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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
FOR ANNUAL AND TRANSITION REPORTS
PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
(Mark One)
☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year endedDecember 31, 20202023
OR
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                      to                     
Commission File Number 0-24429
 COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware 13-3728359
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
300 Frank W. Burr Blvd.
Teaneck, New Jersey 07666
(Address of Principal Executive Offices including Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (201) 801-0233
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class
Trading Symbol(s)
Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.01 par value per shareCTSHThe Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.                      ☒  Yes     ☐ No
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.                   ☐  Yes     ☒  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.           ☒  Yes    ☐  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).                       ☒  Yes   ☐  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large Accelerated Filer☒Accelerated Filer☐
Non-accelerated Filer☐Smaller Reporting Company☐
Emerging Growth Company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    ☐  Yes     ☒  No
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting shares of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2020, based2023, based on $56.82 per$65.28 per share, the last reported sale price on the Nasdaq Global Select Market of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC on that date, was $30.8$32.9 billion.
The number of shares of Class A common stock, $0.01 par value, of the registrant outstanding as of February 5, 20219, 2024 was 530,614,258497,842,032 shares.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The following documents are incorporated by reference into the Annual Report on Form 10-K: Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 20212024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 ItemPage
1
1.
1
1A.
Risk Factors
9
1B.
Unresolved Staff Comments
16
2.
Properties
16
3.
16
4.
16
17
5.
Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
17
6.
19
7.
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
19
7A.
37
8.
38
9.
Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
38
9A.
38
9B.
39
40
10.
40
11.
40
12.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
40
13.
40
14.
40
41
15.
41
16.
43
44
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE
F-1
 ItemPage
1
3
5
1.
5
1A.
Risk Factors
14
1B.
Unresolved Staff Comments
23
1C.
23
2.
Properties
25
3.
25
4.
25
26
5.
Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
26
6.
27
7.
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
28
7A.
41
8.
42
9.
Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
42
9A.
42
9B.
43
9C.
43
44
10.
44
11.
44
12.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
44
13.
44
14.
44
45
15.
45
16.
48
49
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE
F-1



GLOSSARY
Defined TermDefinition
10b5-1 PlanTrading plan adopted pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act
2009 Incentive PlanCognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Amended and Restated 2009 Incentive Compensation Plan
2017 Incentive PlanCognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2017 Incentive Award Plan
2023 Incentive PlanCognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2023 Incentive Award Plan
Adjusted Diluted EPSAdjusted diluted earnings per share
AIArtificial Intelligence
APAAdvance Pricing Agreement
ASCAccounting Standards Codification
AustinCSIAustin CSI, LLC
CCConstant Currency
CEContinental Europe
CEOChief Executive Officer
CFOChief Financial Officer
CIOChief Information Officer
CITACommissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) in India
CMTCommunications, Media and Technology
CODMChief Operating Decision Maker
COVID-19The novel coronavirus disease
CPIConsumer Price Index
Credit AgreementCredit agreement with a commercial bank syndicate dated October 6, 2022
CSOChief Security Officer
CTS IndiaOur principal operating subsidiary in India
D&IDiversity and Inclusion
DevbridgeDevbridge Group LLC
DevOpsAgile relationship between development and IT operations
DOJUnited States Department of Justice
DPDPDigital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023
DSODays Sales Outstanding
DTSADefend Trade Secrets Act
EPSEarnings Per Share
ESGEnvironmental, social and corporate governance
ESG MobilityESG Mobility GmbH
EUEuropean Union
EVPExecutive Vice President
Exchange ActSecurities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
Executive CommitteeCognizant's Chief Executive Officer and his key direct reports
FCPAForeign Corrupt Practices Act
FSFinancial Services
GAAPGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States of America
GenAIGenerative Artificial Intelligence
High CourtMadras, India High Court
HRHuman Resources
HRCHuman Rights Campaign
HSHealth Sciences
Cognizant1December 31, 2023 Form 10-K

Defined TermDefinition
HunterCertain net assets of Hunter Technical Resources, LLC
India Defined Contribution ObligationCertain statutory defined contribution obligations of employees and employers in India
India Tax LawNew tax regime enacted by the Government of India enacted December 2019
IPIntellectual property
IoTInternet of Things
IRSInternal Revenue Service
ITInformation Technology
ITATIncome Tax Appellate Tribunal in India
ITDIndian Income Tax Department
LiniumThe ServiceNow business of Ness Digital Engineering
MagenicMagenic Technologies, LLC
MobicaMOBICA HOLDINGS LIMITED
NANorth America
NASSCOMNational Association of Software and Services Companies
OECDOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development
PSUPerformance Stock Units
Purchase PlanCognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended
P&RProducts and Resources
ROURight of Use
RoWRest of World
RSURestricted Stock Units
SCISupreme Court of India
SECUnited States Securities and Exchange Commission
Second CircuitUnited States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
ServianSVN HoldCo Pty Limited
SEZSpecial Economic Zone
SG&ASelling, general and administrative
SVPSenior Vice President
SyntelSyntel Sterling Best Shores Mauritius Ltd.
Tax Reform ActTax Cuts and Jobs Act
Term LoanUnsecured term loan under the Credit Agreement
ThirderaThirdera Holdings, LLC
TQSTQS Integration Limited
TriZettoThe TriZetto Group, Inc., now known as Cognizant Technology Software Group, Inc.
UKUnited Kingdom
USDC-NJUnited States District Court for the District of New Jersey
USDC-SDNYUnited States District Court for the Southern District of New York
UtegrationUtegration, LLC









Cognizant2December 31, 2023 Form 10-K



Forward Looking Statements

The statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements (within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act) that involve risks and uncertainties. Such forward-looking statements may be identified by, among other things, the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believe,” “expect,” “may,” “could,” “would,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” “should” or “anticipate” or the negative thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategy that involve risks and uncertainties. From time to time, we or our representatives have made or may make forward-looking statements, orally or in writing.
Such forward-looking statements may be included in various filings made by us with the SEC, in press releases or in oral statements made by or with the approval of one of our authorized executive officers. These forward-looking statements, such as statements regarding our anticipated future revenues, operating margin, earnings, capital expenditures, impacts to our business, financial results and financial condition as a result of the competitive marketplace for talent and future attrition trends, anticipated effective income tax rate and income tax expense, liquidity, financing strategy, access to capital, capital return strategy, investment strategies, cost management, plans and objectives, including those related to the NextGen program, investment in our business, potential acquisitions, industry trends, client behaviors and trends, the outcome of and costs associated with regulatory and litigation matters, the appropriateness of the accrual related to the India Defined Contribution Obligation and other statements regarding matters that are not historical facts, are based on our current expectations, estimates and projections, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Actual results, performance, achievements and outcomes could differ materially from the results expressed in, or anticipated or implied by, these forward-looking statements. There are a number of important factors that could cause our results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements, including:
•economic and geopolitical conditions globally, in particular in the markets in which our clients and operations are concentrated;
•our ability to attract, train and retain skilled employees, including highly skilled technical personnel and personnel with experience in key digital areas and senior management to lead our business globally, at an acceptable cost;
•unexpected terminations of client contracts on short notice or reduced spending by clients for reasons beyond our control;
•challenges related to growing our business organically as well as inorganically through acquisitions, and our ability to achieve our targeted growth rates;
•our ability to successfully implement our NextGen program and the amount of costs, timing of incurring costs, and ultimate benefits of such plans;
•our ability to achieve our profitability goals and maintain our capital return strategy;
•fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, or the failure of our hedging strategies to mitigate such fluctuations;
•our ability to meet specified service levels or milestones required by certain of our contracts;
•intense and evolving competition and significant technological advances that our service offerings must keep pace with in the rapidly changing markets we compete in;
•our ability to successfully use AI-based technologies in our client offerings and our own internal operations;
•legal, reputation and financial risks if we fail to protect client and/or our data from security breaches and/or cyber attacks;
•the impact of future pandemics, epidemics or other outbreaks of disease, on our business, results of operations, liquidity and financial condition;
•climate change impact on our business;
•our ability to meet ESG expectations and commitments;
•the effectiveness of our risk management, business continuity and disaster recovery plans and the potential that our global delivery capabilities could be impacted;
•restrictions on visas, in particular in the United States, UK and EU, or immigration more generally or increased costs of such visas or the wages we are required to pay employees on visas, which may affect our ability to compete for and provide services to our clients;
•risks related to anti-outsourcing legislation, if adopted, and negative perceptions associated with offshore outsourcing, both of which could impair our ability to serve our clients;
Cognizant3December 31, 2023 Form 10-K

•risks and costs related to complying with numerous and evolving legal and regulatory requirements and client expectations in the many jurisdictions in which we operate;
•potential changes in tax laws, or in their interpretation or enforcement, failure by us to adapt our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements, or adverse outcomes of tax audits, investigations or proceedings;
•potential exposure to litigation and legal claims in the conduct of our business; and
•the other factors set forth in Part I, in the section entitled “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this report.
You are advised to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in the reports we file with the SEC, including this report in the sections titled “Part I, Item 1. Business,” “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.
Cognizant4December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
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PART I
Item 1. Business
Overview

