger$55.2 million decrease in gains on sales of Catalyst Health Solutions, Inc.real estate investments and the subsequent dispositionjoint venture real estate, net losses in 2015 compared to net gains in 2014 resulting from a $25.1 million decrease in equity securities, trading, a $21.9 million write-off of our remaining interestunamortized book value on corporate owned real estate in the surviving corporation in the third quarter2015 and $11.4 million of 2012 and increased losses on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments. This was partially offset by a $44.2 million impairment of Liongate, an equity method investment, in 2014. For additional information, see "Investments — Investment Results.Results — Net Realized Capital Gains (Losses)."
Total Expenses
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses decreased $325.7increased $1,391.5 million for the Retirement and Investor ServicesIncome Solutions segment primarily due to an increase in reserves resulting from higher sales of single premium group and individual annuities with life contingencies.
Operating expenses increased for the Retirement and Income Solutions segment primarily due to a decrease in change in reserves$30.6 million increase resulting from lower salesunfavorable DAC unlocking associated with the review and update of single premium group annuities with life contingencies. Benefits, claimsour actuarial assumptions in 2015 and settlementa $26.5 million increase in staff related costs including pension and OPEB. Operating expenses also decreased $109.5increased $48.1 million for the U.S. Insurance SolutionsPrincipal Global Investors segment primarily due to the change in basis for amortizing DAC and other actuarial balances in the first quarter of 2012
and the unlocking associated with a change in our long-term interest rate assumptions and model refinements in the third quarter of 2012 partially offset by higher mortality and growth in 2013.
Operating expenses increased $157.6 million for the Retirement and Investor Services segment primarily due to higher staff related costs, an increase in non-deferrable distribution costs resulting fromsupporting growth in the business and higher sub-advisory fees stemming from positive equity market performance. Operating expenses increased $125.1 million for the U.S. Insurance Solutions segment primarily due to the change in basis for amortizing DAC and other actuarial balances in the first quarter of 2012 partially offset by unlocking associated with a change in our long-term interest rate assumptions and model refinements in the third quarter of 2012. In addition, operating expenses increased $113.4 million for the Principal International segment primarily due to the acquisition of a Chilean pension company and higher overall compensation expenses due to growth.business.
Income Taxes
The effective income tax rates were 17%12% and 14%21% for the years ended December 31, 20132015 and 2012,2014, respectively. The effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2013 was lower than the U.S. statutory rate primarily duedecreased to income tax deductions allowed for corporate dividends received, the presentation of taxes on our share of earnings generated12% from equity method investments in net investment income and lower tax rates of foreign jurisdictions. The effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2012, was lower than the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to income tax deductions allowed for corporate dividends received, the presentation of taxes on our share of earnings generated from equity method investments in net investment income and the interest exclusion from taxable income. The effective income tax rate increased to 17% from 14%21% for the years ended December 31, 20132015 and 2012,2014, respectively, primarily due to an increase in income before taxes with no proportionatea 7% change in permanentdeferred tax differences.balances related to the merger of two of our Chilean legal entities and a 4% change in net deferred tax liabilities resulting from the third quarter 2014 enactment of tax legislation in Chile not replicated in 2015, partially offset by the 3% negative impact of a court ruling on some uncertain tax positions. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 10, Income Taxes — Effective Income Tax Rate" for further discussion.
Results of Operations by Segment
For results of operations by segment see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 16, Segment Information."
Retirement and Investor ServicesIncome Solutions Segment
Retirement and Investor ServicesIncome Solutions Trends
Several key factors impact revenue and earnings growth in the Retirement and Investor Services ("RIS")Income Solutions segment. These factors include: the ability of our distribution channels to generate new sales and retain existing business; pricing decisions that take account of competitive conditions, persistency, investment returns, mortality trends, and operating expense levels; investment management performance; equity market returns and interest rate changes. Profitability ultimately depends on our ability to price products and invest assets at a level that enables us to earn a margin over the cost of providing benefits and the expense of acquiring and administering those products.
Net revenue is a key metric used to understand RISRetirement and Income Solutions earnings growth. Net revenue is defined as operating revenues less benefits, claims and settlement expenses less dividends to policyholders. Net revenue from our Accumulation productsRetirement and Income Solutions — Fee is primarily fee based and is impacted by changes in the equity markets. Net revenue from our Guaranteed productsRetirement and Income Solutions — Spread is driven by our abilitythe difference between investment income earned on the underlying general account assets and the interest rate credited to earn an investment spread. Accumulation net revenue has grown due to improvement in the equity markets as well as growth in the block of business. Guaranteed net revenue has increased due to improving returns on new business as well as an improvement in variable investment income.contracts.
The following table presents the RISRetirement and Income Solutions segment net revenue for the years indicated:
| | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 vs. 2013 | 2013 vs. 2012 | 2016 vs. 2015 | 2015 vs. 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net revenue: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accumulation | $ | 2,558.4 | $ | 2,336.1 | $ | 2,044.1 | $ | 222.3 | $ | 292.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Guaranteed | 199.1 | 184.2 | 155.1 | 14.9 | 29.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Retirement and Income Solutions — Fee | $ | 1,511.1 | $ | 1,573.5 | $ | 1,563.7 | $ | (62.4 | ) | $ | 9.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Retirement and Income Solutions — Spread | 491.5 | 437.6 | 470.2 | 53.9 | (32.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Retirement and Investor Services | $ | 2,757.5 | $ | 2,520.3 | $ | 2,199.2 | $ | 237.2 | $ | 321.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Retirement and Income Solutions | $ | 2,002.6 | $ | 2,011.1 | $ | 2,033.9 | $ | (8.5 | ) | $ | (22.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Retirement and Investor ServicesIncome Solutions Segment Summary Financial Data
The following table presents certain summary financial data relating to the RISRetirement and Income Solutions segment for the years indicated:
| | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 vs. 2013 | 2013 vs. 2012 | 2016 vs. 2015 | 2015 vs. 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating revenues: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | 1,584.5 | $ | 1,045.5 | $ | 1,162.6 | $ | 539.0 | $ | (117.1 | ) | $ | 2,860.9 | $ | 3,011.4 | $ | 1,584.5 | $ | (150.5 | ) | $ | 1,426.9 | ||||||||||
Fees and other revenues | 2,033.1 | 1,806.0 | 1,525.5 | 227.1 | 280.5 | 1,304.7 | 1,338.8 | 1,309.7 | (34.1 | ) | 29.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment income | 1,905.7 | 1,996.1 | 2,146.8 | (90.4 | ) | (150.7 | ) | 1,985.1 | 1,816.7 | 1,905.5 | 168.4 | (88.8 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total operating revenues | 5,523.3 | 4,847.6 | 4,834.9 | 675.7 | 12.7 | 6,150.7 | 6,166.9 | 4,799.7 | (16.2 | ) | 1,367.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Expenses: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses, including dividends to policyholders | 2,765.8 | 2,327.3 | 2,635.7 | 438.5 | (308.4 | ) | 4,148.1 | 4,155.8 | 2,765.8 | (7.7 | ) | 1,390.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Operating expenses | 1,728.9 | 1,630.3 | 1,474.1 | 98.6 | 156.2 | 1,208.1 | 1,271.0 | 1,182.7 | (62.9 | ) | 88.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 4,494.7 | 3,957.6 | 4,109.8 | 537.1 | (152.2 | ) | 5,356.2 | 5,426.8 | 3,948.5 | (70.6 | ) | 1,478.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating earnings before income taxes | 1,028.6 | 890.0 | 725.1 | 138.6 | 164.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income taxes | 200.5 | 195.6 | 150.0 | 4.9 | 45.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||
Operating earnings | $ | 828.1 | $ | 694.4 | $ | 575.1 | $ | 133.7 | $ | 119.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Pre-tax operating earnings | $ | 794.5 | $ | 740.1 | $ | 851.2 | $ | 54.4 | $ | (111.1 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Year Ended December 31, 20142016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 20132015
Pre-Tax Operating Earnings
OperatingPre-tax operating earnings increased $123.6in our Spread business primarily due to a $31.6 million increase due to higher mean account values stemming from growth in the business and a $23.5 million increase in variable investment income. In addition, the segment continues to diligently manage expenses and focus on achieving operational efficiencies where possible.
Net Revenue
Net revenue decreased in our Fee business primarily due to a $41.0 million unfavorable impact associated with actuarial assumption updates and model refinements in 2016 and $39.0 million due to challenging equity market performance, partially offset by an $11.5 million increase in variable investment income. Net revenue increased in our Spread business primarily due to a $31.6 million increase due to higher mean account values stemming from growth in the business and a $23.5 million increase in variable investment income.
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses decreased in our Fee business primarily due to $51.3 million lower DAC unlocking amortization expense resulting from actuarial assumption updates and model refinements in 2016 compared to 2015 and a $16.8 million third quarter 2015 DAC amortization expense true-up stemming from a decline in market performance. In addition, the segment continues to diligently manage expenses and focus on achieving operational efficiencies where possible.
Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2014
Pre-Tax Operating Earnings
Pre-tax operating earnings decreased $85.0 million in our AccumulationFee business primarily due to a $36.5 million unfavorable DAC unlocking associated with the review and update of our actuarial assumptions in 2015 and a $20.2 million increase in staff related costs including pension and OPEB. Pre-tax operating earnings decreased $26.1 million in our Spread business primarily due to a decrease in variable investment income resulting from a decline in loan prepayment activity and associated fees.
Net Revenue
Net revenue decreased $32.6 million in our Spread business primarily due to a decrease in variable investment income resulting from a decline in loan prepayment activity and associated fees. Net revenue increased $9.8 million in our Fee business primarily due to higher fees stemming from growth in the business and an increase in average account values, which resulted from positive equity market performance and growth in the business.values.
Net RevenueTable of Contents
Net revenue increased $222.3 million in our Accumulation business primarily due to higher fees stemming from an increase in average account values, which resulted from positive equity market performance and growth in the business.
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses increased $98.7$94.8 million in our AccumulationFee business primarily due to higher sub-advisory fee costs stemming from ana $36.5 million unfavorable DAC unlocking associated with the review and update of our actuarial assumptions in 2015 and a $20.2 million increase in average account values, which resulted from positive equity market performance, an increase in non-deferrable distribution costs and an increase in DAC amortization related to individual annuities.
Income Taxes
The effective income tax rates for the segment were 19% and 22% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2014, was lower than the U.S. statutory rate primarily as a result of income tax deductions allowed for corporate dividends received and tax credits. The effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2013, was lower than the U.S. statutory rate primarily as a result of income tax deductions allowed for corporate dividends received and the interest exclusion from taxable income. The effective tax rate decreased to 19% from 22% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, primarily due to an increase in income tax deductions allowed for corporate dividends received and tax credits in 2014.
Year Ended December 31, 2013 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2012
Operating Earnings
Operating earnings increased $102.0 million in our Accumulation business primarily due to positive equity market performance and growth in the business, which was partially offset by an increase in staff related costs and higher non-deferrable commissions and sub-advisory fees.
Net Revenue
Net revenue increased $292.0 million in our Accumulation business primarily due to higher fees stemming from an increase in average account values, which resulted from positive equity market performance and growth in the business.
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses increased $154.3 million in our Accumulation business primarily due to higher staff related costs, including pension and other postretirement benefits. In addition, operating expenses increased due to an increase in non-deferrable distribution costs resulting from growth in the business and higher sub-advisory fees stemming from positive equity market performance.
Income Taxes
The effective income tax rates for the segment were 22% and 21% for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The effective income tax rates were lower than the U.S. statutory rate primarily as a result of income tax deductions allowed for corporate dividends received and the interest exclusion from taxable income.
Principal Global Investors Segment
Principal Global Investors Trends
Our overall AUM increased $21.9$29.7 billion in 20142016 due to continued strong portfolio management as well as positive market performance.net cash flows resulting from strong distribution results. We also continue to expand our global presence and experience success in winning institutional asset management mandates and other deposits.
The following table provides a summary of Principal Global Investors' affiliated, institutional and third partyretail AUM as of the years indicated:
| As of | Affiliated AUM | Third Party AUM | Total AUM | Affiliated AUM | Institutional AUM | Retail AUM | Total AUM | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in billions) | (in billions) | |||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2016 | $ | 179.2 | $ | 130.6 | $ | 80.7 | $ | 390.5 | |||||||||||||||
December 31, 2015 | 164.0 | 122.0 | 74.8 | 360.8 | |||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2014 | $ | 200.0 | $ | 114.0 | $ | 314.0 | 157.5 | 114.0 | 71.2 | 342.7 | |||||||||||||
December 31, 2013 | 182.7 | 109.4 | 292.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2012 | 165.0 | 98.2 | 263.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Principal Global Investors Segment Summary Financial Data
AUM is a key indicator of earnings growth for the Principal Global Investors segment, as AUM is the base by which we generate revenues. Net cash flow and market performance are the two main drivers of AUM growth. Net cash flow reflects our ability to attract and retain client deposits. Market performance reflects equity, fixed income, real estate and other alternative investment market performance. The percentage growth in revenues of the segment will generally track with the percentage growth in AUM. This trend may vary due to changes in business and/or product mix.
The following table presents the AUM rollforward for assets managed by Principal Global Investors for the periods indicated:
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in billions) | (in billions) | ||||||||||||||||||
AUM, beginning of period | $ | 292.1 | $ | 263.2 | $ | 227.8 | $ | 360.8 | $ | 342.7 | $ | 318.8 | ||||||||
Net cash flow (1) | 2.5 | 4.2 | 11.7 | 9.0 | 15.5 | 6.4 | ||||||||||||||
Investment performance (2) | 19.1 | 26.3 | 24.2 | 21.7 | 0.6 | 19.9 | ||||||||||||||
Operations acquired (3) | — | 1.4 | — | — | 1.9 | — | ||||||||||||||
Other (4) | 0.3 | (3.0 | ) | (0.5 | ) | (1.0 | ) | 0.1 | (2.4 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
AUM, end of period | $ | 314.0 | $ | 292.1 | $ | 263.2 | $ | 390.5 | $ | 360.8 | $ | 342.7 | ||||||||
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The following table presents certain summary financial data relating to the Principal Global Investors segment for the years indicated:
| | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 vs. 2013 | 2013 vs. 2012 | 2016 vs. 2015 | 2015 vs. 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating revenues: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fees and other revenues | $ | 715.6 | $ | 702.2 | $ | 575.8 | $ | 13.4 | $ | 126.4 | $ | 1,373.1 | $ | 1,335.4 | $ | 1,246.9 | $ | 37.7 | $ | 88.5 | ||||||||||||
Net investment income | 10.3 | 17.0 | 15.4 | (6.7 | ) | 1.6 | 14.0 | 8.1 | 10.5 | 5.9 | (2.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total operating revenues | 725.9 | 719.2 | 591.2 | 6.7 | 128.0 | 1,387.1 | 1,343.5 | 1,257.4 | 43.6 | 86.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Expenses: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total expenses | 533.7 | 544.5 | 456.2 | (10.8 | ) | 88.3 | 937.4 | 950.6 | 894.9 | (13.2 | ) | 55.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Pre-tax operating earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest | 5.9 | 4.4 | 12.4 | 1.5 | (8.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating earnings before income taxes and noncontrolling interests | 192.2 | 174.7 | 135.0 | 17.5 | 39.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income taxes | 63.8 | 55.5 | 43.5 | 8.3 | 12.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests | 12.4 | 16.6 | 10.3 | (4.2 | ) | 6.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||
Operating earnings | $ | 116.0 | $ | 102.6 | $ | 81.2 | $ | 13.4 | $ | 21.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Pre-tax operating earnings | $ | 443.8 | $ | 388.5 | $ | 350.1 | $ | 55.3 | $ | 38.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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TableYear Ended December 31, 2016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2015
Pre-Tax Operating Earnings
Pre-tax operating earnings increased due to a $31.0 million increase in management fee revenue as a result of Contentsincreased AUM and a $19.1 million increase in performance fee revenue largely in our real estate business.
Year Ended December 31, 20142015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 20132014
Pre-Tax Operating Earnings
OperatingPre-tax operating earnings increased due to $91.0 million higher management fee revenue as a result of increased AUM, as well asapproximately $10.0 million from performance fees primarily realized in our real estate business and $8.5 million from our increased ownership in Columbus Circle Investors. These increases were offset, in part, by a decrease in performance fees primarily seen in our alternative strategies.
Income Taxes
The effective income tax rates for the segment were 33% and 32% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The effective income tax rates were lower than the U.S. statutory rate, primarily due to inclusion of income attributable to noncontrolling interest in pre-tax operating earnings without inclusion of the income taxes reported by us as the controlling interest.
Year Ended December 31, 2013 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2012
Operating Earnings
Operating earnings increased due to higher management fee revenue as a result of increased AUM. In addition, operating earnings increased due to higher performance fee revenue in our real estate and alternative strategies. These increases were partially offset by higher staff related costs, many of which are aligned with both the expansion of$70.0 million increased expenses to support our business and increased performance based revenue.
Income Taxes
The effective income tax rate for the segment was 32% for both the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. The effective income tax rate was lower than the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to inclusion of income attributable to noncontrolling interest in pre-tax operating earnings without inclusion of the income taxes reported by us as the controlling interest.business.
Principal International Segment
Principal International Trends
Our Principal International businesses focus on countrieslocations with growing middle classes, favorable demographics and increasing long-term savings, ideally with defined contribution retirementvoluntary or mandatory pension markets. With variations depending upon the specific country,location, we have targeted these markets for sales of retirement and related products and services, including mutual funds, asset management, income annuities and life insurance accumulation products to businesses and individuals.
We have pursued our international strategy through a combination of acquisitions, start-up operations and joint ventures, which require infusions of capital consistent with our strategy of long-term growth and profitability.
Principal International Segment Summary Financial Data
AUM is generally a key indicator of earnings growth for the segment, as AUM is the base by which we can generate local currency profits. The Chilean pension companyCuprum business in Chile differs in that the majority of fees are collected with each deposit by the mandatory retirement customers, based on a capped salary level, as opposed to asset levels. Net customer cash flow and market performance are the two main drivers of local currency AUM growth. Net customer cash flow reflects our ability to attract and retain client deposits. Market performance reflects the investment returns on our underlying AUM. Our financial results are also impacted by fluctuations of the foreign currency to U.S. dollar exchange rates for the countrieslocations in which we have business. AUM of our foreign subsidiaries is translated into U.S. dollar equivalents at the end of the reporting period using the spot foreign exchange rates. Revenue and expenses for our foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollar equivalents at the average foreign exchange rates for the reporting period.
The following table presents the Principal International segment AUM rollforward for the years indicated:
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in billions) | (in billions) | ||||||||||||||||||
AUM, beginning of period | $ | 104.5 | $ | 69.3 | $ | 52.8 | $ | 109.9 | $ | 114.6 | $ | 104.5 | ||||||||
Net cash flow | 13.1 | 8.5 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 13.1 | ||||||||||||||
Investment performance | 11.0 | 3.6 | 7.2 | 9.9 | 7.7 | 11.0 | ||||||||||||||
Operations acquired | — | 34.3 | 2.0 | — | 4.0 | — | ||||||||||||||
Effect of exchange rates | (13.5 | ) | (11.1 | ) | (1.8 | ) | 9.1 | (27.3 | ) | (13.5 | ) | |||||||||
Other | (0.5 | ) | (0.1 | ) | (0.2 | ) | (0.9 | ) | 1.6 | (0.5 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
AUM, end of period | $ | 114.6 | $ | 104.5 | $ | 69.3 | $ | 137.1 | $ | 109.9 | $ | 114.6 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net revenue is a key metric used to understand the earnings growth for the Principal International segment. The following table presents the net revenue of the Principal International segment for the years indicated.
| | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 vs. 2014 | 2013 vs. 2012 | ||||||||||||||
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Net revenue | $ | 662.6 | $ | 582.6 | $ | 375.8 | $ | 80.0 | $ | 206.8 | ||||||
| | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2016 vs. 2015 | 2015 vs. 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Net revenue | $ | 678.0 | $ | 655.6 | $ | 717.0 | $ | 22.4 | $ | (61.4 | ) | |||||
Net revenue increased primarily due to the acquisition and growth of our Chilean pension company and favorable market changes on our mandatory investment in the pension funds in Chile. These increases were partially offset by the weakening of the Chilean peso against the U.S. dollar.
The following table presents certain summary financial data relating to the Principal International segment for the years indicated:
| | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 vs. 2013 | 2013 vs. 2012 | 2016 vs. 2015 | 2015 vs. 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating revenues: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | 225.7 | $ | 291.6 | $ | 284.6 | $ | (65.9 | ) | $ | 7.0 | $ | 274.6 | $ | 252.9 | $ | 225.7 | $ | 21.7 | $ | 27.2 | |||||||||||
Fees and other revenues | 438.9 | 404.4 | 216.9 | 34.5 | 187.5 | 407.4 | 401.8 | 438.9 | 5.6 | (37.1 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment income | 610.8 | 454.0 | 441.2 | 156.8 | 12.8 | 570.0 | 565.9 | 665.2 | 4.1 | (99.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total operating revenues | 1,275.4 | 1,150.0 | 942.7 | 125.4 | 207.3 | 1,252.0 | 1,220.6 | 1,329.8 | 31.4 | (109.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Expenses: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | 612.8 | 567.4 | 566.9 | 45.4 | 0.5 | 574.0 | 565.0 | 612.8 | 9.0 | (47.8 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Operating expenses | 361.8 | 333.9 | 220.9 | 27.9 | 113.0 | 387.6 | 387.6 | 361.8 | — | 25.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 974.6 | 901.3 | 787.8 | 73.3 | 113.5 | 961.6 | 952.6 | 974.6 | 9.0 | (22.0 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Pre-tax operating earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interest | 2.3 | (3.3 | ) | 2.5 | 5.6 | (5.8 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating earnings before income taxes and noncontrolling interests | 300.8 | 248.7 | 154.9 | 52.1 | 93.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income taxes | 30.3 | 28.0 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 27.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests | 2.5 | 5.5 | 0.2 | (3.0 | ) | 5.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||
Operating earnings | $ | 268.0 | $ | 215.2 | $ | 154.1 | $ | 52.8 | $ | 61.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Pre-tax operating earnings | $ | 288.1 | $ | 271.3 | $ | 352.7 | $ | 16.8 | $ | (81.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Year Ended December 31, 20142016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 20132015
Pre-Tax Operating Earnings
OperatingPre-tax operating earnings increased in Asia due to $22.4 million from higher earnings in our equity method investment in China. Pre-tax operating earnings decreased in Latin America due to $23.8 million from weakening of currencies against the U.S. dollar. This decrease was partially offset by $22.0 million higher earnings in our equity method investment in Brazil.
Net Revenue
Net revenue increased in Asia due to $24.6 million from higher revenues in Hong Kong following the AXA acquisition in September 2015 and $22.4 million higher earnings in our equity method investment in China. Net revenue in Latin America decreased due to $36.4 million weakening of currencies against the U.S. dollar and a $7.4 million unfavorable 2016 impact associated with assumption updates and model refinements in Mexico. These decreases were partially offset by $22.0 million higher earnings in our equity method investment in Brazil.
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses increased in Asia due to $22.0 million growth in Hong Kong following the AXA acquisition in September 2015. Operating expenses decreased in Latin America due to $23.0 million intangible asset impairments in our mutual fund company in Brazil during third quarter 2015.
Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2014
Pre-Tax Operating Earnings
Pre-tax operating earnings decreased in Latin America primarily due to $67.7 million weakening of the acquisition and growthcurrencies against the U.S. dollar, $19.9 million due to unfavorable relative market changes on our required regulatory investment in the pension funds of our Chilean pension company and favorable$18.5 million from the intangible asset impairments in our mutual fund company in Brazil in third quarter 2015. These decreases were partially offset by $40.2 million higher earnings in our equity method investment in Brazil. Pre-tax operating earnings increased in Asia due to $14.2 million higher earnings in our equity method investment in China.
Net Revenue
Net revenue decreased in Latin America due to $119.6 million weakening of currencies against the U.S. dollar and $20.9 million unfavorable relative market changesperformance on our mandatory investmentrequired regulatory investments in the pension funds of our Chilean pension company. These increases aredecreases were partially offset by $40.2 million higher earnings in our equity method investment in Brazil. Net revenue increased in Asia due to $15.7 million from higher revenues in Hong Kong following the weakening of the Chilean peso against the U.S. dollar.AXA acquisition in September 2015 and $14.2 million higher earnings in our equity method investment in China.
Operating Revenues
Premiums decreased $65.9 million in Chile primarily due to the weakening of the Chilean peso against the U.S. dollar and lower sales of single premium annuities with life contingencies.
Fees and other revenues increased primarily due to the acquisition and growth of our pension company in Chile partially offset by the weakening of the Chilean peso against the U.S. dollar.
Net investment income increased primarily due to the higher inflation-based investment returns on average invested assets and cash as a result of higher inflation in Chile and favorable market changes on our mandatory investment in the pension funds of our Chilean pension company partially offset by the weakening of the Chilean peso against the U.S. dollar.
Total Expenses
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses increased $43.7 million in Chile primarily due to higher inflation-based interest crediting rates to customers partially offset by lower sales of single premium annuities with life contingencies and the weakening of the Chilean peso against the U.S. dollar.
Operating expenses increased primarilyin Latin America due to the acquisition and growth of$23.0 million intangible asset impairments in our Chilean pensionmutual fund company and higher Principal International infrastructure costs partially offset by the weakening of the Chilean peso against the U.S. dollar.
Income Taxes
The effective income tax rates for the segment were 10% and 11% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The effective income tax rates were lower than the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to the presentation of taxes on our share of earnings generated from our equity method investments reflected in net investment income and lower tax rates of foreign jurisdictions.Brazil in third quarter 2015.
Year Ended December 31, 2013 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2012
Operating Earnings
Operating earnings increased primarily due to the Chilean pension company acquisition partially offset by the weakening of the Brazilian real and Chilean peso against the U.S. dollar and the one-time impact of the tax regulation changes enacted in 2013 in Mexico.
Operating Revenues
Premiums increased $7.0 million in Chile primarily due to higher sales of single premium annuities with life contingencies partially offset by the weakening of the Chilean peso against the U.S. dollar.
Fees and other revenues increased primarily due to the Chilean pension company acquisition.
Net investment income increased primarily due to the Chilean pension company acquisition and higher average invested assets in Chile partially offset by the weakening of the Chilean peso and Brazilian real against the U.S. dollar.
Total Expenses
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses increased $0.7 million in Chile primarily due to higher sales of single premium annuities with life contingencies partially offset by the weakening of the Chilean peso against the U.S. dollar.
Operating expenses increased primarily due to the Chilean pension company acquisition and higher overall compensation expenses due to growth.
Income Taxes
The effective income tax rates for the segment were 11% and 0% for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The effective income tax rates were lower than the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to the presentation of taxes on our share of earnings generated from our equity method investments reflected in net investment income and lower tax rates of foreign jurisdictions. The effective income tax rate increased to 11% from 0% for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, primarily due to the Chilean pension company acquisition, which increased our distribution of operating earnings from our consolidated entities compared to our equity method investments, coupled with tax regulation changes in Mexico.
U.S. Insurance Solutions Segment
Several key drivers impact earnings growth in the U.S. Insurance Solutions segment. The ability of our distribution channels to generate new sales and retain existing business drives growth in our premiumspremium and fees. Our earnings growth also depends on our ability to price our products at a level that enables us to earn a margin over the cost of providing benefits and the expense of acquiring and administering those products. Factors impacting pricing decisions include competitive conditions, economic trends, persistency,retention, our ability to assess and manage trends in mortality and morbidity and our ability to manage operating expenses.
U.S. Insurance Solutions Insurance Trends
PremiumsPremium and fees are a key metric for growth in the U.S. Insurance Solutions segment. We receive premiums on our traditional lifespecialty benefits insurance products as well as on our specialty benefitstraditional life insurance products. Fees are generated from our specialty benefits fee-for-service products as well as our universal life and variable universal life insurance products as well as our specialty benefits fee-for-service products.
PremiumsPremium and fees are influenced by economic, industry and regulatory trends. Due to the declining interest rate environment in recent years, we have intentionally increased sales of non-interest sensitive traditional products in our individual life insurance business. Premiums and fees inIn our specialty benefits insurance business, have increased due to improvedpremium and fees growth is a result of strong retention and sales, and retention, as well as recoverycontinued in-group growth. In our individual life insurance business, we have intentionally decreased sales of certain interest sensitive products in underlying salaries and membership growth in existing group contracts.favor of more traditional products due to the low interest rate environment.
The following table presents the U.S. Insurance Solutions segment premiumspremium and fees for the years indicated:
| | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 vs. 2013 | 2013 vs. 2012 | ||||||||||||||
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 (1) | |||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Premium and fee revenues: | ||||||||||||||||
Individual life insurance | $ | 935.7 | $ | 907.1 | $ | 856.8 | $ | 28.6 | $ | 50.3 | ||||||
Specialty benefits insurance | 1,591.4 | 1,492.7 | 1,443.6 | 98.7 | 49.1 | |||||||||||
| | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2016 vs. 2015 | 2015 vs. 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Specialty benefits insurance | $ | 1,862.3 | $ | 1,732.6 | $ | 1,591.4 | $ | 129.7 | $ | 141.2 | ||||||
Individual life insurance | 996.1 | 966.1 | 935.7 | 30.0 | 30.4 | |||||||||||
U.S. Insurance Solutions Segment Summary Financial Data
The following table presents certain summary financial data relating to the U.S. Insurance Solutions segment for the years indicated:
| | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 vs. 2013 | 2013 vs. 2012 | 2016 vs. 2015 | 2015 vs. 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating revenues: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | 1,913.8 | $ | 1,816.5 | $ | 1,769.3 | $ | 97.3 | $ | 47.2 | $ | 2,163.6 | $ | 2,045.9 | $ | 1,913.8 | $ | 117.7 | $ | 132.1 | ||||||||||||
Fees and other revenues (1) | 613.1 | 583.1 | 531.1 | 30.0 | 52.0 | 694.6 | 652.6 | 613.1 | 42.0 | 39.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment income | 735.7 | 706.8 | 694.3 | 28.9 | 12.5 | 779.1 | 742.1 | 735.7 | 37.0 | 6.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total operating revenues | 3,262.6 | 3,106.4 | 2,994.7 | 156.2 | 111.7 | 3,637.3 | 3,440.6 | 3,262.6 | 196.7 | 178.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Expenses: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses (1) | 1,842.9 | 1,836.2 | 1,937.7 | 6.7 | (101.5 | ) | 2,220.5 | 1,964.1 | 1,842.9 | 256.4 | 121.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to policyholders | 176.2 | 187.5 | 195.8 | (11.3 | ) | (8.3 | ) | 156.2 | 163.2 | 176.2 | (7.0 | ) | (13.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Operating expenses (1) | 899.4 | 792.1 | 661.7 | 107.3 | 130.4 | 899.4 | 883.8 | 899.4 | 15.6 | (15.6 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 2,918.5 | 2,815.8 | 2,795.2 | 102.7 | 20.6 | 3,276.1 | 3,011.1 | 2,918.5 | 265.0 | 92.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating earnings before income taxes and noncontrolling interests | 344.1 | 290.6 | 199.5 | 53.5 | 91.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income taxes | 112.8 | 94.0 | 61.3 | 18.8 | 32.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||
Operating earnings | $ | 231.3 | $ | 196.6 | $ | 138.2 | $ | 34.7 | $ | 58.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Pre-tax operating earnings (1) | $ | 361.2 | $ | 429.5 | $ | 344.1 | $ | (68.3 | ) | $ | 85.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Year Ended December 31, 20142016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 20132015
Pre-Tax Operating Earnings
OperatingPre-tax operating earnings increased $25.8decreased $98.8 million in our individual life insurance business primarily due to favorablean unfavorable unlocking associated with actuarial model and assumption updates and model refinements in 2014 and higher prepayment fees, partially offset by higher mortality. Operating2016 as compared to a favorable unlocking in 2015. Pre-tax operating earnings increased $8.9 million in our specialty benefits insurance business primarily due to $16.2 million resulting from growth in the business and lower frequency and severity of dental claims.$13.6 million related to expense management.
Operating Revenues
PremiumsPremium and fees increased $98.7$129.7 million in our specialty benefits insurance business primarily due toresulting from growth as a result of strong sales and retention, as well as improving employment and salary trends. Premiums and fees increased $28.6 million in our individual life insurance business primarily due to strong sales and retention.
Net investment income increased due to an increase in average invested assets and higher prepayment fees.the business.
Total Expenses
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses increased $61.4in our individual life insurance business primarily due to a $97.1 million increase resulting from unfavorable unlocking impacts associated with actuarial assumption updates and model refinements in 2016 as compared to favorable unlocking impacts in 2015 and a $28.1 million increase in claims net of reinsurance, largely due to growth in the business. Benefits, claims and settlement expenses increased $98.9 million in our specialty benefits insurance business primarily resulting from growth in the business.
Operating expenses increased in our specialty benefits insurance business primarily due to a $32.6 million increase resulting from growth in the business, partially offset by lower frequencya $12.1 million favorable impact from actuarial assumption updates and severitymodel refinements in 2016 and a $6.7 million decrease related to a reimbursement of dental claims. Benefits, claims and settlement expenses decreased $54.7 milliona reinsurance expense allowance in 2015.
Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2014
Pre-Tax Operating Earnings
Pre-tax operating earnings increased in our individual life insurance business primarily due to $28.7 million from improved mortality, $4.6 million more favorable
impact from unlocking associated with actuarial model and assumption updates and model refinements in 2015 than in 2014 partially offset by higher mortality and growth in the business.
Operating expenses$3.4 million related to improved interest margins. Pre-tax operating earnings increased $82.6 million in our individual life insurance business primarily due to DAC unlocking associated with actuarial model and assumption updates in 2014. Operating expenses increased $24.7 million in our specialty benefits insurance business primarily due to $27.6 million more favorable claim experience, $14.1 million resulting from growth in the business.
Income Taxes
The effective income tax rates for the segment were 33%business and 32% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The effective income tax rates were lower than the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to interest exclusiona $12.2 million favorable impact from taxable income and income tax deductions allowed for corporate dividends received.
Year Ended December 31, 2013 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2012
Operating earnings increased $42.1 million in our individual life insurance business primarily due to unfavorable unlocking associated with a change in our long-term interest rate assumptionsassumption updates and model refinements in 2012,refinements. These increases were partially offset by $12.7 million higher mortality in 2013. Operating earnings increased $16.3 million in our specialty benefits business primarily due to lower frequencysales related expenses and severity of dental claims and growth in our business partially offset by higher staff-relatedstaff related costs, including pension and postretirement benefit expense.OPEB.
Operating Revenues
PremiumsPremium and fees increased $50.7$141.2 million in our specialty benefits insurance business due to growth as a result of solid sales in the block of business and stable employment and salary trends.
Fees and other revenues increased $53.8 million in our individual life insurance business due to unlocking of unearned revenue associated with a change in basis for amortizing DAC and other actuarial balances in the first quarter of 2012 andprimarily resulting from growth in the blockbusiness.
Total Expenses
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses decreased $99.8increased $81.7 million in our individual life insurance business primarily due to the change in basis for amortizing DAC and other actuarial balances in the first quarter of 2012 and theless favorable impact from unlocking associated with a change in our long-term interest rate assumptionsassumption updates and model refinements in 2015. Benefits, claims and settlement expenses increased in our specialty benefits insurance business primarily due to an $85.1 million increase resulting from growth in the third quarter of 2012. This decreasebusiness, which was partially offset $27.6 million by higher mortalitymore favorable claim experience and growth in 2013.an $18.0 million favorable impact from assumption updates and model refinements.
Operating expenses increased $102.6 milliondecreased in our individual life insurance business primarily due to the change in basis for amortizing DAC and other actuarial balances in the first quarter of 2012 partially offset bya $98.8 million more favorable impact from unlocking associated with a change in our long-term interest rate assumptionsassumption updates and model refinements in 2015 than in 2014, which was partially offset by an increase of $22.9 million resulting from growth in the third quarter of 2012. In addition, operatingbusiness. Operating expenses increased $28.0 million in our specialty benefits insurance business primarily due to a $37.9 million increase resulting from growth in the block of business and $12.7 million higher sales related expenses and staff related costs, including pension and other postretirement benefits.
Income Taxes
The effective income tax rates for the segment were 32% and 31% for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The effective income tax rates were lower than the U.S. statutory rate as a result of the interest exclusion from taxable income and income tax deductions allowed for corporate dividends received.OPEB.
Corporate Segment Summary Financial Data
The following table presents certain summary financial data relating to the Corporate segment for the years indicated:
| | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 vs. 2013 | 2013 vs. 2012 | 2016 vs. 2015 | 2015 vs. 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating revenues: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total operating revenues | $ | (232.4 | ) | $ | (215.8 | ) | $ | (188.1 | ) | $ | (16.6 | ) | $ | (27.7 | ) | $ | (46.3 | ) | $ | (50.5 | ) | $ | (40.3 | ) | $ | 4.2 | $ | (10.2 | ) | |||
Expenses: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total expenses | (67.8 | ) | (17.8 | ) | (11.7 | ) | (50.0 | ) | (6.1 | ) | 150.1 | 134.7 | 117.2 | 15.4 | 17.5 | |||||||||||||||||
Pre-tax operating earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest | 22.5 | 7.1 | 17.5 | 15.4 | (10.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating loss before income taxes, preferred stock dividends and noncontrolling interest | (164.6 | ) | (198.0 | ) | (176.4 | ) | 33.4 | (21.6 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Income tax benefits | (89.6 | ) | (83.2 | ) | (69.6 | ) | (6.4 | ) | (13.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 33.0 | 33.0 | 33.0 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest | 17.5 | 1.1 | — | 16.4 | 1.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||
Operating loss | $ | (125.5 | ) | $ | (148.9 | ) | $ | (139.8 | ) | $ | 23.4 | $ | (9.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Pre-tax operating losses | $ | (218.9 | ) | $ | (192.3 | ) | $ | (175.0 | ) | $ | (26.6 | ) | $ | (17.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2015
Pre-Tax Operating Losses
Pre-tax operating losses increased primarily due to an increase in costs associated with financing activities.
Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2014
Pre-Tax Operating Losses
Pre-tax operating losses increased primarily due to higher interest expense associated with debt issuances that occurred in the second quarter of 2015.
Year Ended December 31, 2014 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2013
Operating Loss
The operating loss decreased primarily due to increased tax benefits in 2014, lower interest expense on corporate debt and litigation settlement expenses in 2013.
Year Ended December 31, 2013 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2012
Operating Loss
The operating loss increased primarily due to higher interest expense associated with the debt issuances that occurred in the latter half of 2012.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity and capital resources represent the overall strength of a company and its ability to generate strong cash flows, borrow funds at a competitive rate and raise new capital to meet operating and growth needs. Our legal entity structure has an impact on our ability to meet cash flow needs as an organization. Following is a simplified organizational structure.
Liquidity
Our liquidity requirements have been and will continue to be met by funds from consolidated operations as well as the issuance of commercial paper, common stock, debt or other capital securities and borrowings from credit facilities. We believe thatthe cash flows from these sources are sufficient to satisfy the current liquidity requirements of our operations, including reasonably foreseeable contingencies.
We maintain a level of cash and securities which, combined with expected cash inflows from investments and operations, is believed to be adequate to meet anticipated short-term and long-term payment obligations. We will continue our prudent capital management practice of regularly exploring options available to us to maximize capital flexibility, including accessing the capital markets and careful attention to and management of expenses.
We perform rigorous liquidity stress testing to ensure our asset portfolio includes sufficient high quality liquid assets that could be utilized to bolster our liquidity position under increasingly stressed market conditions. These assets could be utilized as collateral for secured borrowing transactions with various third parties or by selling the securities in the open market if needed.
We also manage liquidity risk by limiting the sales of liabilities with features such as puts or other options that can be exercised against the company at inopportune times. For example, as of December 31, 2014,2016, approximately $8.8$9.5 billion, or 99%, of our institutional guaranteed investment contracts and funding agreements cannot be redeemed by contractholders prior to maturity. Our individual annuity liabilities also contain surrender charges and other provisions limiting early surrenders.
The following table summarizes the withdrawal characteristics of our domestic general account investment-type insuranceinvestment contracts as of December 31, 2014.2016.
| | Contractholder funds | Percentage | Contractholder funds | Percentage | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | | (in millions) | | ||||||||||
Not subject to discretionary withdrawal | $ | 9,799.0 | 34.3 | % | $ | 10,499.3 | 34.6 | % | ||||||
Subject to discretionary withdrawal with adjustments: | ||||||||||||||
Specified surrender charges | 6,451.5 | 22.6 | 6,950.3 | 22.9 | ||||||||||
Market value adjustments | 5,217.2 | 18.3 | 6,188.3 | 20.4 | ||||||||||
Subject to discretionary withdrawal without adjustments | 7,072.0 | 24.8 | 6,724.9 | 22.1 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total domestic investment-type insurance contracts | $ | 28,539.7 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||
Total domestic investment contracts | $ | 30,362.7 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Universal life insurance and certain traditional life insurance policies are also subject to discretionary withdrawals by policyholders. However, life insurance policies tend to be less susceptible to withdrawal than our investment-type insuranceinvestment contracts because policyholders may be subject to a new underwriting process in order to obtain a new life insurance policy. In addition, our life insurance liabilities include surrender charges to discourage early surrenders.
As of both December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, we had short-term credit facilities with various financial institutions in an aggregate amount of $1,005.0 million and $1,105.0 million, respectively.million. As of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, we had $28.0$51.4 million and $150.6$181.1 million, respectively, of outstanding borrowings, with no assets pledged as support as of December 31, 2014.2016. During the first quarter of 2014,2016, we refinanced $1,000.0extended or renewed $869.0 million of our revolving credit facilities. The facilities effective March 28, 2014, were decreased to $900.0 million. The facilitiesand their new maturity dates include a $400.0 million 5-year facility with PFG, PFS and Principal Life as co-borrowers, thatof which $20.0 million matures March 2019;2020 and $380.0 million matures March 2021, a $300.0 million 364-day facility with Principal Life as borrower that matures March 2015;2017 and a $200.0 million 3-year5-year credit
facility, with PFG, PFS, Principal Life and Principal Financial Services V (UK) LTD as co-borrowers, maturingof which $11.0 million matures March 2017.2020 and $189.0 million matures March 2021. The revolving credit facilities are committed and provide 100% back-stop support for our commercial paper program. The 5-year and 364-day facilities are$400.0 million facility is supported by seventeensixteen banks andthrough March 2020, reduced to $380.0 million supported by fifteen banks thereafter; the 3-year$300.0 million facility is supported by fifteen banks mostand the $200.0 million facility is supported by fifteen banks through March 2020, reduced to $189.0 million supported by fourteen banks thereafter. Most of whichthe banks have other relationships with us. In addition to the revolving credit facilities, Principal International Chile has the capacity to access up to $60.0 million in unsecured lines of credit offered by Chilean financial institutions and Principal Life has a $45.0 million unsecured line of credit. Due to the financial strength and the strong relationships we have with these providers, we are comfortable there is awe have very low risk the financial institutions would be unable or unwilling to fund these facilities.
The Holding Companies: Principal Financial Group, Inc. and Principal Financial Services, Inc. The principal sources of funds available to our parent holding company, PFG, to meet its obligations, including the payments of dividends on common stock, debt service and the repurchase of stock, are dividends from subsidiaries as well as its ability to borrow funds at competitive rates and raise capital to meet operating and growth needs. The declaration and payment of common stock dividends by us is subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our overall financial condition, results of operations, capital levels, cash requirements, future prospects, receipt of dividends from Principal Life (as described below), risk management considerations and other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors.Board. No significant restrictions limit the payment of dividends by PFG, except those generally applicable to corporations incorporated in Delaware. Dividends from Principal Life, our primary subsidiary, are limited by Iowa law.
Under Iowa laws,law, Principal Life may pay dividends only from the earned surplus arising from its business and must receive the prior approval of the Insurance Commissioner of the State of Iowa ("the Commissioner") to pay stockholder dividends or make any other distribution if such distributions would exceed certain statutory limitations. Iowa law gives the Commissioner discretion to disapprove requests for distributions in excess of these limits. Extraordinary dividends areinclude those together with dividends or other distributions made within the preceding twelve months that exceed the greater of (i) 10% of Principal Life's statutory policyholder surplus as of the previous year-end or (ii) the statutory net gain from operations from the previous calendar year. Based on statutory results for the year ended December 31, 2014 statutory results,2016, the dividend limitation for Principal Life is approximately $615.2$1,143.3 million in 2015.2017.
In 2016, total stockholder dividends paid by Principal Life to its parent were $1,175.0 million, of which $650.0 million was extraordinary and approved by the Commissioner. As of December 31, 2016, we had $1,309.8 million of cash and liquid assets held in our holding companies and other subsidiaries, which is available for corporate purposes. Corporate balances held in foreign holding companies meet the indefinite reinvestment exception (see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 10, Income Taxes") such that deferred income taxes are not provided as the accumulated earnings would be used offshore and not otherwise repatriated to the U.S.
In 2015, total stockholder dividends paid by Principal Life to its parent were $504.4 million, all of which were extraordinary and approved by the Commissioner.
In 2014, total stockholder dividends paid by Principal Life to its parent were $850.0 million, of which $400.0 million was extraordinary and was approved by the Commissioner. As of December 31, 2014, we had $651.5 million of cash and liquid assets in the holding companies readily deployable for holding company obligations.
In 2013, Principal Life distributed paid-in and contributed surplus in the amount of $150.0 million to its parent company, which was extraordinary and was approved by the Commissioner. In addition, total stockholder dividends paid by Principal Life to its parent were $80.0 million, which were extraordinary and were approved by the Commissioner.
In 2012, total stockholder dividends paid by Principal Life to its parent were $700.0 million, which were extraordinary and were approved by the Commissioner.
Operations. Our primary consolidated cash flow sources are premiums from insurance products, pension and annuity deposits, asset management fee revenues, administrative services fee revenues, income from investments and proceeds from the sales or maturity of investments. Cash outflows consist primarily of payment of benefits to policyholders and beneficiaries, income and other taxes, current operating expenses, payment of dividends to policyholders, payments in connection with investments acquired, payments made to acquire subsidiaries, payments relating to policy and contract surrenders, withdrawals, policy loans, interest payments and repayment of short-term debt and long-term debt. Our investment strategies are generally intended to provide adequate funds to pay benefits without forced sales of investments. For a discussion of our investment objectives and strategies, and a discussion of duration matching, see "Investments" as well as Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Interest Rate Risk."Investments."
Cash Flows. Activity, as reported in our consolidated statements of cash flows, provides relevant information regarding our sources and uses of cash. The following discussion of our operating, investing and financing portions of the cash flows excludes cash flows attributable to the separate accounts.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $3,102.9$3,857.8 million, $2,221.2$4,377.1 million and $3,080.8$3,102.9 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. As anOur insurance business we typically generategenerates positive cash flows from operating activities, as premiums collected from our insurance products and income received from our investments
exceed acquisition costs, benefits paid, redemptions and operating expenses. These positive cash flows are then invested to support the obligations of our insurance and investment products and required capital supporting these products. Our cash flows from operating activities are affected by the timing of premiums, fees and investment income received and benefits and expenses paid. The increasedecrease in cash provided by operating activities in 20142016 compared to 20132015 was primarily due to growth in the business,result of fluctuations in receivables and payables associated with the timing of settlements as well as sales of certain real estate.settlements. The decreaseincrease in cash provided by operating activities in 20132015 compared to 20122014 was primarily due to fluctuationsgrowth in receivablesthe business including higher sales of single premium group annuities and payables associatedindividual annuities with the timinglife contingencies.
Table of settlements as well as decreased cash flows from trading securities.Contents
Net cash used in investing activities was $1,172.7$5,153.9 million, $1,226.3$3,167.6 million and $1,611.3$1,172.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Cash used in investing activities in 2014 compared to 2013 was relatively flat as increased net purchases of investments in 2014 primarily offset the first quarter 2013 acquisition of Cuprum. The decreaseincrease in cash used in investing activities in 20132016 compared to 20122015 was primarily the result of fewerincreased purchases of available-for-sale securities primarily in the spread businesses. Cash used in investing activities in 2015 compared to 2014 increased due to higher net purchases of investments in 2013. This decrease was largely offset byfixed maturity securities and the first quarter 2013 acquisition of Cuprum.AXA's MPF and ORSO pension business in Hong Kong in 2015.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $1,450.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to net cash used in financing activities was $2,438.1 million, $2,800.3of $508.6 million and $126.2$2,438.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The increase in cash provided by financing activities was the result of net investment contract deposits in 2016 as compared to net investment contract withdrawals in 2015 primarily due to new issuances in the investment only business in 2016. The increase was partially offset by the net redemption of long-term debt in 2016 as compared to the net issuance of long-term debt in 2015. The decrease in cash used in financing activities in 20142015 compared to 20132014 was primarily due to fewerthe result of decreased net withdrawals of investment contracts. Cash used in financing activities increased in 2014 compared to 2013 for cash used to acquire noncontrolling interests in Columbus Circle Investorscontracts and Cuprum, treasury stock acquired and dividends to common stockholders. The increase in cash used in financing activities in 2013 compared to 2012 was primarily due to net repaymentsthe issuance of long-term debt in 2013, as compared to net borrowings in 2012, as well as an increase in net withdrawals of investment contracts. Additionally, cash used in financing activities increased in 2013 due to the transfer of certain Principal Bank deposits as part2015. The proceeds of the bank's transformation to a limited purpose trust institution.debt issuance were primarily used for the redemption of preferred stock in 2015.
Shelf Registration. On May 7, 2014, our shelf registration statement was filed with the SEC and became effective. The shelf registration replacesreplaced the shelf registration that had been in effect since May 2011. Under our current shelf registration, we have the ability to issue, in unlimited amounts, unsecured senior debt securities or subordinated debt securities,securities; junior subordinated debt,debt; preferred stock,stock; common stock, warrants,stock; warrants; depository shares,shares; stock purchase contracts and stock purchase units of PFG,PFG; trust preferred securities of three subsidiary trusts and guarantees by PFG of these trust preferred securities. Our wholly owned subsidiary, PFS, may guarantee, fully and unconditionally or otherwise, our obligations with respect to any non-convertible securities, other than common stock, described in the shelf registration. For information on senior notes issued from our shelf registration, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 9, Debt."
Preferred Stock Dividend Restrictions and Payments.Short-Term Debt. For preferred stock dividend restriction and paymentshort-term debt information, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 13, Stockholders' Equity.9, Debt."
Short-Term Debt and Long-Term Debt. On November 10, 2016, we issued $650.0 million of senior notes, in two tranches. The proceeds from the issuance of these notes were used to redeem our notes payable due in 2017 and 2019. On November 18 and December 5, 2016, we used available cash to purchase approximately $94.4 million in aggregate principal amount of our senior notes due in 2036. On May 7, 2015, we issued $400.0 million of senior notes and $400.0 million of junior subordinated notes, which are subordinated to all our senior debt. The proceeds from these notes were used primarily to redeem our series A and series B preferred stock. For additional long-term debt information regarding these debt issuances, purchases and redemptions, and all outstanding long-term debt, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 9, Debt."
Stockholders' Equity. On June 30, 2015, we redeemed our 3.0 million shares of series A preferred stock for $300.0 million and our 10.0 million shares of series B preferred stock for $250.0 million. Proceeds from the issuance of our common stock were $37.8 million, $76.1 million and $77.5 million $125.8 millionin 2016, 2015 and $28.9 million in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
The following table summarizes our return of capital to common stockholders.
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to stockholders | $ | 376.6 | $ | 288.4 | $ | 231.3 | $ | 464.9 | $ | 441.0 | $ | 376.6 | ||||||||
Repurchase of common stock | 222.7 | 153.6 | 272.7 | 277.3 | 300.6 | 222.7 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total cash returned to stockholders | $ | 599.3 | $ | 442.0 | $ | 504.0 | $ | 742.2 | $ | 741.6 | $ | 599.3 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Number of shares repurchased | 4.7 | 4.4 | 10.5 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 4.7 | ||||||||||||||
For additional stockholders' equity information, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 13, Stockholders' Equity."
Capitalization
The following table summarizes our capital structure:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||
Debt: | ||||||||||||||
Short-term debt | $ | 28.0 | $ | 150.6 | $ | 51.4 | $ | 181.1 | ||||||
Long-term debt | 2,531.2 | 2,601.4 | 3,125.7 | 3,265.2 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total debt | 2,559.2 | 2,752.0 | 3,177.1 | 3,446.3 | ||||||||||
Equity excluding AOCI | 10,133.6 | 9,501.0 | 10,902.5 | 10,194.1 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total capitalization excluding AOCI | $ | 12,692.8 | $ | 12,253.0 | $ | 14,079.6 | $ | 13,640.4 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Debt to equity excluding AOCI | 25 | % | 29 | % | 29 | % | 34 | % | ||||||
Debt to capitalization excluding AOCI | 20 | % | 22 | % | 23 | % | 25 | % | ||||||
On March 1, 2014, Principal Life redeemed the $100.0 million surplus notes, due 2044, in whole at a redemption price equal to 102.3% of par, which was approved by the Commissioner.
Contractual Obligations
The following table presents payments due by period for long-term contractual obligations as of December 31, 2014.2016.
| | | Payments due in year ending | | Payments due in year ending | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contractual obligations (1) | Total payments | 2015 | 2016 - 2017 | 2018 - 2019 | 2020 and thereafter | Total payments | 2017 | 2018 - 2019 | 2020 - 2021 | 2022 and thereafter | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | | | (in millions) | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Contractholder funds (2) | $ | 64,074.4 | $ | 5,913.3 | $ | 11,836.7 | $ | 8,071.6 | $ | 38,252.8 | $ | 85,302.1 | $ | 6,441.9 | $ | 9,628.8 | $ | 7,972.8 | $ | 61,258.6 | ||||||||||||
Future policy benefits and claims (3) | 42,784.8 | 2,352.2 | 3,871.1 | 3,715.5 | 32,846.0 | 45,660.4 | 2,641.5 | 4,903.0 | 4,606.4 | 33,509.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Long-term debt (4) | 2,531.2 | — | 299.8 | 350.0 | 1,881.4 | 3,125.7 | — | — | — | 3,125.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Certificates of deposit (5) | 636.8 | 333.8 | 219.6 | 83.1 | 0.3 | 615.2 | 304.6 | 173.5 | 136.9 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other long-term liabilities (6) | 1,928.9 | 1,435.5 | 166.5 | 146.4 | 180.5 | 2,137.9 | 1,664.4 | 158.1 | 138.0 | 177.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital leases (7) | 15.5 | 6.3 | 7.9 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 6.7 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Long-term debt interest (4) | 1,883.1 | 127.4 | 257.6 | 223.1 | 1,275.0 | 2,783.5 | 143.7 | 281.3 | 265.8 | 2,092.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating leases (8) | 200.8 | 43.7 | 72.3 | 33.6 | 51.2 | 164.4 | 45.2 | 54.7 | 26.9 | 37.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase obligations (9) | 734.6 | 706.8 | 24.6 | 3.2 | — | 795.9 | 761.4 | 34.5 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total contractual obligations | $ | 114,790.1 | $ | 10,919.0 | $ | 16,756.1 | $ | 12,627.3 | $ | 74,487.7 | $ | 140,591.8 | $ | 12,005.7 | $ | 15,236.9 | $ | 13,147.3 | $ | 100,201.9 | ||||||||||||
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Pension and Other PostretirementOPEB Plan Funding
We have defined benefit pension plans covering substantially all of our U.S. employees and certain agents. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 11, Employee and Agent Benefits" for a complete discussion of these plans and their effect on the consolidated financial statements.
We report the net funded status of our pension and other postretirementOPEB plans in the consolidated statements of financial position. The net funded status represents the differencesdifference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligation for pension plans and other postretirement benefitOPEB plans. The measurement of the net funded status can vary based upon the fluctuations in the fair value of the plan assets and the actuarial assumptions used for the plans as discussed below. The net underfunded status of the pension and other postretirement benefitOPEB obligation was $371.7$346.6 million pre-tax and $42.2$424.6 million pre-tax as of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, respectively. Nonqualified pension plan assets are not included as part of the funding status mentioned above. The nonqualified pension plan assets are held in Rabbi trusts for the benefit of all nonqualified plan participants. The assets held in a Rabbi trust are available to satisfy the claims of general creditors only in the event of bankruptcy. Therefore, these assets are fully consolidated in our consolidated statements of financial position and are not reflected in our funded status as they do not qualify as plan assets under U.S. GAAP. The market value of assets held in these trusts was $329.6$341.0 million and $304.3$330.8 million as of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, respectively.
Our funding policy for the qualified pension plan is to fund the plan annually in an amount at least equal to the minimum annual contributions required under ERISA and, generally, not greater than the maximum amount that can be deducted for federal income tax purposes. We do not anticipate contributions will be needed to satisfy the minimum funding requirements of ERISA for our qualified pension plan. At this time, it is too earlyWe are unable to estimate the amount that may be contributed, but it is possible that we may fund the plans in 20152017 up to $150$125 million. This includes funding for both our qualified and nonqualified pension plans. We may contribute to our other postretirement benefitOPEB plans in 20152017 pending further analysis.
Contractual Commitments
In connection with our banking business, we have made additional commitments to extend credit under home equity lines of credit, which are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any conditions established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. A majority of these commitments are lines of credit and are expected to expire without being drawn upon. Therefore, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash funding requirements. We evaluate each customer's creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The total commitments to fund home equity loans were $6.5$3.4 million as of December 31, 2014.2016.
We have made commitments to provide liquidity for certain benefit plans transitioning to us from another provider. As funds from the plans become available, they will be used to pay down outstanding balances. As of December 31, 2014,2016, the amount of unfunded commitments was $18.2$17.0 million.
We have made commitments to fund certain limited partnerships and other funds interests in which we are a limited partner.not the general partner or investment manager. As of December 31, 2014,2016, the amount of unfunded commitments was $236.4$658.1 million. We are only required to fund additional equity under these commitments when called upon to do so by the general partner;partnership or fund; therefore, these commitments are not liabilities on our consolidated statements of financial position.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Variable Interest Entities. We have relationships with various types of special purpose entities and other entities where we have a variable interest as described in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 3, Variable Interest Entities." We have made commitments to fund certain limited partnerships, as previously discussed in "Contractual Commitments", some of which are classified as unconsolidated variable interest entities.
Guarantees and Indemnifications. As of December 31, 2014, there have been2016, no significant changes to guarantees and indemnifications have occurred since December 31, 2013.2015. For guarantee and indemnification information, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 12, Contingencies, Guarantees and Indemnifications" under the caption, "Guarantees and Indemnifications."
Financial Strength and Credit Ratings
Our ratings are influenced by the relative ratings of our peers/competitors as well as many other factors including our operating and financial performance, capital levels, asset quality, liquidity, asset/liability management, overall portfolio mix, financial leverage (i.e., debt), risk exposures, operating leverage ratings and other factors.
In January 2015,2017, A.M. Best completed its annual review, and affirmed the financial strength ratings of PFGPrincipal Life and its subsidiaries. Principal Life's financial strength rating was affirmedPNLIC at 'A+'. The outlook remains 'stable' for all ratings. The affirmation reflects continued solid risk-adjusted capitalization, well-managed balance sheet, strong business profile and consistently favorable operating results.
In November 2016, Moody's affirmed the financial strength ratings of Principal Life's ratings reflect our diversified revenue sources, consistent operating earningsLife and solid balance sheet.PNLIC at 'A1'. The ratings also reflect ouroutlook remains 'stable'. The affirmation is based on the leading, broad-based position as a leading provider of defined contribution plans, defined benefit plans, plan termination annuities and nonqualified plansPrincipal Life in the United States.U.S. group pension market, with earnings diversification from retail life and annuity businesses.
In June 2014,October 2016, Fitch affirmed the financial strength ratings of Principal Life and PNLIC at 'AA–'. The outlook remains 'stable'. The affirmation reflects PFG's strong capitalization and stable, balanced operating profitability, partially offset by above-average exposure to direct mortgages, structured mortgage securities and direct real estate investments.
In April 2016, S&P affirmed PFG's credit ratings and the financial strength ratings of Principal Life and Principal National Life Insurance Company at 'AA–', noting our strong capitalization and stable, balanced operating profitability. The outlook was revised to 'stable' from 'negative' reflecting the contribution of Cuprum to overall profitability, which exceeded expectations, and gradually declining financial leverage.
In April 2014, Standard & Poor's ("S&P") affirmed the financial strength rating of Principal Life and Principal National Life Insurance CompanyPNLIC at 'A+'. The outlook remains 'stable' for all ratings. Principal Life's enterprise risk management rating was affirmed as 'Strong'. The rating affirmation reflects S&P's view that we haveare a veryleading competitor in the U.S. small to midsize 401(k) market, with strong asset management and insurance solution capabilities, strong competitive position supported by a respected brand, diversified and sophisticated product portfolio strong distribution relationships and increasing global reach. Further,positive operating performance.
A.M. Best, Moody's and Fitch have changed their outlook on the U.S. life insurance sector to 'negative' from 'stable'. Continued low interest rates, an uncertain regulatory environment, exposure to asset management and international risks and low domestic growth are pressuring the sector. S&P cites our financial flexibility reflecting strong earnings and fixed-charge coverage and proven access to capital markets and credit facilities.
All four of the rating agencies maintainmaintains a 'stable' outlook on the U.S. life insurance sector. The rating agencies acknowledgeS&P's view is that insurers have strong levels of capital that will offset credit quality impacts from the interest rates remain at historically low levels, and with prospects for higher rates uncertain, the resulting slow-growth economy continuesrate environment. Any deterioration in capitalization will not be to act as a headwind and has prevented strong industry growth. However, the agencies have also citedlevel that the U.S. life insurance industry has maintained strong risk-adjusted capital, generated steady U.S. GAAP and statutory earnings, improved balance sheet fundamentals and enhanced risk-focused decision making since the financial crisis. The rating agencies have indicated they expect gradually increasing interest rates will help stabilize earnings on spread businesses and rising equity markets will grow assets under management.impact near-term ratings.
The following table summarizes our significant financial strength and debt ratings from the major independent rating organizations. The debt ratings shown are indicative ratings. Outstanding issuances are rated the same as indicative ratings unless otherwise noted. Actual ratings can differ from indicative ratings based on contractual terms. A security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. Such a rating may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating agency. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating.
| | A.M. Best | Fitch | Moody's | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Principal Financial Group | ||||||||
Senior Unsecured Debt (1) | a– | BBB+ | Baa2 | |||||
| ||||||||
Principal Financial Services | ||||||||
Senior Unsecured Debt | a– | BBB+ | Baa1 | |||||
Commercial Paper | AMB-1 | A-2 | P-2 | |||||
Principal Life Insurance Company | ||||||||
Insurer Financial Strength | A+ | AA– | A+ | A1 | ||||
Issuer Credit Rating | aa– | |||||||
Commercial Paper | AMB-1+ | A-1+ | P-1 | |||||
Enterprise Risk Management Rating | Strong | |||||||
Principal National Life Insurance Company | ||||||||
Insurer Financial Strength | A+ | AA– | A+ | A1 |
Impacts of Income Taxes
For income tax information, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 10, Income Taxes."
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price). The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels for disclosure purposes.levels. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority (Level 1) to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and gives the lowest priority (Level 3) to unobservable inputs. An asset or liability's classification withinThe level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level ofinput that is significant input to the fair value measurement in its valuation.entirety considering factors specific to the asset or liability. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14, Fair Value Measurements" for further details, including a reconciliation of changes in Level 3 fair value measurements.
As of December 31, 2014, 39%2016, 41% of our net assets (liabilities) were Level 1, 58%55% were Level 2 and 3%4% were Level 3. Excluding separate account assets as of December 31, 2014, 2%2016, 3% of our net assets (liabilities) were Level 1, 97%96% were Level 2 and 1% were Level 3.
As of December 31, 2013, 37%2015, 39% of our net assets (liabilities) were Level 1, 60%57% were Level 2 and 3%4% were Level 3. Excluding separate account assets as of December 31, 2013, 1%2015, 4% of our net assets (liabilities) were Level 1, 98%95% were Level 2 and 1% were Level 3.
Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Net assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as of December 31, 2014,2016, were $6,350.1$7,779.6 million as compared to $5,885.5$7,318.6 million as of December 31, 2013.2015. The increase was primarily related to gains on other invested assets and real estate included in our separate account assets.assets and net purchases of certain structured securities. The increase was partially offset by losses on bifurcated embedded derivativesnet sales in investment-type insurance contracts.our separate accounts assets.
Net assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as of December 31, 2013,2015, were $5,885.5$7,318.6 million as compared to $4,987.4$6,350.1 million as of December 31, 2012.2014. The increase was primarily related to gains on other invested assets and real estate included in our separate account assets, as well as gains on bifurcated embedded derivatives in investment-type insurance contracts and derivative liabilities.assets.
We had total consolidated assets as of December 31, 2014,2016, of $219,087.0$228,014.3 million, of which $68,433.8$75,835.5 million were invested assets. The rest of our total consolidated assets are comprised primarily of separate account assets for which we do not bear investment risk. Because we generally do not bear any investment risk on assets held in separate accounts,risk; therefore, the discussion and financial information below does not include such assets.
Overall Composition of Invested Assets
Invested assets as of December 31, 2014,2016, were predominantly high quality and broadly diversified across asset class, individual credit, industry and geographic location. Asset allocation is determined based on cash flow and the risk/return requirements of our products. As shown in the following table, the major categories of invested assets are fixed maturities and commercial mortgage loans. The remainder is invested in other investments, residential mortgage loans,equity securities, real estate and equity securities.residential mortgage loans. In addition, policy loans are included in our invested assets.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Carrying amount | % of total | Carrying amount | % of total | Carrying amount | % of total | Carrying amount | % of total | ||||||||||||||||||
| | ($ in millions) | ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public | $ | 34,863.2 | 51 | % | $ | 33,999.7 | 51 | % | $ | 39,170.3 | 52 | % | $ | 35,308.9 | 50 | % | ||||||||||
Private | 15,412.2 | 23 | 15,320.5 | 23 | 16,074.2 | 21 | 15,344.4 | 22 | ||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities | 963.2 | 1 | 827.4 | 1 | 1,512.3 | 2 | 1,307.2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial | 10,696.9 | 15 | 10,299.0 | 15 | 12,027.8 | 16 | 11,237.8 | 16 | ||||||||||||||||||
Residential | 1,114.7 | 2 | 1,234.6 | 2 | 1,202.4 | 1 | 1,101.6 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Real estate held for sale | 174.0 | — | 182.3 | — | 130.7 | — | 169.7 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Real estate held for investment | 1,170.6 | 2 | 1,089.3 | 2 | 1,238.1 | 2 | 1,282.1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Policy loans | 829.2 | 1 | 859.7 | 1 | 823.8 | 1 | 817.1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | 3,209.8 | 5 | 2,944.4 | 5 | 3,655.9 | 5 | 3,251.7 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Total invested assets | 68,433.8 | 100 | % | 66,756.9 | 100 | % | 75,835.5 | 100 | % | 69,820.5 | 100 | % | ||||||||||||||
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Cash and cash equivalents | 1,863.9 | 2,371.8 | 2,719.6 | 2,564.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Total invested assets and cash | $ | 70,297.7 | $ | 69,128.7 | $ | 78,555.1 | $ | 72,385.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Net Investment Income
The following table presents the yield and investment income, excluding net realized capital gains and losses, for our invested assets for the years indicated. We calculate annualized yields using a simple average of asset classes at the beginning and end of the reporting period. The yields for available-for-sale fixed maturities and available-for-sale equity
securities are calculated using amortized cost and cost, respectively. All other yields are calculated using carrying amounts.
| | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2014 vs. 2013 | 2013 vs. 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2016 vs. 2015 | 2015 vs. 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | ($ in millions) | ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities | 4.9 | % | $ | 2,311.7 | 4.9 | % | $ | 2,343.8 | 5.1 | % | $ | 2,485.0 | — | % | $ | (32.1 | ) | (0.2 | )% | $ | (141.2 | ) | 4.4 | % | $ | 2,274.0 | 4.5 | % | $ | 2,153.2 | 4.9 | % | $ | 2,311.7 | (0.1 | )% | $ | 120.8 | (0.4 | )% | $ | (158.5 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities | 7.6 | 68.4 | 4.5 | 27.4 | 3.5 | 15.2 | 3.1 | 41.0 | 1.0 | 12.2 | 3.6 | 51.5 | 4.4 | 50.2 | 7.6 | 68.4 | (0.8 | ) | 1.3 | (3.2 | ) | (18.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans — commercial | 5.2 | 541.4 | 5.3 | 541.2 | 5.7 | 559.6 | (0.1 | ) | 0.2 | (0.4 | ) | (18.4 | ) | 4.4 | 513.4 | 4.6 | 505.8 | 5.2 | 541.4 | (0.2 | ) | 7.6 | (0.6 | ) | (35.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans — residential | 7.6 | 89.5 | 5.5 | 70.3 | 5.7 | 76.2 | 2.1 | 19.2 | (0.2 | ) | (5.9 | ) | 5.3 | 60.5 | 6.3 | 69.3 | 7.6 | 89.5 | (1.0 | ) | (8.8 | ) | (1.3 | ) | (20.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Real estate | 7.9 | 103.8 | 5.0 | 61.2 | 6.3 | 71.4 | 2.9 | 42.6 | (1.3 | ) | (10.2 | ) | 9.1 | 127.9 | 6.9 | 97.1 | 7.9 | 103.8 | 2.2 | 30.8 | (1.0 | ) | (6.7 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Policy loans | 5.8 | 49.4 | 5.8 | 49.9 | 6.1 | 53.7 | — | (0.5 | ) | (0.3 | ) | (3.8 | ) | 5.6 | 46.3 | 5.6 | 46.3 | 5.8 | 49.4 | — | — | (0.2 | ) | (3.1 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 0.3 | 6.5 | 0.4 | 14.0 | 0.3 | 9.6 | (0.1 | ) | (7.5 | ) | 0.1 | 4.4 | 0.5 | 14.2 | 0.4 | 8.5 | 0.3 | 6.5 | 0.1 | 5.7 | 0.1 | 2.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | 5.3 | 164.1 | 3.4 | 106.8 | 2.1 | 65.4 | 1.9 | 57.3 | 1.3 | 41.4 | 8.5 | 293.1 | 6.1 | 198.7 | 5.3 | 164.1 | 2.4 | 94.4 | 0.8 | 34.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Total before investment expenses | 4.9 | 3,334.8 | 4.7 | 3,214.6 | 4.9 | 3,336.1 | 0.2 | 120.2 | (0.2 | ) | (121.5 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 4.6 | 3,380.9 | 4.5 | 3,129.1 | 4.9 | 3,334.8 | 0.1 | 251.8 | (0.4 | ) | (205.7 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment expenses | (0.1 | ) | (76.9 | ) | (0.1 | ) | (76.2 | ) | (0.1 | ) | (81.2 | ) | — | (0.7 | ) | — | 5.0 | (0.1 | ) | (84.4 | ) | (0.1 | ) | (77.0 | ) | (0.1 | ) | (76.9 | ) | — | (7.4 | ) | — | (0.1 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Net investment income | 4.8 | % | $ | 3,257.9 | 4.6 | % | $ | 3,138.4 | 4.8 | % | $ | 3,254.9 | 0.2 | % | $ | 119.5 | (0.2 | )% | $ | (116.5 | ) | 4.5 | % | $ | 3,296.5 | 4.4 | % | $ | 3,052.1 | 4.8 | % | $ | 3,257.9 | 0.1 | % | $ | 244.4 | (0.4 | )% | $ | (205.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Year Ended December 31, 20142016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 20132015
Net investment income increased primarily due to higher inflation-based investment returns on average invested assets in our U.S. operations and cash as a resultan increase in variable investment income primarily related to the sale of higher inflation in Chilejoint venture real estate and favorable market changes on our mandatory investment in the pension funds of our Chilean pension company.certain other real estate. These increases were partially offset by the weakening of the Chilean peso against the U.S dollar and lower investment yields on average invested assets and cash in our U.S. operations.
Year Ended December 31, 20132015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 20122014
Net investment income decreased primarily due to lower investment yields and prepayments on our invested assets and cash in our U.S. operations andoperations. In addition, net investment income decreased due to the weakening of the Latin American currencies against the U.S. dollar, lower inflation-based investment returns on average invested assets and cash as a result of lower inflation in Chile and unfavorable relative market performance on our required regulatory investment in the weakeningpension funds of certain Latin American currencies against the U.S. dollar. These decreases were partially offset by the acquisition of aour Chilean pension company and higher average invested assets in Chile.company.
Net Realized Capital Gains (Losses)
The following table presents the contributors to net realized capital gains and losses for our invested assets for the years indicated.
| | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | For the year ended December 31, | Increase (decrease) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 vs. 2013 | 2013 vs. 2012 | 2016 vs. 2015 | 2015 vs. 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale — credit impairments (1) | $ | (87.1 | ) | $ | (113.8 | ) | $ | (118.2 | ) | $ | 26.7 | $ | 4.4 | $ | (96.5 | ) | $ | (30.2 | ) | $ | (87.1 | ) | $ | (66.3 | ) | $ | 56.9 | |||||
Commercial mortgages — credit impairments | 1.3 | (3.7 | ) | (11.0 | ) | 5.0 | 7.3 | (1.2 | ) | (3.4 | ) | 1.3 | 2.2 | (4.7 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Other credit impairments | (0.6 | ) | (12.4 | ) | (40.8 | ) | 11.8 | 28.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other — credit impairments | 4.0 | 3.6 | (0.6 | ) | 0.4 | 4.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale and trading — noncredit | 67.5 | 5.6 | 23.8 | 61.9 | (18.2 | ) | 49.9 | 1.6 | 67.5 | 48.3 | (65.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Derivatives and related hedge activities | (11.2 | ) | (124.4 | ) | (38.0 | ) | 113.2 | (86.4 | ) | 179.1 | (22.6 | ) | (11.2 | ) | 201.7 | (11.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Other gains (losses) | 44.8 | 23.5 | 298.3 | 21.3 | (274.8 | ) | 35.8 | (0.1 | ) | 44.8 | 35.9 | (44.9 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
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Net realized capital gains (losses) | $ | 14.7 | $ | (225.2 | ) | $ | 114.1 | $ | 239.9 | $ | (339.3 | ) | $ | 171.1 | $ | (51.1 | ) | $ | 14.7 | $ | 222.2 | $ | (65.8 | ) | ||||||||
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Year Ended December 31, 20142016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 20132015
Net realized capital losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale — credit impairments increased primarily due to higher impairments on corporate fixed maturities in the energy sector and structured fixed maturities.
Net realized capital gains on fixed maturities, available-for-sale and trading — noncredit increased primarily due to the sale of a long dated structured security in 2016 and gains versus losses on trading securities related to changes in interest rates and credit spreads.
Derivatives and related hedge activities had net gains in 2016 as compared to net losses in 2015 primarily due to increased gains on interest rate swap derivatives not designated as hedging instruments due to changes in interest rates. In addition, currency forwards and currency swaps had gains in 2016 versus losses in 2015 due to changes in exchange rates and on credit related derivatives.
Other gains (losses) reflected gains in 2016 as compared to losses in 2015 primarily due to a write-off of unamortized book value on corporate owned real estate in 2015 and gains in 2016 versus losses in 2015 on equity securities, trading.
Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2014
Net realized capital losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale — credit impairments decreased primarily due to net gains versusdecreased losses on corporatestructured fixed maturities as a result of recoveries.improved market conditions. This was partially offset by losses versus gains on corporate fixed maturities.
Net realized capital gains on fixed maturities, available-for-sale and trading — noncredit increaseddecreased primarily due to sales of long dated structured securities andlosses versus gains on trading securities related to changes in interest rates and credit spreads and exchange rates.a gain from the sale of a long dated structured security in 2014.
Net realized capital losses on derivatives and related hedge activities decreasedincreased primarily due to gainslosses versus lossesgains on the GMWB embedded derivatives,derivative, including changes in the spread reflecting our own creditworthiness, and related hedging
instruments and on interest rate swap derivatives not designated as hedging instruments due to changes in interest rates. instruments. This was partially offset by increaseddecreased losses on currency forwards and currency swapscredit related derivatives.
Other gains (losses) reflected losses in 2015 as compared to gains in 2014 primarily due to changes in exchange rates.
Other net realized capital gains increased due to higherdecreased gains on sales of real estate investments and joint venture real estate and foreign currency translation lossesa write-off of unamortized book value on cash held for the Cuprum acquisition that was completedcorporate owned real estate in first quarter 2013.2015. This was partially offset by an impairment of Liongate, an equity method investment, in fourth quarter 2014.
Year Ended December 31, 2013 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2012
Net realized capital losses on other — credit impairments decreased due to lower losses on residential mortgage loans as a result of improved market conditions.
Net realized capital losses on derivatives and related hedge activities increased due to increased losses on GMWB embedded derivatives, including the spread reflecting our own creditworthiness, and related hedging instruments and losses versus gains on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments including interest rate swaps due to changes in interest rates and currency forwards and currency swaps due to changes in exchange rates.
Other net realized capital gains decreased due to $184.3 million of net gains realized in third quarter 2012 related to the merger of Catalyst Health Solutions, Inc. and the subsequent disposition of our remaining interest in the surviving corporation. In addition, other net realized capital gains decreased due to increased foreign currency translation losses on cash held for the Cuprum acquisition that was completed in first quarter 2013 and a 2013 realized loss resulting from the write-off of impaired corporate owned real estate. Additionally, gains on the sale of real estate and joint ventures in real estate decreased in 2013 versus 2012.
Of our invested assets, $62,327.9$68,808.2 million were held by our U.S. operations as of December 31, 2014.2016. Our U.S. invested assets are managed primarily by our Principal Global Investors segment. Our primary investment objective is to maximize after-tax returns consistent with acceptable risk parameters. We seek to protect policyholders' benefits by optimizing the risk/return relationship on an ongoing basis, through asset/liability matching, reducing the credit risk, avoiding high levels of investments that may be redeemed by the issuer, maintaining sufficiently liquid investments and avoiding undue asset concentrations through diversification. We are exposed to two primary sources of investment risk:
Our ability to manage credit risk is essential to our business and our profitability. We devote considerable resources to the credit analysis of each new investment. We manage credit risk through industry, issuer and asset class diversification. Our Investment Committee, appointed by our Board of Directors, is responsible for establishing all investment policies and approving or authorizing all investments, except the Executive Committee of the Board must approve any investment transaction exceeding $500.0 million. As of December 31, 2014, there are thirteen2016, eleven members served on the Investment Committee, twoone of whom are membersis a member of our Board of Directors. The remaining members arewere senior management members representing various areas of our company.
We purchase credit default swaps to hedge certain credit exposures in our investment portfolio and total return swaps and futures to hedge a portion of our investment portfolio from credit losses. We economically hedged credit exposure in our portfolio by purchasing credit default swaps with a notional amount of $288.7$176.5 million and $334.3$213.2 million, total return swaps with a notional of $90.0 million and $90.0 million, and futures with a notional of $10.5$11.9 million and $9.1$13.1 million as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively. We sell credit default swaps to offer credit protection to investors when entering into synthetic replicating transactions. When selling credit protection, if there is an event of default by the referenced name, we are obligated to pay the counterparty the referenced amount of the contract and receive in return the referenced security. For further information on credit derivatives sold, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 5, Derivative Financial Instruments" under the caption, "Credit Derivatives Sold."
We also seek to manage call or prepayment risk arising from changes in interest rates. We assess and price for call or prepayment risks in all of our investments and monitor these risks in accordance with asset/liability management policies.
The amortized cost and weighted average yield, calculated using amortized cost, of non-structured fixed maturity securities that will be callable at the option of the issuer, excluding securities with a make-whole provision, were $1,119.1$2,075.9 million and 4.3%3.5%, respectively, as of December 31, 20142016 and $768.0$1,554.9 million and 4.5%3.9%, respectively, as of December 31, 2013.2015. In addition, the amortized cost and weighted average yield of residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities, residential collateralized mortgage obligations, and asset-backed securities — home equity with material prepayment risk were $4,319.0$4,891.3 million and 3.2%, respectively, as of December 31, 2016 and $4,391.9 million and 3.3%, respectively, as of December 31, 2014 and $4,155.1 million and 3.6%, respectively, as of December 31, 2013.
Table of Contents2015.
Our Fixed Income Securities Committee, consisting of fixed income securities senior management members, approves the credit rating for the fixed maturities we purchase. Teams of security analysts, organized by industry, analyze and monitor these investments. In addition, we have teams who specialize in RMBS, CMBS, ABS, municipals and below investment grade securities. Our analysts monitor issuers held in the portfolio on a continuous basis with a formal review documented annually or more frequently if material events affect the issuer. The analysis includes both fundamental and
technical factors. The fundamental analysis encompasses both quantitative and qualitative analysis of the issuer. The qualitative analysis includes an assessment of both accounting and management aggressiveness of the issuer. In addition, technical indicators such as stock price volatility and credit default swap levels are monitored.
Our Fixed Income Securities Committee also reviews private transactions on a continuous basis to assess the quality ratings of our privately placed investments. We regularly review our investments to determine whether we should re-rate them, employing the following criteria:
Our use of derivatives exposes us to counterparty risk, or the risk that the counterparty fails to perform the terms of the derivative contract. We actively manage this risk by:
We manage our exposure on a net basis, whereby we net positive and negative exposures for each counterparty with agreements in place. For further information on derivative exposure, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, Investments" under the caption, "Balance Sheet Offsetting."
A dedicated risk management team is responsible for centralized monitoring of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio. We apply a variety of strategies to minimize credit risk in our commercial mortgage loan portfolio. When considering new commercial mortgage loans, we review the cash flow fundamentals of the property, make a physical assessment of the underlying security, conduct a comprehensive market analysis and compare against industry lending practices. We use a proprietary risk rating model to evaluate all new and substantially all existing loans within the portfolio. The proprietary risk model is designed to stress projected cash flows under simulated economic and market downturns. Our lending guidelines are typically 75% or less loan-to-value ratio and a debt service coverage ratio of at least 1.2 times. We analyze investments outside of these guidelines based on cash flow quality, tenancy and other factors. The following table presents loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratios for our brick and mortar commercial mortgages, excluding Principal Global Investors segment mortgages:
| | Weighted average loan-to-value ratio | Debt service coverage ratio | Weighted average loan-to-value ratio | Debt service coverage ratio | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
New mortgages | 51 | % | 49 | % | 2.6X | 2.8X | 52 | % | 50 | % | 2.6X | 3.1X | ||||||||||||||
Entire mortgage portfolio | 48 | % | 50 | % | 2.6X | 2.5X | 46 | % | 46 | % | 2.7X | 2.7X | ||||||||||||||
Our investment decisions and objectives are a function of the underlying risks and product profiles of each primary business operation. In addition, we diversify our product portfolio offerings to include products that contain features that
will protect us against fluctuations in interest rates. Those features include adjustable crediting rates, policy surrender charges and market value adjustments on liquidations. For further information on our management of interest rate risk, see Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Interest Rate Risk."
Overall Composition of U.S. Invested Assets
As shown in the following table, the major categories of U.S. invested assets are fixed maturities and commercial mortgage loans. The remainder is invested in other investments, real estate, residential mortgage loans and equity securities. In addition, policy loans are included in our invested assets. The following discussion analyzes the composition of U.S. invested assets, but excludes invested assets of the separate accounts.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Carrying amount | % of total | Carrying amount | % of total | Carrying amount | % of total | Carrying amount | % of total | ||||||||||||||||||
| | ($ in millions) | ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public | $ | 31,618.0 | 51 | % | $ | 30,638.2 | 51 | % | $ | 35,524.8 | 52 | % | $ | 31,756.0 | 50 | % | ||||||||||
Private | 15,410.1 | 25 | 15,319.3 | 25 | 16,065.2 | 23 | 15,342.8 | 24 | ||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities | 300.5 | — | 272.3 | — | 342.6 | 1 | 306.2 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial | 10,657.2 | 17 | 10,253.8 | 17 | 11,940.5 | 17 | 11,194.9 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||||
Residential | 507.2 | 1 | 565.4 | 1 | 680.5 | 1 | 596.1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Real estate held for sale | 171.8 | — | 179.5 | — | 128.7 | — | 166.8 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Real estate held for investment | 1,168.6 | 2 | 1,086.9 | 2 | 1,236.5 | 2 | 1,280.4 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Policy loans | 806.5 | 1 | 834.9 | 1 | 800.7 | 1 | 796.3 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | 1,688.0 | 3 | 1,495.7 | 3 | 2,088.7 | 3 | 1,877.4 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Total invested assets | 62,327.9 | 100 | % | 60,646.0 | 100 | % | 68,808.2 | 100 | % | 63,316.9 | 100 | % | ||||||||||||||
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Cash and cash equivalents | 1,762.5 | 2,266.8 | 2,335.5 | 2,292.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Total invested assets and cash | $ | 64,090.4 | $ | 62,912.8 | $ | 71,143.7 | $ | 65,609.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities include bonds, ABS, redeemable preferred stock and certain nonredeemablenon-redeemable preferred securities. Included in the privately placed category as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, were $10.3$11.2 billion and $10.3$10.4 billion, respectively, of securities subject to certain holding periods and resale restrictions pursuant to Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933.
Fixed maturities were diversified by category of issuer, as shown in the following table for the years indicated.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Carrying amount | Percent of total | Carrying amount | Percent of total | Carrying amount | Percent of total | Carrying amount | Percent of total | ||||||||||||||||||
| | ($ in millions) | ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agencies | $ | 1,121.8 | 2 | % | $ | 780.5 | 2 | % | $ | 1,415.7 | 3 | % | $ | 1,649.0 | 3 | % | ||||||||||
States and political subdivisions | 4,329.4 | 9 | 3,796.0 | 8 | 5,625.6 | 11 | 4,784.1 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | 446.6 | 1 | 523.6 | 1 | 542.0 | 1 | 423.9 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Corporate — public | 16,834.6 | 37 | 16,882.6 | 37 | 19,117.9 | �� | 37 | 16,407.7 | 35 | |||||||||||||||||
Corporate — private | 12,262.9 | 26 | 12,483.5 | 27 | 12,140.2 | 23 | 12,049.1 | 26 | ||||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities | 2,839.6 | 6 | 2,871.1 | 6 | 2,842.5 | 5 | 2,640.2 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 3,977.0 | 8 | 4,028.2 | 9 | 4,070.2 | 8 | 3,860.4 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations | 1,306.2 | 3 | 992.1 | 2 | 1,827.8 | 4 | 1,556.4 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
Asset-backed securities | 3,910.0 | 8 | 3,599.9 | 8 | 4,008.1 | 8 | 3,728.0 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities | $ | 47,028.1 | 100 | % | $ | 45,957.5 | 100 | % | $ | 51,590.0 | 100 | % | $ | 47,098.8 | 100 | % | ||||||||||
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We believe it is desirable to hold residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities due to their credit quality and liquidity as well as portfolio diversification characteristics. Our portfolio is comprised of Government National Mortgage Association, Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation pass-through securities. In addition, our residential collateralized mortgage obligation portfolio offers structural features that allow cash flows to be matched to our liabilities.
CMBS provide varying levels of credit protection, diversification and reduced event risk depending on the securities owned and composition of the loan pool. CMBS are predominantly comprised of large pool securitizations that are diverse by property type, borrower and geographic dispersion. The risks to any CMBS deal are determined by the credit quality of the underlying loans and how those loans perform over time. Another key risk is the vintage of the underlying loans and the state of the markets during a particular vintage. In the CMBS market, there is a material difference in the outlook for the performance of loans originated in 2004 and earlier relative to loans originated in 2005 through 2008. For loans originated prior to 2005, underwriting assumptions were more conservative regarding required debt service coverage and loan-to-value ratios. For the 2005 through 2008 vintages, real estate values peaked and the underwriting expectations were that values would continue to increase, which makes those loan values more sensitive to market declines. The 2009 through 20142016 vintages represent a return to debt service coverage ratios and loan-to-value ratios that more closely resemble loans originated prior to 2005.
We purchase ABS to diversify the overall credit risks of the fixed maturities portfolio and to provide attractive returns. The principal risks in holding ABS are structural and credit risks. Structural risks include the security's priority in
the issuer's capital structure, the adequacy of and ability to realize proceeds from the collateral and the potential for prepayments. Credit risks involve collateral and issuer/servicer risk where collateral and servicer performance may deteriorate. Our ABS portfolio is diversified both by type of asset and by issuer. We actively monitor holdings of ABS to recognize adverse changes in the risk profile of each security. Prepayments in the ABS portfolio are, in general, insensitive to changes in interest rates or are insulated from such changes by call protection features. In the event that we are subject to prepayment risk, we monitor the factors that impact the level of prepayment and prepayment speed for those ABS. In addition, we diversify the risks of ABS by holdinghold a diverse class of securities, which limits our exposure to any one security.
The international exposure held in our U.S. operation's fixed maturities portfolio was 25%21% of total fixed maturities as of December 31, 20142016 and 26%22% as of December 31, 2013.2015. It is comprised of corporate and foreign government fixed maturities. The following table presents the carrying amount of our international exposure for our U.S. operation's fixed maturities portfolio for the years indicated.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
European Union, excluding UK | $ | 3,717.9 | $ | 3,925.1 | $ | 3,419.4 | $ | 3,247.1 | ||||||
United Kingdom | 2,467.5 | 2,656.1 | 2,282.4 | 2,293.2 | ||||||||||
Asia-Pacific | 1,564.8 | 1,542.9 | 1,517.1 | 1,469.1 | ||||||||||
Australia/New Zealand | 1,285.6 | 1,285.3 | 1,338.4 | 1,162.0 | ||||||||||
Latin America | 989.9 | 951.0 | 950.4 | 885.9 | ||||||||||
Europe, non-European Union | 855.6 | 1,042.8 | 740.4 | 824.3 | ||||||||||
Middle East and Africa | 365.3 | 411.6 | 365.3 | 304.3 | ||||||||||
Other (1) | 276.7 | 241.3 | 261.7 | 266.5 | ||||||||||
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Total | $ | 11,523.3 | $ | 12,056.1 | $ | 10,875.1 | $ | 10,452.4 | ||||||
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International fixed maturities areexposure is determined by the country of domicile of the parent entity of an individual asset. All international fixed maturities held by our U.S. operations are either denominated in U.S. dollars or have been swapped into U.S. dollar equivalents. Our international investments are analyzed internally by country and industry credit investment professionals. We control concentrations using issuer and country level exposure benchmarks, which are based on the credit quality of the issuer and the country. Our investment policy limits total international fixed maturities investments and we are within those internal limits. Exposure to Canada is not included in our international exposure. As of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, our investments in Canada totaled $1,478.3$1,604.5 million and $1,486.5$1,310.5 million, respectively.