Cognizant is one of the world’s leading professional services companies, engineering modern businessbusinesses and delivering strategic outcomes for the digital era. Our services include digital servicesour clients. We help clients modernize technology, reimagine processes and solutions, consulting, application development, systems integration, application testing, application maintenance, infrastructure servicestransform experiences so they can stay ahead in a fast-changing world. We provide industry expertise and business process services. Digital services have become an increasingly important part of our portfolio, aligningclose client collaboration, combining critical perspective with our clients' focus on becoming data-enabled, customer-centric and differentiated businesses. We are focused on continued investment in four key areas of digital: IoT, AI, experience-driven software engineering and cloud.a flexible engagement style. We tailor our services and solutions to specific industries with an integrated global delivery model that employs client service and delivery teams based at client locations and dedicated global and regional delivery centers. Our collaborative services include digital services and solutions, consulting, application development, systems integration, quality engineering and assurance, application maintenance, infrastructure and security as well as business process services and automation. Digital services continue to be an important part of our portfolio, aligning with our clients' focus on becoming data-enabled, customer-centric and differentiated businesses.
During 2020, we announced the Cognizant Agenda which articulates ourOur purpose, vision and values.values are central to Cognizant's strategic approach.
ctsh-20201231_g1.jpgCognizant Agenda.jpg
In order to achieve this vision and support our clients, we are focusing our business on foursix strategic prioritiesinitiatives to increasesimplify our commercial momentumoperations, become an employer of choice and accelerate growth. These strategic prioritiesinitiatives include:
•Accelerating digitalGrowing in select industries - growinginvesting in prioritized industries to drive differentiation across our digital business organically and inorganically;value chain;
•Globalizing CognizantExpanding internationally - growing our business in key international markets and diversifying leadership, capabilities and delivery footprint;by prioritizing strategic growth accounts;
•RepositioningBuilding large deal capabilities - enhancing creative deal generation with the right solutions, deal modeling and governance;
•Capturing the AI opportunity - protecting and expanding in target areas while improving efficiency;
•Delivering our brandtalent strategy - improving global brand recognitionembedding our cultural values and becoming better known asbuilding a global digital partner to the entire C-suite;future-relevant talent model; and
•IncreasingContinuing to implement our relevanceIT roadmap – continuing to our clients - leadingmodernize and execute critical projects necessary to lead with thought leadership and capabilities to address clients' business needs.AI.
We seek to drive organic growth through investments in our digital capabilities across industries and geographies, including the extensive training and reskilling of our technical teams and the expansion of our local workforces in the United States and other markets around the world. Additionally, we pursue select strategic acquisitions investments and alliances that can expand our talent, experience and capabilities in key digital areas or in particular geographies or industries. In 2020,2023, we completed two such acquisitions to complement the nine such acquisitions.acquisitions we completed during 2021 and 2022. See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Certain terms usedResponsible operations and transparency around environmental and social efforts are important to our stakeholders, which is why our ESG program is designed to align with our clients’ and employees’ focus on ESG-related topics in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are defined in the our value chain, including but not limited to, our supply chain, delivery and solutions.
Cognizant5December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
GlossaryTable of Contents                                                included at the end of Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Reportable Business Segments
We go to market across ourseven industry-based operating segments, which are aggregated into four industry-basedreportable business segments. segments:
•Financial Services (FS)
◦Banking
◦Insurance
•Health Sciences (HS) - This reportable business segment is comprised of a single operating segment of the same name.
•Products and Resources (P&R)
◦Retail and Consumer Goods
◦Manufacturing, Logistics, Energy and Utilities
◦Travel and Hospitality
•Communications, Media and Technology (CMT) - This reportable business segment is comprised of a single operating segment of the same name.
Our clients seek to partner with service providers that have a deep understanding of their businesses, industry initiatives, customers, markets and cultures and the ability to create solutions tailored to meet their individual business needs. Across industries, our clients are confronted with the risk of being disrupted by nimble, digital-native competitors. They are therefore redirecting their focus and investment to digital operating models and embracing DevOps and key technologies that enable quick adjustments to shifts in their markets. We believe that our deep knowledge of the industries we serve and our clients’ businesses has been central to our growth and high client satisfaction, and we continue to invest in those digital capabilities that helpdevelop and deploy our client-centric culture, innovating together to enable our clients to become modern businesses.
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produce transformative outcomes.
Our business segments are as follows:
Financial ServicesHealthcareProducts and ResourcesCommunications, Media and Technology
• Banking
• Insurance
• Healthcare
• Life Sciences
• Retail and Consumer Goods
• Manufacturing, Logistics, Energy and Utilities
• Travel and Hospitality
• Communications and Media
• Technology
Our Financial ServicesFS segment includes banking, capital markets, payments and insurance companies. Demand in this segment is driven by our clients’ business needs for servingneed to adopt and integrate digital technologies to serve their customers while being compliantcomplying with significant regulatory requirements and adaptableadapting to regulatory change, as well as our clients' adoption and integration ofchange. These digital technologies includingenable enhanced customer experience, enhancement, robotic process automation, analytics and AI in areas such as digital lending, fraud detection and next generation payments. In addition to having platforms that drive outcomes at speed, demand is also created by our clients’ desire for lessto reduce complexity through packaged solutions and suppliers with embedded product partners.
Our HealthcareHS segment consists of healthcare providers and payers, as well asand life sciences companies, including pharmaceutical, biotech and medical device companies. Demand in this segment is driven by emerging industry trends, including enhanced compliance,the shift towards consumerism, outcome-based contracting, digital health and delivering integrated health management, claims investigative services and heightened focus on patient experience, as well asseamless, omni-channel, patient-centered experiences. These trends result in increased demand for services that drive operational improvements in areas such as clinical development, pharmacovigilance and manufacturing, as well as claims processing, enrollment, membership and billing. Demand is also created by the adoption and integration of digital technologies such as AI to shape personalized care plans and predictive data analytics to improve clinical trial designs, patient engagement and care outcomes.
Our Products and ResourcesP&R segment includes manufacturers, automakers, retailers and travel and hospitality companies, as well as companies providing logistics, energy and utility services. Demand in this segment is driven by our clients’ focus on improving the efficiency and sustainability of their operations,operations; the enablement and integration of mobile platforms to support sales and other omni-channel commerce initiatives,initiatives; the generational shift from mechanical to software-defined, experience-driven vehicles; grid modernization to prepare for a decarbonized and consumer-driven energy landscape; and their adoption and integration of digital technologies, such as the application of intelligent systems to manage supply chains and enhance overall customer experiences, and IoT to instrument functions for factories, real estate, fleets and products to increase access to insight-generating data.
Our Communications, Media and TechnologyCMT segment includes information,global communications, media and entertainment, communicationseducation, information services and technology companies. Demand in this segment is driven by our clients’ needsneed for services related to create differentiateddigital content, business process improvement, technology modernization, the creation of unified and compelling user experiences transitionand identifying new revenue streams to agile development methodologies, enhance theirdrive growth. In response to this demand, we are focusing on services and solutions in the areas of monetization and evolution of networks, manage their digital contentmedia supply chain transformation, product engineering and adoptverticalization as well as data modernization and integrate digital technologies, such as cloud, interactive and IoT. During 2020, we exited certain content-related work within this segment that was not in line with our long-term strategic vision for the Company. Refer to customer experience design.
Cognizant6December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and AnalysisTable of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsContents                                                for further information.
For the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, the distribution of our revenues across our four industry-basedreportable business segments was as follows:
ctsh-20201231_g2.jpg6928
The services we provide are distributed among a number of clients in each of our reportable business segments. A loss of a significant client or a few significant clients in a particular segment could materially reduce revenues for that segment. The services we provide to our larger clients are often critical to their operations and a termination of our services would typically require an extended transition period with gradually declining revenues. Nevertheless, the volume of work performed for specific clients may vary significantly from year to year.
See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information related to disaggregation of revenues by client location, service line and contract-type for each of our reportable business segments.
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Services and Solutions
Our services include digital services and solutions, consulting, application services,development, systems integration, quality engineering and assurance, application maintenance, infrastructure and security as well as business process services and business process services.automation. Additionally, we develop, license, implement and support proprietary and third-party software products and platforms. Central to our strategy to align with our clients’ need to modernize is our continued investment in four key areas of digital: IoT,new technologies, including AI, experience-driven softwarecloud, data modernization, automation, digital engineering and cloud.IoT. These four capabilities enable clients to put data at the core of their operations, improve the experiences they offer to their customers, tap into new revenue streams, automate operations, defend against technology-enabled competitors and reduce costs. In many cases, our clients' new digital systems are built on the backbone of their existing legacy systems. Thesystems, which can increase complexity and impact business continuity. In the post-pandemic environment, our clients have a sustained need to modernize their businesses, which has led to increased demand for digital capabilities has continued to increase since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemicsuch as a result of increased demand for mobile workplace solutions, e-commerce, automation, and AI and cybersecurity services and solutions. We believe our deep knowledge of our clients' infrastructure and systems provides us with a significant advantage as we work with them to build new digital capabilities to make their operations more efficient, effectivemodern and modern.intuitive. We deliver all of our services and solutions across our four industry-basedreportable business segments to best address our clients' individual needs.
In 2020, ourOur services and solutions wereare organized into three practice areas: Digital Business, Digital Systemsfive integrated practices, which help us better serve our clients through integrated solutioning and Technologydelivery. These practices are Core Technologies and Digital Business Operations. In January 2021, we strategically combined the Digital Business practice with the Digital SystemsInsights, Enterprise Platform Services, Industry Solutions, Intuitive Operations and Technology practice to create the new Digital Business & Technology practice. The objective of this change is to simplify our modelAutomation and align it with the current state of technology.
Software and Platform Engineer
ing.
Our consulting professionals have deep industry-specific expertise and work closely withacross our practice areaspractices to create modern frameworks, platforms and solutionsintuitive operating models that leverage a wide range of digital technologies across our clients’ businessesenterprises to deliver higher levels of efficiency, and new value for their customers.customers and business outcomes that align to their industries.
Digital Business & TechnologyCore Technologies and Insights
Our Digital Business & TechnologyCore Technologies and Insights practice helps clients build modernagile and relevant organizations that apply the power of cloud, data and IoT to help them perform better and innovate faster. Our clients can harness data securely in cloud-first architectures, enabling them to become highly resilient enterprises that deliver exceptional customer experiences that are created at the intersectioncapable of cloud and digital. Our clients are ablequickly adapting to embrace a new business and technology stack that comprises consumer-grade software, enterprise applications, modernized data and the instrumentation of everything in cloud-first architectures. Combining a technology vision, strategy, roadmap, capabilities, solutions, partnerships, and subject matter expertise, Digital Business & Technology is an integrated growth enabler for commercial markets.market dynamics. Areas of focus within this practice area are:
•Interactive,Cloud, infrastructure and security, which leverages our global network of studios that help clients crafthelps simplify, modernize and safeguard IT environments, creating new experiences;
•application modernization, which updates legacy applications using agile methodologies and cloud;business opportunities;
•AI and analytics, which helps clients formulate actionable insights from unstructured data to drive business growth and efficiencies through a greater understanding of their customers and operations; and
•IoT, which unlocks greater productivityinsights and new business models;
•models.digital advisory, which provides enterprise transformation expertise;
•experience-driven software engineering, which designs, engineers and delivers modern business software;
•application services;
•quality engineering and assurance; and
•cloud, infrastructure and security.
Digital Business Operations
Our Digital Business Operations practice helps clients rethink their operating models by assessing their existing processes and recommending automation. This allows clients to fundamentally transform their processes while realizing cost savings benefits from these improvements. Areas of focus within this practice area are:
•automation, analytics and consulting for business process outsourcing;
•platform-based operations; and
•core business process operations.
We have extensive knowledge of core front office, middle office and back office processes, including finance and accounting, research and analytics, procurement and data management, which we integrate with our industry and technology expertise to deliver targeted business process services and solutions.
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Cognizant7December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
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Enterprise Platform Services
Our Enterprise Platform Services practice helps our clients digitally transform multiple front- and back-office business processes, implementing enterprise-wide platforms that enable customer experience, customer relationship management, human capital management, supply chain management, enterprise resource planning and finance. Our services decrease time to market, drive efficiencies and deliver impactful experiences. Our clients can better share information, simplify IT processes, automate workflow and improve flexibility. This practice focuses on application services, which help enterprises engage their partner ecosystems more productively, and run their operations and financial organizations more efficiently while enabling improved employee and customer experiences. We work closely with partners including Adobe, Amazon Web Services, Cisco, Google, Microsoft, Oracle, Pegasystems, Salesforce, SAP, ServiceNow, Workday and many others.
Industry Solutions
Our Industry Solutions was established in 2023 as part of Cognizant’s strategy to build differentiation at the industry level. The practice integrates industry technologists and thought leaders specialized in vertical micro-segments. These teams work with specialized partners to develop industry-specific products and services that enable clients to improve productivity, increase operational excellence and accelerate innovation.
Intuitive Operations and Automation
Our Intuitive Operations and Automation practice helps clients build and run modern operations through two main vehicles: AI-led automation and business process outsourcing services.Our automation advisory, implementation and managed services experts partner with clients to transform end-to-end processes, design and manage the next-generation human and digital workforce, enable seamless experiences and achieve multi-fold productivity increases. Our technology-driven business process outsourcing services help clients transform and run functions and industry-specific processes such as finance and accounting, omni-channel customer care, loan origination, annotation services, location-based services and medical data management. Areas of focus are:
•Business process outsourcing services, which help deliver business outcomes including revenue growth, increased customer and employee satisfaction, and cost savings; and
•AI-led automation, which includes advisory and process and IT automation solutions designed to simplify and accelerate automation adoption.
Software and Platform Engineering
Our Software and Platform Engineering practice helps clients develop modern enterprises through digital products, services and solutions that help them improve employee experiences and deliver new value for their customers. Our clients can leverage data, technologies and our digital engineering, design and product development capabilities to build world-class experiences, and a responsive, agile and intuitive framework for continuous innovation. Areas of focus are:
•Digital engineering, which delivers modern business software; and
•Application development and management, which improves or reimagines applications.
Global Delivery Model
We utilize aoperate in an integrated global delivery model, with delivery centers worldwide to provide our full range of services to our clients. Our delivery model includes employees deployed at client sites, local or in-country delivery centers, regional delivery centers and offshore delivery centers, as required to best serve our clients. As we continue to scale our digital services and solutions, we are focused on hiring in the United States and other countries where we deliver services to our clients to expand our in-country delivery capabilities. Our extensive facilities, technology and communications infrastructure are designed to enable the effective collaboration of our global workforce across locations and geographies.
Competition
The markets for our services are highly competitive, characterized by a large number of participants and subject to rapid change. Competitors may include systems integration firms, contract programming companies, application software companies, cloud computing service providers, traditional consulting firms, professional services groups of computer equipment companies, infrastructure management companies, outsourcing companies and boutique digital companies. Our direct competitors include, among others, Accenture, Atos, Capgemini, Deloitte Digital, DXC Technology, EPAM Systems, Genpact, HCL Technologies, IBM Global Services,Consulting, Infosys Technologies, Tata Consultancy Services and Wipro. In addition, we compete
Cognizant8December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
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with numerous smaller local companies in the various geographic markets in which we operate. For additional information, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors.
The principal competitive factors affecting the markets for our services include the provider’s reputation and experience, strategic advisory capabilities, digital services capabilities, performance and reliability, responsiveness to customer needs, financial stability, corporate governance and competitive pricing of services. Accordingly, we rely on the following to compete effectively:
•investments to scale our digital services;AI capabilities;
•our recruiting, training and retention model;
•our global delivery model;
•an entrepreneurial culture and approach to our work;
•a broad client referral base;
•investment in process improvement and knowledge capture;
•financial stability and good corporate governance;
•continued focus on responsiveness to client needs, quality of services and competitive prices; and
•project management capabilities and technical expertise.
Intellectual Property, Certain Trademarks, Trade Names and Service Marks
We provide value to our clients based, in part, on our proprietary innovations, methodologies, software, reusable knowledge capital and other IP assets. We recognize the importance of IP and its ability to differentiate us from our competitors. We seek IP protection for many of our innovations and rely on a combination of patent, copyright and trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions, to protect our IP. We have registered, and applied for the registration of, U.S. and international trademarks, service marks, and domain names to protect our brands, including our Cognizant brand, which is one of our most valuable assets. We own or are licensed under a number of patents, trademarks and copyrights of varying duration, relating to our products and services. We also have policies requiring our associatesemployees to respect the IP rights of others. While our proprietary IP rights are important to our success, we believe our business as a whole is not materially dependent on any particular IP right or any particular group of patents, trademarks, copyrights or licenses, other than our Cognizant brand.
Cognizant® and other trademarks appearing in this report are registered trademarks or trademarks of Cognizant and its affiliates in the United States and other countries, or third parties, as applicable.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes trademarks and service marks owned by us. This Annual Report on Form 10-K also contains trademarks, trade names and service marks of other companies, which are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may appear without the ®, ™ or SM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to these trademarks, trade names and service marks. We do not intend our use or display of other parties’ trademarks, trade names or service marks to imply, and such use or display should not be construed to imply, a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, these other parties.
Workforce
We had approximately 289,500347,700 employees at the end of 2020,2023, with 43,500254,000 in India, 40,500 in North America, 13,40016,300 in Continental Europe, 6,8008,500 in the United Kingdom and 225,80028,400 in various other locations throughout the rest of the world, including 204,500 in India.world. This represents a decrease of 3,0007,600 employees as compared to December 31, 2019. We2022. We utilize subcontractors to provide additional capacity and flexibility in meeting client demand, though the number of subcontractors has historically been immaterial relative to our employee headcount. We are not party to any significant collective bargaining agreements.
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We balance the portion of our employees in the United States and other jurisdictions that rely on visas with consideration of the needs of our business to fulfill client demand and risks to our business from potential changes in immigration laws and regulations that may increase the costs associated with and ability to staff employees on visas to work in-country. For additional information, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors.
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Engaging Our People
As a global professional services company, Cognizant competes on the basis of the knowledge, experience, insights, skills and talent of its employees and the value they can provide to our clients. We aim to be the employer of choice in our industry and for our employees to feel motivated, engaged, and empowered to do their best work through careers they find meaningful.
•Engagement & Retention: In a market where competition for skilled IT professionals is intense, we routinely focus on listening to, engaging with and investing in our people through a comprehensive talent approach.
Highlights include:
–We maintain and regularly enhance our employee value proposition (the benefits and experiences we offer our associates) as the following:strategic guide for our people programs, including our recruitment, talent management and employee engagement efforts;
–We monitor engagement levels and assess employee sentiment through a third-party engagement survey. In 2023, we saw meaningful increases in our employee engagement scores;
–On an annual basis, after each engagement survey, we develop action plans designed to continue to build on our strengths and address shortfalls. People managers are also asked to assess their scores and build actions plans for their teams; and
–We regularly assess retention levels. Despite continued competition for skilled employees in the technology industry, Cognizant experienced meaningfully lower attrition in 2023 compared to the prior year. We closely monitor attrition trends focusing on the metric that we believe is most relevant to our business. This metric, which we refer to as Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services, includes all voluntary separations with the exception of employees in our Intuitive Operations and Automation practice. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services was 13.8% and 25.6%, respectively.
•Advancing Diversity & Inclusion: We believe diversity and inclusion are at the heart of our ability to execute successfully and consistently over the long term. Aa diverse and inclusive workforceworkforce strengthens our ability to innovate and to understand our clients’ needs and aspirations.
Highlights from our diversity & inclusionD&I efforts include:
–Our Global D&I organization is embedded within HR’s Talent & Transformationour HR function to drive accountability through our people, processes and systems;
–Global D&I training and programs;programs for leaders;
–Progressive hiringHiring policies includingand initiatives such as our Returnship Program, a diverse candidate pipeline initiative to ensure a more diverse interview slate at the Vice President level and above; and3-month paid, immersive experience for experienced professionals who have taken an extended career break;
–SevenEight global affinity groups sponsored by Executive Committee members that welcome, nurture and provide safe spaces in which our employees can share their unique interests and aspirations.aspirations;
–Our 2020sponsorships with the PGA, LPGA, where we doubled the Cognizant Founders Cup purse, and the Aston Martin Cognizant Formula One Team, where we partnered with Racing Pride to promote LGBTQ+ inclusivity in motor racing, demonstrate our commitment to equality around the world; and
–In 2023, we were recognized as a "Best Place to Work for the LGBTQ+ Equality" by HRC Equidad MX in Mexico and HRC Equidade BR in Brazil; each of these is a foremost benchmarking survey related to LGBTQ+ workplace equality.

As of each of December 31, 2023 and 2022, women represented approximately 38% of our workforce.
In our 2023 engagement survey, revealed that all genders are equally engaged, and that D&I gained the second-highestcontinued to score improvement across categories.higher than external benchmarks, showing as a consistent strength for Cognizant.
•Rewarding and Recognizing High Performance:Performance Culture: We aim to create a work environment where every person is inspired to achieve, driven to perform and rewarded for their contributions. We leverage regular,Our culture of meritocracy fosters individual and team high performance to fuel our growth.
Highlights include:
–Structured performance evaluation processes to ensure that expectations are clear and employees are rewarded for achieving and exceeding established goals;
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–Annual performance-based promotions and merit increases for eligible employees at all levels;
–Encouraging regular role movement and career growth through our internal job moves initiative. This program is enhancing career velocity and bringing fresh thinking to our clients as one leveremployees identify new lateral and next-level opportunities across our organization; and
–Continuously fostering a culture focused on recognition, Cognizant has created programs to engage high-performing talent. During the 2020 cycle, in line with our high performance culture, we were proud to promote employees acrossreward all levels and provide merit increases to a significant number of our employees.
We regularly monitor employee retention levels and continue to enhance our pay-for-performance approach to improve attrition rates. For the three months ended December 31, 2020, annualized attrition, includingemployees through both voluntary and involuntary, was 19.0%. Attrition for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, including both voluntary and involuntary, was 20.6% and 21.7%, respectively. Voluntary attrition normally constitutes the significant majority of our attrition. In 2020, we saw elevated levels of involuntary attrition due to our Fit for Growth Plan, including the exit from certain content-related services. We also saw a decrease in voluntary attrition from historic levels in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Both voluntary and involuntary attrition are weighted towards our more junior employees.monetary recognition as well as peer-driven non-monetary recognition.
•Building New Skills:Learning & Upskilling: Clients count on usFrom campus hire training for entry-level workforce to know their industries, businesses, and technology environments, readily gainproviding capability assurance programs for professional practitioners, our skilling ecosystem offers growth for employees at all levels. Training our talent in new digital skills supports career growth, internal talent movement, and insights,helps build capabilities in new and applyemerging technologies and subject areas. These trainings are provided in collaboration with the world’s leading educational and technology partners.
Highlights include:
–In 2023, more than 265,000 of our knowledge to help them increase their competitiveness. We continuallyemployees acquired one or more skills utilizing our learning ecosystem;
–Robust technical programs that reskill and upskill our employees with a focus on building digital skills in areas such as AI, GenAI, IoT, AI, experience-driven softwaredigital engineering, data and cloud.
From campus hire training for our entry-level workforce to providing capability assurance programs for professional practitioners, we offer a learning ecosystem for We trained 137,000 employees at all levels. This includes learning and development, access-from-anywhere learning platforms andacross a variety of content curation partnerships. digital skills;
–Innovative pre-employment training programs for graduates and early to mid-career professionals that focus on cultivating technology skills required for the next-generation workforce;
–Our in-house, access-from-anywhere learning experience platform provides a marketplace recognizing both formal and informal learning, as well as recommended learning journeys;
–Development plans for all levels to encourage employees to own and prioritize their growth; and
–Our approach to talent development approach has been recognized by leading learning and development organizations, such as the Association for Talent Development, NASSCOM and the Brandon Hall Group and the Learning and Performance Institute.group.
•Leadership Development & Talent Management: Cognizant continuously fosters and builds its pipeline of diverse, high-performing leaders who have the breadth and versatility to drive our growth. To do this, we focusWe are focused on engagingbuilding leadership capability at all levels - whether someone is a first-time manager, taking on a larger team or scope of senior talent and enabling their successresponsibility, or leading at an executive level - through continuous assessment and high impact development opportunities.
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Highlights include:
–Targeted talent programs for key talent pools that include various training opportunities, digital leadership programs, and custom leadership development initiatives;initiatives and leadership transition programs to equip employees for taking on a leadership role;
–Fast-tracking high-performing and high-potential leadership talent through personalized assessments, executive coaching and executive education programs;
–Accelerating a diverse leadership pipeline through programs like Propel, an initiative focused on priming the next level of womenMore than 1,300 leaders within Cognizant. In just two years, this program has helped us reach 500 women leaders globally through a cohort model supported by executive sponsors, part ofhave participated in our pledge to put 1,000 women through our leadership development program;
–Our LEAD@Cognizant partnership with Harvard University, which is a 4.5-month leadership capability program designed exclusively for Cognizant leaders to learn, practice and internalize how to set the course, connect the dots, inspire followership and deliver results through strategic alignment, collaboration and building high performing teams;
–Accelerating a diverse leadership pipeline through programs like Propel, an initiative focused on priming the next level of women leaders within Cognizant. More than 1,600 women have progressed through this initiative; and
–Periodic talent processes such as talent reviews of our top 4,000 employees at Director level and above, aimed at helpingaim to help individuals develop in role and prepare for the future, while strengthening our leadership pipeline overall.
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•Supporting Well-BeingWellbeing at Work and Home:We offer Our Be Well program offers a portfolio ofbenefits and rewards across all dimensions of wellbeing - physical, mental, financial and life & work. These offerings aim to care for the diverse needs of our associates and keepemployees to assist them in feeling resilient, innovative and engaged. These include total compensation programs, health benefits, risk protection coverage, overall well-beingwellbeing and family care, tax savings programs, income protection, retirement and financial planning resources. As we continue to face evolving environmentalresources, time off programs, recognition and health challenges, wevoluntary programs. We continually review and enhance our offerings to improvebest meet the competitivenessneeds of our total compensation programs, including our health benefit offerings.today's modern workforce.
Highlights include:
–In 2020, we launchedOur WorkFlex a program, to providewhich provides employees greater flexibility to complete their required hours outside their standard schedule or to transition to a part-time schedule to accommodate personal priorities;
–We offer a variety of benefits toprovide access and support employeefor mental health includingfor our employees globally through a robust Employee Assistance Program. In the United States, we alsoProgram;
–We provide various resources and access to third party mental health platforms, including Gingerwebinars, and eMindful;events throughout the year. This includes global and regional wellbeing challenges that bring employees and their families together (in person and virtually) to partake in physical activities and mental health events; and
–Cognizant has crisis management protocols thatManagers are mobilizedequipped with tools and resources to protect employee health and safety when necessary. When the COVID-19 pandemic began, our crisis team responded quickly to close and modify offices to meet health and safety protocols, support the transition to working from home,engagement and liaise with employees regarding various concerns.
•Measuringwellbeing of their teams. These tools include guides and Enhancing Engagement: We regularly assess employee sentiment through third-party engagement surveys. In 2020, 72% of our people participated in the survey. After each survey, we developtraining on topics such as engaging hybrid teams, preventing fatigue and communicate clear action plans to continue to build on our strengthsburnout, and address shortfalls.more.
Governmental Regulation and Environmental Matters
As a result of the size, breadth and geographic diversity of our business, our operations are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including with respect to import and export controls, temporary work authorizations or work permits and other immigration laws, content requirements, trade restrictions, tariffs, taxation, anti-corruption, the environment, government affairs, internal and disclosure control obligations, data privacy, intellectual property, employee and labor relations. For additional information, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors as well as the "Business Outlook" section within Part I. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Executive Summary.

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Information About Our Executive Officers
The following table identifies our current executive officers:
NameAgeCapacities in Which ServedIn Current
Position Since
Brian Humphries (1)
47Chief Executive Officer2019
Jan Siegmund (2)
56Chief Financial Officer2020
Robert Telesmanic (3)
54Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer2017
Becky Schmitt (4)
47Executive Vice President, Chief People Officer2020
Malcolm Frank (5)
54Executive Vice President and President, Digital Business & Technology2021
Balu Ganesh Ayyar (6)
59Executive Vice President and President, Digital Business Operations2019
Greg Hyttenrauch (7)
53Executive Vice President and President, North America2021
Ursula Morgenstern (8)
55Executive Vice President and President, Global Growth Markets2020
Andrew Stafford (9)
56Executive Vice President, Head of Global Delivery2020
NameAgeCapacities in Which Served
Ravi Kumar S52Chief Executive Officer
Jatin Dalal49Chief Financial Officer
Balu Ganesh Ayyar62EVP and President, Intuitive Operations and Automation and Industry Solutions
Kathryn Diaz54EVP, Chief People Officer
Surya Gummadi47EVP and President, Americas
John Kim56EVP, General Counsel, Chief Corporate Affairs Officer and Secretary
Robert Telesmanic57SVP, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer
 
(1)Brian HumphriesRavi Kumar Singisetti (also referred to as Ravi Kumar S or Ravi Kumar) has been our Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors since April 2019. Prior to joining Cognizant, he served as Chief Executive Officer of Vodafone Business, a division of Vodafone Group, from 2017 until 2019. Mr. Humphries joined Vodafone from Dell Technologies where he served as President and Chief Operating Officer of Dell’s Infrastructure Solutions Group from 2016 to 2017, President of Dell’s Global Enterprise Solutions from 2014 to 2016, and Vice President and General Manager, EMEA Enterprise Solutions from 2013 to 2014. Before joining Dell, Mr. Humphries was with Hewlett-Packard where his roles from 2008 to 2013 included Senior Vice President, Emerging Markets, Senior Vice President, Strategy and Corporate Development, and Chief Financial Officer of HP Services. The early part of his career was spent with Compaq and Digital Equipment Corporation. Mr. Humphries brings to the Board extensive leadership and global operations management experience from having served at public companies in the technology sector. He holds a bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland.
(2)Jan Siegmund has been our Chief Financial Officer since September 2020.January 2023. Prior to joining Cognizant, Mr. Siegmund spent over 19 years with Automatic Data Processing (ADP),Kumar was the President of Infosys, where he led the Infosys Global Services Organization across all global industry segments from January 2016 to October 2022. While serving as President of Infosys, he also served as Corporate Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from 2012 to 2019 and Chief Strategy Officer and PresidentChairman of the Added Value Services Division from 1999Board of various Infosys subsidiaries. Prior to 2012.such role, Mr. Kumar served in positions of increasing authority at PricewaterhouseCoopers, Cambridge Technology Partners, Oracle Corporation, Sapient and Infosys. He began his career at McKinsey & Company as a Senior Engagement Manager. Mr. Siegmund is a member of the Board of Directors of The Western UnionTransunion, where he is a member of the Compensation Committee and the Mergers, Acquisitions and Integration Committee. Mr. Kumar has a bachelor’s degree in Engineering from Shivaji University and an MBA from Xavier Institute of Management, India.

Jatin Dalal has been our Chief Financial Officer since December 2023. Prior to joining Cognizant, Mr. Dalal served as Chief Financial Officer of Wipro Limited, a publicly traded multinational technology and services consulting company, from April 2015 to November 2023 and assumed additional responsibilities as President from December 2019 to November 2023. Previously, he held various leadership positions at Wipro, including CFO, IT Business from 2011 to 2015. He joined Wipro in
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2002 from the General Electric Company, where he began his career in 1999. Mr. Dalal holds a bachelor’s degree in engineering from the National Institute of Technology in Surat, India. He also has a postgraduate diploma in business administration with a specialization in finance and international business from Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies in Mumbai, India. In addition, Mr. Dalal is Chaira Chartered Accountant (India), a Chartered Management Accountant (UK) and a Chartered Financial Analyst (USA). Mr. Dalal is also an alumnus of the Audit Committee.Advanced Management Program of The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

Balu Ganesh Ayyar has been our Executive Vice President and President, Intuitive Operations and Automation since July 2022 and assumed additional responsibilities for Industry Solutions in April 2023. Previously, he was Executive Vice President and President, Digital Operations from August 2019 to June 2022. Prior to joining Cognizant, Mr. Ayyar was the CEO of Mphasis, a global IT services company listed in India, from 2009 to 2017. Prior to Mphasis, Mr. Ayyar spent nearly two decades with Hewlett-Packard, holding a variety of leadership roles across multiple geographies.

Kathryn (Kathy) Diaz has been our Executive Vice President, Chief People Officer since September 2023. She held the role on an interim basis from May 2023 to September 2023. Prior to being appointed Chief People Officer, Ms. Diaz served as the Head of Global Total Rewards at Cognizant from July 2020 until September 2023. Prior to joining Cognizant in 2020, Ms. Diaz was VP, Total Rewards at Pearson, a multinational publishing and education company. She was the VP of Global Compensation, Global Mobility and HR Systems at PVH (the parent company of Calvin Klein and Tommy Hilfiger). Previously, Ms. Diaz spent over 20 years in a series of HR leadership positions at Merck & Co, Inc. She holds a bachelor’s degree in Accounting from Rider University and an MBA from Lehigh University.

Surya Gummadi has been our Executive Vice President and President, Americas since January 2023. He held the role on an interim basis from late June 2022 to January 2023. Prior to being appointed President of the Americas, Mr. Gummadi served as Senior Vice President of our Health Sciences business segment from April 2022 to January 2023, Senior Vice President and head of our Healthcare business from July 2020 to April 2022, Vice President and market leader of our Healthcare business from February 2020 to July 2020 and Vice President and market head for our Health Plans business from October 2017 to February 2020. Prior to that, he served in a variety of roles during his more than 20-year tenure with Cognizant. He holds a master’s degree in Industrial Engineeringmechanical engineering from Technical University Karlsruhe, Germany,Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.

John Kim has been our Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Corporate Affairs Officer and Secretary since March 2021. Previously, he served as our Senior Vice President and Deputy General Counsel, Global Commercial Contracts. Prior to joining Cognizant in 2019, Mr. Kim held a master’svariety of senior leadership roles at Capgemini from January 2012 to November 2019, including Global Head of Big Deals. Prior to Capgemini, Mr. Kim served as U.S. Counsel for WNS Global Services from July 2009 to June 2011 and held a variety of leadership roles at Cendant Travel Distribution Services (now known as Travelport) from January 2001 to June 2006, including General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer. He holds a bachelor’s degree in EconomicsEnglish Literature from theColumbia University of California, Santa Barbara and a doctorate in Economicsobtained his law degree from Technical University of Dresden, Germany.Cornell Law School.