Fixed Maturities Credit Concentrations. One aspect of managing credit risk is through industry, issuer and asset class diversification. Our credit concentrations are managed to established limits. The following table presents our top ten exposures as of December 31, 2014.2016.
| | Amortized cost | Amortized cost | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||
General Electric Co | $ | 216.4 | ||||||
People's Republic of China | 173.4 | |||||||
Berkshire Hathaway Inc. | 169.9 | $ | 217.5 | |||||
AT&T Inc. | 168.6 | |||||||
Wells Fargo & Company | 203.9 | |||||||
Duke Energy Corporation | 149.5 | 191.2 | ||||||
Mars, Incorporated | 182.4 | |||||||
Province of Quebec | 180.9 | |||||||
Comcast Corporation | 178.0 | |||||||
Citigroup Inc. | 166.8 | |||||||
Verizon Communications Inc. | 142.1 | 164.2 | ||||||
MetLife, Inc. | 136.0 | |||||||
Mars, Incorporated | 132.6 | |||||||
PG&E Corporation | 129.7 | |||||||
HSBC Holdings plc | 124.8 | |||||||
General Electric Company | 161.9 | |||||||
Bank of America Corporation | 160.8 | |||||||
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Total top ten exposures | $ | 1,543.0 | $ | 1,807.6 | ||||
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Fixed Maturities Valuation and Credit Quality. Valuation techniques for the fixed maturities portfolio vary by security type and the availability of market data. The use of different pricing techniques and their assumptions could produce different financial results. See Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14, Fair Value Measurements" for further details regarding our pricing methodology. Once prices are determined, they are reviewed by pricing analysts for reasonableness based on asset class and observable market data. Investment analysts who are familiar with specific securities review prices for reasonableness through direct interaction with external sources, review of recent trade activity or use of internal models. All fixed maturities placed on the "watch list" are periodically analyzed by investment analysts or analysts that focus on troubled securities ("Workout Group"). This group then meets with the Chief Investment Officer and the Portfolio Managers to determine reasonableness of
prices. The valuation of impaired bonds for which there is no quoted price is typically based on the present value of the future cash flows expected to be received. Although we believe these values reasonably reflect the fair value of those securities, the key assumptions about risk premiums, performance of underlying collateral (if any) and other market factors involve qualitative and unobservable inputs.
The Securities Valuation Office ("SVO") of the NAIC monitors the bond investments of insurers for regulatory capital and reporting purposes and, when required, assigns securities to one of six investment categories. For certain bonds, thecategories referred to as NAIC designations. Although NAIC designations closely mirrorare not produced to aid the investment decision making process, NAIC designations may serve as a reasonable proxy for Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations' ("NRSRO") credit ratings.ratings for certain bonds. For most corporate bonds, NAIC designations 1 and 2 include bonds generally considered investment grade by such rating organizations. Bonds are considered investment grade when rated "Baa3" or higher by Moody's, or "BBB–" or higher by S&P. NAIC designations 3 through 6 areinclude bonds generally referred to as below investment grade. Bonds are considered below investment grade when rated "Ba1" or lower by Moody's, or "BB+" or lower by S&P.
However, for loan-backed and structured securities, as defined by the NAIC, the NAIC ratingdesignation is not always equivalent toa reasonable indication of an NRSRO rating as described below. For CMBS and non-agency RMBS, PIMCO Advisors models and assigns the NAIC ratings. For CMBS, Blackrock Solutions undertakes the modeling and assignment of those NAIC ratings.designations. Other loan-backed and structured securities may be subject to an intrinsic price matrix as provided by the NAIC. This may result in a final designation being higher or lower than the NRSRO credit rating.
The following table presents our total fixed maturities by NAIC designation and the equivalent ratings of the NRSROs as of the years indicated as well as the percentage, based on fair value, that each designation comprises.
| | | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NAIC Rating | Rating Agency Equivalent | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Percent of carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Percent of carrying amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NAIC designation | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Percent of carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Percent of carrying amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | ($ in millions) | ($ in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | AAA/AA/A | $ | 28,364.4 | $ | 30,140.6 | 64 | % | $ | 27,137.0 | $ | 28,096.1 | 61 | % | $ | 33,198.2 | $ | 34,031.5 | 66 | % | $ | 29,661.4 | $ | 30,712.8 | 65 | % | |||||||||||||||
2 | BBB | 12,291.8 | 13,184.7 | 28 | 13,808.3 | 14,587.8 | 32 | 13,614.9 | 14,155.0 | 27 | 12,562.1 | 12,827.2 | 27 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | BB | 2,902.0 | 2,879.3 | 6 | 2,439.9 | 2,444.0 | 5 | 2,578.5 | 2,611.8 | 6 | 2,932.2 | 2,829.1 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | B | 659.1 | 637.3 | 2 | 554.6 | 512.6 | 1 | 640.9 | 604.3 | 1 | 606.4 | 547.3 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | CCC and lower | 147.8 | 120.0 | — | 216.4 | 179.7 | 1 | 148.6 | 120.4 | — | 219.6 | 139.7 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | In or near default | 74.7 | 66.2 | — | 217.3 | 137.3 | — | 80.9 | 67.0 | — | 46.5 | 42.7 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Total fixed maturities | $ | 44,439.8 | $ | 47,028.1 | 100 | % | $ | 44,373.5 | $ | 45,957.5 | 100 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total fixed maturities | $ | 50,262.0 | $ | 51,590.0 | 100 | % | $ | 46,028.2 | $ | 47,098.8 | 100 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Fixed maturities include 71included 25 securities with an amortized cost of $524.8$397.4 million, gross gains of $21.6$22.2 million, gross losses of $1.0$8.6 million and a carrying amount of $545.4$411.0 million as of December 31, 2014,2016, that arewere still pending a review and assignment of a ratingdesignation by the SVO. Due to the timing of when fixed maturities are purchased, legal documents are filed and the review by the SVO is completed, therewe will always behave securities in our portfolio that are unrated over a reporting period. In these instances, an equivalent ratingdesignation is assigned based on our fixed income analyst's assessment.
Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities. As of December 31, 2014,2016, based on amortized cost, 58%97% of our CMBS portfolio had ratingsan NAIC designation of A or higher1 and 40%68% was issued during the more conservative underwriting periods prior to 2005 and after 2008.
The following tables present our exposure by credit quality, based on the lowest NRSRO designation,NAIC designations, and year of issuance ("vintage")vintage for our CMBS portfolio as of the years indicated.
| | December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | AAA | AA | A | BBB | BB+ and Below | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2003 & Prior | $ | 14.4 | $ | 15.1 | $ | 9.8 | $ | 10.5 | $ | 4.8 | $ | 5.2 | $ | 28.7 | $ | 33.5 | $ | 39.8 | $ | 43.6 | $ | 97.5 | $ | 107.9 | |||||||||||||
2004 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 39.1 | 39.8 | 31.6 | 33.4 | 25.8 | 27.3 | 29.9 | 30.3 | 129.2 | 134.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2005 | 205.5 | 208.3 | 63.3 | 64.7 | 28.7 | 29.6 | 85.2 | 86.4 | 139.0 | 125.2 | 521.7 | 514.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2006 | 80.1 | 82.2 | 45.2 | 46.2 | 85.8 | 88.6 | 150.9 | 155.1 | 126.9 | 115.7 | 488.9 | 487.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2007 | 41.0 | 42.4 | 102.3 | 111.2 | 156.0 | 169.7 | 213.8 | 226.8 | 665.9 | 670.5 | 1,179.0 | 1,220.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2008 | 22.0 | 23.3 | 26.7 | 29.1 | — | — | 44.6 | 45.5 | 55.5 | 61.2 | 148.8 | 159.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2009 | 70.2 | 73.0 | 45.6 | 47.4 | 18.4 | 19.2 | — | — | — | — | 134.2 | 139.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2010 | 64.7 | 68.4 | 41.3 | 42.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 106.0 | 111.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2011 | 76.5 | 77.0 | 136.8 | 139.0 | 2.2 | 2.2 | — | — | — | — | 215.5 | 218.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 214.8 | 218.3 | 143.3 | 145.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | — | — | — | — | 361.6 | 367.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2013 | 201.4 | 200.7 | 72.8 | 73.0 | — | — | 15.6 | 15.7 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 300.1 | 299.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 | 168.1 | 169.5 | 44.8 | 44.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | — | — | — | — | 215.9 | 217.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Total (1) | $ | 1,161.5 | $ | 1,181.5 | $ | 771.0 | $ | 793.9 | $ | 334.0 | $ | 354.4 | $ | 564.6 | $ | 590.3 | $ | 1,067.3 | $ | 1,056.9 | $ | 3,898.4 | $ | 3,977.0 | |||||||||||||
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| | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2004 and prior | 2005 to 2008 | 2009 and after | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||
| NAIC designation | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | |||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | $ | 105.2 | $ | 108.9 | $ | 1,183.7 | $ | 1,180.7 | $ | 2,698.4 | $ | 2,657.6 | $ | 3,987.3 | $ | 3,947.2 | |||||||||
2 | — | — | 19.8 | 19.3 | — | — | 19.8 | 19.3 | |||||||||||||||||
3 | — | — | 16.2 | 14.6 | — | — | 16.2 | 14.6 | |||||||||||||||||
4 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 64.8 | 57.1 | — | — | 72.5 | 64.4 | |||||||||||||||||
5 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 16.7 | 13.7 | — | — | 18.8 | 15.1 | |||||||||||||||||
6 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 9.7 | 7.7 | — | — | 11.5 | 9.6 | |||||||||||||||||
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Total (1) | $ | 116.8 | $ | 119.5 | $ | 1,310.9 | $ | 1,293.1 | $ | 2,698.4 | $ | 2,657.6 | $ | 4,126.1 | $ | 4,070.2 | |||||||||
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| | December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | AAA | AA | A | BBB | BB+ and Below | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2003 & Prior | $ | 19.2 | $ | 20.0 | $ | 10.0 | $ | 11.3 | $ | 0.7 | $ | 0.7 | $ | 27.8 | $ | 31.7 | $ | 72.4 | $ | 71.2 | $ | 130.1 | $ | 134.9 | |||||||||||||
2004 | 29.4 | 29.7 | 61.6 | 63.2 | 43.1 | 44.3 | 31.6 | 33.2 | 71.1 | 63.4 | 236.8 | 233.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2005 | 306.8 | 321.2 | 52.1 | 55.6 | 39.2 | 40.2 | 116.1 | 118.8 | 158.0 | 133.7 | 672.2 | 669.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2006 | 99.7 | 104.4 | 27.5 | 29.1 | 67.5 | 72.1 | 128.4 | 134.4 | 131.8 | 111.8 | 454.9 | 451.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2007 | 67.7 | 70.3 | 73.8 | 83.1 | 141.4 | 156.2 | 225.3 | 245.0 | 848.8 | 732.3 | 1,357.0 | 1,286.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2008 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 43.6 | 49.0 | — | — | 18.4 | 19.2 | 67.3 | 72.1 | 140.2 | 151.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2009 | 81.5 | 85.5 | 74.3 | 77.9 | 18.6 | 19.7 | — | — | — | — | 174.4 | 183.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2010 | 63.7 | 69.6 | 56.1 | 57.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 119.8 | 127.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2011 | 98.7 | 99.1 | 119.4 | 119.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 218.1 | 218.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 220.7 | 219.2 | 152.3 | 151.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 373.0 | 370.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2013 | 141.7 | 138.8 | 61.6 | 60.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 203.3 | 199.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Total (1) | $ | 1,140.0 | $ | 1,169.2 | $ | 732.3 | $ | 759.0 | $ | 310.5 | $ | 333.2 | $ | 547.6 | $ | 582.3 | $ | 1,349.4 | $ | 1,184.5 | $ | 4,079.8 | $ | 4,028.2 | |||||||||||||
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| | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2004 and prior | 2005 to 2008 | 2009 and after | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||
| NAIC designation | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Carrying amount | |||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | $ | 170.8 | $ | 181.6 | $ | 1,561.8 | $ | 1,581.3 | $ | 1,848.9 | $ | 1,828.3 | $ | 3,581.5 | $ | 3,591.2 | |||||||||
2 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 66.1 | 66.7 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 68.2 | 68.8 | |||||||||||||||||
3 | — | — | 90.6 | 88.7 | — | — | 90.6 | 88.7 | |||||||||||||||||
4 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 45.8 | 38.7 | — | — | 50.2 | 42.9 | |||||||||||||||||
5 | 3.9 | 2.2 | 63.6 | 53.8 | — | — | 67.5 | 56.0 | |||||||||||||||||
6 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 11.6 | 9.5 | — | — | 14.6 | 12.8 | |||||||||||||||||
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Total (1) | $ | 183.0 | $ | 192.2 | $ | 1,839.5 | $ | 1,838.7 | $ | 1,850.1 | $ | 1,829.5 | $ | 3,872.6 | $ | 3,860.4 | |||||||||
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Fixed Maturities Watch List. We monitor any decline in the credit quality of fixed maturities through the designation of "problem securities," "potential problem securities" and "restructured securities". We define problem securities in our fixed maturity portfolio as securities: (i) as to whichwith principal and/or interest payments are in default or where default is perceived to be imminent in the near term, or (ii) issued by a company that went into bankruptcy subsequent to the acquisition of such securities. We define potential problem securities in our fixed maturity portfolio as securities included on an internal "watch list" for which management has concerns as to the ability of the issuer to comply with the present debt payment terms and which may result in the security becoming a problem or being restructured. The decision whether to classify a performing fixed maturity security as a potential problem involves significant subjective judgments by our management as to the likely future industry conditions and developments with respect to the issuer. We define restructured securities in our fixed maturity portfolio as securities where a concession has been granted to the borrower related to the borrower's financial difficulties that would not have otherwise been considered. We determine that restructures should occur in those instances where greater economic value will be realized under the new terms than through liquidation or other disposition and may involve a change in contractual cash flows. If the present value of the restructured cash flows is less than the current cost of the asset being restructured, a realized capital loss is recorded in net income and a new cost basis is established.
The following table presents the total carrying amount of our fixed maturities portfolio, as well as its problem, potential problem and restructured fixed maturities for the years indicated.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | ($ in millions) | ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||
Total fixed maturities (public and private) | $ | 47,028.1 | $ | 45,957.5 | $ | 51,590.0 | $ | 47,098.8 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Problem fixed maturities (1) | $ | 297.0 | $ | 417.1 | $ | 74.1 | $ | 71.8 | ||||||
Potential problem fixed maturities | 161.3 | 157.0 | 154.8 | 172.0 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total problem, potential problem and restructured fixed maturities | $ | 458.3 | $ | 574.1 | $ | 228.9 | $ | 243.8 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total problem, potential problem and restructured fixed maturities as a percent of total fixed maturities | 0.97 | % | 1.25 | % | 0.44 | % | 0.52 | % | ||||||
Fixed Maturities Impairments. We have a process in place to identify securities that could potentially have a credit impairment that is other than temporary. This process involves monitoring market events that could impact issuers' credit ratings, business climate, management changes, litigation and government actions and other similar factors. This process also involves monitoring late payments, pricing levels, downgrades by rating agencies, key financial ratios, financial statements, revenue forecasts and cash flow projections as indicators of credit issues.
Each reporting period, a group of individuals including the Chief Investment Officer, our Portfolio Managers, members of our Workout Group and representatives from Investment Accounting review all securities to determine whether an other-than-temporary decline in value exists and whether losses should be recognized. The analysis focuses on each issuer's ability to service its debts in a timely fashion. Formal documentation of the analysis and our decision is prepared and approved by management.
We consider relevant facts and circumstances in evaluating whether a credit or interest-rateinterest rate- related impairment of a security is other than temporary. Relevant facts and circumstances considered include: (1) the extent and length of time the fair value has been below cost; (2) the reasons for the decline in value; (3) the financial position and access to capital of the issuer, including the current and future impact of any specific events; (4) for structured securities, the adequacy of the expected cash flows and (5) our intent to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost which, in some cases, may extend to maturity. To the extent we
determine that a security is deemed to be other than temporarily impaired, an impairment loss is recognized. For additional details, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, Investments."
We would not consider a security with unrealized losses to be other than temporarily impaired when it is not our intent to sell the security, it is not more likely than not that we would be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost, which may be maturity, and we expect to recover the amortized cost basis. However, we do sell securities under certain circumstances, such as when we have evidence of a change in the issuer's creditworthiness, when we anticipate poor relative future performance of securities, when a change in regulatory requirements modifies what constitutes a permissible investment or the maximum level of investments held or when there is an increase in capital requirements or a change in risk weights of debt securities. Sales generate both gains and losses.
There are aA number of significant risks and uncertainties are inherent in the process of monitoring credit impairments and determining if an impairment is other than temporary. These risks and uncertainties include: (1) the risk that our assessment of an issuer's ability to meet all of its contractual obligations will change based on changes in the credit characteristics of that issuer, (2) the risk that the economic outlook will be worse than expected or have more of an impact on the issuer than anticipated, (3) the risk that our investment professionals are making decisions based on fraudulent or misstated information in the financial statements provided by issuers and (4) the risk that new information obtained by us or changes in other facts and circumstances lead us to change our intent to not sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost. Any of these situations could result in a charge to net income in a future period.
The net realized loss relating to other-than-temporary credit impairments and credit related sales of fixed maturities was $83.7$95.1 million, $111.8$30.3 million, and $118.2$83.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively.
Fixed Maturities Available-for-Sale
The following tables present our fixed maturities available-for-sale by industry category and the associated gross unrealized gains and losses, including other-than-temporary impairment losses reported in AOCI, as of the years indicated.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Amortized cost | Gross unrealized gains | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Gross unrealized gains | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | ||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finance — Banking | $ | 3,734.8 | $ | 148.0 | $ | 92.4 | $ | 3,790.4 | $ | 4,214.3 | $ | 92.1 | $ | 80.0 | $ | 4,226.4 | ||||||||||
Finance — Brokerage | 282.3 | 22.0 | — | 304.3 | 333.8 | 12.2 | 2.3 | 343.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
Finance — Finance Companies | 210.0 | 7.7 | 0.5 | 217.2 | 283.9 | 5.8 | 0.4 | 289.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
Finance — Financial Other | 403.8 | 55.8 | 0.2 | 459.4 | 498.2 | 39.9 | 1.6 | 536.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
Finance — Insurance | 2,218.5 | 277.1 | 2.0 | 2,493.6 | 2,380.6 | 197.7 | 14.4 | 2,563.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
Finance — REITS | 816.8 | 47.1 | 2.3 | 861.6 | 1,141.8 | 28.7 | 13.8 | 1,156.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Basic Industry | 1,527.2 | 82.7 | 12.4 | 1,597.5 | 1,135.4 | 49.0 | 13.3 | 1,171.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Capital Goods | 1,543.1 | 144.4 | 2.5 | 1,685.0 | 1,860.6 | 100.4 | 13.3 | 1,947.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Communications | 2,302.0 | 268.8 | 9.9 | 2,560.9 | 2,403.5 | 203.7 | 11.7 | 2,595.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Consumer Cyclical | 1,332.2 | 78.4 | 3.1 | 1,407.5 | 1,525.7 | 67.8 | 4.0 | 1,589.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Consumer Non-Cyclical | 3,045.4 | 213.9 | 3.6 | 3,255.7 | 3,485.3 | 145.5 | 31.3 | 3,599.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Energy | 2,853.1 | 238.7 | 39.4 | 3,052.4 | 2,722.6 | 178.6 | 47.8 | 2,853.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Other | 386.0 | 23.1 | 0.2 | 408.9 | 284.9 | 13.7 | — | 298.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Technology | 1,061.9 | 40.8 | 2.0 | 1,100.7 | 1,292.2 | 40.7 | 5.3 | 1,327.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Transportation | 924.8 | 66.8 | 2.2 | 989.4 | 1,428.5 | 52.7 | 26.7 | 1,454.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
Utility — Electric | 2,627.2 | 266.1 | 5.3 | 2,888.0 | 3,189.6 | 167.1 | 44.2 | 3,312.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
Utility — Natural Gas | 243.2 | 19.9 | 0.1 | 263.0 | 322.7 | 13.7 | 2.9 | 333.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
Utility — Other | 253.0 | 19.6 | — | 272.6 | 255.0 | 15.5 | — | 270.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
Government guaranteed | 1,226.0 | 130.3 | 10.3 | 1,346.0 | 1,182.5 | 100.3 | 8.7 | 1,274.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total corporate securities | 26,991.3 | 2,151.2 | 188.4 | 28,954.1 | 29,941.1 | 1,525.1 | 321.7 | 31,144.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities | 2,687.0 | 124.5 | 6.3 | 2,805.2 | 2,786.8 | 66.4 | 30.6 | 2,822.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 3,896.9 | 141.5 | 62.9 | 3,975.5 | 4,124.2 | 31.1 | 87.0 | 4,068.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations | 1,229.5 | 25.6 | 5.0 | 1,250.1 | 1,822.9 | 14.4 | 23.6 | 1,813.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
Asset-backed securities — Home equity (1) | 312.0 | 14.6 | 15.1 | 311.5 | 247.6 | 14.0 | 8.8 | 252.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
Asset-backed securities — All other | 3,041.9 | 17.3 | 4.4 | 3,054.8 | 2,995.3 | 8.6 | 17.3 | 2,986.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations — Credit | 52.4 | — | 18.0 | 34.4 | 52.0 | — | 21.7 | 30.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations — CMBS | 3.2 | 0.1 | — | 3.3 | 0.3 | — | — | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations — Loans | 465.6 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 466.4 | 727.3 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 727.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities | 11,688.5 | 327.0 | 114.3 | 11,901.2 | 12,756.4 | 137.3 | 191.6 | 12,702.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agencies | 1,085.6 | 39.1 | 2.9 | 1,121.8 | 1,409.3 | 17.1 | 10.7 | 1,415.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
States and political subdivisions | 3,916.8 | 291.3 | 4.1 | 4,204.0 | 5,460.4 | 192.4 | 86.9 | 5,565.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | 357.2 | 90.8 | 1.4 | 446.6 | 475.0 | 71.7 | 4.7 | 542.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 44,039.4 | $ | 2,899.4 | $ | 311.1 | $ | 46,627.7 | $ | 50,042.2 | $ | 1,943.6 | $ | 615.6 | $ | 51,370.2 | ||||||||||
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| | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Amortized cost | Gross unrealized gains | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Gross unrealized gains | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | ||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finance — Banking | $ | 4,053.6 | $ | 172.5 | $ | 113.7 | $ | 4,112.4 | $ | 3,726.1 | $ | 103.9 | $ | 121.1 | $ | 3,708.9 | ||||||||||
Finance — Brokerage | 233.0 | 15.4 | 1.2 | 247.2 | 275.0 | 13.9 | 1.7 | 287.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Finance — Finance Companies | 159.2 | 9.3 | — | 168.5 | 191.2 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 193.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
Finance — Financial Other | 496.4 | 56.6 | 1.1 | 551.9 | 476.8 | 47.3 | 1.3 | 522.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
Finance — Insurance | 2,432.8 | 193.3 | 7.7 | 2,618.4 | 2,211.9 | 191.2 | 16.2 | 2,386.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
Finance — REITS | 861.9 | 45.9 | 7.0 | 900.8 | 826.0 | 26.6 | 6.7 | 845.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Basic Industry | 1,539.9 | 80.2 | 14.4 | 1,605.7 | 1,305.7 | 31.3 | 87.2 | 1,249.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Capital Goods | 1,612.2 | 119.4 | 5.4 | 1,726.2 | 1,782.1 | 101.8 | 13.8 | 1,870.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Communications | 2,043.4 | 153.1 | 13.7 | 2,182.8 | 2,271.1 | 168.8 | 20.2 | 2,419.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Consumer Cyclical | 1,591.3 | 110.7 | 6.9 | 1,695.1 | 1,454.7 | 52.8 | 8.5 | 1,499.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Consumer Non-Cyclical | 3,117.2 | 189.0 | 17.2 | 3,289.0 | 3,210.3 | 137.6 | 15.4 | 3,332.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Energy | 2,885.6 | 231.7 | 21.8 | 3,095.5 | 2,801.8 | 81.6 | 228.3 | 2,655.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Other | 382.7 | 20.8 | 1.6 | 401.9 | 313.1 | 11.5 | 1.7 | 322.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Technology | 995.9 | 47.6 | 5.1 | 1,038.4 | 1,239.8 | 28.4 | 5.7 | 1,262.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial — Transportation | 829.5 | 41.7 | 8.6 | 862.6 | 1,111.3 | 39.0 | 21.1 | 1,129.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Utility — Electric | 2,731.9 | 178.2 | 34.6 | 2,875.5 | 2,806.6 | 162.6 | 23.8 | 2,945.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
Utility — Natural Gas | 198.6 | 13.4 | 2.9 | 209.1 | 240.5 | 9.6 | 2.2 | 247.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
Utility — Other | 281.0 | 18.7 | 1.8 | 297.9 | 235.9 | 14.6 | 0.3 | 250.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Government guaranteed | 1,269.9 | 113.7 | 6.8 | 1,376.8 | 1,121.7 | 92.8 | 20.1 | 1,194.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Total corporate securities | 27,716.0 | 1,811.2 | 271.5 | 29,255.7 | 27,601.6 | 1,318.8 | 596.3 | 28,324.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities | 2,779.2 | 91.1 | 46.7 | 2,823.6 | 2,537.2 | 89.0 | 11.9 | 2,614.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 4,078.0 | 170.6 | 222.2 | 4,026.4 | 3,870.3 | 65.3 | 77.5 | 3,858.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Residential collateralized mortgage obligations | 983.6 | 19.2 | 10.7 | 992.1 | 1,496.9 | 18.3 | 11.0 | 1,504.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Asset-backed securities — Home equity | 344.8 | 12.0 | 21.6 | 335.2 | 279.7 | 14.5 | 10.5 | 283.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
Asset-backed securities — All other | 2,829.1 | 20.6 | 9.2 | 2,840.5 | 2,753.1 | 6.4 | 13.9 | 2,745.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations — Credit | 54.5 | — | 31.1 | 23.4 | 52.2 | — | 19.4 | 32.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations — CMBS | 36.7 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 37.4 | 3.3 | 0.1 | — | 3.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations — Loans | 300.7 | 3.3 | 1.4 | 302.6 | 633.3 | 1.3 | 7.2 | 627.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities | 11,406.6 | 319.5 | 344.9 | 11,381.2 | 11,626.0 | 194.9 | 151.4 | 11,669.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agencies | 818.2 | 12.7 | 50.4 | 780.5 | 1,434.7 | 23.3 | 8.2 | 1,449.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
States and political subdivisions | 3,622.8 | 120.9 | 85.7 | 3,658.0 | 4,477.5 | 234.5 | 19.3 | 4,692.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | 451.4 | 73.3 | 1.1 | 523.6 | 349.6 | 77.1 | 2.8 | 423.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 44,015.0 | $ | 2,337.6 | $ | 753.6 | $ | 45,599.0 | $ | 45,489.4 | $ | 1,848.6 | $ | 778.0 | $ | 46,560.0 | ||||||||||
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Of the $311.1$615.6 million in gross unrealized losses as of December 31, 2014, there were $1.42016, $17.7 million in losses were attributed to securities scheduled to mature in one year or less, $40.6$29.4 million attributed to securities scheduled to mature between one to five years, $48.3$74.0 million attributed to securities scheduled to mature between five to ten years, $106.5$302.9 million attributed to securities scheduled to mature after ten years and $114.3$191.6 million related to mortgage-backed and other ABS that are not classified by maturity year. As of December 31, 2014,2016, we were in a $2,588.3$1,328.0 million net unrealized gain position as compared to a $1,584.0$1,070.6 million net unrealized gain position as of December 31, 2013.2015. The $1,004.3$257.4 million increase in net unrealized gains for the year ended December 31, 2014,2016, can primarily be attributed to tightening of credit spreads, partially offset by an approximate 539 basis points decreasepoint increase in interest rates.
Fixed Maturities Available-for-Sale Unrealized Losses. We believe that our long-term fixed maturities portfolio is well diversified among industry types and between publicly traded and privately placed securities. Each year, we direct the majority of our net cash inflows into investment grade fixed maturities. Our current policy is to limit the percentage of cash flow invested in below investment grade assets to 10% of cash flow.
We invest in privately placed fixed maturities to enhance the overall value of the portfolio, increase diversification and obtain higher yields than are possible with comparable quality public market securities. Generally, private placements provide broader access to management information, strengthened negotiated protective covenants, call protection features and, where applicable, a higher level of collateral. They are, however, generally not freely tradable because of restrictions imposed by federal and state securities laws and illiquid trading markets.
The following table presents our fixed maturities available-for-sale by investment grade and below investment grade and the associated gross unrealized gains and losses, including the other-than-temporary impairment losses reported in OCI,AOCI, as of the years indicated.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Amortized cost | Gross unrealized gains | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Gross unrealized gains | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Gross unrealized gains | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Amortized cost | Gross unrealized gains | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment grade: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public | $ | 27,534.4 | $ | 2,049.3 | $ | 103.6 | $ | 29,480.1 | $ | 27,611.6 | $ | 1,560.3 | $ | 377.6 | $ | 28,794.3 | $ | 32,818.8 | $ | 1,347.3 | $ | 368.8 | $ | 33,797.3 | $ | 28,703.7 | $ | 1,285.3 | $ | 327.9 | $ | 29,661.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Private | 12,785.6 | 763.6 | 40.2 | 13,509.0 | 13,023.7 | 666.8 | 110.9 | 13,579.6 | 13,814.6 | 508.1 | 113.2 | 14,209.5 | 13,025.3 | 505.3 | 146.2 | 13,384.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Below investment grade: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public | 1,931.3 | 37.4 | 90.0 | 1,878.7 | 1,744.3 | 54.7 | 141.9 | 1,657.1 | 1,617.5 | 47.0 | 62.0 | 1,602.5 | 1,844.1 | 20.2 | 170.4 | 1,693.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Private | 1,788.1 | 49.1 | 77.3 | 1,759.9 | 1,635.4 | 55.8 | 123.2 | 1,568.0 | 1,791.3 | 41.2 | 71.6 | 1,760.9 | 1,916.3 | 37.8 | 133.5 | 1,820.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 44,039.4 | $ | 2,899.4 | $ | 311.1 | $ | 46,627.7 | $ | 44,015.0 | $ | 2,337.6 | $ | 753.6 | $ | 45,599.0 | $ | 50,042.2 | $ | 1,943.6 | $ | 615.6 | $ | 51,370.2 | $ | 45,489.4 | $ | 1,848.6 | $ | 778.0 | $ | 46,560.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
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The following tables present the carrying amount and the gross unrealized losses, including other-than-temporary impairment losses reported in OCI,AOCI, on investment grade fixed maturities available-for-sale by aging category as of the years indicated.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Public | Private | Total | Public | Private | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Three months or less | $ | 1,753.2 | $ | 18.6 | $ | 969.0 | $ | 6.8 | $ | 2,722.2 | $ | 25.4 | $ | 9,056.5 | $ | 230.1 | $ | 3,335.5 | $ | 61.9 | $ | 12,392.0 | $ | 292.0 | ||||||||||||||
Greater than three to six months | 200.9 | 4.1 | 375.7 | 4.4 | 576.6 | 8.5 | 985.0 | 55.9 | 512.5 | 18.6 | 1,497.5 | 74.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than six to nine months | 111.4 | 1.1 | 142.3 | 3.0 | 253.7 | 4.1 | 79.5 | 1.0 | 58.9 | 0.9 | 138.4 | 1.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than nine to twelve months | 7.5 | 0.2 | 60.0 | 0.3 | 67.5 | 0.5 | 93.7 | 7.9 | 176.0 | 6.5 | 269.7 | 14.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than twelve to twenty-four months | 1,046.0 | 20.2 | 408.6 | 11.9 | 1,454.6 | 32.1 | 512.4 | 17.1 | 292.2 | 5.8 | 804.6 | 22.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than twenty-four to thirty-six months | 96.8 | 2.6 | 21.6 | 0.3 | 118.4 | 2.9 | 108.1 | 4.4 | 38.8 | 3.8 | 146.9 | 8.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than thirty-six months | 436.4 | 56.8 | 186.3 | 13.5 | 622.7 | 70.3 | 397.7 | 52.4 | 231.5 | 15.7 | 629.2 | 68.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 3,652.2 | $ | 103.6 | $ | 2,163.5 | $ | 40.2 | $ | 5,815.7 | $ | 143.8 | $ | 11,232.9 | $ | 368.8 | $ | 4,645.4 | $ | 113.2 | $ | 15,878.3 | $ | 482.0 | ||||||||||||||
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| | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Public | Private | Total | Public | Private | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Three months or less | $ | 2,047.4 | $ | 19.5 | $ | 983.5 | $ | 9.0 | $ | 3,030.9 | $ | 28.5 | $ | 4,768.8 | $ | 56.7 | $ | 2,748.9 | $ | 27.4 | $ | 7,517.7 | $ | 84.1 | ||||||||||||||
Greater than three to six months | 190.6 | 4.1 | 230.5 | 6.0 | 421.1 | 10.1 | 817.4 | 37.3 | 699.0 | 25.9 | 1,516.4 | 63.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than six to nine months | 3,605.4 | 227.0 | 1,222.5 | 52.8 | 4,827.9 | 279.8 | 1,851.3 | 86.2 | 931.9 | 44.0 | 2,783.2 | 130.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than nine to twelve months | 172.7 | 13.2 | 54.8 | 2.9 | 227.5 | 16.1 | 476.1 | 19.7 | 171.0 | 7.0 | 647.1 | 26.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than twelve to twenty-four months | 187.0 | 19.8 | 39.3 | 3.0 | 226.3 | 22.8 | 278.1 | 38.5 | 219.9 | 9.4 | 498.0 | 47.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than twenty-four to thirty-six months | 39.2 | 2.7 | 42.8 | 1.0 | 82.0 | 3.7 | 313.6 | 12.7 | 191.6 | 10.5 | 505.2 | 23.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than thirty-six months | 523.2 | 91.3 | 286.9 | 36.2 | 810.1 | 127.5 | 400.3 | 76.8 | 135.2 | 22.0 | 535.5 | 98.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 6,765.5 | $ | 377.6 | $ | 2,860.3 | $ | 110.9 | $ | 9,625.8 | $ | 488.5 | $ | 8,905.6 | $ | 327.9 | $ | 5,097.5 | $ | 146.2 | $ | 14,003.1 | $ | 474.1 | ||||||||||||||
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The following tables present the carrying amount and the gross unrealized losses, including other-than-temporary impairment losses reported in OCI,AOCI, on below investment grade fixed maturities available-for-sale by aging category as of the years indicated.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Public | Private | Total | Public | Private | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Three months or less | $ | 478.0 | $ | 14.8 | $ | 298.1 | $ | 8.3 | $ | 776.1 | $ | 23.1 | $ | 88.2 | $ | 2.8 | $ | 168.6 | $ | 2.5 | $ | 256.8 | $ | 5.3 | ||||||||||||||
Greater than three to six months | 111.8 | 4.1 | 274.1 | 15.9 | 385.9 | 20.0 | 10.9 | 1.3 | 62.2 | 3.8 | 73.1 | 5.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than six to nine months | 8.2 | 0.8 | 52.4 | 0.7 | 60.6 | 1.5 | — | 0.1 | 6.2 | 0.1 | 6.2 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than nine to twelve months | — | — | 94.8 | 2.8 | 94.8 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 4.4 | 0.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than twelve to twenty-four months | 21.2 | 0.8 | 66.7 | 8.1 | 87.9 | 8.9 | 200.6 | 16.8 | 76.0 | 7.8 | 276.6 | 24.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than twenty-four to thirty-six months | 0.5 | — | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 147.8 | 17.6 | 93.6 | 22.7 | 241.4 | 40.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than thirty-six months | 280.6 | 69.5 | 151.7 | 41.1 | 432.3 | 110.6 | 135.4 | 22.9 | 85.8 | 34.6 | 221.2 | 57.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 900.3 | $ | 90.0 | $ | 938.2 | $ | 77.3 | $ | 1,838.5 | $ | 167.3 | $ | 586.3 | $ | 62.0 | $ | 493.4 | $ | 71.6 | $ | 1,079.7 | $ | 133.6 | ||||||||||||||
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| | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Public | Private | Total | Public | Private | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Three months or less | $ | 157.6 | $ | 2.3 | $ | 103.8 | $ | 2.7 | $ | 261.4 | $ | 5.0 | $ | 316.2 | $ | 8.5 | $ | 380.3 | $ | 4.9 | $ | 696.5 | $ | 13.4 | ||||||||||||||
Greater than three to six months | 23.2 | 0.8 | 50.5 | 0.4 | 73.7 | 1.2 | 122.4 | 15.7 | 154.0 | 6.4 | 276.4 | 22.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than six to nine months | 79.6 | 2.2 | 104.0 | 4.4 | 183.6 | 6.6 | 109.9 | 17.6 | 203.6 | 19.1 | 313.5 | 36.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than nine to twelve months | — | 0.1 | 19.4 | 0.4 | 19.4 | 0.5 | 20.3 | 5.0 | 44.9 | 2.0 | 65.2 | 7.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than twelve to twenty-four months | — | — | 12.4 | 1.4 | 12.4 | 1.4 | 156.6 | 67.8 | 200.9 | 67.0 | 357.5 | 134.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than twenty-four to thirty-six months | 41.8 | 2.8 | 12.5 | 3.3 | 54.3 | 6.1 | 15.5 | 3.0 | 36.5 | 1.4 | 52.0 | 4.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than thirty-six months | 452.5 | 133.7 | 275.5 | 110.6 | 728.0 | 244.3 | 181.0 | 52.8 | 78.0 | 32.7 | 259.0 | 85.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 754.7 | $ | 141.9 | $ | 578.1 | $ | 123.2 | $ | 1,332.8 | $ | 265.1 | $ | 921.9 | $ | 170.4 | $ | 1,098.2 | $ | 133.5 | $ | 2,020.1 | $ | 303.9 | ||||||||||||||
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The following tables present the carrying amount and the gross unrealized losses, including other-than-temporary impairment losses reported in OCI,AOCI, on fixed maturities available-for-sale where the estimated fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost by 20% or more as of the years indicated.
| | December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Problem, potential problem and restructured | All other fixed maturity securities | Total | ||||||||||||||||
| | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | |||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Three months or less | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 107.4 | $ | 32.4 | $ | 107.4 | $ | 32.4 | |||||||
Greater than three to six months | — | — | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.0 | |||||||||||||
Greater than six to nine months | 7.6 | 5.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 8.1 | 5.4 | |||||||||||||
Greater than nine to twelve months | — | — | — | 0.2 | — | 0.2 | |||||||||||||
Greater than twelve months | 46.3 | 31.4 | 189.1 | 68.8 | 235.4 | 100.2 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 53.9 | $ | 36.6 | $ | 298.5 | $ | 102.6 | $ | 352.4 | $ | 139.2 | |||||||
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| | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Problem, potential problem and restructured | All other fixed maturity securities | Total | Problem, potential problem and restructured | All other fixed maturity securities | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Three months or less | $ | 0.7 | $ | 0.2 | $ | 28.3 | $ | 9.3 | $ | 29.0 | $ | 9.5 | $ | 4.9 | $ | 1.2 | $ | 31.0 | $ | 8.8 | $ | 35.9 | $ | 10.0 | ||||||||||||||
Greater than three to six months | — | — | 4.1 | 1.6 | 4.1 | 1.6 | 25.8 | 16.2 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 28.0 | 17.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than six to nine months | 13.3 | 4.1 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 14.7 | 5.0 | — | — | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than nine to twelve months | — | — | 5.0 | 1.9 | 5.0 | 1.9 | 4.6 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 4.7 | 2.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater than twelve months | 127.7 | 169.7 | 271.3 | 108.6 | 399.0 | 278.3 | 45.7 | 35.4 | 50.6 | 30.6 | 96.3 | 66.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 141.7 | $ | 174.0 | $ | 310.1 | $ | 122.3 | $ | 451.8 | $ | 296.3 | $ | 81.0 | $ | 55.3 | $ | 84.0 | $ | 40.9 | $ | 165.0 | $ | 96.2 | ||||||||||||||
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| | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Problem, potential problem and restructured | All other fixed maturity securities | Total | ||||||||||||||||
| | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | Carrying amount | Gross unrealized losses | |||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Three months or less | $ | 13.6 | $ | 13.9 | $ | 321.0 | $ | 110.4 | $ | 334.6 | $ | 124.3 | |||||||
Greater than three to six months | 35.3 | 49.3 | 30.7 | 18.1 | 66.0 | 67.4 | |||||||||||||
Greater than six to nine months | 9.6 | 27.8 | 25.2 | 19.5 | 34.8 | 47.3 | |||||||||||||
Greater than nine to twelve months | 3.4 | 1.1 | 49.2 | 19.1 | 52.6 | 20.2 | |||||||||||||
Greater than twelve months | 23.7 | 25.9 | 237.5 | 106.4 | 261.2 | 132.3 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 85.6 | $ | 118.0 | $ | 663.6 | $ | 273.5 | $ | 749.2 | $ | 391.5 | |||||||
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Mortgage Loans
Mortgage loans consist of commercial mortgage loans on real estate and residential mortgage loans. The carrying amount of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio was $10,657.2$11,940.5 million and $10,253.8$11,194.9 million as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively. The carrying amount of our residential mortgage loan portfolio was $507.2$680.5 million and $565.4$596.1 million as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively.
Commercial Mortgage Loans. We generally report commercial mortgage loans on real estate at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accrual of discounts, computed using the interest method and net of valuation allowances.
Commercial mortgage loans play an important role in our investment strategy by:
As a result, we have focused on constructing a high quality portfolio of mortgages. Our portfolio is generally comprised of mortgages originated with conservative loan-to-value ratios, high debt service coverages and general purpose property types with a strong credit tenancy.
Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio consists primarily of non-recourse, fixed rate mortgages on fully or near fully leased properties. The mortgage portfolio is comprised primarily of office properties, apartments, well anchored retail properties office properties,and general-purpose industrial properties and apartments.properties.
Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio is diversified by geography and specific collateral property type. Commercial mortgage lending in the state of California accounted for 19% and 21%18% of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio before valuation allowance as of both December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013, respectively.2015. We are, therefore, exposed to potential losses resulting from the risk of catastrophes, such as earthquakes, that may affect the region. Like other lenders, we generally do not require earthquake insurance for properties on which we make commercial mortgage loans. With respect to California properties, however, we obtain an engineering report specific to each property. The report assesses the building's design specifications, whether it has been upgraded to meet seismic building codes and the maximum loss that is likely to result from a variety of different seismic events. We also obtain a report that assesses, by building and geographic fault lines, the amount of loss our commercial mortgage loan portfolio might suffer under a variety of seismic events.
The typical borrower in our commercial loan portfolio is a single purpose entity or single asset entity. As of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, the total number of commercial mortgage loans outstanding was 911840 and 953,878, of which 63%55% and 66%60% were for loans with principal balances less than $10$10.0 million, respectively. The average loan size of our commercial mortgage portfolio was $11.7$14.2 million and $10.8$12.8 million as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively.
Commercial Mortgage Loan Credit Monitoring. For further details on monitoring and management of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, Investments — Mortgage Loan Credit Monitoring."
We categorize loans that are 60 days or more delinquent, loans in process of foreclosure and loans with borrowers or credit tenants in bankruptcy that are delinquent as "problem" loans. Valuation allowances or charge-offs have been recognized on most problem loans. We categorize loans that are delinquent less than 60 days where the default is expected to be cured and loans with borrowers or credit tenants in bankruptcy that are current as "potential problem" loans. The decision whether to classify a loan delinquent less than 60 days as a potential problem involves significant subjective judgments by management as to the likely future economic conditions and developments with respect to the borrower. We categorize loans for which the original note rate has been reduced below market and loans for which the principal has been reduced as "restructured" loans. We also consider loans that are refinanced more than one year beyond the original maturity or call date at below market rates as restructured.
There has been a decrease in the total level of problem, potential problem and restructured commercial mortgages during 2014 primarily due to loan payoffs and improvement in general market fundamentals such as increases in employment, falling vacancies and relatively little new construction.
The following table presents the carrying amounts of problem, potential problem and restructured commercial mortgages relative to the carrying amount of all commercial mortgages for the years indicated.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | ($ in millions) | ||||||
Total commercial mortgages | $ | 10,657.2 | $ | 10,253.8 | |||
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Problem commercial mortgages (1) | $ | 4.5 | $ | 30.8 | |||
Potential problem commercial mortgages | 28.3 | 34.0 | |||||
Restructured problem commercial mortgages | 2.7 | 25.0 | |||||
| | | | | | | | |
Total problem, potential problem and restructured commercial mortgages | $ | 35.5 | $ | 89.8 | |||
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total problem, potential problem and restructured commercial mortgages as a percent of total commercial mortgages | 0.33 | % | 0.88 | % | |||
| | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | ($ in millions) | ||||||
Total commercial mortgages | $ | 11,940.5 | $ | 11,194.9 | |||
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Potential problem commercial mortgages | $ | — | $ | 16.2 | |||
| | | | | | | | |
Total problem, potential problem and restructured commercial mortgages | $ | — | $ | 16.2 | |||
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total problem, potential problem and restructured commercial mortgages as a percent of total commercial mortgages | — | % | 0.14 | % | |||
Commercial Mortgage Loan Valuation Allowance. The valuation allowance for commercial mortgage loans includes loan specific reserves for loans that are deemed to be impaired as well as reserves for pools of loans with similar risk characteristics where a property risk or market specific risk has not been identified but for which we anticipate a loss may occur. For further details on the commercial mortgage loan valuation allowance, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, Investments — Mortgage Loan Valuation Allowance."
The valuation allowance decreased $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, and decreased $23.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The decrease in the level of valuation allowance during 2014 and 2013 was related to the same market factors as those causing the decrease in the level of problem, potential problem and restructured commercial mortgages for the year ended December 31, 2014, along with some foreclosure activity in 2013.
The following table represents our commercial mortgage loan valuation allowance for the years indicated.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | For the year ended December 31, 2016 | For the year ended December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | ($ in millions) | ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 28.7 | $ | 51.8 | $ | 27.5 | $ | 26.9 | ||||||
Provision | (0.9 | ) | 4.1 | 1.4 | 4.0 | |||||||||
Charge-offs | (0.9 | ) | (28.0 | ) | (1.5 | ) | (3.5 | ) | ||||||
Recoveries | — | 0.8 | — | 0.1 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance, end of period | $ | 26.9 | $ | 28.7 | $ | 27.4 | $ | 27.5 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Valuation allowance as % of carrying value before reserves | 0.25 | % | 0.28 | % | 0.23 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||||
Residential Mortgage Loans. The residential mortgage loan portfolio is composed of home equity mortgages with an amortized cost of $283.4$165.6 million and $394.9$218.8 million and first lien mortgages with an amortized cost of $252.9$531.9 million and $210.8$401.2 million as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively. The home equity loans are generally second lien mortgages made up of closed-end loans and lines of credit. Non-performing residential mortgage loans, which are defined as loans 90 days or greater delinquent plus non-accrual loans, totaled $20.4$12.2 million and $23.8$16.0 million as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively.
We establish the residential mortgage loan valuation allowance at levels considered adequate to absorb estimated probable losses within the portfolio based on management's evaluation of the size and current risk characteristics of the portfolio. Such evaluation considers numerous factors, including, but not limited to net charge-off trends, loss forecasts, collateral values, geographic location, borrower credit scores, delinquency rates, industry condition and economic trends. The changes in the valuation allowance are reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on our consolidated statements of operations.
Our residential mortgage loan portfolio, and in particular our home equity loan portfolio, experienced an increase in loss severity from sustained elevated levels of unemployment along with continued depressed collateral values beginning in 2010. While these factors continue to drive charge-offs, loss rates overall have stabilized and the home equity loan portfolio balance continues to decline. The following table represents our residential mortgage loan valuation allowance for the years indicated.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | For the year ended December 31, 2016 | For the year ended December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | ($ in millions) | ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 40.3 | $ | 44.4 | $ | 23.9 | $ | 29.1 | ||||||
Provision | 7.9 | 11.1 | (5.7 | ) | 0.1 | |||||||||
Charge-offs | (22.7 | ) | (18.3 | ) | (4.8 | ) | (8.9 | ) | ||||||
Recoveries | 3.6 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 3.6 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance, end of period | $ | 29.1 | $ | 40.3 | $ | 17.0 | $ | 23.9 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Valuation allowance as % of carrying value before reserves | 5.4 | % | 6.7 | % | 2.4 | % | 3.9 | % | ||||||
Real Estate
Real estate consists primarily of commercial equity real estate. As of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, the carrying amount of our equity real estate investment was $1,340.4$1,365.2 million, or 2%, and $1,266.4$1,447.2 million, or 2%, of U.S.
invested assets, respectively. Our commercial equity real estate is held in the form of wholly owned real estate, real estate acquired upon foreclosure of commercial mortgage loans and majority owned interests in real estate joint ventures.
Equity real estate is categorized as either "real estate held for investment" or "real estate held for sale." Real estate held for investment totaled $1,168.6$1,236.5 million and $1,086.9$1,280.4 million as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively. The carrying value of real estate held for investment is generally adjusted for impairments whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Such impairment adjustments are recorded as net realized capital losses and, accordingly, are reflected in our consolidated results of operations. ImpairmentsImpairment adjustments recorded for the years ended December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 20132015 were $6.2$0.8 million and $7.1$2.9 million, respectively.
The carrying amount of real estate held for sale was $171.8$128.7 million and $179.5$166.8 million as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively. Once we identify a real estate property to be sold and commence a plan for marketing the property,it is probable that it will be sold, we classify the property as held for sale. We establish a valuation allowance subject to periodic revisions, if necessary, to adjust the carrying value of the property to reflect the lower of its current carrying value or the fair value, less associated selling costs. NoThe change in valuation allowance was established duringfor the year ended December 31, 2014, or2016 was $4.5 million. There was no change in valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2013.2015.
We use research, both internal and external, to recommend appropriate product and geographic allocations and changes to the equity real estate portfolio. We monitor product, geographic and industry diversification separately and together to determine the most appropriate mix.
Equity real estate is distributed across geographic regions of the country. As of December 31, 2014,2016, our equity real estate portfolio was concentrated in the Pacific (33%(35%), South Atlantic (22%(19%), East North Central (15%) and West South Central (21%(15%) regions of the United States. By property type, there iswe had a concentration in office that represented approximately 51% of the equity real estate portfolio(45%) and apartments (25%) as of December 31, 2014.2016.
Other Investments
Our other investments totaled $1,688.0$2,088.7 million as of December 31, 2014,2016, compared to $1,495.7$1,877.4 million as of December 31, 2013.2015. Derivative assets accounted for $651.5$871.6 million and $651.1$659.6 million in other investments as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively. The remaining invested assets are primarily related to equity method investments, which include real estate properties owned jointly with venture partners and operated by the partners and seed money.sponsored investment funds.
International Investment Operations
Of our invested assets, $6,105.9$7,027.3 million were held by our Principal International segment as of December 31, 2014.2016. The assets are primarily managed by the local Principal International affiliate. Due to the regulatory constraints in each country,location, each company maintains its own investment policies. As shown in the following table, the major category of international invested assets is fixed maturities. The following table excludes invested assets of the separate accounts.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Carrying amount | Percent of total | Carrying amount | Percent of total | Carrying amount | Percent of total | Carrying amount | Percent of total | ||||||||||||||||||
| | ($ in millions) | ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public | $ | 3,245.2 | 53 | % | $ | 3,361.5 | 55 | % | $ | 3,645.5 | 52 | % | $ | 3,552.9 | 55 | % | ||||||||||
Private | 2.1 | — | 1.2 | — | 9.0 | — | 1.6 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities | 662.7 | 11 | 555.1 | 9 | 1,169.7 | 17 | 1,001.0 | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial | 39.7 | 1 | 45.2 | 1 | 87.3 | 1 | 42.9 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Residential | 607.5 | 10 | 669.2 | 11 | 521.9 | 7 | 505.5 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||
Real estate held for sale | 2.2 | — | 2.8 | — | 2.0 | — | 2.9 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Real estate held for investment | 2.0 | — | 2.4 | — | 1.6 | — | 1.7 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Policy loans | 22.7 | — | 24.8 | — | 23.1 | — | 20.8 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Other investments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Direct financing leases | 790.8 | 13 | 720.2 | 12 | 875.2 | 13 | 819.3 | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||
Investment in equity method subsidiaries | 614.7 | 10 | 646.3 | 11 | 598.7 | 9 | 485.7 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||
Derivative assets and other short-term investments | 116.3 | 2 | 82.2 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative assets and other investments | 93.3 | 1 | 69.3 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total invested assets | 6,105.9 | 100 | % | 6,110.9 | 100 | % | 7,027.3 | 100 | % | 6,503.6 | 100 | % | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 101.4 | 105.0 | 384.1 | 271.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||
Total invested assets and cash | $ | 6,207.3 | $ | 6,215.9 | $ | 7,411.4 | $ | 6,775.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||
Regulations in certain locations require mandatory investment in the funds we manage. These mandatory required regulatory investments are classified as equity securities, trading within our consolidated statements of financial position, with all mark-to-market changes reflected in net investment income. Our investment is primarily dictated by client activity and all investment performance is retained by us.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market Risk Exposures and Risk Management
Market risk is the risk we will incur losses due to adverse fluctuations in market rates and prices. Our primary market risk exposures are to interest rates, equity markets and foreign currency exchange rates. The active management of market risk is an integral part of our operations. We manage our overall market risk exposure within established risk tolerance ranges by using the following approaches:several approaches, including:
Interest rate risk is the risk we will incurof economic losses due to adverse changes in interest rates. We are exposed to interestInterest rate risk arises primarily from several sources:our holdings in interest sensitive assets and liabilities. Changes in interest rates impact numerous aspects of our operations, including but not limited to:
Lower interest rates generally result in lower profitability in the long-term. Conversely, higher interest rates thatgenerally result in higher profitability in the long-term.
Impact of Changes in Long-Term Interest Rate Assumptions
We use long-term interest rate assumptions to calculate reserves, DAC, other actuarial balances and benefit plan obligations in accordance with U.S GAAP. In setting these assumptions, we earnconsider a variety of factors, including historical experience, emerging trends and future expectations. We evaluate our assumptions on at least an annual basis. Due to the long-term nature of our assets may be lower thanassumptions, we generally do not revise our assumptions in response to short-term fluctuations in market interest rates. However, we will consider revising our assumptions if a significant change occurs in the rates assumedfactors noted above.
A reduction in pricing our insurance products, thereby reducing our profitability. Iflong-term interest rates remain low over a sustained period of time, thisrate assumptions may result in increases in our reserves and/or unlocking of our DAC asset and other actuarial balances.
In addition, we have implemented reinsurance transactions utilizing affiliated reinsurers and highly rated third parties to finance a portion of the statutory reserves for our term life insurance policies and universal life insurance policies with secondary guarantees. We calculate an economic reserve, which represents an estimate of our liability associated with these contracts. The excess of the required statutory reserve over the economic reserve is secured by financing provided by highly rated third parties. The long-term interest rate assumption is a key input in the calculation of the economic reserve. A reduction in our long-term interest rate assumption would reduce the portion of the statutory reserve that can be financed through affiliated reinsurers, thus increasing the amount of invested assets we must maintain to support statutory reserves. For additional information, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 15, Statutory Insurance Financial Information."
Impact of Changes in Interest Rates
Changes in interest rates or a sustained low interest rate environment may result in the following impacts, which would impact our financial position and results of operations:
| Impact of Falling Interest Rates or Sustained Low Interest Rates | Impact of Rising Interest Rates | |
Adverse Impacts: | Positive Impacts: | |
A reduction in investment income, which may be partially offset by a reduction in the interest we credit on contractholder account balances; however, our ability to lower crediting rates may be constrained by guaranteed minimum interest rates and competitive pressures | An increase in investment income, which may be partially or fully offset by an increase in the interest we credit on contractholder account balances | |
An increase in the cost of hedging our GMWB rider | A decrease in the cost of hedging our GMWB rider | |
An increase in reserves and/or a true-up or unlocking of our DAC asset and other actuarial balances | A true-up or unlocking of our DAC asset and other actuarial balances | |
A reduction in the discount rate used in valuing our pension and OPEB obligations, leading to an increase in our Projected Benefit Obligation, NPPC, Accumulated Postretirement Benefit Obligation and NPBC | An increase in the discount rate used in valuing our pension and OPEB obligations, leading to a decrease in our Projected Benefit Obligation, NPPC, Accumulated Postretirement Benefit Obligation and NPBC | |
An increase in statutory capital we are required to hold as well as the amount of assets we must maintain to support statutory reserves | A decrease in statutory capital we are required to hold as well as the amount of assets we must maintain to support statutory reserves | |
An increase in prepayments or redemptions on mortgages and bonds we own, which would force us to reinvest the proceeds at lower interest rates | ||
Positive Impacts: | Adverse Impacts: | |
An increase in the value of the fixed income assets we manage, resulting in an increase in our fee revenue in the short-term | A decrease in the value of the fixed income assets we manage, resulting in a decrease in our fee revenue in the short-term | |
A decrease in the interest expense on our long-term borrowings, to the extent we are able to refinance our obligations at lower interest rates | An increase in the interest expense on our long-term borrowings, to the extent we refinance our obligations at higher interest rates | |
An increase in the fair value of certain financial assets held at fair value on our consolidated statements of financial position | A decrease in the fair value of certain financial assets held at fair value on our consolidated statements of financial position, as discussed below | |
A reduction in the fair value of intangible assets in our reporting units, potentially leading to an impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets |
We estimate a hypothetical 100 basis point immediate, parallel decrease in interest rates would reduce our segment pre-tax operating earnings by less than 1% over the next 12 months excluding the impact of any potential unlocking of our DAC asset and other actuarial balances. This estimate reflects the impact of routine management actions in response to a drop in interest rates, such as reducing the interest rates we credit on contractholder account balances; however, it does not reflect the impact of other actions management may consider, such as curtailing sales of certain products. We anticipate the adverse segment pre-tax operating earnings impacts of a decrease in market interest rates will grow over time as assets mature and we are forced to reinvest at lower interest rates.
The selection of a 100 basis point immediate, parallel decrease in interest rates should not be construed as a prediction by us of future market events, but rather as an illustration of the impact of such an event. Our exposure will change as a result of ongoing portfolio transactions in response to new business, management's assessment of changing market conditions and changes in our mix of business.
The segment pre-tax operating earnings sensitivity disclosure above replaces the margin sensitivity that was included in our 2015 Form 10-K. Our previous disclosure reflected the potential impact of a reduction in market interest rates on our margin of investment income above our interest credited to our liabilities. The sensitivity above reflects the total impact on segment pre-tax operating earnings for a reduction in market interest rates. We believe the revised disclosure provides a more comprehensive indication of the potential impact of a change in interest rates.
If market rates increase rapidly, policy surrenders, withdrawals and requests for policy loans may increase as customers seek to achieve higher returns. This may result in unlocking of our DAC and other actuarial balances. We may be required to sell assets to raise the cash necessary to respond to such surrenders, withdrawals and loans, thereby realizing capital losses on the assets sold.
Guaranteed Minimum Interest Rate Exposure. The following table provides detail on the differences between the interest rates being credited to contractholders as of December 31, 2016, and the respective guaranteed minimum interest rates ("GMIRs"). Account values are broken down by GMIR level within the Retirement and Income Solutions and U.S. Insurance Solutions segments.
| | Account values (1) | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Excess of crediting rates over GMIR: | | ||||||||||||||||
| | At GMIR | Up to 0.50% above GMIR | 0.51% to 1.00% above GMIR | 1.01% to 2.00% above GMIR | 2.01% or more above GMIR | Total | |||||||||||||
| | ($ in millions) | | |||||||||||||||||
Guaranteed minimum interest rate | |||||||||||||||||||
Retirement and Income Solutions | |||||||||||||||||||
Up to 1.00% | $ | 576.0 | $ | 802.3 | $ | 5,375.6 | $ | 1,661.8 | $ | 188.9 | $ | 8,604.6 | |||||||
1.01% - 2.00% | 365.4 | 763.7 | 0.9 | 25.6 | — | 1,155.6 | |||||||||||||
2.01% - 3.00% | 6,166.2 | 639.8 | 0.2 | 9.8 | — | 6,816.0 | |||||||||||||
3.01% - 4.00% | 221.9 | — | — | — | — | 221.9 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Subtotal | 7,329.5 | 2,205.8 | 5,376.7 | 1,697.2 | 188.9 | 16,798.1 | |||||||||||||
U.S. Insurance Solutions | |||||||||||||||||||
Up to 1.00% | — | 17.8 | 11.8 | — | — | 29.6 | |||||||||||||
1.01% - 2.00% | 306.6 | — | 190.4 | 197.1 | 54.1 | 748.2 | |||||||||||||
2.01% - 3.00% | 1,897.8 | 1,007.7 | 277.0 | 94.5 | 0.1 | 3,277.1 | |||||||||||||
3.01% - 4.00% | 1,461.2 | 59.0 | 7.3 | 34.0 | 4.3 | 1,565.8 | |||||||||||||
4.01% - 5.00% | 198.7 | 24.2 | 48.9 | 39.7 | — | 311.5 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Subtotal | 3,864.3 | 1,108.7 | 535.4 | 365.3 | 58.5 | 5,932.2 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 11,193.8 | $ | 3,314.5 | $ | 5,912.1 | $ | 2,062.5 | $ | 247.4 | $ | 22,730.3 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Percentage of total | 49.2 | % | 14.6 | % | 26.0 | % | 9.1 | % | 1.1 | % | 100.0 | % | |||||||
In addition to the valuedomestic account values shown in the table above, Principal International had $848.5 million and $566.9 million of fixed income assets we manage may declineaccount values with GMIRs in periodsHong Kong and Brazil, respectively, as of rising interest rates, resultingDecember 31, 2016. The Brazil amount includes account values from an equity method subsidiary, adjusted to reflect the proportion of the subsidiary's results reflected in lower fee revenue that we may collect.
Impact of valuing our pension and other postretirement benefit obligations.
Rising Interest Rates on the Fair Value of Financial Assets. An increase in market interest rates may cause a decline in the value of financial assets held at fair value on our consolidated statements of our financial assets to decline. The reductionposition. Although changes in the fair value of our financial assets would be partly offset bydue to changes in interest rates may impact the amount of equity reported in our consolidated statements of financial position, these changes will not cause an economic gain or loss unless we sell investments, terminate derivative positions, determine an investment is other than temporarily impaired, or determine a corresponding reduction in the fair value of our financial liabilities. The following tables show the net estimated potential loss in fair value at total company level fromderivative instrument is no longer an effective hedge.
We estimate a hypothetical 100 basis point immediate, parallel increase in interest rates would reduce the net reported fair value of our financial assets and derivatives by $3,100.1 million as of December 31, 2014, and2016, compared to $2,765.0 million as of December 31, 2013.2015. This estimate only reflects the change in fair value for financial assets and derivatives reported at fair value on our consolidated statements of financial position. Assets and liabilities not reported at fair value on our consolidated statements of financial position — including mortgage loans, liabilities relating to insurance contracts, investment contracts, debt and bank deposits — are excluded from this sensitivity analysis. We believe the excluded liability items would economically serve as a partial offset to the net interest rate risk of the financial instruments included in the sensitivity analysis. Separate account assets and liabilities are also excluded from this estimate, as any interest rate risk is borne by the holder of the separate account. For more information on fair value measurements, see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14, Fair Value Measurements."
Our selection of a 100 basis point immediate, parallel increase in interest rates is a hypothetical rate scenario we use to demonstrate potential risk. While a 100 basis point immediate, parallel increase does not represent our view of future market changes, it is a near term reasonably possible hypothetical change that illustrates the potential impact of such events. While these fair value measurements providethis sensitivity analysis provides a representation of interest rate sensitivity, they areit is based on our portfolio exposures at a point in time and may not be representative of future market results. These exposures will
change as a result of ongoing portfolio transactions in response to new business, management's assessment of changing market conditions and available investment opportunities.
| | December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Notional | Asset (liability) fair value | Hypothetical fair value after +100 basis point parallel yield curve shift | Hypothetical changes in fair value | |||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Financial assets with interest rate risk: | |||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 49,670.8 | $ | 47,225.5 | $ | (2,445.3 | ) | ||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | 604.6 | 583.8 | (20.8 | ) | |||||||||
Mortgage loans | 12,350.2 | 11,811.9 | (538.3 | ) | |||||||||
Policy loans | 1,083.2 | 981.6 | (101.6 | ) | |||||||||
Equity securities, trading | 648.5 | 626.6 | (21.9 | ) | |||||||||
Other investments | 121.2 | 127.3 | 6.1 | ||||||||||
Financial liabilities with interest rate risk: | |||||||||||||
Investment-type insurance contracts | (28,499.1 | ) | (27,699.2 | ) | 799.9 | ||||||||
Long-term debt | (2,786.1 | ) | (2,539.6 | ) | 246.5 | ||||||||
Bank deposits | (1,985.5 | ) | (1,976.5 | ) | 9.0 | ||||||||
Derivatives with interest rate risk: | |||||||||||||
Interest rate swaps | $ | 19,182.6 | (38.1 | ) | (208.3 | ) | (170.2 | ) | |||||
Currency swaps | 1,975.5 | (0.9 | ) | (6.4 | ) | (5.5 | ) | ||||||
Equity options | 3,293.4 | (101.4 | ) | (153.9 | ) | (52.5 | ) | ||||||
Interest rate options | 4,900.0 | 40.3 | 43.8 | 3.5 | |||||||||
Swaptions | 260.0 | — | 0.6 | 0.6 | |||||||||
Interest rate futures | 147.5 | 0.3 | 8.3 | 8.0 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net estimated potential loss in fair value | $ | (2,282.5 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Notional | Asset (liability) fair value | Hypothetical fair value after +100 basis point parallel yield curve shift | Hypothetical changes in fair value | |||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Financial assets with interest rate risk: | |||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 48,757.1 | $ | 46,522.2 | $ | (2,234.9 | ) | ||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | 563.1 | 540.4 | (22.7 | ) | |||||||||
Mortgage loans | 11,773.5 | 11,291.1 | (482.4 | ) | |||||||||
Policy loans | 963.3 | 891.3 | (72.0 | ) | |||||||||
Equity securities, trading | 416.5 | 400.4 | (16.1 | ) | |||||||||
Other investments | 118.0 | 120.8 | 2.8 | ||||||||||
Financial liabilities with interest rate risk: | |||||||||||||
Investment-type insurance contracts | (30,100.0 | ) | (29,274.0 | ) | 826.0 | ||||||||
Long-term debt | (2,692.1 | ) | (2,455.9 | ) | 236.2 | ||||||||
Bank deposits | (1,951.1 | ) | (1,941.7 | ) | 9.4 | ||||||||
Derivatives with interest rate risk: | |||||||||||||
Interest rate swaps | $ | 20,570.8 | (365.4 | ) | (459.3 | ) | (93.9 | ) | |||||
Currency swaps | 2,367.5 | 106.0 | 110.8 | 4.8 | |||||||||
Equity options | 1,719.7 | (125.4 | ) | (152.1 | ) | (26.7 | ) | ||||||
Interest rate options | 4,100.0 | 41.7 | 57.5 | 15.8 | |||||||||
Swaptions | 325.0 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 2.5 | |||||||||
Interest rate futures | 92.5 | (1.1 | ) | 3.0 | 4.1 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net estimated potential loss in fair value | $ | (1,847.1 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The tables include only the portion of assets and liabilities that are interest rate sensitive. Separate account assets and liabilities, which are interest rate sensitive, are not included in the tables, as any interest rate risk is borne by the holder of the separate account. The fair value sensitivities of our U.S. operations' foreign financial assets and liabilities have been netted within the currency swaps line item due to fully hedging the foreign exposure.
The tables above do not include approximately $31,143.2 million of liabilities relating to insurance contracts involving significant mortality or morbidity risk as of December 31, 2014 and $29,426.9 million as of December 31, 2013, which are not considered financial liabilities. We believe the interest rate sensitivities of these insurance liabilities would economically serve as a partial offset to the net interest rate risk of the financial assets and liabilities that are set forth in these tables.
Our net estimated potential loss in fair value as of December 31, 2014,2016, increased $435.4$335.1 million from December 31, 2013,2015, primarily due to an increase in our invested assets and an increase in the duration of our financial assets.assets with
interest rate risk. This was partly offset by an increase in our exposure to pay fixed interest rate swaps due to hedging needs.
The following table provides detailfair value sensitivity disclosure above represents a revision to the fair value sensitivity disclosure included in our 2015 Form 10-K. Our previous disclosure reflected the potential change in fair value for all interest rate sensitive financial assets, financial liabilities, and derivatives, including those not recorded at fair value on the differences between the interest rates being crediteda recurring basis but required to contractholders as of December 31, 2014, and the respective guaranteed minimum interest rates ("GMIRs"), broken down by GMIR level within the Retirement and Investor Services and U.S. Insurance Solutions segments.
| | Account values (1) | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Excess of crediting rates over GMIR: | | ||||||||||||||||
| | At GMIR | Up to 0.50% above GMIR | 0.51% to 1.00% above GMIR | 1.01% to 2.00% above GMIR | 2.01% or more above GMIR | Total | |||||||||||||
| | ($ in millions) | | |||||||||||||||||
Guaranteed minimum interest rate | |||||||||||||||||||
Retirement and Investor Services | |||||||||||||||||||
Up to 1.00% | $ | 466.4 | $ | 908.8 | $ | 4,298.1 | $ | 142.1 | $ | 0.3 | $ | 5,815.7 | |||||||
1.01% - 2.00% | 396.1 | 87.3 | 93.4 | 59.4 | — | 636.2 | |||||||||||||
2.01% - 3.00% | 8,377.2 | 1.4 | 7.0 | 101.2 | — | 8,486.8 | |||||||||||||
3.01% - 4.00% | 237.9 | — | — | — | — | 237.9 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Subtotal | 9,477.6 | 997.5 | 4,398.5 | 302.7 | 0.3 | 15,176.6 | |||||||||||||
U.S. Insurance Solutions | |||||||||||||||||||
Up to 1.00% | — | — | 30.8 | 2.2 | — | 33.0 | |||||||||||||
1.01% - 2.00% | 278.5 | — | 139.9 | 100.9 | 38.4 | 557.7 | |||||||||||||
2.01% - 3.00% | 1,866.1 | 1,010.3 | 210.7 | 76.7 | 0.1 | 3,163.9 | |||||||||||||
3.01% - 4.00% | 1,410.2 | 70.4 | 13.9 | 39.1 | 5.7 | 1,539.3 | |||||||||||||
4.01% - 5.00% | 184.0 | 71.8 | 67.9 | 18.0 | — | 341.7 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Subtotal | 3,738.8 | 1,152.5 | 463.2 | 236.9 | 44.2 | 5,635.6 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 13,216.4 | $ | 2,150.0 | $ | 4,861.7 | $ | 539.6 | $ | 44.5 | $ | 20,812.2 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Percentage of total | 63.5 | % | 10.3 | % | 23.4 | % | 2.6 | % | 0.2 | % | 100.0 | % | |||||||
During periods of low or declining interest rates, our margin of investment income above our interest credited to our liabilities ("investment margins") may be negatively impacted. Assuming a hypothetical scenario where market interest rates immediately fall by 25 basis points from their December 31, 2014, levels and then remain unchanged thereafter, we estimate that the impact of such an environment could reduce our investment margins for our domestic business by approximately $2.0 million and $5.0 million pre-tax during the twelve months ending December 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively, compared to a scenario where market interest rates remain unchanged from their December 31, 2014, levels. This hypothetical scenariodisclosed at fair value. The revised disclosure reflects only the impact related to the approximately $21.0 billion of in-force contracts with guaranteed minimum interest rates shown above,potential change in fair value for financial assets and does not reflect potential impactsderivatives reported at fair value on our DAC asset and other actuarial balances. In determiningconsolidated statements of financial position. We believe the revised disclosure provides a clearer indication of the potential impact we have reflected the impact of potential changes in crediting rates to policyholders, limited by any restrictions on our ability to adjust crediting rates due to guaranteed minimumconsolidated statements of financial position from a 100 basis point change in interest rates. Our estimates of future margins include the impact of expected premium payments, lapses, and withdrawals on existing policies, but they do not include the impact of new sales. Our selection of a 25 basis point immediate, parallel decrease in interest rates is a hypothetical rate scenario we use to demonstrate potential risk. While a 25 basis point immediate, parallel decrease does not represent our view of future market changes, it is a near term reasonably possible hypothetical change that illustrates the potential impact of such events.
Interest Rate Risk Management
We manage interest rate risk through the use of an integrated risk management framework thatframework. This helps us identify, assess, monitor, report and manage our risks within established limits and risk tolerances. Our internal risk committees monitor and discuss our risk profile and identify necessary actions to mitigate impacts from interest rate risk.
The product designs within our business units result in a variety of different interest rate risk profiles. Therefore, our business units use a variety of different approaches for managing their asset and liability interest rate risks.
We also limit our exposure to interest rate risk through our business mix and strategy. We have intentionally limited our exposure to specific products where investment margins are critical to the product's profitability, and we continue to emphasize the sale of products that generate revenues in the form of fees for service or premiums for insurance coverage and expose us to minimal interest rate risk.
One of the measures we use to quantify our exposure to interest rate risk is duration, which is a measure of the sensitivity of the fair value of assets and liabilities to changes in interest rates. Differences in durations between assets and liabilities are measured and kept within acceptable tolerances. Derivatives are also commonly used to mitigate interest rate risk due to cash flow mismatches and timing differences. Prepayment risk is controlled by limiting our exposure to investments that are prepayable without penalty prior to maturity at the option of the issuer. We also require additional yield on these investments to compensate for the risk the issuer will exercise such option. Prepayment risk is also controlled by limiting the sales of liabilities with features such as puts or other options that can be exercised against the company at inopportune times. We manage the interest rate risk associated with our long-term borrowings by monitoring the interest rate environment and evaluating refinancing opportunities as maturity dates approach.
See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Valuation and Impairment of Fixed Income Investments" for additional discussion of the impact interest rate increases would have on fixed maturities, available-for-sale.
The plan fiduciaries use a Dynamic Asset Allocation strategy for our qualified defined benefit pension plan, which strategically allocates an increasing portion of the assets of the pension plan to fixed income securities as the funding status improves. The intended purpose of using the Dynamic Asset Allocation strategy is that the expected change in the value of the plan assets and the change in pension benefit obligation due to market movements are more likely to have more correlation versus a static allocation of assets between categories. For more information see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Benefit Plans" and Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 11, Employee and Agent Benefits."
Use of Derivatives to Manage Interest Rate Risk. We use or have previously used various derivative financial instruments to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, including interest rate swaps, interest rate collars, swaptions and futures. We use interest rate swaps and futures contracts to hedge changes in interest rates subsequent to the issuance of an insurance liability, such as a guaranteed investment contract, but prior to the purchase of a supporting asset, or during periods of holding assets in anticipation of near term liability sales. We use interest rate swaps primarily to more closely match the interest rate characteristics of assets and liabilities. They can be used to change the sensitivity to the interest rate of specific assets and liabilities as well as an entire portfolio. We use interest rate collars to manage interest rate risk related to GMIR liabilities in our individual annuities contracts and lapse risk associated with higher interest rates. We purchase swaptions to offset or modify existing exposures.
Foreign Currency Risk
Foreign currency risk is the risk we will incur economic losses due to adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. This risk arises from foreign currency-denominated funding agreements issued to nonqualified institutional investors in the international market, foreign currency-denominated fixed maturitiesmaturity and equity securities, and our international operations, including potential acquisition and divestiture activity.
We estimate that as of December 31, 2014,2016, a 10% immediate unfavorable change in each of the foreign currency exchange rates to which we are exposed would result in no material change to the net fair value of our foreign currency denominatedcurrency-denominated instruments identified above because we effectively hedge foreign currency denominatedcurrency-denominated instruments to minimize exchange rate impacts, which is consistent with our estimate as of December 31, 2013.2015. However, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates do affect the translation of segment pre-tax operating earnings and equity of our international operations into our consolidated financial statements.
For our Principal International segment, we estimate that a 10% immediate unfavorable change in each of the foreign currency exchange rates to which we were exposed would have resulted in a $302.6$306.0 million, or 10%, reduction in the total equity excluding noncontrolling interests of our international operations as of December 31, 2014,2016, as compared to an estimated $306.1$302.8 million, or 10%, reduction as of December 31, 2013.2015. We estimate that a 10% unfavorable change in the average foreign currency exchange rates to which we were exposed through our international operations would have resulted in a $29.3$36.0 million, or 11%13%, reduction in thesegment pre-tax operating earnings of our international operations for the year ended December 31, 2014,2016, as compared to an estimated $24.2$34.2 million, or 11%13%, reduction for the year ended December 31, 2013.2015.
The selection of a 10% immediate unfavorable change in all currency exchange rates should not be construed as a prediction by us of future market events, but rather as an illustration of the potential impact of such an event. These exposures will change as a result of a change in the size and mix of our foreign operations.
Use of Derivatives to Manage Foreign Currency Risk. The foreign currency risk on funding agreements and fixed maturities in our U.S. operations is mitigated by using currency swaps that swap the foreign currency interest and principal payments to our functional currency. The notional amount of our currency swap agreements associated with foreign-denominated liabilities was $1,190.5$881.1 million and $1,425.0$1,190.5 million as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively. The notional amount of our currency swap agreements associated with foreign-denominated fixed maturities was $644.5$452.8 million and $822.1$398.6 million as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively. The notional amount of our currency forwards hedging foreign-denominated equity securities was $17.9$18.9 million and $0.0$14.9 million as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively.
With regard to our international operations, in order to enhance the diversification of our investment portfolios we may invest in bonds denominated in a currency that is different than the currency of our liabilities. We use foreign exchange derivatives to economically hedge the currency mismatch. Our Principal International operations in Chile had currency swaps with a notional amount of $140.5$218.1 million and $120.4$161.9 million as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively. ChileOur Principal International operations also utilized currency forwards with a notional amount of $252.8$713.5 million and $247.4$1,001.7 million as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively.
There are times when weWe sometimes use derivatives to manage the foreign currency risk associated with a business combination. There wereWe had no hedges of business combinations outstanding atas of December 31, 20142016 or December 31, 2013.2015. Additionally, from time to time we take measures to hedge ourcurrency risk associated with certain net equity investments in or expected cash flows from our foreign subsidiariesoperations. We used currency forwards during 2015 to hedge certain net investments in foreign operations. Currency forwards were not used for hedging any net investments in foreign operations during 2016. We held currency forwards with a notional amount of $118.9 million and $24.0 as December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, to hedge expected future cash flows from currency risks. There were no outstanding net equity investment hedges in 2014 or 2013.
Table of Contentsforeign operations.
Equity risk is the risk we will incur economic losses due to adverse fluctuations in common stock prices. As of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, the fair value of our equity securities was $963.2$1,512.3 million and $827.4$1,307.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2014, weWe estimate that a 10% decline in the valueprices of the equity securities would result in a decline in fair value of theour equity securities of $96.3$151.2 million as of December 31, 2016, as compared to a decline in fair value of theour equity securities of $82.7$130.7 million as of December 31, 2013.2015.
We are also exposed to the risk that asset-based fees decrease as a result of declines in assets under management due to changes in investment prices and the risk that asset management fees calculated by reference to performance could be lower. The risk of decreased asset-based and asset management fees could also impact our estimates of total gross profits used as a basis for amortizing deferred acquisition costsDAC and other actuarial balances. We estimate that an immediate 10% decline in the S&P index, followed by a 2% per quarter increase would reduce our annual operating earnings by approximately 4% to 6%. For further discussion, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Deferred Acquisition Costs and Other Actuarial Balances."
The selection of a 10% unfavorable change in the equity markets should not be construed as a prediction by us of future market events, but rather as an illustration of the potential impact of such an event. Our exposure will change as a result of changes in our mix of business.
We also have equity risk associated with (1) fixed deferred annuity and universal life contracts that credit interest to customers based on changes in an external equity index; (2) variable annuity contracts that have a GMWB rider that allows the customer to make withdrawals of a specified annual amount, either for a fixed number of years or for the lifetime of the customer, even if the account value is reduced to zero; (3) variable annuity contracts that have a
guaranteed minimum death benefit ("GMDB") that allows the death benefit to be paid, even if the account value has fallen below the GMDB amount and (4) investment-type insuranceinvestment contracts in which the return is subject to minimum contractual guarantees. We are also subject to equity risk based upon the assets that support our employee benefit plans. For further discussion of equity risk associated with these plans, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Benefit Plans."
We estimate an immediate 10% decline in the S&P 500 index, followed by a 2% per quarter increase would reduce our annual segment pre-tax operating earnings by approximately 4% to 6%. This estimate excludes the impact of any potential unlocking of our DAC asset and other actuarial balances. The selection of a 10% unfavorable change in the S&P 500 index should not be construed as a prediction by us of future market events, but rather as an illustration of the potential impact of such an event. Our exposure will change as a result of changes in our mix of business.