(3)Robert Telesmanic has been our Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer since January 2017, a Senior Vice President since 2010 and our Corporate Controller since 2004. Prior to that, he served as our Assistant Corporate Controller from 2003 to 2004. Prior to joining Cognizant, Mr. Telesmanic spent over 14 years with Deloitte & Touche LLP. Mr. Telesmanic has a Bachelor of Science degree from New York University and an MBA degree from Columbia University.
(4)Becky Schmitt has been our Executive Vice President, Chief People Officer since February 2020. Prior to joining Cognizant, Ms. Schmitt was the Chief People Officer of Sam’s Club, a division of Walmart, Inc. from October 2018 through January 2020. Prior to that, she served as SVP, Chief People Officer, US eCommerce & Corporate Functions for Walmart from October 2016 through September 2018 and as VP, HR - Technology from February 2016 until October 2016. Prior to joining Walmart, Ms. Schmitt spent over 20 years with Accenture plc in various human resources roles, culminating in her role as HR Managing Director, North America Business from March 2014 through February 2016. Ms. Schmitt has served as a Board Member at Large for the Girl Scouts National Board since 2017. Ms. Schmitt has a Bachelor of Arts degree from University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
(5)Malcolm Frank has been our Executive Vice President and President, Digital Business & Technology since January 2021. Prior to that, he served as Executive Vice President and President, Digital Business from May 2019 to January 2021, as our Executive Vice President and President, Strategy and Marketing at Cognizant from 2012 to May 2019 and as our Senior Vice President of Strategy and Marketing from 2005 to 2012. Prior to joining Cognizant in 2005, Mr. Frank was a founder and the President and Chief Executive Officer of CXO Systems, Inc., an independent software vendor providing dashboard solutions for senior managers, a founder and the President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of NerveWire Inc., a management consulting and systems integration firm, and a founder and executive officer at Cambridge Technology Partners, an information technology professional services firm. Mr. Frank has served on the Board of Directors of Factset Research Systems Inc. since June 2016, where he is a member of the Compensation Committee. He is
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also a member of the Board of Directors of the US-India Strategic Partnership Forum since May 2018. Mr. Frank has a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from Yale University.
(6)Balu Ganesh Ayyar has been our Executive Vice President and President, Digital Business Operations since August 2019. Prior to joining Cognizant, Mr. Ayyar was the CEO of Mphasis, a global IT services company listed in India, from 2009 to 2017. Prior to Mphasis, Mr. Ayyar spent nearly two decades with Hewlett-Packard, holding a variety of leadership roles across multiple geographies.
(7)Greg Hyttenrauch has been our Executive Vice President and President, North America since January 2021. Prior to that he served as our Executive Vice President and President, Cognizant Digital Systems & Technology from December 2019 to January 2021. Prior to joining Cognizant, Mr. Hyttenrauch served as Director, Global Cloud and Security Services for Vodafone from October 2015 to November 2019. Prior to Vodafone, Mr. Hyttenrauch held a variety of senior leadership positions at Capgemini from 2008 to 2015, including Deputy CEO, Global Infrastructure Services, and Global Sales Officer and CEO of the UK and Nordic Outsourcing Business Unit. Before joining Capgemini, Mr. Hyttenrauch held positions with CSC and EDS. He began his career with 13 years in the Canadian military, rising to the rank of captain. Mr. Hyttenrauch holds a bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Royal Military College of Canada and an MBA in International Management from the University of Ottawa.
(8)Ursula Morgenstern has been Cognizant’s Executive Vice President and President, Global Growth Markets, which covers all of Cognizant’s markets outside of North America, since December 2020. Prior to joining Cognizant, Ms. Morgenstern spent 16 years with Atos, a multinational IT services and consulting company in various management roles from 2004 to 2020, most recently as Head of Atos Central Europe from April 2020 to October 2020, CEO of Atos Germany from March 2018 to October 2020, and Global Head of Business and Platform Solutions from July 2015 to February 2018. Before Atos, Ms. Morgenstern was a partner with KPMG from 1998 to 2002. Her other previous roles include General Manager of K&V Information Systems from 1996 to 1998 and Project Manager for Kiefer & Veittinger from 1991 to 1996. She holds a bachelor’s degree in Business Management from the University of Mannheim and an MBA from York University (Toronto).
(9)Andrew (Andy) Stafford has been our Head of Global Delivery since July 2020. Prior to joining Cognizant, he held a variety of executive positions, including Group Chief Operating Officer of Computacenter PLC from July 2017 to November 2018, and was Global Head of Services and Delivery for Unisys Inc. from April 2016 to May 2017. Mr. Stafford also spent nearly two decades with Accenture, first from 1988 to 1997 and then again from 2005 to 2013, in various leadership roles, the most recent being Senior Managing Director (Global Lead) from July 2012 to November 2013 and Managing Director of the Asia Pacific Region from 2009 to 2012. In between stints at Accenture, he was the Chief Operating Officer at Xchanging from September 2001 to November 2003, Chief Technology Officer at Virgin.com from September 2000 to March 2001, and he also spent time at Deloitte Consulting and Computacenter PLC. He holds a bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering and Electronics from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology in Manchester, England.
None of our executive officers isare related to any other executive officer or to any of our Directors. Our executive officers are appointed annually by the Board of Directors and generally serve until their successors are duly appointed and qualified.
Corporate History
We began our IT development and maintenance services business in early 1994 as an in-house technology development center for The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation and its operating units. In 1996, we were spun-off from The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation and, in 1998, we completed an initial public offering to become a public company.
Available Information
We make available the following publicour SEC filings with the SECavailable free of charge through our website at www.cognizant.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such material to, the SEC:SEC.
•our Annual Reports on Form 10-K and any amendments thereto;
•our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and any amendments thereto; and
•our Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments thereto.
No information on our website is incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K or any other public filing made by us with the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet site at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors
We face various important risks and uncertainties, including those described below, that could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition and, as a result, cause a decline in the trading price of our common stock.
Risks Related to our Business and Operations
Our results of operations could be adversely affected by economic and political conditions globally and in particular in the markets in which our clients and operations are concentrated.
Global macroeconomic conditions have a significant effect on our business as well as the businesses of our clients. Volatile, negative or uncertain economic conditions have in the past and could in the future cause our clients to reduce, postpone or cancel spending on projects with us, and could makemaking it more difficult for us to accurately forecast client demand and have available the right resources to profitably address such client demand. For example, in 2023 some of our clients reduced their discretionary spending in response to economic uncertainty, which negatively impacted our revenues. Clients may reduce demand for services quickly and with little warning, which may cause us to incur extra costs where we have employed more personnel than client demand supports.
Our business is particularly susceptible to economic and political conditions in the markets where our clients or operations are concentrated. Our revenues are highly dependent on clients located in the United States and Europe, and any adverse economic, political or legal uncertainties or adverse developments, including due to the uncertainty related to the potential economic environment and regulatory impacts of the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union,inflation, may cause clients in these geographies to reduce their spending and materially adversely impact our business. Many of our clients are in the financial services and healthcare industries, so any decrease in growth or significant consolidation in these industries or regulatory policies that restrict these industries may reduce demand for our services. Economic and political developments in India, where a significant majority of our operations and technical personnel are located, or in other countries where we maintain delivery operations, may also have a significant impact on our business and costs of operations. As a developing country, India has experienced and may continue to experience high inflation and wage growth, fluctuations in gross domestic product growth and volatility in currency exchange rates, any of which could materially adversely affect our cost of operations. Additionally, we benefit from governmental policies in Indiacountries that encourage foreign investment and promote the ease of doing business, such as tax incentives, and any change in policy or circumstances that results in the elimination of such benefits or degradation of the rule of law, or imposition of new adverse restrictions or costs on our operations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant and continuing adverse impact upon, and this or other pandemics may have a material adverse impact upon, our business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.
The ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic has caused and continues to cause significant loss of life and interruption to the global economy and has resulted in the curtailment of activities by businesses and consumers in much of the world as governments and others seek to limit the spread of the disease, including through business and transportation shutdowns and restrictions on people’s movement and congregation. Among other things, many of our and our clients’ offices have been closed and employees have been working from home and many consumer-facing businesses have closed or are operating at a significantly reduced level to observe various social distancing requirements and government-mandated closures. The overall result has been a dramatic reduction in activity in the global economy, a reduction in demand for many products and services and significant adverse impacts to the financial markets, including the trading price of our common stock in the past and potentially in the future.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant and continuing adverse impact upon, and this or other pandemics may have a material adverse impact upon, our business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition, including as a result of the following:
•Reduced client demand for services – The vast majority of our business is with clients in the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries in Europe, all regions that have been hard hit by the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has reduced, and other future pandemics could reduce, demand for our services, particularly in regions that have been hit hard by the pandemic and from clients in the retail, consumer goods, travel and hospitality, and communications and media industries, and is likely to continue to result in reduced demand for our services as clients across many industries face reduced demand for their products and services. Among other things, some of our clients have postponed, cancelled or scaled-back existing projects and not entered into or reduced the scope of potential projects, and may continue to do so.
•Client pricing pressure, payment term extensions and insolvency risk – As clients face reduced demand for their products and services, reduce their business activity and face increased financial pressure on their businesses, we have faced and may continue to face downward pressure on our pricing and gross margins due to pricing
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concessions to clients and requests from clients to extend payment terms. In addition, some of our clients have requested and may continue to request extended payment terms, which may have an adverse effect on our cash flows from operations. We may also face a significantly elevated risk of client insolvency, bankruptcy or liquidity challenges where we may perform services and incur expenses for which we are not paid.
•Delivery challenges – Due to the closures of many of our and our clients’ facilities, including as a result of various orders from national, state or local governments, we have faced and may continue to face, in the near term or in future pandemics, challenges in delivering services to our clients and satisfying contractually agreed upon service levels. The pandemic, particularly in India, but also in the Philippines and other countries where we have near-shore or offshore delivery operations for clients, as well as our in-country offices and offices of clients where our associates may normally work, has impacted and may continue to impact our ability to deliver services to clients. Our work-from-home arrangements for many of our employees may increase our exposure to security breaches or cyberattacks. The ransomware attack we were subject to in April 2020 compounded the challenges we faced in enabling work-from-home arrangements and resulted in setbacks and delays to such efforts. A significant worsening of the pandemic, particularly in India, or another security incident during the pandemic, could materially impair our ability to deliver services to clients to an extent that may have a material adverse impact to our business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.
•Increased costs – We face increased costs from the pandemic, including as a result of mitigation efforts such as enabling increased work-from-home capabilities and additional health and safety measures.
•Diversion of and strain on management and other corporate resources – Addressing the significant personal and business challenges presented by the pandemic, including various business continuity measures and the need to enable work-from-home arrangements for many of our associates, has demanded significant management time and attention and strained other corporate resources, and is expected to continue to do so. Among other things, this may adversely impact our client and associate development and our ability to execute our strategy and various transformation initiatives.
•Reduced employee morale and productivity – The significant personal and business challenges presented by a pandemic, including the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the potentially life-threatening health risks to employees and their families and friends, the closures of schools and the unavailability of various services our employees may rely upon, such as childcare, have been and may be a cause of employee morale concerns and may adversely impact employee productivity.
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve. The ultimate extent to which the pandemic impacts our business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the delivery and effectiveness of vaccines, future mutations of the COVID-19 virus and any resulting impact on the effectiveness of vaccines, the duration and extent of the pandemic and waves of infection, travel restrictions and social distancing, the duration and extent of business closures and business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken to contain, treat and prevent the disease. If we or our clients experience prolonged shutdowns or other business disruptions, our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and the trading price of our common stock may be materially adversely affected, and our ability to access the capital markets may be limited.
If we are unable to attract, train and retain skilled employees to satisfy client demand, including highly skilled technical personnel and personnel with experience in key digital areas, as well as senior management to lead our business globally, our business and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
Our success is dependent, in large part, on our ability to keep our supply of skilled employees, including project managers, IT engineers and senior technical personnel, in particular those with experience in key digital areas, in balance with client demand around the world and on our ability to attract and retain senior management with the knowledge and skills to lead our business globally. Each year,In 2021 and most of 2022, we, must hire tens of thousands ofand we believe the IT industry as a whole, experienced unprecedented attrition. As a result, we hired over a hundred thousand new employees in each of 2021 and 2022, and over sixty thousand in 2023. Correspondingly, we have needed to reskill, retain, integrate and motivate our large workforce of hundreds of thousands of employees with diverse skills and expertise in order to serve client demands across the globe, respond quickly to rapid and ongoing technological, industry and macroeconomic developments and grow and manage our business. The rate of attrition began to decrease in the second half of 2022, but if such attrition levels increase again in the future, it could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. We also must continue to maintain an effectivea senior leadership team that, among other things, is effective in executing on our strategic goals and growing our digital business. The loss of senior executives, or the failure to attract, integrate and retain new senior executives as the needs of our business require, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Competition for skilled labor is intense and, in some jurisdictions and service areas in which we operate and in particular, in key digital areas, there are more open positions than qualified persons to fill these positions. We compete for employees not only with other companies in our industry but also with companies in other industries, such as software services, engineering services and financial services companies. Our business has experienced in the past and may continue to experience significantexperience in the future significant employee attrition, which may causehas caused us to incur increased costs to hire new employees with the desired skills. While we strive to adjust pricing to reduce the impact of compensation increases on our operating margin, we may not be successful in recovering these increases, which could adversely affect our profitability and operating margin. Costs associated with recruiting and training employees are
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significant. If we are unable to hire or deploy employees with the needed skillsets or if we are unable to adequately equip our employees with the skills needed,
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this could materially adversely affect our business.

Additionally, if we are unable to maintain an employee environmentoffer our employees a value proposition that is competitive and appealing, it could have an adverse effect on engagement and retention, which may materially adversely affect our business.
Many of our contracts with clients are short-term, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected if our clients terminate their contracts on short notice.
Consistent with industry practice, many of our contracts with clients are short-term or can be terminated by our clients with short notice and without significant early termination cost. Even if not terminated, clients may be able to delay, reduce or eliminate spending on the services and solutions we provide, choose not to retain us for additional stages of a project, try to renegotiate the terms of a contract or cancel or delay additional planned work. Terminations and such other events may result from factors that are beyond our control and unrelated to our work product or the progress of the project, including the business, financial or labor conditions of a client, changes in ownership, management or the strategy of a client or economic or market conditions generally or specific to a client’s industry. When contracts are terminated or spending delayed, we lose the anticipated revenues and might not be able to eliminate our associated costs in a timely manner. In particular, the loss of a significant client or a few significant clients could materially reduce revenues for the Company as a whole or for a particular business segment. In addition, our operating margins in subsequent periods could be lower than expected. If we are unable to replace the lost revenues with other work on terms we find acceptable or effectively eliminate costs, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
We face challenges related to growing our business organically as well as inorganically through acquisitions, and we may not be able to achieve our targeted growth rates.
Achievement of our targeted growth rates requires continued significant organic growth of our business as well as inorganic growth through acquisitions. To achieve such growth, we must, among other things, continue to significantly expand our global operations, increase our product and service offerings, in particular with respect to digital, and scale our infrastructure to support such business growth.growth and ensure that our service offerings remain responsive to market demand. Continued business growth increases the complexity of our business and places significant strain on our management, employees, operations, systems, delivery, financial resources, and internal financial control and reporting functions, which we will have to continue to develop and improve to sustain such growth. Our ability to successfully manage change associated with the various business transformation initiatives is critical for the overall strategy execution. We must continually recruit and train new employees, retain and reskill, as necessary, existing sales, technical, finance, marketing and management employees with the knowledge, skills and experience that our business model requires and effectively manage our employees worldwide to support our culture, values, strategies and goals.
Additionally, we expect to continue pursuing strategic and targeted acquisitions and investments to enhance our offerings of services and solutions or to enable us to expand our talent, experience and capabilities in key digital areas or in particular geographies or industries. We may not be successful in identifying suitable opportunities, completing targeted transactions or achieving the desired results andin the timeframe we expect or at all, such opportunities may divert our management's time and focus away from our core business.business and realizing the desired results of a particular transaction may depend upon competition, market trends, regulatory developments, additional costs or investments and the actions of suppliers or other third parties. We may face challenges in effectively integrating acquired businesses into our ongoing operations and in assimilating and retaining employees of those businesses into our culture and organizational structure. structure, and these risks may be magnified by the size and number of transactions we execute.
If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, complete acquisitions of the number, magnitude and nature we have targeted, or successfully integrate any acquired businesses into our operations, we may not be able to achieve our targeted growth rates or improve our market share, profitability or competitive position generally or in specific markets or services.
Our NextGen program and the associated reductions in headcount and consolidation of office space could disrupt our business, may not result in anticipated savings, and could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected.
Guided by our strategic priorities, in the second quarter of 2023 we initiated the NextGen program aimed at simplifying our operating model, optimizing corporate functions and consolidating and realigning office space to reflect the post-pandemic hybrid work environment. Our drive for simplification will include operating with fewer layers in an effort to enhance agility and enable faster decision making.
In connection with the NextGen program, in 2023 we incurred $115 million of employee separation costs and $114 million of facility exit and other costs totaling $229 million. See Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements. We
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currently expect to incur total costs of approximately $300 million with approximately $70 million of such costs anticipated in 2024. The NextGen program may result in the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise, as well as the reallocation of certain roles and responsibilities across the Company, all of which could adversely affect our operations. Such effects from our NextGen program could have a material adverse effect on our ability to execute on our business plan. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in implementing our NextGen program, which may be disruptive to our operations, or may cause difficulties in the retention of our remaining employees or reduced productivity among remaining employees. In addition, we may not realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits, savings and improvements in our cost structure from the NextGen program due to unforeseen difficulties, delays or unexpected costs. If the actual amount and timing of costs differ from our current expectations and estimates or we are unable to realize the expected operational efficiencies and cost savings from the NextGen program, our operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected. Furthermore, we may incur unanticipated charges or be required to make cash payments as a result of our NextGen program that were not previously contemplated, which could result in an adverse effect on our business or results of operations.
We may not be able to achieve our profitability goals and maintain our capital return strategy.
Our goals for profitability and capital return rely upon a number of assumptions, including our ability to improve the efficiency of our operations and make successful investments to grow and further develop our business. Our profitability is impacted by our ability to accurately estimate, attain, and sustain revenues from client engagements, margins and cash flows over contract periods and general economic and political conditions. Our profitability also depends on the efficiency with which we run our operations (including changes in our internal organizational structure) and the cost of our operations, especially the compensation and benefits costs of our employees. We have incurred, and may continue to incur, substantial costs related to implementing our strategy to optimize such costs, and we may not realize the ultimate cost savings that we expect. We may not be able to efficiently utilize our employees if increased regulation, policy changes or administrative burdens of immigration, work visas or client worksite placement prevents us from deploying our employees on a timely basis, or at all, to fulfill the needs of our clients. Our utilization rates are further affected by a number of factors, including our ability to transition employees from completed projects to new assignments, hire and assimilate new employees, forecast demand for our services and thereby maintain an appropriate headcount in each of our geographies and workforce and manage attrition, and our need to devote time and resources to training, professional development and other typically non-chargeable activities. Increases in wages and other costs, including as a result of attrition, may also put pressure on our profitability.
With respect to capital return, our ability and decisions to pay dividends and repurchase shares depend on a variety of factors, including the cash flow generated from operations, our cash and investment balances, our net income, our overall liquidity position, potential alternative uses of cash, such as acquisitions, and anticipated future economic conditions and financial results. Failure to carry out our capital return strategy may adversely impact our reputation with shareholders and shareholders’ perception of our business and the trading price of our common stock.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, or the failure of our hedging strategies to mitigate such fluctuations, can adversely impact our profitability, results of operations and financial condition.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates can also have adverse effects on our revenues, income from operations and net income when items denominated in other currencies are translated or remeasured into U.S. dollars for presentation of our consolidated financial statements. We have entered into foreign exchange forward contracts intended to partially offset the impact of the movement of the exchange rates on future operating costs and to mitigate foreign currency risk on foreign currency denominated net monetary assets. However, the hedging strategies that we have implemented, or may in the future implement, to mitigate foreign currency exchange rate risks may not reduce or completely offset our exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations and may expose our business to unexpected market, operational and counterparty credit risks. We are particularly susceptible to wage and cost pressures in India and the exchange rate of the Indian rupee relative to the currencies of our client contracts due to the fact that the substantial majority of our employees are in India while our contracts with clients are typically in the local currency of the country where our clients are located. If we are unable to improve the efficiency of our operations, our operating margin may decline and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected. Failure to achieve our profitability goals could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
With respect to capital return, our ability and decisions to pay dividends and repurchase shares depend on a variety of factors, including the cash flow generated from operations, our cash and investment balances, our net income, our overall liquidity position, potential alternative uses of cash, such as acquisitions, and anticipated future economic conditions and financial results. Failure to maintain our capital return strategy may adversely impact our reputation with shareholders and shareholders’ perception of our business and the trading price of our common stock.
Our failure to meet specified service levels or milestones required by certain of our client contracts may result in our client contracts being less profitable, potential liability for penalties or damages or reputational harm.
Many of our client contracts include clauses that tie our compensation to the achievement of agreed-upon performance standards or milestones. Failure to satisfy these requirements could significantly reduce our fees under the contracts, increase the cost to us of meeting performance standards or milestones, delay expected payments, subject us to potential damage claims
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under the contract terms or harm our reputation. The use of new technologies in our offerings (including GenAI) can expose us to additional risks if those technologies fail to work as predicted, which could lead to cost overruns, project delays, financial penalties, or damage to our reputation. Clients also often have the right to terminate a contract and pursue damagedamages claims for serious or repeated failure to meet these service commitments. Some of our contracts provide that a portion of our compensation depends on performance measures such as cost-savings, revenue enhancement, benefits produced, business goals
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attained and adherence to schedule. These goals can be complex and may depend on our clients’ actual levels of business activity or may be based on assumptions that are later determined not to be achievable or accurate. As such, these provisions may increase the variability in revenues and margins earned on those contracts and have in the past resulted, and could in the future result, in significant losses on such contracts. Further, if we do not accurately estimate the effort, costs or timing for meeting our contractual commitments or completing engagements to a client's satisfaction, our contracts could have delivery inefficiencies and be less profitable than expected or unprofitable.
We face intense and evolving competition and significant technological advances that our service offerings must keep pace with significant technological advances in the rapidly changing markets we compete in.
The markets we serve and operate in are highly competitive, subject to rapid change and characterized by a large number of participants, as described in “Part I, Item 1. BusinessBusiness-Competition-Competition..” We compete on the basis of reputation and experience, strategic advisory capabilities, digital services capabilities, performance and reliability, responsiveness to customer needs, financial stability, corporate governance and competitive pricing of services. The less we are able to differentiate our services and solutions and/or clearly convey the value of our services and solutions, the more difficulty we have in winning new work in sufficient volumes and at our target pricing and overall economics. In addition to large, global competitors, we face competition in many geographic markets from numerous smaller, local competitors that may have more experience with operations in these markets, have well-established relationships with our desired clients, or be able to provide services and solutions at lower costs or on terms more attractive to clients than we can. Consolidation activity may also result in new competitors with greater scale, a broader footprint or vertical integration that makes them more attractive to clients as a single provider of integrated products and services. In addition, concurrent use by many clients of multiple professional service providers means that we are required to be continually competitive on the quality, scope and pricing of our offerings or face a reduction or elimination of our business. Competitors may also be willing, at times, to take on more risk or price contracts lower than us in an effort to enter the market or increase market share. If we are not able to supply clients with services that they deem superior and successfully apply current business models with market level pricing while managing discounts, we may lose business to competitors and face downward pressure on gross margins and profitability. Any inability to compete effectively would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our successrelationships with our third-party alliance partners, who supply us with necessary components to the services and solutions we offer our clients, are also critical to our ability to provide many of our services and solutions that address client demands. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain such relationships or that such components will be available on the expected timelines or for anticipated prices. Among other things, such alliance partners may in the future decide to compete with us, form exclusive or more favorable arrangements with our competitors or otherwise reduce our access to their products, thereby impairing our ability to provide the services and solutions demanded by clients. Any performance failure on the part of our alliance partners, or the discontinuance by such alliance partners of services that we have relied on them to perform for our clients, could delay our performance or require us to engage alternative third parties to perform the services at our cost or to perform them ourselves, any of which could deprive us of potential revenue or adversely impact our profitability.
Our competitiveness also depends on our ability to continue to develop and implement services and solutions that anticipate and respond to rapid and continuing changes in technology to serve the evolving needs of our clients. Examples of areas of significant change include digital-, cloud- and security-related offerings, which are continually evolving, as well as developments in areas such as AI, augmented reality, automation, blockchain, IoT, quantum computing and as-a-service solutions.solutions, among others. If we do not sufficiently invest in new technologies, successfully adapt to industry developments and changing demand, and evolve and expand our business at sufficient speed and scale to keep pace with the demands of the markets we serve, we may be unable to develop and maintain a competitive advantage and execute on our growth strategy, which would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, our clients may delay spending under existing contracts and engagements or delay entering into new contracts while evaluating new technologies. Such delays can negatively impact our results of operations if we are unable to adapt our pricing or the pace and level of spending on new technologies is not sufficient to make up any shortfall. Further, as we expand into these areas, we may be exposed to operational, legal, regulatory, ethical, technological and other risks specific to such new areas, which may negatively affect our reputation and demand for our services and solutions.
Our relationshipsuse of AI technologies may not be successful and may present business, financial, legal, and reputational risks.
We increasingly use AI-based technologies, including GenAI, in our client offerings and our own internal operations. As with many innovations, AI presents risks and challenges that could adversely impact our business.
The development, adoption, and use of AI technologies are still in their early stages and ineffective or inadequate AI development or deployment practices by us, our clients, or third party alliance partners, who supply usparties with necessary componentswhom we do business could result in unintended
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consequences. Such consequences may include, for example, employees making decisions based on biased or inaccurate information; disclosure of sensitive information; deliberate misuse; or infringement of third-party intellectual property rights. In turn, these consequences may cause decreased demand for our services or harm to our business, results of operations, or reputation.
AI technology and services are part of a highly competitive and rapidly evolving market. We plan to incur significant development and operational costs to build and support our AI capabilities to meet the needs of our clients. We face significant competition from our traditional competitors as well as other third parties, including those that are new to the servicesmarket, and solutions we offer our clients are also criticalmay develop their own AI-related capabilities. In addition, as these technologies evolve, we expect that some services that we currently perform for our clients will be replaced by AI or forms of automation. Each of the foregoing may lead to reduced demand for our services or harm our ability to provide many ofobtain favorable pricing or other terms for our services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and solutions that address client demands. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain such relationships. Among other things, such alliance partners mayfinancial condition.
Furthermore, the legal and regulatory landscape surrounding AI technologies is rapidly evolving and uncertain including in the future decideareas of intellectual property, cybersecurity, and privacy and data protection. Compliance with new or changing laws, regulations, industry standards or ethical requirements and expectations relating to compete withAI may impose significant operational costs requiring us form exclusiveto change our service offerings or more favorable arrangements with our competitorsbusiness practices, or otherwise reduce our access to their products impairingmay limit or prevent our ability to provide the servicesdevelop, deploy, or use AI technologies. Failure to appropriately conform to this evolving landscape may result in legal liability, regulatory action, or brand and solutions demanded by clients.reputational harm.
We face legal, reputational and financial risks if we fail to protect client and/or Cognizant data from security breaches and/or cyberattacks.
In order to provide our services and solutions, we depend on global information technology networks and systems, to process, transmit, host and securely store electronic information (including our confidential information and the confidential information of our clients) and to communicate among our locations around the world and with our clients, suppliers and partners.alliance partners (including numerous cloud service providers). Security breaches, employee malfeasance, or human or technological error create risks of shutdowns or disruptions of our operations and potential unauthorized access and/or disclosure of our or our clients’ sensitive data, which in turn could jeopardize projects that are critical to our operations or the operations of our clients’ businesses and have other adverse impacts on our business or the business of our clients.
In addition, the products, services and software that we provide to our clients, or the third-party components we use to provide such products, services and software, may unintentionally contain or introduce cybersecurity threats or vulnerabilities to our clients’ information technology networks. Our clients may maintain their own proprietary, sensitive, or confidential information that could be compromised in a cybersecurity attack, or their systems may be disabled or disrupted as a result of such an attack. Our clients, regulators, or other third parties may attempt to hold us liable for any such losses or damages resulting from such an attack, including through contractual indemnification clauses.
Like other global companies, we and theour clients, suppliers, alliance partners (including numerous cloud service providers) and other vendors we interact with face threats to data and systems, including by nation state threat actors, insider threats (including inappropriate access), perpetrators of random or targeted malicious cyberattacks, computer viruses, malware, worms, bot attacks or other destructive or disruptive software and attempts to misappropriate client information and cause system failures and disruptions. For example, in April 2020, we announced a security incident involving a Maze ransomware attack. The attack resulted in unauthorized access to certain data and caused significant disruption to our business. In addition, recent international tensions (including Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East) have heightened the overall risk of cyber-threats and, while we have taken steps to mitigate such risks, those steps may not be successful.
A security compromise of our information systems, or of those of businesses with which we interact, that results in confidential information being accessed by unauthorized or improper persons, could harm our reputation and expose us to regulatory actions, up to and including criminal prosecution, client attrition due to reputational concerns or otherwise, containment and remediation expenses, and claims brought by our clients or others for breaching contractual confidentiality and security provisions or data protection laws. Monetary damages imposed on us could be significant and may impose costs in excess of insurance policy limits or not be covered by our insurance at all.all, and our insurers may not continue to provide coverage on reasonable terms or may disclaim coverage as to any future claims. Techniques used by bad actors to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or
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sabotage systems continuously evolve and may not immediately produce signs of intrusion, and we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. In addition, a security breach could require that we expend substantial additional resources related to the security of our information systems, diverting resources from other projects and disrupting our businesses.
Our clients, suppliers, subcontractors, and other third parties with whom we do business, including in particular cloud service providers and software vendors, generally face similar cybersecurity threats, and we must rely on the safeguards
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adopted by these parties. If these third parties do not have adequate safeguards or their safeguards fail, it might result in breaches of our systems or applications and unauthorized access to or disclosure of our and our clients’ confidential data. In addition, we are subject to vulnerabilities in third-party technology components we use in our business and are typically not aware of such vulnerabilities until we receive notice from the third parties who have created the exposure. Due to this delay, our responses to such vulnerabilities may not be adequate or prompt enough to prevent their exploitation.
Any remediation measures that we have taken or that we may undertake in the future in response to the security incident announced in April 2020 or other security threats may be insufficient to prevent future attacks.attacks or insufficient for us to quickly recover from any future attack to efficiently continue our business operations.
Failure to comply with data security and privacy regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business operations and operating results.
We are required to comply with increasingly complex and changing data security and privacy regulations in the United States, the United Kingdom, the European UnionEU, India and in other jurisdictions in which we operate thatoperate. These laws regulate the collection, use and transfer of personal data including the transfer of personal data between or among countries. For example, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation has imposed stringent compliance obligations regarding the handling of personal data and has resulted in the issuance ofcan include significant financial penalties for noncompliance. In the United States, there have been proposals for federal privacy legislation and many new state privacy laws are on the horizon. Recently enacted legislation, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act, and its successor the California Privacy Rights Act that will go into effect on January 1, 2023, impose extensive privacy requirements on organizations governing personal information. Existing U.S. sectoral laws such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act also impose extensive privacy and security requirements on organizations operating in the healthcare industry, which we serve. Additionally, in India, the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 continues to make progress through the Indian Parliament. If enacted in its current form it would impose stringent obligations on the handling of personal data, including certain localization requirements for sensitive data. Other countries have enacted or are considering enacting data localization laws that require certain data to stay within their borders. We may also face audits or investigations by one or more domestic or foreign government agencies or our clientscustomers pursuant to our contractual obligations relating to our compliance with these regulations. Despite positive developments, such as the new EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework, which provides a mechanism for the transfer of personal data from the EU to the United States, there remains regulatory uncertainty for businesses transferring data globally. New rules and restrictions on the movement of data across national borders could increase compliance costs, as well as the risk of regulatory enforcement action (including potential financial penalties), private lawsuits, reputational damage, blockage of international data transfers, disruption to business and loss of customers.
In the United States, federal sectoral laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, alongside growing state level legislation impose or will impose extensive privacy requirements on organizations that handle personal data. Proposals for federal comprehensive privacy legislation continue and other new state laws are under consideration. In India, the DPDP was approved on August 11, 2023 and is expected to come into effect in phases over the next 6-12 months. The DPDP is designed to encourage growth in the technology sector; however, much detail (including on requirements for cross border transfers) has been left to subordinate legislation which will be prescribed by the executive arm of the government.The DPDP limits penalties that can be imposed to 2.5 billion Indian rupees or approximately $30 million. Other countries have enacted or are considering enacting privacy or data localization laws that require certain data to stay within their borders. Developing new regulations in AI and data use more broadly continue to add to the complexity of the legal environment and managing the privacy elements of these new rules will be critical to our ability to serve our customers as well as to achieve operational efficiencies. Complying with these changing regulatory requirements that apply to us directly or indirectly from our impacted customers requires us to incur substantial costs, exposes us to potential regulatory action or litigation, and may require changes to our business practices in certain jurisdictions, any of which could materially adversely affect our business operations and operating results.
Pandemics, epidemics or other outbreaks of disease have had and may in the future have a material adverse impact upon our business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.
Any pandemic, epidemic or other outbreak of disease may have, widespread, rapidly evolving, and unpredictable impacts on global society, economies, financial markets and business practices by, among other things, causing significant loss of life, curtailing congregation of people and disrupting communications and travel. Such events may have a material adverse impact upon, our business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition, including as a result of the following:
•Reduced client demand for services – Pandemics, epidemics, or other outbreaks of disease could reduce demand for our services, particularly in regions or industries that are significantly impacted by such events. The vast majority of our business is with clients in the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries in Europe, all regions that were significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and could be impacted by other future outbreaks of disease.
•Delivery challenges – We could face closures of our clients' facilities that materially impair our ability to deliver services to our clients and satisfy contractually agreed upon service levels during pandemics, epidemics, or other outbreaks of disease. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in India, but also in the Philippines and other countries where we have near-shore or offshore delivery operations for clients, as well as our in-country offices and offices of clients where our employees may normally work, impacted our ability to deliver services to clients.
•Increased strain on employees and management – The significant challenges presented by a pandemic or other outbreak of disease, such as the potentially life-threatening health risks to employees and their loved ones and the unavailability of various services our employees may rely upon, such as childcare, may be a cause of employee morale concerns and may adversely impact employee productivity, as they did during the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing
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these employee morale and productivity concerns as well as other significant challenges presented by such events, including various business continuity measures demands significant management time and attention.
The ultimate extent to which any future pandemics, epidemics or other outbreaks of disease impact our business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the severity of the disease to which the pandemic, epidemic or other outbreak relates; delivery, adoption and effectiveness of vaccines or other treatments for the disease, including any variants; the duration and extent of the event and waves of infection; travel restrictions and social distancing; the duration and extent of business closures and business disruptions; and the effectiveness of actions taken to contain, treat and prevent the disease. If we or our clients experience prolonged shutdowns or other business disruptions, our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and the trading price of our common stock may be materially adversely affected, and our ability to access the capital markets may be limited. Further, any future pandemic, epidemic or other outbreak of disease, and the volatile regional and global economic conditions stemming from such an event, could precipitate or amplify the other risk factors that we identify in this report, any of which could have a material adverse impact to our business.
Climate change and risks arising from the transition to a lower-carbon economy may impact our business.
There are inherent climate-related risks everywhere that we conduct our business. Developments related to regulatory, social or market dynamics, stakeholder expectations, national and international climate change policies, the actual or perceived frequency or intensity of extreme weather events or the availability and functionality of critical infrastructure and resources, in addition to other factors resulting from such developments or that may not otherwise be known to or anticipated by us, could significantly disrupt our supply chain, our clients' operations and our ability to deliver services. Such events could significantly increase our costs and expenses and harm our revenues, cash flows and financial performance. Further, natural disasters and adverse weather events, such as droughts, wildfires, storms, sea-level rise and flooding, occurring more frequently, with less predictability or with greater intensity, could cause community disruptions and impact our employees’ abilities to commute or to work from home safely and effectively. For example, we have substantial global delivery operations in Chennai, India, a city that has experienced severe rains and related flooding. Our exposure to these economic and other risks from climate change could be exacerbated if government or market action to address climate change and its effects is insufficient or unsuccessful.

Failure to meet ESG expectations or standards or achieve our ESG commitments could adversely affect our business or damage our reputation.
Our failure or perceived failure to achieve our ESG commitments, maintain ESG practices, or meet evolving stakeholder expectations could harm our reputation, adversely impact our ability to attract and retain clients and employees, and expose us to increased scrutiny from the investment community and enforcement authorities. Our ability to achieve our ESG commitments is subject to numerous risks, many of which are outside of our control. Examples of such risks include the availability and cost of low- or non-carbon based energy sources and technologies and the availability of suppliers that can meet our ESG and other standards. Our reputation also may be harmed by the perceptions that our stakeholders have about our action or inaction on certain ESG-related issues, or because they may disagree with our goals and initiatives. Damage to our reputation may reduce demand for our services and thus have an adverse effect on our future financial performance, as well as require additional resources to rebuild our reputation.
In addition, governmental bodies, investors, clients, businesses, employees and potential employees are increasingly focused on ESG issues, including climate change, diversity and inclusion, human rights and supply-chain issues, which has resulted and may in the future continue to result in the adoption of new laws and regulations, reporting requirements and changing bid and buying practices. Further, we are subject to, and expect to become increasingly subject to, laws, regulations and international treaties relating to climate change, such as carbon pricing or product energy efficiency requirements. As these new laws, regulations, treaties and similar initiatives and programs continue to be adopted and implemented, we will be required to comply or potentially face market access limitations, enforcement actions, civil suits or sanctions, including fines. If new laws or regulations are more stringent than current legal or regulatory requirements, we may experience increased compliance burdens and costs to meet such obligations. If we fail to comply with new laws, regulations, treaties, or reporting requirements, our reputation and business could be adversely impacted.