Use of Derivatives to Manage Equity Risk. We economically hedge the fixed deferred annuity and universal life products, where the interest credited is linked to an external equity index, by purchasing options that match the product's profile or selling options to offset existing exposures. We economically hedged the GMWB exposure, which includes interest rate risk and equity risk, using futures, options and interest rate swaps with notional amounts of $645.6$641.1 million, $2,969.2$3,135.0 million, and $3,790.4$3,996.6 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2014,2016, and notional amounts of $365.9$676.2 million, $1,719.7$3,284.2 million, and $3,263.5$3,547.2 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2013.2015. The fair value of both the GMWB embedded derivative and associated hedging instruments are sensitive to financial market conditions and the variance related to the change in fair value of these items for a given period is largely dependent on market conditions at the end of the period.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting | ||||
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | ||||
Audited Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position | ||||
Consolidated Statements of Operations | ||||
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | ||||
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity | ||||
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | ||||
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
We have audited Principal Financial Group, Inc.'s (the "Company") internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014,2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) ("the, (the COSO criteria")criteria). The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company'scompany's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, Principal Financial Group, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014,2016, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated statements of financial position of Principal Financial Group, Inc. as of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014,2016, and our report dated February 11, 2015,8, 2017, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
| /s/ Ernst & Young LLP | ||
Des Moines, Iowa February |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Principal Financial Group, Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014.2016. Our audits also included the financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15(a). These financial statements and schedules are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and schedules based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Principal Financial Group, Inc. at December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014,2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedules, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Principal Financial Group, Inc.'s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014,2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 11, 2015,8, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
| /s/ Ernst & Young LLP | ||
Des Moines, Iowa February |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale (2014 and 2013 include $278.2 million and $272.0 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | $ | 49,670.8 | $ | 48,757.1 | ||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading (2014 and 2013 include $100.4 million and $110.4 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | 604.6 | 563.1 | ||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale (2016 and 2015 include $232.5 million and $257.4 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | $ | 54,846.1 | $ | 49,966.5 | ||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading (2016 and 2015 include $82.4 million and $100.4 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | 398.4 | 686.8 | ||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | 123.0 | 110.5 | 98.9 | 104.5 | ||||||||||
Equity securities, trading (2014 and 2013 include $345.3 million and $327.2 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | 840.2 | 716.9 | ||||||||||||
Equity securities, trading (2016 and 2015 include $721.9 million and $640.9 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | 1,413.4 | 1,202.7 | ||||||||||||
Mortgage loans | 11,811.6 | 11,533.6 | 13,230.2 | 12,339.4 | ||||||||||
Real estate (2014 and 2013 include $284.9 million and $266.3 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | 1,344.6 | 1,271.6 | ||||||||||||
Real estate (2016 and 2015 include $305.7 million and $354.5 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | 1,368.8 | 1,451.8 | ||||||||||||
Policy loans | 829.2 | 859.7 | 823.8 | 817.1 | ||||||||||
Other investments (2014 and 2013 include $40.6 million and $68.1 million related to consolidated variable interest entities and $127.2 million and $142.9 million measured at fair value under the fair value option) | 3,209.8 | 2,944.4 | ||||||||||||
Other investments (2016 and 2015 include $89.8 million and $29.5 million related to consolidated variable interest entities and $86.2 million and $53.4 million measured at fair value under the fair value option) | 3,655.9 | 3,251.7 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total investments | 68,433.8 | 66,756.9 | 75,835.5 | 69,820.5 | ||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 1,863.9 | 2,371.8 | 2,719.6 | 2,564.8 | ||||||||||
Accrued investment income | 505.9 | 532.1 | 580.6 | 545.6 | ||||||||||
Premiums due and other receivables | 1,213.0 | 1,241.0 | 1,361.9 | 1,429.3 | ||||||||||
Deferred acquisition costs | 2,993.0 | 3,077.0 | 3,380.2 | 3,276.1 | ||||||||||
Property and equipment | 590.2 | 500.7 | 699.0 | 633.8 | ||||||||||
Goodwill | 1,007.4 | 1,100.3 | 1,020.8 | 1,009.0 | ||||||||||
Other intangibles | 1,323.5 | 1,459.0 | 1,325.3 | 1,359.2 | ||||||||||
Separate account assets (2014 and 2013 include $34,655.4 million and $32,824.7 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | 140,072.8 | 130,018.4 | ||||||||||||
Separate account assets (2016 and 2015 include $35,844.1 million and $33,300.4 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | 139,832.6 | 136,978.9 | ||||||||||||
Other assets | 1,083.5 | 1,134.2 | 1,258.8 | 1,043.1 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets | $ | 219,087.0 | $ | 208,191.4 | $ | 228,014.3 | $ | 218,660.3 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Liabilities | ||||||||||||||
Contractholder funds | $ | 34,726.7 | $ | 35,958.3 | ||||||||||
Contractholder funds (2016 and 2015 include $358.7 million and $338.9 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | $ | 37,953.6 | $ | 35,716.1 | ||||||||||
Future policy benefits and claims | 24,036.6 | 22,626.2 | 29,000.7 | 25,856.5 | ||||||||||
Other policyholder funds | 812.7 | 758.9 | 890.4 | 805.4 | ||||||||||
Short-term debt | 28.0 | 150.6 | 51.4 | 181.1 | ||||||||||
Long-term debt (2014 and 2013 include $82.3 million and $47.7 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | 2,531.2 | 2,601.4 | ||||||||||||
Long-term debt (2016 and 2015 include $0.0 million and $42.8 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | 3,125.7 | 3,265.2 | ||||||||||||
Income taxes currently payable | 11.5 | 5.2 | 12.9 | 18.4 | ||||||||||
Deferred income taxes | 1,035.3 | 824.0 | 972.4 | 697.2 | ||||||||||
Separate account liabilities (2014 and 2013 include $34,655.4 million and $32,824.7 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | 140,072.8 | 130,018.4 | ||||||||||||
Other liabilities (2014 and 2013 include $344.0 million and $362.4 million related to consolidated variable interest entities, of which $71.0 million and $104.9 million are measured at fair value under the fair value option) | 5,542.2 | 5,224.2 | ||||||||||||
Separate account liabilities (2016 and 2015 include $35,844.1 million and $33,300.4 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | 139,832.6 | 136,978.9 | ||||||||||||
Other liabilities (2016 and 2015 include $284.1 million and $345.9 million related to consolidated variable interest entities, of which $59.9 million and $68.1 million are measured at fair value under the fair value option) | 5,783.3 | 5,678.4 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities | 208,797.0 | 198,167.2 | 217,623.0 | 209,197.2 | ||||||||||
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | 58.0 | 247.2 | ||||||||||||
Redeemable noncontrolling interest (2016 includes $58.8 million related to consolidated variable interest entities) | 97.5 | 85.7 | ||||||||||||
Stockholders' equity | ||||||||||||||
Series A preferred stock, par value $.01 per share with liquidation preference of $100 per share — 3.0 million shares authorized, issued and outstanding in 2014 and 2013 | — | — | ||||||||||||
Series B preferred stock, par value $.01 per share with liquidation preference of $25 per share — 10.0 million shares authorized, issued and outstanding in 2014 and 2013 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||
Common stock, par value $.01 per share — 2,500.0 million shares authorized, 462.7 million and 459.3 million shares issued, and 293.9 million and 295.2 million shares outstanding in 2014 and 2013 | 4.6 | 4.6 | ||||||||||||
Common stock, par value $.01 per share — 2,500.0 million shares authorized, 469.2 million and 466.2 million shares issued, and 287.7 million and 291.4 million shares outstanding in 2016 and 2015 | 4.7 | 4.7 | ||||||||||||
Additional paid-in capital | 9,945.5 | 9,798.9 | 9,686.0 | 9,544.8 | ||||||||||
Retained earnings | 6,114.1 | 5,405.4 | 7,720.4 | 6,875.9 | ||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 50.4 | 183.2 | ||||||||||||
Treasury stock, at cost (168.8 million and 164.1 million shares in 2014 and 2013) | (5,930.7 | ) | (5,708.0 | ) | ||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (675.2 | ) | (882.5 | ) | ||||||||||
Treasury stock, at cost (181.5 million and 174.8 million shares in 2016 and 2015) | (6,508.6 | ) | (6,231.3 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total stockholders' equity attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc. | 10,184.0 | 9,684.2 | 10,227.3 | 9,311.6 | ||||||||||
Noncontrolling interest | 48.0 | 92.8 | 66.5 | 65.8 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total stockholders' equity | 10,232.0 | 9,777.0 | 10,293.8 | 9,377.4 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 219,087.0 | $ | 208,191.4 | $ | 228,014.3 | $ | 218,660.3 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See accompanying notes.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions, except per share data) | (in millions, except per share data) | ||||||||||||||||||
Revenues | ||||||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | 3,722.9 | $ | 3,154.1 | $ | 3,219.4 | $ | 5,299.1 | $ | 5,310.3 | $ | 3,722.9 | ||||||||
Fees and other revenues | 3,482.1 | 3,222.2 | 2,626.7 | 3,627.4 | 3,653.1 | 3,482.1 | ||||||||||||||
Net investment income | 3,257.9 | 3,138.4 | 3,254.9 | 3,296.5 | 3,052.1 | 3,257.9 | ||||||||||||||
Net realized capital gains (losses), excluding impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | 92.7 | (109.2 | ) | 232.7 | 269.5 | (20.9 | ) | 92.7 | ||||||||||||
Net other-than-temporary impairment (losses) recoveries on available-for-sale securities | 23.8 | (91.5 | ) | (135.9 | ) | (98.8 | ) | (0.8 | ) | 23.8 | ||||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale reclassified to (from) other comprehensive income | (101.8 | ) | (24.5 | ) | 17.3 | |||||||||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for- sale reclassified to (from) other comprehensive income | 0.4 | (29.4 | ) | (101.8 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | (78.0 | ) | (116.0 | ) | (118.6 | ) | (98.4 | ) | (30.2 | ) | (78.0 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net realized capital gains (losses) | 14.7 | (225.2 | ) | 114.1 | 171.1 | (51.1 | ) | 14.7 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | 10,477.6 | 9,289.5 | 9,215.1 | 12,394.1 | 11,964.4 | 10,477.6 | ||||||||||||||
Expenses | ||||||||||||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | 5,231.0 | 4,683.6 | 5,123.9 | 6,913.2 | 6,697.7 | 5,231.0 | ||||||||||||||
Dividends to policyholders | 177.4 | 189.0 | 197.7 | 156.6 | 163.5 | 177.4 | ||||||||||||||
Operating expenses | 3,574.3 | 3,292.9 | 2,933.5 | 3,732.6 | 3,672.4 | 3,574.3 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 8,982.7 | 8,165.5 | 8,255.1 | 10,802.4 | 10,533.6 | 8,982.7 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income before income taxes | 1,494.9 | 1,124.0 | 960.0 | 1,591.7 | 1,430.8 | 1,494.9 | ||||||||||||||
Income taxes | 318.5 | 187.9 | 134.6 | 229.9 | 177.6 | 318.5 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | 1,176.4 | 936.1 | 825.4 | 1,361.8 | 1,253.2 | 1,176.4 | ||||||||||||||
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | 32.3 | 23.4 | 18.8 | 45.3 | 19.2 | 32.3 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc. | 1,144.1 | 912.7 | 806.6 | 1,316.5 | 1,234.0 | 1,144.1 | ||||||||||||||
Less: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 33.0 | 33.0 | 33.0 | — | 16.5 | 33.0 | ||||||||||||||
Excess of redemption value over carrying value of preferred shares redeemed | — | 8.2 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 1,111.1 | $ | 879.7 | $ | 773.6 | $ | 1,316.5 | $ | 1,209.3 | $ | 1,111.1 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Earnings per common share | ||||||||||||||||||||
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 3.70 | $ | 2.99 | $ | 2.60 | $ | 4.55 | $ | 4.11 | $ | 3.70 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 3.65 | $ | 2.95 | $ | 2.58 | $ | 4.50 | $ | 4.06 | $ | 3.65 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 1.28 | $ | 0.98 | $ | 0.78 | $ | 1.61 | $ | 1.50 | $ | 1.28 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See accompanying notes.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Net income | $ | 1,176.4 | $ | 936.1 | $ | 825.4 | $ | 1,361.8 | $ | 1,253.2 | $ | 1,176.4 | ||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss), net: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities | 324.7 | (540.2 | ) | 557.6 | 99.1 | (470.7 | ) | 324.7 | ||||||||||||
Noncredit component of impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 61.9 | 6.9 | (6.7 | ) | (3.5 | ) | 19.1 | 61.9 | ||||||||||||
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments | 61.1 | (1.8 | ) | (43.6 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments | 15.5 | 19.2 | 61.1 | |||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (336.6 | ) | (269.4 | ) | (9.8 | ) | 68.1 | (471.6 | ) | (336.6 | ) | |||||||||
Net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation | (255.2 | ) | 332.6 | (127.4 | ) | 41.8 | (39.1 | ) | (255.2 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (144.1 | ) | (471.9 | ) | 370.1 | 221.0 | (943.1 | ) | (144.1 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income | 1,032.3 | 464.2 | 1,195.5 | 1,582.8 | 310.1 | 1,032.3 | ||||||||||||||
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest | 21.0 | 8.6 | 20.0 | |||||||||||||||||
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest | 49.7 | (1.3 | ) | 21.0 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc. | $ | 1,011.3 | $ | 455.6 | $ | 1,175.5 | $ | 1,533.1 | $ | 311.4 | $ | 1,011.3 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See accompanying notes.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
| | Series A preferred stock | Series B preferred stock | Common stock | Additional paid-in capital | Retained earnings | Accumulated other comprehensive income | Treasury stock | Noncontrolling interest | Total stockholders' equity | Series A preferred stock | Series B preferred stock | Common stock | Additional paid-in capital | Retained earnings | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | Treasury stock | Noncontrolling interest | Total stockholders' equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balances at January 1, 2012 | $ | — | $ | 0.1 | $ | 4.5 | $ | 9,634.7 | $ | 4,323.4 | $ | 271.4 | $ | (5,281.7 | ) | $ | 353.8 | $ | 9,306.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balances as of January 1, 2014 | $ | — | $ | 0.1 | $ | 4.6 | $ | 9,798.9 | $ | 5,405.4 | $ | 183.2 | $ | (5,708.0 | ) | $ | 92.8 | $ | 9,777.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common stock issued | — | — | — | 28.9 | — | — | — | — | 28.9 | — | — | — | 77.5 | — | — | — | — | 77.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation and additional related tax benefits | — | — | — | 67.3 | (3.7 | ) | — | — | — | 63.6 | — | — | — | 80.3 | (6.1 | ) | — | — | — | 74.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Treasury stock acquired, common | — | — | — | — | — | — | (272.7 | ) | — | (272.7 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | (222.7 | ) | — | (222.7 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to common stockholders | — | — | — | — | (231.3 | ) | — | — | — | (231.3 | ) | — | — | — | — | (376.6 | ) | — | — | — | (376.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to preferred stockholders | — | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | — | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (10.7 | ) | (10.7 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (23.9 | ) | (23.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Contributions from noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 13.1 | 13.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7.4 | 7.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deconsolidation of certain variable interest entities | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (353.2 | ) | (353.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (excludes $1.9 million attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) | — | — | — | — | 806.6 | — | — | 16.9 | 823.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (excludes $1.1 million attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) | — | — | — | — | — | 368.9 | — | 0.1 | 369.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest (1) | — | — | — | (2.0 | ) | — | — | — | (45.6 | ) | (47.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjustments to redemption amount of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | (9.2 | ) | (19.7 | ) | — | — | — | (28.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (1) | — | — | — | — | 1,144.1 | — | — | 23.3 | 1,167.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss (1) | — | — | — | — | — | (132.8 | ) | — | (6.0 | ) | (138.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balances at December 31, 2012 | — | 0.1 | 4.5 | 9,730.9 | 4,862.0 | 640.3 | (5,554.4 | ) | 20.0 | 9,703.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balances as of December 31, 2014 | — | 0.1 | 4.6 | 9,945.5 | 6,114.1 | 50.4 | (5,930.7 | ) | 48.0 | 10,232.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common stock issued | — | — | 0.1 | 125.7 | — | — | — | — | 125.8 | — | — | 0.1 | 76.0 | — | — | — | — | 76.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation and additional related tax benefits | — | — | — | 72.7 | (4.6 | ) | — | — | — | 68.1 | — | — | — | 90.6 | (6.5 | ) | — | — | 0.1 | 84.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Treasury stock acquired, common | — | — | — | — | — | — | (153.6 | ) | — | (153.6 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | (300.6 | ) | — | (300.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to common stockholders | — | — | — | — | (288.4 | ) | — | — | — | (288.4 | ) | — | — | — | — | (441.0 | ) | — | — | — | (441.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to preferred stockholders | — | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | — | — | — | — | (16.5 | ) | — | — | — | (16.5 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock redemption | — | (0.1 | ) | — | (541.7 | ) | (8.2 | ) | — | — | — | (550.0 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (2.0 | ) | (2.0 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (15.4 | ) | (15.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Contributions from noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 115.3 | 115.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7.7 | 7.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | 1.4 | — | — | — | (54.1 | ) | (52.7 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sale of subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | 11.5 | — | — | — | 20.3 | 31.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest (1) | — | — | — | (19.0 | ) | — | (10.3 | ) | — | 12.8 | (16.5 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjustments to redemption amount of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | (143.3 | ) | (43.3 | ) | — | — | (6.5 | ) | (193.1 | ) | — | — | — | (6.6 | ) | — | — | — | — | (6.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (excludes $13.6 million attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) | — | — | — | — | 912.7 | — | — | 9.8 | 922.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss (excludes $(4.8) million attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) | — | — | — | — | — | (457.1 | ) | — | (10.0 | ) | (467.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (1) | — | — | — | — | 1,234.0 | — | — | 14.3 | 1,248.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss (1) | — | — | — | — | — | (922.6 | ) | — | (1.7 | ) | (924.3 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balances at December 31, 2013 | — | 0.1 | 4.6 | 9,798.9 | 5,405.4 | 183.2 | (5,708.0 | ) | 92.8 | 9,777.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balances as of December 31, 2015 | — | — | 4.7 | 9,544.8 | 6,875.9 | (882.5 | ) | (6,231.3 | ) | 65.8 | 9,377.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common stock issued | — | — | — | 77.5 | — | — | — | — | 77.5 | — | — | — | 37.8 | — | — | — | — | 37.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation and additional related tax benefits | — | — | — | 80.3 | (6.1 | ) | — | — | — | 74.2 | — | — | — | 92.5 | (7.1 | ) | — | — | 0.4 | 85.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Treasury stock acquired, common | — | — | — | — | — | — | (222.7 | ) | — | (222.7 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | (277.3 | ) | — | (277.3 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to common stockholders | — | — | — | — | (376.6 | ) | — | — | — | (376.6 | ) | — | — | — | — | (464.9 | ) | — | — | — | (464.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to preferred stockholders | — | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distributions to noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (23.9 | ) | (23.9 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (34.8 | ) | (34.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Contributions from noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7.4 | 7.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.5 | 5.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | (2.0 | ) | — | — | — | (45.6 | ) | (47.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest (1) | — | — | — | 15.1 | — | (9.3 | ) | — | — | 5.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjustments to redemption amount of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | (9.2 | ) | (19.7 | ) | — | — | — | (28.9 | ) | — | — | — | (4.2 | ) | — | — | — | — | (4.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (excludes $9.0 million attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) | — | — | — | — | 1,144.1 | — | — | 23.3 | 1,167.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss (excludes $(5.3) million attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) | — | — | — | — | — | (132.8 | ) | — | (6.0 | ) | (138.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (1) | — | — | — | — | 1,316.5 | — | — | 28.5 | 1,345.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (1) | — | — | — | — | — | 216.6 | — | 1.1 | 217.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balances at December 31, 2014 | $ | — | $ | 0.1 | $ | 4.6 | $ | 9,945.5 | $ | 6,114.1 | $ | 50.4 | $ | (5,930.7 | ) | $ | 48.0 | $ | 10,232.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balances as of December 31, 2016 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 4.7 | $ | 9,686.0 | $ | 7,720.4 | $ | (675.2 | ) | $ | (6,508.6 | ) | $ | 66.5 | $ | 10,293.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See accompanying notes.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Operating activities | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net income | $ | 1,176.4 | $ | 936.1 | $ | 825.4 | $ | 1,361.8 | $ | 1,253.2 | $ | 1,176.4 | ||||||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 367.2 | 187.1 | 94.9 | 285.1 | 270.8 | 367.2 | ||||||||||||||
Additions to deferred acquisition costs | (404.1 | ) | (447.0 | ) | (428.9 | ) | (402.3 | ) | (390.3 | ) | (404.1 | ) | ||||||||
Accrued investment income | 26.2 | 52.3 | 30.8 | (35.0 | ) | (39.7 | ) | 26.2 | ||||||||||||
Net cash flows for trading securities | (93.4 | ) | (76.0 | ) | 335.8 | 166.5 | (201.9 | ) | (93.4 | ) | ||||||||||
Premiums due and other receivables | 26.9 | (131.9 | ) | 70.6 | 98.7 | (211.5 | ) | 26.9 | ||||||||||||
Contractholder and policyholder liabilities and dividends | 1,634.0 | 1,614.7 | 2,054.7 | 2,140.3 | 3,283.6 | 1,634.0 | ||||||||||||||
Current and deferred income taxes | 175.9 | 211.7 | 18.4 | |||||||||||||||||
Current and deferred income taxes (benefits) | 45.8 | (66.5 | ) | 175.9 | ||||||||||||||||
Net realized capital (gains) losses | (14.7 | ) | 225.2 | (114.1 | ) | (171.1 | ) | 51.1 | (14.7 | ) | ||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense | 169.5 | 153.9 | 132.1 | 186.6 | 193.0 | 169.5 | ||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans held for sale, acquired or originated | — | — | (48.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans held for sale, sold or repaid, net of gain | 43.3 | 0.2 | 90.0 | — | — | 43.3 | ||||||||||||||
Real estate acquired through operating activities | (49.4 | ) | (107.2 | ) | (46.4 | ) | (58.2 | ) | (44.1 | ) | (49.4 | ) | ||||||||
Real estate sold through operating activities | 158.9 | 24.2 | 43.9 | 229.0 | 53.7 | 158.9 | ||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation | 75.3 | 68.5 | 63.8 | 84.4 | 84.5 | 75.3 | ||||||||||||||
Other | (189.1 | ) | (490.6 | ) | (42.2 | ) | (73.8 | ) | 141.2 | (189.1 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net adjustments | 1,926.5 | 1,285.1 | 2,255.4 | 2,496.0 | 3,123.9 | 1,926.5 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 3,102.9 | 2,221.2 | 3,080.8 | 3,857.8 | 4,377.1 | 3,102.9 | ||||||||||||||
Investing activities | ||||||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Purchases | (9,054.0 | ) | (9,025.2 | ) | (8,263.9 | ) | (13,763.8 | ) | (9,920.3 | ) | (9,054.0 | ) | ||||||||
Sales | 2,512.0 | 1,919.1 | 1,303.7 | 1,890.5 | 1,563.0 | 2,512.0 | ||||||||||||||
Maturities | 6,244.7 | 7,359.2 | 6,647.5 | 7,742.8 | 6,625.9 | 6,244.7 | ||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans acquired or originated | (2,169.6 | ) | (2,192.9 | ) | (2,538.4 | ) | (2,889.0 | ) | (2,275.1 | ) | (2,169.6 | ) | ||||||||
Mortgage loans sold or repaid | 1,793.6 | 2,095.1 | 1,668.0 | 2,068.7 | 1,687.3 | 1,793.6 | ||||||||||||||
Real estate acquired | (281.7 | ) | (85.6 | ) | (151.8 | ) | (109.7 | ) | (322.0 | ) | (281.7 | ) | ||||||||
Net purchases of property and equipment | (136.0 | ) | (59.4 | ) | (38.9 | ) | (154.9 | ) | (136.4 | ) | (136.0 | ) | ||||||||
Purchase of interests in subsidiaries, net of cash acquired | — | (1,268.3 | ) | (80.4 | ) | — | (291.2 | ) | — | |||||||||||
Net change in other investments | (81.7 | ) | 31.7 | (157.1 | ) | 61.5 | (98.8 | ) | (81.7 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash used in investing activities | (1,172.7 | ) | (1,226.3 | ) | (1,611.3 | ) | (5,153.9 | ) | (3,167.6 | ) | (1,172.7 | ) | ||||||||
Financing activities | ||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock | 77.5 | 125.8 | 28.9 | 37.8 | 76.1 | 77.5 | ||||||||||||||
Acquisition of treasury stock | (222.7 | ) | (153.6 | ) | (272.7 | ) | (277.3 | ) | (300.6 | ) | (222.7 | ) | ||||||||
Proceeds from financing element derivatives | 15.1 | 47.0 | 51.8 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 15.1 | ||||||||||||||
Payments for financing element derivatives | (58.0 | ) | (48.0 | ) | (49.9 | ) | (87.7 | ) | (82.0 | ) | (58.0 | ) | ||||||||
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | 9.7 | 10.1 | 10.8 | 12.0 | 15.7 | 9.7 | ||||||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest | (227.0 | ) | (52.9 | ) | — | (2.4 | ) | (22.5 | ) | (227.0 | ) | |||||||||
Sale of subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interest | — | 31.8 | — | |||||||||||||||||
Dividends to common stockholders | (376.6 | ) | (288.4 | ) | (231.3 | ) | (464.9 | ) | (441.0 | ) | (376.6 | ) | ||||||||
Dividends to preferred stockholders | (33.0 | ) | (33.0 | ) | (33.0 | ) | — | (16.5 | ) | (33.0 | ) | |||||||||
Preferred stock redemption | — | (550.0 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||
Issuance of long-term debt | 38.5 | 38.2 | 1,493.4 | 656.1 | 804.9 | 38.5 | ||||||||||||||
Principal repayments of long-term debt | (100.3 | ) | (218.2 | ) | (450.6 | ) | (799.3 | ) | (52.6 | ) | (100.3 | ) | ||||||||
Net proceeds from (repayments of) short-term borrowings | (118.3 | ) | 108.0 | (68.8 | ) | (131.4 | ) | 157.0 | (118.3 | ) | ||||||||||
Investment contract deposits | 5,638.4 | 6,716.3 | 6,900.4 | 10,770.9 | 6,492.3 | 5,638.4 | ||||||||||||||
Investment contract withdrawals | (7,099.2 | ) | (8,852.7 | ) | (7,522.6 | ) | (8,392.7 | ) | (6,666.8 | ) | (7,099.2 | ) | ||||||||
Net increase (decrease) in banking operation deposits | 30.7 | (225.7 | ) | 32.0 | ||||||||||||||||
Net increase in banking operation deposits | 129.0 | 91.1 | 30.7 | |||||||||||||||||
Other | (12.9 | ) | (5.0 | ) | (14.6 | ) | 0.4 | (14.0 | ) | (12.9 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash used in financing activities | (2,438.1 | ) | (2,800.3 | ) | (126.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 1,450.9 | (508.6 | ) | (2,438.1 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (507.9 | ) | (1,805.4 | ) | 1,343.3 | 154.8 | 700.9 | (507.9 | ) | |||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 2,371.8 | 4,177.2 | 2,833.9 | 2,564.8 | 1,863.9 | 2,371.8 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 1,863.9 | $ | 2,371.8 | $ | 4,177.2 | $ | 2,719.6 | $ | 2,564.8 | $ | 1,863.9 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Supplemental Information: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Supplemental information: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cash paid for interest | $ | 137.6 | $ | 144.1 | $ | 127.7 | $ | 162.0 | $ | 149.6 | $ | 137.6 | ||||||||
Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 73.8 | $ | 61.2 | $ | 82.7 | $ | 178.8 | $ | 129.6 | $ | 73.8 | ||||||||
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Assets received in kind for pension risk transfer transactions | $ | 594.3 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 20142016
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies
Principal Financial Group, Inc. ("PFG"), along with its consolidated subsidiaries, is a diversifiedleader in global investment management offering businesses, individuals and institutional clients a wide range of financial products and services, including retirement, asset management and insurance through our diverse family of financial services organization offering retirement services, insurance solutions and asset management in the U.S. and selected international markets.companies.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of PFG and all other entities in which we directly or indirectly have a controlling financial interest as well as those variable interest entities ("VIEs") in which we are the primary beneficiary. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Consolidation
We have relationships with various special purpose entities and other legal entities that must be evaluated to determine if the entities meet the criteria of a VIE or a voting interest entity ("VOE"). This assessment is performed by reviewing contractual, ownership and other rights, including involvement of related parties, and requires use of judgment. First, we determine if we hold a variable interest in an entity by assessing if we have the right to receive expected losses and expected residual returns of the entity. If we hold a variable interest, then the entity is assessed to determine if it is a VIE. An entity is a VIE if the equity at risk is not sufficient to support its activities, if the equity holders lack a controlling financial interest or if the entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights. In addition to the previous criteria, if the entity is a limited partnership or similar entity, it is a VIE if the limited partners do not have the power to direct the entity's most significant activities through substantive kick-out rights or participating rights. A VIE is evaluated to determine the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the enterprise with (1) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. When we are the primary beneficiary, we are required to consolidate the entity in our financial statements. We reassess our involvement with VIEs on a quarterly basis. For further information about VIEs, refer to Note 3, Variable Interest Entities.
If an entity is not a VIE, it is considered a VOE. VOEs are generally consolidated if we own a greater than 50% voting interest. If we determine our involvement in an entity no longer meets the requirements for consolidation under either the VIE or VOE models, the entity is deconsolidated. Entities in which we have significant management influence over the operating and financing decisions but are not required to consolidate, other than investments accounted for at fair value under the fair value option, are reported using the equity method. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
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| Description | Date of adoption | Effect on our consolidated financial statements or other significant matters | ||||||||||||
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| Standards not yet adopted: | ||||||||||||||
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| Goodwill impairment testing This authoritative guidance is to simplify how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 (which measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill) from the goodwill impairment test. A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. Entities will continue to have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if a quantitative impairment test is necessary. Early adoption is permitted. | January 1, 2020 | We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements. | ||||||||||||
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Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Description | Date of adoption | Effect on our consolidated financial statements or other significant matters | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Credit losses This authoritative guidance requires entities to use a current expected credit loss ("CECL") model to measure impairment for most financial assets that are not recorded at fair value through net income. Under the CECL model, an entity will estimate lifetime expected credit losses considering available relevant information about historical events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The CECL model does not apply to available-for-sale debt securities. This guidance also expands the required credit loss disclosures and will be applied using a modified retrospective approach by recording a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. Early adoption is permitted. | January 1, 2020 | We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements. We believe estimated credit losses under the CECL model will generally result in earlier loss recognition for loans and other receivables. | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Leases This authoritative guidance requires lessee recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet. The concept of an operating lease, where the lease assets and liabilities are off balance sheet, is eliminated under the new guidance. For lessors, the guidance modifies lease classification criteria and accounting for certain types of leases. Other key aspects of the guidance relate to the removal of the current real estate-specific guidance and new presentation and disclosure requirements. Lessees and lessors are required to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach, which includes certain optional practical expedients that may be elected. Early adoption is permitted. | January 1, 2019 | This guidance will require us to add our operating leases to the balance sheet. We are currently evaluating other impacts this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements. | ||||||||||
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| Definition of a business This authoritative guidance clarifies the definition of a business to assist with evaluating when transactions involving an integrated set of assets and activities (a "set") should be accounted for as acquisitions or disposals of assets or businesses. The guidance requires that when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired or disposed of is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the set is not a business. The guidance also requires a set to include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create output to be considered a business. Lastly, the guidance removes the evaluation of whether a market participant could replace missing elements and narrows the definition of outputs by more closely aligning it with how outputs are described in the revenue recognition guidance. The guidance will be applied prospectively. Early application is permitted in certain circumstances. | January 1, 2018 | We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements. | ||||||||||
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Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Description | Date of adoption | Effect on our consolidated financial statements or other significant matters | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Financial instruments — recognition and measurement This authoritative guidance addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. The primary focus of this guidance is to supersede the guidance to classify equity securities with readily determinable fair values into different categories (trading or available-for-sale) and requires equity securities to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income. This guidance requires adoption through a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. | January 1, 2018 | We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2016, we do not hold material equity securities accounted for at fair value through other comprehensive income that will be accounted for at fair value through net income under the updated guidance. This change is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Revenue recognition | ||||||||||||
| This authoritative guidance replaces all general and most industry specific revenue recognition guidance (excluding insurance) currently prescribed by U.S. GAAP. The core principle is that an entity recognizes revenue to reflect the transfer of a promised good or service to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled | January 1, | We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements. Only a portion of our revenues are impacted by this guidance because the guidance does not apply to revenue on contracts accounted for under the financial instruments or insurance contracts standards. Our evaluation process includes, but is not limited to, identifying contracts within the scope of the guidance, reviewing and documenting our accounting for these contracts, and identifying and determining the accounting for any related contract costs. | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Income tax — intra-entity transfers of assets This authoritative guidance requires entities to recognize current and deferred income tax resulting from an intra-entity asset transfer when the transfer occurs. Prior to issuance of this guidance, U.S. GAAP did not allow recognition of income tax consequences until the asset had been sold to a third party. This guidance requires adoption through a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption with early adoption permitted. | January 1, 2018 | We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements. | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Employee share-based payment accounting This authoritative guidance changes certain aspects of accounting for and reporting share-based payments to employees including changes related to the income tax effects of share-based payments, tax withholding requirements and accounting for forfeitures. Various transition methods will apply depending on the situation being addressed. | January 1, 2017 | The guidance will be adopted prospectively as indicated by the guidance for each area of change and will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Description | Date of adoption | Effect on our consolidated financial statements or other significant matters | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Standards adopted: | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Short-duration insurance contracts This authoritative guidance requires additional disclosures related to short-duration insurance contracts. | December 31, 2016 | The disclosure requirements of this guidance were adopted retrospectively. See Note 8, Insurance Liabilities, for further details. | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net asset value per share as a practical expedient for fair value This authoritative guidance removes the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. | January 1, 2016 | The guidance was adopted retrospectively and did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 14, Fair Value Measurements, for further details. | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Simplifying the presentation of debt issuance costs This authoritative guidance requires debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. | January 1, 2016 | The guidance was adopted retrospectively and did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 9, Debt, for further details. | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Consolidations This authoritative guidance makes changes to both the variable interest and voting interest consolidation models and eliminates the investment company deferral for portions of the variable interest model. The amendments in the standard impact the consolidation analysis for interests in investment companies and limited partnerships and similar entities. | January 1, 2016 | The guidance was adopted using the modified retrospective approach. See Note 3, Variable Interest Entities, for further details. | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Discontinued operations | ||||||||||||
| This authoritative guidance amends the definition of discontinued operations and requires entities to provide additional disclosures associated with discontinued operations, as well as disposal transactions that do not meet the discontinued operations criteria. The guidance requires discontinued operations treatment for disposals of a component or group of components of an entity that represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major impact on an entity's operations or financial results. The guidance also expands the scope to disposals of equity method investments and businesses that, upon initial acquisition, qualify as held for sale. | January 1, 2015 | This guidance | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fair value of financial assets and liabilities of a consolidated collateralized financing entity This authoritative guidance provides a measurement alternative for a reporting entity to measure both the financial assets and financial liabilities of consolidated collateralized financing entities ("CCFEs") using the more observable of the fair value of the financial assets or of the financial liabilities for both the financial assets and financial liabilities. | January 1, 2015 | This guidance was adopted using a modified retrospective approach and did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 14, Fair Value Measurements, for further details. | ||||||||||
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Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Description | adoption | Effect on our consolidated financial statements or other significant matters | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Foreign currency cumulative translation adjustment | ||||||||||||
| This authoritative guidance clarifies how the cumulative translation adjustment related to a parent's investment in a foreign entity should be released when certain transactions related to the foreign entity occur. | January 1, 2014 | The guidance was adopted prospectively and did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. | ||||||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
| | | |||
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| | ||||
When we adopt new accounting standards, we have a process in place to perform a thorough review of the pronouncement, identify the financial statement and system impacts and create an implementation plan among our impacted business units to ensure we are compliant with the pronouncement on the date of adoption. This includes having effective processes and controls in place to support the reported amounts. Each of the standards listed above is in varying stages in our implementation process based on its issuance and adoption dates. We are on track to implement guidance by the respective effective dates.
Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed. These estimates and assumptions could change in the future as more information becomes known, which could impact the amounts reported and disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The most critical estimates include those used in determining:
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
A description of such critical estimates is incorporated within the discussion of the related accounting policies that follow. In applying these policies, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to our businesses and operations. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
Principal Life Insurance Company ("Principal Life") operates a closed block ("Closed Block") for the benefit of individual participating dividend-paying policies in force at the time of the 1998 mutual insurance holding company ("MIHC") formation. See Note 6, Closed Block, for further details.
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, money market instruments and other debt issues with a maturity date of three months or less when purchased.
Fixed maturities include bonds, asset-backed securities ("ABS"), redeemable preferred stock and certain nonredeemablenon-redeemable preferred securities. Equity securities include mutual funds, common stock, non-redeemable preferred
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
1. Nature of Operations and nonredeemable preferred stock.Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
stock and required regulatory investments. We classify fixed maturities and equity securities as either available-for-sale or trading at the time of the purchase and, accordingly, carry them at fair value. See Note 14, Fair Value Measurements, for methodologies related to the determination of fair value. Unrealized gains and losses related to available-for-sale securities, excluding those in fair value hedging relationships, are reflected in stockholders' equity, net of adjustments associated with DAC and related actuarial balances, derivatives in cash flow hedge relationships and applicable income taxes. Unrealized gains and losses related to hedged portions of available-for-sale securities in fair value hedging relationships and mark-to-market adjustments on certain trading securities are reflected in net realized capital gains (losses). Mark-to-market adjustments related to certain securities carried at fair value with an investment objective to realize economic value through mark-to-market changes are reflected in net investment income.
The cost of fixed maturities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accrual of discounts, both computed using the interest method. The cost of fixed maturities and equity securities classified as available-for-sale is adjusted for declines in value that are other than temporary. Impairments in value deemed to be other than temporary are primarily reported in net income as a component of net realized capital gains (losses), with noncredit impairment losses for certain fixed maturities, available-for-sale reported in OCI.other comprehensive income ("OCI"). Interest income, as well as prepayment fees and the amortization of the related premium or discount, is reported in net investment income. For loan-backed and structured securities, we recognize income using a constant effective yield based on currently anticipated cash flows.
Real estate investments are reported at cost less accumulated depreciation. The initial cost basisbases of properties acquired through loan foreclosures are the lower of the fair market values of the properties at the time of foreclosure or the outstanding loan balance. Buildings and land improvements are generally depreciated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of improvements and tenant improvement costs are depreciated on the straight-line method over the term of the related lease. We recognize impairment losses for properties when indicators of impairment are present and a property's expected undiscounted cash flows are not sufficient to recover the property's carrying value. In such cases, the cost basis of the properties are reduced to fair value. Real estate expected to be disposed is carried at the lower of cost or fair value, less cost to sell, with valuation allowances established accordingly and depreciation no longer recognized. The carrying amount of real estate held for sale was $174.0$130.7 million and $182.3$169.7 million as of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, respectively. Any impairment losses and any changes in valuation allowances are reported in net income.
Commercial and residential mortgage loans are generally reported at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accrual of discounts, computed using the interest method and net of valuation allowances. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the loan based on the loan's contractual interest rate. Interest income, as well as prepayment of
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
fees and the amortization of the related premium or discount, is reported in net investment income. Any changes in the valuation allowances are reported in net income as net realized capital gains (losses). We measure impairment based upon the difference between carrying value and estimated value less cost to sell. Estimated value is based on either the present value of expected cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate, the loan's observable market price or the fair value of the collateral. If foreclosure is probable, the measurement of any valuation allowance is based upon the fair value of the collateral.
Net realized capital gains and losses on sales of investments are determined on the basis of specific identification. In general, in addition to realized capital gains and losses on investment sales and periodic settlements on derivatives not designated as hedges, we report gains and losses related to the following in net realized capital gains (losses): other-than-temporary impairments of securities and subsequent realized recoveries, mark-to-market adjustments on certain trading securities, mark-to-market adjustments on certain seed money investments,sponsored investment funds, fair value hedge and cash flow hedge ineffectiveness, mark-to-market adjustments on derivatives not designated as hedges, changes in the mortgage loan valuation allowance provision, impairments of real estate held for investment and impairments onof equity method investments. Investment gains and losses on sales of certain real estate held for sale that do not meet the criteria for classification as a discontinued operationdue to investment strategy and mark-to-market adjustments on certain securities carried at fair value with an investment objective to realize economic value through mark-to-market changes are reported as net investment income and are excluded from net realized capital gains (losses).
Policy loans and certain other investments are primarily reported at cost, excluding seed moneycost. Interests in unconsolidated entities, joint ventures and partnerships are generally accounted for using the equity method. We have other investments other investment funds, derivative assets, commercial mortgage loans of consolidated VIEsreported at fair value or for which the fair value option was electedhas been elected. See Note 14, Fair Value Measurements, for detail on these investments.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
1. Nature of Operations and equity method real estate investments for which the fair value option was elected.Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
Overview.Overview
Derivatives are financial instruments whose values are derived from interest rates, foreign exchange rates, financial indices or the values of securities. Derivatives generally used by us include interest rate swaps, interest rate options, swaptions, currency swaps, currency forwards, equity options, futures, credit default swaps and total return swaps. Derivatives may be exchange traded, cleared through centralized clearinghouses, or contracted in the over-the-counter market without being cleared. Derivative positions are either assets or liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial position and are measured at fair value, generally by obtaining quoted market prices or through the use of pricing models. See Note 14, Fair Value Measurements, for policies related to the determination of fair value. Fair values can be affected by changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, financial indices, values of securities, credit spreads, and market volatility and liquidity.
Accounting and Financial Statement Presentation.Presentation
We designate derivatives as either:
Our accounting for the ongoing changes in fair value of a derivative depends on the intended use of the derivative and the designation, as described above, and is determined when the derivative contract is entered into or at the time of redesignation. Hedge accounting is used for derivatives that are specifically designated in advance as hedges and that reduce our exposure to an indicated risk by having a high correlation between changes in the value of the derivatives and the items being hedged at both the inception of the hedge and throughout the hedge period.
Fair Value Hedges. When a derivative is designated as a fair value hedge and is determined to be highly effective, changes in its fair value, along with changes in the fair value of the hedged asset, liability or firm commitment attributable to the hedged risk, are reported in net realized capital gains (losses). Any difference between the net change in fair value of the derivative and the hedged item represents hedge ineffectiveness.
Cash Flow Hedges. When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge and is determined to be highly effective, changes in its fair value are recorded as a component of OCI. Any hedge ineffectiveness is recorded immediately in net income. At the time the variability of cash flows being hedged impacts net income, the related portion of deferred gains or losses on the derivative instrument is reclassified and reported in net income.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
Net Investment in a Foreign Operation Hedge. When a derivative is used as a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation, its change in fair value, to the extent effective as a hedge, is recorded as a component of OCI. Any hedge ineffectiveness is recorded immediately in net income. If the foreign operation is sold or upon complete or substantially complete liquidation, the deferred gains or losses on the derivative instrument are reclassified into net income.
Non-Hedge Derivatives. If a derivative does not qualify or is not designated for hedge accounting, all changes in fair value are reported in net income without considering the changes in the fair value of the economically associated assets or liabilities.
Hedge Documentation and Effectiveness Testing. At inception, we formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as our risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes associating all derivatives designated as fair value or cash flow hedges with specific assets or liabilities on the statementconsolidated statements of financial position or with specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. Effectiveness of the hedge is formally assessed at inception and throughout the life of the hedging relationship. Even if a derivative is highly effective and qualifies for hedge accounting treatment, the hedge might have some ineffectiveness.
We use qualitative and quantitative methods to assess hedge effectiveness. Qualitative methods may include monitoring changes to terms and conditions and counterparty credit ratings. Quantitative methods may include statistical tests including regression analysis and minimum variance and dollar offset techniques.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
Termination of Hedge Accounting. We prospectively discontinue hedge accounting when (1) the criteria to qualify for hedge accounting is no longer met, e.g., a derivative is determined to no longer be highly effective in offsetting the change in fair value or cash flows of a hedged item; (2) the derivative expires, is sold, terminated or exercised or (3) we remove the designation of the derivative being the hedging instrument for a fair value or cash flow hedge.
If it is determined that a derivative no longer qualifies as an effective hedge, the derivative will continue to be carried on the consolidated statements of financial position at its fair value, with changes in fair value recognized prospectively in net realized capital gains (losses). The asset or liability under a fair value hedge will no longer be adjusted for changes in fair value pursuant to hedging rules and the existing basis adjustment is amortized to the consolidated statements of operations line associated with the asset or liability. The component of OCIaccumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") related to discontinued cash flow hedges that are no longer highly effective is amortized to the consolidated statements of operations consistent with the net income impacts of the original hedged cash flows. If a cash flow hedge is discontinued because it is probable the hedged forecasted transaction will not occur, the deferred gain or loss is immediately reclassified from OCIAOCI into net income.
Embedded Derivatives. We purchase and issue certain financial instruments and products that contain a derivative that is embedded in the financial instrument or product. We assess whether this embedded derivative is clearly and closely related to the asset or liability that serves as its host contract. If we deem that the embedded derivative's terms are not clearly and closely related to the host contract, and a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the derivative is bifurcated from that contract and held at fair value on the consolidated statements of financial position, with changes in fair value reported in net income.
Contractholder and Policyholder Liabilities
Contractholder and policyholder liabilities (contractholder funds, future policy benefits and claims and other policyholder funds) include reserves for investment contracts, individual and reserves forgroup annuities that provide periodic income payments, universal life, term life insurance, participating traditional individual life insurance, group life insurance, health insurance and disability income policies, as well as a provision for dividends on participating policies.
Investment contracts are contractholders' funds on deposit with us and generally include reserves for pension and annuity contracts. Reserves on investment contracts are equal to the cumulative deposits less any applicable charges and withdrawals plus credited interest. Reserves for universal life insurance contracts are equal to cumulative deposits less charges plus credited interest, which represents the account balances that accrue to the benefit of the policyholders.
We hold additional reserves on certain long durationlong-duration contracts where benefit features result in gains in early years followed by losses in later years, universal life/variable universal life contracts that contain no lapse guarantee features, or annuities with guaranteed minimum death benefits.
Reserves for individual and group annuities that provide periodic income payments, nonparticipating term life insurance and disability income contracts are computed on a basis of assumed investment yield, mortality, morbidity and expenses, including a provision for adverse deviation, which generally varies by plan, year of issue and policy duration. Investment yield is based on our experience. Mortality, morbidity and withdrawal rate assumptions are based on our experience and are periodically reviewed against both industry standards and experience.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
Reserves for participating life insurance contracts are based on the net level premium reserve for death and endowment policy benefits. This net level premium reserve is calculated based on dividend fund interest rates and mortality rates guaranteed in calculating the cash surrender values described in the contract.
Participating business represented approximately 11%8%, 12%9% and 13%11% of our life insurance in force and 40%33%, 43%36% and 47%40% of the number of life insurance policies in force atas of December 31, 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012,2014, respectively. Participating business represented approximately 40%31%, 40%36% and 43%40% of life insurance premiums for the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012,2014, respectively. The amount of dividends to policyholders is declared annually by Principal Life's Board of Directors. The amount of dividends to be paid to policyholders is determined after consideration of several factors including interest, mortality, morbidity and other expense experience for the year and judgment as to the appropriate level of statutory surplus to be retained by Principal Life. At the end of the reporting period, Principal Life establishes a dividend liability for the pro rata portion of the dividends expected to be paid on or before the next policy anniversary date.
Some of our policies and contracts require payment of fees or other policyholder assessments in advance for services that will be rendered over the estimated lives of the policies and contracts. These payments are established as unearned revenue liabilities upon receipt and included in other policyholder funds in the consolidated statements of financial
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
position. These unearned revenue reserves are amortized to operations over the estimated lives of these policies and contracts in relation to the emergence of estimated gross profits.profits ("EGPs").
The liability for unpaid disabilityclaims for both long-duration and health claimsshort-duration contracts is an estimate of the ultimate net cost of reported and unreported losses not yet settled. This liability is estimated using actuarial analyses and case basis evaluations. Although considerable variability is inherent in such estimates, we believe that the liability for unpaid claims is adequate. These estimates are continually reviewed and, as adjustments to this liability become necessary, such adjustments are reflected in net income. Our liability for unpaid claims does not include any allocated claim adjustment expenses.
We incur claim adjustment expenses for both long-duration and short-duration contracts that cannot be allocated to a specific claim. Our claim adjustment expense liability is estimated using actuarial analyses based on historical trends of expenses and expected claim runout patterns.
We include the following group products in our short-duration insurance contracts disclosures: long-term disability ("LTD"), group life waiver, dental, vision, short-term disability ("STD") and group life.
Future policy benefits and claims include reserves for group life and disability insurance that provide periodic income payments. These reserves are computed using assumptions of mortality, morbidity and investment performance. These assumptions are based on our experience, industry results, emerging trends and future expectations. Future policy benefits and claims also include reserves for incurred but unreported group disability, dental, vision and life insurance claims. We recognize claims costs in the period the service was provided to our policyholders. However, claims costs incurred in a particular period are not known with certainty until after we receive, process and pay the claims. We determine the amount of this liability using actuarial methods based on historical claim payment patterns as well as emerging cost trends, where applicable, to determine our estimate of claim liabilities.
We have defined claim frequency as follows for each short-duration product:
We did not make any significant changes to our methodologies or assumptions used to calculate the liability for unpaid claims for short-duration contracts during 2016.
Recognition of Premiums and Other Considerations, Fees and Other Revenues and Benefits
Traditional individual life insurance products include those products with fixed and guaranteed premiums and benefits and consist principally of whole life and term life insurance policies. Premiums from these products are recognized as premium revenue when due. Related policy benefits and expenses for individual life products are associated with earned premiums and result in the recognition of profits over the expected term of the policies and contracts.
Immediate annuities with life contingencies include products with fixed and guaranteed annuity considerations and benefits and consist principally of group and individual single premium annuities with life contingencies. Annuity considerations from these products are recognized as premium revenue. However, the collection of these annuity considerations does not represent the completion of the earnings process, as we establish annuity reserves using estimates for mortality and investment assumptions, which include provision for adverse deviation as required by U.S. GAAP. We anticipate profits to emerge over the life of the annuity products as we earn investment income, pay benefits and release reserves.
Group life and health insurance premiums are generally recorded as premium revenue over the term of the coverage. Certain group contracts contain experience premium refund provisions based on a pre-defined formula that reflects their claim experience. Experience premium refunds reduce revenue over the term of the coverage and are adjusted to reflect current experience. Related policy benefits and expenses for group life and health insurance products are associated with earned premiums and result in the recognition of profits over the term of the policies and contracts.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
Fees for contracts providing claim processing or other administrative services are recorded as revenue over the period the service is provided.
Universal life-type policies are insurance contracts with terms that are not fixed. Amounts received as payments for such contracts are not reported as premium revenues. Revenues for universal life-type insurance contracts consist of policy charges for the cost of insurance, policy initiation and administration, surrender charges and other fees that have been assessed against policy account values and investment income. Policy benefits and claims that are charged to expense include interest credited to contracts and benefit claims incurred in the period in excess of related policy account balances.
Investment contracts do not subject us to significant risks arising from policyholder mortality or morbidity and consist primarily of guaranteed investment contracts ("GICs"), funding agreements and certain deferred annuities. Amounts received as payments for investment contracts are established as investment contract liability balances and are not reported as premium revenues. Revenues for investment contracts consist of investment income and policy administration charges. Investment contract benefits that are charged to expense include benefit claims incurred in the
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
period in excess of related investment contract liability balances and interest credited to investment contract liability balances.
Fees and other revenues are earned for asset management services provided to retail and institutional clients based largely upon contractual rates applied to the market value of the client's portfolio. Additionally, fees and other revenues are earned for administrative services performed including recordkeeping and reporting services for retirement savings plans. Fees and other revenues received for performance of asset management and administrative services are recognized as revenue when earned, typically when the service is performed.
Fees for managing customers' mandatory retirement savings accounts in Chile are collected with each monthly deposit made by our customers. If a customer stops contributing before retirement age, we collect no fees but services are still provided. We recognize revenue from these long-term service contracts as services are performed over the life of the contract.
Incremental direct costs of contract acquisition as well as certain costs directly related to acquisition activities (underwriting, policy issuance and processing, medical and inspection and sales force contract selling) for the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance policies and investment contract business are capitalized to the extent recoverable. Commissions and other incremental direct costs of contract acquisition for the acquisition of long-term service contracts are also capitalized to the extent recoverable. Maintenance costs and acquisition costs that are not deferrable are charged to operationsnet income as incurred.
DAC for universal life-type insurance contracts participating life insurance policies and certain investment contracts are being amortized over the lives of the policies and contracts in relation to the emergence of estimated gross profits ("EGPs")EGPs or, in certain circumstances, estimated gross revenues. This amortization is adjusted in the current period when EGPs or estimated gross revenues are revised. For individual variable life insurance, individual variable annuities and group annuities that have separate account U.S. equity investment options, we utilize a mean reversion methodmethodology (reversion to the mean assumption), a common industry practice, to determine the future domestic equity market growth rate assumption used for the amortizationcalculation of DAC. TheEGPs. DAC of nonparticipatingfor participating life insurance policies are amortized in proportion to estimated gross margins. DAC for non-participating term life insurance and individual disability policies are being amortized over the premium-paying period of the related policies using assumptions consistent with those used in computing policyholder liabilities.
DAC on insurance policies and investment contracts are subject to recoverability testing at the time of policy issue and loss recognition testing on an annual basis, or when an event occurs that may warrant loss recognition. If loss recognition or impairment is necessary, DAC would be written off to the extent that it is determined that future policy premiums and investment income or gross profits are not adequate to cover related losses and expenses.
DAC onfor long-term service contracts are amortized in proportion to the revenue recognized or straight-line if no pattern of revenue recognition can be reasonably predicted. We amortize capitalized costs of long-term service contracts on a straight-line basis, reflecting lapses as they are incurred, over the expected contract life.
Deferred Acquisition Costs on Internal Replacements
All insurance and investment contract modifications and replacements are reviewed to determine if the internal replacement results in a substantially changed contract. If so, the acquisition costs, sales inducements and unearned
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
revenue associated with the new contract are deferred and amortized over the lifetime of the new contract. In addition, the existing DAC, sales inducement costs and unearned revenue balances associated with the replaced contract are written off. If an internal replacement results in a substantially unchanged contract, the acquisition costs, sales inducements and unearned revenue associated with the new contract are immediately recognized in the period incurred. In addition, the existing DAC, sales inducement costs or unearned revenue balance associated with the replaced contract is not written off, but instead is carried over to the new contract.
Long-term debt includes notes payable, nonrecourse mortgages and other debt with a maturity date greater than one year at the date of issuance. Current maturities of long-term debt are classified as long-term debt in our statementconsolidated statements of financial position.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
We enter into reinsurance agreements with other companies in the normal course of business in order to limit losses and minimize exposure to significant risks. We may assume reinsurance from or cede reinsurance to other companies. Assets and liabilities related to reinsurance ceded are reported on a gross basis. Premiums and expenses are reported net of reinsurance ceded. The cost of reinsurance related to long-duration contracts is accounted for over the life of the underlying reinsured policies using assumptions consistent with those used to account for the underlying policies. We are contingently liable with respect to reinsurance ceded to other companies in the event the reinsurer is unable to meet the obligations it has assumed. AtAs of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, we had $338.0$412.8 million and $282.6$397.5 million of net ceded reinsurance recoverables related to claims that have been received, respectively. AtAs of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, $390.5 million, or 95%, and $379.4 million, or 95%, were with our five largest exposures to a single third party reinsurer was in our life insurance business, which totaled $38.9 billion and $35.9 billion of life insurance in force, representing 16% and 17% ofceded reinsurers, respectively. Our total amount recoverable from reinsurers includes net life insurance in force, respectively. Theceded reinsurance recoverable relatingrecoverables related to claims that have been received that are associatedand reserves ceded to this single third party reinsurer recorded in our consolidated statementsreinsurers; however, it does not reflect potentially offsetting impacts of financial positioncollateral. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the total amount recoverable from reinsurers was $48.1$837.1 million and $31.3$857.3 million, at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
The effects of reinsurance on premiums and other considerations and policy and contract benefits were as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Direct | $ | 4,123.7 | $ | 3,524.8 | $ | 3,554.1 | $ | 5,753.8 | $ | 5,710.8 | $ | 4,123.7 | ||||||||
Assumed | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.1 | ||||||||||||||
Ceded | (402.9 | ) | (373.2 | ) | (337.3 | ) | (456.4 | ) | (402.4 | ) | (402.9 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net premiums and other considerations | $ | 3,722.9 | $ | 3,154.1 | $ | 3,219.4 | $ | 5,299.1 | $ | 5,310.3 | $ | 3,722.9 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Direct | $ | 5,532.5 | $ | 4,933.3 | $ | 5,268.6 | $ | 7,202.5 | $ | 7,196.7 | $ | 5,532.5 | ||||||||
Assumed | 30.7 | 32.2 | 33.9 | 28.1 | 28.7 | �� | 30.7 | |||||||||||||
Ceded | (332.2 | ) | (281.9 | ) | (178.6 | ) | (317.4 | ) | (527.7 | ) | (332.2 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net benefits, claims and settlement expenses | $ | 5,231.0 | $ | 4,683.6 | $ | 5,123.9 | $ | 6,913.2 | $ | 6,697.7 | $ | 5,231.0 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The separate accounts are legally segregated and are not subject to the claims that arise out of any of our other business. The client, rather than us, directs the investments and bears the investment risk of these funds. The separate account assets represent the fair value of funds that are separately administered by us for contracts with equity, real estate and fixed income investments and are presented as a summary total within the consolidated statements of financial position. An equivalent amount is reported as separate account liabilities, which represent the obligation to return the monies to the client. We receive fees for mortality, withdrawal and expense risks, as well as administrative, maintenance and investment advisory services that are included in the consolidated statementstatements of operations. Net deposits, net investment income and realized and unrealized capital gains and losses of the separate accounts are not reflected in the consolidated statements of operations.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
Separate account assets and separate account liabilities include certain international retirement accumulation products where the segregated funds and associated obligation to the client are consolidated within our financial statements. We have determined that summary totals are the most meaningful presentation for these funds.
AtAs of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, the separate accounts includeincluded a separate account valued at $205.4$158.4 million and $223.1$158.2 million, respectively, which primarily includesincluded shares of our stock that were allocated and issued to eligible participants of qualified employee benefit plans administered by us as part of the policy credits issued under our 2001 demutualization. These shares are included in both basic and diluted earnings per share calculations. In the consolidated statements of financial position, the separate account shares are recorded at fair value and are reported as separate account assets with a corresponding separate account liability to eligible participants of the qualified plan. Changes in fair value of the separate account shares are reflected in both the separate account assets and separate account liabilities and do not impact our results of operations.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies — (continued)
We file a U.S. consolidated income tax return that includes all of our qualifying subsidiaries. In addition, we file income tax returns in all states and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct business. Our policy of allocating income tax expenses and benefits to companies in the group is generally based upon pro rata contribution of taxable income or operating losses. We are taxed at corporate rates on taxable income based on existing tax laws. Current income taxes are charged or credited to net income based upon amounts estimated to be payable or recoverable as a result of taxable operations for the current year. Deferred income taxes are provided for the tax effect of temporary differences in the financial reporting and income tax bases of assets and liabilities, and net operating lossesloss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards using enacted income tax rates and laws. The effect on deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in operationsnet income in the period in which the change is enacted.
Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries and affiliates denominated in non-U.S. dollars, where the U.S. dollar is not the functional currency, are translated into U.S. dollar equivalents at the year-end spot foreign exchange rates. Resulting translation adjustments are reported as a component of stockholders' equity, along with any related hedge and tax effects. Revenues and expenses for these entities are translated at the average exchange rates. Revenue, expense and other foreign currency transaction and translation adjustments that affect cash flows are reported in net income, along with related hedge and tax effects.
Goodwill and Other Intangibles
Goodwill and other intangible assets include the cost of acquired subsidiaries in excess of the fair value of the net tangible assets recorded in connection with acquisitions. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized. Rather, they are tested for impairment during the third quarter each year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level, which is a business one level below the operating segment, if financial information is prepared and regularly reviewed by management at that level. Once goodwill has been assigned to a reporting unit, it is no longer associated with a particular acquisition; therefore, all of the activities within a reporting unit, whether acquired or organically grown, are available to support the goodwill value. Impairment testing for indefinite-lived intangible assets consists of a comparison of the fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying value.
Intangible assets with a finite useful life are amortized as related benefits emerge and are reviewed periodically for indicators of impairment in value. If facts and circumstances suggest possible impairment, the sum of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset is compared to the current carrying value of the asset. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized for the excess of the carrying amount of assets over their fair value.
Basic earnings per common share is calculated by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period and excludes the dilutive effect of equity awards. Diluted earnings per common share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if dilutive securities, such as options and non-vested stock grants, were exercised or resulted in the issuance of common stock.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
2. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill reported in our segments were as follows:
| | Retirement and Investor Services | Principal Global Investors | Principal International | U.S. Insurance Solutions | Corporate | Consolidated | Retirement and Income Solutions | Principal Global Investors | Principal International | U.S. Insurance Solutions | Corporate | Consolidated | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance at January 1, 2013 | $ | 68.6 | $ | 239.9 | $ | 179.5 | $ | 55.4 | $ | — | $ | 543.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance as of January 1, 2015 | $ | 57.4 | $ | 252.4 | $ | 641.0 | $ | 56.6 | $ | — | $ | 1,007.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Goodwill from acquisitions | — | — | 631.8 | 2.6 | — | 634.4 | — | 3.1 | 101.7 | — | — | 104.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Goodwill disposed | — | — | — | (1.4 | ) | — | (1.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency | — | 1.2 | (81.3 | ) | — | — | (80.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other | 4.0 | — | — | — | — | 4.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2013 | 72.6 | 241.1 | 730.0 | 56.6 | — | 1,100.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency | — | (3.9 | ) | (89.0 | ) | — | — | (92.9 | ) | — | (3.4 | ) | (99.8 | ) | — | — | (103.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2014 | $ | 72.6 | $ | 237.2 | $ | 641.0 | $ | 56.6 | $ | — | $ | 1,007.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | 57.4 | 252.1 | 642.9 | 56.6 | — | 1,009.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency | — | (9.6 | ) | 21.4 | — | — | 11.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||||
Balance as of December 31, 2016 | $ | 57.4 | $ | 242.5 | $ | 664.3 | $ | 56.6 | $ | — | $ | 1,020.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
On September 1, 2015, we completed our purchase of AXA's Mandatory Provident Fund ("MPF") and Occupational Retirement Schemes Ordinance ("ORSO") pension business in Hong Kong for $335.5 million. As part of the transaction, we entered into an exclusive 15-year distribution agreement with AXA to provide co-branded pension products through AXA's extensive agency network in Hong Kong. AXA's MPF and ORSO pension business is consolidated within our Principal International segment with a portion of the goodwill and identifiable intangible assets allocated to our Principal Global Investors segment.
Of the acquired intangible assets, $104.8 million was assigned to goodwill and is not subject to amortization. The goodwill is largely related to future sales anticipated from our internal workforce and entity-specific revenue synergies that will be generated by combining AXA's MPF and ORSO pension business with our existing businesses. This goodwill will be tested annually as part of the Principal International Hong Kong reporting unit and the Principal Global Investors Equity Investments and Fixed Income Investments reporting units.
Of the remaining acquired intangible assets, $138.0 million was assigned to customer relationships, which are subject to amortization over a 30-year useful life, and $53.0 million was assigned to the distribution agreement, which is subject to amortization over a 15-year useful life based on its contractual term.
Finite Lived Intangible Assets
Amortized intangible assets that continue to be subject to amortization over a weighted average remaining expected life of 1316 years were as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Gross carrying value | Accumulated amortization | Net carrying value | Gross carrying value | Accumulated amortization | Net carrying value | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Present value of future profits | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 13.5 | $ | 6.7 | $ | 6.8 | ||||||||||||||
Other finite lived intangible assets | 674.1 | 183.6 | 490.5 | 858.8 | 262.9 | 595.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Gross carrying value | $ | 756.2 | $ | 766.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Accumulated amortization | 228.7 | 198.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total finite lived intangible assets | $ | 674.1 | $ | 183.6 | $ | 490.5 | $ | 872.3 | $ | 269.6 | $ | 602.7 | ||||||||||||||
Net carrying value | $ | 527.5 | $ | 568.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
During 2014, 20132015, we recorded an $8.3 million pre-tax impairment loss in operating expenses related to finite lived intangible assets that originated from the acquisition of our mutual fund company in Brazil with a gross carrying amount of $11.5 million and 2012,$3.2 million of accumulated amortization at the time of impairment. During 2016, 2015 and 2014, we fully amortized other finite lived intangible assets of $118.6$2.2 million, $5.2$0.5 million and $5.0$118.6 million, respectively.
Other Finite Lived Intangible Assets. The amortization expense for intangible assets with finite useful lives was $44.5 million, $42.5 million and $49.9 million $48.0 millionfor 2016, 2015 and $22.7 million for 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. AtAs of December 31, 2014,2016, the estimated amortization expense for the next five years is as follows (in millions):
Year ending December 31: | ||||||||
2015 | $ | 48.6 | ||||||
2016 | 48.8 | |||||||
2017 | 48.1 | $ | 44.7 | |||||
2018 | 47.7 | 44.1 | ||||||
2019 | 46.1 | 43.0 | ||||||
2020 | 42.3 | |||||||
2021 | 39.6 | |||||||
Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets
The net carrying amount of unamortized indefinite lived intangible assets was $833.0 million and $856.3 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. As of both December 31, 2014 and 2013, $608.0 million relates to investment management contracts associated with our acquisition of WM Advisors, Inc. in 2006. In addition, in the first quarter of 2013, we recorded $185.2 million related to trade name intangibles associated with our acquisition of Administradora de Fondos de Pensiones Cuprum S.A. ("Cuprum").
3. Variable Interest Entities
We have relationships with and may have a variable interest in various types of special purpose entities. Following is a discussion of our interest in entities that meet the definition of a VIE. When we are the primary beneficiary, we are required to consolidate the entity in our financial statements. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is defined as the enterprise with (1) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. For VIEs that are investment companies, the primary beneficiary is the enterprise
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
2. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets — (continued)
Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets
The 2015 net impact of impairments of indefinite lived intangibles of our mutual fund company in Brazil resulted in a pre-tax loss of $14.7 million that was recorded in operating expenses.
The net carrying amount of unamortized indefinite lived intangible assets was $797.8 million and $790.6 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. As of both December 31, 2016 and 2015, $608.0 million relates to investment management contracts associated with our acquisition of WM Advisors, Inc. in 2006. The remaining balance primarily relates to the trade name intangible associated with our acquisition of Administradora de Fondos de Pensiones Cuprum S.A. in 2013.
3. Variable Interest Entities
We have relationships with various types of entities which may be VIEs. Certain VIEs are consolidated in our financial results. See Note 1, Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies, under the caption "Consolidation" for further details of our consolidation accounting policies. We did not provide financial or other support to investees designated as VIEs for the periods ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
Adoption of New Consolidation Guidance
Both the variable interest and voting interest consolidation models were changed under authoritative guidance effective January 1, 2016. The guidance eliminated the investment company deferral for portions of the variable interest model. Prior to January 1, 2016, the primary beneficiary of an investment company VIE was the enterprise who absorbed the majority of the entity's expected losses, received a majority of the expected residual returns or both. The new guidance requires all VIEs to be assessed under one method to determine the primary beneficiary.
The determination of whether interests in limited partnerships and similar entities are VIEs or VOEs has also changed under the pronouncement, by requiring evaluation of the equity holders' rights to determine if they have the power to direct the entity's most significant activities through substantive kick-out rights or participating rights. Limited partnerships and similar entities without these rights are VIEs.
We adopted the guidance using the modified retrospective approach effective January 1, 2016. Under the modified retrospective approach, the cumulative effect of initially applying the new guidance is recognized as of the date of initial application, and comparative periods are not restated. The changes resulting from the adoption were:
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
3. Variable Interest Entities — (continued)
who absorbs the majority of the entity's expected losses, receives a majority of the expected residual returns or both. On an ongoing basis, we assess whether we are the primary beneficiary of VIEs in which we have a relationship.
Consolidated Variable Interest Entities
Grantor Trusts
We contributed undated subordinated floating rate notes to three grantor trusts. The trusts separated thetheir cash flows by issuing an interest-only certificate and a residual certificate related to each note contributed. Each interest-only certificate entitles the holder to interest on the stated note for a specified term, while the residual certificate entitles the holder to interest payments subsequent to the term of the interest-only certificate and to all principal payments. We retained the interest-only certificates and the residual certificates were subsequently sold to third parties. We have determined these grantor trusts are VIEs due to insufficient equity to sustain them. We determined we are the primary beneficiary as a result of our contribution of securities into the trusts and our significant continuing interest in the trusts.
Collateralized Private Investment VehicleVehicles
We invest in cash and synthetic collateralized debt obligations, collateralized bond obligations, collateralized loan obligations and other collateralized structures, which are VIEs due to insufficient equity to sustain the entities (collectively known as "collateralized private investment vehicles"). The performance of the notes of these synthetic structures is primarily linked to a synthetic portfolio by derivatives; each note has a specific loss attachment and detachment point. The notes and related derivatives are collateralized by a pool of permitted investments. The investments are held by a trustee and can only be liquidated to settle obligations of the trusts. These obligations primarily include derivatives and the notes due at maturity or termination of the trusts. We determined we are the primary beneficiary for one of these synthetic entities because we act as the investment manager of the underlying portfolio and we have an ownership interest.the power to make decisions and to receive benefits and the obligation to absorb losses that could be potentially significant to the VIE.
Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities
We sold commercial mortgage loans to a real estate mortgage investment conduit trust. The trust issued various commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS") certificates using the cash flows of the underlying commercial mortgages it purchased. This is considered a VIE due to insufficient equity to sustain itself. We have determined we are the primary beneficiary as we retained the special servicing role for the assets within the trust as well as the ownership of the bond class that controls the unilateral kick outkick-out rights of the special servicer.
Mandatory Retirement Savings Funds
We hold an equity interest in Chilean mandatory privatized social security funds in which we provide asset management services. We determined that the mandatory privatized social security funds, which also include contributorscontributions for voluntary pension savings, voluntary non-pension savings and compensation savings accounts, are VIEs. This is because the equity holders as a group lack the power, due to voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and also because equity investors are protected from below-average market investment returns relative to the industry's return, due to a regulatory guarantee that we provide. Further we concluded that we are the primary beneficiary through our power to make decisions and our significant variable interest in the funds. The purpose of the funds, which reside in legally segregated entities, is to provide long-term retirement savings. The obligation to the clientcustomer is directly related to the assets held in the funds and, as such, we present the assets as separate account assets and the obligation as separate account liabilities within our consolidated statements of financial position.
Principal International Hong Kong offers retirement pension schemes in which we provide trustee, administration and asset management services to employers and employees under the Hong Kong MPF and ORSO pension schemes. Each pension scheme has various guaranteed and non-guaranteed constituent funds, or investment options, in which customers can invest their money. The guaranteed funds provide either a guaranteed rate of return to the customer or a minimum guarantee on withdrawals under certain qualifying events. We have determined the guaranteed funds are VIEs due to the fact the equity holders, as a group, lack the obligation to absorb expected losses due to the guarantee we provide. We concluded that we are the primary beneficiary because we have the power to make decisions and to receive benefits and the obligation to absorb losses that could be potentially significant to the VIE. Therefore, we consolidate the underlying assets and liabilities of the funds and present as separate accounts or within the general account, depending on the terms of the guarantee.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
3. Variable Interest Entities — (continued)
Real Estate
During the third quarter of 2014, we re-evaluated our consolidation conclusions for certain real estate limited partnerships and limited liability companies. We determined the entities were properly consolidated in the financial statements, but should have been consolidated under the VIE model as opposed to the voting interest model. As a result, we have included the consolidation impacts of these entities within the current and prior period VIE disclosures.
We invest in several real estate limited partnerships and limited liability companies. The entities invest in real estate properties. TheseCertain of these entities are VIEs based on the combination of our significant economic interest and related voting rights. We determined we are the primary beneficiary as a result of our power to control the entities through our significant ownership.
Table Due to the nature of Contentsthese real estate investments, the investment balance will fluctuate as we purchase and sell interests in the entities and as capital expenditures are made to improve the underlying real estate.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.Sponsored Investment Funds
Notes We sponsor and invest in certain investment funds for which we provide asset management services. Although our asset management fee is commensurate with the services provided and consistent with fees for similar services negotiated at arms-length, we have a variable interest for funds where our other interests are more than insignificant. The funds are VIEs as the equity holders lack power through voting rights to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact its economic performance. We determined we are the primary beneficiary of the VIEs where our interest in the entity is more than insignificant and we are the asset manager.
December 31, 2014
3.Assets and Liabilities of Consolidated Variable Interest Entities — (continued)
The carrying amounts of our consolidated VIE assets, which can only be used to settle obligations of consolidated VIEs, and liabilities of consolidated VIEs for which creditors do not have recourse arewere as follows:
| | Grantor trusts | Collateralized private investment vehicle | CMBS | Mandatory retirement savings | Real estate | Total | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 278.2 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 278.2 | |||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | — | 100.4 | — | — | — | 100.4 | |||||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | — | — | — | 345.3 | — | 345.3 | |||||||||||||
Real estate | — | — | — | — | 284.9 | 284.9 | |||||||||||||
Other investments | — | — | 35.0 | — | 5.6 | 40.6 | |||||||||||||
Cash | — | — | — | — | 4.7 | 4.7 | |||||||||||||
Accrued investment income | 0.4 | — | 0.2 | — | 1.4 | 2.0 | |||||||||||||
Separate account assets | — | — | — | 34,655.4 | — | 34,655.4 | |||||||||||||
Other assets | — | — | — | — | 0.3 | 0.3 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets | $ | 278.6 | $ | 100.4 | $ | 35.2 | $ | 35,000.7 | $ | 296.9 | $ | 35,711.8 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Long-term debt | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 82.3 | $ | 82.3 | |||||||
Income taxes currently payable | — | — | — | — | 10.6 | 10.6 | |||||||||||||
Deferred income taxes | 1.5 | — | — | — | (0.4 | ) | 1.1 | ||||||||||||
Separate account liabilities | — | — | — | 34,655.4 | — | 34,655.4 | |||||||||||||
Other liabilities (1) | 239.1 | 85.6 | 4.8 | — | 14.5 | 344.0 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities | $ | 240.6 | $ | 85.6 | $ | 4.8 | $ | 34,655.4 | $ | 107.0 | $ | 35,093.4 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 272.0 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 272.0 | |||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | — | 110.4 | — | — | — | 110.4 | |||||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | — | — | — | 327.2 | — | 327.2 | |||||||||||||
Real estate | — | — | — | — | 266.3 | 266.3 | |||||||||||||
Other investments | — | — | 68.1 | — | — | 68.1 | |||||||||||||
Cash | — | — | — | — | 12.0 | 12.0 | |||||||||||||
Accrued investment income | 0.3 | — | 0.6 | — | 1.1 | 2.0 | |||||||||||||
Separate account assets | — | — | — | 32,824.7 | — | 32,824.7 | |||||||||||||
Other assets | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets | $ | 272.3 | $ | 110.4 | $ | 68.7 | $ | 33,151.9 | $ | 279.5 | $ | 33,882.8 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Long-term debt | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 47.7 | $ | 47.7 | |||||||
Deferred income taxes | 1.5 | — | — | — | — | 1.5 | |||||||||||||
Separate account liabilities | — | — | — | 32,824.7 | — | 32,824.7 | |||||||||||||
Other liabilities (1) | 217.2 | 93.8 | 31.4 | — | 20.0 | 362.4 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities | $ | 218.7 | $ | 93.8 | $ | 31.4 | $ | 32,824.7 | $ | 67.7 | $ | 33,236.3 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Total assets | Total liabilities | Total assets | Total liabilities | |||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Grantor trusts (1) | $ | 233.3 | $ | 212.3 | $ | 257.9 | $ | 231.8 | |||||
Collateralized private investment vehicles (2) | 82.4 | 61.5 | 100.4 | 85.9 | |||||||||
CMBS | 12.5 | — | 18.4 | — | |||||||||
Mandatory retirement savings funds (3) | 36,526.7 | 36,202.8 | 33,941.3 | 33,639.3 | |||||||||
Real estate (4) | 329.2 | 26.8 | 384.2 | 71.3 | |||||||||
Sponsored investment funds (5) | 114.3 | 0.9 | — | — | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 37,298.4 | $ | 36,504.3 | $ | 34,702.2 | $ | 34,028.3 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
We did not provide financial or other support to investees designated as VIEs for the periods ended December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013.
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities
Invested Securities
We hold a variable interest in a number of VIEs where we are not the primary beneficiary. Our investments in these VIEs are reported in fixed maturities, available-for-sale; fixed maturities, trading; equity securities, trading and other investments in the consolidated statements of financial position and are described below.
Unconsolidated VIEs include certain CMBS, residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities ("RMBS") and other asset-backed securities ("ABS").ABS. All of these entities were deemed VIEs because the equity within these entities is insufficient to sustain them. We determined we are not the primary beneficiary in the entities within these categories of investments. This determination was based primarily on the fact we do not own the class of security that controls the unilateral right to replace the special servicer or equivalent function.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
3. Variable Interest Entities — (continued)
As previously discussed, we invest in several types of collateralized private investment vehicles, which are VIEs. These include cash and synthetic structures that we do not manage. We have determined we are not the primary beneficiary of these collateralized private investment vehicles primarily because we do not control the economic performance of the entities and were not involved with the design of the entities.
We have invested in various VIE trusts as a debt holder. All of these entities are classified as VIEs due to insufficient equity to sustain them. We have determined we are not the primary beneficiary primarily because we do not control the economic performance of the entities and were not involved with the design of the entities.
We have invested in partnerships and other funds, some of which are classified as VIEs. Some of these entities have returns in the form of income tax credits. TheseThe entities are classified as VIEs as equity holders lack the general partnerspower to control the most significant activities of the entities because the equity holders do not have equity investments at risk ineither the entities. We have determined we are not the primary beneficiary because we are not the general partner, who makes all the significant decisions for the entities. Other limited partnerships and fund interests have returns from investment income. These entities are classified as VIEs as the decision makers do not have equity investments at risk in the entities.ability by a simple majority to exercise substantive kick-out rights or substantive participating rights. We have determined we are not the primary beneficiary because we do not makehave the power to direct the most significant decisions foractivities of the entities, or ourentities.
We hold an equity interest in Mexican mandatory privatized social security funds in which we provide asset management services. Our equity interest in the funds is considered a variable interest. We concluded the funds are VIEs because the equity holders as a group lack decision-making ability through their voting rights. We are not the primary beneficiary of the VIEs because although we, as the asset manager, have the power to direct the activities of the VIEs, we do not have a potentially significant variable interest does not absorbin the majority of the variability of the entities' net assets.funds.
The carrying value and maximum loss exposure for our unconsolidated VIEs were as follows:
| | Asset carrying value | Maximum exposure to loss (1) | Asset carrying value | Maximum exposure to loss (1) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||||||
December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||
Corporate | $ | 456.7 | $ | 353.3 | $ | 368.4 | $ | 298.6 | ||||||
Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities | 2,822.9 | 2,702.9 | 2,834.7 | 2,798.0 | ||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 3,975.5 | 3,896.9 | 4,096.5 | 4,153.2 | ||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 504.1 | 521.2 | 758.6 | 780.1 | ||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 4,616.4 | 4,583.4 | 5,036.1 | 5,048.9 | ||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading: | ||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities | 34.4 | 34.4 | 19.9 | 19.9 | ||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 1.9 | ||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 39.4 | 39.4 | 10.6 | 10.6 | ||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | 68.3 | 68.3 | ||||||||||||
Other investments: | ||||||||||||||
Other limited partnership and fund interests | 188.2 | 188.2 | 654.6 | 1,127.8 | �� | |||||||||
December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||||||
December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||
Corporate | $ | 523.4 | $ | 448.2 | $ | 453.4 | $ | 359.8 | ||||||
Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities | 2,845.2 | 2,799.1 | 2,627.5 | 2,549.4 | ||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 4,026.4 | 4,078.0 | 3,919.8 | 3,932.5 | ||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 363.4 | 391.9 | 667.5 | 692.7 | ||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 4,167.8 | 4,157.5 | 4,530.8 | 4,527.3 | ||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading: | ||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities | 47.5 | 47.5 | 25.9 | 25.9 | ||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.3 | ||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 59.6 | 59.6 | 35.1 | 35.1 | ||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 1.2 | 1.2 | ||||||||||||
Other investments: | ||||||||||||||
Other limited partnership and fund interests | 123.5 | 123.5 | 255.6 | 255.6 | ||||||||||
Sponsored InvestmentMoney Market Funds
We are the investment manager for certain money market mutual funds. Prior to new accounting guidance effective January 1, 2016, these funds that arewere deemed to be VIEs. We areUnder the prior guidance we were not considered the primary beneficiary of these VIEs since our involvement is limited primarily to being a service provider, and our variable interest does not absorb the majority of the variability of the entities' net assets. As of both December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, these VIEs held $1.4 billion in total assets. We have no contractual obligation to contribute to the funds.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
3. Variable Interest Entities — (continued)
Effective January 1, 2016, new accounting guidance provides a scope exception for money market funds registered under Rule 2a-7 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 or similar funds. The scope exception eliminates the requirement to assess money market mutual funds under any consolidation model.
As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, these funds held $0.8 billion and $1.3 billion in total assets, respectively. We provide asset management and other services to certain investment structures that are considered VIEs as we generally earn performance-based management fees. We are not the primary beneficiary of these entities as we do not have theno contractual obligation to absorb losses of the entities that could be potentially significantcontribute to the VIE orfunds; however, we provided support to these money market mutual funds through the right to receive benefits from these entities that could be potentially significant.waiver of fees and expense reimbursements. The amount of fees waived and expenses reimbursed was insignificant.
4. Investments
Fixed Maturities and Equity Securities
The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, other-than-temporary impairments in AOCI and fair value of fixed maturities and equity securities available-for-sale are summarizedwere as follows:
| | Amortized cost | Gross unrealized gains | Gross unrealized losses | Fair value | Other-than- temporary impairments in AOCI (1) | Amortized cost | Gross unrealized gains | Gross unrealized losses | Fair value | Other-than- temporary impairments in AOCI (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agencies | $ | 1,085.6 | $ | 39.1 | $ | 2.9 | $ | 1,121.8 | $ | — | $ | 1,426.7 | $ | 17.2 | $ | 10.9 | $ | 1,433.0 | $ | — | ||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | 704.4 | 188.3 | 1.6 | 891.1 | — | 781.7 | 119.3 | 7.4 | 893.6 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
States and political subdivisions | 3,916.8 | 291.3 | 4.1 | 4,204.0 | — | 5,463.9 | 192.4 | 87.1 | 5,569.2 | 1.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 29,308.3 | 2,442.6 | 215.9 | 31,535.0 | 18.4 | 32,699.7 | 1,843.5 | 350.8 | 34,192.4 | 17.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities | 2,702.9 | 126.3 | 6.3 | 2,822.9 | — | 2,798.0 | 67.3 | 30.6 | 2,834.7 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 3,896.9 | 141.5 | 62.9 | 3,975.5 | 88.9 | 4,153.2 | 31.2 | 87.9 | 4,096.5 | 77.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 521.2 | 3.5 | 20.6 | 504.1 | 1.3 | 780.1 | 2.8 | 24.3 | 758.6 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 4,583.4 | 57.5 | 24.5 | 4,616.4 | 66.9 | 5,080.9 | 37.0 | 49.8 | 5,068.1 | 50.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 46,719.5 | $ | 3,290.1 | $ | 338.8 | $ | 49,670.8 | $ | 175.5 | $ | 53,184.2 | $ | 2,310.7 | $ | 648.8 | $ | 54,846.1 | $ | 146.4 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total equity securities, available-for-sale | $ | 125.1 | $ | 7.7 | $ | 9.8 | $ | 123.0 | $ | 104.9 | $ | 4.9 | $ | 10.9 | $ | 98.9 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agencies | $ | 818.2 | $ | 12.7 | $ | 50.4 | $ | 780.5 | $ | — | $ | 1,488.4 | $ | 23.4 | $ | 8.3 | $ | 1,503.5 | $ | — | ||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | 853.2 | 148.8 | 5.2 | 996.8 | — | 669.8 | 128.5 | 5.0 | 793.3 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
States and political subdivisions | 3,622.8 | 120.9 | 85.7 | 3,658.0 | — | 4,501.8 | 234.7 | 19.4 | 4,717.1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 30,280.6 | 1,958.8 | 320.4 | 31,919.0 | 17.1 | 30,245.5 | 1,532.9 | 638.2 | 31,140.2 | 5.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities | 2,799.1 | 92.8 | 46.7 | 2,845.2 | — | 2,549.4 | 90.0 | 11.9 | 2,627.5 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 4,078.0 | 170.6 | 222.2 | 4,026.4 | 183.4 | 3,932.5 | 65.3 | 78.0 | 3,919.8 | 80.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 391.9 | 6.0 | 34.5 | 363.4 | 0.7 | 692.7 | 1.4 | 26.6 | 667.5 | 1.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 4,157.5 | 51.8 | 41.5 | 4,167.8 | 76.3 | 4,594.2 | 39.2 | 35.8 | 4,597.6 | 58.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 47,001.3 | $ | 2,562.4 | $ | 806.6 | $ | 48,757.1 | $ | 277.5 | $ | 48,674.3 | $ | 2,115.4 | $ | 823.2 | $ | 49,966.5 | $ | 146.1 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total equity securities, available-for-sale | $ | 113.8 | $ | 10.0 | $ | 13.3 | $ | 110.5 | $ | 111.2 | $ | 7.5 | $ | 14.2 | $ | 104.5 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities available-for-sale at December 31, 2014, by expected maturity, were as follows:
| | Amortized cost | Fair value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | ||||||
Due in one year or less | $ | 2,606.8 | $ | 2,636.3 | |||
Due after one year through five years | 12,930.8 | 13,461.2 | |||||
Due after five years through ten years | 7,895.2 | 8,366.5 | |||||
Due after ten years | 11,582.3 | 13,287.9 | |||||
| | | | | | | | |
Subtotal | 35,015.1 | 37,751.9 | |||||
Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities | 11,704.4 | 11,918.9 | |||||
| | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 46,719.5 | $ | 49,670.8 | |||
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
4. Investments — (continued)
The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities available-for-sale as of December 31, 2016, by expected maturity, were as follows:
| | Amortized cost | Fair value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | ||||||
Due in one year or less | $ | 3,216.1 | $ | 3,230.2 | |||
Due after one year through five years | 12,286.4 | 12,677.4 | |||||
Due after five years through ten years | 8,572.8 | 8,788.4 | |||||
Due after ten years | 16,296.7 | 17,392.2 | |||||
| | | | | | | | |
Subtotal | 40,372.0 | 42,088.2 | |||||
Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities | 12,812.2 | 12,757.9 | |||||
| | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 53,184.2 | $ | 54,846.1 | |||
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Actual maturities may differ because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. Our portfolio is diversified by industry, issuer and asset class. Credit concentrations are managed to established limits.
Major categoriescomponents of net investment income are summarizedwere as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 2,283.8 | $ | 2,321.3 | $ | 2,454.8 | $ | 2,253.8 | $ | 2,131.8 | $ | 2,283.8 | ||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | 27.9 | 22.5 | 30.2 | 20.2 | 21.4 | 27.9 | ||||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | 7.0 | 7.6 | 8.6 | 20.1 | 15.0 | 7.0 | ||||||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | 61.4 | 19.8 | 6.6 | 31.4 | 35.2 | 61.4 | ||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans | 630.9 | 611.5 | 635.8 | 573.9 | 575.1 | 630.9 | ||||||||||||||
Real estate | 103.8 | 61.2 | 71.4 | 127.9 | 97.1 | 103.8 | ||||||||||||||
Policy loans | 49.4 | 49.9 | 53.7 | 46.3 | 46.3 | 49.4 | ||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 6.5 | 14.0 | 9.6 | 14.2 | 8.5 | 6.5 | ||||||||||||||
Derivatives | (88.0 | ) | (115.2 | ) | (131.2 | ) | (36.1 | ) | (66.6 | ) | (88.0 | ) | ||||||||
Other | 252.1 | 222.0 | 196.6 | 329.2 | 265.3 | 252.1 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | 3,334.8 | 3,214.6 | 3,336.1 | 3,380.9 | 3,129.1 | 3,334.8 | ||||||||||||||
Investment expenses | (76.9 | ) | (76.2 | ) | (81.2 | ) | (84.4 | ) | (77.0 | ) | (76.9 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment income | $ | 3,257.9 | $ | 3,138.4 | $ | 3,254.9 | $ | 3,296.5 | $ | 3,052.1 | $ | 3,257.9 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
4. Investments — (continued)
Net Realized Capital Gains and Losses
Major components of net realized capital gains (losses) on investments were as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Gross gains | $ | 96.8 | $ | 45.5 | $ | 31.0 | $ | 74.6 | $ | 20.9 | $ | 61.3 | ||||||||
Gross losses | (45.8 | ) | (122.1 | ) | (144.9 | ) | (28.6 | ) | (6.7 | ) | (24.1 | ) | ||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses reclassified to (from) OCI | (101.8 | ) | (24.5 | ) | 17.3 | |||||||||||||||
Net impairment losses | (96.7 | ) | (30.5 | ) | (88.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Hedging, net | (21.5 | ) | (115.5 | ) | (27.5 | ) | (37.9 | ) | (58.3 | ) | (21.5 | ) | ||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | 31.2 | (7.1 | ) | 2.2 | 4.1 | (12.3 | ) | 31.2 | ||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Gross gains | 10.3 | 0.8 | 0.6 | — | 1.2 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||
Gross losses | (0.3 | ) | (0.3 | ) | (0.9 | ) | — | (1.8 | ) | (0.2 | ) | |||||||||
Net impairment (losses) recoveries | (1.7 | ) | 0.3 | 10.0 | ||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | 21.7 | 26.9 | 34.1 | 6.8 | (3.4 | ) | 21.7 | |||||||||||||
Mortgage loans | (9.4 | ) | (15.8 | ) | (51.3 | ) | 4.5 | (0.1 | ) | (9.4 | ) | |||||||||
Derivatives | 13.1 | (23.0 | ) | (10.9 | ) | 210.1 | 38.1 | 13.1 | ||||||||||||
Other | 20.4 | 9.9 | 264.4 | 35.9 | 1.5 | 20.4 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net realized capital gains (losses) | $ | 14.7 | $ | (225.2 | ) | $ | 114.1 | $ | 171.1 | $ | (51.1 | ) | $ | 14.7 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Proceeds from sales of investments (excluding call and maturity proceeds) in fixed maturities, available-for-sale were $1,916.9 million, $1,537.5 million and $2,251.2 million $1,773.0 millionin 2016, 2015 and $1,228.6 million in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
Other-Than-Temporary Impairments
We have a process in place to identify fixed maturity and equity securities that could potentially have a creditan impairment that is other than temporary. This process involves monitoring market events that could impact issuers' credit ratings, business climate, management changes, litigation and government actions and other similar factors. This process also involves monitoring late payments, pricing levels, downgrades by rating agencies, key financial ratios, financial statements, revenue forecasts and cash flow projections as indicators of credit issues.
Each reporting period, all securities are reviewed to determine whether an other-than-temporary decline in value exists and whether losses should be recognized. We consider relevant facts and circumstances in evaluating whether a credit or interest-relatedinterest rate-related impairment of a security is other than temporary. Relevant facts and circumstances considered include: (1) the extent and length of time the fair value has been below cost; (2) the reasons for the decline in value;
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
4. Investments — (continued)
(3) the financial position and access to capital of the issuer, including the current and future impact of any specific events; (4) for structured securities, the adequacy of the expected cash flows; (5) for fixed maturities, our intent to sell a security or whether it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost which, in some cases, may extend to maturity and (6) for equity securities, our ability and intent to hold the security for a period of time that allows for the recovery in value. To the extent we determine that a security is deemed to be other than temporarily impaired, an impairment loss is recognized.
Impairment losses on equity securities are recognized in net income and are measured as the difference between amortized cost and fair value. The way in which impairment losses on fixed maturities are recognized in the financial statements is dependent on the facts and circumstances related to the specific security. If we intend to sell a security or it is more likely than not that we would be required to sell a security before the recovery of its amortized cost, we recognize an other-than-temporary impairment in net income for the difference between amortized cost and fair value. If we do not expect to recover the amortized cost basis, we do not plan to sell the security and if it is not more likely than not that we would be required to sell a security before the recovery of its amortized cost, the recognition of the other-than-temporary impairment is bifurcated. We recognize the credit loss portion in net income and the noncredit loss portion in OCI ("bifurcated OTTI").
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
4. Investments — (continued)
Total other-than-temporary impairment losses, net of recoveries from the sale of previously impaired securities, were as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 13.8 | $ | (91.2 | ) | $ | (135.5 | ) | $ | (97.1 | ) | $ | (1.1 | ) | $ | 13.8 | ||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | 10.0 | (0.3 | ) | (0.4 | ) | (1.7 | ) | 0.3 | 10.0 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total other-than-temporary impairment losses, net of recoveries from the sale of previously impaired securities | 23.8 | (91.5 | ) | (135.9 | ) | (98.8 | ) | (0.8 | ) | 23.8 | ||||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale reclassified to (from) OCI (1) | (101.8 | ) | (24.5 | ) | 17.3 | 0.4 | (29.4 | ) | (101.8 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | $ | (78.0 | ) | $ | (116.0 | ) | $ | (118.6 | ) | $ | (98.4 | ) | $ | (30.2 | ) | $ | (78.0 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
We estimate the amount of the credit loss component of a fixed maturity security impairment as the difference between amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. The present value is determined using the best estimate cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit to the security at the date of purchase or the current yield to accrete an asset-backed or floating rate security. The methodology and assumptions for establishing the best estimate cash flows vary depending on the type of security. The ABS cash flow estimates are based on security specific facts and circumstances that may include collateral characteristics, expectations of delinquency and default rates, loss severity and prepayment speeds and structural support, including subordination and guarantees. The corporate security cash flow estimates are derived from scenario-based outcomes of expected corporate restructurings or liquidations using bond specific facts and circumstances including timing, security interests and loss severity.
The following table provides a rollforward of accumulated credit losses for fixed maturities with bifurcated credit losses. The purpose of the table is to provide detail of (1) additions to the bifurcated credit loss amounts recognized in net realized capital gains (losses) during the period and (2) decrements for previously recognized bifurcated credit losses
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
4. Investments — (continued)
where the loss is no longer bifurcated and/or there has been a positive change in expected cash flows or accretion of the bifurcated credit loss amount.
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Beginning balance | $ | (235.4 | ) | $ | (335.2 | ) | $ | (434.8 | ) | $ | (131.5 | ) | $ | (144.4 | ) | $ | (235.4 | ) | ||
Credit losses for which an other-than-temporary impairment was not previously recognized | (11.3 | ) | (15.1 | ) | (20.7 | ) | (43.4 | ) | (6.1 | ) | (11.3 | ) | ||||||||
Credit losses for which an other-than-temporary impairment was previously recognized | (67.4 | ) | (75.9 | ) | (80.0 | ) | (31.7 | ) | (13.8 | ) | (67.4 | ) | ||||||||
Reduction for credit losses previously recognized on fixed maturities now sold, paid down or intended to be sold | 163.1 | 177.6 | 191.9 | 60.5 | 24.7 | 163.1 | ||||||||||||||
Net reduction for positive changes in cash flows expected to be collected and amortization (1) | 6.6 | 12.6 | 8.4 | 6.4 | 7.5 | 6.6 | ||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment | — | 0.6 | — | (0.2 | ) | 0.6 | — | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ending balance | $ | (144.4 | ) | $ | (235.4 | ) | $ | (335.2 | ) | $ | (139.9 | ) | $ | (131.5 | ) | $ | (144.4 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
4. Investments — (continued)
Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities and Equity Securities
For fixed maturities and equity securities available-for-sale with unrealized losses, including other-than-temporary impairment losses reported in OCI, the gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position are summarizedwere as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Less than twelve months | Greater than or equal to twelve months | Total | Less than twelve months | Greater than or equal to twelve months | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Fair value | Gross unrealized losses | Fair value | Gross unrealized losses | Fair value | Gross unrealized losses | Fair value | Gross unrealized losses | Fair value | Gross unrealized losses | Fair value | Gross unrealized losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agencies | $ | 211.5 | $ | 0.7 | $ | 95.0 | $ | 2.2 | $ | 306.5 | $ | 2.9 | $ | 570.3 | $ | 10.9 | $ | 8.2 | $ | — | $ | 578.5 | $ | 10.9 | ||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | 20.3 | 1.4 | 7.5 | 0.2 | 27.8 | 1.6 | 198.0 | 5.4 | 12.2 | 2.0 | 210.2 | 7.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
States and political subdivisions | 208.1 | 0.7 | 210.5 | 3.4 | 418.6 | 4.1 | 2,229.4 | 86.6 | 4.8 | 0.5 | 2,234.2 | 87.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 3,072.1 | 76.8 | 1,238.3 | 139.1 | 4,310.4 | 215.9 | 6,559.7 | 189.2 | 1,285.6 | 161.6 | 7,845.3 | 350.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities | 18.0 | — | 395.3 | 6.3 | 413.3 | 6.3 | 1,265.6 | 29.8 | 16.0 | 0.8 | 1,281.6 | 30.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 375.3 | 3.0 | 395.0 | 59.9 | 770.3 | 62.9 | 1,637.2 | 41.0 | 612.5 | 46.9 | 2,249.7 | 87.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 114.8 | 1.0 | 112.0 | 19.6 | 226.8 | 20.6 | 265.7 | 0.9 | 195.6 | 23.4 | 461.3 | 24.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 971.2 | 3.5 | 432.7 | 21.0 | 1,403.9 | 24.5 | 2,229.4 | 32.8 | 376.2 | 17.0 | 2,605.6 | 49.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 4,991.3 | $ | 87.1 | $ | 2,886.3 | $ | 251.7 | $ | 7,877.6 | $ | 338.8 | $ | 14,955.3 | $ | 396.6 | $ | 2,511.1 | $ | 252.2 | $ | 17,466.4 | $ | 648.8 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total equity securities, available-for-sale | $ | 10.0 | $ | — | $ | 36.0 | $ | 9.8 | $ | 46.0 | $ | 9.8 | $ | 18.2 | $ | 0.4 | $ | 35.4 | $ | 10.5 | $ | 53.6 | $ | 10.9 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Of the total amounts, Principal Life's consolidated portfolio represented $7,638.7$16,918.9 million in available-for-sale fixed maturities with gross unrealized losses of $310.8$615.1 million. Of those fixed maturity securities in Principal Life's consolidated portfolio with a gross unrealized loss position, 80%94% were investment grade (rated AAA through BBB–BBB-) with an average price of 96 (carrying value/amortized cost) atas of December 31, 2014.2016. Gross unrealized losses in our fixed maturities portfolio decreased during the year ended December 31, 2014,2016, primarily due primarily to a decreasetightening of credit spreads, partially offset by an increase in interest rates.
For those securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than twelve months, Principal Life's consolidated portfolio held 6851,911 securities with a carrying value of $4,907.1$14,549.4 million and unrealized losses of $85.4$384.6 million reflecting an average price of 98 at97 as of December 31, 2014.2016. Of this portfolio, 77%98% was investment grade (rated AAA through BBB–) atas of December 31, 2014,2016, with associated unrealized losses of $44.4$374.1 million. The unrealized losses on these securities can primarily be attributed to changes in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads since the securities were acquired.
For those securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position greater than or equal to twelve months, Principal Life's consolidated portfolio held 453 securities with a carrying value of $2,369.5 million and unrealized losses of $230.5 million. The average credit rating of this portfolio was A– with an average price of 91 as of December 31, 2016. Of the $230.5 million in unrealized losses, the corporate sector accounts for $141.9 million in unrealized losses with an average price of 89 and an average credit rating of BBB–. The remaining unrealized losses consist primarily of $46.9 million within the commercial mortgage-backed securities sector with an average price of 93 and an average credit rating of AA–. The unrealized losses on these securities can primarily be attributed to changes in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads since the securities were acquired.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
4. Investments — (continued)
Because we expected to recover our amortized cost, it was not our intent to sell the fixed maturity available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses and it was not more likely than not that we would be required to sell these securities before recovery of the amortized cost, which may be maturity, we did not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2016.
| | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Less than twelve months | Greater than or equal to twelve months | Total | ||||||||||||||||
| | Fair value | Gross unrealized losses | Fair value | Gross unrealized losses | Fair value | Gross unrealized losses | |||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | |||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agencies | $ | 590.4 | $ | 7.6 | $ | 40.5 | $ | 0.7 | $ | 630.9 | $ | 8.3 | |||||||
Non-U.S. governments | 86.3 | 3.1 | 16.1 | 1.9 | 102.4 | 5.0 | |||||||||||||
States and political subdivisions | 692.0 | 19.0 | 6.5 | 0.4 | 698.5 | 19.4 | |||||||||||||
Corporate | 7,975.7 | 309.3 | 1,375.0 | 328.9 | 9,350.7 | 638.2 | |||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed pass- through securities | 656.7 | 6.7 | 147.9 | 5.2 | 804.6 | 11.9 | |||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1,480.8 | 27.3 | 299.5 | 50.7 | 1,780.3 | 78.0 | |||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 426.9 | 3.8 | 164.0 | 22.8 | 590.9 | 26.6 | |||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 2,512.7 | 19.1 | 403.5 | 16.7 | 2,916.2 | 35.8 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 14,421.5 | $ | 395.9 | $ | 2,453.0 | $ | 427.3 | $ | 16,874.5 | $ | 823.2 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total equity securities, available-for-sale | $ | 0.8 | $ | 1.0 | $ | 32.7 | $ | 13.2 | $ | 33.5 | $ | 14.2 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Of the total amounts, Principal Life's consolidated portfolio represented $15,980.0 million in available-for-sale fixed maturities with gross unrealized losses of $777.0 million. Of those fixed maturity securities in Principal Life's consolidated portfolio with a gross unrealized loss position, 87% were investment grade (rated AAA through BBB–) with an average price of 95 (carrying value/amortized cost) as of December 31, 2015. Gross unrealized losses in our fixed maturities portfolio increased during the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily due to an increase in interest rates and widening of credit spreads.
For those securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than twelve months, Principal Life's consolidated portfolio held 1,725 securities with a carrying value of $13,673.9 million and unrealized losses of $376.3 million reflecting an average price of 97 as of December 31, 2015. Of this portfolio, 90% was investment grade (rated AAA through BBB–) as of December 31, 2015, with associated unrealized losses of $298.1 million. The unrealized losses on these securities can primarily be attributed to changes in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads since the securities were acquired.
For those securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position greater than or equal to twelve months, Principal Life's consolidated portfolio held 429404 securities with a carrying value of $2,731.6$2,306.1 million and unrealized losses of $225.4$400.7 million. The average credit rating of this portfolio was ABBB+ with an average price of 92 at85 as of December 31, 2014.2015. Of the $225.4$400.7 million in unrealized losses, the commercial mortgage-backed securitiescorporate sector accounts for $59.9$304.2 million in unrealized losses with an average price of 8780 and an average credit rating of A–BBB–. The remaining unrealized losses consist primarily of $113.0$50.7 million within the corporatecommercial mortgage-backed securities sector at December 31, 2014. Thewith an average price of the corporate sector was 9186 and thean average credit rating wasof BBB+. The unrealized losses on these securities can primarily be attributed to changes in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads since the securities were acquired.
Because we expected to recover our amortized cost, it was not our intent to sell the fixed maturity available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses and it was not more likely than not that we would be required to sell these securities before recovery of the amortized cost, which may be maturity, we did not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired atas of December 31, 2014.2015.
Net Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities and Derivative Instruments
| | December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Less than twelve months | Greater than or equal to twelve months | Total | ||||||||||||||||
| | Fair value | Gross unrealized losses | Fair value | Gross unrealized losses | Fair value | Gross unrealized losses | |||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | |||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agencies | $ | 526.8 | $ | 49.6 | $ | 9.2 | $ | 0.8 | $ | 536.0 | $ | 50.4 | |||||||
Non-U.S. governments | 78.1 | 5.1 | 5.8 | 0.1 | 83.9 | 5.2 | |||||||||||||
States and political subdivisions | 1,338.6 | 75.3 | 46.1 | 10.4 | 1,384.7 | 85.7 | |||||||||||||
Corporate | 4,087.9 | 155.4 | 1,278.1 | 165.0 | 5,366.0 | 320.4 | |||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed pass- through securities | 1,150.3 | 38.2 | 85.9 | 8.5 | 1,236.2 | 46.7 | |||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 683.7 | 15.3 | 495.6 | 206.9 | 1,179.3 | 222.2 | |||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 88.8 | 1.4 | 47.4 | 33.1 | 136.2 | 34.5 | |||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 1,359.0 | 16.1 | 287.9 | 25.4 | 1,646.9 | 41.5 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 9,313.2 | $ | 356.4 | $ | 2,256.0 | $ | 450.2 | $ | 11,569.2 | $ | 806.6 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total equity securities, available-for-sale | $ | 16.7 | $ | 0.3 | $ | 48.3 | $ | 13.0 | $ | 65.0 | $ | 13.3 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Of the total amounts, Principal Life's consolidated portfolio represented $10,905.4 millionThe net unrealized gains and losses on investments in available-for-sale securities, the noncredit component of impairment losses on fixed maturities with grossavailable-for-sale and the net unrealized losses of $752.5 million. Of those fixed maturity securities in Principal Life's consolidated portfolio with a gross unrealized loss position, 87% were investment grade (rated AAA through BBB–) with an average price of 94 (carrying value/amortized cost) at December 31, 2013. Gross unrealized losses in our fixed maturities portfolio decreased slightly during the year ended December 31, 2013, due to spread improvements.
For those securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than twelve months, Principal Life's consolidated portfolio held 1,154 securities with a carrying value of $8,899.5 milliongains and unrealized losses of $339.8 million reflecting an average price of 96 at December 31, 2013. Of this portfolio, 94% was investment grade (rated AAA through BBB–) at December 31, 2013, with associated unrealized losses of $325.9 million. The unrealized losses on these securities can primarily be attributed to changesderivative instruments in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads since the securities were acquired.
For those securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position greater than or equal to twelve months, Principal Life's consolidated portfolio held 359 securities with a carrying valuecash flow hedge relationships are reported as separate components of $2,005.9 million and unrealized lossesstockholders' equity. The cumulative amount of $412.7 million. The average rating of this portfolio was BBB– with an average price of 83 at December 31, 2013. Of the $412.7 million in unrealized losses, the commercial mortgage-backed securities sector accounts for $206.9 million in unrealized losses with an average price of 71 and an average credit rating of BB–. The remaining unrealized losses consist primarily of $127.6 million within the corporate sector at December 31, 2013. The average price of the corporate sector was 89 and the average credit rating was BBB+. The unrealized losses on these securities can primarily be attributed to changes in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads since the securities were acquired.
Because we expected to recover our amortized cost, it was not our intent to sell the fixed maturity available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses and it was not more likely than not that we would be required to sell these securities before recovery of the amortized cost, which may be maturity, we did not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2013.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
4. Investments — (continued)
Net Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities and Derivative Instruments
The net unrealized gains and losses on investments in fixed maturities available-for-sale, equity securities available-for-sale and derivative instruments in cash flow hedge relationships are reported as a separate component of stockholders' equity. The cumulative amount of net unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities and derivative instruments in cash flow hedge relationships net of adjustments related to DAC and related actuarial balances and applicable income taxes was as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Net unrealized gains on fixed maturities, available-for-sale (1) | $ | 3,079.1 | $ | 2,067.4 | $ | 1,727.8 | $ | 1,376.0 | ||||||
Noncredit component of impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale | (175.5 | ) | (277.5 | ) | (146.4 | ) | (146.1 | ) | ||||||
Net unrealized losses on equity securities, available-for-sale | (2.1 | ) | (3.3 | ) | (6.0 | ) | (6.7 | ) | ||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | (346.8 | ) | (265.9 | ) | (121.9 | ) | (127.0 | ) | ||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | (1,078.6 | ) | (621.2 | ) | (469.2 | ) | (309.7 | ) | ||||||
Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments | 160.1 | 56.0 | 186.5 | 181.6 | ||||||||||
Net unrealized gains on equity method subsidiaries and noncontrolling interest adjustments | 88.9 | 87.1 | 68.0 | 98.0 | ||||||||||
Provision for deferred income taxes | (576.8 | ) | (342.0 | ) | (411.8 | ) | (350.2 | ) | ||||||
| | | �� | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities and derivative instruments | $ | 1,148.3 | $ | 700.6 | $ | 827.0 | $ | 715.9 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Mortgage loans consist of commercial and residential mortgage loans. We evaluate risks inherent in our commercial mortgage loans in two classes: (1) brick and mortar property loans, including mezzanine loans, where we analyze the property's rent payments as support for the loan, and (2) credit tenant loans ("CTL"), where we rely on the credit analysis of the tenant for the repayment of the loan. We evaluate risks inherent in our residential mortgage loan portfolio in two classes: (1) home equity mortgages and (2) first lien mortgages. The carrying amount of our mortgage loan portfolio was as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage loans | $ | 10,723.8 | $ | 10,327.7 | $ | 12,055.2 | $ | 11,265.3 | ||||||
Residential mortgage loans | 1,144.3 | 1,275.7 | 1,219.9 | 1,125.7 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total amortized cost | 11,868.1 | 11,603.4 | 13,275.1 | 12,391.0 | ||||||||||
Valuation allowance | (56.5 | ) | (69.8 | ) | (44.9 | ) | (51.6 | ) | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total carrying value | $ | 11,811.6 | $ | 11,533.6 | $ | 13,230.2 | $ | 12,339.4 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
We periodically purchase mortgage loans as well as sell mortgage loans we have originated. WeMortgage loans purchased $184.8 million, $157.2 million and $153.0 million of residential mortgage loans in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. We sold $95.9 million, $0.0 million and $14.2 million of residential mortgage loans in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. We purchased $59.5 million, $166.1 million and $149.1 million of commercial mortgage loans in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. We sold $2.3 million, $13.0 million and $31.1 million of commercial mortgage loans in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.were as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
Commercial mortgage loans: | ||||||||||
Purchased | $ | 163.3 | $ | 223.4 | $ | 59.5 | ||||
Sold | 0.3 | 21.6 | 2.3 | |||||||
Residential mortgage loans: | ||||||||||
Purchased | 290.3 | 295.3 | 184.8 | |||||||
Sold | 48.4 | 79.3 | 95.9 | |||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
4. Investments — (continued)
Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio consists primarily of non-recourse, fixed rate mortgages on stabilized properties. Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio is diversified by geographic region and specific collateral property type as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Amortized cost | Percent of total | Amortized cost | Percent of total | Amortized cost | Percent of total | Amortized cost | Percent of total | ||||||||||||||||||
| | ($ in millions) | ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Geographic distribution | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
New England | $ | 528.0 | 4.9 | % | $ | 528.5 | 5.1 | % | $ | 532.1 | 4.4 | % | $ | 509.4 | 4.5 | % | ||||||||||
Middle Atlantic | 2,951.0 | 27.5 | 2,489.0 | 24.1 | 3,317.3 | 27.5 | 3,075.6 | 27.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
East North Central | 442.1 | 4.1 | 519.9 | 5.0 | 652.6 | 5.4 | 451.8 | 4.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
West North Central | 233.3 | 2.2 | 302.9 | 2.9 | 185.6 | 1.5 | 264.3 | 2.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
South Atlantic | 1,970.9 | 18.4 | 1,949.5 | 18.9 | 2,189.5 | 18.2 | 2,072.7 | 18.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
East South Central | 197.4 | 1.8 | 192.8 | 1.9 | 239.3 | 2.0 | 215.1 | 1.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
West South Central | 1,023.9 | 9.5 | 830.3 | 8.0 | 1,211.7 | 10.1 | 1,120.6 | 9.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
Mountain | 772.0 | 7.2 | 747.1 | 7.2 | 932.6 | 7.7 | 898.8 | 8.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
Pacific | 2,565.5 | 24.0 | 2,722.5 | 26.5 | 2,707.2 | 22.5 | 2,614.1 | 23.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
International | 39.7 | 0.4 | 45.2 | 0.4 | 87.3 | 0.7 | 42.9 | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 10,723.8 | 100.0 | % | $ | 10,327.7 | 100.0 | % | $ | 12,055.2 | 100.0 | % | $ | 11,265.3 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Property type distribution | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Office | $ | 3,646.1 | 34.0 | % | $ | 3,360.5 | 32.6 | % | $ | 4,417.6 | 36.6 | % | $ | 4,010.0 | 35.6 | % | ||||||||||
Retail | 2,512.1 | 23.4 | 2,668.5 | 25.8 | 2,671.1 | 22.2 | 2,521.6 | 22.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
Industrial | 1,918.7 | 17.9 | 1,766.2 | 17.1 | 1,802.4 | 15.0 | 1,840.9 | 16.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
Apartments | 2,200.5 | 20.5 | 1,911.2 | 18.5 | 2,741.4 | 22.7 | 2,474.2 | 22.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
Hotel | 331.5 | 3.1 | 333.1 | 3.2 | 260.7 | 2.2 | 320.5 | 2.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
Mixed use/other | 114.9 | 1.1 | 288.2 | 2.8 | 162.0 | 1.3 | 98.1 | 1.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 10,723.8 | 100.0 | % | $ | 10,327.7 | 100.0 | % | $ | 12,055.2 | 100.0 | % | $ | 11,265.3 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Our residential mortgage loan portfolio is composed of home equity mortgages with an amortized cost of $283.4$165.6 million and $394.9$218.8 million and first lien mortgages with an amortized cost of $860.9$1,054.3 million and $880.8$906.9 million as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively. Our residential home equity mortgages are concentrated in the United States and are generally second lien mortgages comprised of closed-end loans and lines of credit. The majority of ourOur first lien loans are concentrated in Chile and the Chilean market.United States.
Mortgage Loan Credit Monitoring
Commercial Credit Risk Profile Based on Internal Rating
We actively monitor and manage our commercial mortgage loan portfolio. All commercial mortgage loans are analyzed regularly and substantially all are internally rated, based on a proprietary risk rating cash flow model, in order to monitor the financial quality of these assets. The model stresses expected cash flows at various levels and at different points in time depending on the durability of the income stream, which includes our assessment of factors such as location (macro and micro markets), tenant quality and lease expirations. Our internal rating analysis presents expected losses in terms of a Standard & Poor'san S&P Global ("S&P") bond equivalent rating. As the credit risk for commercial mortgage loans increases, we adjust our internal ratings downward with loans in the category "B+ and below" having the highest risk for credit loss. Internal ratings on commercial mortgage loans are updated at least annually and potentially more often for certain loans with material changes in collateral value or occupancy and for loans on an internal "watch list".
Commercial mortgage loans that require more frequent and detailed attention than other loans in our portfolio are identified and placed on an internal "watch list". Among the criteria that would indicate a potential problem are significant negative changes in ratios of loan to value or contract rents to debt service, major tenant vacancies or bankruptcies, borrower sponsorship problems, late payments, delinquent taxes and loan relief/restructuring requests.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
4. Investments — (continued)
The amortized cost of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio by credit risk, as determined by our internal rating system expressed in terms of an S&P bond equivalent rating, was as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Brick and mortar | CTL | Total | Brick and mortar | CTL | Total | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
A– and above | $ | 9,115.8 | $ | 168.8 | $ | 9,284.6 | $ | 10,612.8 | $ | 158.5 | $ | 10,771.3 | ||||||||
BBB+ thru BBB– | 1,041.0 | 178.5 | 1,219.5 | 1,009.8 | 100.6 | 1,110.4 | ||||||||||||||
BB+ thru BB– | 148.3 | — | 148.3 | 160.5 | — | 160.5 | ||||||||||||||
B+ and below | 69.8 | 1.6 | 71.4 | 12.1 | 0.9 | 13.0 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 10,374.9 | $ | 348.9 | $ | 10,723.8 | $ | 11,795.2 | $ | 260.0 | $ | 12,055.2 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Brick and mortar | CTL | Total | Brick and mortar | CTL | Total | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
A– and above | $ | 8,091.9 | $ | 194.5 | $ | 8,286.4 | $ | 9,844.2 | $ | 224.0 | $ | 10,068.2 | ||||||||
BBB+ thru BBB– | 1,463.7 | 250.0 | 1,713.7 | 892.4 | 119.5 | 1,011.9 | ||||||||||||||
BB+ thru BB– | 155.4 | 0.1 | 155.5 | 159.6 | 0.1 | 159.7 | ||||||||||||||
B+ and below | 170.1 | 2.0 | 172.1 | 24.8 | 0.7 | 25.5 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 9,881.1 | $ | 446.6 | $ | 10,327.7 | $ | 10,921.0 | $ | 344.3 | $ | 11,265.3 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Residential Credit Risk Profile Based on Performance Status
Our residential mortgage loan portfolio is monitored based on performance of the loans. Monitoring on a residential mortgage loan increases when the loan is delinquent or earlier if there is an indication of potential impairment. We define non-performing residential mortgage loans as loans 90 days or greater delinquent or on non-accrual status.
The amortized cost of our performing and non-performing residential mortgage loans was as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Home equity | First liens | Total | Home equity | First liens | Total | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Performing | $ | 268.4 | $ | 847.6 | $ | 1,116.0 | $ | 156.8 | $ | 1,043.1 | $ | 1,199.9 | ||||||||
Nonperforming | 15.0 | 13.3 | 28.3 | |||||||||||||||||
Non-performing | 8.8 | 11.2 | 20.0 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 283.4 | $ | 860.9 | $ | 1,144.3 | $ | 165.6 | $ | 1,054.3 | $ | 1,219.9 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Home equity | First liens | Total | Home equity | First liens | Total | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Performing | $ | 378.3 | $ | 862.1 | $ | 1,240.4 | $ | 208.0 | $ | 895.6 | $ | 1,103.6 | ||||||||
Nonperforming | 16.6 | 18.7 | 35.3 | |||||||||||||||||
Non-performing | 10.8 | 11.3 | 22.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 394.9 | $ | 880.8 | $ | 1,275.7 | $ | 218.8 | $ | 906.9 | $ | 1,125.7 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Commercial and residential mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status if we have concern regarding the collectability of future payments or if a loan has matured without being paid off or extended. Factors considered may include conversations with the borrower, loss of major tenant, bankruptcy of borrower or major tenant, decreased property cash flow for commercial mortgage loans or number of days past due and other circumstances for residential mortgage loans. Based on an assessment as to the collectability of the principal, a determination is made to apply any payments received either against the principal or according to the contractual terms of the loan. When a loan is placed on nonaccrualnon-accrual status, the accrued unpaid interest receivable is reversed against interest income. Accrual of interest resumes after factors resulting in doubts about collectability have improved. Residential first lien mortgages in the Chilean market are carried on accrual for a longer period of delinquency than domestic loans, as assessment of collectability is based on the nature of the loans and collection practices in that market.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
4. Investments — (continued)
The amortized cost of mortgage loans on non-accrual status was as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Commercial: | ||||||||||||||
Brick and mortar | $ | 9.6 | $ | 33.2 | ||||||||||
Residential: | ||||||||||||||
Home equity | 15.0 | 16.6 | $ | 8.8 | $ | 10.8 | ||||||||
First liens | 8.8 | 11.4 | 5.6 | 7.9 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 33.4 | $ | 61.2 | $ | 14.4 | $ | 18.7 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The aging of our mortgage loans, based on amortized cost, was as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 30 - 59 days past due | 60 - 89 days past due | 90 days or more past due | Total past due | Current | Total loans | Recorded investment 90 days or more and accruing | 30 - 59 days past due | 60 - 89 days past due | 90 days or more past due | Total past due | Current | Total loans | Recorded investment 90 days or more and accruing | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | $ | — | $ | 4.5 | $ | 0.7 | $ | 5.2 | $ | 10,369.7 | $ | 10,374.9 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 11,795.2 | $ | 11,795.2 | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||
Commercial-CTL | — | — | — | — | 348.9 | 348.9 | — | — | — | — | — | 260.0 | 260.0 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential-home equity | 2.3 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 6.9 | 276.5 | 283.4 | — | 1.9 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 4.4 | 161.2 | 165.6 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 24.2 | 7.0 | 12.1 | 43.3 | 817.6 | 860.9 | 4.5 | 40.1 | 11.3 | 10.0 | 61.4 | 992.9 | 1,054.3 | 5.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 26.5 | $ | 12.7 | $ | 16.2 | $ | 55.4 | $ | 11,812.7 | $ | 11,868.1 | $ | 4.5 | $ | 42.0 | $ | 12.4 | $ | 11.4 | $ | 65.8 | $ | 13,209.3 | $ | 13,275.1 | $ | 5.6 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 30 - 59 days past due | 60 - 89 days past due | 90 days or more past due | Total past due | Current | Total loans | Recorded investment 90 days or more and accruing | 30 - 59 days past due | 60 - 89 days past due | 90 days or more past due | Total past due | Current | Total loans | Recorded investment 90 days or more and accruing | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 16.7 | $ | 16.7 | $ | 9,864.4 | $ | 9,881.1 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 10,921.0 | $ | 10,921.0 | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||
Commercial-CTL | — | — | — | — | 446.6 | 446.6 | — | — | — | — | — | 344.3 | 344.3 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential-home equity | 4.4 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 8.4 | 386.5 | 394.9 | — | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 3.6 | 215.2 | 218.8 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 32.4 | 7.4 | 17.1 | 56.9 | 823.9 | 880.8 | 7.3 | 20.5 | 5.5 | 10.0 | 36.0 | 870.9 | 906.9 | 3.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 36.8 | $ | 8.4 | $ | 36.8 | $ | 82.0 | $ | 11,521.4 | $ | 11,603.4 | $ | 7.3 | $ | 22.5 | $ | 6.5 | $ | 10.6 | $ | 39.6 | $ | 12,351.4 | $ | 12,391.0 | $ | 3.4 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Mortgage Loan Valuation Allowance
We establish a valuation allowance to provide for the risk of credit losses inherent in our portfolio. The valuation allowance includes loan specific reserves for loans that are deemed to be impaired as well as reserves for pools of loans with similar risk characteristics where a property risk or market specific risk has not been identified but for which we anticipate a loss may occur. Mortgage loans on real estate are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to contractual terms of the loan agreement. When we determine that a loan is impaired, a valuation allowance is established equal to the difference between the carrying amount of the mortgage loan and the estimated value reduced by the cost to sell. Estimated value is based on either the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate, the loan's observable market price or fair value of the collateral. Subsequent changes in the estimated value are reflected in the valuation allowance. Amounts on loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged off and removed from the valuation allowance. The change in the valuation allowance provision is included in net realized capital gains (losses) on our consolidated statements of operations.
The valuation allowance is maintained at a level believed adequate by management to absorb estimated probable credit losses. Management's periodic evaluation and assessment of the valuation allowance adequacy is based on known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect a borrower's ability to repay, the estimated value of the underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, portfolio delinquency information, underwriting standards, peer group information, current economic conditions, loss experience and other relevant factors. The evaluation of our
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
4. Investments — (continued)
impaired loan component is subjective, as it requires the estimation of timing and amount of future cash flows expected to be received on impaired loans.
We review our commercial mortgage loan portfolio and analyze the need for a valuation allowance for any loan that is delinquent for 60 days or more, in process of foreclosure, restructured, on the internal "watch list" or that currently has a valuation allowance. In addition to establishing allowance levels for specifically identified impaired commercial mortgage loans, management determines an allowance for all other loans in the portfolio for which historical experience and current economic conditions indicate certain losses exist. These loans are segregated by risk rating level with an estimated loss ratio applied against each risk rating level. The loss ratio is generally based upon historichistorical loss experience for each risk rating level as adjusted for certain current environmental factors management believes to be relevant.
For our residential mortgage loan portfolio, we separate the loans into several homogeneous pools, each of which consist of loans of a similar nature including but not limited to loans similar in collateral, term and structure and loan purpose or type. We evaluate loan pools based on aggregated risk ratings, estimated specific loss potential in the different classes of credits, and historical loss experience by pool type. We adjust these quantitative factors for qualitative factors of present conditions. Qualitative factors include items such as economic and business conditions, changes in the portfolio, value of underlying collateral and concentrations. Residential mortgage loan pools exclude loans that have been restructured or impaired, as those loans are evaluated individually.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
4. Investments — (continued)
A rollforward of our valuation allowance and ending balances of the allowance and loan balance by basis of impairment method was as follows:
| | Commercial | Residential | Total | Commercial | Residential | Total | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
For the year ended December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Beginning balance | $ | 27.5 | $ | 24.1 | $ | 51.6 | ||||||||||||||
Provision | 1.4 | (5.6 | ) | (4.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Charge-offs | (1.5 | ) | (4.6 | ) | (6.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Recoveries | — | 3.6 | 3.6 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Ending balance | $ | 27.4 | $ | 17.5 | $ | 44.9 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Allowance ending balance by basis of impairment method: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | — | $ | 5.9 | $ | 5.9 | ||||||||||||||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 27.4 | 11.6 | 39.0 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Allowance ending balance | $ | 27.4 | $ | 17.5 | $ | 44.9 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Loan balance by basis of impairment method: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | — | $ | 19.2 | $ | 19.2 | ||||||||||||||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 12,055.2 | 1,200.7 | 13,255.9 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Loan ending balance | $ | 12,055.2 | $ | 1,219.9 | $ | 13,275.1 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
For the year ended December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Beginning balance | $ | 26.9 | $ | 29.6 | $ | 56.5 | ||||||||||||||
Provision | 3.9 | — | 3.9 | |||||||||||||||||
Charge-offs | (3.4 | ) | (9.0 | ) | (12.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Recoveries | 0.1 | 3.6 | 3.7 | |||||||||||||||||
Effect of exchange rates | — | (0.1 | ) | (0.1 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Ending balance | $ | 27.5 | $ | 24.1 | $ | 51.6 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Allowance ending balance by basis of impairment method: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | — | $ | 7.5 | $ | 7.5 | ||||||||||||||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 27.5 | 16.6 | 44.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Allowance ending balance | $ | 27.5 | $ | 24.1 | $ | 51.6 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Loan balance by basis of impairment method: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | — | $ | 23.2 | $ | 23.2 | ||||||||||||||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 11,265.3 | 1,102.5 | 12,367.8 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Loan ending balance | $ | 11,265.3 | $ | 1,125.7 | $ | 12,391.0 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
For the year ended December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Beginning balance | $ | 28.7 | $ | 41.1 | $ | 69.8 | $ | 28.7 | $ | 41.1 | $ | 69.8 | ||||||||
Provision | (0.9 | ) | 7.7 | 6.8 | (0.9 | ) | 7.7 | 6.8 | ||||||||||||
Charge-offs | (0.9 | ) | (22.7 | ) | (23.6 | ) | (0.9 | ) | (22.7 | ) | (23.6 | ) | ||||||||
Recoveries | — | 3.6 | 3.6 | — | 3.6 | 3.6 | ||||||||||||||
Effect of exchange rates | — | (0.1 | ) | (0.1 | ) | — | (0.1 | ) | (0.1 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ending balance | $ | 26.9 | $ | 29.6 | $ | 56.5 | $ | 26.9 | $ | 29.6 | $ | 56.5 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Allowance ending balance by basis of impairment method: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 2.4 | $ | 9.0 | $ | 11.4 | $ | 2.4 | $ | 9.0 | $ | 11.4 | ||||||||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 24.5 | 20.6 | 45.1 | 24.5 | 20.6 | 45.1 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Allowance ending balance | $ | 26.9 | $ | 29.6 | $ | 56.5 | $ | 26.9 | $ | 29.6 | $ | 56.5 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Loan balance by basis of impairment method: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 4.4 | $ | 27.1 | $ | 31.5 | $ | 4.4 | $ | 27.1 | $ | 31.5 | ||||||||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 10,719.4 | 1,117.2 | 11,836.6 | 10,719.4 | 1,117.2 | 11,836.6 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Loan ending balance | $ | 10,723.8 | $ | 1,144.3 | $ | 11,868.1 | $ | 10,723.8 | $ | 1,144.3 | $ | 11,868.1 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
For the year ended December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Beginning balance | $ | 51.8 | $ | 45.6 | $ | 97.4 | ||||||||||||||
Provision | 4.1 | 10.8 | 14.9 | |||||||||||||||||
Charge-offs | (28.0 | ) | (18.3 | ) | (46.3 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Recoveries | 0.8 | 3.1 | 3.9 | |||||||||||||||||
Effect of exchange rates | — | (0.1 | ) | (0.1 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Ending balance | $ | 28.7 | $ | 41.1 | $ | 69.8 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Allowance ending balance by basis of impairment method: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 2.4 | $ | 10.2 | $ | 12.6 | ||||||||||||||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 26.3 | 30.9 | 57.2 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Allowance ending balance | $ | 28.7 | $ | 41.1 | $ | 69.8 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Loan balance by basis of impairment method: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 4.4 | $ | 33.0 | $ | 37.4 | ||||||||||||||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 10,323.3 | 1,242.7 | 11,566.0 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Loan ending balance | $ | 10,327.7 | $ | 1,275.7 | $ | 11,603.4 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
For the year ended December 31, 2012 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Beginning balance | $ | 64.8 | $ | 37.3 | $ | 102.1 | ||||||||||||||
Provision | 13.5 | 39.7 | 53.2 | |||||||||||||||||
Charge-offs | (26.7 | ) | (35.1 | ) | (61.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Recoveries | 0.2 | 3.6 | 3.8 | |||||||||||||||||
Effect of exchange rates | — | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Ending balance | $ | 51.8 | $ | 45.6 | $ | 97.4 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Allowance ending balance by basis of impairment method: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 2.4 | $ | 10.4 | $ | 12.8 | ||||||||||||||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 49.4 | 35.2 | 84.6 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Allowance ending balance | $ | 51.8 | $ | 45.6 | $ | 97.4 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Loan balance by basis of impairment method: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 13.6 | $ | 39.7 | $ | 53.3 | ||||||||||||||
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 10,221.5 | 1,342.3 | 11,563.8 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Loan ending balance | $ | 10,235.1 | $ | 1,382.0 | $ | 11,617.1 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
4. Investments — (continued)
Impaired Mortgage Loans
Impaired mortgage loans are loans with a related specific valuation allowance, loans whose carrying amount has been reduced to the expected collectible amount because the impairment has been considered other than temporary or a loan modification has been classified as a troubled debt restructuring ("TDR"). Based on an assessment as to the
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
4. Investments — (continued)
collectability of the principal, a determination is made to apply any payments received either against the principal or according to the contractual terms of the loan. Our recorded investment in and unpaid principal balance of impaired loans along with the related loan specific allowance for losses, if any, and the average recorded investment and interest income recognized during the time the loans were impaired were as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Recorded investment | Unpaid principal balance | Related allowance | Recorded investment | Unpaid principal balance | Related allowance | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
With no related allowance recorded: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | $ | 5.2 | $ | 6.7 | $ | — | ||||||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 3.4 | 3.4 | — | $ | 1.5 | $ | 1.5 | $ | — | |||||||||||
With an allowance recorded: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | 4.4 | 4.4 | 2.4 | |||||||||||||||||
Residential-home equity | 16.5 | 17.1 | 8.2 | 13.0 | 14.1 | 5.5 | ||||||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 7.2 | 7.2 | 0.8 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||
Total: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial | $ | 9.6 | $ | 11.1 | $ | 2.4 | ||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | 27.1 | $ | 27.7 | $ | 9.0 | $ | 19.2 | $ | 20.2 | $ | 5.9 | ||||||||
| | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Recorded investment | Unpaid principal balance | Related allowance | Recorded investment | Unpaid principal balance | Related allowance | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
With no related allowance recorded: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | $ | 21.5 | $ | 32.7 | $ | — | ||||||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 4.6 | 4.6 | — | $ | 3.6 | $ | 3.6 | $ | — | |||||||||||
With an allowance recorded: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | 4.4 | 4.4 | 2.4 | |||||||||||||||||
Residential-home equity | 19.5 | 19.7 | 9.2 | 13.7 | 14.8 | 7.0 | ||||||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 8.9 | 7.8 | 1.0 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||
Total: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial | $ | 25.9 | $ | 37.1 | $ | 2.4 | ||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | 33.0 | $ | 32.1 | $ | 10.2 | $ | 23.2 | $ | 24.2 | $ | 7.5 | ||||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
4. Investments — (continued)
| | Average recorded investment | Interest income recognized | Average recorded investment | Interest income recognized | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
For the year ended December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||
With no related allowance recorded: | ||||||||||||||
Residential-first liens | $ | 2.6 | $ | — | ||||||||||
With an allowance recorded: | ||||||||||||||
Residential-home equity | 13.4 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 5.3 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||
Total: | ||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | 21.3 | $ | 0.4 | ||||||||||
For the year ended December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||
With no related allowance recorded: | ||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | $ | 2.6 | $ | — | ||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 3.5 | — | ||||||||||||
With an allowance recorded: | ||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | 2.2 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||
Residential-home equity | 15.1 | 0.4 | ||||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 6.6 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||
Total: | ||||||||||||||
Commercial | $ | 4.8 | $ | 0.2 | ||||||||||
Residential | $ | 25.2 | $ | 0.6 | ||||||||||
For the year ended December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||||||
With no related allowance recorded: | ||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | $ | 13.4 | $ | — | $ | 13.4 | $ | — | ||||||
Residential-first liens | 4.0 | — | 4.0 | — | ||||||||||
With an allowance recorded: | ||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | 4.4 | 0.2 | 4.4 | 0.2 | ||||||||||
Residential-home equity | 18.0 | 0.6 | 18.0 | 0.6 | ||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 8.1 | 0.2 | 8.1 | 0.2 | ||||||||||
Total: | ||||||||||||||
Commercial | $ | 17.8 | $ | 0.2 | $ | 17.8 | $ | 0.2 | ||||||
Residential | $ | 30.1 | $ | 0.8 | $ | 30.1 | $ | 0.8 | ||||||
For the year ended December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||||||
With no related allowance recorded: | ||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | $ | 22.2 | $ | 0.2 | ||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 7.2 | — | ||||||||||||
With an allowance recorded: | ||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | 4.4 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||
Residential-home equity | 20.2 | 1.1 | ||||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 8.9 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||
Total: | ||||||||||||||
Commercial | $ | 26.6 | $ | 0.5 | ||||||||||
Residential | $ | 36.3 | $ | 1.3 | ||||||||||
For the year ended December 31, 2012 | ||||||||||||||
With no related allowance recorded: | ||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | $ | 11.4 | $ | 2.6 | ||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 7.0 | — | ||||||||||||
With an allowance recorded: | ||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | 59.2 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||
Residential-home equity | 17.7 | 0.9 | ||||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 9.0 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||
Total: | ||||||||||||||
Commercial | $ | 70.6 | $ | 2.8 | ||||||||||
Residential | $ | 33.7 | $ | 1.0 | ||||||||||
Our commercial and residential mortgage loan portfolios include loans that have been modified. We assess loan modifications on a case-by-case basis to evaluate whether a TDR has occurred. The commercial mortgage loan TDRs were modified to delay or reduce principal payments and to increase, reduce or delay interest payments. For these TDR assessments, we have determined the loan rates are now considered below market based on current circumstances. The commercial mortgage loan modifications resulted in delayed cash receipts and a decrease in interest income. The residential mortgage loan TDRs include modifications of interest-only payment periods, delays in principal balloon payments, and interest rate reductions. Residential mortgage loan modifications resulted in delayed or decreased cash receipts and a decrease in interest income.
The following table includes information about outstanding loans that were modified and met the criteria of a TDR during the periods indicated. In addition, the table includes information for loans that were modified and met the criteria of a TDR within the past twelve months that were in payment default during the periods indicated:
| | For the year ended December 31, 2014 | For the year ended December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | TDRs | TDRs in payment default | TDRs | TDRs in payment default | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Number of contracts | Recorded investment | Number of contracts | Recorded investment | Number of contracts | Recorded investment | Number of contracts | Recorded investment | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | (in millions) | | (in millions) | | (in millions) | | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | 2 | $ | 5.1 | 1 | $ | 0.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Residential-home equity | 75 | 3.0 | 3 | — | 9 | $ | 0.5 | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 1 | 0.1 | — | — | 1 | 0.1 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | 78 | $ | 8.2 | 4 | $ | 0.7 | 10 | $ | 0.6 | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
4. Investments — (continued)
| | For the year ended December 31, 2013 | For the year ended December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | TDRs | TDRs in payment default | TDRs | TDRs in payment default | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Number of contracts | Recorded investment | Number of contracts | Recorded investment | Number of contracts | Recorded investment | Number of contracts | Recorded investment | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | (in millions) | | (in millions) | | (in millions) | | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | 2 | $ | 0.9 | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Residential-home equity | 69 | 3.8 | 19 | — | 14 | $ | 0.6 | 2 | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 3 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | 74 | $ | 5.3 | 20 | $ | 0.3 | 14 | $ | 0.6 | 2 | $ | — | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the year ended December 31, 2012 | For the year ended December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | TDRs | TDRs in payment default | TDRs | TDRs in payment default | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Number of contracts | Recorded investment | Number of contracts | Recorded investment | Number of contracts | Recorded investment | Number of contracts | Recorded investment | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | (in millions) | | (in millions) | | (in millions) | | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Commercial-brick and mortar | 2 | $ | 18.0 | 1 | $ | 13.7 | 2 | $ | 5.1 | 1 | $ | 0.7 | ||||||||||||||
Residential-home equity | 324 | 15.0 | 12 | — | 75 | 3.0 | 3 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Residential-first liens | 12 | 2.1 | — | — | 1 | 0.1 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | 338 | $ | 35.1 | 13 | $ | 13.7 | 78 | $ | 8.2 | 4 | $ | 0.7 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Commercial mortgage loans that have been designated as a TDR have been previously reserved for in the mortgage loan valuation allowance toat the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral reduced by the cost to sell.
Residential mortgage loans that have been designated as a TDR are specifically reserved for in the mortgage loan valuation allowance if losses result from the modification. Residential mortgage loans that have defaulted or have been discharged through bankruptcy are reduced to the expected collectible amount.
Depreciation expense on invested real estate was $52.0 million, $49.3 million and $46.5 million $44.4 millionin 2016, 2015 and $45.1 million in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Accumulated depreciation was $388.0$450.4 million and $364.9$405.7 million as of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, respectively.
Other investments include interests in unconsolidated entities, domestic and international joint ventures and partnerships and properties owned jointly with venture partners and operated by the partners. Such investments are generally accounted for using the equity method. In applying the equity method, we record our share of income or loss reported by the equity investees in net investment income. Summarized financial information for these unconsolidated entities was as follows:
| | December 31, | December 31, | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Total assets | $ | 60,190.2 | $ | 47,401.9 | $ | 123,621.2 | $ | 101,099.0 | ||||||
Total liabilities | 47,468.3 | 39,588.0 | 73,688.8 | 52,839.3 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total equity | $ | 12,721.9 | $ | 7,813.9 | $ | 49,932.4 | $ | 48,259.7 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment in unconsolidated entities (1) | $ | 1,159.4 | $ | 1,098.6 | $ | 1,223.8 | $ | 1,098.3 | ||||||
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
Total revenues | $ | 14,376.4 | $ | 13,171.0 | $ | 6,297.0 | ||||
Net income | 3,455.3 | 4,866.0 | 1,152.7 | |||||||
Our share of net income of unconsolidated entities (1) | 232.7 | 165.3 | 148.4 | |||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
4. Investments — (continued)
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
Total revenues | $ | 6,297.0 | $ | 3,002.9 | $ | 4,555.9 | ||||
Net income | 1,152.7 | 738.6 | 750.1 | |||||||
Our share of net income of unconsolidated entities (1) | 148.4 | 133.4 | 120.1 | |||||||
In addition, other investments include $790.8$875.2 million and $720.2$819.3 million of direct financing leases as of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, respectively. Our Chilean operations enter into private placement contracts for commercial, industrial and office space properties whereby our Chilean operations purchase the real estate and/or building from the seller-lessee but then lease the property back to the seller-lessee. Ownership of the property is transferred to the lessee by the end of the lease term. The direct financing lease receivables are carried at amortized cost. We actively monitor and manage our direct financing leases. All leases within the portfolio are analyzed regularly and internally rated, based on financial condition, payment history and loan-to-value.
Derivative assets are carried at fair value and reported as a component of other investments. Certain seed money investmentssponsored investment funds are also carried at fair value and reported as a component of other investments, with changes in fair value included in net realized capital gains (losses) on our consolidated statements of operations.
Securities Posted as Collateral
WeAs of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we posted $1,439.9$2,562.8 million and $2,705.5 million, respectively, in commercial mortgage loans and home equity mortgages to satisfy collateral requirements associated with our obligation under funding agreements with Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines ("FHLB Des Moines"). In addition, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we posted $2,233.2 million and $935.7 million, respectively, in fixed maturities, available-for-sale securities at December 31, 2014, to satisfy collateral requirements primarily associated with a reinsurance arrangement, our derivative credit support annex (collateral) agreements, Futures Commission Merchant ("FCM") agreements, a lending arrangement and our obligation under funding agreements with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines ("FHLB Des Moines"). In addition, we posted $2,408.2 million in commercial mortgage loans and home equity mortgages as of December 31, 2014, to satisfy collateral requirements associated with our obligation under funding agreements with the FHLB Des Moines. Since we did not relinquish ownership rights on these instruments, they are reported as fixed maturities, available-for-sale and mortgage loans, respectively, on our consolidated statements of financial position. Of the securities posted as collateral, $139.7as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, $272.8 million canand $295.2 million, respectively, could be sold or repledged by the secured party.
Financial assets subject to master netting agreements or similar agreements were as follows:
| | | Gross amounts not offset in the consolidated statements of financial position | | | Gross amounts not offset in the consolidated statements of financial position | | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Gross amount of recognized assets (1) | Financial instruments (2) | Collateral received | Net amount | Gross amount of recognized assets (1) | Financial instruments (2) | Collateral received | Net amount | ||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative assets | $ | 661.8 | $ | (479.5 | ) | $ | (169.0 | ) | $ | 13.3 | $ | 887.2 | $ | (294.2 | ) | $ | (582.0 | ) | $ | 11.0 | ||||||
Reverse repurchase agreements | 51.5 | — | (51.5 | ) | — | 41.1 | — | (41.1 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 713.3 | $ | (479.5 | ) | $ | (220.5 | ) | $ | 13.3 | $ | 928.3 | $ | (294.2 | ) | $ | (623.1 | ) | $ | 11.0 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative assets | $ | 664.9 | $ | (581.5 | ) | $ | (82.1 | ) | $ | 1.3 | $ | 665.4 | $ | (409.7 | ) | $ | (233.6 | ) | $ | 22.1 | ||||||
Reverse repurchase agreements | 51.8 | — | (51.8 | ) | — | 79.7 | — | (79.7 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 716.7 | $ | (581.5 | ) | $ | (133.9 | ) | $ | 1.3 | $ | 745.1 | $ | (409.7 | ) | $ | (313.3 | ) | $ | 22.1 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
4. Investments — (continued)
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
4. Investments — (continued)
Financial liabilities subject to master netting agreements or similar agreements were as follows:
| | | Gross amounts not offset in the consolidated statements of financial position | | | Gross amounts not offset in the consolidated statements of financial position | | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Gross amount of recognized liabilities (1) | Financial instruments (2) | Collateral pledged | Net amount | Gross amount of recognized liabilities (1) | Financial instruments (2) | Collateral pledged | Net amount | ||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | $ | 567.5 | $ | (294.2 | ) | $ | (243.9 | ) | $ | 29.4 | ||||||||||||||||
Repurchase agreements | 9.7 | — | — | 9.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||
Total | $ | 577.2 | $ | (294.2 | ) | $ | (243.9 | ) | $ | 39.1 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||
December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | $ | 786.0 | $ | (479.5 | ) | $ | (220.6 | ) | $ | 85.9 | $ | 758.6 | $ | (409.7 | ) | $ | (253.9 | ) | $ | 95.0 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | $ | 1,022.0 | $ | (581.5 | ) | $ | (362.1 | ) | $ | 78.4 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||
The financial instruments that are subject to master netting agreements or similar agreements include right of setoff provisions. Derivative instruments include provisions to setoff positions covered under the agreements with the same counterparties and provisions to setoff positions outside of the agreements with the same counterparties in the event of default by one of the parties. Derivative instruments also include collateral provisions. Collateral received and pledged is generally settled daily with each counterparty. See Note 5, Derivative Financial Instruments, for further details.
Repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements include provisions to setoff other repurchase and reverse repurchase balances with the same counterparty. Repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements also include collateral provisions with the counterparties. For reverse repurchase agreements we require the counterparties to pledge collateral with a value greater than the amount of cash transferred. We have the right but do not sell or repledge collateral received in reverse repurchase agreements. Repurchase agreements are structured as secured borrowings for all counterparties. We pledge fixed maturities available-for-sale, which the counterparties have the right to sell or repledge. Interest incurred on repurchase agreements is reported as part of operating expenseexpenses on the consolidated statements of operations. Net proceeds related to repurchase agreements are reported as a component of financing activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows. We did not have any outstanding repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013.2015.
5. Derivative Financial Instruments
Derivatives are generally used to hedge or reduce exposure to market risks associated with assets held or expected to be purchased or sold and liabilities incurred or expected to be incurred. Derivatives are used to change the characteristics of our asset/liability mix consistent with our risk management activities. Derivatives are also used in asset replication strategies.
Types of Derivative Instruments
Interest Rate Contracts
Interest rate risk is the risk we will incur economic losses due to adverse changes in interest rates. Sources of interest rate risk include the difference between the maturity and interest rate changes of assets with the liabilities they support, timing differences between the pricing of liabilities and the purchase or procurement of assets and changing cash flow profiles from original projections due to prepayment options embedded within asset and liability contracts. We use various derivatives to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
5. Derivative Financial Instruments — (continued)
Interest rate swaps are contracts in which we agree with other parties to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed rate and floating rate interest amounts based upon designated market rates or rate indices and an agreed upon notional principal amount. Generally, no cash is exchanged at the outset of the contract and no principal payments are made by any party. Cash is paid or received based on the terms of the swap. We use interest rate swaps
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
5. Derivative Financial Instruments — (continued)
primarily to more closely match the interest rate characteristics of assets and liabilities and to mitigate the risks arising from timing mismatches between assets and liabilities (including duration mismatches). We also use interest rate swaps to hedge against changes in the value of assets we anticipate acquiring and other anticipated transactions and commitments. Interest rate swaps are used to hedge against changes in the value of the guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit ("GMWB") liability. The GMWB rider on our variable annuity products provides for guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits regardless of the actual performance of various equity and/or fixed income funds available with the product.
Interest rate options, including interest rate caps and interest rate floors, which can be combined to form interest rate collars, are contracts that entitle the purchaser to pay or receive the amounts, if any, by which a specified market rate exceeds a cap strike interest rate, or falls below a floor strike interest rate, respectively, at specified dates. We use interest rate collars to manage interest rate risk related to guaranteed minimum interest rate liabilities in our individual annuities contracts and lapse risk associated with higher interest rates.
A swaption is an option to enter into an interest rate swap at a future date. We purchase swaptions to offset or modify existing exposures. Swaptions provide us the benefit of the agreed-upon strike rate if the market rates for liabilities are higher, with the flexibility to enter into the current market rate swap if the market rates for liabilities are lower. Swaptions not only hedge against the downside risk, but also allow us to take advantage of any upside benefits.
In exchange-traded futures transactions, we agree to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the values of which are determined by the values of designated classes of securities, and to post variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts. We enter into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commissions merchants who are members of a trading exchange. We have used exchange-traded futures to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates and to alter mismatches between the assets in a portfolio and the liabilities supported by those assets.
Foreign Exchange Contracts
Foreign currency risk is the risk we will incur economic losses due to adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. This risk arises from foreign currency-denominated funding agreements we issue, foreign currency-denominated fixed maturitiesmaturity and equity securities we invest in, capital transactions with our international operations and the financial results of our international operations, including acquisition and divestiture activity.operations. We use various derivatives to manage our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
Currency swaps are contracts in which we agree with other parties to exchange, at specified intervals, a series of principal and interest payments in one currency for that of another currency. Generally, the principal amount of each currency is exchanged at the beginning and termination of the currency swap by each party. The interest payments are primarily fixed-to-fixed rate; however, they may also be fixed-to-floating rate or floating-to-fixed rate. These transactions are entered into pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty for payments made in the same currency at each due date. We use currency swaps to reduce market risks from changes in currency exchange rates with respect to investments or liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that we either hold or intend to acquire or sell.
Currency forwards are contracts in which we agree with other parties to deliver or receive a specified amount of an identified currency at a specified future date. Typically, the price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made at the specified future date. We use currency forwards to reduce market risks from changes in currency exchange rates with respect to investments or liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that we either hold or intend to acquire or sell andsell. We sometimes use currency forwards to hedge the currency risk associated with a business combination. We have also used currency forwardscombination or to hedge the currency risk associated withcertain net equity investments in foreign operations. We did not use any currency forwards during 2014 or 2013 to hedgeexpected cash flows from our net investment in foreign operations.
Equity Contracts
Equity risk is the risk that we will incur economic losses due to adverse fluctuations in common stock.stock prices. We use various derivatives to manage our exposure to equity risk, which arises from products in which the interest we credit is tied to an external equity index as well as products subject to minimum contractual guarantees.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
5. Derivative Financial Instruments — (continued)
We purchase equity call spreads to hedge the equity participation rates promised to contractholders in conjunction with our fixed deferred annuity and universal life products that credit interest based on changes in an external equity index. We use exchange-traded futures and equity put options to hedge against changes in the value of the GMWB liability related to the GMWB rider on our variable annuity product, as previously explained. The premium associated with certain options is paid quarterly over the life of the option contract.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
5. Derivative Financial Instruments — (continued)
Credit Contracts
Credit risk relates to the uncertainty associated with the continued ability of a given obligor to make timely payments of principal and interest. We use credit default swaps to enhance the return on our investment portfolio by providing comparable exposure to fixed income securities that might not be available in the primary market. They are also used to hedge credit exposures in our investment portfolio. Credit derivatives are used to sell or buy credit protection on an identified name or names on an unfunded or synthetic basis in return for receiving or paying a quarterly premium. The premium generally corresponds to a referenced name's credit spread at the time the agreement is executed. In cases where we sell protection, we also buy a quality cash bond to match against the credit default swap, thereby entering into a synthetic transaction replicating a cash security. When selling protection, if there is an event of default by the referenced name, as defined by the agreement, we are obligated to pay the counterparty the referenced amount of the contract and receive in return the referenced security in a principal amount equal to the notional value of the credit default swap.
Total return swaps are contracts in which we agree with other parties to exchange, at specified intervals, an amount determined by the difference between the previous price and the current price of a reference asset based upon an agreed upon notional principal amount plus an additional amount determined by the financing spread. We currently use futures traded on an exchange ("exchange-traded") and total return swaps referencing equity indices to hedge our portfolio from potential credit losses related to systemic events.
Other Contracts
Embedded Derivatives. We purchase or issue certain financial instruments or products that contain a derivative instrument that is embedded in the financial instrument or product. When it is determined that the embedded derivative possesses economic characteristics that are not clearly or closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract and a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host instrument for measurement purposes. The embedded derivative, which is reported with the host instrument in the consolidated statements of financial position, is carried at fair value.
We have investment-type insuranceinvestment contracts in which the return is tied to a leveraged inflation index. In addition, we had an investment-type insurance contract in which the return was tied to an external equity index. We economically hedge the risk associated with these investment-type insuranceinvestment contracts.
We offer group annuity contracts that have guaranteed separate accounts as an investment option. We also offer funds with embedded fixed-rate guarantees as investment options in our defined contribution plans in Hong Kong.
We have structured investment relationships with trusts we have determined to be VIEs, which are consolidated in our financial statements. The notes issued by these trusts include obligations to deliver an underlying security to residual interest holders and the obligations contain an embedded derivative of the forecasted transaction to deliver the underlying security.
We have fixed deferred annuities and universal life contracts that credit interest based on changes in an external equity index. We also have certain variable annuity products with a GMWB rider, which allows the customer to make withdrawals of a specified annual amount, either for a fixed number of years or for the lifetime of the customer, even if the account value is fully exhausted. Declines in the equity markets may increase our exposure to benefits under contracts with the GMWB. We economically hedge the exposure in these contracts, as previously explained.
Our risk of loss is typically limited to the fair value of our derivative instruments and not to the notional or contractual amounts of these derivatives. We are also exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance of the counterparties. Our current credit exposure is limited to the value of derivatives that have become favorable to us. This credit risk is minimized by purchasing such agreements from financial institutions with high credit ratings and by establishing and monitoring exposure limits. We also utilize various credit enhancements, including collateral and credit triggers to reduce the credit exposure to our derivative instruments.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
5. Derivative Financial Instruments — (continued)
Derivatives may be exchange-traded or they may be privately negotiated contracts, which are usually referred to as over-the-counter ("OTC") derivatives. Certain of our OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties ("OTC cleared"), while others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties ("bilateral OTC"). Our derivative transactions are generally documented under International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. ("ISDA") Master Agreements. Management believes that such agreements provide for legally enforceable set-off and close-out netting of exposures to specific counterparties. Under such agreements, in connection with an early termination of a transaction, we are permitted to set off our receivable from a counterparty against our payables to the same counterparty
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
5. Derivative Financial Instruments — (continued)
arising out of all included transactions. For reporting purposes, we do not offset fair value amounts recognized for the right to reclaim cash collateral or the obligation to return cash collateral against fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments executed with the same counterparties under master netting agreements.
We posted $271.6$322.4 million and $393.1$342.7 million in cash and securities under collateral arrangements as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively, to satisfy collateral requirements associated with our derivative credit support agreements and FCM agreements. These amounts include initial margin requirements.
Certain of our derivative instruments contain provisions that require us to maintain an investment grade rating from each of the major credit rating agencies on our debt. If the ratings on our debt were to fall below investment grade, it would be in violation of these provisions and the counterparties to the derivative instruments could request immediate payment or demand immediate and ongoing full overnight collateralization on derivative instruments in net liability positions. The aggregate fair value, inclusive of accrued interest, of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a liability position without regard to netting under derivative credit support annex agreements as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, was $656.2$454.7 million and $1,042.9$606.5 million, respectively. Cleared derivatives have contingent features that require us to post excess margin as required by the FCM. The terms surrounding excess margin vary by FCM agreement. With respect to derivatives containing collateral triggers, we posted collateral and initial margin of $271.6$322.4 million and $393.1$342.7 million as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, respectively, in the normal course of business, which reflects netting under derivative agreements. If the credit-risk-related contingent features underlying these agreements were triggered on December 31, 2014,2016, we would be required to post an additional $67.7$42.0 million of collateral to our counterparties.
As of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, we had received $148.3$576.3 million and $32.5$217.5 million, respectively, of cash collateral associated with our derivative credit support annex agreements and FCM agreements, for which we recorded a corresponding liability reflecting our obligation to return the collateral.
Notional amounts are used to express the extent of our involvement in derivative transactions and represent a standard measurement of the volume of our derivative activity. Notional amounts represent those amounts used to calculate contractual flows to be exchanged and are not paid or received, except for contracts such as currency swaps.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
5. Derivative Financial Instruments — (continued)
Credit exposure represents the gross amount owed to us under derivative contracts as of the valuation date. The notional amounts and credit exposure of our derivative financial instruments by type were as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Notional amounts of derivative instruments | ||||||||||||||
Interest rate contracts: | ||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaps | $ | 19,182.6 | $ | 20,570.8 | $ | 23,520.4 | $ | 21,704.2 | ||||||
Interest rate options | 4,900.0 | 4,100.0 | 4,950.5 | 4,900.0 | ||||||||||
Interest rate futures | 96.0 | 162.0 | ||||||||||||
Swaptions | 260.0 | 325.0 | 77.0 | 259.0 | ||||||||||
Interest rate futures | 147.5 | 92.5 | ||||||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts: | ||||||||||||||
Currency swaps | 1,975.5 | 2,367.5 | 1,552.0 | 1,751.0 | ||||||||||
Currency forwards | 270.7 | 247.4 | 851.3 | 1,040.6 | ||||||||||
Equity contracts: | ||||||||||||||
Equity options | 3,293.4 | 2,010.4 | 3,505.8 | 3,604.8 | ||||||||||
Equity futures | 498.1 | 273.3 | 545.1 | 514.2 | ||||||||||
Credit contracts: | ||||||||||||||
Credit default swaps | 1,234.5 | 1,153.2 | 961.3 | 1,084.5 | ||||||||||
Total return swaps | 90.0 | 90.0 | 90.0 | 90.0 | ||||||||||
Futures | 10.5 | 9.1 | 11.9 | 13.1 | ||||||||||
Other contracts: | ||||||||||||||
Embedded derivatives | 9,235.7 | 7,601.1 | 10,209.5 | 9,905.0 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total notional amounts at end of period | $ | 41,098.5 | $ | 38,840.3 | $ | 46,370.8 | $ | 45,028.4 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Credit exposure of derivative instruments | ||||||||||||||
Interest rate contracts: | ||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaps | $ | 510.8 | $ | 435.5 | $ | 733.1 | $ | 505.5 | ||||||
Interest rate options | 41.0 | 42.5 | 27.3 | 34.1 | ||||||||||
Swaptions | — | 1.0 | ||||||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts: | ||||||||||||||
Currency swaps | 97.1 | 200.9 | 106.2 | 105.6 | ||||||||||
Currency forwards | 1.4 | 0.6 | 6.4 | 4.4 | ||||||||||
Equity contracts: | ||||||||||||||
Equity options | 30.2 | 30.0 | 28.2 | 39.9 | ||||||||||
Credit contracts: | ||||||||||||||
Credit default swaps | 13.3 | 9.5 | 7.0 | 13.4 | ||||||||||
Total return swaps | — | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.5 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total gross credit exposure | 693.8 | 720.1 | 908.9 | 703.4 | ||||||||||
Less: collateral received | 183.5 | 115.9 | 586.8 | 234.2 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net credit exposure | $ | 510.3 | $ | 604.2 | $ | 322.1 | $ | 469.2 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The fair value of our derivative instruments classified as assets and liabilities was as follows:
| | Derivative assets (1) | Derivative liabilities (2) | Derivative assets (1) | Derivative liabilities (2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate contracts | $ | 8.8 | $ | 0.1 | $ | 193.9 | $ | 285.4 | $ | 4.4 | $ | 9.4 | $ | 71.3 | $ | 132.2 | ||||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts | 80.0 | 121.6 | 69.1 | 51.2 | 86.8 | 94.1 | 143.4 | 164.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments | $ | 88.8 | $ | 121.7 | $ | 263.0 | $ | 336.6 | $ | 91.2 | $ | 103.5 | $ | 214.7 | $ | 296.4 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate contracts | $ | 508.7 | $ | 452.2 | $ | 321.4 | $ | 489.6 | $ | 739.3 | $ | 493.0 | $ | 200.6 | $ | 255.8 | ||||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts | 20.8 | 51.6 | 40.1 | 17.9 | 27.2 | 16.4 | 56.2 | 68.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Equity contracts | 30.2 | 30.0 | 131.7 | 145.0 | 28.2 | 39.8 | 95.9 | 112.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
Credit contracts | 13.3 | 9.6 | 35.6 | 35.5 | 7.7 | 13.9 | 5.7 | 39.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
Other contracts | — | — | 415.5 | 224.1 | — | — | 388.7 | 407.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | 573.0 | 543.4 | 944.3 | 912.1 | 802.4 | 563.1 | 747.1 | 883.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total derivative instruments | $ | 661.8 | $ | 665.1 | $ | 1,207.3 | $ | 1,248.7 | $ | 893.6 | $ | 666.6 | $ | 961.8 | $ | 1,180.1 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
5. Derivative Financial Instruments — (continued)
When we sell credit protection, we are exposed to the underlying credit risk similar to purchasing a fixed maturity security instrument. The majority of our credit derivative contracts sold reference a single name or reference security (referred to as "single name credit default swaps"). The remainder of our credit derivatives reference either a basket or index of securities. These instruments are either referenced in an over-the-counterOTC credit derivative transaction or embedded within an investment structure that has been fully consolidated into our financial statements.
These credit derivative transactions are subject to events of default defined within the terms of the contract, which normally consist of bankruptcy, failure to pay, or modified restructuring of the reference entity and/or issue. If a default event occurs for a reference name or security, we are obligated to pay the counterparty an amount equal to the notional amount of the credit derivative transaction. As a result, our maximum future payment is equal to the notional amount of the credit derivative. In certain cases, we also have purchased credit protection with identical underlyings to certain of our sold protection transactions. The effect of this purchased protection would reduce our total maximum future payments by $10.0 million asAs of December 31, 20142016 and $44.9 million as of December 31, 2013. These purchased2015, we did not purchase credit derivative transactions had a net asset (liability) fair value of $(0.1) million as of December 31, 2014 and $(0.5) million as of December 31, 2013.protection relating to our sold protection transactions. In certain circumstances, our potential loss could also be reduced by any amount recovered in the default proceedings of the underlying credit name.
We purchased an investment structure with embedded credit features that is fully consolidated into our financial statements. This consolidation results in recognition of the underlying credit derivatives and collateral within the structure, typically high quality fixed maturities that are owned by a special purpose vehicle. These credit derivatives reference several names in a basket structure. In the event of default, the collateral within the structure would typically be liquidated to pay the claims of the credit derivative counterparty.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
5. Derivative Financial Instruments — (continued)
The following tables show our credit default swap protection sold by types of contract, types of referenced/underlying asset class and external agency rating for the underlying reference security. The maximum future payments are undiscounted and have not been reduced by the effect of any offsetting transactions, collateral or recourse features described above.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Notional amount | Fair value | Maximum future payments | Weighted average expected life (in years) | Notional amount | Fair value | Maximum future payments | Weighted average expected life (in years) | ||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Single name credit default swaps | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate debt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AAA | $ | 30.0 | $ | 1.0 | $ | 30.0 | 4.2 | $ | 30.0 | $ | 0.6 | $ | 30.0 | 2.2 | ||||||||||||
AA | 79.0 | 1.6 | 79.0 | 3.3 | 94.0 | 0.8 | 94.0 | 1.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
A | 254.5 | 3.3 | 254.5 | 2.8 | 145.0 | 1.2 | 145.0 | 1.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
BBB | 345.0 | 1.2 | 345.0 | 3.6 | 290.0 | 2.3 | 290.0 | 2.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
BB | 10.0 | 0.9 | 10.0 | 5.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
B | 20.0 | (1.8 | ) | 20.0 | 2.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Near default | 10.0 | 0.2 | 10.0 | 3.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Government/municipalities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AA | 30.0 | 0.6 | 30.0 | 4.3 | 30.0 | 0.4 | 30.0 | 2.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
Sovereign | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AA | 10.0 | 0.1 | 10.0 | 4.7 | 10.0 | 0.1 | 10.0 | 2.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
BBB | 40.0 | (0.1 | ) | 40.0 | 4.7 | 40.0 | 0.3 | 40.0 | 2.7 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
Total single name credit default swaps | 798.5 | 8.6 | 798.5 | 3.5 | 669.0 | 4.1 | 669.0 | 1.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
Basket and index credit default swaps | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate debt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Near default (1) | 100.4 | (19.1 | ) | 100.4 | 2.2 | 82.3 | (1.6 | ) | 82.3 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||||
Government/municipalities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AA | 30.0 | (1.8 | ) | 30.0 | 2.7 | 30.0 | (0.4 | ) | 30.0 | 0.7 | ||||||||||||||||
Structured finance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BBB | 16.9 | 0.1 | 16.9 | 3.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
AA | 3.5 | — | 3.5 | 0.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
Total basket and index credit default swaps | 147.3 | (20.8 | ) | 147.3 | 2.5 | 115.8 | (2.0 | ) | 115.8 | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
Total credit default swap protection sold | $ | 945.8 | $ | (12.2 | ) | $ | 945.8 | 3.3 | $ | 784.8 | $ | 2.1 | $ | 784.8 | 1.7 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
5. Derivative Financial Instruments — (continued)
| | December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Notional amount | Fair value | Maximum future payments | Weighted average expected life (in years) | |||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Single name credit default swaps | |||||||||||||
Corporate debt | |||||||||||||
AAA | $ | 10.0 | $ | 0.3 | $ | 10.0 | 4.7 | ||||||
AA | 84.0 | 1.8 | 84.0 | 4.0 | |||||||||
A | 294.5 | 4.2 | 294.5 | 4.0 | |||||||||
BBB | 265.0 | (1.2 | ) | 265.0 | 3.9 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total single name credit default swaps | 653.5 | 5.1 | 653.5 | 4.0 | |||||||||
Basket and index credit default swaps | |||||||||||||
Corporate debt | |||||||||||||
Near default (1) | 110.4 | (19.9 | ) | 110.4 | 3.2 | ||||||||
Government/municipalities | |||||||||||||
AA | 30.0 | (3.5 | ) | 30.0 | 3.7 | ||||||||
Structured finance | |||||||||||||
BBB | 25.0 | (0.9 | ) | 25.0 | 3.5 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total basket and index credit default swaps | 165.4 | (24.3 | ) | 165.4 | 3.4 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total credit default swap protection sold | $ | 818.9 | $ | (19.2 | ) | $ | 818.9 | 3.9 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Notional amount | Fair value | Maximum future payments | Weighted average expected life (in years) | |||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Single name credit default swaps | |||||||||||||
Corporate debt | |||||||||||||
AAA | $ | 30.0 | $ | 0.8 | $ | 30.0 | 3.2 | ||||||
AA | 74.0 | 1.1 | 74.0 | 2.3 | |||||||||
A | 195.0 | 2.2 | 195.0 | 2.2 | |||||||||
BBB | 310.0 | (0.9 | ) | 310.0 | 2.9 | ||||||||
BB | 30.0 | (4.6 | ) | 30.0 | 3.1 | ||||||||
CCC | 10.0 | (6.8 | ) | 10.0 | 4.0 | ||||||||
Government/municipalities | |||||||||||||
AA | 30.0 | 0.6 | 30.0 | 3.3 | |||||||||
Sovereign | |||||||||||||
AA | 10.0 | — | 10.0 | 3.7 | |||||||||
BBB | 40.0 | (0.9 | ) | 40.0 | 3.7 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total single name credit default swaps | 729.0 | (8.5 | ) | 729.0 | 2.8 | ||||||||
Basket and index credit default swaps | |||||||||||||
Corporate debt | |||||||||||||
Near default (1) | 100.4 | (17.7 | ) | 100.4 | 1.2 | ||||||||
Government/municipalities | |||||||||||||
AA | 30.0 | (1.1 | ) | 30.0 | 1.7 | ||||||||
Structured finance | |||||||||||||
AAA | 11.9 | — | 11.9 | 0.6 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total basket and index credit default swaps | 142.3 | (18.8 | ) | 142.3 | 1.3 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total credit default swap protection sold | $ | 871.3 | $ | (27.3 | ) | $ | 871.3 | 2.5 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
We also have invested in fixed maturities classified as available-for-sale that contain credit default swaps that do not require bifurcation and fixed maturities classified as trading that contain credit default swaps. These securities are subject to the credit risk of the issuer, normally a special purpose vehicle, which consists of the underlying credit default swaps and high quality fixed maturities that serve as collateral. A default event occurs if the cumulative losses exceed a specified attachment point, which is typically not the first loss of the portfolio. If a default event occurs that exceeds the specified attachment point, our investment may not be fully returned. We would have no future potential payments under these investments. The following tables show, by the types of referenced/underlying asset class and external rating, our fixed maturities with embedded credit derivatives.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Amortized cost | Carrying value | Weighted average expected life (in years) | Amortized cost | Carrying value | Weighted average expected life (in years) | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Corporate debt | ||||||||||||||||||||
A | $ | 24.1 | $ | 24.1 | 2.0 | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||||
Total corporate debt | 24.1 | 24.1 | 2.0 | |||||||||||||||||
Structured finance | ||||||||||||||||||||
A | 56.1 | 56.1 | 1.5 | |||||||||||||||||
AA | $ | 14.1 | $ | 14.1 | 0.6 | |||||||||||||||
BBB | 3.5 | 3.5 | 0.8 | |||||||||||||||||
BB | 5.8 | 5.8 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 0.8 | ||||||||||||||
CCC | 9.5 | 9.5 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 1.2 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
Total structured finance | 71.4 | 71.4 | 2.1 | 24.6 | 24.6 | 0.8 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
Total fixed maturities with credit derivatives | $ | 95.5 | $ | 95.5 | 2.0 | $ | 24.6 | $ | 24.6 | 0.8 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
5. Derivative Financial Instruments — (continued)
| | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Amortized cost | Carrying value | Weighted average expected life (in years) | Amortized cost | Carrying value | Weighted average expected life (in years) | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Corporate debt | ||||||||||||||||||||
BBB | $ | 23.4 | $ | 23.4 | 3.0 | |||||||||||||||
A | $ | 24.6 | $ | 24.6 | 1.0 | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
Total corporate debt | 23.4 | 23.4 | 3.0 | 24.6 | 24.6 | 1.0 | ||||||||||||||
Structured finance | ||||||||||||||||||||
A | 18.1 | 16.7 | 4.8 | 52.2 | 52.2 | 1.1 | ||||||||||||||
BBB | 3.4 | 3.4 | 1.6 | |||||||||||||||||
BB | 5.5 | 5.5 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.6 | ||||||||||||||
B | 4.1 | 4.1 | 3.1 | |||||||||||||||||
CCC | 23.5 | 23.5 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 1.9 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
Total structured finance | 51.2 | 49.8 | 4.5 | 62.7 | 62.7 | 1.2 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
Total fixed maturities with credit derivatives | $ | 74.6 | $ | 73.2 | 4.0 | $ | 87.3 | $ | 87.3 | 1.1 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
We use fixed-to-floating rate interest rate swaps to more closely align the interest rate characteristics of certain assets and liabilities. In general, these swaps are used in asset and liability management to modify duration, which is a measure of sensitivity to interest rate changes.
We enter into currency exchange swap agreements to convert certain foreign denominated assets and liabilities into U.S. dollar floating-rate denominated instruments to eliminate the exposure to future currency volatility on those items.
The net interest effect of interest rate swap and currency swap transactions for derivatives in fair value hedges is recorded as an adjustment to income or expense of the underlying hedged item in our consolidated statements of operations.
Hedge effectiveness testing for fair value relationships is performed utilizing a regression analysis approach for both prospective and retrospective evaluations. This regression analysis will consider multiple data points for the assessment that the hedge continues to be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value. In certain periods, the comparison of the change in value of the derivative and the change in the value of the hedged item may not be offsetting at a specific period in time due to small movements in value. However, any amounts recorded as fair value hedges have shown to be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value both for present and future periods.
The following table shows the effect of derivatives in fair value hedging relationships and the related hedged items on the consolidated statements of operations. All gains or losses on derivatives were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
| | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives for the year ended December 31, (1) | | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in net income on related hedged item for the year ended December 31, (1) | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives for the year ended December 31, (1) | | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in net income on related hedged item for the year ended December 31, (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Derivatives in fair value hedging relationships | Hedged items in fair value hedging relationships | Hedged items in fair value hedging relationships | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | | (in millions) | (in millions) | | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate contracts | $ | 25.4 | $ | 139.5 | $ | 38.6 | Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | (27.7 | ) | $ | (133.3 | ) | $ | (34.1 | ) | $ | 19.5 | $ | 26.4 | $ | 25.4 | Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | (19.2 | ) | $ | (26.1 | ) | $ | (27.7 | ) | ||||||||||
Interest rate contracts | 2.0 | (0.7 | ) | — | Investment-type insurance contracts | (1.9 | ) | 0.2 | — | (0.9 | ) | 0.8 | 2.0 | Investment contracts | 1.0 | (0.7 | ) | (1.9 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts | 5.5 | (0.2 | ) | 0.7 | Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | (5.4 | ) | 0.4 | 0.4 | — | 3.8 | 5.5 | Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | — | (3.8 | ) | (5.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts | 0.2 | (36.7 | ) | 9.3 | Investment-type insurance contracts | (0.2 | ) | 36.5 | (12.6 | ) | — | — | 0.2 | Investment contracts | — | — | (0.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
Total | $ | 33.1 | $ | 101.9 | $ | 48.6 | Total | $ | (35.2 | ) | $ | (96.2 | ) | $ | (46.3 | ) | $ | 18.6 | $ | 31.0 | $ | 33.1 | Total | $ | (18.2 | ) | $ | (30.6 | ) | $ | (35.2 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
5. Derivative Financial Instruments — (continued)
The following table shows the periodic settlements on interest rate contracts and foreign exchange contracts in fair value hedging relationships.
| | Amount of gain (loss) for the year ended December 31, | Amount of gain (loss) for the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hedged Item | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale (1) | $ | (93.0 | ) | $ | (120.7 | ) | $ | (134.3 | ) | $ | (41.9 | ) | $ | (72.8 | ) | $ | (93.0 | ) | ||
Investment-type insurance contracts (2) | 4.3 | 33.2 | 37.1 | |||||||||||||||||
Investment contracts (2) | 2.6 | 3.7 | �� | 4.3 | ||||||||||||||||
We utilize floating-to-fixed rate interest rate swaps to eliminate the variability in cash flows of recognized financial assets and liabilities and forecasted transactions.
We enter into currency exchange swap agreements to convert both principal and interest payments of certain foreign denominated assets and liabilities into U.S. dollar denominated fixed-rate instruments to eliminate the exposure to future currency volatility on those items.
The net interest effect of interest rate swap and currency swap transactions for derivatives in cash flow hedges is recorded as an adjustment to income or expense of the underlying hedged item in our consolidated statements of operations.
The maximum length of time we are hedging our exposure to the variability in future cash flows for forecasted transactions, excluding those related to the payments of variable interest on existing financial assets and liabilities, is 5.53.5 years. AtAs of December 31, 2014,2016, we had $67.1$16.2 million of net gains reported in AOCI on the consolidated statements of financial position related to active hedges of forecasted transactions. If a hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring, cash flow hedge accounting is discontinued. If it is probable that the hedged forecasted transaction will not occur, the deferred gain or loss is immediately reclassified from AOCI into net income. We reclassified $0.0 millionDuring 2016 and $0.2 million2015, we did not have any reclassifications from AOCI into net realized capital gains (losses) as a result of the determination that hedged cash flows were probable of not occurring during the years ended occurring.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.2016
5. Derivative Financial Instruments — (continued)
The following table shows the effect of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships on the consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of financial position. All gains or losses on derivatives were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
| | | | | | Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives (effective portion) for the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives (effective portion) for the year ended December 31, | | Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives (effective portion) for the year ended December 31, | | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives (effective portion) for the year ended December 31, | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into net income (effective portion) | | Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into net income (effective portion) | Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives (effective portion) for the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships | | Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI on derivatives (effective portion) for the year ended December 31, | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Related hedged item | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into net income (effective portion) | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | Related hedged item | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into net income (effective portion) | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | (in millions) | | (in millions) | | (in millions) | | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate contracts | Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | 29.0 | $ | (80.5 | ) | $ | 16.2 | Net investment income | $ | 13.8 | $ | 11.7 | $ | 8.9 | Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | (33.1 | ) | $ | 33.1 | $ | 29.0 | Net investment income | $ | 19.3 | $ | 16.6 | $ | 13.8 | ||||||||||||||||
Net realized capital gains | 11.2 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate contracts | Investment-type insurance contracts | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | — | — | — | Investment contracts | 1.6 | 4.7 | 2.0 | Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate contracts | Debt | — | — | — | Operating expense | (7.4 | ) | (6.6 | ) | (5.9 | ) | Debt | — | — | — | Operating expense | (9.2 | ) | (8.2 | ) | (7.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts | Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 68.7 | (0.9 | ) | (27.9 | ) | Net realized capital losses | (10.2 | ) | (16.7 | ) | (6.4 | ) | Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 4.0 | 16.9 | 68.7 | Net realized capital gains (losses) | 6.4 | 28.5 | (10.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange contracts | Investment-type insurance contracts | 7.2 | 5.0 | 7.6 | Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | — | — | — | Investment contracts | 6.0 | 2.4 | 7.2 | Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||
Total | $ | 106.9 | $ | (73.9 | ) | $ | (1.6 | ) | Total | $ | (3.8 | ) | $ | (11.6 | ) | $ | (3.4 | ) | $ | (21.5 | ) | $ | 57.1 | $ | 106.9 | Total | $ | 27.7 | $ | 36.9 | $ | (3.8 | ) | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
5. Derivative Financial Instruments — (continued)
The following table shows the periodic settlements on interest rate contracts and foreign exchange contracts in cash flow hedging relationships.
| | Amount of gain (loss) for the year ended December 31, | Amount of gain (loss) for the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hedged item | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale (1) | $ | 5.1 | $ | 7.7 | $ | 8.0 | $ | 5.8 | $ | 6.1 | $ | 5.1 | ||||||||
Investment-type insurance contracts (2) | (11.1 | ) | (11.0 | ) | (13.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Investment contracts (2) | (15.7 | ) | (18.3 | ) | (11.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||
The ineffective portion of our cash flow hedges is reported in net realized capital gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of operations. The net gain resulting from the ineffective portion of foreign currency contracts in cash flow hedging relationships was $0.3 million, $0.0 million $0.8 million and $0.5$0.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012,2014, respectively.
We expect to reclassify net gains of $1.8$3.7 million from AOCI into net income in the next 12 months, which includes both net deferred gains on discontinued hedges and net losses on periodic settlements of active hedges. Actual amounts may vary from this amount as a result of market conditions.
We may take measures to hedge our net equity investments in our foreign operations from currency risk. This is accomplished with the use of currency forwards.
Gains and losses associated with net investment hedges are recorded in AOCI and will be released into earnings if our investment in the foreign operation is sold or substantially liquidated.
The amount of gain recognized in AOCI on derivatives was $0.0 million, $1.7 million and $0.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
5. Derivative Financial Instruments — (continued)
We did not have any ineffectiveness and did not reclassify any gains or losses from AOCI into net income related to our net investment hedges for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Our use of futures, certain swaptions and swaps, collars, options and forwards are effective from an economic standpoint, but they have not been designated as hedges for financial reporting purposes. As such, periodic changes in the market value of these instruments, which includes mark-to-market gains and losses as well as periodic and final settlements, primarily flow directly into net realized capital gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of operations.
The following table shows the effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments, including fair value changes of embedded derivatives that have been bifurcated from the host contract, on the consolidated statements of operations.
| | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives for the year ended December 31, | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives for the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate contracts | $ | 246.0 | $ | (137.6 | ) | $ | (7.9 | ) | $ | 243.3 | $ | 73.8 | $ | 246.0 | ||||||
Foreign exchange contracts | (74.6 | ) | (0.1 | ) | 63.1 | 20.1 | (49.8 | ) | (74.6 | ) | ||||||||||
Equity contracts | 21.9 | (159.4 | ) | (100.5 | ) | (123.5 | ) | (50.5 | ) | 21.9 | ||||||||||
Credit contracts | (34.7 | ) | 40.6 | 11.0 | 37.4 | 3.5 | (34.7 | ) | ||||||||||||
Other contracts | (194.3 | ) | 154.4 | 37.3 | (4.8 | ) | (11.4 | ) | (194.3 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | (35.7 | ) | $ | (102.1 | ) | $ | 3.0 | $ | 172.5 | $ | (34.4 | ) | $ | (35.7 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
6. Closed Block
In connection with the 1998 MIHC formation, Principal Life formed a Closed Block to provide reasonable assurance to policyholders included therein that, after the formation of the MIHC, assets would be available to maintain dividends in aggregate in accordance with the 1997 policy dividend scales, if the experience underlying such scales continued. Assets of Principal Life were allocated to the Closed Block in an amount that produces cash flows which, together with anticipated revenue from policies and contracts included in the Closed Block, were expected to be sufficient to support the Closed Block policies, including,policies. This includes, but is not limited to, provisions for payment of claims, certain expenses, charges and taxes, and to provide for continuation of policy and contract dividends in aggregate in accordance with the 1997 dividend scales, if the experience underlying such scales continues, and to allow for appropriate adjustments in such scales, if such experience changes. Due to adjustable life policies being included in the Closed Block, the Closed Block is charged with amounts necessary to properly fund for certain adjustments, such as face amount and premium increases, that are made to these policies after the Closed Block inception date. These amounts are referred to as Funding Adjustment Charges and are treated as capital transfers from the Closed Block.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
6. Closed Block — (continued)
Assets allocated to the Closed Block inure solely to the benefit of the holders of policies included in the Closed Block. Closed Block assets and liabilities are carried on the same basis as other similar assets and liabilities. Principal Life will continue to pay guaranteed benefits under all policies, including the policies within the Closed Block, in accordance with their terms. If the assets allocated to the Closed Block, the investment cash flows from those assets and the revenues from the policies included in the Closed Block, including investment income thereon, prove to be insufficient to pay the benefits guaranteed under the policies included in the Closed Block, Principal Life will be required to make such payments from theirits general funds. No additional policies were added to the Closed Block, nor was the Closed Block affected in any other way, as a result of the demutualization.
A policyholder dividend obligation ("PDO") is required to be established for earnings in the Closed Block that are not available to stockholders. A model of the Closed Block was established to produce the pattern of expected earnings in the Closed Block, adjusted to eliminate the impact of related amounts in AOCI.
If actual cumulative earnings of the Closed Block are greater than the expected cumulative earnings of the Closed Block, only the expected cumulative earnings will be recognized in income with the excess recorded as a PDO. This PDO represents undistributed accumulated earnings that will be paid to Closed Block policyholders as additional policyholder dividends unless offset by future performance of the Closed Block that is less favorable than originally expected. If actual cumulative performance is less favorable than expected, only actual earnings will be recognized in income. AtAs of December 31, 2014 and 2013, 2016,
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
6. Closed Block — (continued)
cumulative actual earnings have beenwere greater than cumulative expected earnings. Therefore, we established an additional $8.2 million liability, which was recorded within policyholder dividends obligation. As of December 31, 2015, cumulative actual earnings were less than cumulative expected earnings. However, cumulative net unrealized gains were greater than expected, resulting in the recognition of a PDO of $165.2$117.9 million and $111.6$88.7 million as of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, respectively.
Closed Block liabilities and assets designated to the Closed Block were as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Closed Block liabilities | ||||||||||||||
Future policy benefits and claims | $ | 4,366.5 | $ | 4,532.0 | $ | 4,068.4 | $ | 4,229.2 | ||||||
Other policyholder funds | 9.6 | 10.5 | 8.1 | 9.2 | ||||||||||
Policyholder dividends payable | 259.2 | 270.5 | 232.5 | 246.4 | ||||||||||
Policyholder dividends obligation | 165.2 | 111.6 | 126.1 | 88.7 | ||||||||||
Deferred income taxes | — | 2.2 | ||||||||||||
Other liabilities | 17.6 | 24.7 | 7.7 | 8.2 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Closed Block liabilities | 4,818.1 | 4,951.5 | 4,442.8 | 4,581.7 | ||||||||||
Assets designated to the Closed Block | ||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 2,399.5 | 2,470.9 | 2,218.9 | 2,211.5 | ||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | 11.9 | 13.4 | 6.7 | 10.3 | ||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 3.8 | ||||||||||
Mortgage loans | 912.1 | 828.6 | 842.2 | 899.1 | ||||||||||
Policy loans | 610.0 | 644.2 | 566.7 | 587.2 | ||||||||||
Other investments | 101.1 | 118.5 | 62.4 | 81.9 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total investments | 4,038.4 | 4,079.2 | 3,699.9 | 3,793.8 | ||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 29.2 | 70.3 | 76.2 | 88.8 | ||||||||||
Accrued investment income | 48.8 | 49.5 | 43.6 | 45.3 | ||||||||||
Premiums due and other receivables | 13.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.3 | ||||||||||
Deferred tax asset | 58.1 | 66.2 | 62.3 | 55.2 | ||||||||||
Other assets | — | 2.2 | — | 0.2 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets designated to the Closed Block | 4,188.1 | 4,279.1 | 3,893.7 | 3,994.6 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Excess of Closed Block liabilities over assets designated to the Closed Block | 630.0 | 672.4 | 549.1 | 587.1 | ||||||||||
Amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive income | 18.9 | 12.9 | 0.7 | 9.3 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Maximum future earnings to be recognized from Closed Block assets and liabilities | $ | 648.9 | $ | 685.3 | $ | 549.8 | $ | 596.4 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Closed Block revenues and expenses were as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
Revenues | ||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | 298.0 | $ | 325.6 | $ | 351.9 | ||||
Net investment income | 181.6 | 187.0 | 201.9 | |||||||
Net realized capital losses | (1.0 | ) | (0.2 | ) | (2.3 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | 478.6 | 512.4 | 551.5 | |||||||
Expenses | ||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | 267.1 | 283.2 | 313.3 | |||||||
Dividends to policyholders | 153.5 | 160.4 | 173.2 | |||||||
Operating expenses | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.3 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 424.2 | 447.5 | 490.8 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Closed Block revenues, net of Closed Block expenses, before income taxes | 54.4 | 64.9 | 60.7 | |||||||
Income taxes | 17.1 | 20.7 | 19.5 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Closed Block revenues, net of Closed Block expenses and income taxes | 37.3 | 44.2 | 41.2 | |||||||
Funding adjustment charges | 9.3 | 8.3 | (4.8 | ) | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Closed Block revenues, net of Closed Block expenses, income taxes and funding adjustment charges | $ | 46.6 | $ | 52.5 | $ | 36.4 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
6. Closed Block — (continued)
Closed Block revenues and expenses were as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
Revenues | ||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | 351.9 | $ | 379.9 | $ | 397.4 | ||||
Net investment income | 201.9 | 207.7 | 222.8 | |||||||
Net realized capital gains (losses) | (2.3 | ) | (12.3 | ) | 3.6 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | 551.5 | 575.3 | 623.8 | |||||||
Expenses | ||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | 313.3 | 320.1 | 325.7 | |||||||
Dividends to policyholders | 173.2 | 184.4 | 192.6 | |||||||
Operating expenses | 4.3 | 4.7 | 4.9 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 490.8 | 509.2 | 523.2 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Closed Block revenues, net of Closed Block expenses, before income taxes | 60.7 | 66.1 | 100.6 | |||||||
Income taxes | 19.5 | 21.1 | 32.6 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Closed Block revenues, net of Closed Block expenses and income taxes | 41.2 | 45.0 | 68.0 | |||||||
Funding adjustment charges | (4.8 | ) | (6.5 | ) | (4.8 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Closed Block revenues, net of Closed Block expenses, income taxes and funding adjustment charges | $ | 36.4 | $ | 38.5 | $ | 63.2 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
The change in maximum future earnings of the Closed Block was as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Beginning of year | $ | 685.3 | $ | 723.8 | $ | 787.0 | $ | 596.4 | $ | 648.9 | $ | 685.3 | ||||||||
End of year | 648.9 | 685.3 | 723.8 | 549.8 | 596.4 | 648.9 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Change in maximum future earnings | $ | (36.4 | ) | $ | (38.5 | ) | $ | (63.2 | ) | $ | (46.6 | ) | $ | (52.5 | ) | $ | (36.4 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Life charges the Closed Block with federal income taxes, payroll taxes, state and local premium taxes and other state or local taxes, licenses and fees as provided in the plan of reorganization.
7. Deferred Acquisition Costs
Acquisition costs deferred and amortized were as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 3,077.0 | $ | 2,590.0 | $ | 2,358.1 | $ | 3,276.1 | $ | 2,993.0 | $ | 3,077.0 | ||||||||
Cost deferred during the year | 404.1 | 447.0 | 428.9 | |||||||||||||||||
Costs deferred during the year | 402.3 | 390.3 | 404.1 | |||||||||||||||||
Amortized to expense during the year (1) | (367.2 | ) | (187.1 | ) | (94.9 | ) | (285.1 | ) | (270.8 | ) | (367.2 | ) | ||||||||
Adjustment related to unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities and derivative instruments | (120.9 | ) | 227.1 | (102.1 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Adjustment related to unrealized (gains) losses on available-for-sale securities and derivative instruments | (13.1 | ) | 164.5 | (120.9 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Other | — | (0.9 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at end of year | $ | 2,993.0 | $ | 3,077.0 | $ | 2,590.0 | $ | 3,380.2 | $ | 3,276.1 | $ | 2,993.0 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
8. Insurance Liabilities
Major components of contractholder funds in the consolidated statements of financial position are summarizedwere as follows:
| | December 31, | December 31, | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Liabilities for investment-type insurance contracts: | ||||||||||||||
Liabilities for investment contracts: | ||||||||||||||
Liabilities for individual annuities | $ | 10,077.7 | $ | 10,582.7 | $ | 10,864.9 | $ | 10,147.4 | ||||||
GICs | 10,115.3 | 10,858.3 | 10,290.7 | 10,222.8 | ||||||||||
Funding agreements | 7,338.1 | 7,642.9 | 8,270.3 | 6,863.4 | ||||||||||
Other investment-type insurance contracts | 901.6 | 832.6 | ||||||||||||
Other investment contracts | 1,840.0 | 2,007.4 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities for investment-type insurance contracts | 28,432.7 | 29,916.5 | ||||||||||||
Total liabilities for investment contracts | 31,265.9 | 29,241.0 | ||||||||||||
Universal life and other reserves | 6,294.0 | 6,041.8 | 6,687.7 | 6,475.1 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total contractholder funds | $ | 34,726.7 | $ | 35,958.3 | $ | 37,953.6 | $ | 35,716.1 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Our GICs and funding agreements contain provisions limiting or prohibiting early surrenders, which typically include penalties for early surrenders, minimum notice requirements or, in the case of funding agreements with survivor options, minimum pre-death holding periods and specific maximum amounts.