Cognizant20December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
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If our risk management, business continuity and disaster recovery plans are not effective and our global delivery capabilities are impacted, our business and results of operations may be materially adversely affected and we may suffer harm to our reputation.
Our business model is dependent on our global delivery capabilities, which include coordination between our delivery centers in India, our other global and regional delivery centers, the offices of our clients and our associates worldwide. System failures, outages and operational disruptions may be caused by factors outside of our control, such as hostilities (including the ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East), political unrest, terrorist attacks, cybersecurity incidents, power or water shortages or telecommunications failures, natural or man-made disasters or other catastrophic events (including extreme weather conditions and other events that may be caused or exacerbated by climate change), and public health emergencies, epidemics and pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, affecting the geographies where our people, equipment and clients are located. For example, we have substantial global delivery operations in Chennai, India, a city that has experienced severe rains, flooding and droughts in recent years and is at significant risk of increasingly severe natural disasters in future years as a result of climate change. Our risk management, business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not be effective at preventingpredicting or mitigating the effects of such disruptions, particularly in the case of catastrophic events or longer term, increasingly severe developments suchthat may occur as the impactsa result of climate change. Even if our operations are unaffected or recover quickly from any such events, if our clients cannot timely resume their own operations due to a catastrophic event, they may reduce or terminate our services, which may adversely affect our results of operations. Any such disruption may result in lost revenues, a loss of clients, liabilities relating to disruptions in service, expenditures to repair or replace damaged property and reputational damage, and could demand significant management time and attention, any of which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Legal, Regulatory and Legislative Risks
A substantial portion of our employees in the United States, United Kingdom, European UnionEU and other jurisdictions rely on visas to work in those areas such that any restrictions on such visas or immigration more generally or increased costs of obtaining such visas or increases in the wages we are required to pay associatesemployees on visas may affect our ability to compete for and provide services to clients in these jurisdictions, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
A substantial portion of our employees in the United States and in many other jurisdictions, including countries in Europe, rely upon temporary work authorization or work permits, which makes our business particularly vulnerable to changes and variations in immigration laws and regulations, including written changes and policy changes to the manner in which the laws and regulations are interpreted or enforced, and potential enforcement actions and penalties that might cause us to lose access to such visas. The political environment in the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries in recent years has included significant support for anti-immigrant legislation and administrative changes. Many of these recent changes have resulted in, and various proposed changes may result in, increased difficulty in obtaining timely visas that could impact our ability to staff projects, including as a result of visa application rejections and delays in processing applications, and significantly increased costs for us in obtaining visas or as a result of prevailing wage requirements for our associatesemployees on visas. For example, in the United States, the priorThe current U.S. administration adopted a number of policy changeshas continued to explore visa and executive orders designed to limit immigration and the ability of immigrants to be employed, including increased scrutiny of the issuance of new and the renewal of existing H-1B visa applications and the placement of H-1B visa workers on third party worksites, increases to the prevailing wage requirements that set a minimum level of compensation for visa holders and, for entities where more than 50% of the workers in the United States hold H-1B and L-1 visas, increases in the visa costs for such entities. While a number of
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these policy changes and executive orders were stayed by the courts, the current administration may continue to seek their implementation or the implementation of similar measures in the futurereform and there continues to be political support for potential new laws and regulations that, if adopted,relating to visas or immigration and the implementation of these or similar measures in the future may have a material adverse impact on companies like ours that have a substantial percentage of our employees on visas. Our principal operating subsidiary in the United States had more than 50%utilizes a high number of its employees onskilled workers holding H-1B orand L-1 visas as of December 31, 2020 and, as a result, may be subject to increased costs if any such laws, regulations, policy changes or executive orders go into effect. In the EU, many countries continue to implement new regulations to move into compliance with the EU Directive of 2014 to harmonize immigration rules for intracompany transferees in most EU member states and to facilitate the transfer of managers, specialists and graduate trainees both into and within the region. The changes have had significant impact on mobility programs and have led to new notification and documentation requirements for companies sending employees to EU countries. Recent changes or any additional adverse revisions to immigration laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate may cause us delays, staffing shortages, additional costs or an inability to bid for or fulfill projects for clients, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Legal, Regulatory and Legislative Risks
Anti-outsourcing legislation, if adopted, and negative perceptions associated with offshore outsourcing could impair our ability to serve our clients and materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The practice of outsourcing services to organizations operating in other countries is a topic of political discussion in the United States, which is our largest market, as well as other regions in which we have clients. For example, in the United States, measures aimed at limiting or restricting outsourcing bythe performance of services from an offshore location or imposing burdens on U.S. companies that utilize such services have been put forward for consideration byat both the U.S. Congressfederal and in state legislatureslevels to address concerns over the perceived association between offshore outsourcing and the loss of jobs domestically. If any such measure is enacted in the United States or another region in which we have clients, our ability to provide services to our clients could be impaired.
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In addition, from time to time there has been publicity about purported negative experiences associated with offshore outsourcing, such as alleged domestic job loss and theft and misappropriation of sensitive client data, particularly involving service providers in India. Current or prospective clients may elect to perform certain services themselves or may be discouraged from utilizing global service delivery providers like us due to negative perceptions that may be associated with using global service delivery models or firms. Any slowdown or reversal of existing industry trends toward global service delivery would seriously harm our ability to compete effectively with competitors that provide the majority of their services from within the country in which our clients operate.
We are subject to numerous and evolving legal and regulatory requirements and client expectations in the many jurisdictions in which we operate, and violations of, unfavorable changes in or an inability to meet such requirements or expectations could harm our business.
We provide services to clients and have operations in many parts of the world and in a wide variety of different industries, subjecting us to numerous, evolving, and sometimes conflicting, laws and regulations on matters as diverse as importtrade controls and export controls,sanctions, immigration (including temporary work authorizations or work permits and other immigration laws,permits), content requirements, trade restrictions, tariffs, taxation, antitrust laws, anti-money laundering and anti-corruption laws (including the FCPA and the U.K. Bribery Act), the environment, including climate change regulation and reporting requirements, government affairs, internal and disclosure control obligations, data privacy, intellectual property, employment and labor relations.relations, human rights and AI. We face significant regulatory compliance costs and risks as a result of the size and breadth of our business. For example, we may experience increased costs in 20212024 and future years for employment and post-employment benefits in India as a result of the issuance of the Code in late 2020. on Social Security, 2020, which enhanced social security coverage (a portion of which is paid by the employer) and extended such benefits to all workers.
We are also subject to a wide range of potential enforcement actions, audits or investigations regarding our compliance with these laws or regulations in the conduct of our business, and any finding of a violation could subject us to a wide range of civil or criminal penalties, including fines, debarment, or suspension or disqualification from government contracting, prohibitions or restrictions on doing business in one or more jurisdictions, loss of clients and business, legal claims by clients and unfavorable publicity or damage to our reputation. We could also face significant compliance and operational burdens and incur significant costs in our efforts to comply with or rectify non-compliance with these laws or regulations. Such burdens or costs may result in an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We commit significant financial and managerial resources to comply with our internal control over financial reporting requirements, but we have in the past identified and may in the future identify material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that cause us to incur incremental remediation costs in order to maintain adequate controls. As another example, in recent years
Our employees, subcontractors, vendors, agents, alliance partners, the companies we had to spend significant resources on conducting an internal investigationacquire and cooperating with investigations by the DOJtheir employees, vendors and the SEC, both concluded in 2019, focused on whether certain payments relating to Company-owned facilities in India were made in violation of the FCPAagents, and other third parties with which we associate, could take actions that violate policies or procedures designed to promote legal and regulatory compliance or applicable laws.
Governmental bodies, investors, clientsanticorruption laws or regulations. Violations of these laws or regulations by us, our employees or any of these third parties could subject us to criminal or civil enforcement actions (whether or not we participated or knew about the actions leading to the violations), including fines or penalties, disgorgement of profits and businesses are increasingly focused on ESG issues,suspension or disqualification from work, including U.S. federal contracting, any of which has resultedcould materially adversely affect our business, including our results of operations and may in the future continue to result in the adoption of new laws and regulations and changing buying practices. If we fail to
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keep pace with ESG trends and developments or fail to meet the expectations of our clients and investors, our reputation and business could be adversely impacted.reputation.
Changes in tax laws or in their interpretation or enforcement, failure by us to adapt our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements to achieve global tax efficiencies or adverse outcomes of tax audits, investigations or proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our effective tax rate, results of operations and financial condition.
The interpretation of tax laws and regulations in the many jurisdictions in which we operate and the related tax accounting principles are complex and require considerable judgment to determine our income taxes and other tax liabilities worldwide. Tax laws and regulations affecting us and our clients, including applicable tax rates, and the interpretation and enforcement of such laws and regulations are subject to change as a result of economic, political and other factors, and any such changes or changes in tax accounting principles could increase our effective worldwide income tax rate and have a material adverse effect on our net income, cash flows and financial condition. We routinely review and update our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements, including transfer pricing policies, consistent with applicable laws and regulations, to align with our evolving business operations and provide global tax efficiencies across the numerous jurisdictions, such as the United States, India and the United Kingdom, in which we operate. Failure to successfully adapt our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements to align with our evolving business operations and achieve global tax efficiencies may increase our worldwide effective tax rate and have a material adverse effect on our earnings, cash flows and financial condition.
The following are several examples
Cognizant22December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of changes in tax laws that may impact us:
•The Tax Reform Act was enacted in December 2017 and made a number of significant changes to the corporate tax regime in the United States. The U.S. Treasury department continues to issue proposed and final regulations which modify relevant aspects of the new tax regime.
•In December 2019, the Government of India enacted the India Tax Law effective retroactively to April 1, 2019 that enables Indian companies to elect to be taxed at a lower income tax rate of 25.17% as compared to the current rate of 34.94%. Once a company elects into the lower income tax rate, that company may not benefit from any tax holidays associated with SEZs and certain other tax incentives, including MAT carryforwards, and may not reverse its election. As of December 31, 2020, we had deferred income tax assets related to the MAT carryforwards of $98 million. See Note 11Contents                                                to our consolidated financial statements. Our current intent is to elect into the new tax regime once our MAT carryforwards are fully or substantially utilized. Our intent is based on a number of current assumptions and financial projections, and if our intent were to change and we were to opt into the new tax regime at an earlier time, the write-off of any remaining MAT deferred tax assets may materially increase our provision for income taxes and effective income tax rate and decrease our EPS, while the loss of the benefit of the MAT carryforwards may increase our cash tax payments.
•The OECD has been working on a Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project and is expected to continue to issue guidelines and proposals that may change numerous long-standing tax principles. The changes recommended by the OECD have been or are being adopted by many of the countries in which we do business and could lead to disagreements among jurisdictions over the proper allocation of profits among them. The OECD has also undertaken a new project focused on “Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digitalization of the Economy.” This project may impact multinational businesses by implementing a global model for minimum taxation. Similarly, the European Commission and various jurisdictions have introduced proposals to or passed laws that impose a separate tax on specified digital services. These recent and potential future tax law changes create uncertainty and may materially adversely impact our provision for income taxes.  
Our worldwide effective income tax rate may increase or our financial condition may be materially impacted as a result of these recent developments, changes in interpretations and assumptions made, additional guidance that may be issued and ongoing and future actions the Company has or may take with respect to our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements. For example, our cash flows could be materially affected by the issuance of additional interpretive guidance by the U.S. Treasury regarding the capitalization and amortization of research and experimental expenses for tax purposes, as more fully described in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements.
Additionally, we are subject from time to time toroutine tax audits, investigations and proceedings.proceedings in various jurisdictions. Tax authorities have disagreed, and may in the future disagree, with our judgments, and are taking increasingly aggressive positions, including with respect to our intercompany transactions. For example, we are currently involved in an ongoing dispute with the ITD in which the ITD asserts that we owe additional taxes for two transactions by which CTS India repurchased shares from its shareholders, as more fully described in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements. We may not accurately predict the outcomes of these audits, investigations and proceedings and the amounts ultimately paid upon their resolution could be materially different from the amounts previously included in our income tax provision. Adverse outcomes in any such audits, investigations or proceedings could increase our tax exposure and cause us to incur increased expense, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
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Our business subjects us to considerable potential exposure to litigation and legal claims and could be materially adversely affected if we incur legal liability.
We are subject to, and may become a party to, a variety of litigation or other claims and suits that arise from time to time in the conduct of our business. Our business is subject to the risk of litigation involving current and former employees, clients, alliance partners, subcontractors, suppliers, competitors, shareholders, government agencies or others through private actions, class actions, whistleblower claims, administrative proceedings, regulatory actions or other litigation. While we maintain insurance for certain potential liabilities, such insurance does not cover all types and amounts of potential liabilities and is subject to various exclusions as well as deductibles and caps on amounts recoverable.
Our client engagements expose us to significant potential legal liability and litigation expense if we fail to meet our contractual obligations or otherwise breach obligations to third parties or if our subcontractors breach or dispute the terms of our agreements with them and impede our ability to meet our obligations to our clients. For example, third parties could claim that we or our clients, whom we typically contractually agree to indemnify with respect to the services and solutions we provide, infringe upon their IP rights. Any such claims of IP infringement could harm our reputation, cause us to incur substantial costs in defending ourselves, expose us to considerable legal liability or prevent us from offering some services or solutions in the future. We may have to engage in legal action to protect our own IP rights, and enforcing our rights may require considerable time, money and oversight, and existing laws in the various countries in which we provide services or solutions may offer only limited protection.
We also face considerable potential legal liability from a variety of other sources. Our acquisition activities have in the past and may in the future be subject to litigation or other claims, including claims from employees, clients, stockholders, or other third parties. We have also been the subject of a number of putative securities class action complaints and putative shareholder derivative complaints relating to the matters that were the subject of our now concluded internal investigation into potential violations of the FCPA and other applicable laws, and may be subject to such legal actions for these or other matters in the future. See "Part I, Item 3. Legal Proceedings" for more information. We establish reserves for these and other matters when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated; however, the estimation of legal reserves and possible losses involves significant judgment and may not reflect the full range of uncertainties and unpredictable outcomes inherent in litigation, and the actual losses arising from particular matters may exceed our estimates and materially adversely affect our results of operations.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity
Risk Management and Strategy
Cybersecurity risk management is an integral part of our overall enterprise risk management program. Our cybersecurity risk management program, which is managed by Cognizant’s Corporate Security team, is designed to identify, assess and manage risks from cybersecurity threats and provides a framework for handling cybersecurity threats and incidents. The program is also aligned with the risk assessment framework that has been established by the enterprise risk management team.
Our cybersecurity risk management framework includes steps for assessing the severity of a cybersecurity threat (including an escalation process for potentially material cybersecurity threats and incidents to an internal committee comprised of members of senior management), identifying the source of a cybersecurity threat (including whether the cybersecurity threat is associated with a third-party service provider), implementing cybersecurity countermeasures and mitigation strategies. The internal committee is responsible for assessing the materiality of cybersecurity threats and incidents and informs designated members of executive leadership and of the Board of Directors of material cybersecurity threats and incidents.
Cognizant's cyber risk management program is periodically audited as part of external certification audits. We also engage third-party cybersecurity experts to assist with risk assessment and conduct penetration testing among other items. Key findings from the audits and third-party risk assessments are summarized and communicated to the Company’s senior leadership and the Audit Committee, and remediation actions are implemented to enhance our overall cybersecurity program.
We require our vendors to comply with privacy and cybersecurity requirements, and we perform risk assessments of vendors, including their ability to protect data from unauthorized access. We include data protection and security content as part of annual training required of employees.
In 2023, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. In 2020, we experienced a previously-disclosed cybersecurity incident that resulted in unauthorized access to certain data and caused significant disruptions to our business operations. In response, we engaged leading outside forensics and cybersecurity experts, launched a comprehensive containment and remediation effort and forensic investigation, restored the security of our internal systems and networks and adopted various enhancements to the security of our systems and networks.
Governance
As part of our overall enterprise risk management program, we prioritize the identification and management of cybersecurity risk at several levels. Our Board of Directors has overall oversight responsibility for our risk management, and delegates cybersecurity risk management oversight to the Audit Committee, which is responsible for ensuring that management has processes in place designed to identify and evaluate cybersecurity risks and implement processes and programs to manage cybersecurity risks and mitigate cybersecurity incidents. The Audit Committee previously utilized an IT Cybersecurity Subcommittee, comprised of members of the Audit Committee, to assist in carrying out a portion of these responsibilities. In December 2023, the Audit Committee transitioned away from use of the subcommittee structure. At all times, the full Audit Committee has maintained and continues to maintain oversight responsibility for cybersecurity risk management.
Management is responsible for identifying, considering and assessing material cybersecurity risks on an ongoing basis, establishing processes to ensure that such potential cybersecurity risk exposures are monitored, putting in place appropriate mitigation measures and maintaining cybersecurity programs.
Our cyber risk assessment program is managed by our Corporate Security team, which is led by our CSO, who has over 25 years of experience in the cybersecurity and technology industry. The CSO reports to Cognizant's Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Corporate Affairs Officer and Secretary. The CSO manages multiple teams within Corporate Security that are operationally responsible for the security of the Company, including Global Cyber Operations, Business Information Security, Global Business Resilience and Integrated Risk Management, each of which provides regular updates to the CSO regarding cyber threat intelligence, cyber incidents and cyber risk metrics as part of their security responsibilities. The CSO works closely with the CIO, who is responsible for Cognizant's information technology and digital transformation strategy. Together, the CSO and CIO have a mutual set of responsibilities to align, implement, and govern security policies, standards, and technology controls throughout the enterprise. On a periodic basis, the CSO and CIO provide updates to the Audit Committee on, among other things, key cybersecurity metrics, status of projects to strengthen the Company's information security systems and assessments of the Company's security program. The Audit Committee reports to the Board of Directors, which also receives periodic updates on such matters.
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Item 2. Properties
We have operations in major metro areas across nearly 50 countries around the world, with our worldwide headquarters located in a leased facility in Teaneck, New Jersey in the United States. We utilize a global delivery model with delivery centers worldwide, including in-country, regional and global delivery centers. We have over 24 million square feet of owned and leased facilities for our delivery centers. Our largest delivery center presence is in India, representing 90% of our total delivery centers on a square-foot basis, with the largest presence in Chennai (9 million square feet), Hyderabad (3 million square feet), Pune (3 million square feet), Kolkata (3 million square feet) and Bangalore (2 million square feet). We also have a significant number of delivery centers in other countries, including the United States, Philippines, Germany, Canada, Mexico and countries throughout Europe. In addition, we have sales and marketing offices, innovation labs, and digital design and consulting centers in major business markets, including New York, London, Paris, Melbourne, and Singapore, and Sao Paulo, among others, whichothers. Our facilities are used to deliver services to oursupport clients across all four of ourreportable business segments. In total, we have offices and operations in more than 85 cities and 35 countries around the world, with our worldwide headquarters located in a leased facility in Teaneck, New Jersey in the United States.
We utilize a global delivery model with delivery centers worldwide, including in-country, regional and global delivery centers. We have over 31 million square feet of owned and leased facilities for our delivery centers. Our largest delivery center presence is in India - Chennai (10 million square feet), Hyderabad (4 million square feet), Pune (3 million square feet), Bangalore (3 million square feet) and Kolkata (3 million square feet) - representing 88% of our total delivery centers on a square-foot basis. We also have a significant number of delivery centers in other countries, including the United States, Philippines, Canada, Mexico and countries throughout Europe.
We believe our current facilities are adequate to support our operations in the immediate future, and that we will be able to obtain suitable additional facilities on commercially reasonable terms as needed.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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Cognizant25December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our Class A common stock trades on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol “CTSH”.“CTSH.” As of December 31, 2020,2023, the approximate number of holders of recordrecord of our Class A common stock was 114102 and the approximate number of beneficial holders of our Class A common stock was 342,100575,000.
Cash Dividends
During 2020,2023, we paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.22$0.29 per share, or $0.88$1.16 per share in total for the year. In February 2021,2024, our Board of Directors approved a $0.02 increase to our quarterly cash dividends and the Company's declarationdividend of a $0.24$0.30 per share dividend with a record date of February 18, 202120, 2024 and a payment date of February 26, 2021.28, 2024. We intend to continue to pay quarterly cash dividends in accordance with our capital return plan. Our ability and decisions to pay future dividendsallocation framework. Future dividend payments depend on a variety of factors, including our cash flow generated from operations, cash and investment balances, net income, overall liquidity position, potential alternative uses of cash, such as acquisitions, and anticipated future economic conditions and financial results.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our stock repurchase program, as amended by our Board of Directors in December 2020,November 2022, allows for the repurchase of up to $9.5$11.5 billion, excluding fees and expenses, of our Class A common stock through open market purchases, including under a 10b5-1 Plan or in private transactions, including through ASR agreements entered into with financial institutions, in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. The repurchase program does not have an expiration date.date and had a remaining balance of $1,777 million as of December 31, 2023. The timing of repurchases and the exact number of shares to be purchased are determined by management, in its discretion, or pursuantpursuant to a 10b5-1 Plan,, and will depend upon market conditions and other factors.
During the three months ended December 31, 2020,2023, we repurchased $721$298 million of our Class A common stock under our stock repurchase program. The following table sets out the stock repurchase activity under our stock repurchase program during the fourth quarter of 2020 and the approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the program as of December 31, 2020.follows:
MonthTotal Number
of Shares
Purchased		Average
Price Paid
per Share		Total Number of
Shares Purchased
as Part of Publicly
Announced
Plans or
Programs		Approximate
Dollar Value of Shares
that May Yet Be
Purchased under the
Plans or Programs
(in millions)
October 1, 2020 - October 31, 20205,800,000 $72.56 5,800,000 $1,115 
November 1, 2020 - November 30, 20201,700,000 76.77 1,700,000 984 
December 1, 2020 - December 31, 20202,122,590 79.85 2,122,590 2,815 
Total9,622,590 $74.91 9,622,590 
MonthTotal Number
of Shares
Purchased		Average
Price Paid
per Share		Total Number of
Shares Purchased
as Part of Publicly
Announced
Plans or
Programs		Approximate
Dollar Value of Shares
that May Yet Be
Purchased under the
Plans or Programs
(in millions)
October 1, 2023 - October 31, 2023— $— — $2,075 
November 1, 2023 - November 30, 20232,287,032 68.38 2,287,032 1,919 
December 1, 2023 - December 31, 20231,930,988 73.15 1,930,988 1,777 
Total4,218,020 $70.56 4,218,020 
We regularly purchase shares in connection with our stock-based compensation plans as shares of our Class A common stock are tendered by employees for payment of applicable statutory tax withholdings. For the three months ended December 31, 2020,2023, we purchased 0.2 million shares at an aggregate cost of $18$15 million in connection with employee tax withholding obligations.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.