Funding agreements include those issued directly to nonqualified institutional investors, as well as under five separate programs where the funding agreements have been issued directly or indirectly to unconsolidated special purpose entities. Claims for principal and interest under funding agreements are afforded equal priority to claims of life insurance and annuity policyholders under insolvency provisions of Iowa Insurance Laws.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
8. Insurance Liabilities — (continued)
Principal Life was authorized to issue up to $4.0 billion of funding agreements under a program established in 1998 to support the prospective issuance of medium term notes by an unaffiliated entity in non-U.S. markets. As of December 31, 20142016 and 2013, $111.22015, $106.7 million and $370.9$107.5 million, respectively, of liabilities arewere outstanding with respect to the issuance outstanding under this program. Principal Life was also authorized to issue up to Euro 4.0 billion (approximately USD$5.3 billion) of funding agreements under a program established in 2006 to support the prospective issuance of medium term notes by an unaffiliated entity in non-U.S. markets. The unaffiliated entity is an unconsolidated special purpose vehicle. As of December 31, 20142016 and 2013, $1,137.12015, $702.0 million and $1,278.7$1,021.0 million, respectively, of liabilities arewere outstanding with respect to issuances outstanding under this program. Principal Life does not anticipate any new issuance activity under either of these programs due to the existence of the program established in 2011 described below.
In addition, Principal Life was authorized to issue up to $7.0 billion of funding agreements under a program established in 2001 to support the prospective issuance of medium term notes by an unaffiliated entity in both domestic and international markets. The unaffiliated entity is an unconsolidated special purpose entity. As of December 31, 20142016 and 2013, $505.82015, $201.5 million and $637.6$201.4 million, respectively, of liabilities arewere being held with respect to issuances outstanding under this program. Principal Life does not anticipate any new issuance activity under this program, given our December 2005 termination of the dealership agreement for this program and the availability of the program established in 2011 described below.
Additionally, Principal Life was authorized to issue up to $4.0$9.0 billion of funding agreements under a program that was originally established in March 2004 to support the prospective issuance of medium term notes by unaffiliated entities in both domestic and international markets. In February 2006, this program was amended to authorize issuance of up to an additional $5.0 billion in recognition of the use of nearly all $4.0 billion of initial issuance authorization. In recognition of the use of nearly all $9.0 billion, this program was amended in November 2007 to authorize issuance of up to an additional $5.0 billion. Under this program, both the notes and the supporting funding agreements were registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). As of December 31, 20142016 and 2013, $549.22015, $119.8 million and $975.0$246.0 million, respectively, of liabilities arewere being held with respect to issuances outstanding under this program. In contrast with direct funding agreements, GIC issuances and the other three funding agreement-backed medium term note programs described above, Principal Life's payment obligations on each funding agreement issued under this SEC-registered program are guaranteed by PFG. Principal Life does not anticipate any new issuance activity under this program due to the existence of the program established in 2011 described below.
Principal Life was authorized to issue up to $5.0 billion of funding agreements under a program that was originally established in 2011 to support the prospective issuance of medium term notes by an unaffiliated entity in both domestic and international
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
8. Insurance Liabilities — (continued)
markets. The unaffiliated entity is an unconsolidated special purpose entity. In June 2015, this program was amended to authorize issuance of up to an additional $4.0 billion in recognition of the use of nearly all $5.0 billion of existing issuance authorization. As of December 31, 20142016 and 2013, $3,284.72015, $4,389.4 million and $2,630.5$3,537.0 million, respectively, of liabilities arewere being held with respect to any issuances outstanding under this program. Similar to the SEC-registered program, Principal Life's payment obligations on each funding agreement issued under this program are guaranteed by PFG. The program established in 2011 is not registered with the SEC.
Future Policy Benefits and Claims
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
8. Insurance Liabilities — (continued)
Liability for Unpaid Claims
The liability for unpaid claims is reported in future policy benefits and claims within our consolidated statements of financial position. Activity associated with unpaid disability and health claims is summarizedwas as follows:
| | December 31, | December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 1,144.7 | $ | 1,066.0 | $ | 1,006.9 | $ | 1,872.2 | $ | 1,771.4 | $ | 1,662.2 | ||||||||
Less: reinsurance recoverable | 314.1 | 284.6 | 254.9 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Net balance at beginning of year | 1,558.1 | 1,486.8 | 1,407.3 | |||||||||||||||||
Incurred: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Current year | 760.5 | 712.0 | 711.8 | 1,103.5 | 1,037.0 | 994.2 | ||||||||||||||
Prior years | 1.2 | 1.0 | 9.7 | 24.4 | (18.1 | ) | (17.8 | ) | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total incurred | 761.7 | 713.0 | 721.5 | 1,127.9 | 1,018.9 | 976.4 | ||||||||||||||
Payments: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Current year | 445.5 | 432.1 | 446.3 | 701.9 | 646.7 | 614.2 | ||||||||||||||
Prior years | 220.8 | 202.2 | 216.1 | 323.1 | 300.9 | 282.7 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total payments | 666.3 | 634.3 | 662.4 | 1,025.0 | 947.6 | 896.9 | ||||||||||||||
Balance at end of year: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Current year | 315.0 | 279.9 | 265.5 | |||||||||||||||||
Prior years | 925.1 | 864.8 | 800.5 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total balance at end of year | $ | 1,240.1 | $ | 1,144.7 | $ | 1,066.0 | ||||||||||||||
Net balance at end of year | 1,661.0 | 1,558.1 | 1,486.8 | |||||||||||||||||
Plus: reinsurance recoverable | 340.3 | 314.1 | 284.6 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Balance at end of year | $ | 2,001.3 | $ | 1,872.2 | $ | 1,771.4 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amounts not included in the rollforward above: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Claim adjustment expense liabilities | $ | 47.5 | $ | 43.4 | $ | 46.6 | $ | 49.3 | $ | 58.9 | $ | 55.1 | ||||||||
Reinsurance recoverables for unpaid claims | $ | 300.0 | $ | 260.1 | $ | 239.1 | ||||||||||||||
Incurred liability adjustments relating to prior years, which affected current operations during 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012,2014, resulted in part from developed claims for prior years being different than were anticipated when the liabilities for unpaid disability and health claims were originally estimated. These trends have been considered in establishing the current year liability for unpaid disabilityclaims.
Short-Duration Contracts
Claims Development
The following tables present undiscounted information about claims development by incurral year, including separate information about incurred claims and healthpaid claims net of reinsurance for the periods indicated. The tables also include information on incurred but not reported claims and the cumulative number of reported claims.
The tables present information for the number of years for which claims incurred typically remain outstanding, but do not exceed ten years. The data is disaggregated into groupings of claims with similar characteristics, such as duration of the claim payment period and average claim amount, and with consideration to the overall size of the groupings. Outstanding liabilities equal total net incurred claims less total net paid claims plus outstanding liabilities for net unpaid claims of prior years.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
8. Insurance Liabilities — (continued)
LTD and Group Life Waiver Claims
| | Net incurred claims (1) | Incurred but not reported claims | Cumulative number of reported claims | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | ($ in millions) | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Incurral year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2007 | $ | 228.1 | $ | 218.0 | $ | 216.3 | $ | 220.7 | $ | 211.4 | $ | 206.6 | $ | 203.4 | $ | 200.5 | $ | 198.0 | $ | 196.8 | $ | 0.1 | 8,721 | ||||||||||||||
2008 | 227.7 | 222.3 | 226.3 | 225.9 | 218.5 | 209.5 | 205.5 | 201.6 | 199.8 | 0.1 | 7,728 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2009 | 218.6 | 224.4 | 224.2 | 224.8 | 217.7 | 214.1 | 208.5 | 205.8 | 0.1 | 6,553 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2010 | 184.1 | 176.7 | 176.2 | 172.0 | 162.7 | 155.7 | 154.1 | 0.1 | 5,644 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2011 | 203.7 | 192.6 | 185.4 | 184.8 | 178.4 | 172.3 | 0.1 | 6,282 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 217.9 | 200.0 | 191.1 | 189.5 | 181.8 | 0.1 | 6,441 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2013 | 219.3 | 203.3 | 188.4 | 190.7 | 1.6 | 7,041 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 | 242.2 | 231.4 | 214.4 | 3.8 | 7,560 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | 231.0 | 227.2 | 6.3 | 7,075 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2016 | 229.8 | 83.0 | 3,936 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total net incurred claims | $ | 1,972.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Net cumulative paid claims (1) | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | December 31, | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Incurral year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2007 | $ | 14.2 | $ | 57.3 | $ | 85.9 | $ | 101.5 | $ | 113.1 | $ | 123.7 | $ | 131.5 | $ | 139.1 | $ | 145.1 | $ | 151.0 | |||||||||||||||||
2008 | 15.1 | 58.1 | 84.0 | 99.4 | 113.3 | 123.2 | 131.7 | 139.4 | 146.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2009 | 13.4 | 55.2 | 82.6 | 101.0 | 113.8 | 124.6 | 133.1 | 141.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2010 | 10.4 | 46.5 | 67.1 | 78.4 | 85.9 | 94.2 | 100.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2011 | 11.2 | 50.0 | 72.5 | 85.7 | 95.4 | 105.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 13.8 | 55.1 | 80.8 | 93.7 | 104.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2013 | 12.5 | 55.0 | 81.4 | 97.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 | 16.1 | 66.0 | 96.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | 16.9 | 67.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2016 | 16.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total net paid claims | 1,026.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims prior to 2007 net of reinsurance | 203.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims net of reinsurance | $ | 1,150.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
8. Insurance Liabilities — (continued)
Dental, Vision and STD Claims
| | Net incurred claims (1) | Incurred but not reported claims | Cumulative number of reported claims | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | December 31, | ||||||||||||
| | 2015 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 | |||||||||
| | ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||
Incurral year | |||||||||||||
2015 | $ | 508.7 | $ | 501.6 | $ | 0.1 | 2,390,598 | ||||||
2016 | 544.2 | 29.5 | 2,429,004 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total net incurred claims | $ | 1,045.8 | |||||||||||
| | Net cumulative paid claims (1) | | | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | December 31, | | | ||||||||||
| | 2015 | 2016 | | | |||||||||
| | (in millions) | | | ||||||||||
Incurral year | |||||||||||||
2015 | $ | 461.0 | $ | 501.6 | |||||||||
2016 | 495.4 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total net paid claims | 997.0 | ||||||||||||
All outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims prior to 2015 net of reinsurance | — | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims net of reinsurance | $ | 48.8 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Group Life Claims
| | Net incurred claims (1) | Incurred but not reported claims | Cumulative number of reported claims | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | December 31, | ||||||||||||
| | 2015 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 | |||||||||
| | ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||
Incurral year | |||||||||||||
2015 | $ | 194.4 | $ | 195.0 | $ | 0.4 | 4,718 | ||||||
2016 | 222.6 | 21.0 | 4,634 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total net incurred claims | $ | 417.6 | |||||||||||
| | Net cumulative paid claims (1) | | | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | December 31, | | | ||||||||||
| | 2015 | 2016 | | | |||||||||
| | (in millions) | | | ||||||||||
Incurral year | |||||||||||||
2015 | $ | 159.3 | $ | 193.8 | |||||||||
2016 | 179.0 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total net paid claims | 372.8 | ||||||||||||
All outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims prior to 2015 net of reinsurance | 0.6 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims net of reinsurance | $ | 45.4 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
8. Insurance Liabilities — (continued)
Reconciliation of Unpaid Claims to Liability for Unpaid Claims
Our reconciliation of net outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims of short-duration contracts to the liability for unpaid claims follows:
| | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | LTD and Group Life Waiver | Dental, Vision and STD | Group Life | Consolidated | |||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Net outstanding liabilities for unpaid claims | $ | 1,150.0 | $ | 48.8 | $ | 45.4 | $ | 1,244.2 | |||||
Reconciling items: | |||||||||||||
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims | 76.8 | — | 0.5 | 77.3 | |||||||||
Impact of discounting | (234.1 | ) | — | — | (234.1 | ) | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Liability for unpaid claims — short-duration contracts | $ | 992.7 | $ | 48.8 | $ | 45.9 | 1,087.4 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Insurance contracts other than short-duration | 913.9 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Liability for unpaid claims | $ | 2,001.3 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Claim Duration and Payout
Our historical average percentage of claims paid in each year from incurral was as follows:
| | December 31, 2016 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | LTD and Group Life Waiver | Dental, Vision and STD | Group Life | |||||||
1 | 7.1 | % | 91.8 | % | 81.7 | % | ||||
2 | 22.2 | 8.0 | 17.4 | |||||||
3 | 13.7 | |||||||||
4 | 7.9 | |||||||||
5 | 6.0 | |||||||||
6 | 5.3 | |||||||||
7 | 4.2 | |||||||||
8 | 4.0 | |||||||||
9 | 3.3 | |||||||||
10 | 3.0 | |||||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
8. Insurance Liabilities — (continued)
Discounting
The following table provides the carrying amount of liabilities reported at present value for short-duration contract unpaid claims. We use a range of discount rates to derive the present value of the unpaid claims. The ranges of discount rates as well as the aggregate amount of discount deducted to derive the liabilities for unpaid claims and interest accretion recognized are also disclosed. Interest accretion is included in benefits, claims and settlement expenses within our consolidated statements of operations.
| | LTD and Group Life Waiver | Dental, Vision and STD | Group Life | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | ($ in millions) | |||||||||
Carrying amount of liabilities for unpaid claims | ||||||||||
December 31, 2016 | $ | 992.7 | $ | 48.8 | $ | 45.9 | ||||
December 31, 2015 | 984.4 | 47.8 | 36.4 | |||||||
Range of discount rates | ||||||||||
December 31, 2016 | 3.3 - 7.0 | % | — - — | % | — - — | % | ||||
December 31, 2015 | 3.3 - 7.0 | — - — | — - — | |||||||
Aggregate amount of discount | ||||||||||
December 31, 2016 | $ | 234.1 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||
December 31, 2015 | 246.1 | — | — | |||||||
Interest accretion | ||||||||||
For the year ended: | ||||||||||
December 31, 2016 | $ | 36.3 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||
December 31, 2015 | 37.6 | — | — | |||||||
December 31, 2014 | 38.1 | — | — | |||||||
9. Debt
The components of short-term debt were as follows:
| | December 31, | December 31, | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Line of credit | $ | — | $ | 117.8 | $ | 51.4 | $ | 157.2 | ||||||
Other recourse short-term debt | 28.0 | 32.8 | — | 23.9 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total short-term debt | $ | 28.0 | $ | 150.6 | $ | 51.4 | $ | 181.1 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
As of both December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, we had short-term credit facilities with various financial institutions in an aggregate amount of $1,005.0 million and $1,105.0 million, respectively.million. As of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, we had $28.0$51.4 million and $150.6$181.1 million, respectively, of outstanding borrowings, with no assets pledged as support. Our credit facilities include a $400.0 million 5-year facility that matures in March 2019,2021, with Principal Financial Services, Inc., Principal Life and us as co-borrowers, a $300.0 million 364-day facility with Principal Life as borrower that matures in March 2015,2017, and a $200.0 million 3-year5-year facility with Principal Financial Services, Inc., Principal Life, Principal Financial Services V (UK) LTD and us as the co-borrowers that matures in March 2017.2021. These facilities may be used for general corporate purposes, including commercial paper back-stop. In addition to the revolving credit facilities, Principal International Chile has the capacity to access up to $60.0 million in unsecured lines of credit offered by Chilean financial institutions and Principal Life has a $45.0 million unsecured line of credit. Our commercial paper programs require 100% back-stop support, of which there werewe had no outstanding balances as of December 31, 20142016 and 2013.2015.
The weighted-average interest rate on short-term borrowings as of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, was 5.8%4.4% and 4.7%4.2%, respectively.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
9. Debt — (continued)
The components of long-term debt were as follows:
| | December 31, | December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | Principal | Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs | Carrying amount | ||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
1.85% notes payable, due 2017 | $ | 299.8 | $ | 299.8 | |||||||||||||
8.875% notes payable, due 2019 | 350.0 | 350.0 | |||||||||||||||
3.3% notes payable, due 2022 | 299.1 | 299.0 | $ | 300.0 | $ | (2.2 | ) | $ | 297.8 | ||||||||
3.125% notes payable, due 2023 | 299.6 | 299.6 | 300.0 | (1.8 | ) | 298.2 | |||||||||||
3.4% notes payable, due 2025 | 400.0 | (3.9 | ) | 396.1 | |||||||||||||
3.1% notes payable, due 2026 | 350.0 | (3.3 | ) | 346.7 | |||||||||||||
6.05% notes payable, due 2036 | 601.6 | 601.6 | 505.6 | (2.7 | ) | 502.9 | |||||||||||
4.625% notes payable, due 2042 | 299.5 | 299.5 | 300.0 | (3.4 | ) | 296.6 | |||||||||||
4.35% notes payable, due 2043 | 299.3 | 299.3 | 300.0 | (3.4 | ) | 296.6 | |||||||||||
8.0% surplus notes payable, due 2044 | — | 99.3 | |||||||||||||||
Non-recourse mortgages and notes payable | 82.3 | 53.3 | |||||||||||||||
4.3% notes payable, due 2046 | 300.0 | (3.5 | ) | 296.5 | |||||||||||||
4.7% notes payable, due 2055 | 400.0 | (5.0 | ) | 395.0 | |||||||||||||
Non-recourse mortgages and notes payable (1) | — | (0.7 | ) | (0.7 | ) | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total long-term debt | $ | 2,531.2 | $ | 2,601.4 | $ | 3,155.6 | $ | (29.9 | ) | $ | 3,125.7 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The amounts included above are net of the
| | December 31, 2015 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Principal | Net unamortized discount, premium and debt issuance costs | Carrying amount | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
1.85% notes payable, due 2017 | $ | 300.0 | $ | (0.9 | ) | $ | 299.1 | |||
8.875% notes payable, due 2019 | 350.0 | (1.2 | ) | 348.8 | ||||||
3.3% notes payable, due 2022 | 300.0 | (2.5 | ) | 297.5 | ||||||
3.125% notes payable, due 2023 | 300.0 | (2.0 | ) | 298.0 | ||||||
3.4% notes payable, due 2025 | 400.0 | (4.3 | ) | 395.7 | ||||||
6.05% notes payable, due 2036 | 600.0 | (3.3 | ) | 596.7 | ||||||
4.625% notes payable, due 2042 | 300.0 | (3.5 | ) | 296.5 | ||||||
4.35% notes payable, due 2043 | 300.0 | (3.5 | ) | 296.5 | ||||||
4.7% notes payable, due 2055 | 400.0 | (5.0 | ) | 395.0 | ||||||
Non-recourse mortgages and notes payable (1) | 42.8 | (1.4 | ) | 41.4 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total long-term debt | $ | 3,292.8 | $ | (27.6 | ) | $ | 3,265.2 | |||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net discount, premium and premiumissuance costs associated with issuing these notes which are being amortized to expense over theirthe respective terms using the interest method.
On November 10, 2016, we issued $650.0 million of senior notes. We issued a $350.0 million series of notes that bear interest at 3.1% and will mature in 2026 and a $300.0 million series of notes that bear interest at 4.3% and will mature in 2046. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on May 15 and November 15 each year, beginning on May 15, 2017. The proceeds from these notes were used to redeem our notes payable due in 2017 and 2019. We incurred a one-time cost to extinguish this debt before the scheduled maturity date.
On May 7, 2015, we issued $400.0 million of senior notes. The notes bear interest at 3.4% and will mature in 2025. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on May 15 and November 15 each year, beginning on November 15, 2015. In addition, on May 7, 2015, we issued $400.0 million of junior subordinated notes, which are subordinated to all our senior debt. The notes are callable in 2020 and have a maturity date in 2055. The notes initially bear a fixed rate of interest at 4.7% and convert to a floating rate at the date the notes become callable. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on May 15 and November 15 each year. After the call date the notes will bear interest at 3-month LIBOR plus 3.044%, reset quarterly and payable in arrears in February, May, August and November each year. We have the right
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
9. Debt — (continued)
to defer interest payments on the junior subordinated notes for up to 5 years without resulting in a default, during which time interest will be compounded. The proceeds from these notes were used to redeem our series A and series B preferred stock with the remainder available for general corporate purposes.
On November 16, 2012, we issued $900.0 million of senior notes. We issued a $300.0 million series of notes that bearbore interest at 1.85% and willwere to mature in 2017,2017. These notes were repaid following our November 2016 debt issuance. We issued a $300.0 million series of notes that bear interest at 3.125% and will mature in 2023 and a $300.0 million series of notes that bear interest at 4.35% and will mature in 2043. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on May 15 and November 15 each year, beginning on May 15, 2013. The proceeds were used to fund our acquisition of Cuprum.
On September 5, 2012, we issued $600.0 million of senior notes. We issued a $300.0 million series of notes that bear interest at 3.3% and will mature in 2022 and a $300.0 million series of notes that bear interest at 4.625% and will mature in 2042. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15 each year, beginning on March 15, 2013. The proceeds were used for the repayment of the $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of notes due in 2014 and to partially fund our acquisition of Cuprum. We incurred a one-time cost to extinguish this debt before the scheduled maturity date.
On May 18, 2009, we issued $750.0 million of senior notes. We issued a $400.0 million series of notes that bearbore interest at 7.875% and were to mature on May 15, 2014, and2014. These notes were repaid following our November 2012 debt issuance. We issued a $350.0 million series of notes that bearbore interest at 8.875% and willwere to mature on May 15, 2019. These notes were repaid following our November 2016 debt issuance. Interest on the notes iswas payable semi-annually on May 15 and November 15 each year, beginning on November 15, 2009. The proceeds were primarily used to refinance $440.9 million of notes that matured on August 15, 2009, with the remaining proceeds being used for general corporate purposes.
On October 16 and December 5, 2006, we issued $500.0 million and $100.0 million, respectively, of senior notes. The notes bear interest at a rate of 6.05% per year. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on April 15 and October 15 each year and began on April 15, 2007. The notes will mature on October 15, 2036. A portion of the proceeds were used to fund the 2006 acquisition of WM Advisors, Inc., with the remaining proceeds being used for general corporate purposes.
On November 3, 2010, Principal International de Chile S.A., a wholly owned indirect subsidiary, entered into a long-term borrowing agreement with Banco de Chile A tender offer in the amountfourth quarter of US $98.9 million. The debt was denominated2016 resulted in Unidades de Fomento ("UF"), a Chilean inflation-indexed, peso-denominated monetary unit, bore interest at UF +3.76% and had a maturity dateredemption of November 3, 2015. On May 3, 2013, Principal International de Chile S.A., prepaid these notes without penalty as authorized under the borrowing agreement with Banco de Chile at par value upon the semi-annual interest payment date.
On March 10, 1994, Principal Life issued $100.0$94.4 million of surplus notes due March 1, 2044, at an 8% annual interest rate. None of our affiliates held any portion of the senior notes. Each payment of interest and principal onWe incurred a one-time cost to extinguish this debt before the notes, however, could be made only with the prior approval of the Commissioner of Insurance of the State of Iowa (the "Commissioner") and only to the extent that Principal Life had sufficient surplus earnings to make such payments. On March 1, 2014, Principal Life redeemed the surplus notes in whole at a redemption price equal to 102.3% of par, which was approved by the Commissioner.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
9. Debt — (continued)scheduled maturity date.
The non-recourse mortgages, other mortgages and notes payable are primarily financings for real estate developments. Outstanding principal balances as of December 31, 2014,2016, were $0.0 million due to outstanding debt maturing in 2016. Outstanding principal balances as of December 31, 2015, ranged from $1.7$1.8 million to $32.6$41.1 million per development with interest rates being variable. Outstanding principal balances as of December 31, 2013, ranged from $1.6 million to $20.1 million per development with interest rates being 5.5% or variable. Outstanding debt is secured by the underlying real estate properties, which were reported as real estate on our consolidated statements of financial position with a carrying value of $155.6 million and $101.4$79.5 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.2015.
Also included in non-recourse mortgages and notes payable was a long-term debt obligation we assumed with the purchase of WM Advisors, Inc. As part of the purchase, we were bound by a class B share financing agreement previously entered into by WM Advisors, Inc. and a third party. The liability was extinguished in 2014. The value of this obligation was $0.2 million as of December 31, 2013.
At December 31, 2014,2016, future annual maturities of the long-term debt were as follows (in millions):
Year ending December 31: | ||||||||
2015 | $ | — | ||||||
2016 | — | |||||||
2017 | 299.8 | $ | — | |||||
2018 | — | — | ||||||
2019 | 350.0 | — | ||||||
2020 | — | |||||||
2021 | — | |||||||
Thereafter | 1,881.4 | 3,125.7 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | |
Total future maturities of the long-term debt | $ | 2,531.2 | ||||||
Total future maturities of long-term debt | $ | 3,125.7 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
10. Income Taxes
Our income tax expense was as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
Current income taxes (benefits): | ||||||||||
U.S. federal | $ | 242.1 | $ | 109.5 | $ | (66.9 | ) | |||
State | 4.7 | 7.7 | (4.7 | ) | ||||||
Foreign | 67.6 | 69.7 | 48.7 | |||||||
Tax benefit of operating loss carryforward | (163.0 | ) | (134.1 | ) | (73.7 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total current income taxes (benefits) | 151.4 | 52.8 | (96.6 | ) | ||||||
Deferred income taxes (benefits): | ||||||||||
U.S. federal | 148.0 | 155.1 | 221.3 | |||||||
State | (32.8 | ) | (3.1 | ) | (1.7 | ) | ||||
Foreign | 51.9 | (16.9 | ) | 11.6 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total deferred income taxes | 167.1 | 135.1 | 231.2 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total income taxes | $ | 318.5 | $ | 187.9 | $ | 134.6 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
10. Income Taxes — (continued)
Our income tax expense was as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
Current income taxes: | ||||||||||
U.S. federal | $ | 38.6 | $ | 225.9 | $ | 242.1 | ||||
State | (1.9 | ) | 12.3 | 4.7 | ||||||
Foreign | 36.6 | 32.6 | 67.6 | |||||||
Tax benefit of operating loss carryforward | (17.5 | ) | (52.0 | ) | (163.0 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total current income taxes | 55.8 | 218.8 | 151.4 | |||||||
Deferred income taxes (benefits): | ||||||||||
U.S. federal | 171.7 | 79.1 | 148.0 | |||||||
State | (20.6 | ) | (1.0 | ) | (32.8 | ) | ||||
Foreign | 23.0 | (119.3 | ) | 51.9 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total deferred income taxes (benefits) | 174.1 | (41.2 | ) | 167.1 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total income taxes | $ | 229.9 | $ | 177.6 | $ | 318.5 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Effective Income Tax Rate
Our provision for income taxes may not have the customary relationship of taxes to income. A reconciliation between the U.S. corporate income tax rate and the effective income tax rate was as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||
U.S. corporate income tax rate | 35 | % | 35 | % | 35 | % | ||||
Dividends received deduction | (10 | ) | (10 | ) | (10 | ) | ||||
Impact of equity method presentation | (2 | ) | (3 | ) | (4 | ) | ||||
Foreign tax rate differential | (2 | ) | (2 | ) | (2 | ) | ||||
Tax credits | (2 | ) | — | — | ||||||
Interest exclusion from taxable income | (1 | ) | (2 | ) | (2 | ) | ||||
Impact of enactment of tax legislation | 4 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Other | (1 | ) | (2 | ) | (4 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Effective income tax rate | 21 | % | 17 | % | 14 | % | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
A summary of the changes in unrecognized tax benefits follows.
| | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | |||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 108.9 | $ | 119.5 | |||
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year | 12.9 | 10.5 | |||||
Additions for tax positions of prior years | 62.5 | 10.9 | |||||
Reductions for tax positions related to the current year | (8.4 | ) | (3.3 | ) | |||
Reductions for tax positions of prior years | (0.2 | ) | (28.7 | ) | |||
Settlements | (3.3 | ) | — | ||||
| | | | | | | | |
Balance at end of period (1) | $ | 172.4 | $ | 108.9 | |||
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||
U.S. corporate income tax rate | 35 | % | 35 | % | 35 | % | ||||
Dividends received deduction | (10 | ) | (11 | ) | (10 | ) | ||||
Impact of equity method presentation | (3 | ) | (3 | ) | (2 | ) | ||||
Tax credits | (2 | ) | (2 | ) | (2 | ) | ||||
Interest exclusion from taxable income | (1 | ) | (1 | ) | (1 | ) | ||||
Foreign country permanent tax adjustments | (1 | ) | — | — | ||||||
Impact of noncontrolling interest presentation | (1 | ) | — | — | ||||||
Merger of Chilean legal entities | — | (7 | ) | — | ||||||
Foreign tax rate differential | — | — | (2 | ) | ||||||
Impact of court ruling on some uncertain tax positions | — | 3 | — | |||||||
Impact of enactment of tax legislation | — | — | 4 | |||||||
Other | (3 | ) | (2 | ) | (1 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Effective income tax rate | 14 | % | 12 | % | 21 | % | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we had recognized $100.4 million and $37.0 million of accumulated pre-tax interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, respectively.Our income before income taxes was as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
Domestic | $ | 1,261.4 | $ | 1,195.3 | $ | 1,203.7 | ||||
Foreign | 330.3 | 235.5 | 291.2 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total income before income taxes | $ | 1,591.7 | $ | 1,430.8 | $ | 1,494.9 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
10. Income Taxes — (continued)
Our changes in unrecognized tax benefits were as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2016 | 2015 | |||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 219.0 | $ | 172.4 | |||
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year | 0.8 | 12.9 | |||||
Additions for tax positions of prior years | 0.8 | 45.9 | |||||
Reductions for tax positions related to the current year | (12.6 | ) | (8.7 | ) | |||
Reductions for tax positions of prior years | (0.2 | ) | (3.5 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | | |
Balance at end of period (1) | $ | 207.8 | $ | 219.0 | |||
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had recognized $142.4 million and $137.9 million of accumulated pre-tax interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, respectively.
Net Deferred Income Taxes
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. SignificantOur significant components of our net deferred income taxes were as follows:
| | December 31, | December 31, | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Deferred income tax assets: | ||||||||||||||
Insurance liabilities | $ | 390.8 | $ | 241.1 | $ | 100.8 | $ | 85.8 | ||||||
Investments, including derivatives | 395.1 | 464.2 | 352.7 | 368.8 | ||||||||||
Net operating and capital loss carryforwards | 291.6 | 339.8 | 78.7 | 80.9 | ||||||||||
Tax credit carryforwards | 275.7 | 227.4 | ||||||||||||
Employee benefits | 506.6 | 320.6 | 500.8 | 534.8 | ||||||||||
Foreign currency translation | 105.0 | 123.4 | ||||||||||||
Other deferred income tax assets | 156.3 | 90.4 | 49.1 | 64.3 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Gross deferred income tax assets | 1,740.4 | 1,456.1 | 1,462.8 | 1,485.4 | ||||||||||
Valuation allowance | (4.1 | ) | (0.7 | ) | (7.3 | ) | (11.9 | ) | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total deferred income tax assets | 1,736.3 | 1,455.4 | 1,455.5 | 1,473.5 | ||||||||||
Deferred income tax liabilities: | ||||||||||||||
Deferred acquisition costs | (774.2 | ) | (807.2 | ) | (899.7 | ) | (866.1 | ) | ||||||
Investments, including derivatives | (411.1 | ) | (418.3 | ) | (460.4 | ) | (379.6 | ) | ||||||
Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities | (1,004.6 | ) | (584.5 | ) | (536.7 | ) | (431.2 | ) | ||||||
Real estate | (133.9 | ) | (117.3 | ) | (117.5 | ) | (123.1 | ) | ||||||
Intangible assets | (314.2 | ) | (297.7 | ) | (256.0 | ) | (235.4 | ) | ||||||
Other deferred income tax liabilities | (42.8 | ) | (4.8 | ) | (53.7 | ) | (39.3 | ) | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total deferred income tax liabilities | (2,680.8 | ) | (2,229.8 | ) | (2,324.0 | ) | (2,074.7 | ) | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total net deferred income tax liabilities | $ | (944.5 | ) | $ | (774.4 | ) | $ | (868.5 | ) | $ | (601.2 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net deferred income taxes by jurisdiction were as follows:
| | December 31, | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | |||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||
Deferred income tax assets: | |||||||
State | $ | 35.3 | $ | — | |||
Foreign | 55.5 | 49.6 | |||||
| | | | | | | | |
Net deferred income tax assets | 90.8 | 49.6 | |||||
Deferred income tax liabilities: | |||||||
U.S. Federal | (663.7 | ) | (503.4 | ) | |||
State | — | (1.5 | ) | ||||
Foreign | (371.6 | ) | (319.1 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | | |
Net deferred income tax liabilities | (1,035.3 | ) | (824.0 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | | |
Total net deferred income tax liabilities | $ | (944.5 | ) | $ | (774.4 | ) | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
In management's judgment, total deferred income tax assets are more likely than not to be realized. Included in the deferred income tax asset are net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards for tax purposes available to offset future taxable income. We had net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards for U.S. federal income tax purposes of $283.1 million and $670.8 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, primarily attributable to our captive reinsurance companies that joined our consolidated U.S. federal income tax return in 2012 and 2013. These U.S. federal net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards will expire between 2022 and 2033. All accumulated U.S. federal net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards are anticipated to be utilized before expiration; therefore, no valuation allowance has been provided for the related deferred income tax assets.
Domestic state net operating loss carryforwards were $408.7 million and $397.7 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and will expire between 2015 and 2034. Foreign net operating loss carryforwards generated in various foreign countries were $231.9 million and $95.7 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, with some net operating loss carryforwards expiring in 2015 while others never expire. We maintain valuation allowances by jurisdiction against the deferred income tax assets related to certain of these carryforwards, as utilization of these income tax benefits fail the more likely than not criteria in certain jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, valuation allowances of
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
10. Income Taxes — (continued)
$4.1 Our net deferred income taxes by jurisdiction were as follows:
| | December 31, | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2016 | 2015 | |||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||
Deferred income tax assets: | |||||||
State | $ | 67.8 | $ | 53.3 | |||
Foreign | 36.1 | 42.7 | |||||
| | | | | | | | |
Net deferred income tax assets | 103.9 | 96.0 | |||||
Deferred income tax liabilities: | |||||||
U.S. federal | (733.3 | ) | (459.5 | ) | |||
Foreign | (239.1 | ) | (237.7 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | | |
Net deferred income tax liabilities | (972.4 | ) | (697.2 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | | |
Total net deferred income tax liabilities | $ | (868.5 | ) | $ | (601.2 | ) | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
In management's judgment, total deferred income tax assets are more likely than not to be realized. Included in the deferred income tax asset are tax carryforwards available to offset future taxable income or income taxes. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had tax credit carryforwards for U.S. federal income tax purposes of $275.7 million and $0.7$227.4 million, respectively. Alternative minimum, foreign and general business tax credit carryovers were generated during the period we utilized net operating losses, primarily attributable to our captive reinsurance companies that joined our consolidated U.S. federal income tax return beginning in 2012 and 2013. Some of these tax credit carryforwards will expire in 2023 while others never expire. As of December 31, 2016, all accumulated U.S. federal tax credit carryforwards are anticipated to be utilized before expiration; therefore, no valuation allowance has been provided for the related deferred income tax assets.
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, domestic state net operating and capital loss carryforwards were $587.7 million and $387.7 million, respectively, have been recorded onand expired or will expire between 2021 and 2035. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, foreign net operating loss carryforwards were $151.6 million and $197.1 million, respectively, with some expiring in 2017 while others never expire. We maintain valuation allowances by jurisdiction against the deferred income tax assets related to certain of these carryforwards and other items, as utilization of these income tax benefits fail the more likely than not criteria in certain jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, valuation allowances of $7.3 million and $11.9 million, respectively, had been recorded against the income tax benefits associated primarily with foreign net operating loss carryforwards. Adjustments to the valuation allowance will be made if there is a change in management's assessment of the amount of the deferred income tax assets that are more likely than not to be realized.
Tax legislation was signed into law in Chile on September 26, 2014, increasing the Brazilian tax rate was enacted in September 2015. The three-year rate increase did not have a material impact on our consolidated results. Tax legislation transitioning an increase in the Chilean tax rate over multiple years.five years was enacted in September 2014. Our net deferred tax liabilities increased $58.1 million in the third quarter of 2014 as a result of this legislative enactment.the legislation in Chile.
WeDeferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxes payable on the unremitted earnings from foreign operations of our subsidiaries, except where it is our intention to indefinitely reinvest a U.S. shareholder in various foreign entities classified as controlled foreign corporations ("CFCs") for U.S. tax purposes. U.S. shareholdersportion or all of CFCs are generally required to take into account as gross income in the U.S. certain passive income earned by the CFCs ("Subpart F income") even if the income is not currently distributed. Temporary exceptions (the "active financing"these undistributed earnings. As of December 31, 2016 and "look through" exceptions) were applicable for tax years beginning before January 1, 2014 to avoid the current recognition of Subpart F income derived in either the active conduct of a banking, financing, insurance or similar business or for certain payments between related corporations in different foreign jurisdictions. The U.S. Congress and the President enacted legislation for the 2014 calendar year on December 19, 2014, retroactive to January 1, 2014, to extend the active financing and look through exceptions. The legislation did not have a material impact on our consolidated results.
2015, U.S. federal and state deferred income taxes havewere not been provided on approximately $824.8$1,088.4 million and $693.7$1,004.6 million, respectively, of such accumulated but undistributed earnings from operations of foreign subsidiaries at December 31, 2014subsidiaries. We currently do not intend to repatriate these unremitted earnings because we have several liquidity options to fund our domestic operations and 2013, respectively.obligations. These earnings are considered to be indefinitely reinvested in the business.options include investing and financing activities, such as issuing debt, as well as cash-flow and dividends from domestic operations. It is not practicable to determine the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability that would arise if theseforeign earnings were remitted due to the complexity of our international holding company structure, the availability of foreign tax credits, the rules governing the utilization of foreign tax credits, and exclusions that may become available at the timeinterplay between utilization of remittance. Atsuch foreign tax credits and other significant tax attributes. As of December 31, 2014,2016, deferred taxes were also not provided on the approximately $106.2 million of excess book carrying value over tax basis with respect to the original investment ofin our foreign subsidiaries. A tax liability will be recognized when we no longer plan to indefinitely reinvest a portion or all of these earnings or when we plan to sell alla portion or a portionall of our ownership interest.
Income tax returns are filed in the U.S. federal jurisdiction as well as various states and foreign jurisdictions where we and one or more of our subsidiaries conduct business. Although determined by jurisdiction, with few exceptions our
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
10. Income Taxes — (continued)
tax uncertainties relate primarily to the U.S. federal jurisdiction. The Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") has completed examination of our consolidated U.S. federal income tax returns for years prior to 2009. We are contesting certain issues and have filed suit in the Court of Federal Claims, requesting refunds for the years 1995-2003. We do not expect thebelieve there is a reasonable possibility this litigation tocan be resolved within the next twelve months. WeAs of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had $298.3$242.9 million and $329.9$229.9 million, respectively, of current income tax receivables associated with outstanding audit issues reported as other assets in our consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.position.
We filed claims for refund for tax years 2004 - 2005 during 2012 and will file claims for refund relating to disputed adjustments for tax years 2006 -through 2008 in 2015.2015 and tax year 2012 in 2016. The IRS commenced audit of our U.S. federal income tax return for 2009 duringin the fourth quarter of 2011, for 2010 duringin the first quarter of 2012, and for 2011 duringin the first quarter of 2013.2013, and 2012 in the third quarter of 2015. We do not expect the results of these audits or developments in other tax areas for all open tax years to significantly change the possible increase in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits, but the outcome of tax reviews is uncertain and unforeseen results can occur.
The U.S. Court of Federal Claims issued adenied cross-motions for partial summary judgment determinationon February 4, 2015, and ordered a trial on the previously taxed income issue in the case of Principal Life Insurance Company and Subsidiaries ("Principal Life") v. the United StatesStates. Previously, in the same case, on May 9, 2014. The2014, the court ruled against Principal Life's timingtax treatment of recognition of gains and losses associated withtransactions involving the purchase and sale of principal-only certificates. The rulingThese recent events caused athe re-evaluation of all our pending uncertain tax positions, which resulted in a $30.3 million reduction in net income in the first quarter of 2015 and a $47.5 million reduction in net income in the second quarter of 2014. We believe that we have adequate defenses against, or sufficient provisions for, the contested issues, but final resolution of the contested issues could take several years while legal remedies are pursued. Consequently, we do not expect the ultimate resolution of issues from tax years 1995-2003 or those that might arise in tax years subsequent to 2003 to have a material impact on our net income. We do not believe there is a reasonable possibility the total amount of unrecognizeduncertain tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease in the next twelve months.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
11. Employee and Agent Benefits
We have defined benefit pension plans covering substantially all of our U.S. employees and certain agents. Some of these plans provide supplemental pension benefits to employees and agents with salaries and/or pension benefits in excess of the qualified plan limits imposed by federal tax law. The employees and agents are generally first eligible for the pension plans when they reach age 21. For plan participants employed prior to January 1, 2002, the pension benefits are based on the greater of a final average pay benefit or a cash balance benefit. The final average pay benefit is based on the years of service and generally the employee's or agent's average annual compensation during the last five years of employment. Partial benefit accrual of final average pay benefits is recognized from first eligibility until retirement based on attained service divided by potential service to age 65 with a minimum of 35 years of potential service. The cash balance portion of the plan started on January 1, 2002. An employee's account is credited with an amount based on the employee's salary, age and service. These credits accrue with interest. For plan participants hired on and after January 1, 2002, only the cash balance plan applies. Our policy is to fund the cost of providing pension benefits in the years that the employees and agents are providing service to us. Our funding policy for the qualified defined benefit plan is to contribute an amount annually at least equal to the minimum annual contribution required under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"), and, generally, not greater than the maximum amount that can be deducted for federal income tax purposes. Our funding policy for the nonqualified benefit plan is to fund the plan in the years that the employees are providing service, taking into account the funded status of the trust. While we designate assets to cover the computed liability of the nonqualified plan, the assets are not included as part of the asset balances presented in this footnote as they do not qualify as plan assets in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
We also provide certain health care, life insurance and long-term care benefits for retired employees. Subsidized retiree health benefits are provided for employees hired prior to January 1, 2002.2002 and who retire prior to January 1, 2020. Employees hired on or after December 31, 2001,January 1, 2002, or hired prior to January 1, 2002, and who retire on or after January 1, 2020, have access to retiree health benefits but it is intended that they pay for the full cost of the coverage. The health care plans are contributory with participants' contributions adjusted annually. The contributions are based on the number of years of service and age at retirement for those hired prior to January 1, 2002, and who retired prior to January 1, 2011. For employees hired prior to January 1, 2002, and who retiredretire on or after January 1, 2011, but prior to January 1, 2020, the contributions are 60% of the expected cost. As part of the substantive plan, the retiree health contributions are assumed to be adjusted in the future as claim levels change. The life insurance plans are contributory for a small group of previously grandfathered participants that have elected supplemental coverage and dependent coverage. The retiree group term life coverage is not subsidized for those who retire on or after January 1, 2020.
Covered employees are first eligible for the health and life postretirement benefits when they reach age 57 and have completed ten years of service with us. Retiree long-term care benefits are provided for employees whose retirement was effective prior to July 1, 2000. Our policy is to fund the cost of providing retiree benefits in the years that the employees are providing service, taking into account the funded status of the trust.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
effective prior to July 1, 2000. Our policy is to fund the cost of providing retiree benefits in the years the employees are providing service, taking into account the funded status of the trust.
The plans' combined funded status, reconciled to amounts recognized in the consolidated statements of financial position, was as follows:
| | Pension benefits | Other postretirement benefits | Pension benefits | Other postretirement benefits | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | December 31, | December 31, | December 31, | December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2014 | 2013 | 2016 | 2015 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Change in benefit obligation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benefit obligation at beginning of year | $ | (2,440.2 | ) | $ | (2,638.0 | ) | $ | (140.6 | ) | $ | (147.8 | ) | $ | (3,052.2 | ) | $ | (3,060.0 | ) | $ | (165.7 | ) | $ | (169.7 | ) | ||
Service cost | (54.0 | ) | (57.1 | ) | (1.4 | ) | (1.0 | ) | (65.0 | ) | (63.2 | ) | (2.1 | ) | (2.0 | ) | ||||||||||
Interest cost | (117.1 | ) | (103.8 | ) | (6.6 | ) | (5.7 | ) | (134.9 | ) | (120.3 | ) | (6.2 | ) | (6.6 | ) | ||||||||||
Actuarial gain (loss) | (532.9 | ) | 279.2 | (26.0 | ) | 7.9 | (39.3 | ) | 96.3 | 5.8 | (2.7 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Participant contribution | — | — | (6.6 | ) | (6.8 | ) | — | — | (3.9 | ) | (6.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Benefits paid | 84.2 | 79.5 | 12.2 | 13.6 | 235.2 | 95.0 | 10.7 | 12.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
Plan amendments | — | — | 51.6 | 9.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other | — | — | (0.7 | ) | (0.8 | ) | — | — | — | (0.7 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Benefit obligation at end of year | $ | (3,060.0 | ) | $ | (2,440.2 | ) | $ | (169.7 | ) | $ | (140.6 | ) | $ | (3,056.2 | ) | $ | (3,052.2 | ) | $ | (109.8 | ) | $ | (165.7 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Change in plan assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year | $ | 1,925.6 | $ | 1,682.1 | $ | 613.0 | $ | 519.7 | $ | 2,166.3 | $ | 2,218.3 | $ | 627.0 | $ | 639.7 | ||||||||||
Actual return on plan assets | 246.0 | 199.8 | 31.9 | 95.9 | 181.6 | (50.0 | ) | 8.0 | (6.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Employer contribution | 130.9 | 123.2 | 0.4 | 4.2 | 78.1 | 93.0 | 0.4 | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
Participant contributions | — | — | 6.6 | 6.8 | — | — | 3.9 | 6.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
Benefits paid | (84.2 | ) | (79.5 | ) | (12.2 | ) | (13.6 | ) | (235.2 | ) | (95.0 | ) | (10.7 | ) | (12.7 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Fair value of plan assets at end of year | $ | 2,218.3 | $ | 1,925.6 | $ | 639.7 | $ | 613.0 | $ | 2,190.8 | $ | 2,166.3 | $ | 628.6 | $ | 627.0 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amount recognized in statement of financial position | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other assets | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 470.7 | $ | 473.0 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 520.8 | $ | 461.9 | ||||||||||
Other liabilities | (841.7 | ) | (514.6 | ) | (0.7 | ) | (0.6 | ) | (865.4 | ) | (885.9 | ) | (2.0 | ) | (0.6 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | (841.7 | ) | $ | (514.6 | ) | $ | 470.0 | $ | 472.4 | $ | (865.4 | ) | $ | (885.9 | ) | $ | 518.8 | $ | 461.3 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total net actuarial (gain) loss | $ | 759.2 | $ | 391.1 | $ | (53.0 | ) | $ | (83.1 | ) | $ | 706.9 | $ | 771.2 | $ | 10.0 | $ | (8.6 | ) | |||||||
Prior service benefit | (6.9 | ) | (11.8 | ) | (35.9 | ) | (56.2 | ) | (2.9 | ) | (5.1 | ) | (58.7 | ) | (33.0 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss | $ | 752.3 | $ | 379.3 | $ | (88.9 | ) | $ | (139.3 | ) | $ | 704.0 | $ | 766.1 | $ | (48.7 | ) | $ | (41.6 | ) | ||||||
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The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $2,854.0$2,821.1 million and $2,287.4$2,799.2 million atas of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, respectively.
Employer contributions to the pension plans include contributions made directly to the qualified pension plan assets and contributions from corporate assets to pay nonqualified pension benefits. Benefits paid from the pension plans include both qualified and nonqualified plan benefits. Nonqualified pension plan assets are not included as part of the asset balances presented in this footnote. The nonqualified pension plan assets are held in Rabbi trusts for the benefit of all nonqualified plan participants. The assets held in a Rabbi trust are available to satisfy the claims of general creditors only in the event of bankruptcy. Therefore, these assets are fully consolidated in our consolidated statements of financial position and are not reflected in our funded status as they do not qualify as plan assets under U.S. GAAP. The market value of assets held in these trusts was $329.6$341.0 million and $304.3$330.8 million as of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, respectively.
Pension Plan Changes and Plan Gains/Losses
On January 1, 2010, benefits under the Principal Pension Plan were frozen for certain participants.
For the year ended December 31, 2014,2016, the pension plans had aan actuarial loss primarily due to aassumption changes, including the decrease in the discount rate and updates to the mortality assumption.rate. For the year ended December 31, 2013,2015, the pension plans had aan actuarial gain primarily due to anthe increase in the discount rate.
Other Postretirement Plan Changes and Plan Gains/Losses
On December 8, 2003, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (the "Medicare Modernization Act") was signed into law. The Medicare Modernization Act introduced a prescription drugrate offset by less than expected investment returns.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
Other Postretirement Plan Changes and Plan Gains/Losses
The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (the "Medicare Modernization Act") provides a prescription drug benefit under Medicare ("Medicare Part D") as well as a federal subsidy to sponsors of retiree medical benefit plans. During each of the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012,2014, the Medicare subsidies we received and accrued for were $0.1 million, $0.7 million $0.8 million and $0.8$0.7 million, respectively.
An actuarial loss occurred during 2014Effective October 31, 2016, subsidies were eliminated for pre-65 retiree medical, retiree dental, and retiree group term life coverage for employees and agents who retire on or after January 1, 2020. The amendment to the OPEB plan resulted in a remeasurement, which resulted in a change in discount rate. This plan amendment reduced our accumulated postretirement benefit obligation by $51.6 million.
Effective January 1, 2016, post-65 medical coverage for employees who retired from January 1, 1992, to December 31, 2010, transitioned from a traditional medical plan to a stipend health reimbursement arrangement. This plan change reduced our accumulated postretirement benefit obligation by $15.5 million as of December 31, 2015. Offsetting this reduction is an adjustment in accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (recognized in fourth quarter 2015 expense) of $5.8 million related to dental plan benefits.
For the year ended December 31, 2016, the other postretirement benefit plans. This wasplans had an actuarial gain primarily due to actual and projected medical claims costs being lower than previously expected offset by a decrease in the discount rate, a change inrate. For the mortality assumption, a lower than expected increase inyear ended December 31, 2015, the medical premium equivalents for participants over age 65 andother postretirement benefit plans had an actuarial loss primarily due to a greater than expected increase in the claim costs and a longer trend rate for participants under age 65. An actuarial gain occurred during 2013 for the other postretirement benefit plans. This was due to an increase in the discount rate and trend assumption for participants over age 65 and a change in assumption for retirees who voluntarily drop medical coverage at age 65 or older.
Impact from Exit of Group Medical Insurance Business
On September 30, 2010, we announced our decision to exit the group medical insurance business and entered into an agreement with United Healthcare Services, Inc. to renew medical insurance coverage for our customers as the business transitions. Our exit from the group medical insurance business resulted in a curtailment gain associated with the pension and other postretirement benefits of the impacted employees, which was recognized in our consolidated financial statements as impacted employees were terminated. We recognized a final curtailment in 2012 resulted in a curtailment gain of $0.7 million for the pension plan and $3.5 million for the other postretirement benefits.
Information for Pension Plans With an Accumulated Benefit Obligation in Excess of Plan Assets
For 20142016 and 2013,2015, both the qualified and nonqualified plans had accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets. As noted previously, the nonqualified plans have assets that are deposited in trusts that fail to meet the U.S. GAAP requirements to be included in plan assets; however, these assets are included in our consolidated statements of financial position.
| | December 31, | December 31, | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Projected benefit obligation | $ | 3,060.0 | $ | 2,440.2 | $ | 3,056.2 | $ | 3,052.2 | ||||||
Accumulated benefit obligation | 2,854.0 | 2,287.4 | 2,821.1 | 2,799.2 | ||||||||||
Fair value of plan assets | 2,218.3 | 1,925.6 | 2,190.8 | 2,166.3 | ||||||||||
Information for Other Postretirement Benefit Plans With an Accumulated Postretirement Benefit Obligation in Excess of Plan Assets
| | December 31, | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | |||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||
Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation | $ | 1.5 | $ | 1.5 | |||
Fair value of plan assets | 0.8 | 0.9 | |||||
Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost
| | Pension benefits | Other postretirement benefits | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Service cost | $ | 54.0 | $ | 57.1 | $ | 47.0 | $ | 1.4 | $ | 1.0 | $ | 1.3 | |||||||
Interest cost | 117.1 | 103.8 | 109.1 | 6.6 | 5.7 | 8.2 | |||||||||||||
Expected return on plan assets | (131.9 | ) | (127.4 | ) | (114.6 | ) | (32.6 | ) | (28.8 | ) | (33.5 | ) | |||||||
Amortization of prior service benefit | (4.7 | ) | (8.7 | ) | (9.4 | ) | (20.3 | ) | (25.9 | ) | (28.6 | ) | |||||||
Recognized net actuarial (gain) loss | 50.5 | 118.5 | 90.9 | (3.4 | ) | 1.0 | 0.9 | ||||||||||||
Amounts recognized due to special events | — | — | (0.7 | ) | — | — | (3.5 | ) | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net periodic benefit cost (income) | $ | 85.0 | $ | 143.3 | $ | 122.3 | $ | (48.3 | ) | $ | (47.0 | ) | $ | (55.2 | ) | ||||
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| | December 31, | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2016 | 2015 | |||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||
Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation | $ | 2.6 | $ | 1.3 | |||
Fair value of plan assets | 0.6 | 0.7 | |||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost
| | Pension benefits | Other postretirement benefits | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
| | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Service cost | $ | 65.0 | $ | 63.2 | $ | 54.0 | $ | 2.1 | $ | 2.0 | $ | 1.4 | |||||||
Interest cost | 134.9 | 120.3 | 117.1 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 6.6 | |||||||||||||
Expected return on plan assets | (155.0 | ) | (160.6 | ) | (131.9 | ) | (32.6 | ) | (33.9 | ) | (32.6 | ) | |||||||
Amortization of prior service benefit | (2.2 | ) | (1.9 | ) | (4.7 | ) | (25.9 | ) | (18.5 | ) | (20.3 | ) | |||||||
Recognized net actuarial (gain) loss | 77.0 | 102.4 | 50.5 | 0.2 | (0.8 | ) | (3.4 | ) | |||||||||||
Plan amendments | — | — | — | — | 5.8 | — | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net periodic benefit cost (income) | $ | 119.7 | $ | 123.4 | $ | 85.0 | $ | (50.0 | ) | $ | (38.8 | ) | $ | (48.3 | ) | ||||
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The pension plans' actuarial gains and losses are amortized using a straight-line amortization method over the average remaining service period of plan participants. For the qualified pension plan, gains and losses are amortized without use of the 10% allowable corridor. For the nonqualified pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans, the corridors allowed are used.
| | Pension benefits | Other postretirement benefits | Pension benefits | Other postretirement benefits | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2014 | 2013 | 2016 | 2015 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other changes recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net actuarial (gain) loss | $ | 418.8 | $ | (351.7 | ) | $ | 26.7 | $ | (75.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Net actuarial loss | $ | 12.7 | $ | 114.3 | $ | 18.8 | $ | 43.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of gain (loss) | (50.5 | ) | (118.5 | ) | 3.4 | (1.0 | ) | (77.0 | ) | (102.4 | ) | (0.2 | ) | 0.8 | ||||||||||||
Amortization of prior service benefit | 4.7 | 8.7 | 20.3 | 25.9 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 25.9 | 18.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
Plan amendments | — | — | (51.6 | ) | (15.5 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total recognized in pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss | $ | 373.0 | $ | (461.5 | ) | $ | 50.4 | $ | (50.1 | ) | $ | (62.1 | ) | $ | 13.8 | $ | (7.1 | ) | $ | 47.3 | ||||||
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Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss | $ | 458.0 | $ | (318.2 | ) | $ | 2.1 | $ | (97.1 | ) | $ | 57.6 | $ | 137.2 | $ | (57.1 | ) | $ | 8.5 | |||||||
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| �� | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||
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Net actuarial (gain) loss and net prior service cost benefit have been recognized in AOCI.
The estimated net actuarial (gain) loss and prior service cost (benefit) that will be amortized from AOCI into net periodic benefit cost for the pension benefits during the 20152017 fiscal year are $102.3$68.0 million and $(1.9)$(2.3) million, respectively. The estimated net actuarial (gain) loss and prior service cost (benefit) for the postretirement benefits that will be amortized from AOCI into net periodic benefit cost during the 20152017 fiscal year are $(0.8)$0.0 million and $(18.4)$(34.6) million, respectively.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
Assumptions
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations as disclosed under the Obligations and Funded Status section
| | Pension benefits | Other postretirement benefits | Pension benefits | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2014 | 2013 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||
Discount rate | 4.00 | % | 4.90 | % | 4.00 | % | 4.90 | % | 4.15 | % | 4.50 | % | ||||||||
Rate of compensation increase | 4.80 | % | 4.80 | % | 4.82 | % | 4.83 | % | ||||||||||||
Rate of compensation increase: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cash balance benefit | 5.02 | % | 5.24 | % | ||||||||||||||||
Traditional benefit | 2.70 | % | 2.98 | % | ||||||||||||||||
| | Other postretirement benefits | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||
| | 2016 | 2015 | |||||
Discount rate | 3.75 | % | 4.15 | % | |||
Rate of compensation increase | 2.44 | % | 4.82 | % | |||
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost
| | Pension benefits | Other postretirement benefits | Pension benefits | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Discount rate | 4.90 | % | 4.00 | % | 5.15 | % | 4.90 | % | 4.00 | % | 5.15 | % | 4.50 | % | 4.00 | % | 4.90 | % | |||||||||||
Expected long-term return on plan assets | 6.75 | % | 7.50 | % | 8.00 | % | 5.36 | % | 5.62 | % | 7.30 | % | 7.20 | % | 7.20 | % | 6.75 | % | |||||||||||
Rate of compensation increase | 4.80 | % | 4.80 | % | 5.00 | % | 4.83 | % | 4.83 | % | 5.00 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Rate of compensation increase: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash balance benefit | 5.24 | % | 5.25 | % | 5.29 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional benefit | 2.98 | % | 3.02 | % | 3.06 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Other postretirement benefits | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
| | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||
Discount rate (1) | 3.35 | % | 4.00 | % | 4.90 | % | ||||
Expected long-term return on plan assets | 5.24 | % | 5.36 | % | 5.36 | % | ||||
Rate of compensation increase | 4.82 | % | 4.82 | % | 4.83 | % | ||||
The assumed salary growth rates used to project benefits for the projected benefit obligation are age-based for home office employees. The rate labeled cash balance benefit (relative to employees accruing a cash balance) is the lifecount-weighted average rate of salary growth in the coming year only, as the impact of salary assumption for cash balance benefits are limited to the upcoming year service cost. The rate labeled traditional benefit (relative to employees still accruing a final average pay benefit) is the lifecount-weighted average (at each age) of the single annual growth rate at the age that is equivalent to applying the scale from that age to age 65.
For the pension benefits, the discount rate is determined by projecting future benefit payments inherent in the projected benefit obligation and discounting those cash flows using a spot yield curve for high quality corporate bonds. The plans' expected benefit payments are discounted to determine a present value using the yield curve and the discount rate is the level rate that produces the same present value. The expected return on plan assets is the long-term rate we expect to be earned based on the plans' investment strategy. Historical and expected future returns of multiple asset
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
classes were analyzed to develop a risk free rate of return and risk premiums for each asset class. The overall rate for each asset class was developed by combining a long-term inflation component, the risk free real rate of return and the
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
associated risk premium. A weighted average rate was developed based on those overall rates and the target asset allocation of the plans.
For other postretirement benefits, the 5.36%discount rate is determined by projecting future benefit payments inherent in the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation, and discounting those cash flows using a spot yield curve for high quality corporate bonds. The plans' expected benefit payments are discounted to determine a present value using the yield curve and the discount rate is the level rate that produces the same present value. The 5.24% expected long-term return on plan assets for 2014 is2016 was based on the weighted average expected long-term asset returns for the medical, life and long-term care plans. The expected long-term rates for the medical under age 65, medical age 65 and over, life and long-term care plans are 5.4%were 5.20%, 5.0%5.10%, 5.70% and 5.85%4.25%, respectively.
Assumed Health Care Cost Trend Rates
| | December 31, | December 31, | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year under age 65 | 7.0 | % | 8.0 | % | 7.0 | % | 7.0 | % | ||||||
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year age 65 and over | 6.0 | % | 6.0 | % | 6.0 | % | 6.0 | % | ||||||
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate) | 4.5 | % | 4.5 | % | 4.5 | % | 4.5 | % | ||||||
Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate (under age 65) | 2019 | 2020 | 2023 | 2019 | ||||||||||
Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate (65 and older) | 2020 | 2019 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the health care plans. A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects:
| | 1-percentage point increase | 1-percentage point decrease | 1-percentage point increase | 1-percentage point decrease | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||
Effect on total of service cost and interest cost components | $ | 0.4 | $ | (0.4 | ) | $ | 0.5 | $ | (0.4 | ) | ||||
Effect on accumulated postretirement benefit obligation | (8.5 | ) | 7.5 | (1.6 | ) | 1.5 | ||||||||
Pension Plan and Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Assets
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price). The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels.
Our pension plan assets consist of investments in separate accounts. Net asset value ("NAV") of the separate accounts is calculated in a manner consistent with U.S. GAAP for investment companies and is determinative of their fair value. Several of the separate accounts invest in publicly quoted mutual funds or actively managed stocks. The fair value of the underlying mutual funds or stock is used to determine the NAV of the separate account, which is not publicly quoted. Some of the separate accounts also invest in fixed income securities. The fair value of the underlying securities is based on quoted prices of similar assets and used to determine the NAV of the separate account. Some of the separate accounts invest in real estate properties. The fair value is based on discounted cash flow valuation models that utilize public real estate market data inputs such as transaction prices, market rent growth, vacancy levels, leasing absorption, market capitalization rates and discount rates.
Our other postretirement benefit plan assets consist of cash, investments in fixed income security portfolios, and investments in equity security portfolios.portfolios, investments in alternative mutual fund portfolios and investment in a real estate
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
mutual fund. Because of the nature of cash, its carrying amount approximates fair value. The fair value of fixed income investment funds, U.S. equity portfolios and international equity portfolios is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. The fair value of the alternative mutual fund portfolios and the real estate mutual fund are based on quoted market prices, which represent NAV of shares held by the other postretirement benefit plan. The fair value of the Principal Life general account investment is the amount the plan would receive if withdrawing funds from this participating contract. The amount that would be received is calculated using a cash-out factor based on an associated pool of general account fixed income securities. The cash-out factor is a ratio of the asset investment value of these securities to asset book value. As the investment values change, the cash-out factor is adjusted, impacting the amount the plan receives at measurement date. To determine investment value for each category of assets, we project cash flows. This is done using contractual provisions for the assets, with adjustment for expected prepayments and call provisions. Projected cash flows are discounted to present value for each asset category. Interest rates for discounting are based on current rates on similar new assets in the general account based on asset strategy.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
The fair value of the qualified pension plan's assets by asset category as of the most recent measurement date iswas as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Fair value hierarchy level | | Fair value hierarchy level | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Assets measured at fair value | Assets measured at fair value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Asset category | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. large cap equity portfolios (1) | $ | 493.7 | $ | — | $ | 493.7 | $ | — | $ | 772.7 | $ | — | $ | 772.7 | $ | — | ||||||||||
U.S. small/mid cap equity portfolios (2) | 118.1 | — | 118.1 | — | 153.0 | — | 153.0 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Balanced asset portfolios (3) | 114.2 | — | 114.2 | — | 123.0 | — | 123.0 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
International equity portfolios (4) | 174.8 | — | 174.8 | — | 294.3 | — | 294.3 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Fixed income security portfolios (5) | 1,213.2 | — | 1,213.2 | — | 718.4 | — | 718.4 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Real estate investment portfolios: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Direct real estate investments (6) | 104.3 | — | 104.3 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Real estate investment portfolios (6) | 129.4 | — | 129.4 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 2,218.3 | $ | — | $ | 2,218.3 | $ | — | $ | 2,190.8 | $ | — | $ | 2,190.8 | $ | — | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Fair value hierarchy level | | Fair value hierarchy level | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Assets measured at fair value | Assets measured at fair value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Asset category | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. large cap equity portfolios (1) | $ | 414.0 | $ | — | $ | 414.0 | $ | — | $ | 591.2 | $ | — | $ | 591.2 | $ | — | ||||||||||
U.S. small/mid cap equity portfolios (2) | 102.9 | — | 102.9 | — | 138.0 | — | 138.0 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Balanced asset portfolios (3) | 96.9 | — | 96.9 | — | 119.9 | — | 119.9 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
International equity portfolios (4) | 171.0 | — | 171.0 | — | 201.7 | — | 201.7 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Fixed income security portfolios (5) | 1,048.5 | — | 1,048.5 | — | 997.0 | — | 997.0 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Real estate investment portfolios: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Direct real estate investments (6) | 92.3 | — | 92.3 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Real estate investment portfolios (6) | 118.5 | — | 118.5 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 1,925.6 | $ | — | $ | 1,925.6 | $ | — | $ | 2,166.3 | $ | — | $ | 2,166.3 | $ | — | ||||||||||
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
We had no Level 3 assets in 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012.2014.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
We have established an investment policy that provides the investment objectives and guidelines for the pension plan. Our investment strategy is to achieve the following:
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
In administering the qualified pension plan's asset allocation strategy, we consider the projected liability stream of benefit payments, the relationship between current and projected assets of the plan and the projected actuarial liabilities streams, the historical performance of capital markets adjusted for the perception of future short- and long-term capital market performance and the perception of future economic conditions.
According to our investment policy, the target asset allocation for the qualified plan is:
| Asset | Target allocation | |
|---|---|---|
U.S. equity portfolios | 0% - 45% | |
International equity portfolios | 0% - 15% | |
Fixed income security portfolios | 30% - 100% | |
Real estate investment portfolios | 0% - 10% |
Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Assets
The fair value of the other postretirement benefit plans' assets by asset category as of the most recent measurement date iswas as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Fair value hierarchy level | | Fair value hierarchy level | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Assets measured at fair value | Assets measured at fair value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Asset category | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 5.5 | $ | 5.5 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1.2 | $ | 1.2 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||
Fixed income security portfolios: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed income investment funds (1) | 164.4 | 161.1 | 3.3 | — | 195.5 | 164.3 | 31.2 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Principal Life general account investment (2) | 36.3 | — | — | 36.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. equity portfolios (3) | 375.6 | 311.0 | 64.6 | — | 145.5 | 103.2 | 42.3 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
International equity portfolios (4) | 57.9 | 44.5 | 13.4 | — | 51.2 | 43.2 | 8.0 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Alternative mutual fund portfolios (5) | 227.5 | 227.5 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Real estate mutual fund (6) | 7.7 | 7.7 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 639.7 | $ | 522.1 | $ | 81.3 | $ | 36.3 | $ | 628.6 | $ | 547.1 | $ | 81.5 | $ | — | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Fair value hierarchy level | | Fair value hierarchy level | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Assets measured at fair value | Assets measured at fair value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Asset category | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 4.7 | $ | 4.7 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 5.9 | $ | 5.9 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||
Fixed income security portfolios: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed income investment funds (1) | 157.9 | 157.9 | — | — | 181.7 | 173.2 | 8.5 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Principal Life general account investment (2) | 38.8 | — | — | 38.8 | 33.5 | — | — | 33.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
U.S. equity portfolios (3) | 351.6 | 288.0 | 63.6 | — | 339.6 | 278.8 | 60.8 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
International equity portfolios (4) | 60.0 | 45.9 | 14.1 | — | 66.3 | 54.4 | 11.9 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 613.0 | $ | 496.5 | $ | 77.7 | $ | 38.8 | $ | 627.0 | $ | 512.3 | $ | 81.2 | $ | 33.5 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
As of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, respectively, $81.3$81.8 million and $77.7$81.2 million of assets in the U.S. equity and international equity portfolios were included in a trust owned life insurance contract.
The reconciliation for all assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) is as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Actual return gains (losses) on plan assets | | | | | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | Ending asset balance as of December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||||
| | Beginning asset balance as of December 31, 2015 | Relating to assets still held at the reporting date | Relating to assets sold during the period | Net purchases, sales, and settlements | Transfers into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Asset category | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Principal Life general account investment | $ | 33.5 | $ | (1.7 | ) | $ | (33.6 | ) | $ | 1.8 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the year ended December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Actual return gains (losses) on plan assets | | | | | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | Ending assets balance as of December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||||
| | Beginning assets balance as of December 31, 2014 | Relating to assets still held at the reporting date | Relating to assets sold during the period | Net purchases, sales, and settlements | Transfers into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Asset category | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Principal Life general account investment | $ | 36.3 | $ | 0.2 | $ | — | $ | (3.0 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 33.5 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the year ended December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Actual return gains (losses) on plan assets | | | | | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | Ending assets balance as of December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||||||||
| | Beginning assets balance as of December 31, 2013 | Relating to assets still held at the reporting date | Relating to assets sold during the period | Net purchases, sales, and settlements | Transfers into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Asset category | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Principal Life general account investment | $ | 38.8 | $ | 0.8 | $ | — | $ | (3.3 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 36.3 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
The reconciliation for all assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) is as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Actual return gains (losses) on plan assets | | | | | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | Ending asset balance as of December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||||||||
| | Beginning asset balance as of December 31, 2013 | Relating to assets still held at the reporting date | Relating to assets sold during the period | Net purchases, sales, and settlements | Transfers into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Asset category | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Principal Life general account investment | $ | 38.8 | $ | 0.8 | $ | — | $ | (3.3 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 36.3 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the year ended December 31, 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Actual return gains (losses) on plan assets | | | | | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | Ending assets balance as of December 31, 2013 | |||||||||||||||||
| | Beginning assets balance as of December 31, 2012 | Relating to assets still held at the reporting date | Relating to assets sold during the period | Net purchases, sales, and settlements | Transfers into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Asset category | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Principal Life general account investment | $ | 42.1 | $ | 1.1 | $ | — | $ | (4.4 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 38.8 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the year ended December 31, 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Actual return gains (losses) on plan assets | | | | | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | Ending assets balance as of December 31, 2012 | |||||||||||||||||
| | Beginning assets balance as of December 31, 2011 | Relating to assets still held at the reporting date | Relating to assets sold during the period | Net purchases, sales, and settlements | Transfers into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Asset category | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Principal Life general account investment | $ | 42.5 | $ | 3.1 | $ | — | $ | (3.5 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 42.1 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
According to our investment policy, the target asset allocation for the other postretirement benefit plans is:
| ||
| ||
|
The investment strategies and policies for the other postretirement benefit plans are similar to those employed by the qualified pension plan. According to our investment policy, the target asset allocation for the other postretirement benefit plans is:
| Asset category | Target allocation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
U.S. equity portfolios | 24 | % | ||
International equity portfolios | 15 | % | ||
Fixed income security portfolios | 32 | % | ||
Alternatives | 24 | % | ||
Real estate | 5 | % | ||
Our funding policy for the qualified pension plan is to fund the plan annually in an amount at least equal to the minimum annual contribution required under ERISA and, generally, not greater than the maximum amount that can be deducted for federal income tax purposes. We do not anticipate contributions will be needed to satisfy the minimum funding requirements of ERISA for our qualified plan. At this time, it is too earlyWe are unable to estimate the amount that may be contributed, but it is possible that we may fund the plans in 20152017 up to $150$125 million. This includes funding for both our qualified and nonqualified pension plans. While we designate assets to cover the computed liability of the nonqualified plan, the assets are not included as part of the asset balances presented in this footnote as they do not qualify as plan assets in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We may contribute to our other postretirement benefit plans in 20152017 pending future analysis.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
Estimated Future Benefit Payments
The estimated future benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, and the expected amount of subsidy receipts under Medicare Part D are:
| | Pension benefits | Other postretirement benefits (gross benefit payments, including prescription drug benefits) | Amount of Medicare Part D subsidy receipts | Pension benefits | Other postretirement benefits (gross benefit payments, including prescription drug benefits) | Amount of Medicare Part D subsidy receipts | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Year ending December 31: | ||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | $ | 105.4 | $ | 18.2 | $ | 0.9 | ||||||||||||||
2016 | 110.5 | 18.9 | 1.0 | |||||||||||||||||
2017 | 117.2 | 19.4 | 1.0 | $ | 115.1 | $ | 12.8 | $ | 0.1 | |||||||||||
2018 | 123.6 | 19.6 | 1.0 | 125.2 | 13.2 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||
2019 | 129.5 | 20.1 | 1.0 | 128.2 | 13.6 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||
2020 - 2024 | 765.7 | 104.5 | 4.8 | |||||||||||||||||
2020 | 137.7 | 12.6 | 0.1 | |||||||||||||||||
2021 | 143.5 | 11.5 | 0.1 | |||||||||||||||||
2022-2026 | 832.2 | 10.7 | 0.1 | |||||||||||||||||
The above table reflects the total estimated future benefits to be paid from the plan, including both our share of the benefit cost and the participants' share of the cost, which is funded by their contributions to the plan.
The assumptions used in calculating the estimated future benefit payments are the same as those used to measure the benefit obligation for the year ended December 31, 2014.2016.
The information that follows shows supplemental information for our defined benefit pension plans.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
Defined Benefit Pension Plans Supplemental Information
Certain key summary data is shown below separately for qualified and nonqualified plans.
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Qualified Plan | Nonqualified Plan | Total | Qualified Plan | Nonqualified Plan | Total | Qualified Plan | Nonqualified Plan | Total | Qualified Plan | Nonqualified Plan | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amount recognized in statement of financial position | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other assets | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||
Other liabilities | (385.3 | ) | (456.4 | ) | (841.7 | ) | (138.6 | ) | (376.0 | ) | (514.6 | ) | (410.0 | ) | (455.4 | ) | (865.4 | ) | (453.0 | ) | (432.9 | ) | (885.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | (385.3 | ) | $ | (456.4 | ) | $ | (841.7 | ) | $ | (138.6 | ) | $ | (376.0 | ) | $ | (514.6 | ) | $ | (410.0 | ) | $ | (455.4 | ) | $ | (865.4 | ) | $ | (453.0 | ) | $ | (432.9 | ) | $ | (885.9 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total net actuarial loss | $ | 603.1 | $ | 156.1 | $ | 759.2 | $ | 298.3 | $ | 92.8 | $ | 391.1 | $ | 587.5 | $ | 119.4 | $ | 706.9 | $ | 659.0 | $ | 112.2 | $ | 771.2 | ||||||||||||||
Prior service benefit | (3.4 | ) | (3.5 | ) | (6.9 | ) | (6.5 | ) | (5.3 | ) | (11.8 | ) | (1.6 | ) | (1.3 | ) | (2.9 | ) | (2.6 | ) | (2.5 | ) | (5.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive loss | $ | 599.7 | $ | 152.6 | $ | 752.3 | $ | 291.8 | $ | 87.5 | $ | 379.3 | $ | 585.9 | $ | 118.1 | $ | 704.0 | $ | 656.4 | $ | 109.7 | $ | 766.1 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Components of net periodic benefit cost | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Service cost | $ | 46.8 | $ | 7.2 | $ | 54.0 | $ | 50.4 | $ | 6.7 | $ | 57.1 | $ | 58.1 | $ | 6.9 | $ | 65.0 | $ | 54.8 | $ | 8.4 | $ | 63.2 | ||||||||||||||
Interest cost | 99.1 | 18.0 | 117.1 | 88.2 | 15.6 | 103.8 | 115.9 | 19.0 | 134.9 | 102.3 | 18.0 | 120.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Expected return on plan assets | (131.9 | ) | — | (131.9 | ) | (127.4 | ) | — | (127.4 | ) | (155.0 | ) | — | (155.0 | ) | (160.6 | ) | — | (160.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of prior service benefit | (3.1 | ) | (1.6 | ) | (4.7 | ) | (6.1 | ) | (2.6 | ) | (8.7 | ) | (1.1 | ) | (1.1 | ) | (2.2 | ) | (0.8 | ) | (1.1 | ) | (1.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Recognized net actuarial loss | 42.9 | 7.6 | 50.5 | 104.4 | 14.1 | 118.5 | 69.5 | 7.5 | 77.0 | 86.3 | 16.1 | 102.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | 53.8 | $ | 31.2 | $ | 85.0 | $ | 109.5 | $ | 33.8 | $ | 143.3 | $ | 87.4 | $ | 32.3 | $ | 119.7 | $ | 82.0 | $ | 41.4 | $ | 123.4 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other changes recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net actuarial (gain) loss | $ | 347.8 | $ | 71.0 | $ | 418.8 | $ | (322.4 | ) | $ | (29.3 | ) | $ | (351.7 | ) | $ | (2.0 | ) | $ | 14.7 | $ | 12.7 | $ | 142.1 | $ | (27.8 | ) | $ | 114.3 | |||||||||
Amortization of net loss | (42.9 | ) | (7.6 | ) | (50.5 | ) | (104.4 | ) | (14.1 | ) | (118.5 | ) | (69.5 | ) | (7.5 | ) | (77.0 | ) | (86.3 | ) | (16.1 | ) | (102.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Amortization of prior service benefit | 3.1 | 1.6 | 4.7 | 6.1 | 2.6 | 8.7 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total recognized in pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss | $ | 308.0 | $ | 65.0 | $ | 373.0 | $ | (420.7 | ) | $ | (40.8 | ) | $ | (461.5 | ) | $ | (70.4 | ) | $ | 8.3 | $ | (62.1 | ) | $ | 56.6 | $ | (42.8 | ) | $ | 13.8 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss | $ | 361.8 | $ | 96.2 | $ | 458.0 | $ | (311.2 | ) | $ | (7.0 | ) | $ | (318.2 | ) | $ | 17.0 | $ | 40.6 | $ | 57.6 | $ | 138.6 | $ | (1.4 | ) | $ | 137.2 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Defined Contribution and Deferred Compensation Plans
In addition, we have defined contribution plans that are generally available to all U.S. employees and agents. Eligible participants could not contribute more than $17,500$18,000 of their compensation to the plans in 2014.2016. Effective January 1, 2006, we made several changes to the retirement programs. In general, the pension and supplemental executive retirement plan benefit formulas were reduced, and the 401(k) matching contribution was increased. Employees who were ages 47 or
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
older with at least ten years of service on December 31, 2005, could elect to retain the prior benefit provisions and forgo receipt of the additional matching contributions. The employees who elected to retain the prior benefit provisions are referred to as "Grandfathered Choice Participants." We match the Grandfathered Choice Participant's contribution at a 50% contribution rate up to a maximum matching contribution of 3% of the participant's compensation. For all other participants, we match the participant's contributions at a 75% contribution rate up to a maximum matching contribution of 6% of the participant's compensation. The defined contribution plans allow employees to choose among various investment options, including our common stock.stock, which is available through our Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("ESOP"). We contributed $46.6 million, $45.7 million and $41.7 million $39.8 millionin 2016, 2015 and $37.3 million in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively, to our qualified defined contribution plans.
The number of shares of our common stock allocated to participants in the ESOP was 2.4 million as of both December 31, 2016 and 2015. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the fair value of the ESOP, which includes earned and unearned common stock, was $137.9 million and $108.4 million, respectively. The ESOP's total assets include our common stock and cash. The ESOP purchases our common stock on the open market. The number of shares of our common stock held within the ESOP is treated as outstanding in both our basic and diluted earnings per share calculations.
We also have nonqualified deferred compensation plans available to select employees and agents that allow them to defer compensation amounts in excess of limits imposed by federal tax law with respect to the qualified plans. In 2014,For certain nonqualified deferred compensation plans that include an employer matching contribution, in 2016 we matched the
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
11. Employee and Agent Benefits — (continued)
Grandfathered Choice Participant's deferral at a 50% match deferral rate up to a maximum matching deferral of 3% of the participant's compensation. For all other participants in nonqualified deferred compensation plans that include an employer matching contribution, we matched the participant's deferral at a 75% match deferral rate up to a maximum matching deferral of 6% of the participant's compensation. We contributed $3.3 million, $4.5 million and $4.1 million $5.0 millionin 2016, 2015 and $4.6 million in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively, to our nonqualified deferred compensation plans.
12. Contingencies, Guarantees and Indemnifications
Litigation and Regulatory Contingencies
We are regularly involved in litigation, both as a defendant and as a plaintiff, but primarily as a defendant. Litigation naming us as a defendant ordinarily arises out of our business operations as a provider of asset management and accumulation products and services; individual life insurance, specialty benefits insurance and our investment activities. Some of the lawsuits may be class actions, or purport to be, and some may include claims for unspecified or substantial punitive and treble damages.
We may discuss such litigation in one of three ways. We accrue a charge to income and disclose legal matters for which the chance of loss is probable and for which the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. We may disclose contingencies for which the chance of loss is reasonably possible and provide an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. Finally, we may voluntarily disclose loss contingencies for which the chance of loss is remote in order to provide information concerning matters that potentially expose us to possible losses.
In addition, regulatory bodies such as state insurance departments, the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, the Department of Labor and other regulatory agencies regularly make inquiries and conduct examinations or investigations concerning our compliance with, among other things, insurance laws, securities laws, ERISA and laws governing the activities of broker-dealers. We receive requests from regulators and other governmental authorities relating to industry issues and may receive additional requests, including subpoenas and interrogatories, in the future.
On March 18, 2014, McCaffree Financial Corp. Employee Retirement Program ("McCaffree")December 30, 2015, Mary Ventura, William Littlejohn and Ryan Kadota filed a putative class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa against Principal Life.Management Corporation ("PMC"). The complaint alleged, among other things, breachlawsuit alleges PMC breached its fiduciary duty under Section 36(b) of duty of loyalty, breach of duty of prudencethe Investment Company Act by charging excessive fees on the LargeCap Growth I Fund, SmallCap Growth I Fund, SmallCap Fund, High Yield Fund, MidCap Fund and prohibited transactions under ERISA. McCaffree seeks a nationwide class action on behalf of all participants and beneficiaries of defined contribution retirement plans that invested in any Principal Separate Account in the last six years. McCaffree seeks disgorgement of all fees it alleges Principal Life improperly retained in addition to other general claims for relief. Principal Life has filed a motion to dismissMidCap Value III Fund. PMC is aggressively defending the case and on December 11, 2014, the court granted the motion. McCaffree filed a notice of appeal on December 22, 2014. Principal Life will continue to aggressively defend the case.lawsuit.
On August 29, 2013, American Chemicals & Equipment, Inc. 401(k) Retirement Plan ("ACE") filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama against Principal Management CorporationPMC and Principal Global Investors, LLC (the "ACE Defendants"). The lawsuit alleges the ACE Defendants breached their fiduciary duty under Section 36(b) of the Investment Company Act by charging excessive fees on certain of the LifeTime series target date funds. On January 24, 2014, the court granted the motion filed by the ACE Defendants to transfer the case to the Southern District of Iowa. The ACE Defendants were granted summary judgment and the case was dismissed. ACE has appealed that grant of summary judgment and subsequent dismissal to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals. The ACE Defendants continue to aggressively defend the lawsuit.
On December 2, 2009 and December 4, 2009, two plaintiffs, Cruise and Mullaney, each filed putative class action lawsuits in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against us; Principal Life; Principal Global Investors, LLC; Principal Management Corporation; and Principal Real Estate Investors, LLC (the "Cruise/Mullaney Defendants"). The lawsuits alleged the Cruise/Mullaney Defendants failed to manage the Principal U.S. Property Separate Account ("PUSPSA") in the best interests of investors, improperly imposed a "withdrawal freeze" on
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
12. Contingencies, Guarantees and Indemnifications — (continued)
September 26, 2008, and instituted a "withdrawal queue" to honor withdrawal requests as sufficient liquidity became available. The two lawsuits, as well as two subsequently filed complaints asserting similar claims, have been consolidated and are now known as In re Principal U.S. Property Account Litigation. Plaintiffs' request for permission to appeal the denial of class certification was denied by the U.S. Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals on December 31, 2013. The case was dismissed on December 15, 2014.
In 2008, Principal Life received approximately $440.0 million in connection with the termination of certain structured transactions and the resulting prepayment of Principal Life's investment in those transactions. The transactions involved Lehman Brothers Special Financing Inc. and Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. (collectively, "Lehman") in various capacities. Subsequent to Lehman's 2008 bankruptcy filing, its bankruptcy estate initiated several lawsuits seeking to recover from numerous sources significant amounts to which it claims entitlement under various theories. We are one of a large group of defendants to this action, and believe that we have meritorious defenses to Lehman's claims and intend to aggressively defend against them.action. The estate's claim against Principal Life, including interest, (which we also dispute), was approximately $541.0$600.0 million. On June 28, 2016, the bankruptcy court granted the Defendants' motion to dismiss directed at common issues and dismissed with prejudice all claims against Principal Life. Defendants, including Principal Life, have requested that the bankruptcy court issue an order directing entry of final judgment consistent with its June 28, 2016, decision. Lehman has the right to appeal an order of final judgment.
While the outcome of any pending or future litigation or regulatory matter cannot be predicted, management does not believe that any such matter will have a material adverse effect on our business or financial position. As of December 31, 2014, there were2016, we had no estimated losses accrued related to the legal matters discussed above because we believe the chance of loss from these matters is not probable and the amount of loss cannot be reasonably estimated.
We believe all of the litigation contingencies discussed above involve a chance of loss that is either remote or reasonably possible. Unless otherwise noted, all of these matters involve unspecified claim amounts, in which the
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
12. Contingencies, Guarantees and Indemnifications — (continued)
respective plaintiffs seek an indeterminate amount of damages. To the extent such matters present a reasonably possible chance of loss, we are generally not able to estimate the possible loss or range of loss associated therewith.
The outcome of such matters is always uncertain, and unforeseen results can occur. It is possible that such outcomes could require us to pay damages or make other expenditures or establish accruals in amounts that we could not estimate atas of December 31, 2014.2016.
Guarantees and Indemnifications
In the normal course of business, we have provided guarantees to third parties primarily related to former subsidiaries and joint ventures. TheseThe terms of these agreements generally expire through 2019.range in duration and often are not explicitly defined. The maximum exposure under these agreements as of December 31, 2014,2016, was approximately $243.0$172.0 million. At inception, the fair value of such guarantees was insignificant. In addition, we believe the likelihood is remote that material payments will be required. Therefore, any liability accrued within our consolidated statements of financial position is insignificant. Should we be required to perform under these guarantees, we generally could recover a portion of the loss from third parties through recourse provisions included in agreements with such parties, the sale of assets held as collateral that can be liquidated in the event that performance is required under the guarantees or other recourse generally available to us; therefore, such guarantees would not result in a material adverse effect on our business or financial position. While the likelihood is remote, such outcomes could materially affect net income in a particular quarter or annual period.
We manage mandatory privatized social security funds in Chile. By regulation, we have a required minimum guarantee on the funds' relative return. Because the guarantee has no limitation with respect to duration or amount, the maximum exposure of the guarantee in the future is indeterminable.
We are also subject to various other indemnification obligations issued in conjunction with divestitures, acquisitions and financing transactions whose terms range in duration and often are not explicitly defined. Certain portions of these indemnifications may be capped, while other portions are not subject to such limitations; therefore, the overall maximum amount of the obligation under the indemnifications cannot be reasonably estimated. At inception, the fair value of such indemnifications was insignificant. In addition, we believe the likelihood is remote that material payments will be required. Therefore, any liability accrued within our consolidated statements of financial position is insignificant. While we are unable to estimate with certainty the ultimate legal and financial liability with respect to these indemnifications, we believe that performance under these indemnifications would not result in a material adverse effect on our business or financial position. While the likelihood is remote, performance under these indemnifications could materially affect net income in a particular quarter or annual period.
Under state insurance guaranty fund laws, insurers doing business in a state can be assessed, up to prescribed limits, for certain obligations of insolvent insurance companies to policyholders and claimants. A state's fund assesses its
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
12. Contingencies, Guarantees and Indemnifications — (continued)
members based on their pro rata market share of written premiums in the state for the classes of insurance for which the insolvent insurer was engaged. Some states permit member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets. We accrue liabilities for guaranty fund assessments when an assessment is probable, can be reasonably estimated and when the event obligating us to pay has occurred. While we cannot predict the amount and timing of any future assessments, we have established reserves we believe are adequate for assessments relating to insurance companies that are currently subject to insolvency proceedings. As of December 31, 20142016 and 2013,2015, the liability balance for guaranty fund assessments, which is not discounted, was $16.8$14.9 million and $22.5$15.1 million, respectively, and was reported within other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial position. As of both December 31, 20142016 and 2013, $7.12015, $5.7 million and $11.5 million, respectively, related to premium tax offsets were included in premiums due and other receivables in the consolidated statements of financial position.
As a lessee, we lease office space, data processing equipment, office furniture and office equipment under various operating leases. Rental expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, 2013was $40.4 million, $38.0 million and 2012, was $37.3 million, $36.3 million and $41.9 million, respectively.
The following represents payments due by period for operating lease obligations (in millions):
Year ending December 31: | ||||
2015 | $ | 43.7 | ||
2016 | 39.0 | |||
2017 | 33.3 | |||
2018 | 21.8 | |||
2019 | 11.8 | |||
2020 and thereafter | 51.2 | |||
| | | | | |
Total operating lease obligations | 200.8 | |||
Less: Future sublease rental income on noncancelable leases | 5.8 | |||
| | | | | |
Total future minimum lease payments | $ | 195.0 | ||
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
We lease buildings and hardware storage equipment under capital leases. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, these leases had a gross asset balance of $54.8 million and $42.6 million and accumulated depreciation of $17.0 million and $16.1 million, respectively. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 was $13.6 million, $10.5 million and $7.9 million, respectively.
The following represents future minimum lease payments due by period for capital lease obligations (in millions).
Year ending December 31: | ||||
2015 | $ | 6.3 | ||
2016 | 5.4 | |||
2017 | 2.5 | |||
2018 | 0.7 | |||
2019 | 0.1 | |||
2020 and thereafter | 0.5 | |||
| | | | | |
Total | 15.5 | |||
Less: Amounts representing interest | 0.3 | |||
| | | | | |
Net present value of minimum lease payments | $ | 15.2 | ||
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
13. Stockholders' Equity
As of December 31, 2014, we had 13.0 million shares of preferred stock authorized, issued and outstanding under the two series described below. Preferred stockholders have dividend and liquidation priority over common stockholders.
Series A. Dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock are non-cumulative and are payable quarterly when, and if, declared by our Board of Directors at a rate of 5.563% per annum of the liquidation preference. On or after the dividend payment date in June 2015, the Series A initial distribution rate will become a floating rate, subject to reset, at our option, subject to certain conditions and parameters. If reset, the rate may be at fixed or floating rates. On or after the dividend
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
13. Stockholders' Equity12. Contingencies, Guarantees and Indemnifications — (continued)
payment date in June 2015, we may, at our option, redeem the shares at a price of $100 per share, or $300.0 million in the aggregate, plus accrued and unpaid dividends The following represents payments due by period for the then current dividend period to the date of redemption, if any.operating lease obligations (in millions):
The Series A Preferred Stock has no stated maturity and is not convertible into any other of our securities. Series A Preferred Stock will have no voting rights, except with respect to certain fundamental changes in the terms of the shares and in the case of certain dividend non-payments.
Year ending December 31: | ||||
2017 | $ | 45.2 | ||
2018 | 32.4 | |||
2019 | 22.3 | |||
2020 | 15.6 | |||
2021 | 11.3 | |||
2022 and thereafter | 37.6 | |||
| | | | | |
Total operating lease obligations | 164.4 | |||
Less: Future sublease rental income on noncancelable leases | 2.3 | |||
| | | | | |
Total future minimum lease payments | $ | 162.1 | ||
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Series B. Dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock are non-cumulative and are payable quarterly when, and if, declared by the Board of Directors at a rate of 6.518% per annum of the liquidation preference. On or after the dividend payment date in June 2035, the Series B initial distribution rate will become a floating rate, subject to reset, at our option, subject to certain conditions and parameters. If reset, the rate may be at fixed or floating rates. On or after the dividend payment date in June 2015, we may, at our option, redeem the shares at a price of $25 per share, or $250.0 million in the aggregate, plus accrued and unpaid dividends for the then current dividend period to the date of redemption, if any.Capital Leases
The Series B Preferred Stock has no stated maturityWe lease buildings and is not convertible into any other of our securities. Series B Preferred Stock will have no voting rights, except with respect to certain fundamental changes in the terms of the shares and in the case of certain dividend non-payments.
Dividend Restrictions and Payments
The certificates of designation for the Series A and B Preferred Stock restrict the declaration of preferred dividends if we fail to meet specifiedhardware storage equipment under capital adequacy, net income or stockholders' equity levels.leases. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, these leases had a gross asset balance of $61.3 million and $63.6 million and accumulated depreciation of $29.9 million and $29.9 million, respectively. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $14.8 million, $14.1 million and $14.0 million, respectively.
The following represents future minimum lease payments due by period for capital lease obligations (in millions).
Year ending December 31: | ||||
2017 | $ | 3.0 | ||
2018 | 2.1 | |||
2019 | 0.9 | |||
2020 | 0.4 | |||
2021 | 0.1 | |||
2022 and thereafter | 0.2 | |||
| | | | | |
Total | 6.7 | |||
Less: Amounts representing interest | 0.2 | |||
| | | | | |
Net present value of minimum lease payments | $ | 6.5 | ||
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
13. Stockholders' Equity
Preferred Stock
On June 30, 2015 we have noredeemed our 3.0 million shares of series A preferred stock for $300.0 million and our 10.0 million shares of series B preferred stock for $250.0 million. At redemption, we recognized $8.2 million excess redemption value over carrying value of the preferred shares redeemed as an adjustment to determine net income available to common stockholders.
Dividend Payments
On March 30, 2015 and June 30, 2015, we paid a dividend restrictions.of $8.2 million and $8.3 million, respectively, equal to $1.39 per share on Series A non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock and equal to $0.41 per share on Series B non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock. Dividends were paid to stockholders of record as of March 12, 2015 and June 11, 2015, respectively.
On April 1, 2014; June 30, 2014; September 30, 2014 and December 30, 2014, we paid a dividend of $8.2 million, $8.3 million, $8.2 million and $8.3 million, respectively, equal to $1.39 per share on Series A non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock and equal to $0.41 per share on Series B non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock. Dividends were paid to stockholders of record as of March 13, 2014; June 12, 2014; September 11, 2014 and December 11, 2014, respectively.
On April 1, 2013; July 1, 2013; September 30, 2013 and December 30, 2013, we paid a dividend
Table of $8.2 million, $8.3 million, $8.2 million and $8.3 million, respectively, equalContents
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to $1.39 per share on Series A non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock and equal to $0.41 per share on Series B non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock. Dividends were paid to stockholders of record as of March 14, 2013; June 13, 2013; September 12, 2013 and December 12, 2013, respectively.Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
On March 30, 2012; July 2, 2012; October 1, 2012 and December 31, 2012, we paid a dividend of $8.2 million, $8.3 million, $8.2 million and $8.3 million, respectively, equal to $1.39 per share on Series A non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock and equal to $0.41 per share on Series B non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock. Dividends were paid to stockholders of record as of March 15, 2012; June 14, 2012; September 13, 2012 and December 13, 2012, respectively.2016
13. Stockholders' Equity — (continued)
Reconciliation of Outstanding Shares
| | Series A preferred stock | Series B preferred stock | Common stock | Series A preferred stock | Series B preferred stock | Common stock | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding shares at January 1, 2012 | 3.0 | 10.0 | 301.1 | |||||||||||||||||
Outstanding shares as of January 1, 2014 | 3.0 | 10.0 | 295.2 | |||||||||||||||||
Shares issued | — | — | 3.2 | — | — | 3.4 | ||||||||||||||
Treasury stock acquired | — | — | (10.5 | ) | — | — | (4.7 | ) | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Outstanding shares at December 31, 2012 | 3.0 | 10.0 | 293.8 | |||||||||||||||||
Outstanding shares as of December 31, 2014 | 3.0 | 10.0 | 293.9 | |||||||||||||||||
Shares issued | — | — | 3.5 | |||||||||||||||||
Treasury stock acquired | — | — | (6.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock redemption | (3.0 | ) | (10.0 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Outstanding shares as of December 31, 2015 | — | — | 291.4 | |||||||||||||||||
Shares issued | — | — | 5.8 | — | — | 3.0 | ||||||||||||||
Treasury stock acquired | — | — | (4.4 | ) | — | — | (6.7 | ) | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Outstanding shares at December 31, 2013 | 3.0 | 10.0 | 295.2 | |||||||||||||||||
Shares issued | — | — | 3.4 | |||||||||||||||||
Treasury stock acquired | — | — | (4.7 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||
Outstanding shares at December 31, 2014 | 3.0 | 10.0 | 293.9 | |||||||||||||||||
Outstanding shares as of December 31, 2016 | — | — | 287.7 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
In May 2012,February 2014, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $200.0 million of our outstanding common stock. Westock, which was completed this program in February 2013.March 2015. In February 2013,2015, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $150.0 million of our outstanding common stock, which was completed in October 2015. In October 2015, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $150.0 million of our outstanding common stock, which was completed in March 2014.2016. In February 2014,2016, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $200.0$400.0 million of our outstanding common stock. Shares repurchased under these programs are accounted for as treasury stock, carried at cost and reflected as a reduction to stockholders' equity.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
13. Stockholders' Equity — (continued)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
| | For the year ended December 31, 2014 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Pre-Tax | Tax | After-Tax | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities during the period | $ | 1,087.9 | $ | (425.2 | ) | $ | 662.7 | |||
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income (1) | (73.2 | ) | 24.4 | (48.8 | ) | |||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | (63.4 | ) | 22.2 | (41.2 | ) | |||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | (458.4 | ) | 210.4 | (248.0 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities | 492.9 | (168.2 | ) | 324.7 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Noncredit component of impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale during the period | 102.0 | (35.6 | ) | 66.4 | ||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | (4.7 | ) | 1.7 | (3.0 | ) | |||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | (2.2 | ) | 0.7 | (1.5 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Noncredit component of impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale (2) | 95.1 | (33.2 | ) | 61.9 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments during the period | 100.3 | (35.1 | ) | 65.2 | ||||||
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (3) | 3.8 | (1.7 | ) | 2.1 | ||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | (12.8 | ) | 4.5 | (8.3 | ) | |||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | 3.2 | (1.1 | ) | 2.1 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments | 94.5 | (33.4 | ) | 61.1 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (374.7 | ) | 38.1 | (336.6 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation during the period | (445.5 | ) | 176.3 | (269.2 | ) | |||||
Amortization of prior service cost and actuarial loss included in net periodic benefit cost (4) | 22.1 | (8.1 | ) | 14.0 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation | (423.4 | ) | 168.2 | (255.2 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Other comprehensive loss | $ | (115.6 | ) | $ | (28.5 | ) | $ | (144.1 | ) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the year ended December 31, 2013 | For the year ended December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Pre-Tax | Tax | After-Tax | Pre-Tax | Tax | After-Tax | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities during the period | $ | (1,686.5 | ) | $ | 559.5 | $ | (1,127.0 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities during the period | $ | 254.6 | $ | (78.1 | ) | $ | 176.5 | |||||||||||||
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (1) | 61.1 | (20.9 | ) | 40.2 | 67.9 | (23.5 | ) | 44.4 | ||||||||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | 252.8 | (88.5 | ) | 164.3 | 5.6 | (2.0 | ) | 3.6 | ||||||||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | 575.7 | (193.4 | ) | 382.3 | (177.2 | ) | 51.8 | (125.4 | ) | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities | (796.9 | ) | 256.7 | (540.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities | 150.9 | (51.8 | ) | 99.1 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Noncredit component of impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale during the period | 24.5 | (8.3 | ) | 16.2 | (0.3 | ) | (1.5 | ) | (1.8 | ) | ||||||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | (14.4 | ) | 5.1 | (9.3 | ) | (3.4 | ) | 1.2 | (2.2 | ) | ||||||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | 0.8 | (0.3 | ) | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Noncredit component of impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale (2) | 10.1 | (3.2 | ) | 6.9 | (2.9 | ) | (0.6 | ) | (3.5 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized losses on derivative instruments during the period | (46.3 | ) | 16.8 | (29.5 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (3) | 11.6 | (4.3 | ) | 7.3 | ||||||||||||||||
Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments during the period | 32.6 | (7.6 | ) | 25.0 | ||||||||||||||||
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income (3) | (27.7 | ) | 5.4 | (22.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | 10.9 | (3.8 | ) | 7.1 | 2.9 | (1.0 | ) | 1.9 | ||||||||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | 20.5 | (7.2 | ) | 13.3 | 16.9 | (6.0 | ) | 10.9 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized losses on derivative instruments | (3.3 | ) | 1.5 | (1.8 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments | 24.7 | (9.2 | ) | 15.5 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (282.6 | ) | 13.2 | (269.4 | ) | 75.6 | (7.5 | ) | 68.1 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation during the period | 426.7 | (149.3 | ) | 277.4 | 20.2 | (6.8 | ) | 13.4 | ||||||||||||
Amortization of prior service cost and actuarial loss included in net periodic benefit cost (4) | 84.9 | (29.7 | ) | 55.2 | 49.1 | (20.7 | ) | 28.4 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation | 511.6 | (179.0 | ) | 332.6 | 69.3 | (27.5 | ) | 41.8 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other comprehensive loss | $ | (561.1 | ) | $ | 89.2 | $ | (471.9 | ) | ||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income | $ | 317.6 | $ | (96.6 | ) | $ | 221.0 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
13. Stockholders' Equity — (continued)
| | For the year ended December 31, 2015 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Pre-Tax | Tax | After-Tax | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities during the period | $ | (1,713.7 | ) | $ | 589.0 | $ | (1,124.7 | ) | ||
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (1) | 15.1 | (5.4 | ) | 9.7 | ||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | 201.2 | (70.4 | ) | 130.8 | ||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | 779.0 | (265.5 | ) | 513.5 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities | (718.4 | ) | 247.7 | (470.7 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Noncredit component of impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale during the period | 29.4 | (10.2 | ) | 19.2 | ||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | (0.9 | ) | 0.3 | (0.6 | ) | |||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | 0.7 | (0.2 | ) | 0.5 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Noncredit component of impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale (2) | 29.2 | (10.1 | ) | 19.1 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments during the period | 58.4 | (20.4 | ) | 38.0 | ||||||
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income (3) | (36.9 | ) | 12.5 | (24.4 | ) | |||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | 19.5 | (6.9 | ) | 12.6 | ||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | (10.8 | ) | 3.8 | (7.0 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments | 30.2 | (11.0 | ) | 19.2 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (543.6 | ) | 72.0 | (471.6 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation during the period | (142.5 | ) | 55.5 | (87.0 | ) | |||||
Amortization of prior service cost and actuarial loss included in net periodic benefit cost (4) | 81.2 | (33.3 | ) | 47.9 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation | (61.3 | ) | 22.2 | (39.1 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Other comprehensive loss | $ | (1,263.9 | ) | $ | 320.8 | $ | (943.1 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the year ended December 31, 2012 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Pre-Tax | Tax | After-Tax | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities during the period | $ | 1,577.3 | $ | (520.6 | ) | $ | 1,056.7 | |||
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (1) | 107.8 | (38.4 | ) | 69.4 | ||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | (169.0 | ) | 59.1 | (109.9 | ) | |||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | (689.2 | ) | 230.6 | (458.6 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities | 826.9 | (269.3 | ) | 557.6 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Noncredit component of impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale during the period | (17.3 | ) | 6.1 | (11.2 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | 4.0 | (1.6 | ) | 2.4 | ||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | 3.2 | (1.1 | ) | 2.1 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Noncredit component of impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale (2) | (10.1 | ) | 3.4 | (6.7 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized losses on derivative instruments during the period | (25.9 | ) | 9.1 | (16.8 | ) | |||||
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (3) | 3.4 | (1.5 | ) | 1.9 | ||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | 25.9 | (9.1 | ) | 16.8 | ||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | (70.0 | ) | 24.5 | (45.5 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized losses on derivative instruments | (66.6 | ) | 23.0 | (43.6 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (25.4 | ) | 15.6 | (9.8 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation during the period | (245.7 | ) | 86.0 | (159.7 | ) | |||||
Amortization of prior service cost and actuarial loss included in net periodic benefit cost (4) | 49.6 | (17.3 | ) | 32.3 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation | (196.1 | ) | 68.7 | (127.4 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Other comprehensive income | $ | 528.7 | $ | (158.6 | ) | $ | 370.1 | |||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the year ended December 31, 2014 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Pre-Tax | Tax | After-Tax | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities during the period | $ | 1,087.9 | $ | (425.2 | ) | $ | 662.7 | |||
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income (1) | (73.2 | ) | 24.4 | (48.8 | ) | |||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | (63.4 | ) | 22.2 | (41.2 | ) | |||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | (458.4 | ) | 210.4 | (248.0 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities | 492.9 | (168.2 | ) | 324.7 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Noncredit component of impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale during the period | 102.0 | (35.6 | ) | 66.4 | ||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | (4.7 | ) | 1.7 | (3.0 | ) | |||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | (2.2 | ) | 0.7 | (1.5 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Noncredit component of impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale (2) | 95.1 | (33.2 | ) | 61.9 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments during the period | 100.3 | (35.1 | ) | 65.2 | ||||||
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (3) | 3.8 | (1.7 | ) | 2.1 | ||||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization patterns | (12.8 | ) | 4.5 | (8.3 | ) | |||||
Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | 3.2 | (1.1 | ) | 2.1 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments | 94.5 | (33.4 | ) | 61.1 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (374.7 | ) | 38.1 | (336.6 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation during the period | (445.5 | ) | 176.3 | (269.2 | ) | |||||
Amortization of prior service cost and actuarial loss included in net periodic benefit cost (4) | 22.1 | (8.1 | ) | 14.0 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation | (423.4 | ) | 168.2 | (255.2 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Other comprehensive loss | $ | (115.6 | ) | $ | (28.5 | ) | $ | (144.1 | ) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
13. Stockholders' Equity — (continued)
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
13. Stockholders' Equity — (continued)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
(Loss)
| | Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities | Noncredit component of impairment losses on fixed maturities available-for-sale | Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments | Foreign currency translation adjustment | Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation | Accumulated other comprehensive income | Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities | Noncredit component of impairment losses on fixed maturities available-for-sale | Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments | Foreign currency translation adjustment | Unrecognized postretirement benefit obligation | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balances at January 1, 2012 | $ | 860.7 | $ | (167.2 | ) | $ | 34.9 | $ | (95.9 | ) | $ | (361.1 | ) | $ | 271.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income during the period, net of adjustments | 488.2 | (6.7 | ) | (45.5 | ) | (11.0 | ) | (159.7 | ) | 265.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amounts reclassified from AOCI | 69.4 | — | 1.9 | — | 32.3 | 103.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income | 557.6 | (6.7 | ) | (43.6 | ) | (11.0 | ) | (127.4 | ) | 368.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||
Balances at December 31, 2012 | 1,418.3 | (173.9 | ) | (8.7 | ) | (106.9 | ) | (488.5 | ) | 640.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balances as of January 1, 2014 | $ | 878.1 | $ | (167.0 | ) | $ | (10.5 | ) | $ | (361.5 | ) | $ | (155.9 | ) | $ | 183.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss during the period, net of adjustments | (580.4 | ) | — | (9.1 | ) | (254.6 | ) | 277.4 | (566.7 | ) | 373.5 | — | 59.0 | (325.3 | ) | (269.2 | ) | (162.0 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Amounts reclassified from AOCI | 40.2 | 6.9 | 7.3 | — | 55.2 | 109.6 | (48.8 | ) | 61.9 | 2.1 | — | 14.0 | 29.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other comprehensive loss | (540.2 | ) | 6.9 | (1.8 | ) | (254.6 | ) | 332.6 | (457.1 | ) | 324.7 | 61.9 | 61.1 | (325.3 | ) | (255.2 | ) | (132.8 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balances at December 31, 2013 | 878.1 | (167.0 | ) | (10.5 | ) | (361.5 | ) | (155.9 | ) | 183.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balances as of December 31, 2014 | 1,202.8 | (105.1 | ) | 50.6 | (686.8 | ) | (411.1 | ) | 50.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss during the period, net of adjustments | 373.5 | — | 59.0 | (325.3 | ) | (269.2 | ) | (162.0 | ) | (480.4 | ) | — | 43.6 | (451.1 | ) | (87.0 | ) | (974.9 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Amounts reclassified from AOCI | (48.8 | ) | 61.9 | 2.1 | — | 14.0 | 29.2 | 9.7 | 19.1 | (24.4 | ) | — | 47.9 | 52.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other comprehensive loss | 324.7 | 61.9 | 61.1 | (325.3 | ) | (255.2 | ) | (132.8 | ) | (470.7 | ) | 19.1 | 19.2 | (451.1 | ) | (39.1 | ) | (922.6 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | (10.3 | ) | — | (10.3 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balances at December 31, 2014 | $ | 1,202.8 | $ | (105.1 | ) | $ | 50.6 | $ | (686.8 | ) | $ | (411.1 | ) | $ | 50.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Balances as of December 31, 2015 | 732.1 | (86.0 | ) | 69.8 | (1,148.2 | ) | (450.2 | ) | (882.5 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income during the period, net of adjustments | 54.7 | (3.5 | ) | 37.8 | 63.7 | 13.4 | 166.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amounts reclassified from AOCI | 44.4 | — | (22.3 | ) | — | 28.4 | 50.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income | 99.1 | (3.5 | ) | 15.5 | 63.7 | 41.8 | 216.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | (9.3 | ) | — | (9.3 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||||
Balances as of December 31, 2016 | $ | 831.2 | $ | (89.5 | ) | $ | 85.3 | $ | (1,093.8 | ) | $ | (408.4 | ) | $ | (675.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Interests held by unaffiliated parties in consolidated entities are reflected in noncontrolling interest, which represents the noncontrolling partners' share of the underlying net assets of our consolidated subsidiaries. Noncontrolling interest that is not redeemable is reported in the equity section of the consolidated statements of financial position.
The noncontrolling interest holders in certain of our consolidated entities maintain an equity interest that is redeemable at the option of the holder, which may be exercised on varying dates. Since redemption of the noncontrolling interest is outside of our control, this interest is presented on the consolidated statements of financial position line item titled "Redeemable noncontrolling interest." IfOur redeemable noncontrolling interest primarily relates to consolidated sponsored investment funds for which interests are redeemed at fair value from the net assets of the funds.
For our redeemable noncontrolling interest wererelated to other consolidated subsidiaries, redemptions are required to be redeemed, we would be required to purchase such interestpurchased at fair value or a redemption value based on fair value or a formula that management intended to reasonably approximate fair value based on a fixed multiple of earnings over a measurement period. As such, theThe carrying value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest is compared to the redemption value at each reporting period. Any adjustments to the carrying amount of the redeemable noncontrolling interest for changes in redemption value prior to exercise of the redemption option are determined after the attribution of net income or loss of the subsidiary and are recognized in the redemption value as they occur. Adjustments to the carrying value of redeemable noncontrolling interest result in adjustments to additional paid-in capital and/or retained earnings. Adjustments are recorded in retained earnings to the extent the redemption value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest exceeds its fair value and will impact the numerator in our earnings per share calculations. All other adjustments to the redeemable noncontrolling interest are recorded in additional paid-in capital.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
13. Stockholders' Equity — (continued)
Following is a reconciliation of the changes in the redeemable noncontrolling interest (in millions):
Balance at January 1, 2012 | $ | 22.2 | ||||||
Balance as of January 1, 2014 | $ | 247.2 | ||||||
Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest | 1.9 | 9.0 | ||||||
Redeemable noncontrolling interest assumed related to acquisition | 37.2 | |||||||
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interest | 9.5 | |||||||
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest | (2.0 | ) | (16.1 | ) | ||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment | 1.1 | |||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from redeemable noncontrolling interest (1) | (215.2 | ) | ||||||
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | 28.9 | |||||||
Other comprehensive income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest | (5.3 | ) | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2012 | 60.4 | |||||||
Balance as of December 31, 2014 | 58.0 | |||||||
Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest | 13.6 | 4.9 | ||||||
Reclassification from stockholders' equity (1) | 173.9 | |||||||
Redeemable noncontrolling interest assumed related to acquisition | 1.2 | |||||||
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interest | 56.1 | |||||||
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest | (13.9 | ) | (15.1 | ) | ||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from redeemable noncontrolling interest | (2.4 | ) | (6.0 | ) | ||||
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | 19.2 | 6.6 | ||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (4.8 | ) | ||||||
Other comprehensive income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest | (18.8 | ) | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2013 | 247.2 | |||||||
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | 85.7 | |||||||
Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest | 9.0 | 16.8 | ||||||
Redeemable noncontrolling interest of newly consolidated entities (2) | 179.5 | |||||||
Redeemable noncontrolling interest of deconsolidated entities (3) | (261.5 | ) | ||||||
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interest | 9.5 | 135.1 | ||||||
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest | (16.1 | ) | (57.4 | ) | ||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from redeemable noncontrolling interest (2) | (215.2 | ) | ||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from redeemable noncontrolling interest | (8.2 | ) | ||||||
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | 28.9 | 4.2 | ||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (5.3 | ) | ||||||
Other comprehensive income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest | 3.3 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2014 | $ | 58.0 | ||||||
Balance as of December 31, 2016 | $ | 97.5 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
The declaration and payment of our common stock dividends is subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our overall financial condition, results of operations, capital levels, cash requirements, future prospects, receipt of dividends from Principal Life (as described below), risk management considerations and other factors deemed relevant by the Board. There are noNo significant restrictions that limit the payment of dividends by us, except those generally applicable to corporations incorporated in Delaware.
Under Iowa law, Principal Life may pay stockholder dividends only from the earned surplus arising from its business and must receive the prior approval of the Commissioner of Insurance of the State of Iowa (the "Commissioner") to pay a stockholder dividend if such a stockholder dividend would exceed certain statutory limitations. In general, the current statutory limitation is the greater of 10% of Principal Life's policyholder surplus as of the preceding year-end or the net gain from operations from the previous calendar year. Based on this limitation and 20142016 statutory results, Principal Life could pay approximately $615.2$1,143.3 million in stockholder dividends in 20152017 without exceeding the statutory limitation.
14. Fair Value Measurements
We use fair value measurements to record fair value of certain assets and liabilities and to estimate fair value of financial instruments not recorded at fair value but required to be disclosed at fair value. Certain financial instruments, particularly policyholder liabilities other than investment-type insuranceinvestment contracts, are excluded from these fair value disclosure requirements.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price). The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels. The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety considering factors specific to the asset or liability.
The following discussion describes the valuation methodologies and inputs used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis or disclosed at fair value. The techniques utilized in estimating the fair valuesvalue of financial instruments are reliant on the assumptions used. Care should be exercised in deriving conclusions about our business, its value or financial position based on the fair value information of financial instruments presented below.
Fair value estimates are made based on available market information and judgments about the financial instrument at a specific point in time. Such estimates do not consider the tax impact of the realization of unrealized gains or losses. In addition, the disclosed fair value may not be realized in the immediate settlement of the financial instrument. We validate prices through an investment analyst review process, which includes validation through direct interaction with external sources, review of recent trade activity or use of internal models. In circumstances where broker quotes are used to value an instrument, we generally receive one non-binding quote. Broker quotes are validated through an investment analyst review process, which includes validation through direct interaction with external sources and use of internal models or other relevant information. We did not make any significant changes to our valuation processes during 2014.2016.
Fixed Maturities
Fixed maturities include bonds, ABS, redeemable preferred stock and certain nonredeemablenon-redeemable preferred securities. When available, the fair value of fixed maturities is based on quoted prices of identical assets in active markets. These are reflected in Level 1 and primarily include U.S. Treasury bonds and actively traded redeemable corporate preferred securities.
When quoted prices of identical assets in active markets are not available, our first priority is to obtain prices from third party pricing vendors. We have regular interaction with these vendors to ensure we understand their pricing methodologies and to confirm they are utilizing observable market information. Their methodologies vary by asset class and include inputs such as estimated cash flows, benchmark yields, reported trades, broker quotes, credit quality, industry events and economic events. Fixed maturities with validated prices from pricing services, which includes the majority of our public fixed maturities in all asset classes, are generally reflected in Level 2. Also included in Level 2 are corporate bonds where quoted market prices are not available, for which an internal model using substantially all observable inputs or a matrix pricing valuation approach is used. In the matrix approach, securities are grouped into pricing categories that vary by sector, rating and average life. Each pricing category is assigned a risk spread based on studies of observable public market data from the investment professionals assigned to specific security classes. The expected cash flows of the security are then discounted back at the current Treasury curve plus the appropriate risk spread. Although the matrix valuation approach provides a fair valuation of each pricing category, the valuation of an individual security within each pricing category may actually be impacted by company specific factors.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
If we are unable to price a fixed maturity security using prices from third party pricing vendors or other sources specific to the asset class, we may obtain a broker quote or utilize an internal pricing model specific to the asset utilizing relevant market information, to the extent available and where at least one significant unobservable input is utilized, whichutilized. These are reflected in Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy and can include fixed maturities across all asset classes. As of
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014,2016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
December 31, 2016, less than 1% of our total fixed maturities were Level 3 securities valued using internal pricing models, which were classified as Level 3 assets accordingly.models.
The primary inputs, by asset class, for valuations of the majority of our Level 2 investments from third party pricing vendors or our internal pricing valuation approach are described below.
U.S. Government and Agencies/Non-U.S. Governments. Inputs include recently executed market transactions, interest rate yield curves, maturity dates, market price quotations and credit spreads relating to similar instruments.
States and Political Subdivisions. Inputs include Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board reported trades, U.S. Treasury and other benchmark curves, material event notices, new issue data and obligor credit ratings.
Corporate. Inputs include recently executed transactions, market price quotations, benchmark yields, issuer spreads and observations of equity and credit default swap curves related to the issuer. For private placement corporate securities valued through the matrix valuation approach inputs include the current Treasury curve and risk spreads based on sector, rating and average life of the issuance.
RMBS, CMBS, Collateralized Debt Obligations and Other Debt Obligations. Inputs include cash flows, priority of the tranche in the capital structure, expected time to maturity for the specific tranche, reinvestment period remaining and performance of the underlying collateral including prepayments, defaults, deferrals, loss severity of defaulted collateral and, for RMBS, prepayment speed assumptions. Other inputs include market indices and recently executed market transactions.
Equity Securities
Equity securities include mutual funds, common stock, nonredeemablenon-redeemable preferred stock and mandatoryrequired regulatory required investments. Fair values of equity securities are determined using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets when available, which are reflected in Level 1. When quoted prices are not available, we may utilize internal valuation methodologies appropriate for the specific asset that use observable inputs such as underlying share prices or the net asset value ("NAV"),NAV, which are reflected in Level 2. Fair values might also be determined using broker quotes or through the use of internal models or analysis that incorporate significant assumptions deemed appropriate given the circumstances and consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such securities, which are reflected in Level 3.
Derivatives
The fair values of exchange-traded derivatives are determined through quoted market prices, which are reflected in Level 1. Exchange-traded derivatives include futures that are settled daily such that their fair value is not reflected in the consolidated statements of financial position. The fair values of derivative instruments cleared through centralized clearinghouses are determined through market prices published by the clearinghouses, which are reflected in Level 2. The clearinghouses may utilize the overnight indexed swap ("OIS") curve in their valuation. The fair values of bilateral OTC derivative instruments are determined using either pricing valuation models that utilize market observable inputs or broker quotes. The majority of our bilateral OTC derivatives are valued with models that use market observable inputs, which are reflected in Level 2. Significant inputs include contractual terms, interest rates, currency exchange rates, credit spread curves, equity prices and volatilities. These valuation models consider projected discounted cash flows, relevant swap curves and appropriate implied volatilities. Certain bilateral OTC derivatives utilize unobservable market data, primarily independent broker quotes that are nonbinding quotes based on models that do not reflect the result of market transactions, which are reflected in Level 3.
Our non-cleared derivative contracts are generally documented under ISDA Master Agreements, which provide for legally enforceable set-off and close-out netting of exposures to specific counterparties. Collateral arrangements are bilateral and based on current ratings of each entity. We utilize the LIBOR interest rate curve to value our positions, which includes a credit spread. This credit spread incorporates an appropriate level of nonperformance risk into our valuations given the current ratings of our counterparties, as well as the collateral agreements in place. Counterparty credit risk is routinely monitored to ensure our adjustment for non-performance risk is appropriate. Our centrally cleared derivative contracts are conducted with regulated centralized clearinghouses, which provide for daily exchange of cash collateral equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts that eliminates the non-performance risk on these trades.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Interest Rate Contracts. For non-cleared contracts we use discounted cash flow valuation techniques to determine the fair value of interest rate swaps using observable swap curves as the inputs. These are reflected in Level 2. For centrally cleared contracts we use published prices from clearinghouses. These are reflected in Level 2. In addition, we have a
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
limited number of complex inflation-linked interest rate swaps, interest rate collars and swaptions that are valued using broker quotes. These are reflected in Level 3.
Foreign Exchange Contracts. We use discounted cash flow valuation techniques that utilize observable swap curves and exchange rates as the inputs to determine the fair value of foreign currency swaps. These are reflected in Level 2. Currency forwards are valued using observable market inputs, including forward currency exchange rates. These are reflected in Level 2. In addition, we have a limited number of non-standard currency swaps that are valued using broker quotes. These are reflected within Level 3.
Equity Contracts. We use an option pricing model using observable implied volatilities, dividend yields, index prices and swap curves as the inputs to determine the fair value of equity options. These are reflected in Level 2.
Credit Contracts. We use either the ISDA Credit Default Swap Standard discounted cash flow model that utilizes observable default probabilities and recovery rates as inputs or broker prices to determine the fair value of credit default swaps. These are reflected in Level 3. In addition, we have a limited number of total return swaps that are valued based on the observable quoted price of underlying equity indices. These are reflected in Level 2.
Other Investments
Other investments reported at fair value include seed money investments,invested assets of consolidated sponsored investment funds, unconsolidated sponsored investment funds, other investment funds reported at fair value or for which the fair value option was elected, commercial mortgage loans of consolidated VIEs for which the fair value option was elected and equity method real estate investments for which the fair value option was elected.
Invested assets of consolidated sponsored investment funds include equity securities, fixed maturities and other investments, for which fair values are determined as previously described, and are reflected in Level 1 and Level 2.
The fair value of seed moneyunconsolidated sponsored investment funds and other investment funds is determined using the NAV of the fund. The NAV of the fundsfund represents the price at which we feel we would be able to initiate a transaction. Seed money investments in mutual fundsInvestments for which the NAV is publishedrepresents a quoted price in an active market for identical assets are reflected in Level 1. Seed money investments in mutual funds in marketsInvestments that do not have a published NAV and other investment funds, which are relatively illiquid due to restrictions on sale,quoted price in an active market are reflected in Level 2.
Commercial mortgage loans of consolidated VIEs and equityvalued using the measurement alternative for CCFEs are reflected in Level 2. These investments are based on the more observable fair value of the liabilities of the consolidated VIEs. The liabilities are affiliated so are not reflected in our consolidated results.
Equity method real estate investments for which the fair value option was elected are reflected in Level 3. Fair value of the commercial mortgage loans is computed utilizing a discount rate based on the current market. The market discount rate is then adjusted based on various factors that differentiate it from our pool of loans. The equity method real estate investments consist of underlying real estate and debt. The real estate fair value is estimated using a discounted cash flow valuation model that utilizes various public real estate market data inputs.inputs such as transaction prices, market rents, vacancy levels, leasing absorption, market cap rates and discount rates. The debt fair value is estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis based on our incremental borrowing rate for similar borrowing arrangements.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Certain cash equivalents are reported at fair value on a recurring basis and include money market instruments and other short-term investments with maturities of less than three months.months or less. Fair values of these cash equivalents may be determined using public quotations, when available, which are reflected in Level 1. When public quotations are not available, because of the highly liquid nature of these assets, carrying amounts may be used to approximate fair values, which are reflected in Level 2.
Separate Account Assets
Separate account assets include equity securities, debt securities and derivative instruments, for which fair values are determined as previously described, and are reflected in Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3. Separate account assets also include commercial mortgage loans, for which the fair value is estimated by discounting the expected total cash flows using market rates that are applicable to the yield, credit quality and maturity of the loans. The market clearing spreads vary based on mortgage type, weighted average life, rating and liquidity. These are reflected in Level 3. Finally, separate account assets include real estate, for which the fair value is estimated using discounted cash flow valuation models that utilize various public real estate market data inputs. In addition, each property is appraised annually by an independent appraiser. The real estate included in separate account assets is recorded net of related mortgage encumbrances for which the fair value is estimated using discounted cash flow analysis based on our incremental borrowing rate for similar borrowing arrangements. The real estate within the separate accounts is reflected in Level 3.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Investment-Type InsuranceInvestment Contracts
Certain annuity contracts and other investment-type insuranceinvestment contracts include embedded derivatives that have been bifurcated from the host contract and that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which are reflected in Level 3. The key assumptions for calculating the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities are market assumptions (such as equity market returns, interest rate levels, market volatility and correlations) and policyholder behavior assumptions (such as lapse, mortality, utilization and withdrawal patterns). Risk margins are included in the policyholder behavior assumptions. The assumptions are based on a combination of historical data and actuarial judgment. The embedded derivative liabilities are valued using stochastic models that incorporate a spread reflecting our own creditworthiness.
The assumption for our own non-performance risk for investment-type insuranceinvestment contracts and any embedded derivatives bifurcated from certain annuity and investment-type insuranceinvestment contracts is based on the current market credit spreads for debt-like instruments that we have issued and are available in the market.
Other Liabilities
Certain obligations reported in other liabilities include embedded derivatives to deliver underlying securities of structured investments to third parties. The fair value of the embedded derivatives is calculated based on the value of the underlying securities that are valued based on prices obtained from third party pricing vendors as utilized and described in our discussion of how fair value is determined for fixed maturities, which are reflected in Level 2.
Additionally, obligations of consolidated VIEs for which the fair value option was elected are included in other liabilities. TheseThe VIEs' unaffiliated obligations are valued either based on prices obtained from third partyutilizing internal pricing vendors as utilized and described in our discussion of how fair value is determined for fixed maturities, which are reflected in Level 2, or broker quotes,models, which are reflected in Level 3.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below.were as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Assets/ (liabilities) measured at fair value | Fair value hierarchy level | Assets/ (liabilities) measured at fair value | Amount measured at net asset value (5) | Fair value hierarchy level | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agencies | $ | 1,121.8 | $ | 720.5 | $ | 401.3 | $ | — | $ | 1,433.0 | $ | — | $ | 996.5 | $ | 436.5 | $ | — | |||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | 891.1 | — | 852.4 | 38.7 | 893.6 | — | 3.0 | 828.5 | 62.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
States and political subdivisions | 4,204.0 | — | 4,204.0 | — | 5,569.2 | — | — | 5,569.2 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 31,535.0 | 40.3 | 31,249.1 | 245.6 | 34,192.4 | — | 21.2 | 33,912.1 | 259.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,822.9 | — | 2,822.9 | — | 2,834.7 | — | — | 2,834.7 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 3,975.5 | — | 3,975.5 | — | 4,096.5 | — | — | 4,025.4 | 71.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 504.1 | — | 439.9 | 64.2 | 758.6 | — | — | 725.0 | 33.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 4,616.4 | — | 4,552.7 | 63.7 | 5,068.1 | — | — | 4,976.6 | 91.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 49,670.8 | 760.8 | 48,497.8 | 412.2 | 54,846.1 | — | 1,020.7 | 53,308.0 | 517.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | 604.6 | — | 464.9 | 139.7 | 398.4 | — | — | 305.5 | 92.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | 123.0 | 64.2 | 54.7 | 4.1 | 98.9 | — | 55.2 | 41.0 | 2.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | 840.2 | 105.9 | 734.3 | — | 1,413.4 | — | 445.7 | 967.7 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative assets (1) | 661.8 | — | 608.1 | 53.7 | 893.6 | — | — | 859.7 | 33.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments (2) | 478.9 | 3.3 | 348.4 | 127.2 | 470.0 | 92.7 | 169.8 | 170.6 | 36.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cash equivalents (3) | 1,041.7 | — | 1,041.7 | — | 1,947.1 | — | 51.2 | 1,895.9 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Sub-total excluding separate account assets | 53,421.0 | 934.2 | 51,749.9 | 736.9 | 60,067.5 | 92.7 | 1,742.6 | 57,548.4 | 683.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Separate account assets | 140,072.8 | 73,363.4 | 60,818.0 | 5,891.4 | 139,832.6 | — | 79,688.1 | 52,789.7 | 7,354.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets | $ | 193,493.8 | $ | 74,297.6 | $ | 112,567.9 | $ | 6,628.3 | $ | 199,900.1 | $ | 92.7 | $ | 81,430.7 | $ | 110,338.1 | $ | 8,038.6 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment-type insurance contracts (4) | $ | (176.4 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | (176.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Investment contracts (4) | $ | (176.5 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | (176.5 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities (1) | (791.8 | ) | — | (756.3 | ) | (35.5 | ) | (573.0 | ) | — | — | (550.4 | ) | (22.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Other liabilities (4) | (310.1 | ) | — | (243.8 | ) | (66.3 | ) | (272.2 | ) | — | — | (212.3 | ) | (59.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities | $ | (1,278.3 | ) | $ | — | $ | (1,000.1 | ) | $ | (278.2 | ) | $ | (1,021.7 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | (762.7 | ) | $ | (259.0 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets | $ | 192,215.5 | $ | 74,297.6 | $ | 111,567.8 | $ | 6,350.1 | $ | 198,878.4 | $ | 92.7 | $ | 81,430.7 | $ | 109,575.4 | $ | 7,779.6 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
| | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Assets/ (liabilities) measured at fair value | Fair value hierarchy level | Assets/ (liabilities) measured at fair value | Amount measured at net asset value (5) | Fair value hierarchy level | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agencies | $ | 780.5 | $ | 409.3 | $ | 371.2 | $ | — | $ | 1,503.5 | $ | — | $ | 931.0 | $ | 572.5 | $ | — | |||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | 996.8 | — | 949.3 | 47.5 | 793.3 | — | 3.0 | 711.2 | 79.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
States and political subdivisions | 3,658.0 | — | 3,656.2 | 1.8 | 4,717.1 | — | — | 4,717.1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 31,919.0 | 40.3 | 31,714.7 | 164.0 | 31,140.2 | — | 38.2 | 30,878.1 | 223.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,845.2 | — | 2,845.2 | — | 2,627.5 | — | — | 2,627.5 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 4,026.4 | — | 4,024.8 | 1.6 | 3,919.8 | — | — | 3,915.0 | 4.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 363.4 | — | 325.6 | 37.8 | 667.5 | — | — | 604.0 | 63.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 4,167.8 | — | 4,083.7 | 84.1 | 4,597.6 | — | — | 4,590.1 | 7.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 48,757.1 | 449.6 | 47,970.7 | 336.8 | 49,966.5 | — | 972.2 | 48,615.5 | 378.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | 563.1 | — | 393.2 | 169.9 | 686.8 | — | 199.2 | 352.1 | 135.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | 110.5 | 38.1 | 55.5 | 16.9 | 104.5 | — | 62.2 | 38.2 | 4.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | 716.9 | 105.1 | 611.8 | — | 1,202.7 | — | 413.9 | 788.8 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative assets (1) | 665.1 | — | 590.9 | 74.2 | 666.6 | — | — | 619.4 | 47.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments (2) | 361.1 | 6.8 | 211.4 | 142.9 | 517.2 | 69.6 | 208.1 | 204.4 | 35.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cash equivalents (3) | 1,459.0 | — | 1,459.0 | — | 1,603.2 | — | 26.5 | 1,576.7 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Sub-total excluding separate account assets | 52,632.8 | 599.6 | 51,292.5 | 740.7 | 54,747.5 | 69.6 | 1,882.1 | 52,195.1 | 600.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Separate account assets | 130,018.4 | 67,215.1 | 57,538.1 | 5,265.2 | 136,978.9 | — | 72,303.6 | 57,661.4 | 7,013.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets | $ | 182,651.2 | $ | 67,814.7 | $ | 108,830.6 | $ | 6,005.9 | $ | 191,726.4 | $ | 69.6 | $ | 74,185.7 | $ | 109,856.5 | $ | 7,614.6 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment-type insurance contracts (4) | $ | (6.9 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | (6.9 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Investment contracts (4) | $ | (177.4 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | (177.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities (1) | (1,024.6 | ) | — | (985.0 | ) | (39.6 | ) | (772.4 | ) | — | — | (721.9 | ) | (50.5 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Other liabilities (4) | (322.1 | ) | — | (248.2 | ) | (73.9 | ) | (298.4 | ) | — | — | (230.3 | ) | (68.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities | $ | (1,353.6 | ) | $ | — | $ | (1,233.2 | ) | $ | (120.4 | ) | $ | (1,248.2 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | (952.2 | ) | $ | (296.0 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets | $ | 181,297.6 | $ | 67,814.7 | $ | 107,597.4 | $ | 5,885.5 | $ | 190,478.2 | $ | 69.6 | $ | 74,185.7 | $ | 108,904.3 | $ | 7,318.6 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
The reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) was as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, 2016 | | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) | | | | | Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held (1) | ||||||||||||||||||
| | Beginning asset/ (liability) balance as of December 31, 2015 | | | | Ending asset/ (liability) balance as of December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements (3) | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Included in net income (1) | Included in other comprehensive income | Transfers into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | $ | 79.1 | $ | (0.3 | ) | $ | 1.4 | $ | 14.5 | $ | — | $ | (32.6 | ) | $ | 62.1 | $ | (0.3 | ) | ||||||
Corporate | 223.9 | (2.2 | ) | (3.2 | ) | 26.6 | 15.7 | (1.7 | ) | 259.1 | (2.2 | ) | |||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 4.8 | (8.3 | ) | 8.8 | 32.7 | 35.4 | (2.3 | ) | 71.1 | (8.3 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 63.5 | — | 0.8 | (30.7 | ) | — | — | 33.6 | — | ||||||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 7.5 | — | 0.5 | 100.1 | — | (16.6 | ) | 91.5 | — | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 378.8 | (10.8 | ) | 8.3 | 143.2 | 51.1 | (53.2 | ) | 517.4 | (10.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | 135.5 | 0.5 | — | (43.1 | ) | — | — | 92.9 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | 4.1 | (1.3 | ) | (0.1 | ) | — | — | — | 2.7 | (1.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Derivative assets | 47.2 | (15.1 | ) | — | 1.8 | — | — | 33.9 | (12.8 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Other investments | 35.1 | 1.5 | — | 0.3 | — | — | 36.9 | 1.5 | |||||||||||||||||
Separate account assets (2) | 7,013.9 | 718.9 | — | (382.5 | ) | 5.3 | (0.8 | ) | 7,354.8 | 669.7 | |||||||||||||||
Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment contracts | (177.4 | ) | (5.9 | ) | — | 6.8 | — | — | (176.5 | ) | (12.6 | ) | |||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | (50.5 | ) | 26.4 | 0.5 | 1.0 | — | — | (22.6 | ) | 23.2 | |||||||||||||||
Other liabilities | (68.1 | ) | (9.2 | ) | — | 17.4 | — | — | (59.9 | ) | (7.5 | ) | |||||||||||||
| | For the year ended December 31, 2015 | | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) | | | | | Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held (1) | ||||||||||||||||||
| | Beginning asset/ (liability) balance as of December 31, 2014 | | | | Ending asset/ (liability) balance as of December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements (3) | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Included in net income (1) | Included in other comprehensive income | Transfers into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | $ | 38.7 | $ | (0.2 | ) | $ | (0.4 | ) | $ | 41.0 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 79.1 | $ | (0.2 | ) | ||||||
Corporate | 245.6 | (0.3 | ) | (4.4 | ) | 27.7 | 42.8 | (87.5 | ) | 223.9 | (0.4 | ) | |||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — | 0.1 | — | 12.3 | — | (7.6 | ) | 4.8 | — | ||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 64.2 | — | (0.1 | ) | (0.6 | ) | — | — | 63.5 | — | |||||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 63.7 | — | 0.8 | 7.0 | — | (64.0 | ) | 7.5 | — | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 412.2 | (0.4 | ) | (4.1 | ) | 87.4 | 42.8 | (159.1 | ) | 378.8 | (0.6 | ) | |||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | 139.7 | (4.0 | ) | — | (0.2 | ) | — | — | 135.5 | (4.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | 4.1 | — | — | — | — | — | 4.1 | — | |||||||||||||||||
Derivative assets | 53.7 | (8.7 | ) | — | 2.2 | — | — | 47.2 | (8.5 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Other investments | 127.2 | 7.3 | — | (64.4 | ) | — | (35.0 | ) | 35.1 | 7.2 | |||||||||||||||
Separate account assets (2) | 5,891.4 | 1,054.8 | — | 59.5 | 8.5 | (0.3 | ) | 7,013.9 | 850.3 | ||||||||||||||||
Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment contracts | (176.4 | ) | (13.4 | ) | — | 12.4 | — | — | (177.4 | ) | (17.8 | ) | |||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | (35.5 | ) | (17.4 | ) | 2.2 | 0.2 | — | — | (50.5 | ) | (18.0 | ) | |||||||||||||
Other liabilities | (66.3 | ) | (1.8 | ) | — | — | — | — | (68.1 | ) | (1.9 | ) | |||||||||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
The reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) are summarized as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, 2014 | | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Beginning asset/ (liability) balance as of December 31, 2013 | Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) | | | | Ending asset/ (liability) balance as of December 31, 2014 | Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held (1) | ||||||||||||||||||
| | Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements (4) | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Included in net income (1) | Included in other comprehensive income | Transfers into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | $ | 47.5 | $ | (0.3 | ) | $ | — | $ | (8.5 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 38.7 | $ | (0.2 | ) | ||||||
States and political subdivisions | 1.8 | — | — | (0.1 | ) | — | (1.7 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Corporate | 164.0 | (1.8 | ) | (1.3 | ) | 56.0 | 46.6 | (17.9 | ) | 245.6 | (1.6 | ) | |||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1.6 | (1.2 | ) | 1.3 | (6.0 | ) | 6.8 | (2.5 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 37.8 | — | 0.4 | 46.1 | 3.9 | (24.0 | ) | 64.2 | — | ||||||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 84.1 | — | 1.4 | 7.9 | — | (29.7 | ) | 63.7 | — | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 336.8 | (3.3 | ) | 1.8 | 95.4 | 57.3 | (75.8 | ) | 412.2 | (1.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | 169.9 | 9.9 | — | (40.1 | ) | — | — | 139.7 | 1.2 | ||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | 16.9 | 4.2 | 2.8 | (20.0 | ) | 0.2 | — | 4.1 | (0.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Derivative assets | 74.2 | (32.0 | ) | — | 11.5 | — | — | 53.7 | (32.0 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Other investments | 142.9 | 15.7 | — | (31.4 | ) | — | — | 127.2 | 15.7 | ||||||||||||||||
Separate account assets (2) | 5,265.2 | 649.6 | — | (13.9 | ) | 4.4 | (13.9 | ) | 5,891.4 | 608.4 | |||||||||||||||
Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investments-type insurance contracts | (6.9 | ) | (196.0 | ) | — | 26.5 | — | — | (176.4 | ) | (196.5 | ) | |||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | (39.6 | ) | 3.9 | (0.4 | ) | 0.6 | — | — | (35.5 | ) | (0.9 | ) | |||||||||||||
Other liabilities (3) | (73.9 | ) | (1.4 | ) | — | 9.0 | — | — | (66.3 | ) | (0.8 | ) | |||||||||||||
| | For the year ended December 31, 2013 | | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Beginning asset/ (liability) balance as of December 31, 2012 | Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) | | | | Ending asset/ (liability) balance as of December 31, 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||
| | Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements (4) | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Included in net income (1) | Included in other comprehensive income | Transfers into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | $ | 44.3 | $ | (0.1 | ) | $ | (0.9 | ) | $ | 4.2 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 47.5 | $ | (0.1 | ) | ||||||
States and political subdivisions | 1.9 | — | — | (0.1 | ) | — | — | 1.8 | — | ||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 174.5 | (13.4 | ) | 4.5 | (23.0 | ) | 105.3 | (83.9 | ) | 164.0 | (10.4 | ) | |||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — | — | (0.1 | ) | (0.7 | ) | 2.4 | — | 1.6 | — | |||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 77.6 | 2.1 | 7.2 | (56.0 | ) | 31.7 | (24.8 | ) | 37.8 | — | |||||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 14.7 | (0.3 | ) | 2.8 | 34.9 | 32.0 | — | 84.1 | (0.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 313.0 | (11.7 | ) | 13.5 | (40.7 | ) | 171.4 | (108.7 | ) | 336.8 | (10.8 | ) | |||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | 166.8 | 3.0 | — | 0.1 | — | — | 169.9 | 3.1 | |||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | 15.3 | (0.2 | ) | 1.8 | — | — | — | 16.9 | (0.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Derivative assets | 75.1 | (19.5 | ) | — | 18.6 | — | — | 74.2 | (19.8 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Other investments | 113.9 | 11.2 | — | 17.8 | — | — | 142.9 | 11.2 | |||||||||||||||||
Separate account assets (2) | 4,616.0 | 574.9 | (0.1 | ) | 68.2 | 12.7 | (6.5 | ) | 5,265.2 | 545.8 | |||||||||||||||
Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investments-type insurance contracts | (170.5 | ) | 147.3 | — | 16.3 | — | — | (6.9 | ) | 145.0 | |||||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | (102.6 | ) | 55.0 | (0.1 | ) | 8.1 | — | — | (39.6 | ) | 53.9 | ||||||||||||||
Other liabilities (3) | (39.6 | ) | (34.3 | ) | — | — | — | — | (73.9 | ) | (34.3 | ) | |||||||||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
| | For the year ended December 31, 2014 | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | For the year ended December 31, 2012 | Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held (1) | | Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Beginning asset/ (liability) balance as of December 31, 2011 | Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) | | | | Ending asset/ (liability) balance as of December 31, 2012 | Beginning asset/ (liability) balance as of December 31, 2013 | | | | Ending asset/ (liability) balance as of December 31, 2014 | Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements (4) | | | Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to positions still held (1) | Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Included in net income (1) | Included in other comprehensive income | Transfers into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 | Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements (3) | Included in net income (1) | Transfers into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | $ | 22.9 | $ | (0.2 | ) | $ | (0.3 | ) | $ | 7.4 | $ | 14.5 | $ | — | $ | 44.3 | $ | (0.1 | ) | $ | 47.5 | $ | (0.3 | ) | $ | — | $ | (8.5 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 38.7 | $ | (0.2 | ) | ||||||||||||
States and political subdivisions | — | — | 0.2 | (0.1 | ) | 1.8 | — | 1.9 | — | 1.8 | — | — | (0.1 | ) | — | (1.7 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 297.0 | (9.2 | ) | 19.9 | (75.5 | ) | 79.7 | (137.4 | ) | 174.5 | (2.6 | ) | 164.0 | (1.8 | ) | (1.3 | ) | 56.0 | 46.6 | (17.9 | ) | 245.6 | (1.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1.6 | (1.2 | ) | 1.3 | (6.0 | ) | 6.8 | (2.5 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 102.5 | (3.3 | ) | 5.1 | 4.5 | — | (31.2 | ) | 77.6 | — | 37.8 | — | 0.4 | 46.1 | 3.9 | (24.0 | ) | 64.2 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 27.3 | (2.3 | ) | 0.6 | (26.2 | ) | 15.3 | — | 14.7 | (2.2 | ) | 84.1 | — | 1.4 | 7.9 | — | (29.7 | ) | 63.7 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 449.7 | (15.0 | ) | 25.5 | (89.9 | ) | 111.3 | (168.6 | ) | 313.0 | (4.9 | ) | 336.8 | (3.3 | ) | 1.8 | 95.4 | 57.3 | (75.8 | ) | 412.2 | (1.8 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | 220.8 | 3.2 | — | (66.7 | ) | 9.5 | — | 166.8 | (4.4 | ) | 169.9 | 9.9 | — | (40.1 | ) | — | — | 139.7 | 1.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | 18.0 | (0.3 | ) | (2.4 | ) | — | — | — | 15.3 | — | 16.9 | 4.2 | 2.8 | (20.0 | ) | 0.2 | — | 4.1 | (0.3 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative assets | 60.2 | 2.9 | — | 12.0 | — | — | 75.1 | 4.9 | 74.2 | (32.0 | ) | — | 11.5 | — | — | 53.7 | (32.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | 97.5 | 2.1 | — | 14.3 | — | — | 113.9 | 2.2 | 142.9 | 15.7 | — | (31.4 | ) | — | — | 127.2 | 15.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Separate account assets (2) | 4,198.2 | 421.3 | 0.4 | (3.6 | ) | 1.6 | (1.9 | ) | 4,616.0 | 412.8 | 5,265.2 | 649.6 | — | (13.9 | ) | 4.4 | (13.9 | ) | 5,891.4 | 608.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liabilities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investments-type insurance contracts | (195.8 | ) | 38.3 | (0.1 | ) | (12.9 | ) | — | — | (170.5 | ) | 35.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment contracts | (6.9 | ) | (196.0 | ) | — | 26.5 | — | — | (176.4 | ) | (196.5 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | (177.1 | ) | 39.8 | 1.3 | 33.4 | — | — | (102.6 | ) | 38.6 | (39.6 | ) | 3.9 | (0.4 | ) | 0.6 | — | — | (35.5 | ) | (0.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other liabilities (3) | (24.2 | ) | (23.5 | ) | — | 8.1 | — | — | (39.6 | ) | (20.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other liabilities | (73.9 | ) | (1.4 | ) | — | 9.0 | — | — | (66.3 | ) | (0.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
| | For the year ended December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Purchases | Sales | Issuances | Settlements | Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements | |||||||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | $ | 19.3 | $ | (3.4 | ) | $ | — | $ | (1.4 | ) | $ | 14.5 | ||||
Corporate | 66.0 | (13.7 | ) | — | (25.7 | ) | 26.6 | |||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 35.7 | — | — | (3.0 | ) | 32.7 | ||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | — | — | — | (30.7 | ) | (30.7 | ) | |||||||||
Other debt obligations | 105.0 | (2.3 | ) | — | (2.6 | ) | 100.1 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 226.0 | (19.4 | ) | — | (63.4 | ) | 143.2 | |||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | — | (18.0 | ) | — | (25.1 | ) | (43.1 | ) | ||||||||
Derivative assets | 0.5 | 1.3 | — | — | 1.8 | |||||||||||
Other investments | 0.7 | (0.4 | ) | — | — | 0.3 | ||||||||||
Separate account assets (4) | 528.0 | (654.5 | ) | (345.4 | ) | 89.4 | (382.5 | ) | ||||||||
Liabilities | ||||||||||||||||
Investment contracts | — | — | 1.8 | 5.0 | 6.8 | |||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | — | 1.0 | — | — | 1.0 | |||||||||||
Other liabilities | — | 17.4 | — | — | 17.4 | |||||||||||
| | For the year ended December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Purchases | Sales | Issuances | Settlements | Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements | |||||||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | $ | 12.1 | $ | (19.4 | ) | $ | — | $ | (1.2 | ) | $ | (8.5 | ) | |||
States and political subdivisions | — | — | — | (0.1 | ) | (0.1 | ) | |||||||||
Corporate | 118.5 | (54.8 | ) | — | (7.7 | ) | 56.0 | |||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — | (5.8 | ) | — | (0.2 | ) | (6.0 | ) | ||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 61.3 | — | — | (15.2 | ) | 46.1 | ||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 19.2 | — | — | (11.3 | ) | 7.9 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 211.1 | (80.0 | ) | — | (35.7 | ) | 95.4 | |||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | — | (10.0 | ) | — | (30.1 | ) | (40.1 | ) | ||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | — | (20.0 | ) | — | — | (20.0 | ) | |||||||||
Derivative assets | 11.8 | (0.3 | ) | — | — | 11.5 | ||||||||||
Other investments | 0.2 | — | — | (31.6 | ) | (31.4 | ) | |||||||||
Separate account assets (5) | 705.9 | (500.2 | ) | (331.8 | ) | 112.2 | (13.9 | ) | ||||||||
Liabilities | ||||||||||||||||
Investment-type insurance contracts | — | — | 20.7 | 5.8 | 26.5 | |||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | (1.5 | ) | 2.1 | — | — | 0.6 | ||||||||||
Other liabilities | — | 9.0 | — | — | 9.0 | |||||||||||
| | For the year ended December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Purchases | Sales | Issuances | Settlements | Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements | |||||||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | $ | 42.4 | $ | (0.1 | ) | $ | — | $ | (1.3 | ) | $ | 41.0 | ||||
Corporate | 52.8 | (7.7 | ) | — | (17.4 | ) | 27.7 | |||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 12.4 | — | — | (0.1 | ) | 12.3 | ||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | — | — | — | (0.6 | ) | (0.6 | ) | |||||||||
Other debt obligations | 16.5 | — | — | (9.5 | ) | 7.0 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 124.1 | (7.8 | ) | — | (28.9 | ) | 87.4 | |||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | — | (0.2 | ) | — | — | (0.2 | ) | |||||||||
Derivative assets | 2.5 | (0.3 | ) | — | — | 2.2 | ||||||||||
Other investments | 4.4 | (68.8 | ) | — | — | (64.4 | ) | |||||||||
Separate account assets (4) | 796.9 | (436.5 | ) | (323.4 | ) | 22.5 | 59.5 | |||||||||
Liabilities | ||||||||||||||||
Investment contracts | — | — | 5.1 | 7.3 | 12.4 | |||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | — | 0.2 | — | — | 0.2 | |||||||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
| | For the year ended December 31, 2013 | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Purchases | Sales | Issuances | Settlements | Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements | |||||||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | $ | 9.3 | $ | (3.9 | ) | $ | — | $ | (1.2 | ) | $ | 4.2 | ||||
States and political subdivisions | — | — | — | (0.1 | ) | (0.1 | ) | |||||||||
Corporate | 32.6 | (33.3 | ) | — | (22.3 | ) | (23.0 | ) | ||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — | — | — | (0.7 | ) | (0.7 | ) | |||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 17.0 | (47.4 | ) | — | (25.6 | ) | (56.0 | ) | ||||||||
Other debt obligations | 37.8 | — | — | (2.9 | ) | 34.9 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 96.7 | (84.6 | ) | — | (52.8 | ) | (40.7 | ) | ||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | — | — | — | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||||||||||
Derivative assets | 22.1 | (3.5 | ) | — | — | 18.6 | ||||||||||
Other investments | 30.2 | — | — | (12.4 | ) | 17.8 | ||||||||||
Separate account assets (5) | 418.4 | (300.8 | ) | (21.8 | ) | (27.6 | ) | 68.2 | ||||||||
Liabilities | ||||||||||||||||
Investment-type insurance contracts | — | — | 11.0 | 5.3 | 16.3 | |||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | (3.4 | ) | 11.5 | — | — | 8.1 | ||||||||||
| | For the year ended December 31, 2012 | For the year ended December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Purchases | Sales | Issuances | Settlements | Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements | Purchases | Sales | Issuances | Settlements | Net purchases, sales, issuances and settlements | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | $ | 13.5 | $ | (5.0 | ) | $ | — | $ | (1.1 | ) | $ | 7.4 | $ | 12.1 | $ | (19.4 | ) | $ | — | $ | (1.2 | ) | $ | (8.5 | ) | |||||||
States and political subdivisions | — | — | — | (0.1 | ) | (0.1 | ) | — | — | — | (0.1 | ) | (0.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 29.2 | (92.0 | ) | — | (12.7 | ) | (75.5 | ) | 118.5 | (54.8 | ) | — | (7.7 | ) | 56.0 | |||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — | (5.8 | ) | — | (0.2 | ) | (6.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 5.1 | (1.1 | ) | — | 0.5 | 4.5 | 61.3 | — | — | (15.2 | ) | 46.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | — | — | — | (26.2 | ) | (26.2 | ) | 19.2 | — | — | (11.3 | ) | 7.9 | |||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | 47.8 | (98.1 | ) | — | (39.6 | ) | (89.9 | ) | 211.1 | (80.0 | ) | — | (35.7 | ) | 95.4 | |||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | — | (24.6 | ) | — | (42.1 | ) | (66.7 | ) | — | (10.0 | ) | — | (30.1 | ) | (40.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | — | (20.0 | ) | — | — | (20.0 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative assets | 12.6 | (0.6 | ) | — | — | 12.0 | 11.8 | (0.3 | ) | — | — | 11.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | 34.0 | — | — | (19.7 | ) | 14.3 | 0.2 | — | — | (31.6 | ) | (31.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Separate account assets (5) | 342.2 | (310.6 | ) | (208.4 | ) | 173.2 | (3.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Separate account assets (4) | 705.9 | (500.2 | ) | (331.8 | ) | 112.2 | (13.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liabilities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment-type insurance contracts | — | — | (16.6 | ) | 3.7 | (12.9 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment contracts | — | — | 20.7 | 5.8 | 26.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | (8.9 | ) | 42.3 | — | — | 33.4 | (1.5 | ) | 2.1 | — | — | 0.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other liabilities | — | 8.1 | — | — | 8.1 | — | 9.0 | — | — | 9.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Transfers
Transfers of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis between fair value hierarchy levels were as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Transfers out of Level 1 into Level 2 | Transfers out of Level 1 into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 1 | Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 1 | Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2 | |||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Assets | |||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for- sale: | |||||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 32.6 | |||||||
Corporate | — | — | — | 15.7 | — | 1.7 | |||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — | — | — | 35.4 | — | 2.3 | |||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | — | — | — | — | — | 16.6 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | — | — | — | 51.1 | — | 53.2 | |||||||||||||
Separate account assets | 45.4 | — | 4.9 | 5.3 | — | 0.8 | |||||||||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Transfers of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis between fair value hierarchy levels are summarized below.
| | For the year ended December 31, 2014 | For the year ended December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Transfers out of Level 1 into Level 2 | Transfers out of Level 1 into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 1 | Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 1 | Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2 | Transfers out of Level 1 into Level 2 | Transfers out of Level 1 into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 1 | Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 1 | Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
States and political subdivisions | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for- sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | — | — | — | 46.6 | — | 17.9 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 42.8 | $ | — | $ | 87.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — | — | — | 6.8 | — | 2.5 | — | — | — | — | — | 7.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | — | — | — | 3.9 | — | 24.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | — | — | — | — | — | 29.7 | — | — | — | — | — | 64.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | — | — | — | 57.3 | — | 75.8 | — | — | — | 42.8 | — | 159.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | — | — | — | 0.2 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | — | — | 141.4 | — | — | 35.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Separate account assets | 33.0 | — | 71.3 | 4.4 | — | 13.9 | 26.9 | — | 8.1 | 8.5 | — | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | For the year ended December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Transfers out of Level 1 into Level 2 | Transfers out of Level 1 into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 1 | Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 1 | Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2 | |||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Assets | |||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | |||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 105.3 | $ | — | $ | 83.9 | |||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — | — | — | 2.4 | — | — | |||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | — | — | — | 31.7 | — | 24.8 | |||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | — | — | — | 32.0 | — | — | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | — | — | — | 171.4 | — | 108.7 | |||||||||||||
Separate account assets | 253.9 | 0.1 | 15.5 | 12.6 | — | 6.5 | |||||||||||||
| | For the year ended December 31, 2012 | For the year ended December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Transfers out of Level 1 into Level 2 | Transfers out of Level 1 into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 1 | Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 1 | Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2 | Transfers out of Level 1 into Level 2 | Transfers out of Level 1 into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 1 | Transfers out of Level 2 into Level 3 | Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 1 | Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 14.5 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for- sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
States and political subdivisions | — | — | — | 1.8 | — | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | — | — | — | 79.7 | — | 137.4 | — | — | — | 46.6 | — | 17.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — | — | — | 6.8 | — | 2.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | — | — | — | — | — | 31.2 | — | — | — | 3.9 | — | 24.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | — | — | — | 15.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 29.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale | — | — | — | 111.3 | — | 168.6 | — | — | — | 57.3 | — | 75.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | — | — | — | 9.5 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for- sale | — | — | — | 0.2 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Separate account assets | 3,255.7 | 0.3 | 205.5 | 1.3 | — | 1.9 | 33.0 | — | 71.3 | 4.4 | — | 13.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Transfers between fair value hierarchy levels are recognized at the beginning of the reporting period.
We had significant transfers of separateSeparate account assets transferred between Level 1 and Level 2 during 2016, 2015 and 2014, primarily related to foreign equity securities. When these securities are valued at the local close price of the local exchange where the assets traded, they are reflected in Level 1. When events materially affecting the value occur between the close of the local exchange and the New York Stock Exchange, we use adjusted prices determined by a third party pricing vendor to update the foreign market closing prices and the fair value is reflected in Level 2.
Other investments transferred from Level 2 into Level 1 during 2015, primarily included assets valued using a NAV with a quoted price in an active market for identical assets as a result of additional analysis to clarify the source of the quoted price.
Assets transferred into Level 3 during 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012,2014, primarily included those assets for which we are now unable to obtain pricing from a recognized third party pricing vendor as well as assets that were previously priced using a matrix valuation approach that may no longer be relevant when applied to asset-specific situations.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Assets transferred out of Level 3 during 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012,2014, included those for which we are now able to obtain pricing from a recognized third party pricing vendor or from internal models using substantially all market observable information. Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2015, assets transferred out of Level 3 included assets valued using the measurement alternative for CCFEs for which the corresponding liabilities have the more observable fair value and are reflected in Level 2.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
The following table provides quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for recurring fair value measurements categorized within Level 3, excluding assets and liabilities for which significant quantitative unobservable inputs are not developed internally, which primarily consists of those valued using broker quotes.quotes or the measurement alternative for CCFEs. Refer to "Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis" for a complete valuation hierarchy summary.
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Assets / (liabilities) measured at fair value | Valuation technique(s) | Unobservable input description | Input/range of inputs | Weighted average | Assets / (liabilities) measured at fair value | Valuation technique(s) | Unobservable input description | Input/range of inputs | Weighted average | ||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | | | | | (in millions) | | | | | ||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | $ | 10.3 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 2.2% | 2.2% | $ | 7.6 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 2.3% | 2.3% | ||||||||||
Illiquidity premium | 50 basis points ("bps") | 50bps | Illiquidity premium | 50 basis points ("bps") | 50bps | |||||||||||||||||
Comparability adjustment | (25)bps | (25)bps | ||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 83.0 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 1.8% - 6.7% | 4.0% | 49.8 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 1.5% - 7.6% | 4.0% | ||||||||||||
Illiquidity premium | 0bps - 60bps | 27bps | ||||||||||||||||||||
Comparability adjustment | 0bps - 20bps | 6bps | ||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 49.3 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 3.1% - 12.8% | 10.2% | |||||||||||||||||
Comparability adjustment | 0bps - 1bps | 0bps | Probability of default | 0.0% - 10.0% | 7.8% | |||||||||||||||||
Illiquidity premium | 0bps - 25bps | 13bps | Potential loss severity | 0.0% - 99.5% | 39.5% | |||||||||||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 12.7 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 2.7% - 17.1% | 6.1% | 0.2 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 95.1% | 95.1% | ||||||||||||
Probability of default | 0% - 100% | 23.5% | Probability of default | 100.0% | 100.0% | |||||||||||||||||
Potential loss severity | 0% - 70.0% | 16.4% | Potential loss severity | 91.2% | 91.2% | |||||||||||||||||
Other debt obligations | 49.3 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 1.4% - 5.0% | 2.3% | 6.8 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 5.0% | 5.0% | ||||||||||||
Illiquidity premium | 0bps - 1,000bps | 175bps | Illiquidity premium | 500bps | 500bps | |||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | 15.2 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 1.8% - 126.9% | 3.5% | 10.5 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 2.3% - 9.0% | 2.7% | ||||||||||||
Illiquidity premium | 200bps - 1,400bps | 460bps | Illiquidity premium | 0bps - 300bps | 240bps | |||||||||||||||||
100.4 | See note (2) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | 35.0 | Discounted cash flow — commercial mortgage loans of consolidated VIEs | Discount rate (1) | 4.2% | 4.2% | 36.9 | Discounted cash flow — equity method real estate investments | Discount rate (1) | 7.6% | 7.6% | ||||||||||||
Illiquidity premium | 76bps | 76bps | Terminal capitalization rate | 6.8% | 6.8% | |||||||||||||||||
92.2 | Discounted cash flow — equity method real estate investments | Discount rate (1) | 7.3% - 8.0% | 7.6% | Average market rent growth rate | 2.9% | 2.9% | |||||||||||||||
Terminal capitalization rate | 5.5% - 6.8% | 6.1% | Discounted cash flow — equity method real estate investments — debt | Loan to value | 52.5% | 52.5% | ||||||||||||||||
Average market rent growth rate | 3.3% - 3.7% | 3.5% | Credit spread rate | 2.1% | 2.1% | |||||||||||||||||
Discounted cash flow — equity method real estate investments — debt | Loan to value | 34.2% - 58.9% | 46.5% | |||||||||||||||||||
Credit spread rate | 1.8% - 2.0% | 1.9% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
| | December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Assets / (liabilities) measured at fair value | Valuation technique(s) | Unobservable input description | Input/range of inputs | Weighted average | ||||||
| | (in millions) | | | | | ||||||
Separate account assets | 5,857.4 | Discounted cash flow — mortgage loans | Discount rate (1) | 1.1% - 6.9% | 3.2% | ||||||
Illiquidity premium | 0bps - 60bps | 7bps | |||||||||
Credit spread rate | 70bps - 632bps | 221bps | |||||||||
Discounted cash flow — real estate | Discount rate (1) | 6.0% - 24.6% | 7.4% | ||||||||
Terminal capitalization rate | 4.5% - 9.5% | 6.4% | |||||||||
Average market rent growth rate | 1.3% - 4.4% | 3.0% | |||||||||
Discounted cash flow — real estate debt | Loan to value | 6.8% - 64.1% | 46.5% | ||||||||
Credit spread rate | 2.1% - 4.8% | 3.4% | |||||||||
Liabilities |
|
| |||||||||
Investment-type insurance contracts | (176.4 | ) | Discounted cash flow | Long duration interest rate | 2.6% - 2.7% (3) | ||||||
Long-term equity market volatility | 14.9% - 39.5% | ||||||||||
Non-performance risk | 0.1% - 1.4% | ||||||||||
Utilization rate | See note (4) | ||||||||||
Lapse rate | 0.5% - 14.1% | ||||||||||
Mortality rate | See note (5) | ||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | (19.3 | ) | See note (2) | ||||||||
Other liabilities | (66.3 | ) | See note (2) | ||||||||
| | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Assets / (liabilities) measured at fair value | Valuation technique(s) | Unobservable input description | Input/range of inputs | Weighted average | ||||||
| | (in millions) | | | | | ||||||
Separate account assets | 7,225.4 | Discounted cash flow — mortgage loans | Discount rate (1) | 1.4% - 5.3% | 3.7% | ||||||
Illiquidity premium | 0bps - 60bps | 13bps | |||||||||
Credit spread rate | 83bps - 472bps | 227bps | |||||||||
Discounted cash flow — real estate | Discount rate (1) | 5.8% - 16.2% | 7.0% | ||||||||
Terminal capitalization rate | 4.3% - 9.3% | 6.1% | |||||||||
Average market rent growth rate | 1.8% - 4.3% | 2.9% | |||||||||
Discounted cash flow — real estate debt | Loan to value | 6.3% - 69.7% | 47.0% | ||||||||
Credit spread rate | 3.3% - 4.6% | 3.9% | |||||||||
Liabilities |
|
| |||||||||
Investment contracts | (176.5 | ) | Discounted cash flow | Long duration interest rate | 2.6% - 2.7% (2) | ||||||
Long-term equity market volatility | 16.0% - 45.9% | ||||||||||
Non-performance risk | 0.3% - 1.7% | ||||||||||
Utilization rate | See note (3) | ||||||||||
Lapse rate | 0.5% - 14.1% | ||||||||||
Mortality rate | See note (4) | ||||||||||
| | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Assets / (liabilities) measured at fair value | Valuation technique(s) | Unobservable input description | Input/range of inputs | Weighted average | ||||||
| | (in millions) | | | | | ||||||
Assets | |||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | |||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | $ | 8.9 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 2.2% | 2.2% | |||||
Illiquidity premium | 50bps | 50bps | |||||||||
Corporate | 43.2 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 0.0% - 7.5% | 5.1% | ||||||
Comparability adjustment | (4)bps - 7bps | 0bps | |||||||||
Illiquidity premium | 0bps - 60bps | 33bps | |||||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 3.1 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 28.0% | 28.0% | ||||||
Probability of default | 100.0% | 100.0% | |||||||||
Potential loss severity | 67.0% | 67.0% | |||||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
| | December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Assets / (liabilities) measured at fair value | Valuation technique(s) | Unobservable input description | Input/range of inputs | Weighted average | ||||||
| | (in millions) | | | | | ||||||
Assets | |||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: | |||||||||||
Non-U.S. governments | $ | 11.7 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 2.0% | 2.0% | |||||
Illiquidity premium | 50 bps | 50bps | |||||||||
Corporate | 70.1 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 1.9% - 7.7% | 4.4% | ||||||
Illiquidity premium | 0bps - 25bps | 15bps | |||||||||
Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization multiple | 0x - 4.5x | 0.2x | |||||||||
Comparability adjustment | 0bps - 125bps | 43bps | |||||||||
Probability of default | 0% - 100% | 5.4% | |||||||||
Potential loss severity | 0% - 16% | 0.9% | |||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1.6 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 1.5% - 4.5% | 1.5% | ||||||
Collateralized debt obligations | 13.6 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 1.5% | 1.5% | ||||||
Illiquidity premium | 400bps | 400bps | |||||||||
Other debt obligations | 33.6 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 2.0% - 15.0% | 6.7% | ||||||
Illiquidity premium | 0bps - 50bps | 11bps | |||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | 36.2 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 1.6% - 83.0% | 3.4% | ||||||
Illiquidity premium | 0bps - 1,400bps | 370bps | |||||||||
110.4 | See note (2) | ||||||||||
Other investments | 68.1 | Discounted cash flow — commercial mortgage loans of consolidated VIEs | Discount rate (1) | 4.8% | 4.8% | ||||||
Illiquidity premium | 94bps | 94bps | |||||||||
74.8 | Discounted cash flow — equity method real estate investments | Discount rate (1) | 7.8% - 8.1% | 7.9% | |||||||
Terminal capitalization rate | 5.5% - 6.8% | 6.1% | |||||||||
Average market rent growth rate | 3.5% - 3.6% | 3.6% | |||||||||
Discounted cash flow — equity method real estate investments — debt | Loan to value | 40.5% - 61.0% | 50.7% | ||||||||
Credit spread rate | 1.5% - 2.0% | 1.8% | |||||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
| | December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Assets / (liabilities) measured at fair value | Valuation technique(s) | Unobservable input description | Input/range of inputs | Weighted average | ||||||
| | (in millions) | | | | | ||||||
Separate account assets | 5,090.4 | Discounted cash flow — mortgage loans | Discount rate (1) | 0.6% - 5.6% | 3.3% | ||||||
Illiquidity premium | 0bps - 60bps | 12bps | |||||||||
Credit spread rate | 32bps - 440bps | 214bps | |||||||||
Discounted cash flow — real estate | Discount rate (1) | 6.0% - 16.0% | 7.6% | ||||||||
Terminal capitalization rate | 4.5% - 9.0% | 6.6% | |||||||||
Average market rent growth rate | 2.4% - 4.7% | 3.0% | |||||||||
Discounted cash flow — real estate debt | Loan to value | 11.0% - 55.9% | 50.3% | ||||||||
Credit spread rate | 1.5% - 5.2% | 3.3% | |||||||||
Liabilities |
|
| |||||||||
Investment-type insurance contracts | (6.9 | ) | Discounted cash flow | Long duration interest rate | 3.8% - 3.9% (3) | ||||||
Long-term equity market volatility | 15.0% - 40.1% | ||||||||||
Non-performance risk | 0.2% - 1.2% | ||||||||||
Utilization rate | See note (4) | ||||||||||
Lapse rate | 0.5%-14.6% | ||||||||||
Mortality rate | See note (5) | ||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | (19.9 | ) | See note (2) | ||||||||
Other liabilities | (73.9 | ) | See note (2) | ||||||||
| | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Assets / (liabilities) measured at fair value | Valuation technique(s) | Unobservable input description | Input/range of inputs | Weighted average | ||||||
| | (in millions) | | | | | ||||||
Other debt obligations | 7.5 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 5.0% | 5.0% | ||||||
Illiquidity premium | 750bps | 750bps | |||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | 10.5 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate (1) | 1.1% - 2.7% | 2.6% | ||||||
Illiquidity premium | 0bps - 300bps | 240bps | |||||||||
Other investments | 35.1 | Discounted cash flow — equity method real estate investments | Discount rate (1) | 7.8% | 7.8% | ||||||
Terminal capitalization rate | 6.8% | 6.8% | |||||||||
Average market rent growth rate | 3.2% | 3.2% | |||||||||
Discounted cash flow — equity method real estate investments — debt | Loan to value | 52.3% | 52.3% | ||||||||
Credit spread rate | 2.3% | 2.3% | |||||||||
Separate account assets | 6,881.8 | Discounted cash flow — mortgage loans | Discount rate (1) | 1.4% - 8.2% | 3.9% | ||||||
Illiquidity premium | 0bps - 60bps | 7bps | |||||||||
Credit spread rate | 81bps - 750bps | 241bps | |||||||||
Discounted cash flow — real estate | Discount rate (1) | 5.3% - 16.4% | 7.2% | ||||||||
Terminal capitalization rate | 4.3% - 9.8% | 6.2% | |||||||||
Average market rent growth rate | 2.0% - 4.3% | 3.0% | |||||||||
Discounted cash flow — real estate debt | Loan to value | 7.8% - 63.1% | 47.4% | ||||||||
Credit spread rate | 1.4% - 4.6% | 2.2% | |||||||||
Liabilities |
|
| |||||||||
Investment contracts | (177.4 | ) | Discounted cash flow | Long duration interest rate | 2.5% - 2.6% (2) | ||||||
Long-term equity market volatility | 14.9% - 44.4% | ||||||||||
Non-performance risk | 0.4% - 1.9% | ||||||||||
Utilization rate | See note (3) | ||||||||||
Lapse rate | 0.5% - 14.1% | ||||||||||
Mortality rate | See note (4) | ||||||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Market comparable discount rates are used as the base rate in the discounted cash flows used to determine the fair value of certain assets. Increases or decreases in the credit spreads on the comparable assets could cause the fair value of the assets to significantly decrease or increase, respectively. Additionally, we may adjust the base discount rate or the modeled price by applying an illiquidity premium given the highly structured nature of certain assets. Increases or decreases in this illiquidity premium could cause significant decreases or increases, respectively, in the fair value of the asset.
Embedded derivatives can be either assets or liabilities within the investment-type insuranceinvestment contracts line item, depending on certain inputs at the reporting date. Increases to an asset or decreases to a liability are described as increases to fair value. Increases or decreases in market volatilities could cause significant decreases or increases, respectively, in the fair value of embedded derivatives in investment-type insuranceinvestment contracts. Long duration interest rates are used as the mean return when projecting the growth in the value of associated account value and impact the discount rate used in the discounted future cash flows valuation. The amount of claims will increase if account value is not sufficient to cover guaranteed withdrawals. Increases or decreases in risk free rates could cause the fair value of the embedded derivative to significantly increase or decrease, respectively. Increases or decreases in our own credit risks, which impact the rates used to discount future cash flows, could significantly increase or decrease, respectively, the fair value of the embedded derivative. All of these changes in fair value would impact net income.
Decreases or increases in the mortality rate assumption could cause the fair value of the embedded derivative to decrease or increase, respectively. Decreases or increases in the overall lapse rate assumption could cause the fair value of the embedded derivative to decrease or increase, respectively. The lapse rate assumption varies dynamically based on the relationship of the guarantee and associated account value. A stronger or weaker dynamic lapse rate assumption could cause the fair value of the embedded derivative to decrease or increase, respectively. The utilization rate assumption includes how many contractholders will take withdrawals, when they will take them and how much of their benefit they will take. Increases or decreases in the assumption of the number of contractholders taking withdrawals could cause the fair value of the embedded derivative to decrease or increase, respectively. Assuming contractholders take withdrawals earlier or later could cause the fair value of the embedded derivative to decrease or increase, respectively. Assuming contractholders take more or less of their benefit could cause the fair value of the embedded derivative to decrease or increase, respectively.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
Certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. During 2016, certain mortgage loans had been marked to fair value of $2.7 million. The net impact of write-downs of loans reclassified to held-for-sale, impairments and improvements in estimated fair value of previously impaired loans resulted in a net loss of $2.4 million that was recorded in net realized capital gains (losses) as part of the mortgage loan valuation allowance. This includes the impact of certain loans no longer on our books. These collateral-dependent mortgage loans are a Level 3 fair value measurement, as fair value is based on the fair value of the underlying real estate collateral, which is estimated using appraised values that involve significant unobservable inputs.
During 2016, certain real estate had been written down to fair value of $13.9 million. This write down resulted in a loss of $5.3 million, of which $4.5 million was a lower of cost or market adjustment on held-for-sale real estate recorded in net investment income and the remaining $0.8 million was recorded in net realized capital gains (losses). This is a Level 3 fair value measurement, as the fair value of real estate is estimated based on a discounted cash flow valuation from an internal model. Significant inputs used in the discounted cash flow calculation include a discount rate, terminal capitalization rate and average market rent growth. The ranges of inputs used in the fair value measurements for the real estate marked to fair value during 2016 were:
Discount rate = 10.3%
Terminal capitalization rate = 9.0%
Average market rent growth = 0.0%
During 2015, certain mortgage loans had been marked to fair value of $9.4 million. The net impact of write-downs of loans reclassified to held-for-sale, impairments and improvements in estimated fair value of previously impaired loans resulted in a net loss of $3.0 million that was recorded in net realized capital gains (losses) as part of the mortgage loan valuation allowance. This includes the impact of certain loans no longer on our books. These collateral-dependent
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
mortgage loans are a Level 3 fair value measurement, as fair value is based on the fair value of the underlying real estate collateral, which is estimated using appraised values that involve significant unobservable inputs.
During 2015, certain real estate had been written down to fair value of $30.9 million. This write down resulted in a loss of $2.9 million that was recorded in net realized capital gains (losses). This is a Level 3 fair value measurement, as the fair value of real estate is estimated based on a discounted cash flow valuation from an internal model. Significant inputs used in the discounted cash flow calculation include a discount rate, terminal capitalization rate and average market rent growth. The ranges of inputs used in the fair value measurements for the real estate marked to fair value during 2015 were:
Discount rate = 8.6% - 10.5%
Terminal capitalization rate = 7.3% - 8.5%
Average market rent growth = 2.7% - 3.0%
During 2015, identified intangibles that originated from the acquisition of our mutual fund company in Brazil were deemed to be impaired, and were marked to fair value of zero. These impairments were driven by the current macroeconomic and market conditions in Brazil, including higher discount rates and change in the mix of business. The fair value calculation for intangibles is a Level 3 fair value measurement, as the fair value is determined by calculating the present value of future cash flows that are expected to emerge from the identified intangibles. The net impact of impairments of identified intangibles resulted in a loss of $23.0 million that was recorded in operating expenses.
During 2014, certain mortgage loans had been marked to fair value of $68.9 million. The net impact of write-downs of loans reclassified to held-for-sale, impairments and improvements in estimated fair value of previously impaired loans resulted in a net loss of $10.0 million that was recorded in net realized capital gains (losses) as part of the mortgage loan valuation allowance. This includes the impact of certain loans no longer on our books. These collateral-dependent mortgage loans are a Level 3 fair value measurement, as fair value is based on the fair value of the underlying real estate collateral, which is estimated using appraised values that involve significant unobservable inputs. The fair value of the underlying collateral is determined based on a discounted cash flow valuation either from an external broker opinion of value or an internal model. Significant inputs used in the discounted cash flow calculation include: a discount rate, terminal capitalization rate and average market rent growth. The ranges of inputs used in the fair value measurements for the mortgage loans marked to fair value during 2014 were:
Discount rate = 8.8% - 11.0%
Terminal capitalization rate = 7.3% - 9.0%
Average market rent growth = 2.0% - 10.9%
During 2014, certain real estate had been written down to fair value of $22.3 million. This write down resulted in a loss of $6.2 million that was recorded in net realized capital gains (losses). This is a Level 3 fair value measurement, as the fair value of real estate is estimated based on a discounted cash flow valuation from an internal model. Significant inputs used in the discounted cash flow calculation include a discount rate, terminal capitalization rate and average market rent growth. The ranges of inputs used in the fair value measurements for the real estate marked to fair value during 2014 were:
Discount rate = 9.6% - 11.8%
Terminal capitalization rate = 8.3% - 8.5%
Average market rent growth = 3.0% - 3.6%
During 2013, certain mortgage loans had been marked to fair value of $153.1 million. The net impact of impairments and improvements in estimated fair value of previously impaired loans resulted in a net loss of $27.5 million that was recorded in net realized capital gains (losses) as part of the mortgage loan valuation allowance. This includes the impact
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
of certain loans no longer on our books. These collateral-dependent mortgage loans are a Level 3 fair value measurement, as fair value is based on the fair value of the underlying real estate collateral, which is estimated using appraised values that involve significant unobservable inputs. The fair value of the underlying collateral is determined based on a discounted cash flow valuation either from an external broker opinion of value or an internal model. Significant inputs used in the discounted cash flow calculation include: a discount rate, terminal capitalization rate and average market rent growth. The ranges of inputs used in the fair value measurements for the mortgage loans marked to fair value during 2013 were:
Discount rate = 8.0% - 20.0%Terminal capitalization rate = 7.3% - 10.5%Average market rent growth = 1.0% - 10.9%
During 2013, certain mortgage servicing rights had been marked to fair value of $7.3 million. The net impact of impairments and subsequent improvements in estimated fair value of previously impaired mortgage servicing rights resulted in a net gain of $1.3 million that was recorded in operating expenses. These mortgage servicing rights are a Level 3 fair value measurement, as fair value is determined by calculating the present value of the future servicing cash flows from the underlying mortgage loans. The discount rate used in calculating the present value of the future servicing cash flows was 4.3% for the year ended December 31, 2013.
During 2012, certain mortgage loans had been marked to fair value of $173.8 million. The net impact of impairments and improvements in estimated fair value of previously impaired loans resulted in a net loss of $12.3 million that was recorded in net realized capital gains (losses) as part of the mortgage loan valuation allowance. This includes the impact of certain loans no longer on our books. These collateral-dependent mortgage loans are a Level 3 fair value measurement, as fair value is based on the fair value of the underlying real estate collateral, which is estimated using appraised values that involve significant unobservable inputs. The fair value of the underlying collateral is determined based on a discounted cash flow valuation either from an external broker opinion of value or an internal model. Significant inputs used in the discounted cash flow calculation include: a discount rate, terminal capitalization rate and average market rent growth. The ranges of inputs used in the fair value measurements for the mortgage loans marked to fair value during 2012 were:
Discount rate = 8.0% - 20.0%Terminal capitalization rate = 6.3% - 10.5%Average market rent growth = 3.0% - 8.0%
During 2012, certain mortgage servicing rights had been marked to fair value of $7.0 million. The net impact of impairments and subsequent improvements in estimated fair value of previously impaired mortgage servicing rights resulted in a net gain of $0.4 million that was recorded in operating expenses. These mortgage servicing rights are a Level 3 fair value measurement, as fair value is determined by calculating the present value of the future servicing cash flows from the underlying mortgage loans. The discount rate used in calculating the present value of the future servicing cash flows was 3.1% for the year ended December 31, 2012.
During 2012, certain real estate had been written down to fair value of $5.0 million. This write down resulted in a loss of $0.1 million that was recorded in net realized capital gains (losses). This is a Level 3 fair value measurement, as the fair value of real estate is estimated using appraised values that involve significant unobservable inputs that are not developed internally.