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Cognizant26December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
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Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our Class A common stock with the cumulative total return on the S&P 500 Index Nasdaq-100 Index,and the S&P 500 Information Technology Index and a Peer Group Index (capitalization weighted) for the period beginning December 31, 20152018 and ending on the last day of our last completed fiscal year. The stock performance shown on the graph below is not indicative of future price performance.
COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN(1)(2)
Among Cognizant, the S&P 500 Index the Nasdaq-100 Index,and the S&P 500 Information Technology Index
(3)
and a Peer Group Index(3) (Capitalization Weighted)
ctsh-20201231_g3.jpg
Company / IndexBase
Period
12/31/15		12/31/1612/31/1712/31/1812/31/1912/31/20
Cognizant Technology Solutions Corp$100 $93.35 $119.09 $107.59 $106.43 $142.54 
S&P 500 Index100 111.96 136.40 130.42 171.49 203.04 
Nasdaq-100 Index100 105.89 139.26 137.81 190.13 280.59 
S&P 500 Information Technology Index100 113.85 158.06 157.60 236.86 340.83 
Peer Group100 104.72 132.79 128.54 168.92 230.02 
3024
Company / Index
Base
Period
12/31/18
12/31/1912/31/2012/31/2112/31/2212/31/23
Cognizant Technology Solutions Corp$100 $98.93 $132.49 $145.26 $95.09 $127.78 
S&P 500 Index100 131.49 155.68 200.37 164.08 207.21 
S&P 500 Information Technology Index100 150.29 216.25 290.92 208.90 329.73 
(1)Graph assumes $100 invested on December 31, 20152018 in our Class A common stock, the S&P 500 Index the Nasdaq-100 Index,and the S&P 500 Information Technology Index and the Peer Group Index (capitalization weighted).Index.
(2)Cumulative total return assumes reinvestment of dividends.
Item 6. [Reserved]
(3)
We have constructed a Peer Group Index of other information technology consulting firms. Our peer group consists of Accenture plc., DXC Technology, EPAM Systems Inc., ExlService Holdings Inc., Genpact Limited, Infosys Ltd., Wipro Ltd. and WNS (Holdings) Limited. Begin
ning in 2020, we have included the S&P 500 Information and Technology Index in our comparison of total return. This index will replace our Peer Grou
p and the Nasdaq-100 Index in future filings as the S&P 500 Information and Technology index is more representative of the broader technology sector in which we operate.
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Cognizant27December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
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Item 6. Selected Financial Data
[Reserved]
Item 7.     Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Executive Summary
Cognizant is one of the world’s leading professional services companies, engineering modern businessbusinesses and delivering strategic outcomes for the digital era. Our services include digital servicesour clients. We help clients modernize technology, reimagine processes and solutions, consulting, application development, systems integration, application testing, application maintenance, infrastructure servicestransform experiences so they can stay ahead in a fast-changing world. We provide industry expertise and business process services. Digital services have become an increasingly important part of our portfolio, aligningclose client collaboration, combining critical perspective with our clients' focus on becoming data-enabled, customer-centric and differentiated businesses. We are focused on continued investment in four key areas of digital: IoT, AI, experience-driven software engineering and cloud.a flexible engagement style. We tailor our services and solutions to specific industries with an integrated global delivery model that employs client service and delivery teams based at client locations and dedicated global and regional delivery centers.
The global COVID-19 pandemic has caused and is continuing to cause significant loss of life and interruption to the global economy, including the curtailment of activities by businesses and consumers in much of the world as governments and others seek to limit the spread of the disease. In response to COVID-19, we have prioritized the safety and well-being of our employees, business continuity for our clients, and supporting the efforts of governments around the world to contain the spread of the virus. In light of our commitment to help our clients as they navigate unprecedented business challenges while protecting the safety of our employees, we have taken numerous steps, and may continue to take further actions, to address the COVID-19 pandemic. We have been working closely with our clients to support them as they implemented their contingency plans, helping them access our Our collaborative services include digital services and solutions, remotely. We also undertook a significantconsulting, application development, systems integration, quality engineering and assurance, application maintenance, infrastructure and security as well as business process services and automation. Digital services continue to be an important part of our portfolio, aligning with our clients' focus on becoming data-enabled, customer-centric and differentiated businesses.
In the second quarter of 2023, we initiated the NextGen program aimed at simplifying our operating model, optimizing corporate functions and consolidating and realigning office space to reflect the post-pandemic hybrid work environment. Our drive for simplification includes operating with fewer layers in an effort to enhance agility and enable faster decision making. We expect the savings generated by the program to help fund continued investments in our employees to work from home by providing them with computer and Internet accessibility equipment while seeking to maintain appropriate security protocols. Despite these efforts, in the first half of 2020 we experienced some delays in project fulfillment as delivery, particularly in Indiapeople, revenue growth opportunities and the Philippines, shifted to work-from-home in response to the pandemic. Additionally, as a result of the ongoing pandemic, we experienced reduced client demand, project deferrals, furloughs, and temporary rate concessions, which adversely affected revenues across allmodernization of our business segmentsoffice space.
In connection with the NextGen program, in 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2020,2023 we incurred $65$115 million of employee separation costs in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including certain costs incurred to enable our employees to work remotely.
In 2020, we incurred costs related to the executionand $114 million of our multi-year 2020 Fit for Growth Plan aimed at accelerating revenue growth. This plan refined our strategic focus and launched a series of measures to improve our operational and commercial models and optimize our cost structure in order to partially fund investments in key digital areas of IoT, AI, experience-driven software engineering and cloud and advance our growth agenda. The 2020 Fit for Growth Plan included our decision to exit certain content-related services that are not in line with our strategic vision for the Company. The optimization measures that were part of the 2020 Fit for Growth Plan resulted in total charges of $221 million, primarily related to severance and facility exit and other costs that are expected to generate an annualized savings run rate, before anticipated investments, of approximately $530 million in 2021.totaling $229 million. See Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements for additional information on these costs, which are reported in the caption "Restructuring charges" in our consolidated statements of operations.statements. We do notcurrently expect to incur additionaltotal costs related to this plan.of approximately $300 million with approximately $70 million of such costs anticipated in 2024. The COVID-19 pandemic may adversely impact our ability to realize the benefits of our strategy and various transformation initiatives, including the 2020 Fit for Growth Plan. See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Our exit from certain content-related services negatively impacted our 2020 revenues by approximately $178 million within our Communications, Media and Technology segment in North America.
On April 20, 2020, we announced a security incident involving a Maze ransomware attack. As previously reported in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, based on numerous remediation steps that have been undertaken and our continued monitoring of our environment, we believe we have contained the attack and eradicated remnantsestimates of the attacker activity from our environment. The lost revenuecharges and containment, investigation, remediation, legalexpenditures that we expect to incur in connection with the NextGen program, and other costs incurred duethe timing thereof, are subject to the ransomware attack may exceed our insurance policy limits or may not be covered by insurance at all. Other actual and potential consequences include, but are not limited to, negative publicity, reputational damage, lost trust with customers, regulatory enforcement action, litigation that could result in financial judgments or the payment of settlement amounts and disputes with insurance carriers concerning coverage.
In March 2020, the Indian parliament enacted the Budget of India, which contained a number of provisions relatedassumptions, including local law requirements in various jurisdictions, and actual amounts may differ materially from estimates. In addition, we may incur other charges or cash expenditures not currently contemplated due to income tax, including a replacement ofunanticipated events that may occur in connection with the DDT, previously due from the dividend payer, with a tax payable by the shareholder receiving the dividend. This provision reduced the tax rate applicable to us for cash repatriated from India. Following this change, during the first quarter of 2020, we limited our indefinite reinvestment assertion to India earnings accumulated in priorNextGen program.
2023 Financial Results1
19
Table of Contents
Revenues
years. In July 2020, the U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS released final regulations, which became effective in September 2020, that reduced the tax applicable on our accumulated Indian earnings upon repatriation. As a result, during the third quarter of 2020, after a thorough analysis of the impact of these changes in law on the cost of earnings repatriation and considering our strategic decision to increase our investments to accelerate growth in various international markets and expand our global delivery footprint, we reversed our indefinite reinvestment assertion on Indian earnings accumulated in prior years and recorded a $140 million Tax on Accumulated Indian Earnings. The recorded income tax expense reflects the India withholding tax on unrepatriated Indian earnings, which were $5.2 billion as of December 31, 2019, net of applicable U.S. foreign tax credits. On October 28, 2020, our subsidiary in India remitted a dividend of $2.1 billion, which resulted in a net payment of $2.0 billion to its shareholders (non-Indian Cognizant entities), after payment of $106 million of India withholding tax.
On October 27, 2020, a jury returned a verdict in our favor in the amount of $854 million, including $570 million punitive damages, in our lawsuit with Syntel, which was initiated in 2015. We expect Syntel to appeal the decision and thus we will not record the gain in our financial statements until it becomes realizable. For more information, see Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements.
In the fourth quarter of 2020, we made an offer to settle and exit a large customer engagement in Financial Services in Continental Europe ("Proposed Exit"). The offer includes, among other terms, a proposed payment and the forgiveness of certain receivables. The 2020 impact of the Proposed Exit was a reduction ofrevenues of $118 million and additional expenses of $33 million, primarily related to the impairment of long-lived assets. The Proposed Exit negatively impacted each of our GAAP and Adjusted Diluted EPS by $0.27 for the year ended December 31, 2020. While the amounts recorded are based on our best estimate of the expected terms of the exit, the negotiations are ongoing and, as such, we may not reach an agreement or the final terms of the agreement that is reached may materially differ from those contemplated in our accounting. In either instance, there could be additional impacts to our statement of operations, financial condition and our cash flows.
Income from Operations
2020 Financial Results
The following table sets forth a summary of our financial results for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Increase / Decrease
 20202019$%
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Revenues$16,652 $16,783 $(131)(0.8)
Income from operations2,114 2,453 (339)(13.8)
Net income1,392 1,842 (450)(24.4)
Diluted EPS2.57 3.29 (0.72)(21.9)
Other Financial Information1
Adjusted Income From Operations2,394 2,787 (393)(14.1)
Adjusted Diluted EPS3.42 3.99 (0.57)(14.3)
Operating Margin
Our financial results were negatively impacted by our exit from certain content-related services, the Proposed Exit, the ransomware attack and the COVID-19 pandemic. We continue to experience pricing pressure within our core portfolio of services as our clients optimize the cost of supporting their legacy systems and operations. At the same time, clients are adopting and integrating digital technologies and their demand for our digital services and solutions has continued to increase since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of increased demand for mobile workplace solutions, e-commerce, automation and AI and cybersecurity services and solutions.
Diluted EPS