We elected fair value accounting for certain assetsfor:
The fair value and aggregate contractual principal amounts of commercial mortgage loans for which the fair value option has been elected were $35.0 million and $32.4 million as of December 31, 2014, and $68.1 million and $64.0 million as of December 31, 2013, respectively. The change in fair value of the loans resulted in a $(1.5) million, $0.2 million and $2.6 million pre-tax gain (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively, none of which related to instrument-specific credit risk. None of these loans were more than 90 days past due or in nonaccrual status. Interest income on these commercial mortgage loans is included in net investment income on the consolidated statements of operations and is recorded based on the effective interest rates as determined at the closing of the loan.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Interest income recorded on these commercial mortgage loans was $6.2 million, $5.7 million and $6.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
The fair value and aggregate unpaid principal amounts of obligations for which the fair value option has been elected were $71.0 million and $132.8 million as of December 31, 2014, and $104.9 million and $174.4 million as of December 31, 2013, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, the change in fair value of the obligations resulted in a pre-tax loss of $0.7 million, $32.8 million and $37.7 million, which includes a pre-tax loss of $2.4 million, $34.3 million and $37.4 million related to instrument-specific credit risk that is estimated based on credit spreads and quality ratings, respectively. Interest expense recorded on these obligations is included in operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and was $3.0 million, $3.6 million and $5.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
We invest inCertain real estate ventures for the purpose of earning investment returns and for capital appreciation. We elected the fair value option for certain ventures that are subject to the equity method of accounting because the nature of the investments areis to add value to the properties and generate income from the operations of the properties. Other equity method real estate investments are not fair valued because the investments mainly generate income from the operations of the underlying properties. These
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
The following tables present information regarding the assets and liabilities for which the fair value option was elected.
| | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | ||||||
Commercial mortgage loans of consolidated VIEs (1)(2) | |||||||
Fair value | $ | 12.4 | $ | 18.3 | |||
Aggregate contractual principal | 12.0 | 17.8 | |||||
Obligations of consolidated VIEs (3) | |||||||
Fair value | 59.9 | 68.1 | |||||
Aggregate unpaid principal | 60.0 | 78.0 | |||||
Real estate ventures (1) | |||||||
Fair value | 36.9 | 35.1 | |||||
Investment funds (1)(4) | |||||||
Fair value | 36.9 | — | |||||
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||
Commercial mortgage loans of consolidated VIEs | ||||||||||
Change in fair value pre-tax loss (1)(2) | $ | (0.1 | ) | $ | (2.0 | ) | $ | (1.5 | ) | |
Interest income (3) | 1.2 | 3.6 | 6.2 | |||||||
Obligations of consolidated VIEs | ||||||||||
Change in fair value pre-tax loss — instrument specific credit risk (2)(4) | (9.8 | ) | (1.9 | ) | (2.4 | ) | ||||
Change in fair value pre-tax loss (2) | (9.8 | ) | (2.1 | ) | (0.7 | ) | ||||
Interest expense (5) | 1.1 | 1.1 | 3.0 | |||||||
Real estate | ||||||||||
Change in fair value pre-tax gain (6) | 1.5 | 7.2 | 17.3 | |||||||
Investment funds | ||||||||||
Change in fair value pre-tax gain (6)(7) | 2.8 | — | — | |||||||
Dividend income (6) | 0.3 | — | — | |||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.2016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Financial Instruments Not Reported at Fair Value
The carrying value and estimated fair value of financial instruments not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis but required to be disclosed at fair value were as follows:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | Fair value hierarchy level | | | Fair value hierarchy level | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Carrying amount | | Carrying amount | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Fair value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Fair value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets (liabilities) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans | $ | 11,811.6 | $ | 12,350.2 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 12,350.2 | $ | 13,230.2 | $ | 13,453.2 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 13,453.2 | ||||||||||||
Policy loans | 829.2 | 1,083.2 | — | — | 1,083.2 | 823.8 | 1,011.0 | — | — | 1,011.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | 211.2 | 211.6 | — | 183.7 | 27.9 | 230.3 | 236.8 | — | 157.7 | 79.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 822.2 | 822.2 | 822.2 | — | — | 772.5 | 772.5 | 731.4 | 41.1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment-type insurance contracts | (28,256.3 | ) | (28,322.7 | ) | — | (5,455.4 | ) | (22,867.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment contracts | (31,089.4 | ) | (30,622.6 | ) | — | (5,400.8 | ) | (25,221.8 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Short-term debt | (28.0 | ) | (28.0 | ) | — | (28.0 | ) | — | (51.4 | ) | (51.4 | ) | — | (51.4 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||
Long-term debt | (2,531.2 | ) | (2,786.1 | ) | — | (2,703.8 | ) | (82.3 | ) | (3,125.7 | ) | (3,242.0 | ) | — | (3,242.0 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||
Separate account liabilities | (128,480.5 | ) | (127,131.0 | ) | — | — | (127,131.0 | ) | (127,452.1 | ) | (126,282.0 | ) | — | — | (126,282.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Bank deposits | (1,979.7 | ) | (1,985.5 | ) | (1,343.8 | ) | (641.7 | ) | — | (2,199.8 | ) | (2,204.1 | ) | (1,585.1 | ) | (619.0 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||
Cash collateral payable | (148.3 | ) | (148.3 | ) | (148.3 | ) | — | — | (575.7 | ) | (575.7 | ) | (575.7 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | Fair value hierarchy level | | | Fair value hierarchy level | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Carrying amount | | Carrying amount | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | Fair value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Fair value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets (liabilities) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans | $ | 11,533.6 | $ | 11,773.5 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 11,773.5 | $ | 12,339.4 | $ | 12,653.5 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 12,653.5 | ||||||||||||
Policy loans | 859.7 | 963.3 | — | — | 963.3 | 817.1 | 1,023.1 | — | — | 1,023.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | 174.0 | 174.7 | — | 140.9 | 33.8 | 185.0 | 197.8 | — | 118.9 | 78.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 912.8 | 912.8 | 912.8 | — | — | 961.6 | 961.6 | 961.6 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment-type insurance contracts | (29,909.6 | ) | (30,093.1 | ) | — | (5,902.2 | ) | (24,190.9 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment contracts | (29,063.6 | ) | (28,703.2 | ) | — | (4,925.0 | ) | (23,778.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Short-term debt | (150.6 | ) | (150.6 | ) | — | (150.6 | ) | — | (181.1 | ) | (181.1 | ) | — | (181.1 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||
Long-term debt | (2,601.4 | ) | (2,692.1 | ) | — | (2,639.0 | ) | (53.1 | ) | (3,265.2 | ) | (3,411.9 | ) | — | (3,369.1 | ) | (42.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Separate account liabilities | (119,500.7 | ) | (118,059.7 | ) | — | — | (118,059.7 | ) | (125,265.0 | ) | (124,005.9 | ) | — | — | (124,005.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Bank deposits | (1,949.0 | ) | (1,951.1 | ) | (1,252.2 | ) | (698.9 | ) | — | (2,070.8 | ) | (2,074.4 | ) | (1,457.4 | ) | (617.0 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||
Cash collateral payable | (32.5 | ) | (32.5 | ) | (32.5 | ) | — | — | (216.3 | ) | (216.3 | ) | (216.3 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Mortgage Loans
Fair values of commercial and residential mortgage loans are primarily determined by discounting the expected cash flows at current treasury rates plus an applicable risk spread, which reflects credit quality and maturity of the loans. The risk spread is based on market clearing levels for loans with comparable credit quality, maturities and risk. The fair value of mortgage loans may also be based on the fair value of the underlying real estate collateral less cost to sell, which is estimated using appraised values. These are reflected in Level 3.
Policy Loans
Fair values of policy loans are estimated by discounting expected cash flows using a risk-free rate based on the Treasury curve. The expected cash flows reflect an estimate of timing of the repayment of the loans. These are reflected in Level 3.
Other Investments
The fair value of commercial loans and certain consumer loans included in other investments is calculated by discounting expected cash flows through the estimated maturity date using market interest rates that reflect the credit and interest rate risk inherent in the loans. The estimate of term to maturity is based on historical experience, adjusted as required, for current economic and lending conditions. The effect of nonperformingnon-performing loans is considered in assessing the credit risk inherent in the fair value estimate. These are reflected in Level 3. The fair value of certain tax credit investments are estimated by discounting expected future tax benefits using estimated investment return rates. These are reflected in Level 3. The carrying value of the remaining investments reported in this line item approximate their fair value and are of a short-term nature.value. These are reflected in Level 2.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Certain cash equivalents not reported at fair value include short-term investments with maturities of less than three months or less for which public quotations are not available to use in determining fair value. Because of the highly liquid nature of these assets, carrying amounts are used to approximate fair value, which are reflected in Level 2. The carrying amountsamount of the remaining cash and cash equivalents that are not reported at fair value on a recurring basis approximate theirapproximates its fair value, which areis reflected in Level 1 given the nature of cash.
Investment-Type InsuranceInvestment Contracts
The fair values of our reserves and liabilities for investment-type insuranceinvestment contracts are determined via a third party pricing vendor or using discounted cash flow analyses when we are unable to find a price from third party pricing vendors. Third party pricing on various outstanding medium-term notes and funding agreements is based on observable inputs such as benchmark yields and spreads based on reported trades for our medium-term notes and funding agreement issuances. These are reflected in Level 2. The discounted cash flow analyses for the remaining contracts is based on current interest rates, including non-performance risk, being offered for similar contracts with maturities consistent with those remaining for the investment-typeinvestment contracts being valued. These are reflected in Level 3. Investment-type insuranceInvestment contracts include insurance, annuity and other policy contracts that do not involve significant mortality or morbidity risk and are only a portion of the policyholder liabilities appearing in the consolidated statements of financial position. Insurance contracts include insurance, annuity and other policy contracts that do involve significant mortality or morbidity risk. The fair values for our insurance contracts, other than investment-typeinvestment contracts, are not required to be disclosed.
Short-Term Debt
The carrying amount of short-term debt approximates its fair value because of the relatively short time between origination of the debt instrument and its maturity, which is reflected in Level 2.
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt primarily includes senior note issuances for which the fair values are determined using inputs that are observable in the market or that can be derived from or corroborated with observable market data. These are reflected in Level 2. Additionally, our long-term debt includes non-recourse mortgages and notes payable that are primarily financings for real estate developments for which the fair values are estimated using discounted cash flow analysis based on our incremental borrowing rate for similar borrowing arrangements. These are reflected in Level 3.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
14. Fair Value Measurements — (continued)
Separate Account Liabilities
Fair values of separate account liabilities, excluding insurance-related elements, are estimated based on market assumptions around what a potential acquirer would pay for the associated block of business, including both the separate account assets and liabilities. As the applicable separate account assets are already reflected at fair value, any adjustment to the fair value of the block is an assumed adjustment to the separate account liabilities. To compute fair value, the separate account liabilities are originally set to equal separate account assets because these are pass-through contracts. The separate account liabilities are reduced by the amount of future fees expected to be collected that are intended to offset upfront acquisition costs already incurred that a potential acquirer would not have to pay. The estimated future fees are adjusted by an adverse deviation discount and the amount is then discounted at a risk-free rate as measured by the yield on Treasury securities at maturities aligned with the estimated timing of fee collection. These are reflected in Level 3.
Bank Deposits
The fair value of deposits of our Principal Bank subsidiary with no stated maturity is equal to the amount payable on demand (i.e., their carrying amounts). These are reflected in Level 1. The fair value of certificates of deposit is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount is estimated using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities. These are reflected in Level 2.
Cash Collateral Payable
The carrying amount of the payable associated with our obligation to return the cash collateral received under derivative credit support annex (collateral) agreements approximates its fair value, which is reflected in Level 1.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
15. Statutory Insurance Financial Information
Principal Life, the largest indirect subsidiary of PFG, prepares statutory financial statements in accordance with the accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Insurance Division of the Department of Commerce of the State of Iowa (the "State of Iowa"). The State of Iowa recognizes only statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the State of Iowa for determining and reporting the financial condition and results of operations of an insurance company to determine its solvency under the Iowa Insurance Law. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners' ("NAIC") Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual has been adopted as a component of prescribed practices by the State of Iowa. The Commissioner has the right to permit other specific practices that deviate from prescribed practices. As ofFor the years ended, December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, ourPrincipal Life's use of prescribed statutory accounting practices has resulted in higher (lower) statutory net income of $3.8 million, $(2.1) million and $6.4 million, respectively, relative to the accounting practices and procedures of the NAIC due to ourits accounting for derivatives that hedge some of ourits equity indexed products. In addition, as of December 31, 2014, our2016 and 2015, Principal Life's permitted statutory accounting practice relating to variable annuities with a guaranteed living benefit rider resulted in lower statutory surplus of $150.2$180.5 million and $158.1 million, respectively, relative to carrying certain interest rate swaps at book value rather than fair value, as if they received hedge accounting treatment for statutory. Statutory accounting practices differ from U.S. GAAP primarily due to charging policy acquisition costs to expense as incurred, establishing reserves using different actuarial assumptions, valuing investments on a different basis and not admitting certain assets, including certain net deferred income tax assets.
Principal Life cedes certain term and universal life insurance statutory reserves to our affiliated reinsurance subsidiaries on a funds withheld coinsurance basis. The reserves are secured by cash, invested assets and financing provided by highly rated third parties. As of December 31, 2014,2016 and 2015, our affiliated reinsurance subsidiaries assumed statutory reserves of $3,272.4$4,734.0 million and $3,934.2 million from Principal Life.Life, respectively. In the states of Vermont and Delaware, the affiliated reinsurers had permitted and prescribed practices allowing for the admissibility of certain assets backing these reserves. As of December 31, 2014,2016 and 2015, assets admitted under these practices totaled $1,129.0 million.$1,809.0 million and $1,447.0 million, respectively.
Life and health insurance companies are subject to certain risk-based capital ("RBC") requirements as specified by the NAIC. Under those requirements, the amount of capital and surplus maintained by a life and health insurance company is to be determined based on the various risk factors related to it. AtAs of December 31, 2014,2016, Principal Life meetsmet the minimum RBC requirements.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
15. Statutory Insurance Financial Information — (continued)
Statutory net income and statutory capital and surplus of Principal Life were as follows:
| | As of or for the year ended December 31, | As of or for the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Statutory net income | $ | 535.5 | $ | 607.9 | $ | 576.1 | $ | 996.7 | $ | 948.6 | $ | 535.5 | ||||||||
Statutory capital and surplus | 4,202.1 | 4,142.2 | 3,944.3 | 4,643.8 | 4,496.7 | 4,202.1 | ||||||||||||||
16. Segment Information
We provide financial products and services through the following segments: Retirement and Investor Services,Income Solutions, Principal Global Investors, Principal International and U.S. Insurance Solutions. In addition, we have a Corporate segment. The segments are managed and reported separately because they provide different products and services, have different strategies or have different markets and distribution channels.
During fourth quarter 2016, we decided to move long-term care, a business we exited and fully reinsured in 1997, from the U.S. Insurance Solutions segment to the Corporate segment to align it with the management of other exited businesses in the Corporate segment. This change has been applied retrospectively to our segment financial information but did not impact our consolidated financial statements.
The Retirement and Investor ServicesIncome Solutions segment provides retirement and related financial products and services primarily to businesses, their employees and other individuals.
The Principal Global Investors segment provides asset management services to our asset accumulation business, our insurance operations, the Corporate segment and third party clients. This segment also includes our mutual fund business.
The Principal International segment has operations in Brazil,Latin America (Brazil, Chile China,and Mexico) and Asia (China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, India Mexico and Southeast Asia.Asia). We focus on countrieslocations with large middle classes,
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
16. Segment Information — (continued)
favorable demographics and growing long-term savings, ideally with defined contributionvoluntary or mandatory pension markets. We entered these countrieslocations through acquisitions, start-up operations and joint ventures.
The U.S. Insurance Solutions segment provides individual life insurance and specialty benefits insurance, which consists of group dental and vision insurance, individual and group disability insurance, group life insurance and non-medical fee-for-service claims administration, and individual life insurance throughout the United States.
TheOur Corporate segment manages the assets representing capital that has not been allocated to any other segment. Financial results of the Corporate segment primarily reflect our financing activities (including interest expensefinancing costs and preferred stock dividends), income on capital not allocated to other segments, inter-segment eliminations, income tax risks and certain income, expenses and other after-tax adjustments not allocated to the segments based on the nature of such items. Results of Principal Securities, Inc., our retail broker-dealer and registered investment advisor, and our exited group medical and long-term care insurance businessbusinesses are reported in this segment.
Management uses segment pre-tax operating earnings in goal setting, as a basis for determining employee compensation and in evaluating performance, on a basis comparablewhich is consistent with the financial results provided to that used byand discussed with securities analysts. We determine segment pre-tax operating earnings by adjusting U.S. GAAP net income before income taxes for pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted, andpre-tax other after-tax adjustments whichthat management believes are not indicative of overall operating trends. Nettrends and certain adjustments related to equity method investments and noncontrolling interest. Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted, are net of income taxes, related changes in the amortization pattern of DAC and related actuarial balances, recognition of deferred front-end fee revenues for sales charges on retirement and life insurance products and services, amortization of hedge accounting book value adjustments for certain discontinued hedges, net realized capital gains and losses distributed, noncontrolling interest capital gains and lossescertain adjustments related to equity method investments, certain adjustments related to sponsored investment funds and certain market value adjustments to fee revenues. NetPre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted, exclude periodic settlements and accruals on derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments and exclude certain market value adjustments of embedded derivatives and realized capital gains (losses) associated with our exited group medical insurance business. Segment operating revenues exclude net realized capital gains (losses) (except periodic settlements and accruals on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments), including their impact on recognition of front-end fee revenues, certain market value adjustments to fee revenues, certain adjustments related to equity method investments, certain adjustments related to sponsored investment funds and amortization of hedge accounting book value adjustments for certain discontinued hedges,hedges; certain adjustments related to equity method investments, pre-tax other adjustments management believes are not indicative of overall operating trends and revenue from our exited group medical insurance business. Segment operating revenues include operating revenues from real estate properties that qualify for discontinued operations. While these items may be significant components in understanding and assessing the consolidated financial performance, management believes the presentation of segment pre-tax operating earnings enhances the understanding of our results of operations by highlighting pre-tax earnings attributable to the normal, ongoing operations of the business.
The accounting policies of the segments are consistent with the accounting policies for the consolidated financial statements, with the exception ofof: (1) pension and other postretirement employee benefit cost allocations and (2) income tax allocation.allocations. For purposes of determining operating earnings, the segments are allocated the service component of pension and other postretirement benefit costs. The Corporate segment reflects the non-service components of pension and other postretirement benefit costs as assumptions are established and funding decisions are managed from a company-wide perspective. The Corporate segment functions to absorb the risk inherent in interpreting and applying tax law. TheFor purposes of determining operating earnings, the segments are allocated tax adjustments consistent with the positions we took on tax returns. The Corporate segment results reflect any differences between the tax returns and the estimated resolution of any disputes.
The following tables summarize select financial information by segment, including operating revenues for our products and services, and reconcile segment totals to those reported in the consolidated financial statements:
| | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | ||||||
Assets: | |||||||
Retirement and Income Solutions | $ | 152,721.7 | $ | 139,678.5 | |||
Principal Global Investors | 1,952.1 | 1,880.4 | |||||
Principal International | 45,118.3 | 50,588.6 | |||||
U.S. Insurance Solutions | 23,144.2 | 21,961.4 | |||||
Corporate | 5,078.0 | 4,551.4 | |||||
| | | | | | | | |
Total consolidated assets | $ | 228,014.3 | $ | 218,660.3 | |||
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
16. Segment Information — (continued)
The following tables summarize select financial information by segment and reconcile segment totals to those reported in the consolidated financial statements:
| | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2013 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | ||||||
Assets: | |||||||
Retirement and Investor Services | $ | 138,549.4 | $ | 128,736.7 | |||
Principal Global Investors | 1,175.1 | 1,312.1 | |||||
Principal International | 53,531.8 | 54,243.6 | |||||
U.S. Insurance Solutions | 21,554.5 | 20,033.6 | |||||
Corporate | 4,276.2 | 3,865.4 | |||||
| | | | | | | | |
Total consolidated assets | $ | 219,087.0 | $ | 208,191.4 | |||
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Operating revenues by segment: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Retirement and Investor Services | $ | 5,523.3 | $ | 4,847.6 | $ | 4,834.9 | ||||||||||||||
Principal Global Investors | 725.9 | 719.2 | 591.2 | |||||||||||||||||
Retirement and Income Solutions: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Retirement and Income Solutions — Fee | $ | 1,743.2 | $ | 1,774.0 | $ | 1,778.9 | ||||||||||||||
Retirement and Income Solutions — Spread | 4,407.5 | 4,392.9 | 3,020.8 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Total Retirement and Income Solutions (1) | 6,150.7 | 6,166.9 | 4,799.7 | |||||||||||||||||
Principal Global Investors (2) | 1,387.1 | 1,343.5 | 1,257.4 | |||||||||||||||||
Principal International | 1,275.4 | 1,150.0 | 942.7 | 1,252.0 | 1,220.6 | 1,329.8 | ||||||||||||||
U.S. Insurance Solutions | 3,262.6 | 3,106.4 | 2,994.7 | |||||||||||||||||
U.S. Insurance Solutions: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Specialty benefits insurance | 2,011.4 | 1,868.1 | 1,727.1 | |||||||||||||||||
Individual life insurance | 1,626.1 | 1,572.7 | 1,535.7 | |||||||||||||||||
Eliminations | (0.2 | ) | (0.2 | ) | (0.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||
Total U.S. Insurance Solutions | 3,637.3 | 3,440.6 | 3,262.6 | |||||||||||||||||
Corporate | (232.4 | ) | (215.8 | ) | (188.1 | ) | (46.3 | ) | (50.5 | ) | (40.3 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total segment operating revenues | 10,554.8 | 9,607.4 | 9,175.4 | 12,380.8 | 12,121.1 | 10,609.2 | ||||||||||||||
Net realized capital gains (losses), net of related revenue adjustments | (77.4 | ) | (320.0 | ) | 14.7 | 80.9 | (162.7 | ) | (77.4 | ) | ||||||||||
Certain adjustments related to equity method investments | (67.6 | ) | (55.5 | ) | (54.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Other income on a tax indemnification | — | 60.2 | — | |||||||||||||||||
Exited group medical insurance business | 0.2 | 2.1 | 25.0 | — | 1.3 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues per consolidated statements of operations | $ | 10,477.6 | $ | 9,289.5 | $ | 9,215.1 | $ | 12,394.1 | $ | 11,964.4 | $ | 10,477.6 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating earnings (loss) by segment, net of related income taxes: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Retirement and Investor Services | $ | 828.1 | $ | 694.4 | $ | 575.1 | ||||||||||||||
Pre-tax operating earnings (losses) by segment: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Retirement and Income Solutions | $ | 794.5 | $ | 740.1 | $ | 851.2 | ||||||||||||||
Principal Global Investors | 116.0 | 102.6 | 81.2 | 443.8 | 388.5 | 350.1 | ||||||||||||||
Principal International | 268.0 | 215.2 | 154.1 | 288.1 | 271.3 | 352.7 | ||||||||||||||
U.S. Insurance Solutions | 231.3 | 196.6 | 138.2 | 361.2 | 429.5 | 344.1 | ||||||||||||||
Corporate | (125.5 | ) | (148.9 | ) | (139.8 | ) | (218.9 | ) | (192.3 | ) | (175.0 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total segment operating earnings, net of related income taxes | 1,317.9 | 1,059.9 | 808.8 | |||||||||||||||||
Net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted (1) | (100.5 | ) | (179.1 | ) | 39.0 | |||||||||||||||
Other after-tax adjustments (2) | (106.3 | ) | (1.1 | ) | (74.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Total segment pre-tax operating earnings | 1,668.7 | 1,637.1 | 1,723.1 | |||||||||||||||||
Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted (3) | 46.3 | (170.7 | ) | (143.1 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Pre-tax other adjustments (4) | (86.4 | ) | 11.7 | (63.1 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Certain adjustments related to equity method investments and noncontrolling interest | (36.9 | ) | (47.3 | ) | (22.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders per consolidated statements of operations | $ | 1,111.1 | $ | 879.7 | $ | 773.6 | ||||||||||||||
Income before income taxes per consolidated statements of operations | $ | 1,591.7 | $ | 1,430.8 | $ | 1,494.9 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Net realized capital gains (losses): | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized capital gains (losses) | $ | 14.7 | $ | (225.2 | ) | $ | 114.1 | $ | 171.1 | $ | (51.1 | ) | $ | 14.7 | ||||||
Certain derivative and hedging-related adjustments | (92.8 | ) | (93.9 | ) | (98.9 | ) | (94.1 | ) | (111.7 | ) | (92.8 | ) | ||||||||
Certain market value adjustments to fee revenues | — | — | (0.3 | ) | (2.5 | ) | (1.1 | ) | — | |||||||||||
Recognition of front-end fee (revenue) expense | 0.7 | (0.9 | ) | (0.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Certain adjustments related to equity method investments | 0.1 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Certain adjustments related to sponsored investment funds | 6.1 | 1.3 | — | |||||||||||||||||
Recognition of front-end fee revenue | 0.2 | (0.1 | ) | 0.7 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net realized capital gains (losses), net of related revenue adjustments | (77.4 | ) | (320.0 | ) | 14.7 | 80.9 | (162.7 | ) | (77.4 | ) | ||||||||||
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and other actuarial balances | (49.3 | ) | 47.1 | 36.6 | (77.4 | ) | (14.0 | ) | (49.3 | ) | ||||||||||
Capital gains distributed | (21.2 | ) | (25.8 | ) | (12.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Capital (gains) losses distributed | (7.2 | ) | 6.2 | (21.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Certain market value adjustments of embedded derivatives | 4.8 | 18.4 | (0.6 | ) | 50.0 | (0.2 | ) | 4.8 | ||||||||||||
Net realized capital losses associated with exited group medical insurance business | — | — | 0.2 | |||||||||||||||||
Noncontrolling interest capital gains | (1.0 | ) | (0.2 | ) | (8.3 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Income tax effect | 43.6 | 101.4 | 8.6 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted | $ | (100.5 | ) | $ | (179.1 | ) | $ | 39.0 | ||||||||||||
Pre-tax net realized capital gains (losses), as adjusted (a) | $ | 46.3 | $ | (170.7 | ) | $ | (143.1 | ) | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
16. Segment Information — (continued)
For the year ended December 31, 2015, pre-tax other adjustments included the positive effect of tax legislation in Chile ($58.1 million) (b) the impact of a court ruling on some uncertain tax positions ($47.515.1 million) and (c) the effect of losses associated with our exited group medical insurance business that does not qualify for discontinued operations accounting treatment under U.S. GAAP ($0.7 million).
For the year ended December 31, 2013, other after-tax adjustments included the negative effect of losses associated with our exited group medical insurance business that doesdid not qualify for discontinued operations accounting treatment under U.S. GAAP.GAAP ($3.4 million).
For the year ended December 31, 2012,2014, pre-tax other after-tax adjustments included the negative effect of the impact of (a) a contribution made to The Principal Financial Group Foundation, Inc.court ruling on some uncertain tax positions ($39.8 million), (b) one-time costs incurred to extinguish long-term debt that was scheduled to mature in 2014 ($24.862.2 million) and (c)(b) the effect of losses associated with our exited group medical insurance business that doesdid not qualify for discontinued operations accounting treatment under U.S. GAAP ($9.60.9 million).
The following is a summary of income tax expense (benefit) allocated to our segments for purposes of determining operating earnings. Segment income taxes are reconciled to income taxes reported on our consolidated statements of operations.
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Income tax expense (benefit) by segment: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Retirement and Investor Services | $ | 200.5 | $ | 195.6 | $ | 150.0 | ||||||||||||||
Retirement and Income Solutions | $ | 98.6 | $ | 76.1 | $ | 128.5 | ||||||||||||||
Principal Global Investors | 63.8 | 55.5 | 43.5 | 166.8 | 148.4 | 132.9 | ||||||||||||||
Principal International | 30.3 | 28.0 | 0.6 | 62.7 | 51.5 | 84.7 | ||||||||||||||
U.S. Insurance Solutions | 112.8 | 94.0 | 61.3 | 118.8 | 143.1 | 112.8 | ||||||||||||||
Corporate | (89.6 | ) | (83.2 | ) | (69.6 | ) | (109.3 | ) | (77.2 | ) | (86.7 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total segment income taxes from operating earnings | 317.8 | 289.9 | 185.8 | 337.6 | 341.9 | 372.2 | ||||||||||||||
Tax benefit related to net realized capital losses, as adjusted | (43.6 | ) | (101.4 | ) | (8.6 | ) | (6.6 | ) | (45.6 | ) | (43.6 | ) | ||||||||
Tax expense (benefit) related to other after-tax adjustments | 44.3 | (0.6 | ) | (42.6 | ) | (34.4 | ) | (63.2 | ) | 44.3 | ||||||||||
Certain adjustments related to equity method investments and noncontrolling interest | (66.7 | ) | (55.5 | ) | (54.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total income taxes expense per consolidated statements of operations | $ | 318.5 | $ | 187.9 | $ | 134.6 | ||||||||||||||
Total income taxes per consolidated statements of operations | $ | 229.9 | $ | 177.6 | $ | 318.5 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The following is a summary of depreciation and amortization expense allocated to our segments for purposes of determining pre-tax operating earnings. Segment depreciation and amortization is reconciled to depreciation and amortization included in operating expenses in our consolidated statements of operations.
| | �� | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense by segment: | ||||||||||
Retirement and Investor Services | $ | 31.1 | $ | 26.7 | $ | 26.3 | ||||
Principal Global Investors | 14.8 | 11.8 | 13.3 | |||||||
Principal International | 51.6 | 47.8 | 18.9 | |||||||
U.S. Insurance Solutions | 21.2 | 17.2 | 17.0 | |||||||
Corporate | 4.0 | 4.6 | 5.4 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total segment depreciation and amortization expense included in operating earnings | 122.7 | 108.1 | 80.9 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Depreciation and amortization expense related to other after-tax adjustments | — | 1.4 | 6.1 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total depreciation and amortization expense included in our consolidated statements of operations | $ | 122.7 | $ | 109.5 | $ | 87.0 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
16. Segment Information — (continued)
The following table summarizes operating revenues for our products and services:
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
Retirement and Investor Services: | ||||||||||
Full service accumulation | $ | 1,563.0 | $ | 1,470.7 | $ | 1,357.0 | ||||
Principal Funds | 861.9 | 765.8 | 619.6 | |||||||
Individual annuities | 1,488.9 | 1,366.5 | 1,162.4 | |||||||
Bank and trust services | 84.2 | 95.2 | 101.6 | |||||||
Eliminations | (155.2 | ) | (146.8 | ) | (120.3 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Accumulation | 3,842.8 | 3,551.4 | 3,120.3 | |||||||
Investment only | 308.1 | 341.0 | 431.6 | |||||||
Full service payout | 1,372.4 | 955.2 | 1,283.0 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Guaranteed | 1,680.5 | 1,296.2 | 1,714.6 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Retirement and Investor Services | 5,523.3 | 4,847.6 | 4,834.9 | |||||||
Principal Global Investors (1) | 725.9 | 719.2 | 591.2 | |||||||
Principal International | 1,275.4 | 1,150.0 | 942.7 | |||||||
U.S. Insurance Solutions: | ||||||||||
Individual life insurance | 1,535.7 | 1,483.0 | 1,423.3 | |||||||
Specialty benefits insurance | 1,727.1 | 1,623.6 | 1,571.4 | |||||||
Eliminations | (0.2 | ) | (0.2 | ) | — | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total U.S. Insurance Solutions | 3,262.6 | 3,106.4 | 2,994.7 | |||||||
Corporate | (232.4 | ) | (215.8 | ) | (188.1 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total operating revenues | $ | 10,554.8 | $ | 9,607.4 | $ | 9,175.4 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total operating revenues | $ | 10,554.8 | $ | 9,607.4 | $ | 9,175.4 | ||||
Net realized capital gains (losses), net of related revenue adjustments | (77.4 | ) | (320.0 | ) | 14.7 | |||||
Exited group medical insurance business | 0.2 | 2.1 | 25.0 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues per consolidated statements of operations | $ | 10,477.6 | $ | 9,289.5 | $ | 9,215.1 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||
| | (in millions) | |||||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense by segment: | ||||||||||
Retirement and Income Solutions | $ | 30.4 | $ | 28.3 | $ | 27.5 | ||||
Principal Global Investors | 18.8 | 16.5 | 17.1 | |||||||
Principal International | 50.1 | 69.3 | 51.6 | |||||||
U.S. Insurance Solutions | 26.8 | 23.1 | 21.2 | |||||||
Corporate | 7.4 | 6.5 | 5.3 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total depreciation and amortization expense included in our consolidated statements of operations | $ | 133.5 | $ | 143.7 | $ | 122.7 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
17. Stock-Based Compensation Plans
As of December 31, 2014,2016, we havehad the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, (approved by shareholders at the May 20, 2014, annual shareholder meeting), the Employee Stock Purchase Plan, the 2014 Directors Stock Plan, (approved by shareholders at the May 20, 2014, annual shareholder meeting), the Long-Term Performance Plan, the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2005 Directors Stock Plan, the Stock Incentive Plan and the Directors Stock Plan ("Stock BasedStock-Based Compensation Plans"). As of May 20, 2014, no new grants will be made under the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan or the 2005 Directors Stock Plan. No grants have been made under the Stock Incentive Plan, the Directors Stock Plan or the Long-Term Performance Plan since at least 2005. Under the terms of the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, grants may be nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options qualifying under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, performance shares, performance units or other stock-based awards. The 2014 Directors Stock Plan provides for the grant of nonqualified stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units or other stock-based awards to our nonemployee directors. To date, we have not granted any incentive stock options, restricted stock or performance units under any plans.
As of December 31, 2014, the maximum number of new shares of common stock that were available for grant under the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan and the 2014 Directors Stock Plan was 13.1 million.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
17. Stock-Based Compensation Plans — (continued)
As of December 31, 2016, the maximum number of new shares of common stock available for grant under the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan and the 2014 Directors Stock Plan was 9.9 million.
For awards with graded vesting, we use an accelerated expense attribution method. The compensation cost that was charged against income for stock-based awards granted under the Stock-Based Compensation Plans was as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Compensation cost | $ | 66.2 | $ | 65.2 | $ | 53.7 | $ | 73.8 | $ | 69.7 | $ | 66.2 | ||||||||
Related income tax benefit | 21.6 | 20.0 | 17.7 | 21.5 | 22.5 | 21.6 | ||||||||||||||
Capitalized as part of an asset | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.5 | ||||||||||||||
Nonqualified stock options were granted to certain employees under the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan and the Stock Incentive Plan. Options outstanding were granted at an exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant, and expire ten years after the grant date. These options have graded vesting over a three-year period, except in the case of approved retirement.specific types of terminations. Total options granted were 1.1 million, 0.6 million 0.8 million and 0.80.6 million during 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012,2014, respectively.
The following is a summary of the status of all of our stock option plans:
| | Number of options | Weighted- average exercise price | Intrinsic value | Number of options | Weighted- average exercise price | Intrinsic value | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | | (in millions) | (in millions) | | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||
Options outstanding at January 1, 2014 | 9.6 | $ | 41.37 | |||||||||||||||||
Options outstanding as of January 1, 2016 | 7.7 | $ | 43.71 | |||||||||||||||||
Granted | 0.6 | 44.88 | 1.1 | 37.38 | ||||||||||||||||
Exercised | 1.6 | 35.24 | 0.7 | 20.52 | ||||||||||||||||
Expired | 0.6 | 49.31 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||
Options outstanding at December 31, 2014 | 8.6 | $ | 42.68 | $ | 107.0 | |||||||||||||||
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2016 | 7.5 | $ | 44.61 | $ | 108.9 | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||
Options vested or expected to vest at December 31, 2014 | 8.6 | $ | 42.68 | $ | 106.9 | |||||||||||||||
Options vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2016 | 7.4 | $ | 44.62 | $ | 108.6 | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||
Options exercisable at December 31, 2014 | 7.2 | $ | 43.89 | $ | 85.7 | |||||||||||||||
Options exercisable as of December 31, 2016 | 5.9 | $ | 45.64 | $ | 82.6 | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||
The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $25.7 million, $17.4 million and $25.4 million $30.7 millionduring 2016, 2015, and $5.7 million during 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively.
The following is a summary of weighted-average remaining contractual lives for stock options outstanding and the range of exercise prices on the stock options as of December 31, 2014:2016:
| Range of exercise prices | Number of options outstanding | Weighted- average remaining contractual life | Number of options outstanding | Weighted- average remaining contractual life | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | | (in millions) | | ||||||||||
$11.07 - $21.69 | 0.9 | 4.2 | 0.4 | 2.2 | ||||||||||
$21.70 - $32.32 | 2.1 | 7.0 | 1.5 | 5.2 | ||||||||||
$32.33 - $42.95 | 0.7 | 4.1 | 1.5 | 8.0 | ||||||||||
$42.96 - $53.58 | 1.9 | 3.6 | 1.2 | 7.7 | ||||||||||
$53.59 - $64.22 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 0.7 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
$11.07 - $64.22 | 8.6 | 4.2 | 7.5 | 4.2 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
The weighted-average remaining contractual lives for stock options exercisable is approximately 3.43.0 years as of December 31, 2014.2016.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
17. Stock-Based Compensation Plans — (continued)
The fair value of stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The following is a summary of the assumptions used in this model for the stock options granted during the period:
| | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Options | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
Expected volatility | 53.2 | % | 53.3 | % | 70.0 | % | 31.7 | % | 52.2 | % | 53.2 | % | ||||||||
Expected term (in years) | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | ||||||||||||||
Risk-free interest rate | 2.0 | % | 1.1 | % | 1.1 | % | 1.5 | % | 1.8 | % | 2.0 | % | ||||||||
Expected dividend yield | 2.50 | % | 3.00 | % | 2.55 | % | 4.07 | % | 2.81 | % | 2.50 | % | ||||||||
Weighted average estimated fair value | $ | 18.89 | $ | 11.95 | $ | 13.95 | $ | 8.91 | $ | 20.43 | $ | 18.89 | ||||||||
We previously determined expected volatility based on, among other factors, historical volatility using daily price observations. Beginning with nonqualified stock options granted in 2013, we determine expected volatility based on a combination of historical volatility using daily price observations and implied volatility from traded options on our common stock. We believe that incorporating both historical and implied volatility into our expected volatility assumption calculation better reflects market expectations. The expected term represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. We determine expected term using historical exercise and employee termination data. The risk-free rate for periods within the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury risk-free interest rate in effect at the time of grant. The dividend yield is based on historical dividend distributions compared to the closing price of our common shares on the grant date.
As of December 31, 2014, there was $2.32016, we had $2.9 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to nonvested stock options. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average service period of approximately 1.81.7 years.
Cash received from stock options exercised under these share-based payment arrangements during 2016, 2015 and 2014 2013 and 2012 was $56.1$15.3 million, $105.6$52.7 million and $11.3$56.1 million, respectively. The actual tax benefits realized for the tax deductions for options exercised under these share-based payment arrangements during 2016, 2015 and 2014 2013 and 2012 was $8.6$9.0 million, $10.6$6.0 million and $1.6$8.6 million, respectively.
We granted performance share awards to certain employees under the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan and the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan. The performance share awards are treated as an equity award and are paid in shares. Whether the performance shares are earned depends upon the participant's continued employment through the performance period (except in the case of an approved retirement)specific types of terminations) and our performance against three-year goals set at the beginning of the performance period. Performance goals based on various factors including return on equity, operating income and book value per share, must be achieved for any of the performance shares to be earned. If the performance requirements are not met, the performance shares will be forfeited, no compensation cost iswill be recognized and any previously recognized compensation cost iswill be reversed. There isThese awards have no maximum contractual term on these awards.term. Dividend equivalents are credited on performance shares outstanding as of the record date. These dividend equivalents are only paid on the shares released. Total performance share awards granted were 0.3 million, 0.3 million and 0.40.3 million in 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012,2014, respectively.
The following is a summary of activity for the nonvested performance share awards:
| | Number of performance share awards | Weighted- average grant-date fair value | Number of performance share awards | Weighted- average grant-date fair value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | | (in millions) | | ||||||||||
Nonvested performance share awards at January 1, 2014 | 1.0 | $ | 30.30 | |||||||||||
Nonvested performance share awards as of January 1, 2016 | 0.9 | $ | 41.57 | |||||||||||
Granted | 0.3 | 44.88 | 0.3 | 37.38 | ||||||||||
Vested | 0.3 | 34.26 | 0.3 | 30.70 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
Nonvested performance share awards at December 31, 2014 | 1.0 | $ | 33.01 | |||||||||||
Nonvested performance share awards as of December 31, 2016 | 0.9 | $ | 44.23 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
The total intrinsic value of performance share awards vested was $18.1 million, $20.1 million and $11.4 million $10.9 millionduring 2016, 2015 and $13.0 million during 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
17. Stock-Based Compensation Plans — (continued)
Performance share awards above represent initial target awards and do not reflect potential increases or decreases resulting from the final performance objectives to be determined at the end of the respective performance period. The actual number of shares to be awarded at the end of each performance period will range between 0% and 150% of the initial target awards.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
17. Stock-Based Compensation Plans — (continued)
The fair value of performance share awards is determined based on the closing stock price of our common shares on the grant date. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of performance share awards granted during 2016, 2015 and 2014 2013was $37.38, $51.33 and 2012 was $44.88, $30.70 and $27.46, respectively.
As of December 31, 2014, there was $4.02016, we had $4.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested performance share awards granted. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average service period of approximately 1.61.5 years.
Actual tax benefits realized for the tax deductions for performance share awards paid out under these share basedshare-based payment arrangements for 2016, 2015 and 2014 2013 and 2012 was $4.0$4.8 million, $4.7$7.4 million and $4.7$4.0 million, respectively.
We issue restricted stock units under the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2014 Directors Stock Plan, the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2005 Directors Stock Plan, the Stock Incentive Plan, and the Directors Stock Plan. Restricted stock units are treated as an equity award and are paid in shares. There isThese awards have no maximum contractual term on these awards.term. Dividend equivalents are credited on restricted stock units outstanding as of the record date. These dividend equivalents are only paid on the shares released. Restricted stock units granted were 1.3 million, 0.9 million 1.3 million and 1.20.9 million in 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012,2014, respectively.
Restricted stock units were issued to certain employees and agents pursuant to the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan and Stock Incentive Plan. Under these plans, awards have graded or cliff vesting over a three-year service period. When service for PFG ceases (except in the case of an approved retirement)specific types of terminations), all vesting stops and unvested units are forfeited.
Pursuant to the 2014 Directors Stock Plan and the 2005 Directors Stock Plan, restricted stock units are granted to each non-employee director in office immediately following each annual meeting of stockholders and, at the discretion of the Nominating and Governance Committee, to each person who becomes a member of the Board other than on the date of the annual meeting of stockholders. Under these plans, awards are granted on an annual basis and cliff vest after a one-year service period. When service to PFG ceases, all vesting stops and unvested units are forfeited.
The following is a summary of activity for the nonvested restricted stock units:
| | Number of restricted stock units | Weighted- average grant-date fair value | Number of restricted stock units | Weighted- average grant-date fair value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | | (in millions) | | ||||||||||
Nonvested restricted stock units at January 1, 2014 | 3.1 | $ | 30.46 | |||||||||||
Nonvested restricted stock units as of January 1, 2016 | 3.0 | $ | 41.32 | |||||||||||
Granted | 0.9 | 45.03 | 1.3 | 37.59 | ||||||||||
Vested | 0.8 | 33.75 | 1.3 | 31.23 | ||||||||||
Canceled | 0.1 | 33.27 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
Nonvested restricted stock units at December 31, 2014 | 3.1 | $ | 33.87 | |||||||||||
Nonvested restricted stock units as of December 31, 2016 | 3.0 | $ | 43.77 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
The total intrinsic value of restricted stock units vested was $38.5$46.2 million, $37.7$53.6 million and $31.9 million$38.5 during 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012,2014, respectively.
The fair value of restricted stock units is determined based on the closing stock price of our common shares on the grant date. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of restricted stock units granted during 2016, 2015 and 2014 2013was $37.59, $51.35 and 2012 was $45.03, $31.02 and $27.33, respectively.
As of December 31, 2014, there was $40.42016, we had $45.0 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock unit awards granted under these plans. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.7 years.
The actual tax benefits realized for the tax deductions for restricted stock unit payouts under these share-based payment arrangements for 2016, 2015 and 2014 2013was $16.1 million, $18.8 million and 2012 was $12.8 million, $11.5 million and $11.1 million, respectively.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
17. Stock-Based Compensation Plans — (continued)
Under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan, participating employees have the opportunity to purchase shares of our common stock on a semi-annual basis. Employees may purchase up to $25,000 worth of company stock each year. Employees may purchase shares of our common stock at a price equal to 85% of the shares' fair market value as of the
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
17. Stock-Based Compensation Plans — (continued)
beginning or end of the purchase period, whichever is lower. Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan, employees purchased 0.50.7 million, 0.80.6 million and 0.90.5 million shares during 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012,2014, respectively.
We recognize compensation expense for the fair value of the discount granted to employees participating in the employee stock purchase plan in the period of grant. Shares of the Employee Stock Purchase Plan are treated as an equity award. The weighted-average fair value of the discount on the stock purchased was $14.00, $7.29 and $8.94 $14.20during 2016, 2015 and $5.34 during 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The total intrinsic value of the Employee Stock Purchase Plan shares settled was $10.2 million, $4.1 million and $4.7 million $11.4 millionduring 2016, 2015 and $4.6 million during 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
Cash received from shares issued under these share-based payment arrangements for 2016, 2015 and 2014 2013 and 2012 was $22.2$25.5 million, $20.4$23.4 million and $17.8$22.2 million, respectively. The actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions for the settlement of the share-based payment arrangements for 2016, 2015 and 2014 2013 and 2012 was $1.1$0.6 million, $1.1$0.6 million and $0.5$1.1 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2014,2016, a total of 4.73.4 million of new shares arewere available to be made issuable by us for this plan.
18. Earnings Per Common Share
The computations of the basic and diluted per share amounts were as follows:
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||
| | (in millions, except per share data) | |||||||||
Net income | $ | 1,176.4 | $ | 936.1 | $ | 825.4 | ||||
Subtract: | ||||||||||
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | 32.3 | 23.4 | 18.8 | |||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 33.0 | 33.0 | 33.0 | |||||||
Adjustments to redemption amounts of redeemable noncontrolling interests (1) | 19.7 | — | — | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 1,091.4 | $ | 879.7 | $ | 773.6 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted-average shares outstanding: | ||||||||||
Basic | 294.7 | 294.6 | 297.5 | |||||||
Dilutive effects: | ||||||||||
Stock options | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.0 | |||||||
Restricted stock units | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 | |||||||
Performance share awards | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Diluted | 298.7 | 298.2 | 300.4 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income per common share: | ||||||||||
Basic | $ | 3.70 | $ | 2.99 | $ | 2.60 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Diluted | $ | 3.65 | $ | 2.95 | $ | 2.58 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||
| | (in millions, except per share data) | |||||||||
Net income | $ | 1,361.8 | $ | 1,253.2 | $ | 1,176.4 | ||||
Subtract: | ||||||||||
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | 45.3 | 19.2 | 32.3 | |||||||
Preferred stock dividends | — | 16.5 | 33.0 | |||||||
Excess of redemption value over carrying value of preferred shares redeemed | — | 8.2 | — | |||||||
Adjustments to redemption amounts of redeemable noncontrolling interests | — | — | 19.7 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | $ | 1,316.5 | $ | 1,209.3 | $ | 1,091.4 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted-average shares outstanding: | ||||||||||
Basic | 289.4 | 294.4 | 294.7 | |||||||
Dilutive effects: | ||||||||||
Stock options | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.8 | |||||||
Restricted stock units | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | |||||||
Performance share awards | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Diluted | 292.7 | 298.0 | 298.7 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income per common share: | ||||||||||
Basic | $ | 4.55 | $ | 4.11 | $ | 3.70 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Diluted | $ | 4.50 | $ | 4.06 | $ | 3.65 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
The calculation of diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012,2014, excludes the incremental effect related to certain outstanding stock-based compensation grants due to their anti-dilutive effect.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
19. Quarterly Results of Operations (Unaudited)
The following is a summary of unaudited quarterly results of operations.
| | For the three months ended, | For the three months ended, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | December 31 | September 30 | June 30 | March 31 | December 31 | September 30 | June 30 | March 31 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | (in millions, except per share data) | (in millions, except per share data) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total revenues | $ | 2,908.0 | $ | 2,484.3 | $ | 2,606.7 | $ | 2,478.6 | $ | 3,513.8 | $ | 2,818.0 | $ | 3,025.7 | $ | 3,036.6 | ||||||||||
Total expenses | 2,590.8 | 2,090.5 | 2,199.2 | 2,102.2 | 3,132.5 | 2,447.3 | 2,625.8 | 2,596.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net income | 280.3 | 252.8 | 319.2 | 324.1 | 338.2 | 327.4 | 327.0 | 369.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net income available to common stockholders | 270.4 | 240.7 | 306.3 | 293.7 | 318.0 | 308.2 | 322.3 | 368.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
Basic earnings per common share for net income available to common stockholders | 0.92 | 0.78 | 1.04 | 0.96 | 1.10 | 1.07 | 1.11 | 1.26 | ||||||||||||||||||
Diluted earnings per common share for net income available to common stockholders | 0.91 | 0.77 | 1.03 | 0.95 | 1.09 | 1.06 | 1.10 | 1.25 | ||||||||||||||||||
2013 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total revenues | $ | 2,672.6 | $ | 2,239.6 | $ | 2,210.6 | $ | 2,166.7 | $ | 2,807.0 | $ | 3,240.9 | $ | 3,259.2 | $ | 2,657.3 | ||||||||||
Total expenses | 2,362.7 | 1,919.3 | 1,945.0 | 1,938.5 | 2,498.0 | 2,871.7 | 2,964.7 | 2,199.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net income | 250.4 | 259.1 | 236.6 | 190.0 | 258.3 | 300.9 | 264.9 | 429.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net income available to common stockholders | 233.4 | 245.7 | 222.3 | 178.3 | 253.6 | 300.4 | 241.1 | 414.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Basic earnings per common share for net income available to common stockholders | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.76 | 0.61 | 0.87 | 1.02 | 0.82 | 1.41 | ||||||||||||||||||
Diluted earnings per common share for net income available to common stockholders | 0.78 | 0.82 | 0.75 | 0.61 | 0.86 | 1.01 | 0.81 | 1.39 | ||||||||||||||||||
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information
Principal Life has established special purpose entities to issue secured medium-term notes. Under the program, the payment obligations of principal and interest on the notes are secured by funding agreements issued by Principal Life. Principal Life's payment obligations on the funding agreements are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by PFG. All of the outstanding stock of Principal Life is indirectly owned by PFG and PFG is the only guarantor of the payment obligations of the funding agreements.
The following tables set forth condensed consolidating financial information of (i) PFG, (ii) Principal Life, (iii) Principal Financial Services, Inc. ("PFS") and all other direct and indirect subsidiaries of PFG on a combined basis and (iv) the eliminations necessary to arrive at the information for PFG on a consolidated basis as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, and for the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012.2014.
In presenting the condensed consolidating financial statements, the equity method of accounting has been applied to (i) PFG's interest in all direct subsidiaries of PFG, (ii) Principal Life's interest in all direct subsidiaries of Principal Life and (iii) PFS's interest in Principal Life even though all such subsidiaries meet the requirements to be consolidated under U.S. GAAP. Earnings of subsidiaries are, therefore, reflected in the parent's investment and earnings. All intercompany balances and transactions, including elimination of the parent's investment in subsidiaries, between PFG, Principal Life and PFS and all other subsidiaries have been eliminated, as shown in the column "Eliminations." These condensed consolidating financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements. The financial information may not necessarily be indicative of results of operations, cash flows or financial position had the subsidiaries operated as independent entities.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Financial Position
December 31, 20142016
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | — | $ | 43,649.7 | $ | 6,411.6 | $ | (390.5 | ) | $ | 49,670.8 | $ | — | $ | 48,672.1 | $ | 6,559.9 | $ | (385.9 | ) | $ | 54,846.1 | ||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | — | 298.5 | 306.1 | — | 604.6 | — | 135.6 | 262.8 | — | 398.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | — | 108.9 | 14.1 | — | 123.0 | — | 96.3 | 2.6 | — | 98.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | — | 0.3 | 839.9 | — | 840.2 | — | 8.2 | 1,405.2 | — | 1,413.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans | — | 10,972.6 | 1,188.6 | (349.6 | ) | 11,811.6 | — | 12,460.7 | 1,289.4 | (519.9 | ) | 13,230.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Real estate | — | 7.0 | 1,337.6 | — | 1,344.6 | — | 4.4 | 1,364.4 | — | 1,368.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Policy loans | — | 799.0 | 30.2 | — | 829.2 | — | 784.8 | 39.0 | — | 823.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment in unconsolidated entities | 12,446.5 | 2,787.9 | 5,745.7 | (20,164.3 | ) | 815.8 | 12,597.9 | 2,071.1 | 6,493.7 | (20,389.5 | ) | 773.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | 9.5 | 3,416.7 | 1,578.5 | (2,610.7 | ) | 2,394.0 | 9.8 | 4,740.0 | 1,783.0 | (3,650.1 | ) | 2,882.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 412.4 | 602.7 | 1,253.6 | (404.8 | ) | 1,863.9 | 882.6 | 675.1 | 2,082.8 | (920.9 | ) | 2,719.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accrued investment income | — | 449.2 | 58.1 | (1.4 | ) | 505.9 | — | 513.7 | 74.5 | (7.6 | ) | 580.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Premiums due and other receivables | — | 1,237.4 | 2,165.6 | (2,190.0 | ) | 1,213.0 | — | 1,538.0 | 2,836.0 | (3,012.1 | ) | 1,361.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Deferred acquisition costs | — | 2,754.6 | 238.4 | — | 2,993.0 | — | 3,184.2 | 196.0 | — | 3,380.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Property and equipment | — | 505.8 | 84.4 | — | 590.2 | — | 610.4 | 88.6 | — | 699.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Goodwill | — | 54.3 | 953.1 | — | 1,007.4 | — | 54.3 | 966.5 | — | 1,020.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other intangibles | — | 25.7 | 1,297.8 | — | 1,323.5 | — | 23.5 | 1,301.8 | — | 1,325.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Separate account assets | — | 94,328.4 | 45,744.4 | — | 140,072.8 | — | 103,661.9 | 36,170.7 | — | 139,832.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other assets | 450.7 | 873.2 | 2,768.6 | (3,009.0 | ) | 1,083.5 | 573.7 | 969.5 | 3,507.7 | (3,792.1 | ) | 1,258.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets | $ | 13,319.1 | $ | 162,871.9 | $ | 72,016.3 | $ | (29,120.3 | ) | $ | 219,087.0 | $ | 14,064.0 | $ | 180,203.8 | $ | 66,424.6 | $ | (32,678.1 | ) | $ | 228,014.3 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Liabilities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Contractholder funds | $ | — | $ | 33,428.3 | $ | 1,607.5 | $ | (309.1 | ) | $ | 34,726.7 | $ | — | $ | 35,337.7 | $ | 2,949.2 | $ | (333.3 | ) | $ | 37,953.6 | ||||||||||
Future policy benefits and claims | — | 19,768.1 | 4,718.2 | (449.7 | ) | 24,036.6 | — | 24,392.6 | 5,312.1 | (704.0 | ) | 29,000.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other policyholder funds | — | 742.8 | 70.4 | (0.5 | ) | 812.7 | — | 780.7 | 111.0 | (1.3 | ) | 890.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Short-term debt | — | — | 28.0 | — | 28.0 | — | — | 51.4 | — | 51.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Long-term debt | 2,448.9 | — | 417.5 | (335.2 | ) | 2,531.2 | 3,126.4 | — | 495.1 | (495.8 | ) | 3,125.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Income taxes currently payable | — | — | 83.1 | (71.6 | ) | 11.5 | — | — | 124.3 | (111.4 | ) | 12.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Deferred income taxes | — | 629.9 | 1,022.5 | (617.1 | ) | 1,035.3 | — | 533.6 | 1,111.9 | (673.1 | ) | 972.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Separate account liabilities | — | 94,328.4 | 45,744.4 | — | 140,072.8 | — | 103,661.9 | 36,170.7 | — | 139,832.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other liabilities | 686.2 | 5,793.0 | 5,845.5 | (6,782.5 | ) | 5,542.2 | 710.3 | 7,300.9 | 7,425.9 | (9,653.8 | ) | 5,783.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities | 3,135.1 | 154,690.5 | 59,537.1 | (8,565.7 | ) | 208,797.0 | 3,836.7 | 172,007.4 | 53,751.6 | (11,972.7 | ) | 217,623.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | — | — | 58.0 | — | 58.0 | — | — | 97.5 | — | 97.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Stockholders' equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Series A preferred stock | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Series B preferred stock | 0.1 | — | — | — | 0.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common stock | 4.6 | 2.5 | — | (2.5 | ) | 4.6 | 4.7 | 2.5 | — | (2.5 | ) | 4.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Additional paid-in capital | 9,945.5 | 5,275.0 | 8,964.2 | (14,239.2 | ) | 9,945.5 | 9,686.0 | 5,305.6 | 9,010.9 | (14,316.5 | ) | 9,686.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Retained earnings | 6,114.1 | 1,817.2 | 2,858.6 | (4,675.8 | ) | 6,114.1 | 7,720.4 | 2,139.9 | 3,724.3 | (5,864.2 | ) | 7,720.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 50.4 | 1,086.7 | 545.9 | (1,632.6 | ) | 50.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (675.2 | ) | 748.4 | (230.9 | ) | (517.5 | ) | (675.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Treasury stock, at cost | (5,930.7 | ) | — | — | — | (5,930.7 | ) | (6,508.6 | ) | — | — | — | (6,508.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total stockholders' equity attributable to PFG | 10,184.0 | 8,181.4 | 12,368.7 | (20,550.1 | ) | 10,184.0 | 10,227.3 | 8,196.4 | 12,504.3 | (20,700.7 | ) | 10,227.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Noncontrolling interest | — | — | 52.5 | (4.5 | ) | 48.0 | — | — | 71.2 | (4.7 | ) | 66.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total stockholders' equity | 10,184.0 | 8,181.4 | 12,421.2 | (20,554.6 | ) | 10,232.0 | 10,227.3 | 8,196.4 | 12,575.5 | (20,705.4 | ) | 10,293.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 13,319.1 | $ | 162,871.9 | $ | 72,016.3 | $ | (29,120.3 | ) | $ | 219,087.0 | $ | 14,064.0 | $ | 180,203.8 | $ | 66,424.6 | $ | (32,678.1 | ) | $ | 228,014.3 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Financial Position
December 31, 20132015
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | — | $ | 42,794.7 | $ | 6,357.5 | $ | (395.1 | ) | $ | 48,757.1 | |||||
Fixed maturities, trading | — | 245.5 | 317.6 | — | 563.1 | |||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | — | 102.6 | 7.9 | — | 110.5 | |||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | — | 0.3 | 716.6 | — | 716.9 | |||||||||||
Mortgage loans | — | 10,501.5 | 1,345.9 | (313.8 | ) | 11,533.6 | ||||||||||
Real estate | — | 7.9 | 1,263.7 | — | 1,271.6 | |||||||||||
Policy loans | — | 830.1 | 29.6 | — | 859.7 | |||||||||||
Investment in unconsolidated entities | 11,956.2 | 3,396.8 | 4,891.6 | (19,364.6 | ) | 880.0 | ||||||||||
Other investments | 9.3 | 1,892.4 | 1,238.8 | (1,076.1 | ) | 2,064.4 | ||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 131.5 | 1,332.2 | 894.5 | 13.6 | 2,371.8 | |||||||||||
Accrued investment income | — | 474.5 | 59.0 | (1.4 | ) | 532.1 | ||||||||||
Premiums due and other receivables | — | 1,029.0 | 1,814.5 | (1,602.5 | ) | 1,241.0 | ||||||||||
Deferred acquisition costs | — | 2,848.8 | 228.2 | — | 3,077.0 | |||||||||||
Property and equipment | — | 422.1 | 78.6 | — | 500.7 | |||||||||||
Goodwill | — | 54.3 | 1,046.0 | — | 1,100.3 | |||||||||||
Other intangibles | — | 26.9 | 1,432.1 | — | 1,459.0 | |||||||||||
Separate account assets | — | 83,790.2 | 46,228.2 | — | 130,018.4 | |||||||||||
Other assets | 59.2 | 976.9 | 2,115.3 | (2,017.2 | ) | 1,134.2 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets | $ | 12,156.2 | $ | 150,726.7 | $ | 70,065.6 | $ | (24,757.1 | ) | $ | 208,191.4 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Liabilities | ||||||||||||||||
Contractholder funds | $ | — | $ | 34,918.0 | $ | 1,330.7 | $ | (290.4 | ) | $ | 35,958.3 | |||||
Future policy benefits and claims | — | 18,292.9 | 4,625.0 | (291.7 | ) | 22,626.2 | ||||||||||
Other policyholder funds | — | 705.1 | 54.2 | (0.4 | ) | 758.9 | ||||||||||
Short-term debt | — | — | 150.6 | — | 150.6 | |||||||||||
Long-term debt | 2,448.8 | 99.4 | 367.0 | (313.8 | ) | 2,601.4 | ||||||||||
Income taxes currently payable | — | — | 67.4 | (62.2 | ) | 5.2 | ||||||||||
Deferred income taxes | — | (25.0 | ) | 1,030.1 | (181.1 | ) | 824.0 | |||||||||
Separate account liabilities | — | 83,790.2 | 46,228.2 | — | 130,018.4 | |||||||||||
Other liabilities | 23.2 | 5,204.8 | 3,911.8 | (3,915.6 | ) | 5,224.2 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities | 2,472.0 | 142,985.4 | 57,765.0 | (5,055.2 | ) | 198,167.2 | ||||||||||
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | — | — | 247.2 | — | 247.2 | |||||||||||
Stockholders' equity | ||||||||||||||||
Series A preferred stock | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||
Series B preferred stock | 0.1 | — | — | — | 0.1 | |||||||||||
Common stock | 4.6 | 2.5 | — | (2.5 | ) | 4.6 | ||||||||||
Additional paid-in capital | 9,798.9 | 5,505.0 | 9,163.7 | (14,668.7 | ) | 9,798.9 | ||||||||||
Retained earnings | 5,405.4 | 1,738.1 | 2,578.2 | (4,316.3 | ) | 5,405.4 | ||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 183.2 | 495.7 | 214.3 | (710.0 | ) | 183.2 | ||||||||||
Treasury stock, at cost | (5,708.0 | ) | — | — | — | (5,708.0 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total stockholders' equity attributable to PFG | 9,684.2 | 7,741.3 | 11,956.2 | (19,697.5 | ) | 9,684.2 | ||||||||||
Noncontrolling interest | — | — | 97.2 | (4.4 | ) | 92.8 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total stockholders' equity | 9,684.2 | 7,741.3 | 12,053.4 | (19,701.9 | ) | 9,777.0 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 12,156.2 | $ | 150,726.7 | $ | 70,065.6 | $ | (24,757.1 | ) | $ | 208,191.4 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of OperationsFor the year ended December 31, 2014
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Revenues | ||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | — | $ | 3,329.2 | $ | 393.7 | $ | — | $ | 3,722.9 | ||||||
Fees and other revenues | — | 1,892.5 | 1,981.3 | (391.7 | ) | 3,482.1 | ||||||||||
Net investment income | 0.5 | 2,288.3 | 1,738.2 | (769.1 | ) | 3,257.9 | ||||||||||
Net realized capital gains (losses), excluding impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | 1,117.6 | (1,024.9 | ) | — | 92.7 | ||||||||||
Net other-than-temporary impairment (losses) recoveries on available-for-sale securities | — | 33.0 | (9.2 | ) | — | 23.8 | ||||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale reclassified to (from) other comprehensive income | — | (102.1 | ) | 0.3 | — | (101.8 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | (69.1 | ) | (8.9 | ) | — | (78.0 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net realized capital gains (losses) | — | 1,048.5 | (1,033.8 | ) | — | 14.7 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | 0.5 | 8,558.5 | 3,079.4 | (1,160.8 | ) | 10,477.6 | ||||||||||
Expenses | ||||||||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | — | 4,521.2 | 721.3 | (11.5 | ) | 5,231.0 | ||||||||||
Dividends to policyholders | — | 177.4 | — | — | 177.4 | |||||||||||
Operating expenses | 144.3 | 2,168.8 | 1,589.3 | (328.1 | ) | 3,574.3 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 144.3 | 6,867.4 | 2,310.6 | (339.6 | ) | 8,982.7 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (143.8 | ) | 1,691.1 | 768.8 | (821.2 | ) | 1,494.9 | |||||||||
Income taxes (benefits) | (86.3 | ) | 426.8 | (19.8 | ) | (2.2 | ) | 318.5 | ||||||||
Equity in the net income (loss) of subsidiaries | 1,201.6 | (306.8 | ) | 449.6 | (1,344.4 | ) | — | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | 1,144.1 | 957.5 | 1,238.2 | (2,163.4 | ) | 1,176.4 | ||||||||||
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | — | — | 32.3 | — | 32.3 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income attributable to PFG | 1,144.1 | 957.5 | 1,205.9 | (2,163.4 | ) | 1,144.1 | ||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 33.0 | — | — | — | 33.0 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 1,111.1 | $ | 957.5 | $ | 1,205.9 | $ | (2,163.4 | ) | $ | 1,111.1 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | $ | 1,144.1 | $ | 957.5 | $ | 1,238.2 | $ | (2,163.4 | ) | $ | 1,176.4 | |||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (198.8 | ) | 367.7 | 180.3 | (493.3 | ) | (144.1 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income | $ | 945.3 | $ | 1,325.2 | $ | 1,418.5 | $ | (2,656.7 | ) | $ | 1,032.3 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | — | $ | 43,862.7 | $ | 6,482.5 | $ | (378.7 | ) | $ | 49,966.5 | |||||
Fixed maturities, trading | — | 436.2 | 250.6 | — | 686.8 | |||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | — | 101.7 | 2.8 | — | 104.5 | |||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | — | 0.3 | 1,202.4 | — | 1,202.7 | |||||||||||
Mortgage loans | — | 11,696.9 | 1,155.3 | (512.8 | ) | 12,339.4 | ||||||||||
Real estate | — | 6.3 | 1,445.5 | — | 1,451.8 | |||||||||||
Policy loans | — | 786.3 | 30.8 | — | 817.1 | |||||||||||
Investment in unconsolidated entities | 12,223.4 | 2,220.5 | 6,229.8 | (20,041.0 | ) | 632.7 | ||||||||||
Other investments | 9.7 | 3,944.3 | 1,636.5 | (2,971.5 | ) | 2,619.0 | ||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 578.7 | 1,127.9 | 1,253.7 | (395.5 | ) | 2,564.8 | ||||||||||
Accrued investment income | — | 477.9 | 76.7 | (9.0 | ) | 545.6 | ||||||||||
Premiums due and other receivables | — | 1,512.7 | 2,465.9 | (2,549.3 | ) | 1,429.3 | ||||||||||
Deferred acquisition costs | — | 3,057.3 | 218.8 | — | 3,276.1 | |||||||||||
Property and equipment | — | 552.0 | 81.8 | — | 633.8 | |||||||||||
Goodwill | — | 54.3 | 954.7 | — | 1,009.0 | |||||||||||
Other intangibles | — | 24.6 | 1,334.6 | — | 1,359.2 | |||||||||||
Separate account assets | — | 94,762.8 | 42,216.1 | — | 136,978.9 | |||||||||||
Other assets | 458.0 | 878.0 | 2,995.6 | (3,288.5 | ) | 1,043.1 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets | $ | 13,269.8 | $ | 165,502.7 | $ | 70,034.1 | $ | (30,146.3 | ) | $ | 218,660.3 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Liabilities | ||||||||||||||||
Contractholder funds | $ | — | $ | 33,151.7 | $ | 2,885.1 | $ | (320.7 | ) | $ | 35,716.1 | |||||
Future policy benefits and claims | — | 21,914.0 | 4,479.3 | (536.8 | ) | 25,856.5 | ||||||||||
Other policyholder funds | — | 718.1 | 88.2 | (0.9 | ) | 805.4 | ||||||||||
Short-term debt | — | — | 181.1 | — | 181.1 | |||||||||||
Long-term debt | 3,223.8 | — | 535.2 | (493.8 | ) | 3,265.2 | ||||||||||
Income taxes currently payable | — | — | 101.9 | (83.5 | ) | 18.4 | ||||||||||
Deferred income taxes | — | 415.2 | 928.9 | (646.9 | ) | 697.2 | ||||||||||
Separate account liabilities | — | 94,762.8 | 42,216.1 | — | 136,978.9 | |||||||||||
Other liabilities | 734.4 | 6,330.1 | 6,323.6 | (7,709.7 | ) | 5,678.4 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities | 3,958.2 | 157,291.9 | 57,739.4 | (9,792.3 | ) | 209,197.2 | ||||||||||
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | — | — | 85.7 | — | 85.7 | |||||||||||
Stockholders' equity | ||||||||||||||||
Common stock | 4.7 | 2.5 | — | (2.5 | ) | 4.7 | ||||||||||
Additional paid-in capital | 9,544.8 | 5,334.4 | 9,000.0 | (14,334.4 | ) | 9,544.8 | ||||||||||
Retained earnings | 6,875.9 | 2,232.6 | 3,522.3 | (5,754.9 | ) | 6,875.9 | ||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (882.5 | ) | 641.3 | (383.6 | ) | (257.7 | ) | (882.5 | ) | |||||||
Treasury stock, at cost | (6,231.3 | ) | — | — | — | (6,231.3 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total stockholders' equity attributable to PFG | 9,311.6 | 8,210.8 | 12,138.7 | (20,349.5 | ) | 9,311.6 | ||||||||||
Noncontrolling interest | — | — | 70.3 | (4.5 | ) | 65.8 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total stockholders' equity | 9,311.6 | 8,210.8 | 12,209.0 | (20,354.0 | ) | 9,377.4 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 13,269.8 | $ | 165,502.7 | $ | 70,034.1 | $ | (30,146.3 | ) | $ | 218,660.3 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations
For the year ended December 31, 20132016
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenues | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | — | $ | 2,788.1 | $ | 366.0 | $ | — | $ | 3,154.1 | $ | — | $ | 4,869.0 | $ | 430.1 | $ | — | $ | 5,299.1 | ||||||||||||
Fees and other revenues | — | 1,723.8 | 1,855.0 | (356.6 | ) | 3,222.2 | — | 1,956.1 | 2,061.1 | (389.8 | ) | 3,627.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment income | 0.4 | 2,354.5 | 753.8 | 29.7 | 3,138.4 | 3.4 | 2,300.2 | 2,004.7 | (1,011.8 | ) | 3,296.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized capital gains (losses), excluding impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | 6.3 | (779.5 | ) | 663.9 | 0.1 | (109.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized capital gains, excluding impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | 210.4 | 48.1 | 11.0 | 269.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net other-than-temporary impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | (85.6 | ) | (5.9 | ) | — | (91.5 | ) | — | (92.2 | ) | (6.6 | ) | — | (98.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale reclassified from other comprehensive income | — | (17.0 | ) | (7.5 | ) | — | (24.5 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale reclassified to (from) other comprehensive income | — | (3.0 | ) | 3.4 | — | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | (102.6 | ) | (13.4 | ) | — | (116.0 | ) | — | (95.2 | ) | (3.2 | ) | — | (98.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net realized capital gains (losses) | 6.3 | (882.1 | ) | 650.5 | 0.1 | (225.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized capital gains | — | 115.2 | 44.9 | 11.0 | 171.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | 6.7 | 5,984.3 | 3,625.3 | (326.8 | ) | 9,289.5 | 3.4 | 9,240.5 | 4,540.8 | (1,390.6 | ) | 12,394.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Expenses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | — | 4,056.6 | 639.2 | (12.2 | ) | 4,683.6 | — | 6,177.9 | 746.3 | (11.0 | ) | 6,913.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to policyholders | — | 189.0 | — | — | 189.0 | — | 156.6 | — | — | 156.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating expenses | 140.5 | 1,887.7 | 1,567.5 | (302.8 | ) | 3,292.9 | 312.3 | 2,113.9 | 1,629.7 | (323.3 | ) | 3,732.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 140.5 | 6,133.3 | 2,206.7 | (315.0 | ) | 8,165.5 | 312.3 | 8,448.4 | 2,376.0 | (334.3 | ) | 10,802.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (133.8 | ) | (149.0 | ) | 1,418.6 | (11.8 | ) | 1,124.0 | (308.9 | ) | 792.1 | 2,164.8 | (1,056.3 | ) | 1,591.7 | |||||||||||||||||
Income taxes (benefits) | (54.0 | ) | (167.5 | ) | 412.6 | (3.2 | ) | 187.9 | (134.9 | ) | 97.9 | 270.0 | (3.1 | ) | 229.9 | |||||||||||||||||
Equity in the net income of subsidiaries | 992.5 | 678.1 | 10.1 | (1,680.7 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity in the net income (loss) of subsidiaries | 1,490.5 | 395.9 | (366.0 | ) | (1,520.4 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | 912.7 | 696.6 | 1,016.1 | (1,689.3 | ) | 936.1 | 1,316.5 | 1,090.1 | 1,528.8 | (2,573.6 | ) | 1,361.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | — | — | 23.6 | (0.2 | ) | 23.4 | — | — | 45.3 | — | 45.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income attributable to PFG | 912.7 | 696.6 | 992.5 | (1,689.1 | ) | 912.7 | $ | 1,316.5 | $ | 1,090.1 | $ | 1,483.5 | $ | (2,573.6 | ) | $ | 1,316.5 | |||||||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 33.0 | — | — | — | 33.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 879.7 | $ | 696.6 | $ | 992.5 | $ | (1,689.1 | ) | $ | 879.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | $ | 912.7 | $ | 696.6 | $ | 1,016.1 | $ | (1,689.3 | ) | $ | 936.1 | $ | 1,316.5 | $ | 1,090.1 | $ | 1,528.8 | $ | (2,573.6 | ) | $ | 1,361.8 | ||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss | (450.1 | ) | (146.6 | ) | (300.1 | ) | 424.9 | (471.9 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income | 218.8 | 116.5 | 218.1 | (332.4 | ) | 221.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income | $ | 462.6 | $ | 550.0 | $ | 716.0 | $ | (1,264.4 | ) | $ | 464.2 | $ | 1,535.3 | $ | 1,206.6 | $ | 1,746.9 | $ | (2,906.0 | ) | $ | 1,582.8 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations
For the year ended December 31, 20122015
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenues | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | — | $ | 2,878.9 | $ | 340.5 | $ | — | $ | 3,219.4 | $ | — | $ | 4,950.0 | $ | 360.3 | $ | — | $ | 5,310.3 | ||||||||||||
Fees and other revenues | 0.5 | 1,529.7 | 1,404.1 | (307.6 | ) | 2,626.7 | — | 2,014.1 | 2,037.1 | (398.1 | ) | 3,653.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment income | 3.0 | 2,484.5 | 743.1 | 24.3 | 3,254.9 | 1.6 | 2,164.0 | 1,632.5 | (746.0 | ) | 3,052.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized capital gains (losses), excluding impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | 0.3 | (194.8 | ) | 454.8 | (27.6 | ) | 232.7 | — | 357.2 | (378.1 | ) | — | (20.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Total other-than-temporary impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | (121.1 | ) | (14.8 | ) | — | (135.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale reclassified to other comprehensive income | — | 13.8 | 3.5 | — | 17.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net other-than-temporary impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | (0.4 | ) | (0.4 | ) | — | (0.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale reclassified from other comprehensive income | — | (29.4 | ) | — | — | (29.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | (107.3 | ) | (11.3 | ) | — | (118.6 | ) | — | (29.8 | ) | (0.4 | ) | — | (30.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net realized capital gains (losses) | 0.3 | (302.1 | ) | 443.5 | (27.6 | ) | 114.1 | — | 327.4 | (378.5 | ) | — | (51.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | 3.8 | 6,591.0 | 2,931.2 | (310.9 | ) | 9,215.1 | 1.6 | 9,455.5 | 3,651.4 | (1,144.1 | ) | 11,964.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Expenses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | — | 4,517.8 | 618.5 | (12.4 | ) | 5,123.9 | — | 6,047.1 | 661.9 | (11.3 | ) | 6,697.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to policyholders | — | 197.7 | — | — | 197.7 | — | 163.5 | — | — | 163.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating expenses | 170.2 | 1,764.2 | 1,265.0 | (265.9 | ) | 2,933.5 | 175.4 | 2,189.2 | 1,643.3 | (335.5 | ) | 3,672.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 170.2 | 6,479.7 | 1,883.5 | (278.3 | ) | 8,255.1 | 175.4 | 8,399.8 | 2,305.2 | (346.8 | ) | 10,533.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (166.4 | ) | 111.3 | 1,047.7 | (32.6 | ) | 960.0 | (173.8 | ) | 1,055.7 | 1,346.2 | (797.3 | ) | 1,430.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
Income taxes (benefits) | (67.6 | ) | (83.2 | ) | 287.1 | (1.7 | ) | 134.6 | (71.2 | ) | 235.7 | 14.7 | (1.6 | ) | 177.6 | |||||||||||||||||
Equity in the net income of subsidiaries | 905.4 | 480.4 | 163.9 | (1,549.7 | ) | — | 1,336.6 | 114.6 | 17.4 | (1,468.6 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | 806.6 | 674.9 | 924.5 | (1,580.6 | ) | 825.4 | 1,234.0 | 934.6 | 1,348.9 | (2,264.3 | ) | 1,253.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | — | — | 19.1 | (0.3 | ) | 18.8 | — | — | 19.2 | — | 19.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income attributable to PFG | 806.6 | 674.9 | 905.4 | (1,580.3 | ) | 806.6 | 1,234.0 | 934.6 | 1,329.7 | (2,264.3 | ) | 1,234.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 33.0 | — | — | — | 33.0 | 16.5 | — | — | — | 16.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Excess of redemption value over carrying value of preferred shares redeemed | 8.2 | — | — | — | 8.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 773.6 | $ | 674.9 | $ | 905.4 | $ | (1,580.3 | ) | $ | 773.6 | $ | 1,209.3 | $ | 934.6 | $ | 1,329.7 | $ | (2,264.3 | ) | $ | 1,209.3 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | $ | 806.6 | $ | 674.9 | $ | 924.5 | $ | (1,580.6 | ) | $ | 825.4 | $ | 1,234.0 | $ | 934.6 | $ | 1,348.9 | $ | (2,264.3 | ) | $ | 1,253.2 | ||||||||||
Other comprehensive income | 321.2 | 315.2 | 95.1 | (361.4 | ) | 370.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss | (988.0 | ) | (446.9 | ) | (935.0 | ) | 1,426.8 | (943.1 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income | $ | 1,127.8 | $ | 990.1 | $ | 1,019.6 | $ | (1,942.0 | ) | $ | 1,195.5 | $ | 246.0 | $ | 487.7 | $ | 413.9 | $ | (837.5 | ) | $ | 310.1 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash FlowsOperations
For the year ended December 31, 2014
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Operating activities | ||||||||||||||||
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | (81.6 | ) | $ | 2,461.0 | $ | 1,205.0 | $ | (481.5 | ) | $ | 3,102.9 | ||||
Investing activities | ||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale securities: | ||||||||||||||||
Purchases | — | (8,038.3 | ) | (1,025.9 | ) | 10.2 | (9,054.0 | ) | ||||||||
Sales | — | 2,066.1 | 445.9 | — | 2,512.0 | |||||||||||
Maturities | — | 5,696.6 | 548.1 | — | 6,244.7 | |||||||||||
Mortgage loans acquired or originated | — | (2,141.0 | ) | (188.6 | ) | 160.0 | (2,169.6 | ) | ||||||||
Mortgage loans sold or repaid | — | 1,658.3 | 254.8 | (119.5 | ) | 1,793.6 | ||||||||||
Real estate acquired | — | (0.8 | ) | (280.9 | ) | — | (281.7 | ) | ||||||||
Net purchases of property and equipment | — | (115.1 | ) | (20.9 | ) | — | (136.0 | ) | ||||||||
Dividends and returns of capital received from unconsolidated entities | 917.7 | 255.2 | 867.7 | (2,040.6 | ) | — | ||||||||||
Net change in other investments | (0.7 | ) | 175.7 | (290.7 | ) | 34.0 | (81.7 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 917.0 | (443.3 | ) | 309.5 | (1,955.9 | ) | (1,172.7 | ) | ||||||||
Financing activities | ||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock | 77.5 | — | — | — | 77.5 | |||||||||||
Acquisition of treasury stock | (222.7 | ) | — | — | — | (222.7 | ) | |||||||||
Proceeds from financing element derivatives | — | 15.1 | — | — | 15.1 | |||||||||||
Payments for financing element derivatives | — | (58.0 | ) | — | — | (58.0 | ) | |||||||||
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | 0.3 | 4.2 | 5.2 | — | 9.7 | |||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest | — | — | (227.5 | ) | 0.5 | (227.0 | ) | |||||||||
Sale of subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interest | — | — | 0.5 | (0.5 | ) | — | ||||||||||
Dividends to common stockholders | (376.6 | ) | — | — | — | (376.6 | ) | |||||||||
Dividends to preferred stockholders | (33.0 | ) | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | |||||||||
Issuance of long-term debt | — | — | 140.9 | (102.4 | ) | 38.5 | ||||||||||
Principal repayments of long-term debt | — | (100.0 | ) | (81.1 | ) | 80.8 | (100.3 | ) | ||||||||
Net repayments of short-term borrowings | — | — | (118.3 | ) | — | (118.3 | ) | |||||||||
Dividends and capital paid to parent | — | (867.7 | ) | (1,172.9 | ) | 2,040.6 | — | |||||||||
Investment contract deposits | — | 5,349.1 | 289.3 | — | 5,638.4 | |||||||||||
Investment contract withdrawals | — | (7,088.8 | ) | (10.4 | ) | — | (7,099.2 | ) | ||||||||
Net increase in banking operation deposits | — | — | 30.7 | — | 30.7 | |||||||||||
Other | — | (1.1 | ) | (11.8 | ) | — | (12.9 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash used in financing activities | (554.5 | ) | (2,747.2 | ) | (1,155.4 | ) | 2,019.0 | (2,438.1 | ) | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 280.9 | (729.5 | ) | 359.1 | (418.4 | ) | (507.9 | ) | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 131.5 | 1,332.2 | 894.5 | 13.6 | 2,371.8 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 412.4 | $ | 602.7 | $ | 1,253.6 | $ | (404.8 | ) | $ | 1,863.9 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Revenues | ||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | — | $ | 3,329.2 | $ | 393.7 | $ | — | $ | 3,722.9 | ||||||
Fees and other revenues | — | 1,892.5 | 1,981.3 | (391.7 | ) | 3,482.1 | ||||||||||
Net investment income | 0.5 | 2,288.3 | 1,738.2 | (769.1 | ) | 3,257.9 | ||||||||||
Net realized capital gains (losses), excluding impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | 1,117.6 | (1,024.9 | ) | — | 92.7 | ||||||||||
Net other-than-temporary impairment (losses) recoveries on available-for-sale securities | — | 33.0 | (9.2 | ) | — | 23.8 | ||||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale reclassified to (from) other comprehensive income | — | (102.1 | ) | 0.3 | — | (101.8 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | (69.1 | ) | (8.9 | ) | — | (78.0 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net realized capital gains (losses) | — | 1,048.5 | (1,033.8 | ) | — | 14.7 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | 0.5 | 8,558.5 | 3,079.4 | (1,160.8 | ) | 10,477.6 | ||||||||||
Expenses | ||||||||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | — | 4,521.2 | 721.3 | (11.5 | ) | 5,231.0 | ||||||||||
Dividends to policyholders | — | 177.4 | — | — | 177.4 | |||||||||||
Operating expenses | 144.3 | 2,168.8 | 1,589.3 | (328.1 | ) | 3,574.3 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 144.3 | 6,867.4 | 2,310.6 | (339.6 | ) | 8,982.7 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (143.8 | ) | 1,691.1 | 768.8 | (821.2 | ) | 1,494.9 | |||||||||
Income taxes (benefits) | (86.3 | ) | 426.8 | (19.8 | ) | (2.2 | ) | 318.5 | ||||||||
Equity in the net income (loss) of subsidiaries | 1,201.6 | (306.8 | ) | 449.6 | (1,344.4 | ) | — | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | 1,144.1 | 957.5 | 1,238.2 | (2,163.4 | ) | 1,176.4 | ||||||||||
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | — | — | 32.3 | — | 32.3 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income attributable to PFG | 1,144.1 | 957.5 | 1,205.9 | (2,163.4 | ) | 1,144.1 | ||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 33.0 | — | — | — | 33.0 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 1,111.1 | $ | 957.5 | $ | 1,205.9 | $ | (2,163.4 | ) | $ | 1,111.1 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | $ | 1,144.1 | $ | 957.5 | $ | 1,238.2 | $ | (2,163.4 | ) | $ | 1,176.4 | |||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (198.8 | ) | 367.7 | 180.3 | (493.3 | ) | (144.1 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income | $ | 945.3 | $ | 1,325.2 | $ | 1,418.5 | $ | (2,656.7 | ) | $ | 1,032.3 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows
For the year ended December 31, 20132016
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Operating activities | ||||||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | (42.8 | ) | $ | 2,271.7 | $ | (170.1 | ) | $ | 162.4 | $ | 2,221.2 | ||||
Investing activities | ||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale securities: | ||||||||||||||||
Purchases | — | (7,850.8 | ) | (1,186.1 | ) | 11.7 | (9,025.2 | ) | ||||||||
Sales | — | 1,536.0 | 434.0 | (50.9 | ) | 1,919.1 | ||||||||||
Maturities | — | 6,433.3 | 925.9 | — | 7,359.2 | |||||||||||
Mortgage loans acquired or originated | — | (2,378.4 | ) | (202.2 | ) | 387.7 | (2,192.9 | ) | ||||||||
Mortgage loans sold or repaid | — | 1,918.0 | 634.3 | (457.2 | ) | 2,095.1 | ||||||||||
Real estate acquired | — | — | (85.6 | ) | — | (85.6 | ) | |||||||||
Net purchases of property and equipment | — | (52.4 | ) | (7.0 | ) | — | (59.4 | ) | ||||||||
Purchase of interests in subsidiaries, net of cash acquired | — | — | (1,268.3 | ) | — | (1,268.3 | ) | |||||||||
Dividends and returns of capital received from unconsolidated entities | 319.5 | 444.2 | 319.5 | (1,083.2 | ) | — | ||||||||||
Net change in other investments | (3.1 | ) | 56.1 | (70.2 | ) | 48.9 | 31.7 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 316.4 | 106.0 | (505.7 | ) | (1,143.0 | ) | (1,226.3 | ) | ||||||||
Financing activities | ||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock | 125.8 | — | — | — | 125.8 | |||||||||||
Acquisition of treasury stock | (153.6 | ) | — | — | — | (153.6 | ) | |||||||||
Proceeds from financing element derivatives | — | 47.0 | — | — | 47.0 | |||||||||||
Payments for financing element derivatives | — | (48.0 | ) | — | — | (48.0 | ) | |||||||||
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | — | 3.1 | 7.0 | — | 10.1 | |||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest | — | — | (52.9 | ) | — | (52.9 | ) | |||||||||
Sale of subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interest | — | — | 31.8 | — | 31.8 | |||||||||||
Dividends to common stockholders | (288.4 | ) | — | — | — | (288.4 | ) | |||||||||
Dividends to preferred stockholders | (33.0 | ) | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | |||||||||
Issuance of long-term debt | — | — | 38.2 | — | 38.2 | |||||||||||
Principal repayments of long-term debt | — | — | (214.4 | ) | (3.8 | ) | (218.2 | ) | ||||||||
Net proceeds from short-term borrowings | — | — | 108.0 | — | 108.0 | |||||||||||
Dividends and capital paid to parent | — | (249.5 | ) | (763.7 | ) | 1,013.2 | — | |||||||||
Investment contract deposits | — | 6,355.1 | 361.2 | — | 6,716.3 | |||||||||||
Investment contract withdrawals | — | (8,846.6 | ) | (6.1 | ) | — | (8,852.7 | ) | ||||||||
Net decrease in banking operation deposits | — | — | (225.7 | ) | — | (225.7 | ) | |||||||||
Other | — | (5.0 | ) | — | — | (5.0 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash used in financing activities | (349.2 | ) | (2,743.9 | ) | (716.6 | ) | 1,009.4 | (2,800.3 | ) | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (75.6 | ) | (366.2 | ) | (1,392.4 | ) | 28.8 | (1,805.4 | ) | |||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 207.1 | 1,698.4 | 2,286.9 | (15.2 | ) | 4,177.2 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 131.5 | $ | 1,332.2 | $ | 894.5 | $ | 13.6 | $ | 2,371.8 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash FlowsFor the year ended December 31, 2012
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating activities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 204.8 | $ | 3,133.8 | $ | (382.5 | ) | $ | 124.7 | $ | 3,080.8 | $ | (188.6 | ) | $ | 3,657.5 | $ | 1,601.1 | $ | (1,212.2 | ) | $ | 3,857.8 | |||||||||
Investing activities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchases | — | (7,254.5 | ) | (1,024.9 | ) | 15.5 | (8,263.9 | ) | — | (12,771.1 | ) | (1,005.8 | ) | 13.1 | (13,763.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Sales | — | 1,183.9 | 134.8 | (15.0 | ) | 1,303.7 | — | 1,312.7 | 577.8 | — | 1,890.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Maturities | — | 5,805.7 | 841.8 | — | 6,647.5 | — | 7,097.4 | 645.4 | — | 7,742.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans acquired or originated | — | (2,224.8 | ) | (250.4 | ) | (63.2 | ) | (2,538.4 | ) | — | (2,615.7 | ) | (333.5 | ) | 60.2 | (2,889.0 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans sold or repaid | — | 1,422.2 | 382.3 | (136.5 | ) | 1,668.0 | — | 1,843.6 | 274.7 | (49.6 | ) | 2,068.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Real estate acquired | — | — | (151.8 | ) | — | (151.8 | ) | — | — | (109.7 | ) | — | (109.7 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Net purchases of property and equipment | — | (22.2 | ) | (16.7 | ) | — | (38.9 | ) | (0.1 | ) | (113.2 | ) | (41.6 | ) | — | (154.9 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Purchase of interests in subsidiaries, net of cash acquired | — | — | (80.4 | ) | — | (80.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends and returns of capital received from (contributions to) unconsolidated entities | (759.2 | ) | 299.2 | 714.8 | (254.8 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends and returns of capital received from unconsolidated entities | 1,295.3 | 3.1 | 1,195.0 | (2,493.4 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net change in other investments | (0.2 | ) | (148.4 | ) | (1.6 | ) | (6.9 | ) | (157.1 | ) | 1.3 | 317.7 | (922.8 | ) | 665.3 | 61.5 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (759.4 | ) | (938.9 | ) | 547.9 | (460.9 | ) | (1,611.3 | ) | 1,296.5 | (4,925.5 | ) | 279.5 | (1,804.4 | ) | (5,153.9 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Financing activities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock | 28.9 | — | — | — | 28.9 | 37.8 | — | — | — | 37.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition of treasury stock | (272.7 | ) | — | — | — | (272.7 | ) | (277.3 | ) | — | — | — | (277.3 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Proceeds from financing element derivatives | — | 51.8 | — | — | 51.8 | — | 0.4 | — | — | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Payments for financing element derivatives | — | (49.9 | ) | — | — | (49.9 | ) | — | (87.7 | ) | — | — | (87.7 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | — | 5.1 | 5.7 | — | 10.8 | 0.7 | 4.7 | 6.6 | — | 12.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest | — | — | (4.3 | ) | 1.9 | (2.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sale of subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interest | — | — | 1.9 | (1.9 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to common stockholders | (231.3 | ) | — | — | — | (231.3 | ) | (464.9 | ) | — | — | — | (464.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to preferred stockholders | (33.0 | ) | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of long-term debt | 1,483.9 | — | 9.5 | — | 1,493.4 | 644.2 | — | 6.8 | 5.1 | 656.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Principal repayments of long-term debt | (440.8 | ) | — | (90.9 | ) | 81.1 | (450.6 | ) | (744.5 | ) | — | (47.5 | ) | (7.3 | ) | (799.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Net repayments of short-term borrowings | — | — | (68.8 | ) | — | (68.8 | ) | — | — | (131.4 | ) | — | (131.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Dividends and capital received from (paid to) parent | — | (714.8 | ) | 460.0 | 254.8 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends and capital paid to parent | — | (1,195.0 | ) | (1,298.4 | ) | 2,493.4 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment contract deposits | — | 6,401.2 | 499.2 | — | 6,900.4 | — | 10,465.8 | 305.1 | — | 10,770.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment contract withdrawals | — | (7,519.8 | ) | (2.8 | ) | — | (7,522.6 | ) | — | (8,373.3 | ) | (19.4 | ) | — | (8,392.7 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Net increase in banking operation deposits | — | — | 32.0 | — | 32.0 | — | — | 129.0 | — | 129.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other | — | (14.6 | ) | — | — | (14.6 | ) | — | 0.3 | 0.1 | — | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 535.0 | (1,841.0 | ) | 843.9 | 335.9 | (126.2 | ) | (804.0 | ) | 815.2 | (1,051.5 | ) | 2,491.2 | 1,450.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (19.6 | ) | 353.9 | 1,009.3 | (0.3 | ) | 1,343.3 | 303.9 | (452.8 | ) | 829.1 | (525.4 | ) | 154.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 226.7 | 1,344.5 | 1,277.6 | (14.9 | ) | 2,833.9 | 578.7 | 1,127.9 | 1,253.7 | (395.5 | ) | 2,564.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 207.1 | $ | 1,698.4 | $ | 2,286.9 | $ | (15.2 | ) | $ | 4,177.2 | $ | 882.6 | $ | 675.1 | $ | 2,082.8 | $ | (920.9 | ) | $ | 2,719.6 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows
For the year ended December 31, 2015
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Operating activities | ||||||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | (85.1 | ) | $ | 3,803.0 | $ | 317.0 | $ | 342.2 | $ | 4,377.1 | |||||
Investing activities | ||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale securities: | ||||||||||||||||
Purchases | — | (8,835.2 | ) | (1,085.1 | ) | — | (9,920.3 | ) | ||||||||
Sales | — | 1,017.2 | 546.4 | (0.6 | ) | 1,563.0 | ||||||||||
Maturities | — | 5,847.9 | 778.0 | — | 6,625.9 | |||||||||||
Mortgage loans acquired or originated | — | (2,177.1 | ) | (325.8 | ) | 227.8 | (2,275.1 | ) | ||||||||
Mortgage loans sold or repaid | — | 1,441.8 | 307.6 | (62.1 | ) | 1,687.3 | ||||||||||
Real estate acquired | — | (0.3 | ) | (321.7 | ) | — | (322.0 | ) | ||||||||
Net purchases of property and equipment | — | (109.3 | ) | (27.1 | ) | — | (136.4 | ) | ||||||||
Purchase of interests in subsidiaries, net of cash acquired | — | — | (291.2 | ) | — | (291.2 | ) | |||||||||
Dividends and returns of capital received from (contributed to) unconsolidated entities | 685.5 | (1.5 | ) | 485.6 | (1,169.6 | ) | — | |||||||||
Net change in other investments | 5.4 | 555.0 | (319.8 | ) | (339.4 | ) | (98.8 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 690.9 | (2,261.5 | ) | (253.1 | ) | (1,343.9 | ) | (3,167.6 | ) | |||||||
Financing activities | ||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock | 76.1 | — | — | — | 76.1 | |||||||||||
Acquisition of treasury stock | (300.6 | ) | — | — | — | (300.6 | ) | |||||||||
Proceeds from financing element derivatives | — | 0.3 | — | — | 0.3 | |||||||||||
Payments for financing element derivatives | — | (82.0 | ) | — | — | (82.0 | ) | |||||||||
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | 0.7 | 5.7 | 9.3 | — | 15.7 | |||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest | — | — | (23.4 | ) | 0.9 | (22.5 | ) | |||||||||
Sale of subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interest | — | — | 0.9 | (0.9 | ) | — | ||||||||||
Dividends to common stockholders | (441.0 | ) | — | — | — | (441.0 | ) | |||||||||
Dividends to preferred stockholders | (16.5 | ) | — | — | — | (16.5 | ) | |||||||||
Preferred stock redemption | (550.0 | ) | — | — | — | (550.0 | ) | |||||||||
Issuance of long-term debt | 791.8 | — | 235.5 | (222.4 | ) | 804.9 | ||||||||||
Principal repayments of long-term debt | — | — | (116.4 | ) | 63.8 | (52.6 | ) | |||||||||
Net proceeds from short-term borrowings | — | — | 157.0 | — | 157.0 | |||||||||||
Dividends and capital paid to parent | — | (485.6 | ) | (684.0 | ) | 1,169.6 | — | |||||||||
Investment contract deposits | — | 6,214.8 | 277.5 | — | 6,492.3 | |||||||||||
Investment contract withdrawals | — | (6,655.5 | ) | (11.3 | ) | — | (6,666.8 | ) | ||||||||
Net increase in banking operation deposits | — | — | 91.1 | — | 91.1 | |||||||||||
Other | — | (14.0 | ) | — | — | (14.0 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash used in financing activities | (439.5 | ) | (1,016.3 | ) | (63.8 | ) | 1,011.0 | (508.6 | ) | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 166.3 | 525.2 | 0.1 | 9.3 | 700.9 | |||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 412.4 | 602.7 | 1,253.6 | (404.8 | ) | 1,863.9 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 578.7 | $ | 1,127.9 | $ | 1,253.7 | $ | (395.5 | ) | $ | 2,564.8 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows
For the year ended December 31, 2014
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Life Insurance Company Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Operating activities | ||||||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | (81.6 | ) | $ | 2,461.0 | $ | 1,205.0 | $ | (481.5 | ) | $ | 3,102.9 | ||||
Investing activities | ||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale securities: | ||||||||||||||||
Purchases | — | (8,038.3 | ) | (1,025.9 | ) | 10.2 | (9,054.0 | ) | ||||||||
Sales | — | 2,066.1 | 445.9 | — | 2,512.0 | |||||||||||
Maturities | — | 5,696.6 | 548.1 | — | 6,244.7 | |||||||||||
Mortgage loans acquired or originated | — | (2,141.0 | ) | (188.6 | ) | 160.0 | (2,169.6 | ) | ||||||||
Mortgage loans sold or repaid | — | 1,658.3 | 254.8 | (119.5 | ) | 1,793.6 | ||||||||||
Real estate acquired | — | (0.8 | ) | (280.9 | ) | — | (281.7 | ) | ||||||||
Net purchases of property and equipment | — | (115.1 | ) | (20.9 | ) | — | (136.0 | ) | ||||||||
Dividends and returns of capital received from unconsolidated entities | 917.7 | 255.2 | 867.7 | (2,040.6 | ) | — | ||||||||||
Net change in other investments | (0.7 | ) | 175.7 | (290.7 | ) | 34.0 | (81.7 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 917.0 | (443.3 | ) | 309.5 | (1,955.9 | ) | (1,172.7 | ) | ||||||||
Financing activities | ||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock | 77.5 | — | — | — | 77.5 | |||||||||||
Acquisition of treasury stock | (222.7 | ) | — | — | — | (222.7 | ) | |||||||||
Proceeds from financing element derivatives | — | 15.1 | — | — | 15.1 | |||||||||||
Payments for financing element derivatives | — | (58.0 | ) | — | — | (58.0 | ) | |||||||||
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | 0.3 | 4.2 | 5.2 | — | 9.7 | |||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest | — | — | (227.5 | ) | 0.5 | (227.0 | ) | |||||||||
Sale of subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interest | — | — | 0.5 | (0.5 | ) | — | ||||||||||
Dividends to common stockholders | (376.6 | ) | — | — | — | (376.6 | ) | |||||||||
Dividends to preferred stockholders | (33.0 | ) | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | |||||||||
Issuance of long-term debt | — | — | 140.9 | (102.4 | ) | 38.5 | ||||||||||
Principal repayments of long-term debt | — | (100.0 | ) | (81.1 | ) | 80.8 | (100.3 | ) | ||||||||
Net repayments of short-term borrowings | — | — | (118.3 | ) | — | (118.3 | ) | |||||||||
Dividends and capital paid to parent | — | (867.7 | ) | (1,172.9 | ) | 2,040.6 | — | |||||||||
Investment contract deposits | — | 5,349.1 | 289.3 | — | 5,638.4 | |||||||||||
Investment contract withdrawals | — | (7,088.8 | ) | (10.4 | ) | — | (7,099.2 | ) | ||||||||
Net increase in banking operation deposits | — | — | 30.7 | — | 30.7 | |||||||||||
Other | — | (1.1 | ) | (11.8 | ) | — | (12.9 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash used in financing activities | (554.5 | ) | (2,747.2 | ) | (1,155.4 | ) | 2,019.0 | (2,438.1 | ) | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 280.9 | (729.5 | ) | 359.1 | (418.4 | ) | (507.9 | ) | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 131.5 | 1,332.2 | 894.5 | 13.6 | 2,371.8 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 412.4 | $ | 602.7 | $ | 1,253.6 | $ | (404.8 | ) | $ | 1,863.9 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
On May 7, 2014, our shelf registration statement was filed with the SEC and became effective. The shelf registration replaceseffective, replacing the shelf registration that had been in effect since May 2011. Under our current shelf registration, we have the ability to issue, in unlimited amounts, unsecured senior debt securities or subordinated debt securities, junior subordinated debt, preferred stock, common stock, warrants, depository shares, stock purchase contracts and stock purchase units of PFG, trust preferred securities of three subsidiary trusts and guarantees by PFG of these trust preferred securities. Our wholly owned subsidiary, PFS, may guarantee, fully and unconditionally or otherwise, our obligations with respect to any non-convertible securities, other than common stock, described in the shelf registration.
The following tables set forth condensed consolidating financial information of (i) PFG, (ii) PFS, (iii) Principal Life and all other direct and indirect subsidiaries of PFG on a combined basis and (iv) the eliminations necessary to arrive at the information for PFG on a consolidated basis as of December 31, 20142016 and December 31, 2013,2015, and for the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 2012.2014.
In presenting the condensed consolidating financial statements, the equity method of accounting has been applied to (i) PFG's interest in all direct subsidiaries of PFG and (ii) PFS's interest in Principal Life and all other subsidiaries, where applicable, even though all such subsidiaries meet the requirements to be consolidated under U.S. GAAP. Earnings of subsidiaries are, therefore, reflected in the parent's investment and earnings. All intercompany balances and transactions, including elimination of the parent's investment in subsidiaries, between PFG, PFS and Principal Life and all other subsidiaries have been eliminated, as shown in the column "Eliminations." These condensed consolidating financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements. The financial information may not necessarily be indicative of results of operations, cash flows or financial position had the subsidiaries operated as independent entities.
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Financial Position
December 31, 20142016
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. Only | Principal Life Insurance Company and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. Only | Principal Life Insurance Company and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 49,670.8 | $ | — | $ | 49,670.8 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 54,846.1 | $ | — | $ | 54,846.1 | ||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | — | — | 604.6 | — | 604.6 | — | — | 398.4 | — | 398.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | — | — | 123.0 | — | 123.0 | — | — | 98.9 | — | 98.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | — | — | 840.2 | — | 840.2 | — | — | 1,413.4 | — | 1,413.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans | — | — | 11,811.6 | — | 11,811.6 | — | — | 13,230.2 | — | 13,230.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Real estate | — | — | 1,344.6 | — | 1,344.6 | — | — | 1,368.8 | — | 1,368.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Policy loans | — | — | 829.2 | — | 829.2 | — | — | 823.8 | — | 823.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment in unconsolidated entities | 12,446.5 | 12,042.5 | 781.9 | (24,455.1 | ) | 815.8 | 12,597.9 | 12,532.4 | 697.5 | (25,054.6 | ) | 773.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | 9.5 | 128.2 | 2,256.3 | — | 2,394.0 | 9.8 | 135.9 | 2,737.0 | — | 2,882.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 412.4 | 907.2 | 1,598.0 | (1,053.7 | ) | 1,863.9 | 882.6 | 1,203.4 | 2,114.8 | (1,481.2 | ) | 2,719.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accrued investment income | — | — | 505.9 | — | 505.9 | — | 0.1 | 580.5 | — | 580.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Premiums due and other receivables | — | 0.3 | 1,211.8 | 0.9 | 1,213.0 | — | 0.3 | 1,503.1 | (141.5 | ) | 1,361.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Deferred acquisition costs | — | — | 2,993.0 | — | 2,993.0 | — | — | 3,380.2 | — | 3,380.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Property and equipment | — | — | 590.2 | — | 590.2 | — | — | 699.0 | — | 699.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Goodwill | — | — | 1,007.4 | — | 1,007.4 | — | — | 1,020.8 | — | 1,020.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other intangibles | — | — | 1,323.5 | — | 1,323.5 | — | — | 1,325.3 | — | 1,325.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Separate account assets | — | — | 140,072.8 | — | 140,072.8 | — | — | 139,832.6 | — | 139,832.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other assets | 450.7 | 167.6 | 1,117.7 | (652.5 | ) | 1,083.5 | 573.7 | 185.6 | 1,200.9 | (701.4 | ) | 1,258.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets | $ | 13,319.1 | $ | 13,245.8 | $ | 218,682.5 | $ | (26,160.4 | ) | $ | 219,087.0 | $ | 14,064.0 | $ | 14,057.7 | $ | 227,271.3 | $ | (27,378.7 | ) | $ | 228,014.3 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Liabilities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Contractholder funds | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 34,726.7 | $ | — | $ | 34,726.7 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 37,953.6 | $ | — | $ | 37,953.6 | ||||||||||||
Future policy benefits and claims | — | — | 24,036.6 | — | 24,036.6 | — | — | 29,000.7 | — | 29,000.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other policyholder funds | — | — | 812.7 | — | 812.7 | — | — | 890.4 | — | 890.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Short-term debt | — | — | 182.5 | (154.5 | ) | 28.0 | — | — | 127.9 | (76.5 | ) | 51.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Long-term debt | 2,448.9 | — | 82.3 | — | 2,531.2 | 3,126.4 | 142.1 | (0.8 | ) | (142.0 | ) | 3,125.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Income taxes currently payable | — | 4.3 | 54.1 | (46.9 | ) | 11.5 | — | — | 68.3 | (55.4 | ) | 12.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Deferred income taxes | — | — | 1,626.1 | (590.8 | ) | 1,035.3 | — | — | 1,619.3 | (646.9 | ) | 972.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Separate account liabilities | — | — | 140,072.8 | — | 140,072.8 | — | — | 139,832.6 | — | 139,832.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other liabilities | 686.2 | 872.8 | 4,862.4 | (879.2 | ) | 5,542.2 | 710.3 | 1,411.3 | 4,962.1 | (1,300.4 | ) | 5,783.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities | 3,135.1 | 877.1 | 206,456.2 | (1,671.4 | ) | 208,797.0 | 3,836.7 | 1,553.4 | 214,454.1 | (2,221.2 | ) | 217,623.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | — | — | 58.0 | — | 58.0 | — | — | 97.5 | — | 97.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Stockholders' equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Series A preferred stock | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Series B preferred stock | 0.1 | — | — | — | 0.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common stock | 4.6 | — | 17.8 | (17.8 | ) | 4.6 | 4.7 | — | 17.8 | (17.8 | ) | 4.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Additional paid-in capital | 9,945.5 | 8,964.2 | 9,341.0 | (18,305.2 | ) | 9,945.5 | 9,686.0 | 9,010.9 | 10,045.9 | (19,056.8 | ) | 9,686.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Retained earnings | 6,114.1 | 2,858.6 | 2,283.2 | (5,141.8 | ) | 6,114.1 | 7,720.4 | 3,724.3 | 2,940.2 | (6,664.5 | ) | 7,720.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 50.4 | 545.9 | 480.3 | (1,026.2 | ) | 50.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (675.2 | ) | (230.9 | ) | (348.7 | ) | 579.6 | (675.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Treasury stock, at cost | (5,930.7 | ) | — | (2.0 | ) | 2.0 | (5,930.7 | ) | (6,508.6 | ) | — | (2.0 | ) | 2.0 | (6,508.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total stockholders' equity attributable to PFG | 10,184.0 | 12,368.7 | 12,120.3 | (24,489.0 | ) | 10,184.0 | 10,227.3 | 12,504.3 | 12,653.2 | (25,157.5 | ) | 10,227.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Noncontrolling interest | — | — | 48.0 | — | 48.0 | — | — | 66.5 | — | 66.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total stockholders' equity | 10,184.0 | 12,368.7 | 12,168.3 | (24,489.0 | ) | 10,232.0 | 10,227.3 | 12,504.3 | 12,719.7 | (25,157.5 | ) | 10,293.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 13,319.1 | $ | 13,245.8 | $ | 218,682.5 | $ | (26,160.4 | ) | $ | 219,087.0 | $ | 14,064.0 | $ | 14,057.7 | $ | 227,271.3 | $ | (27,378.7 | ) | $ | 228,014.3 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Financial Position
December 31, 20132015
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. Only | Principal Life Insurance Company and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. Only | Principal Life Insurance Company and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 48,757.1 | $ | — | $ | 48,757.1 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 49,966.5 | $ | — | $ | 49,966.5 | ||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading | — | — | 563.1 | — | 563.1 | — | — | 686.8 | — | 686.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, available-for-sale | — | — | 110.5 | — | 110.5 | — | — | 104.5 | — | 104.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | — | — | 716.9 | — | 716.9 | — | — | 1,202.7 | — | 1,202.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans | — | — | 11,533.6 | — | 11,533.6 | — | — | 12,339.4 | — | 12,339.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Real estate | — | — | 1,271.6 | — | 1,271.6 | — | — | 1,451.8 | — | 1,451.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Policy loans | — | — | 859.7 | — | 859.7 | — | — | 817.1 | — | 817.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment in unconsolidated entities | 11,956.2 | 11,647.6 | 879.8 | (23,603.6 | ) | 880.0 | 12,223.4 | 12,209.1 | 583.2 | (24,383.0 | ) | 632.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | 9.3 | 72.7 | 1,982.5 | (0.1 | ) | 2,064.4 | 9.7 | 185.9 | 2,423.4 | — | 2,619.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 131.5 | 688.7 | 2,384.0 | (832.4 | ) | 2,371.8 | 578.7 | 730.5 | 2,413.3 | (1,157.7 | ) | 2,564.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accrued investment income | — | — | 532.1 | — | 532.1 | — | — | 545.6 | — | 545.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Premiums due and other receivables | — | 0.1 | 2,330.4 | (1,089.5 | ) | 1,241.0 | — | 0.1 | 1,584.6 | (155.4 | ) | 1,429.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Deferred acquisition costs | — | — | 3,077.0 | — | 3,077.0 | — | — | 3,276.1 | — | 3,276.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Property and equipment | — | — | 500.7 | — | 500.7 | — | — | 633.8 | — | 633.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Goodwill | — | — | 1,100.3 | — | 1,100.3 | — | — | 1,009.0 | — | 1,009.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other intangibles | — | — | 1,459.0 | — | 1,459.0 | — | — | 1,359.2 | — | 1,359.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Separate account assets | — | — | 130,018.4 | — | 130,018.4 | — | — | 136,978.9 | — | 136,978.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other assets | 59.2 | 94.8 | 1,181.0 | (200.8 | ) | 1,134.2 | 458.0 | 205.2 | 1,065.4 | (685.5 | ) | 1,043.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets | $ | 12,156.2 | $ | 12,503.9 | $ | 209,257.7 | $ | (25,726.4 | ) | $ | 208,191.4 | $ | 13,269.8 | $ | 13,330.8 | $ | 218,441.3 | $ | (26,381.6 | ) | $ | 218,660.3 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Liabilities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Contractholder funds | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 35,958.3 | $ | — | $ | 35,958.3 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 35,716.1 | $ | — | $ | 35,716.1 | ||||||||||||
Future policy benefits and claims | — | — | 22,626.2 | — | 22,626.2 | — | — | 25,856.5 | — | 25,856.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other policyholder funds | — | — | 758.9 | — | 758.9 | — | — | 805.4 | — | 805.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Short-term debt | — | — | 443.0 | (292.4 | ) | 150.6 | — | — | 290.0 | (108.9 | ) | 181.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Long-term debt | 2,448.8 | — | 1,236.9 | (1,084.3 | ) | 2,601.4 | 3,223.8 | 156.0 | 41.4 | (156.0 | ) | 3,265.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Income taxes currently payable | — | 2.8 | 44.7 | (42.3 | ) | 5.2 | — | 3.2 | 69.6 | (54.4 | ) | 18.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Deferred income taxes | — | — | 979.6 | (155.6 | ) | 824.0 | — | — | 1,325.2 | (628.0 | ) | 697.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Separate account liabilities | — | — | 130,018.4 | — | 130,018.4 | — | — | 136,978.9 | — | 136,978.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other liabilities | 23.2 | 544.9 | 5,204.1 | (548.0 | ) | 5,224.2 | 734.4 | 1,032.9 | 4,912.9 | (1,001.8 | ) | 5,678.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities | 2,472.0 | 547.7 | 197,270.1 | (2,122.6 | ) | 198,167.2 | 3,958.2 | 1,192.1 | 205,996.0 | (1,949.1 | ) | 209,197.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | — | — | 247.2 | — | 247.2 | — | — | 85.7 | — | 85.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Stockholders' equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Series A preferred stock | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Series B preferred stock | 0.1 | — | — | — | 0.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common stock | 4.6 | — | 17.8 | (17.8 | ) | 4.6 | 4.7 | — | 17.8 | (17.8 | ) | 4.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Additional paid-in capital | 9,798.9 | 9,163.7 | 9,057.1 | (18,220.8 | ) | 9,798.9 | 9,544.8 | 9,000.0 | 9,888.7 | (18,888.7 | ) | 9,544.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Retained earnings | 5,405.4 | 2,578.2 | 2,387.2 | (4,965.4 | ) | 5,405.4 | 6,875.9 | 3,522.3 | 2,905.9 | (6,428.2 | ) | 6,875.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 183.2 | 214.3 | 187.5 | (401.8 | ) | 183.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (882.5 | ) | (383.6 | ) | (516.6 | ) | 900.2 | (882.5 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Treasury stock, at cost | (5,708.0 | ) | — | (2.0 | ) | 2.0 | (5,708.0 | ) | (6,231.3 | ) | — | (2.0 | ) | 2.0 | (6,231.3 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total stockholders' equity attributable to PFG | 9,684.2 | 11,956.2 | 11,647.6 | (23,603.8 | ) | 9,684.2 | 9,311.6 | 12,138.7 | 12,293.8 | (24,432.5 | ) | 9,311.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Noncontrolling interest | — | — | 92.8 | — | 92.8 | — | — | 65.8 | — | 65.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total stockholders' equity | 9,684.2 | 11,956.2 | 11,740.4 | (23,603.8 | ) | 9,777.0 | 9,311.6 | 12,138.7 | 12,359.6 | (24,432.5 | ) | 9,377.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 12,156.2 | $ | 12,503.9 | $ | 209,257.7 | $ | (25,726.4 | ) | $ | 208,191.4 | $ | 13,269.8 | $ | 13,330.8 | $ | 218,441.3 | $ | (26,381.6 | ) | $ | 218,660.3 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations
For the year ended December 31, 2016
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. Only | Principal Life Insurance Company and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Revenues | ||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 5,299.1 | $ | — | $ | 5,299.1 | ||||||
Fees and other revenues | — | 0.9 | 3,634.0 | (7.5 | ) | 3,627.4 | ||||||||||
Net investment income | 3.4 | 25.2 | 3,260.4 | 7.5 | 3,296.5 | |||||||||||
Net realized capital gains (losses), excluding impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | (4.5 | ) | 273.9 | 0.1 | 269.5 | ||||||||||
Net other-than-temporary impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | — | (98.8 | ) | — | (98.8 | ) | |||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale reclassified to other comprehensive income | — | — | 0.4 | — | 0.4 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | — | (98.4 | ) | — | (98.4 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net realized capital gains (losses) | — | (4.5 | ) | 175.5 | 0.1 | 171.1 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | 3.4 | 21.6 | 12,369.0 | 0.1 | 12,394.1 | |||||||||||
Expenses | ||||||||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | — | — | 6,913.2 | — | 6,913.2 | |||||||||||
Dividends to policyholders | — | — | 156.6 | — | 156.6 | |||||||||||
Operating expenses | 312.3 | 9.7 | 3,417.5 | (6.9 | ) | 3,732.6 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 312.3 | 9.7 | 10,487.3 | (6.9 | ) | 10,802.4 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (308.9 | ) | 11.9 | 1,881.7 | 7.0 | 1,591.7 | ||||||||||
Income taxes (benefits) | (134.9 | ) | (24.3 | ) | 389.1 | — | 229.9 | |||||||||
Equity in the net income of subsidiaries | 1,490.5 | 1,447.3 | — | (2,937.8 | ) | — | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | 1,316.5 | 1,483.5 | 1,492.6 | (2,930.8 | ) | 1,361.8 | ||||||||||
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | — | — | 45.3 | — | 45.3 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income attributable to PFG | $ | 1,316.5 | $ | 1,483.5 | $ | 1,447.3 | $ | (2,930.8 | ) | $ | 1,316.5 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | $ | 1,316.5 | $ | 1,483.5 | $ | 1,492.6 | $ | (2,930.8 | ) | $ | 1,361.8 | |||||
Other comprehensive income | 218.8 | 174.3 | 191.7 | (363.8 | ) | 221.0 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income | $ | 1,535.3 | $ | 1,657.8 | $ | 1,684.3 | $ | (3,294.6 | ) | $ | 1,582.8 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations
For the year ended December 31, 2015
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. Only | Principal Life Insurance Company and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Revenues | ||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 5,310.3 | $ | — | $ | 5,310.3 | ||||||
Fees and other revenues | — | 0.3 | 3,653.6 | (0.8 | ) | 3,653.1 | ||||||||||
Net investment income | 1.6 | 15.6 | 3,027.5 | 7.4 | 3,052.1 | |||||||||||
Net realized capital losses, excluding impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | (0.7 | ) | (20.2 | ) | — | (20.9 | ) | ||||||||
Net other-than-temporary impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | — | (0.8 | ) | — | (0.8 | ) | |||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale reclassified from other comprehensive income | — | — | (29.4 | ) | — | (29.4 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | — | (30.2 | ) | — | (30.2 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net realized capital losses | — | (0.7 | ) | (50.4 | ) | — | (51.1 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | 1.6 | 15.2 | 11,941.0 | 6.6 | 11,964.4 | |||||||||||
Expenses | ||||||||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | — | — | 6,697.7 | — | 6,697.7 | |||||||||||
Dividends to policyholders | — | — | 163.5 | — | 163.5 | |||||||||||
Operating expenses | 175.4 | 10.8 | 3,486.5 | (0.3 | ) | 3,672.4 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 175.4 | 10.8 | 10,347.7 | (0.3 | ) | 10,533.6 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (173.8 | ) | 4.4 | 1,593.3 | 6.9 | 1,430.8 | ||||||||||
Income taxes (benefits) | (71.2 | ) | (0.9 | ) | 249.7 | — | 177.6 | |||||||||
Equity in the net income of subsidiaries | 1,336.6 | 1,324.4 | — | (2,661.0 | ) | — | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | 1,234.0 | 1,329.7 | 1,343.6 | (2,654.1 | ) | 1,253.2 | ||||||||||
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | — | — | 19.2 | — | 19.2 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income attributable to PFG | 1,234.0 | 1,329.7 | 1,324.4 | (2,654.1 | ) | 1,234.0 | ||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 16.5 | — | — | — | 16.5 | |||||||||||
Excess of redemption value over carrying value of preferred shares redeemed | 8.2 | — | — | — | 8.2 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 1,209.3 | $ | 1,329.7 | $ | 1,324.4 | $ | (2,654.1 | ) | $ | 1,209.3 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | $ | 1,234.0 | $ | 1,329.7 | $ | 1,343.6 | $ | (2,654.1 | ) | $ | 1,253.2 | |||||
Other comprehensive loss | (988.0 | ) | (923.4 | ) | (1,007.0 | ) | 1,975.3 | (943.1 | ) | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income | $ | 246.0 | $ | 406.3 | $ | 336.6 | $ | (678.8 | ) | $ | 310.1 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations
For the year ended December 31, 2014
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. Only | Principal Life Insurance Company and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Revenues | ||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 3,722.9 | $ | — | $ | 3,722.9 | ||||||
Fees and other revenues | — | 0.3 | 3,482.4 | (0.6 | ) | 3,482.1 | ||||||||||
Net investment income | 0.5 | 0.7 | 3,256.8 | (0.1 | ) | 3,257.9 | ||||||||||
Net realized capital gains, excluding impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | 3.8 | 93.0 | (4.1 | ) | 92.7 | ||||||||||
Net other-than-temporary impairment recoveries on available-for-sale securities | — | — | 23.8 | — | 23.8 | |||||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale reclassified from other comprehensive income | — | — | (101.8 | ) | — | (101.8 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | — | (78.0 | ) | — | (78.0 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net realized capital gains | — | 3.8 | 15.0 | (4.1 | ) | 14.7 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | 0.5 | 4.8 | 10,477.1 | (4.8 | ) | 10,477.6 | ||||||||||
Expenses | ||||||||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | — | — | 5,231.0 | — | 5,231.0 | |||||||||||
Dividends to policyholders | — | — | 177.4 | — | 177.4 | |||||||||||
Operating expenses | 144.3 | 12.2 | 3,418.3 | (0.5 | ) | 3,574.3 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 144.3 | 12.2 | 8,826.7 | (0.5 | ) | 8,982.7 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (143.8 | ) | (7.4 | ) | 1,650.4 | (4.3 | ) | 1,494.9 | ||||||||
Income taxes (benefits) | (86.3 | ) | (8.5 | ) | 413.3 | — | 318.5 | |||||||||
Equity in the net income of subsidiaries | 1,201.6 | 1,204.8 | — | (2,406.4 | ) | — | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | 1,144.1 | 1,205.9 | 1,237.1 | (2,410.7 | ) | 1,176.4 | ||||||||||
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | — | — | 32.3 | — | 32.3 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income attributable to PFG | 1,144.1 | 1,205.9 | 1,204.8 | (2,410.7 | ) | 1,144.1 | ||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 33.0 | — | — | — | 33.0 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 1,111.1 | $ | 1,205.9 | $ | 1,204.8 | $ | (2,410.7 | ) | $ | 1,111.1 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | $ | 1,144.1 | $ | 1,205.9 | $ | 1,237.1 | $ | (2,410.7 | ) | $ | 1,176.4 | |||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (198.8 | ) | 101.3 | 64.4 | (111.0 | ) | (144.1 | ) | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income | $ | 945.3 | $ | 1,307.2 | $ | 1,301.5 | $ | (2,521.7 | ) | $ | 1,032.3 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of OperationsCash Flows
For the year ended December 31, 20132016
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. Only | Principal Life Insurance Company and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Revenues | ||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 3,154.1 | $ | — | $ | 3,154.1 | ||||||
Fees and other revenues | — | 1.0 | 3,250.2 | (29.0 | ) | 3,222.2 | ||||||||||
Net investment income | 0.4 | 1.3 | 3,136.5 | 0.2 | 3,138.4 | |||||||||||
Net realized capital gains (losses), excluding impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | 6.3 | 4.6 | (120.1 | ) | — | (109.2 | ) | |||||||||
Net other-than-temporary impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | — | (91.5 | ) | — | (91.5 | ) | |||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale reclassified from other comprehensive income | — | — | (24.5 | ) | — | (24.5 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | — | (116.0 | ) | — | (116.0 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net realized capital gains (losses) | 6.3 | 4.6 | (236.1 | ) | — | (225.2 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | 6.7 | 6.9 | 9,304.7 | (28.8 | ) | 9,289.5 | ||||||||||
Expenses | ||||||||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | — | — | 4,683.6 | — | 4,683.6 | |||||||||||
Dividends to policyholders | — | — | 189.0 | — | 189.0 | |||||||||||
Operating expenses | 140.5 | 9.0 | 3,172.2 | (28.8 | ) | 3,292.9 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 140.5 | 9.0 | 8,044.8 | (28.8 | ) | 8,165.5 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (133.8 | ) | (2.1 | ) | 1,259.9 | — | 1,124.0 | |||||||||
Income taxes (benefits) | (54.0 | ) | (2.9 | ) | 244.8 | — | 187.9 | |||||||||
Equity in the net income of subsidiaries | 992.5 | 991.7 | — | (1,984.2 | ) | — | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | 912.7 | 992.5 | 1,015.1 | (1,984.2 | ) | 936.1 | ||||||||||
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | — | — | 23.4 | — | 23.4 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income attributable to PFG | 912.7 | 992.5 | 991.7 | (1,984.2 | ) | 912.7 | ||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 33.0 | — | — | — | 33.0 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 879.7 | $ | 992.5 | $ | 991.7 | $ | (1,984.2 | ) | $ | 879.7 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | $ | 912.7 | $ | 992.5 | $ | 1,015.1 | $ | (1,984.2 | ) | $ | 936.1 | |||||
Other comprehensive loss | (450.1 | ) | (476.4 | ) | (489.3 | ) | 943.9 | (471.9 | ) | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income | $ | 462.6 | $ | 516.1 | $ | 525.8 | $ | (1,040.3 | ) | $ | 464.2 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of OperationsFor the year ended December 31, 2012
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. Only | Principal Life Insurance Company and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Revenues | ||||||||||||||||
Premiums and other considerations | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 3,219.4 | $ | — | $ | 3,219.4 | ||||||
Fees and other revenues | 0.5 | — | 2,627.3 | (1.1 | ) | 2,626.7 | ||||||||||
Net investment income | 3.0 | 0.4 | 3,250.8 | 0.7 | 3,254.9 | |||||||||||
Net realized capital gains, excluding impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | 0.3 | 3.0 | 229.6 | (0.2 | ) | 232.7 | ||||||||||
Total other-than-temporary impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | — | (135.9 | ) | — | (135.9 | ) | |||||||||
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities, available-for-sale reclassified to other comprehensive income | — | — | 17.3 | — | 17.3 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net impairment losses on available-for-sale securities | — | — | (118.6 | ) | — | (118.6 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net realized capital gains | 0.3 | 3.0 | 111.0 | (0.2 | ) | 114.1 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | 3.8 | 3.4 | 9,208.5 | (0.6 | ) | 9,215.1 | ||||||||||
Expenses | ||||||||||||||||
Benefits, claims and settlement expenses | — | — | 5,123.9 | — | 5,123.9 | |||||||||||
Dividends to policyholders | — | — | 197.7 | — | 197.7 | |||||||||||
Operating expenses | 170.2 | 9.3 | 2,754.6 | (0.6 | ) | 2,933.5 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses | 170.2 | 9.3 | 8,076.2 | (0.6 | ) | 8,255.1 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (166.4 | ) | (5.9 | ) | 1,132.3 | — | 960.0 | |||||||||
Income taxes (benefits) | (67.6 | ) | (6.9 | ) | 209.1 | — | 134.6 | |||||||||
Equity in the net income of subsidiaries | 905.4 | 904.4 | — | (1,809.8 | ) | — | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | 806.6 | 905.4 | 923.2 | (1,809.8 | ) | 825.4 | ||||||||||
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | — | — | 18.8 | — | 18.8 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income attributable to PFG | 806.6 | 905.4 | 904.4 | (1,809.8 | ) | 806.6 | ||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 33.0 | — | — | — | 33.0 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 773.6 | $ | 905.4 | $ | 904.4 | $ | (1,809.8 | ) | $ | 773.6 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | $ | 806.6 | $ | 905.4 | $ | 923.2 | $ | (1,809.8 | ) | $ | 825.4 | |||||
Other comprehensive income | 321.2 | 366.3 | 353.7 | (671.1 | ) | 370.1 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income | $ | 1,127.8 | $ | 1,271.7 | $ | 1,276.9 | $ | (2,480.9 | ) | $ | 1,195.5 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. Only | Principal Life Insurance Company and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Operating activities | ||||||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | (188.6 | ) | $ | 255.7 | $ | 3,983.8 | $ | (193.1 | ) | $ | 3,857.8 | ||||
Investing activities | ||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale securities: | ||||||||||||||||
Purchases | — | — | (13,763.8 | ) | — | (13,763.8 | ) | |||||||||
Sales | — | — | 1,890.5 | — | 1,890.5 | |||||||||||
Maturities | — | — | 7,742.8 | — | 7,742.8 | |||||||||||
Mortgage loans acquired or originated | — | — | (2,889.0 | ) | — | (2,889.0 | ) | |||||||||
Mortgage loans sold or repaid | — | — | 2,068.7 | — | 2,068.7 | |||||||||||
Real estate acquired | — | — | (109.7 | ) | — | (109.7 | ) | |||||||||
Net purchases of property and equipment | (0.1 | ) | — | (154.8 | ) | — | (154.9 | ) | ||||||||
Dividends and returns of capital received from unconsolidated entities | 1,295.3 | 1,583.3 | — | (2,878.6 | ) | — | ||||||||||
Net change in other investments | 1.3 | (56.8 | ) | 293.7 | (176.7 | ) | 61.5 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 1,296.5 | 1,526.5 | (4,921.6 | ) | (3,055.3 | ) | (5,153.9 | ) | ||||||||
Financing activities | ||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock | 37.8 | — | — | — | 37.8 | |||||||||||
Acquisition of treasury stock | (277.3 | ) | — | — | — | (277.3 | ) | |||||||||
Proceeds from financing element derivatives | — | — | 0.4 | — | 0.4 | |||||||||||
Payments for financing element derivatives | — | — | (87.7 | ) | — | (87.7 | ) | |||||||||
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | 0.7 | — | 11.3 | — | 12.0 | |||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest | — | — | (2.4 | ) | — | (2.4 | ) | |||||||||
Dividends to common stockholders | (464.9 | ) | — | — | — | (464.9 | ) | |||||||||
Issuance of long-term debt | 644.2 | 6.0 | 11.9 | (6.0 | ) | 656.1 | ||||||||||
Principal repayments of long-term debt | (744.5 | ) | (20.0 | ) | (54.8 | ) | 20.0 | (799.3 | ) | |||||||
Net repayments of short-term borrowings | — | — | (163.7 | ) | 32.3 | (131.4 | ) | |||||||||
Dividends and capital paid to parent | — | (1,295.3 | ) | (1,583.3 | ) | 2,878.6 | — | |||||||||
Investment contract deposits | — | — | 10,770.9 | — | 10,770.9 | |||||||||||
Investment contract withdrawals | — | — | (8,392.7 | ) | — | (8,392.7 | ) | |||||||||
Net increase in banking operation deposits | — | — | 129.0 | — | 129.0 | |||||||||||
Other | — | — | 0.4 | — | 0.4 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (804.0 | ) | (1,309.3 | ) | 639.3 | 2,924.9 | 1,450.9 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 303.9 | 472.9 | (298.5 | ) | (323.5 | ) | 154.8 | |||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 578.7 | 730.5 | 2,413.3 | (1,157.7 | ) | 2,564.8 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 882.6 | $ | 1,203.4 | $ | 2,114.8 | $ | (1,481.2 | ) | $ | 2,719.6 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows
For the year ended December 31, 20142015
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. Only | Principal Life Insurance Company and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. Only | Principal Life Insurance Company and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating activities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | (81.6 | ) | $ | (16.6 | ) | $ | 3,456.7 | $ | (255.6 | ) | $ | 3,102.9 | $ | (85.1 | ) | $ | 338.5 | $ | 4,615.2 | $ | (491.5 | ) | $ | 4,377.1 | |||||||
Investing activities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchases | — | — | (9,054.0 | ) | — | (9,054.0 | ) | — | — | (9,920.3 | ) | — | (9,920.3 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Sales | — | — | 2,512.0 | — | 2,512.0 | — | — | 1,563.0 | — | 1,563.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Maturities | — | — | 6,244.7 | — | 6,244.7 | — | — | 6,625.9 | — | 6,625.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans acquired or originated | — | — | (2,169.6 | ) | — | (2,169.6 | ) | — | — | (2,275.1 | ) | — | (2,275.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans sold or repaid | — | — | 1,793.6 | — | 1,793.6 | — | — | 1,687.3 | — | 1,687.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Real estate acquired | — | — | (281.7 | ) | — | (281.7 | ) | — | — | (322.0 | ) | — | (322.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Net purchases of property and equipment | — | — | (136.0 | ) | — | (136.0 | ) | — | — | (136.4 | ) | — | (136.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of interests in subsidiaries, net of cash acquired | — | — | (291.2 | ) | — | (291.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends and returns of capital received from unconsolidated entities | 917.7 | 1,133.8 | — | (2,051.5 | ) | — | 685.5 | 499.5 | — | (1,185.0 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net change in other investments | (0.7 | ) | 19.0 | 3.6 | (103.6 | ) | (81.7 | ) | 5.4 | (485.2 | ) | (116.8 | ) | 497.8 | (98.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 917.0 | 1,152.8 | (1,087.4 | ) | (2,155.1 | ) | (1,172.7 | ) | 690.9 | 14.3 | (3,185.6 | ) | (687.2 | ) | (3,167.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Financing activities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock | 77.5 | — | — | — | 77.5 | 76.1 | — | — | — | 76.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition of treasury stock | (222.7 | ) | — | — | — | (222.7 | ) | (300.6 | ) | — | — | — | (300.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Proceeds from financing element derivatives | — | — | 15.1 | — | 15.1 | — | — | 0.3 | — | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Payments for financing element derivatives | — | — | (58.0 | ) | — | (58.0 | ) | — | — | (82.0 | ) | — | (82.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | 0.3 | — | 9.4 | — | 9.7 | 0.7 | — | 15.0 | — | 15.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest | — | — | (227.0 | ) | — | (227.0 | ) | — | — | (22.5 | ) | — | (22.5 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to common stockholders | (376.6 | ) | — | — | — | (376.6 | ) | (441.0 | ) | — | — | — | (441.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to preferred stockholders | (33.0 | ) | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | (16.5 | ) | — | — | — | (16.5 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock redemption | (550.0 | ) | — | — | — | (550.0 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of long-term debt | — | — | 38.5 | — | 38.5 | 791.8 | 156.0 | 77.0 | (219.9 | ) | 804.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Principal repayments of long-term debt | — | — | (100.3 | ) | — | (100.3 | ) | — | — | (116.5 | ) | 63.9 | (52.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Net repayments of short-term borrowings | — | — | (256.2 | ) | 137.9 | (118.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net proceeds from short-term borrowings | — | — | 111.3 | 45.7 | 157.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends and capital paid to parent | — | (917.7 | ) | (1,133.8 | ) | 2,051.5 | — | — | (685.5 | ) | (499.5 | ) | 1,185.0 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Investment contract deposits | — | — | 5,638.4 | — | 5,638.4 | — | — | 6,492.3 | — | 6,492.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment contract withdrawals | — | — | (7,099.2 | ) | — | (7,099.2 | ) | — | — | (6,666.8 | ) | — | (6,666.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Net increase in banking operation deposits | — | — | 30.7 | — | 30.7 | — | — | 91.1 | — | 91.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other | — | — | (12.9 | ) | — | (12.9 | ) | — | — | (14.0 | ) | — | (14.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash used in financing activities | (554.5 | ) | (917.7 | ) | (3,155.3 | ) | 2,189.4 | (2,438.1 | ) | (439.5 | ) | (529.5 | ) | (614.3 | ) | 1,074.7 | (508.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 280.9 | 218.5 | (786.0 | ) | (221.3 | ) | (507.9 | ) | 166.3 | (176.7 | ) | 815.3 | (104.0 | ) | 700.9 | |||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 131.5 | 688.7 | 2,384.0 | (832.4 | ) | 2,371.8 | 412.4 | 907.2 | 1,598.0 | (1,053.7 | ) | 1,863.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 412.4 | $ | 907.2 | $ | 1,598.0 | $ | (1,053.7 | ) | $ | 1,863.9 | $ | 578.7 | $ | 730.5 | $ | 2,413.3 | $ | (1,157.7 | ) | $ | 2,564.8 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 20142016
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows
For the year ended December 31, 20132014
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. Only | Principal Life Insurance Company and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. Only | Principal Life Insurance Company and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating activities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | (42.8 | ) | $ | 1,019.0 | $ | 2,340.2 | $ | (1,095.2 | ) | $ | 2,221.2 | $ | (81.6 | ) | $ | (16.6 | ) | $ | 3,456.7 | $ | (255.6 | ) | $ | 3,102.9 | |||||||
Investing activities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchases | — | — | (9,025.2 | ) | — | (9,025.2 | ) | — | — | (9,054.0 | ) | — | (9,054.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Sales | — | — | 1,919.1 | — | 1,919.1 | — | — | 2,512.0 | — | 2,512.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Maturities | — | — | 7,359.2 | — | 7,359.2 | — | — | 6,244.7 | — | 6,244.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans acquired or originated | — | — | (2,192.9 | ) | — | (2,192.9 | ) | — | — | (2,169.6 | ) | — | (2,169.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage loans sold or repaid | — | — | 2,095.1 | — | 2,095.1 | — | — | 1,793.6 | — | 1,793.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Real estate acquired | — | — | (85.6 | ) | — | (85.6 | ) | — | — | (281.7 | ) | — | (281.7 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Net purchases of property and equipment | — | — | (59.4 | ) | — | (59.4 | ) | — | — | (136.0 | ) | — | (136.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of interests in subsidiaries, net of cash acquired | — | — | (1,268.3 | ) | — | (1,268.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends and returns of capital received from (contributions to) unconsolidated entities | 319.5 | (594.6 | ) | — | 275.1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends and returns of capital received from unconsolidated entities | 917.7 | 1,133.8 | — | (2,051.5 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net change in other investments | (3.1 | ) | (28.7 | ) | 63.5 | — | 31.7 | (0.7 | ) | 19.0 | 3.6 | (103.6 | ) | (81.7 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 316.4 | (623.3 | ) | (1,194.5 | ) | 275.1 | (1,226.3 | ) | 917.0 | 1,152.8 | (1,087.4 | ) | (2,155.1 | ) | (1,172.7 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Financing activities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock | 125.8 | — | — | — | 125.8 | 77.5 | — | — | — | 77.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition of treasury stock | (153.6 | ) | — | — | — | (153.6 | ) | (222.7 | ) | — | — | — | (222.7 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Proceeds from financing element derivatives | — | — | 47.0 | — | 47.0 | — | — | 15.1 | — | 15.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Payments for financing element derivatives | — | — | (48.0 | ) | — | (48.0 | ) | — | — | (58.0 | ) | — | (58.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | — | — | 10.1 | — | 10.1 | 0.3 | — | 9.4 | — | 9.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest | — | — | (52.9 | ) | — | (52.9 | ) | — | — | (227.0 | ) | — | (227.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Sale of subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interest | — | — | 31.8 | — | 31.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to common stockholders | (288.4 | ) | — | — | — | (288.4 | ) | (376.6 | ) | — | — | — | (376.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Dividends to preferred stockholders | (33.0 | ) | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | (33.0 | ) | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of long-term debt | — | — | 1,122.5 | (1,084.3 | ) | 38.2 | — | — | 38.5 | — | 38.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Principal repayments of long-term debt | — | — | (218.2 | ) | — | (218.2 | ) | — | — | (100.3 | ) | — | (100.3 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Net proceeds from (repayments of) short-term borrowings | — | — | (2,122.8 | ) | 2,230.8 | 108.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends and capital received from (paid to) parent | — | (319.5 | ) | 594.6 | (275.1 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net repayments of short-term borrowings | — | — | (256.2 | ) | 137.9 | (118.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends and capital paid to parent | — | (917.7 | ) | (1,133.8 | ) | 2,051.5 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment contract deposits | — | — | 6,716.3 | — | 6,716.3 | — | — | 5,638.4 | — | 5,638.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment contract withdrawals | — | — | (8,852.7 | ) | — | (8,852.7 | ) | — | — | (7,099.2 | ) | — | (7,099.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Net decrease in banking operation deposits | — | — | (225.7 | ) | — | (225.7 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net increase in banking operation deposits | — | — | 30.7 | — | 30.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other | — | — | (5.0 | ) | — | (5.0 | ) | — | — | (12.9 | ) | — | (12.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash used in financing activities | (349.2 | ) | (319.5 | ) | (3,003.0 | ) | 871.4 | (2,800.3 | ) | (554.5 | ) | (917.7 | ) | (3,155.3 | ) | 2,189.4 | (2,438.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (75.6 | ) | 76.2 | (1,857.3 | ) | 51.3 | (1,805.4 | ) | 280.9 | 218.5 | (786.0 | ) | (221.3 | ) | (507.9 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 207.1 | 612.5 | 4,241.3 | (883.7 | ) | 4,177.2 | 131.5 | 688.7 | 2,384.0 | (832.4 | ) | 2,371.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 131.5 | $ | 688.7 | $ | 2,384.0 | $ | (832.4 | ) | $ | 2,371.8 | $ | 412.4 | $ | 907.2 | $ | 1,598.0 | $ | (1,053.7 | ) | $ | 1,863.9 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Principal Financial Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)
December 31, 2014
20. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information — (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash FlowsFor the year ended December 31, 2012
| | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Parent Only | Principal Financial Services, Inc. Only | Principal Life Insurance Company and Other Subsidiaries Combined | Eliminations | Principal Financial Group, Inc. Consolidated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | (in millions) | |||||||||||||||
Operating activities | ||||||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 204.8 | $ | (1,145.0 | ) | $ | 1,762.0 | $ | 2,259.0 | $ | 3,080.8 | |||||
Investing activities | ||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale securities: | ||||||||||||||||
Purchases | — | — | (8,263.9 | ) | — | (8,263.9 | ) | |||||||||
Sales | — | — | 1,303.7 | — | 1,303.7 | |||||||||||
Maturities | — | — | 6,647.5 | — | 6,647.5 | |||||||||||
Mortgage loans acquired or originated | — | — | (2,538.4 | ) | — | (2,538.4 | ) | |||||||||
Mortgage loans sold or repaid | — | — | 1,668.0 | — | 1,668.0 | |||||||||||
Real estate acquired | — | — | (151.8 | ) | — | (151.8 | ) | |||||||||
Net purchases of property and equipment | — | — | (38.9 | ) | — | (38.9 | ) | |||||||||
Purchase of interests in subsidiaries, net of cash acquired | — | — | (80.4 | ) | — | (80.4 | ) | |||||||||
Dividends and returns of capital received from (contributions to) unconsolidated entities | (759.2 | ) | 381.0 | — | 378.2 | — | ||||||||||
Net change in other investments | (0.2 | ) | (35.1 | ) | (121.8 | ) | — | (157.1 | ) | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (759.4 | ) | 345.9 | (1,576.0 | ) | 378.2 | (1,611.3 | ) | ||||||||
Financing activities | ||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock | 28.9 | — | — | — | 28.9 | |||||||||||
Acquisition of treasury stock | (272.7 | ) | — | — | — | (272.7 | ) | |||||||||
Proceeds from financing element derivatives | — | — | 51.8 | — | 51.8 | |||||||||||
Payments for financing element derivatives | — | — | (49.9 | ) | — | (49.9 | ) | |||||||||
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | — | — | 10.8 | — | 10.8 | |||||||||||
Dividends to common stockholders | (231.3 | ) | — | — | — | (231.3 | ) | |||||||||
Dividends to preferred stockholders | (33.0 | ) | — | — | — | (33.0 | ) | |||||||||
Issuance of long-term debt | 1,483.9 | — | 9.5 | — | 1,493.4 | |||||||||||
Principal repayments of long-term debt | (440.8 | ) | — | (9.8 | ) | — | (450.6 | ) | ||||||||
Net proceeds from (repayments of) short-term borrowings | — | (50.0 | ) | 2,240.8 | (2,259.6 | ) | (68.8 | ) | ||||||||
Dividends and capital received from (paid to) parent | — | 759.2 | (381.0 | ) | (378.2 | ) | — | |||||||||
Investment contract deposits | — | — | 6,900.4 | — | 6,900.4 | |||||||||||
Investment contract withdrawals | — | — | (7,522.6 | ) | — | (7,522.6 | ) | |||||||||
Net increase in banking operation deposits | — | — | 32.0 | — | 32.0 | |||||||||||
Other | — | — | (14.6 | ) | — | (14.6 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 535.0 | 709.2 | 1,267.4 | (2,637.8 | ) | (126.2 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (19.6 | ) | (89.9 | ) | 1,453.4 | (0.6 | ) | 1,343.3 | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 226.7 | 702.4 | 2,787.9 | (883.1 | ) | 2,833.9 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 207.1 | $ | 612.5 | $ | 4,241.3 | $ | (883.7 | ) | $ | 4,177.2 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
21. Subsequent Event
In January 2015, we received regulatory approval and executed upon the merger of two of our Chilean legal entities. As the result of the merger, we will recognize an approximate $125.0 million benefit in net income in first quarter 2015 to reflect a change in deferred tax balances related to the merged entity.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management of Principal Financial Group, Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer, Larry D. Zimpleman,Daniel J. Houston, and our Chief Financial Officer, Terrance J. Lillis, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in theInternal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework). Based on our evaluation, management has concluded that Principal Financial Group, Inc.'s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2014.2016.
Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our financial statements included in this annual report on Form 10-K, has issued its report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The report is included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There wasWe had no change in our internal control over financial reporting during our last fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
In order to ensure that the information that we must disclose in our filings with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported on a timely basis, we have adopted disclosure controls and procedures. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file with or submit to the SEC is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our Chief Executive Officer, Larry D. Zimpleman,Daniel J. Houston, and our Chief Financial Officer, Terrance J. Lillis, have reviewed and evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2014,2016, and have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
None
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information called for by Item 10 pertaining to directors is set forth in Principal Financial Group, Inc.'s proxy statement relating to the Item 11. Executive Compensation The information called for by Item 11 pertaining to executive compensation is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the caption, "Executive Compensation," and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information called for by Item 12 pertaining to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the caption, "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management," and is incorporated herein by reference. Equity Compensation Plan Information In general, we have three compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance to employees or directors (not including our tax qualified pension plans): the Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the Principal Financial Group, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan and the Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Directors Stock Plan. The following table shows the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options outstanding Equity compensation plans approved by our stockholders (1) Equity compensation plans not approved by our stockholders Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information called for by Item 13 pertaining to certain relationships and related transactions is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the captions, "Corporate Governance — Director Independence," and "Corporate Governance — Certain Relationships and Related Transactions," and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information called for by Item 14 pertaining to principal accounting fees and services is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the caption, "Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accountants," and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Consolidated Statements of Financial Position Schedule I — Summary of Investments — Other Than Investments in Related Parties Schedule II — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Only) All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable and therefore have been omitted. Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated. Dated: February Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: U.S Treasury securities and obligations of U.S government corporations and agencies States, municipalities and political subdivisions Foreign governments Public utilities Convertibles and bonds with warrants attached Redeemable preferred stock All other corporate bonds Residential mortgage-backed securities Commercial mortgage-backed securities Collateralized debt obligations Other debt obligations Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale Fixed maturities, trading Equity securities, available-for-sale: Banks, trust and insurance companies Industrial, miscellaneous and all other Non-redeemable preferred stock Total equity securities, available-for-sale Equity securities, trading Mortgage loans (1) Real estate, net: Real estate acquired in satisfaction of debt (3) Other real estate Policy loans Other investments (2) Total investments Fixed maturities, available-for-sale: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies States, municipalities and political subdivisions Foreign governments Public utilities Redeemable preferred stock All other corporate bonds Residential mortgage-backed securities Commercial mortgage-backed securities Collateralized debt obligations Other debt obligations Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale Fixed maturities, trading Equity securities, available-for-sale: Banks, trust and insurance companies Industrial, miscellaneous and all other Non-redeemable preferred stock Total equity securities, available-for-sale Equity securities, trading Mortgage loans Real estate, net: Real estate acquired in satisfaction of debt Other real estate Policy loans Other investments Total investments Assets Cash and cash equivalents Other investments Income taxes receivable Deferred income taxes Amounts receivable from subsidiary Amounts receivable from subsidiaries Other assets Investment in subsidiary Investment in subsidiaries Total assets Liabilities Amounts payable to subsidiary Long-term debt Accrued investment payable Pension liability Other liabilities Total liabilities Stockholders' equity Series A preferred stock, par value $.01 per share with liquidation preference of $100 per share — 3.0 million shares authorized, issued and outstanding in 2014 and 2013 Series B preferred stock, par value $.01 per share with liquidation preference of $25 per share — 10.0 million shares authorized, issued and outstanding in 2014 and 2013 Common stock, par value $.01 per share — 2,500 million shares authorized, 462.7 million and 459.3 million shares issued, and 293.9 million and 295.2 million shares outstanding in 2014 and 2013 Common stock, par value $.01 per share — 2,500 million shares authorized, 469.2 million and 466.2 million shares issued, and 287.7 million and 291.4 million shares outstanding in 2016 and 2015 Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income Treasury stock, at cost (168.8 million and 164.1 million shares in 2014 and 2013) Accumulated other comprehensive loss Treasury stock, at cost (181.5 million and 174.8 million shares in 2016 and 2015) Total stockholders' equity attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc. Total liabilities and stockholders' equity See accompanying notes. Revenues Fees and other revenues Net investment income Net realized capital gains Total revenues Expenses Other operating costs and expenses Total expenses Losses before income taxes Income tax benefits Equity in the net income of subsidiaries Net income attributable to Principal Financial Group, Inc. Less: Preferred stock dividends Excess of redemption value over carrying value of preferred shares redeemed Net income available to common stockholders See accompanying notes. Operating activities Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities: Equity in the net income of subsidiaries Net realized capital gains Net cash flows for trading securities Current and deferred income taxes Current and deferred income tax benefits Stock-based compensation Other Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities Net cash used in operating activities Investing activities Net purchases of property and equipment Net change in other investments Dividends and returns of capital received from (contributions to) unconsolidated entity Dividends and returns of capital received from unconsolidated entity Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Net cash provided by investing activities Financing activities Issuance of common stock Acquisition of treasury stock Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements Dividends to common stockholders Dividends to preferred stockholders Preferred stock redemption Principal repayments of long-term debt Issuance of long-term debt Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Net cash used in financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year See accompanying notes. (1) Basis of Presentation The accompanying condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of Principal Financial Group, Inc. In the parent company only financial statements, our investments in subsidiaries are stated as cost plus equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries. During November (2) Dividends and Returns of Capital Received from (Contributions to) Unconsolidated Entity The parent company received cash dividends and returns of capital totaling $1,295.3 million, $685.5 million and $917.7 million from subsidiaries in 2016, 2015 and (3) Supplemental Disclosures of Non-Cash Investing Activity The parent company's assumption of the Schedule III — Supplementary Insurance Information 2016: Retirement and Income Solutions Principal Global Investors Principal International U.S. Insurance Solutions Corporate Total 2015: Retirement and Income Solutions Principal Global Investors Principal International U.S. Insurance Solutions Corporate Total 2014: Retirement and Investor Services Principal Global Investors Principal International U.S. Insurance Solutions Corporate Total 2013: Retirement and Investor Services Principal Global Investors Principal International U.S. Insurance Solutions Corporate Total 2014: Retirement and Investor Services 2016: Retirement and Income Solutions Principal Global Investors Principal International U.S. Insurance Solutions Corporate Total 2013: Retirement and Investor Services 2015: Retirement and Income Solutions Principal Global Investors Principal International U.S. Insurance Solutions Corporate Total 2012: Retirement and Investor Services 2014: Retirement and Income Solutions Principal Global Investors Principal International U.S. Insurance Solutions Corporate Total 2016: Life insurance in force Premiums: Life insurance and annuities Accident and health insurance Total 2015: Life insurance in force Premiums: Life insurance and annuities Accident and health insurance Total 2014: Life insurance in force Premiums: Life insurance Life insurance and annuities Accident and health insurance Total 2013: Life insurance in force Premiums: Life insurance Accident and health insurance Total 2012: Life insurance in force Premiums: Life insurance Accident and health insurance Total20152017 annual stockholders meeting (the "Proxy Statement"), which will be filed with the SEC on or about April 8, 2015,6, 2017, under the captions, "Election of Directors," "Corporate Governance," and "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management — Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance." Such information is incorporated herein by reference. The information called for by Item 10 pertaining to executive officers can be found in Part I of this Form 10-K under the caption, "Executive Officers of the Registrant." The Company has adopted a code of ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. The code of ethics has been posted on our Internetinternet website, found atwww.principal.com. We intend to satisfy disclosure requirements regarding amendments to, or waivers from, any provision of our code of ethics on our website.atas of December 31, 2014,2016, the weighted average exercise price of those options and the number of shares of common stock remaining available for future issuance atas of December 31, 2014,2016, excluding shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options.Plan Category (a)
Number of securities
to be issued upon
exercise of outstanding
options, warrants
and rights (b)
Weighted-average
exercise price of
outstanding
options, warrants
and rights (c)
Number of securities
remaining available for
future issuance under
equity compensation
plans (excluding
securities reflected
in column (a)) (a)
to be issued upon
exercise of outstanding
options, warrants
and rights (b)
exercise price of
outstanding
options, warrants
and rights (c)
Number of securities
remaining available for
future issuance under
equity compensation
plans (excluding
securities reflected
in column (a)) 13,302,241 (2) $ 42.68 (3) 17,802,653 (4) 11,947,708 (2) $ 44.61 (3) 13,308,521 (4) — n/a — — n/a — 8,564,7737,460,051 options outstanding under the employee stock incentive plans, 1,069,145947,553 performance shares under the employee stock incentive plans, 3,331,0473,197,932 restricted stock units under the employee stock incentive plans, 287,778278,054 restricted stock units under the directors stock plans and 49,49864,118 other stock-based awards under the 2014 Directors Stock Plan for obligations under the Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors of Principal Financial Group, Inc.4,717,6663,421,478 shares remaining for issuance under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan, 12,757,3659,644,114 shares available for issuance in respect of future awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units and other stock-based awards under the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan and 327,622242,929 shares available for issuance in respect of future awards of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards under the 2014 Directors Stock Plan.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Audited Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Consolidated Financial StatementsReport of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Schedules
Schedule III — Supplementary Insurance Information
Schedule IV — Reinsurance210.222. PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
Dated: February 11, 20158, 2017
By
/s/ TERRANCE J. LILLIS
Terrance J. Lillis
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer11, 20158, 2017By /s/ LARRY D. ZIMPLEMANDANIEL J. HOUSTONLarry D. ZimplemanDaniel J. Houston
Chairman, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director By /s/ DENNIS H. FERROC. DANIEL GELATT, JR.Dennis H. FerroC. Daniel Gelatt, Jr.
Director
By
/s/ TERRANCE J. LILLIS
Terrance J. Lillis
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer andChiefPrincipal Accounting Officer)
By
/s/ C. DANIEL GELATT, JR.SANDRA L. HELTONC. Daniel Gelatt, Jr.Sandra L. Helton
Director
By
/s/ BETSY J. BERNARD
Betsy J. Bernard
Director
By
/s/ SANDRA L. HELTONROGER C. HOCHSCHILDSandra L. HeltonRoger C. Hochschild
Director
By
/s/ JOCELYN CARTER-MILLER
Jocelyn Carter-Miller
Director
By
/s/ RICHARD L. KEYSERSCOTT M. MILLSRichard L. KeyserDirectorBy/s/ GARY E. COSTLEYGary E. CostleyDirectorBy/s/ LUCA MAESTRILuca MaestriScott M. Mills
Director
By
/s/ MICHAEL T. DAN
Michael T. Dan
Director
By
/s/ BLAIR C. PICKERELL
Blair C. Pickerell
Director
By
/s/ DENNIS H. FERRO
Dennis H. Ferro
Director
By
/s/ ELIZABETH E. TALLETT
Elizabeth E. Tallett
DirectorReport of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on SchedulesThe Board to Directors and StockholdersPrincipal Financial Group, Inc. We have audited the consolidated financial statements of Principal Financial Group, Inc. ("the Company") as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014, and have issued our report thereon dated February 11, 2015 (included elsewhere in this Form 10-K). Our audits also included the financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15.a.2. of this Form 10-K. These schedules are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these schedules based on our audits. In our opinion, the financial statement schedules referred to above, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein./s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLPDes Moines, IAFebruary 11, 2015
Schedule I — Summary of Investments — Other Than Investments in Related Parties
December 31, 20142016Type of Investment Cost Value Amount as
shown in the
consolidated
statement of
financial
position (in millions) $ 1,085.6 $ 1,121.8 $ 1,121.8 3,916.8 4,204.0 4,204.0 704.4 891.1 891.1 3,693.5 3,440.0 3,440.0 45.5 — — 48.3 53.0 53.0 25,521.0 28,042.0 28,042.0 2,702.9 2,822.9 2,822.9 3,896.9 3,975.5 3,975.5 521.2 504.1 504.1 4,583.4 4,616.4 4,616.4 46,719.5 49,670.8 49,670.8 604.6 604.6 604.6 71.3 62.0 62.0 3.5 6.5 6.5 50.3 54.5 54.5 125.1 123.0 123.0 840.2 840.2 840.2 11,868.1 XXXX 11,811.6 136.6 XXXX 130.4 1,214.2 XXXX 1,214.2 829.2 XXXX 829.2 3,210.9 XXXX 3,209.8 $ 65,548.4 XXXX $ 68,433.8 (1)The amount shown in the consolidated statement of financial position for mortgage loans differs from cost as mortgage loans are generally reported at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accrual of discounts, computed using the interest method and net of valuation allowances.(2)The amount shown in the consolidated statement of financial position for other investments differs from cost due to accumulated earnings from minority interests in unconsolidated entities and properties owned jointly with venture partners and operated by the partners. Other investments also includes derivative assets and certain seed money investments and other investment funds, which are reported at fair value, and commercial mortgage loans of consolidated VIEs and equity method real estate investments for which the fair value option was elected.(3)The amount shown in the consolidated statement of financial position for real estate differs from cost as real estate is generally reported at cost adjusted for valuation allowances.Type of Investment Cost Fair
value Amount as
shown in the
consolidated
statement of
financial
position (in millions) $ 1,426.7 $ 1,433.0 $ 1,433.0 5,463.9 5,569.2 5,569.2 781.7 893.6 893.6 4,412.6 3,963.8 3,963.8 33.8 37.0 37.0 28,253.3 30,191.6 30,191.6 2,798.0 2,834.7 2,834.7 4,153.2 4,096.5 4,096.5 780.1 758.6 758.6 5,080.9 5,068.1 5,068.1 53,184.2 54,846.1 54,846.1 398.4 398.4 398.4 48.3 38.5 38.5 1.2 2.5 2.5 55.4 57.9 57.9 104.9 98.9 98.9 1,413.4 1,413.4 1,413.4 13,230.2 XXXX 13,230.2 88.9 XXXX 88.9 1,279.9 XXXX 1,279.9 823.8 XXXX 823.8 3,655.9 XXXX 3,655.9 $ 74,179.6 XXXX $ 75,835.5
Schedule II — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Only)
Statements of Financial Position December 31, December 31, 2014 2013 2016 2015 (in millions) (in millions) $ 412.4 $ 131.5 $ 882.6 $ 578.7 9.5 9.3 9.8 9.7 21.8 22.2 85.6 21.3 405.5 17.2 473.2 427.4 5.4 0.8 4.5 8.9 18.0 19.0 10.4 0.4 12,446.5 11,956.2 12,597.9 12,223.4 $ 13,319.1 $ 12,156.2 $ 14,064.0 $ 13,269.8 $ — $ 1.4 2,448.9 2,448.8 $ 3,126.4 $ 3,223.8 21.8 21.8 23.4 25.8 664.4 — 686.4 708.6 0.5 — 3,135.1 2,472.0 3,836.7 3,958.2
— — 0.1 0.1 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 9,945.5 9,798.9 9,686.0 9,544.8 6,114.1 5,405.4 7,720.4 6,875.9 50.4 183.2 (5,930.7 ) (5,708.0 ) (675.2 ) (882.5 ) (6,508.6 ) (6,231.3 ) 10,184.0 9,684.2 10,227.3 9,311.6 $ 13,319.1 $ 12,156.2 $ 14,064.0 $ 13,269.8 For the year ended
December 31, For the year ended
December 31, 2014 2013 2012 2016 2015 2014 (in millions) (in millions) $ — $ — $ 0.5 0.5 0.4 3.0 $ 3.4 $ 1.6 $ 0.5 — 6.3 0.3 0.5 6.7 3.8 3.4 1.6 0.5
144.3 140.5 170.2 312.3 175.4 144.3 144.3 140.5 170.2 312.3 175.4 144.3 (143.8 ) (133.8 ) (166.4 ) (308.9 ) (173.8 ) (143.8 ) (86.3 ) (54.0 ) (67.6 ) (134.9 ) (71.2 ) (86.3 ) 1,201.6 992.5 905.4 1,490.5 1,336.6 1,201.6 1,144.1 912.7 806.6 1,316.5 1,234.0 1,144.1 33.0 33.0 33.0 — 16.5 33.0 — 8.2 — $ 1,111.1 $ 879.7 $ 773.6 $ 1,316.5 $ 1,209.3 $ 1,111.1 For the year ended
December 31, For the year ended
December 31, 2014 2013 2012 2016 2015 2014 (in millions) (in millions) $ 1,144.1 $ 912.7 $ 806.6 $ 1,316.5 $ 1,234.0 $ 1,144.1 (1,201.6 ) (992.5 ) (905.4 ) (1,490.5 ) (1,336.6 ) (1,201.6 ) — (6.3 ) (0.3 ) — 10.4 258.2 (225.9 ) 12.6 (2.3 ) (60.3 ) (20.9 ) (225.9 ) 3.1 2.2 2.2 3.6 3.9 3.1 198.7 18.1 45.8 42.1 34.5 198.7 (81.6 ) (42.8 ) 204.8 (188.6 ) (85.1 ) (81.6 ) (0.1 ) — — (0.7 ) (3.1 ) (0.2 ) 1.3 5.4 (0.7 ) 917.7 319.5 (759.2 ) 1,295.3 685.5 917.7 917.0 316.4 (759.4 ) 1,296.5 690.9 917.0 77.5 125.8 28.9 37.8 76.1 77.5 (222.7 ) (153.6 ) (272.7 ) (277.3 ) (300.6 ) (222.7 ) 0.3 — — 0.7 0.7 0.3 (376.6 ) (288.4 ) (231.3 ) (464.9 ) (441.0 ) (376.6 ) (33.0 ) (33.0 ) (33.0 ) — (16.5 ) (33.0 ) — (550.0 ) — — — (440.8 ) (744.5 ) — — — — 1,483.9 644.2 791.8 — (554.5 ) (349.2 ) 535.0 (804.0 ) (439.5 ) (554.5 ) 280.9 (75.6 ) (19.6 ) 303.9 166.3 280.9 131.5 207.1 226.7 578.7 412.4 131.5 $ 412.4 $ 131.5 $ 207.1 $ 882.6 $ 578.7 $ 412.4 2014,2016, the parent company became the sponsor of the defined benefit pensioncontribution plans and deferred compensation plans discussed in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 12,11, Employee and Agent Benefits." Prior to November 2014,2016, Principal Life Insurance Company, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the parent company, was the sponsor of these plans.$319.5 million from its unconsolidated entity in 2014, and 2013, respectively. The parent company contributed capital of $759.2 million in 2012 to its unconsolidated entity.obligationsdeferred income tax asset and net plan assets associated with the defined benefit pensioncontribution plans and deferred compensation plans previously sponsored by Principal Life Insurance Company resulted in a non-cash increase in the parent company's investment in subsidiary of $56.3$74.6 million in 2014.2016.
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015 and for each of the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014Segment Deferred
acquisition
costs Future policy
benefits and
claims Contractholder
and other
policyholder
funds (in millions) $ 812.7 $ 15,455.0 $ 30,796.8 — — — 196.0 4,182.2 1,316.9 2,371.5 9,171.5 7,060.7 — 192.0 (330.4 ) $ 3,380.2 $ 29,000.7 $ 38,844.0 $ 854.0 $ 13,229.8 $ 28,651.5 — — — 218.8 3,634.9 1,403.9 2,203.3 8,757.2 6,783.5 — 234.6 (317.4 ) $ 3,276.1 $ 25,856.5 $ 36,521.5
Schedule III — Supplementary Insurance Information — (continued)
As of December 31, 20142016 and 20132015 and for each of the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 20122014Segment Deferred
acquisition
costs Future policy
benefits and
claims Contractholder
and other
policyholder
funds (in millions) $ 797.4 $ 11,274.2 $ 28,968.5 — — — 238.1 4,071.8 275.0 1,957.5 8,652.6 6,602.3 — 38.0 (306.4 ) $ 2,993.0 $ 24,036.6 $ 35,539.4 $ 848.9 $ 9,975.6 $ 30,537.5 — — — 228.2 4,220.2 172.2 1,999.9 8,389.0 6,293.9 — 41.4 (286.4 ) $ 3,077.0 $ 22,626.2 $ 36,717.2 Schedule III — Supplementary Insurance Information — (continued)As of December 31, 2014 and 2013 and for each of the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012Segment Premiums and
other
considerations Net
investment
income (1) Benefits, claims
and settlement
expenses Amortization of
deferred
acquisition
costs Other
operating
expenses (1) Premiums and
other
considerations Net
investment
income (1) Benefits, claims
and settlement
expenses Amortization of
deferred
acquisition
costs Other
operating
expenses (1) (in millions) (in millions) $ 1,584.5 $ 1,857.9 $ 2,766.9 $ 163.6 $ 1,603.1 $ 2,860.9 $ 1,931.2 $ 4,108.3 $ 161.4 $ 1,114.3 — 10.3 — — 534.1 — 12.6 — — 935.8 225.7 591.0 622.9 18.7 342.8 274.6 491.4 584.6 22.5 365.5 1,913.8 714.8 1,847.9 184.9 714.7 2,163.6 751.2 2,221.4 101.2 796.4 (1.1 ) 83.9 (6.7 ) — 12.4 — 110.1 (1.1 ) — 235.5 $ 3,722.9 $ 3,257.9 $ 5,231.0 $ 367.2 $ 3,207.1 $ 5,299.1 $ 3,296.5 $ 6,913.2 $ 285.1 $ 3,447.5 $ 1,045.5 $ 1,933.3 $ 2,303.4 $ 75.0 $ 1,529.9 $ 3,011.4 $ 1,749.0 $ 4,158.4 $ 158.2 $ 1,126.8 — 17.0 — — 545.7 — 8.1 — — 943.4 291.6 447.1 569.0 16.5 318.0 252.9 495.9 573.9 19.1 368.9 1,816.5 686.3 1,826.0 95.6 689.0 2,045.9 717.8 1,963.5 93.5 788.1 0.5 54.7 (14.8 ) — 23.2 0.1 81.3 1.9 — 174.4 $ 3,154.1 $ 3,138.4 $ 4,683.6 $ 187.1 $ 3,105.8 $ 5,310.3 $ 3,052.1 $ 6,697.7 $ 270.8 $ 3,401.6 $ 1,162.6 $ 2,075.4 $ 2,629.1 $ 84.8 $ 1,362.5 $ 1,584.5 $ 1,857.7 $ 2,766.9 $ 163.6 $ 1,056.9 — 15.4 — — 456.9 — 10.5 — — 895.3 284.6 435.2 567.2 12.6 208.5 225.7 591.0 622.9 18.7 342.8 1,769.3 675.2 1,935.5 (2.5 ) 662.0 1,913.8 714.8 1,847.9 184.9 714.7 2.9 53.7 (7.9 ) — 148.7 (1.1 ) 83.9 (6.7 ) — 197.4 $ 3,219.4 $ 3,254.9 $ 5,123.9 $ 94.9 $ 2,838.6 $ 3,722.9 $ 3,257.9 $ 5,231.0 $ 367.2 $ 3,207.1
Schedule IV — Reinsurance
As of December 31, 2014, 20132016, 2015 and 20122014 and for each of the years then ended Gross
amount Ceded to
other
companies Assumed
from other
companies Net amount Percentage
of amount
assumed
to net Gross
amount Ceded to
other
companies Assumed
from other
companies Net amount Percentage
of amount
assumed
to net ($ in millions) ($ in millions) $ 437,977.4 $ 242,777.7 $ 1,087.8 $ 196,287.5 0.6 % $ 4,137.1 $ 285.2 $ 1.7 $ 3,853.6 — % 1,616.7 171.2 — 1,445.5 — % $ 5,753.8 $ 456.4 $ 1.7 $ 5,299.1 — % $ 390,603.3 $ 184,588.9 $ 1,187.1 $ 207,201.5 0.6 % $ 4,208.7 $ 255.3 $ 1.9 $ 3,955.3 — % 1,502.1 147.1 — 1,355.0 — % $ 5,710.8 $ 402.4 $ 1.9 $ 5,310.3 — % $ 354,951.9 $ 177,418.6 $ 1,317.7 $ 178,851.0 0.7 % $ 354,951.9 $ 177,418.6 $ 1,317.7 $ 178,851.0 0.7 % $ 2,725.4 $ 228.1 $ 2.1 $ 2,499.4 0.1 % $ 2,725.4 $ 228.1 $ 2.1 $ 2,499.4 0.1 % 1,398.3 174.8 — 1,223.5 — % 1,398.3 174.8 — 1,223.5 — % $ 4,123.7 $ 402.9 $ 2.1 $ 3,722.9 0.1 % $ 4,123.7 $ 402.9 $ 2.1 $ 3,722.9 0.1 % $ 317,154.5 $ 144,024.9 $ 1,455.4 $ 174,585.0 0.8 % $ 2,216.9 $ 205.2 $ 2.5 $ 2,014.2 0.1 % 1,307.9 168.0 — 1,139.9 — % $ 3,524.8 $ 373.2 $ 2.5 $ 3,154.1 0.1 % $ 286,435.3 $ 115,315.7 $ 1,606.2 $ 172,725.8 0.9 % $ 2,289.4 $ 174.4 $ 2.6 $ 2,117.6 0.1 % 1,264.7 162.9 — 1,101.8 — % $ 3,554.1 $ 337.3 $ 2.6 $ 3,219.4 0.1 % Exhibit
Number Description 2.1 Plan of Conversion (1) 2.2 Stock Purchase Agreement among Washington Mutual, Inc., New American Capital, Inc., Principal Financial Group, Inc., and Principal Management Corporation for the purchase and sale of the outstanding capital stock of WM Advisors, Inc., dated as of July 25, 2006 (2) 2.2.1 Amendment No. 1 and Waiver, dated as of December 29, 2006, to the Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 25, 2006, by and among Washington Mutual, Inc., New American Capital, Inc., Principal Financial Group, Inc., and Principal Management Corporation for the purchase and sale of the outstanding capital stock of WM Advisors, Inc. (3) 2.2.2 Memorandum of Understanding dated as of December 29, 2006, amending and modifying the Stock Purchase Agreement by and among Washington Mutual, Inc., New American Capital, Inc., Principal Financial Group, Inc., and Principal Management Corporation for the purchase and sale of the outstanding capital stock of WM Advisors, Inc. (3) 2.3 Sale and Purchase Promise Agreement, dated October 5, 2012, among Principal Financial Services, Inc., Empresas Penta S.A. and Inversiones Banpenta Limitada (4) 3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Principal Financial Group, Inc. (included in Exhibit 2.1) (5) 3.2 Amended and Restated By-Laws of Principal Financial Group, Inc. (6) 4.1 Form of Certificate for the Common Stock of Principal Financial Group, Inc., par value $0.01 per share (1) 4.1.1Certificate of Designations of the Company's Series A Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, dated June 16, 2005 (5)4.1.2Certificate of Designations of the Company's Series B Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, dated June 16, 2005 (5)4.1.3Specimen Stock Certificate for the Company's Series A Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (5)4.1.4Specimen Stock Certificate for the Company's Series B Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (5)4.1.54.2 Senior Indenture, dated as of October 11, 2006, between Principal Financial Group, Inc. and The Bank of New York, as Trustee (7) 4.1.64.2.1 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 16, 2006, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., Principal Financial Services, Inc. and The Bank of New York, as Trustee (7) 4.1.74.2.2 6.05% Senior Note ($500,000,000) due October 15, 2036 (7) 4.1.84.2.3 6.05% Senior Note ($100,000,000) due October 15, 2036 (8) 4.1.94.2.4 Guarantee, dated as of October 16, 2006, by Principal Financial Services, Inc.(7) 4.1.104.3 Senior Indenture, dated as of May 21, 2009, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York, as Trustee (9) 4.1.11First Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 2014 Notes), dated as of May 21, 2009, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee (9)4.1.12Second Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 2019 Notes), dated as of May 21, 2009, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee (9)4.1.134.3.1 Third Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 2022 Notes), dated as of September 10, 2012, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee (10) 4.1.144.3.2 Fourth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 2042 Notes), dated as of September 10, 2012, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee (10) 4.1.15Fifth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 2017 Notes), dated as of November 16, 2012, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee (11)4.1.164.3.3 Sixth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 2023 Notes), dated as of November 16, 2012, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee (11) 4.1.174.3.4 Seventh Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 2043 Notes), dated as of November 16, 2012, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee (11) 4.1.184.3.5 Guarantee fromEighth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 3.400% Senior Note due 2025), dated as of May 7, 2015, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect, as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee, relating to the 7.875%3.400% Senior Notes due 2014 (9)2025 (12) 4.1.194.3.6 Guarantee fromNinth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 3.100% Senior Note due 2026), dated as of November 10, 2016, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect, as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee, relating to the 8.875%3.100% Senior Notes due 2019 (9)2026 (35) 4.1.204.3.7Tenth Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 4.300% Senior Note due 2046), dated as of November 10, 2016, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee, relating to the 4.300% Senior Notes due 2046 (35) 4.3.8 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 3.300% Senior Notes due 2022 (10) 4.1.214.3.9 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 4.625% Senior Notes due 2042 (10) 4.1.22Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 1.850% Senior Notes due 2017 (11)4.1.234.3.10 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 3.125% Senior Notes due 2023 (11) 4.1.244.3.11 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 4.350% Senior Notes due 2043 (11) 4.3.12 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 3.400% Senior Notes due 2025 (12) 4.3.13 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 3.100% Senior Notes due 2026 (35) 4.3.14 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 4.300% Senior Notes due 2046 (35) 4.4 Junior Subordinated Indenture, dated as of May 7, 2015, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee (12) 4.4.1 First Supplemental Indenture (including the form of 4.700% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Note due 2055), dated as of May 7, 2015, among Principal Financial Group, Inc., as issuer, Principal Financial Services, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as trustee, relating to the 4.700% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Notes due 2055 (12) 4.4.2 Guarantee from Principal Financial Services, Inc. with respect to the 4.700% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Notes due 2055 (12) 10.1 Principal Financial Group, Inc. Stock Incentive Plan (12)(13) 10.1.1 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (13)(14) 10.1.2 Form of Stock Option Award Agreement (13)(14) 10.1.3 Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (14)(15) 10.1.4 Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (15)(16) 10.1.5 Amended and Restated Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (16)(17) 10.1.6 Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (17)(18) 10.2 Principal Financial Group Long-Term Performance Plan (1) 10.3 Resolution of Human Resources Committee of the Board of Directors of Principal Financial Group, Inc. amending the Principal Financial Group Long-Term Performance Plan as of October 31, 2002 (18)(19) 10.4 Principal Financial Group Incentive Pay Plan (PrinPay), amended and restated effective January 1, 2002 (19)(20)Exhibit
NumberDescription 10.5 Principal Financial Group, Inc. Annual Incentive Plan (20)(21) 10.6 Revised Summary of Standard Compensatory Arrangement for Non-Employee Directors of the Principal Financial Group, Inc. Board of Directors (21)(22) 10.6.1 Revised Summary of Standard Compensatory Arrangement for Non-Employee Directors, effective March 28, 2009 (22)(23)ExhibitNumberDescription 10.6.2 Revised Summary of Standard Compensatory Arrangement for Non-Employee Directors of the Principal Financial Group, Inc., effective May 17, 2010 (23)(24) 10.6.3 Revised Summary of Standard Compensatory Arrangement for Non-Employee Directors of the Principal Financial Group, Inc., effective January 1, 2012 (24)(25) 10.6.4 Revised Summary of Standard Compensatory Arrangement for Non-Employee Directors of Principal Financial Group, Inc., effective January 1, 2015. (25)2015 (26) 10.7 Principal Financial Group, Inc. Directors Stock Plan (1) 10.7.1 Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2005 Directors Stock Plan (15)(16) 10.7.2 Principal Financial Group, Inc. 2014 Directors Stock Plan (17)(18) 10.8 Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors of Principal Financial Group, Inc. (26)(27) 10.9 Principal Select Savings Excess Plan, restated as of January 1, 2004 (27)(28) 10.9.1 Amendment No. 1 to Principal Select Savings Excess Plan (26)(27)10.9.2 Principal Select Savings Excess Plan for Employees, amended and restated effective January 1, 2016 (29) 10.9.3 Principal Select Savings Excess Plan for Individual Field, amended and restated effective January 1, 2016 (29) 10.9.4 Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan for Select Investment Professions of Principal Financial Group, Inc. and Affiliates, effective January 1, 2016 (29) 10.10 Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan for Employees, restated as of January 1, 2003 (27)(28) 10.10.1 Amendment No. 1 to the Principal Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan for Employees (26)(27) 10.11 Form of Principal Financial Group, Inc. and Principal Life Insurance Company Change-of-Control Employment Agreement (Tier One Executives), dated as of February 28, 2006, by and among Principal Financial Group, Inc., Principal Financial Services, Inc., Principal Life Insurance Company and an Executive (28)(30) 10.11.1 Form of Principal Financial Group, Inc. and Principal Life Insurance Company Change-of-Control Employment Agreement (Tier One Executives) (29)(31) 10.11.2 Form of Principal Financial Group, Inc. and Principal Life Insurance Company Change of Control Employment Agreement (Tier One Executives), effective December 31, 2010 (23)(24) 10.12 Form of Principal Financial Group, Inc. Indemnification Agreement (29)(31)10.12.1 Form of Principal Financial Group, Inc. Indemnification Agreement dated as of June 9, 2016. (36) 10.13 Compensatory Arrangement, dated as of March 14, 2002, between Principal Life Insurance Company and James P. McCaughan (30)(32) 10.14 Employment Agreement dated as of June 1, 2006, by and between Principal Financial Group, Inc., Principal Financial Services, Inc., Principal Life Insurance Company, and Larry D. Zimpleman (3) 10.14.1 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated as of May 1, 2008, by and between Principal Financial Group, Inc., Principal Financial Services, Inc., Principal Life Insurance Company and Larry D. Zimpleman (31)(33) 10.14.2 Letter dated March 16, 2009 amending the Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated as of May 1, 2008 by and between Principal Financial Group, Inc., Principal Financial Services, Inc., Principal Life Insurance Company and Larry D. Zimpleman (22)(23) 10.14.3 Letter dated December 1, 2009 amending the Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated as of May 1, 2008 by and between Principal Financial Group, Inc., Principal Financial Services, Inc., Principal Life Insurance Company and Larry D. Zimpleman (32)(34) 10.15 The Principal Severance Plan for Senior Executives, restated effective January 1, 2009 (22)(23) 12 Computation of Earnings to Fixed Charges Ratio (25)(37) 21 Principal Financial Group, Inc. Member Companies as of December 31, 2014 (25)2016 (37) 23 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (25)(37) 31.1 Certification of Larry D. Zimpleman (25)Daniel J. Houston (37) 31.2 Certification of Terrance J. Lillis (25)(37) 32.1 Certification Pursuant to Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code — Larry D. Zimpleman (25)Daniel J. Houston (37) 32.2 Certification Pursuant to Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code — Terrance J. Lillis (25)(37) 101 The following materials from Principal Financial Group, Inc.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014,2016, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, (vii) Schedule I — Summary of Investments — Other Than Investments in Related Parties, (viii) Schedule II — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Only), (ix) Schedule III — Supplementary Insurance Information and (x) Schedule IV — Reinsurance(13)(14)(14)(15)(15)(16)(16)(17)(17)(18)DEF14A,DEF14Q, filed on April 7, 2014 (Commission File No. 1-16725).(18)(19)(19)(20)(20)(21)(21)(22)(22)(23)(23)(24)(24)(25)(25)(26)Filed herewith.Incorporated by reference to exhibit filed with Principal Financial Group, Inc.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 (Commission File No. 1-16725).(26)(27)(27)(28)(28)(29)(29)(31)(30)(32)(31)(33)(32)(34)