976
978
980
982

GAAP
Adjusted1

GAAP
Adjusted1

GAAP
Adjusted1
Revenue declined $75 million or 0.4% from 2022; a decline of 0.3% in constant currency1
Income from Operations declined $279 million or 9.4% from 2022

Adjusted Income from Operations1 declined $50 million or 1.7% from 2022
Operating margin down 140 bps compared to 2022

Adjusted Operating Margin1 down 20 basis points from 2022
Diluted EPS declined $0.20 or 4.5% from 2022

Adjusted Diluted EPS1 increased $0.15 or 3.4% from 2022
1 Adjusted Income From Operations, andAdjusted Operating Margin, Adjusted Diluted EPS and constant currency revenue growth are not measurements of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.
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Cognizant28December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
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The following charts set forth revenues and change in revenues by business segment and geography forDuring the year ended December 31, 20202023, revenues decreased by $75 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019:
Financial ServicesHealthcare
Increase / (Decrease)Increase / (Decrease)
Dollars in millionsRevenues$%
CC %2
Revenues$%
CC %2
North America$4,013 (124)(3.0)(3.0)$4,181 34 0.8 0.8 
United Kingdom463 (21)(4.3)(4.7)157 27 20.8 19.8 
Continental Europe629 (99)(13.6)(14.0)434 93 27.3 24.0 
Europe - Total1,092 (120)(9.9)(10.3)591 120 25.5 22.9 
Rest of World516 (4)(0.8)2.0 80 3 3.9 6.0 
Total$5,621 (248)(4.2)(4.0)$4,852 157 3.3 3.1 
Products and ResourcesCommunications, Media and Technology
Increase / (Decrease)Increase / (Decrease)
Dollars in millionsRevenues$%
CC %2
Revenues$%
CC %2
North America$2,650 (28)(1.0)(1.0)$1,737 (27)(1.5)(1.5)
United Kingdom371 (9)(2.4)(3.0)344 25 7.8 6.8 
Continental Europe413 (40)(8.8)(8.7)177 8 4.7 2.1 
Europe - Total784 (49)(5.9)(6.1)521 33 6.8 5.2 
Rest of World262 3 1.2 4.7 225 28 14.2 20.2 
Total$3,696 (74)(2.0)(1.7)$2,483 34 1.4 1.6 
2022, representing a decrease of 0.4%, or a decrease of 0.3% on a constant currency basisAcross all2. Revenue decline was driven by our business segments and regions, revenues wereFinancial Services segment, which was negatively impacted by weakness in the COVID-19 pandemic and the ransomware attack. Retail, consumer goods, travel and hospitality clients within our Products and Resources segment as well as communications and media clientsbanking sector, partially offset by growth in our Communications, Media and Technology, segment were particularly adversely affected by the pandemic. Revenues in our Financial Services segment in our Continental Europe region were negatively impacted by $118 million dueProducts and Resources and Health Sciences segments. Our recently completed acquisitions contributed 110 basis points to the Proposed Exit. Additionally, we continued to see certain financial services and healthcare clients transition the support of some of their legacy systems and operations in-house. Revenuerevenue growth, among our life sciences clients was driven by revenues from Zenith and increased demand for our services among pharmaceutical companies while revenues from our healthcare clients benefited from stronger software license sales. Our manufacturing, logistics, energy and utilities clients withinprimarily benefiting our Products and Resources segment generated revenue growth due to our clients' continued adoption and integration of digital technologies. Revenues among our technology clients in our Communications,Communications, Media and Technology segment in the North America region were negatively impacted by approximately $178 million due to our exit from certain content-related services. We continue to see growing demand from our technology clients for other more strategic digital content services. Additionally, the year-over-year change in our revenues included 210 basis points of benefit from our recently completed acquisitions, including Collaborative Solutions, Zenith and Contino.segments.
Our operating margin and Adjusted Operating Margin2 decreased to 12.7%was 13.9% and 14.4%15.1%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2020 from 14.6%2023. This compares to operating margin and 16.6%, respectively,Adjusted Operating Margin of 15.3% for the year ended December 31, 2019.2022. Our 2023 GAAP and Adjusted Operating Margin2 Margins were adverselynegatively impacted by higher incentive-basedincreased compensation accrual rates, investments intended to drive organic and inorganic revenue growth, the impact of the Proposed Exit, the decline in revenues brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the ransomware attack on both revenues and costs. These impacts were partially offset by a significant decrease in travel and entertainment expenses due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the cost savings generatedcosts, primarily as a result of two merit increase cycles for the 2020 Fit for Growth Plan, lower immigration costs andmajority of our employees since October 2022, partially offset by the benefit of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar.dollar, savings generated from our NextGen program and improvement in profitability of a large contract with a Health Sciences client in 2023. In addition, our 2019 GAAP operating margin included a 0.7% negative impact of the incremental accrual in 2019 related to the India Defined Contribution Obligation as discussed in Note 154 to our audited consolidated financial statements, while our 20202023 GAAP operating margin was negatively impacted by COVID-19 Charges.


2    Constant currency revenue growth (CC) andthe NextGen charges, which were excluded from our Adjusted Operating Margin are not measurementsMargin.
As a global professional services company, we compete on the basis of financial performance preparedthe knowledge, experience, insights, skills and talent of our employees and the value they can provide to our clients. We closely monitor attrition trends focusing on the metric that we believe is most relevant to our business. This metric, which we refer to as Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services, includes all voluntary separations with the exception of employees in accordanceour Intuitive Operations and Automation practice. For the year ended December 31, 2023 our Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services was 13.8% as compared to 25.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022. We finished 2023 with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and a reconciliationapproximately 347,700 employees as compared to 355,300 employees at the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, as applicable.
21
Business Outlook
We have fourSee "Overview" within Part I, Item 1. Business for information on our six strategic priorities as we seek to increase our commercial momentum and accelerate growth. These strategic priorities are:
•Accelerating digital - growing our digital business organically and inorganically;priorities.
•Globalizing Cognizant - growing our business in key international markets and diversifying leadership, capabilities and delivery footprint;
•Repositioning our brand - improving our global brand recognition and becoming better known as a global digital partner to the entire C-suite; and
•Increasing our relevance to our clients - leading with thought leadership and capabilities to address clients' business needs.
We continue to expect the long-term focus of our clients to be on their digital transformation into software-driven, data-enabled, customer-centric and differentiated businesses. As ourWe believe clients seek to optimize the cost of supporting their legacy systems and operations, our core portfolio of services may be subject to pricing pressure and lower demand due to clients transitioning certain work in-house. At the same time, clients continue to adopt and integrate digital technologies and their demand for our digital operations services and solutions has only increased since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, as demand for mobile workplace solutions, e-commerce, automation and AI and cybersecurity services and solutions has grown.
Our clients will likely continue to contend with industry-specific changes driven by evolving digital technologies, uncertainty in the regulatory environment, industry consolidation and convergence as well as international trade policiespolicies and other macroeconomic and geopolitical factors, including the increasing uncertainty related to the global economy, which couldhas affected and may continue to affect their demand for our services. The COVID-19 pandemic may continue
We are focused on expanding our partner ecosystem across a broad range of technology companies, including hyperscalers, cloud providers, enterprise software companies, best-in-class digital software enterprises and emerging start-ups. We believe this partner ecosystem will enable us to negatively impact demand, particularly amongenhance our retail, consumer goods, travel and hospitality clients withininnovative, integrated offerings, by combining third-party products with our Products and Resources segment as well as communications and media clientsservice solutions, to deliver enterprise-wide digital transformation.
We increasingly use AI-based technologies, including GenAI, in our Communications, Mediaclient offerings and Technology segment. Theour own internal operations. AI technologies and services are part of a highly competitive and rapidly evolving market. We plan to make significant and evolving nature ofinvestments in our AI capabilities to meet the COVID-19 pandemic makes it difficult to estimate its future impact on our ongoing business, results of operations and overall financial performance. See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors.
As a global professional services company, we compete on the basis of the knowledge, experience, insights, skills and talentneeds of our employeesclients and theharness its value they can providein a flexible, secure, scalable and responsible way. As AI-based technologies evolve, we expect that some services that we currently perform for our clients will be replaced by AI or forms of automation. This may lead to our clients. Competitionreduced demand for skilled labor is intense and our success is dependent, in large part, oncertain services or harm our ability to keepobtain favorable pricing or other terms for our supply of skilled employees, in particular those with experience in key digital areas, in balance with client demand around the world. As such, we will continue to focus on recruiting, talent management and employee engagement to attract and retain our employees.
We will continue to pursue strategic acquisitions, investments and alliances that will expand our talent, experience and capabilities in key digital areas or in particular geographies or industries.services.
In addition, our future results may be affected by immigration law changes that may impact our abilityconnection with the NextGen program, in 2023 we incurred $229 million in employee separation, facility exit and other costs. We currently expect to do business or significantly increase ourincur total costs of doing business,approximately $300 million in connection with the NextGen program, with approximately $70 million of such costs anticipated in 2024. In addition to the NextGen program, potential tax law changes and other potential regulatory changes, including possible U.S. corporate income tax reform and potentially increased costs in 2021 and future years for employment and post-employment benefits in India as a result of the issuance of the Code in late 2020, as well as costs related to the potential resolution of legal and regulatory matters discussed in Note 15 toon Social Security, 2020, among other items, may impact our consolidated financial statements.future results. For additional information, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk FactorsFactors..
22

Results of Operations
For a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018, including a year-to-year comparison between 2019 and 2018, refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
The Year Ended December 31, 2020 Compared to The Year Ended December 31, 2019
The following table sets forth certain financial data for the years ended December 31:
% of% ofIncrease / Decrease
2020Revenues2019Revenues$%
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Revenues$16,652 100.0$16,783 100.0$(131)(0.8)
Cost of revenues(1)
10,671 64.110,634 63.437 0.3 
Selling, general and administrative expenses(1)
3,100 18.62,972 17.7128 4.3 
Restructuring charges215 1.3217 1.3(2)(0.9)
Depreciation and amortization expense552 3.3507 3.045 8.9 
Income from operations2,114 12.72,453 14.6(339)(13.8)
Other income (expense), net(18)90 (108)(120.0)
Income before provision for income taxes2,096 12.62,543 15.2(447)(17.6)
Provision for income taxes(704)(643)(61)9.5 
Income (loss) from equity method investments— (58)58 (100.0)
Net income$1,392 8.4$1,842 11.0$(450)(24.4)
Diluted EPS$2.57 $3.29 $(0.72)(21.9)
Other Financial Information 3
Adjusted Income From Operations and Adjusted Operating Margin$2,394 14.4$2,787 16.6(393)(14.1)
Adjusted Diluted EPS$3.42 $3.99 $(0.57)(14.3)

(1)    Exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense.    

Revenues - Overall
During 2020, revenues decreased by $131 million as compared to 2019, representing a decline of 0.8%, or 0.7% on a constant currency basis3. Across all business segments and regions, revenues were negatively impacted by the ransomware attack and the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, our exit from certain content-related services and the Proposed Exit negatively impacted our revenues by $178 million and $118 million, respectively. We continue to experience pricing pressure within our core portfolio of services as our clients optimize the cost of supporting their legacy systems and operations. At the same time, clients are adopting and integrating digital technologies and their demand for our digital services and solutions has continued to increase since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of increased demand for mobile workplace solutions, e-commerce, automation and AI and cybersecurity services and solutions. Additionally, the year-over-year change in our revenues included 210 basis points of benefit from our recently completed acquisitions, including Collaborative Solutions, Zenith and Contino. Revenues from clients added during 2020, including those related to acquisitions, were $342 million.




32 Adjusted Income From Operations, Adjusted Operating Margin Adjusted Diluted EPS and constant currency revenue growth are not measurements of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, as applicable.measures.
23
Cognizant29December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
Results of Operations
For a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021, including a year-to-year comparison between 2022 and 2021, refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
The Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to The Year Ended December 31, 2022
The following table sets forth certain financial data for the years ended December 31:
% of% ofIncrease / Decrease
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)2023Revenues2022Revenues$%
Revenues$19,353 100.0$19,428 100.0$(75)(0.4)
Cost of revenues(a)
12,664 65.412,448 64.1216 1.7 
Selling, general and administrative expenses(a)
3,252 16.83,443 17.7(191)(5.5)
Restructuring charges229 1.2— —229 N/A
Depreciation and amortization expense519 2.7569 2.9(50)(8.8)
Income from operations and operating margin2,689 13.92,968 15.3(279)(9.4)
Other income (expense), net98 48 50 104.2 
Income before provision for income taxes2,787 14.43,016 15.5(229)(7.6)
Provision for income taxes(668)(730)62 (8.5)
Income (loss) from equity method investments7 4 3 75.0 
Net income$2,126 11.0$2,290 11.8$(164)(7.2)
Diluted EPS$4.21 $4.41 $(0.20)(4.5)
Other Financial Information 3
Adjusted Income From Operations and Adjusted Operating Margin$2,918 15.1$2,968 15.3$(50)(1.7)
Adjusted Diluted EPS$4.55 $4.40 $0.15 3.4 
(a)    Exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense    
N/A    Not applicable3

Revenues
During the year ended December 31, 2023, revenues declined by $75 million as compared to the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, representing a decline of 0.4%, or a decline of 0.3% on a constant currency basis.3Our recently completed acquisitions contributed 110 basis points of growth to the change in revenues.

3 Adjusted Income from Operations, Adjusted Operating Margin, Adjusted Diluted EPS and constant currency revenue growth are not measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, as applicable.
Cognizant30December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Revenues - Reportable Business Segments and Geographic Markets
Revenues by reportableof $19,353 million across our business segmentsegments and geographies were as follows:follows for the year ended December 31, 2023:
20202019Increase / (Decrease)
$%
CC%4
(Dollars in millions)
Financial Services$5,621 $5,869 $(248)(4.2)(4.0)
Healthcare4,852 4,695 157 3.3 3.1 
Products and Resources3,696 3,770 (74)(2.0)(1.7)
Communications, Media and Technology2,483 2,449 34 1.4 1.6 
Total revenues$16,652 $16,783 $(131)(0.8)(0.7)
549755835362
Financial Services
2023 as compared to 2022Increase / (Decrease)
(Dollars in millions)$%
CC %4
Financial Services$(263)(4.3)(4.2)
Health Sciences43 0.8 0.5 
Products and Resources62 1.4 1.5 
CMT83 2.6 3.1 
Total revenues$(75)(0.4)(0.3)
549755835366
2023 as compared to 2022Increase / (Decrease)
(Dollars in millions)$%
CC %4
North America$(172)(1.2)(1.1)
United Kingdom75 4.1 3.5 
Continental Europe114 6.4 4.3 
Europe - Total189 5.2 3.9 
Rest of World(92)(6.6)(2.6)
Total revenues$(75)(0.4)(0.3)
Revenues from
Change in revenues was driven by the following factors:
•Reduced demand for discretionary work negatively impacted revenues across all segments, and primarily in North America. Banking clients in our Financial Services segment, declined 4.2%, or 4.0% on a constant currency basis4,retail and consumer goods clients in 2020. Revenues among our insurance clients decreased by $85 million as compared to a decrease of $163 million from our banking clients. The Proposed Exit negatively impacted our revenues from banking clients by $118 million. Revenues from clients added during 2020, including those related to acquisitions, were $70 million. Moderate revenue growth generated by our digital services did not fully offset revenue declines attributable to certain financial services clients who continued to transition the support of some of their legacy systems and operations in-house.
Healthcare
Revenues from our Healthcare segment grew 3.3%, or 3.1% on a constant currency basis4, in 2020. Revenues in this segment increased by $173 million among our life science clients while revenues from our healthcare clients decreased $16 million. Revenue growth among our life sciences clients was driven by revenues from Zenith and increased demand for our services among pharmaceutical companies. Revenues from our healthcare clients were negatively impacted by the establishment of an offshore captive by a large client, partially offset by the 2019 negative impact of a customer dispute with a healthcare client related to a large volume based contract. Additionally, revenues from our healthcare clients benefited from stronger software license sales in 2020. Revenues from clients added during 2020, including those related to acquisitions, were $50 million. Demand from our healthcare clients may continue to be affected by uncertainty in the regulatory and political environment while demand from our life sciences clients may be affected by industry consolidation.
Products and Resources
Revenues from our Products and Resources segment declined 2.0%, or 1.7% on a constant currency basis4,and clients in 2020. Retail, consumer goods, travel and hospitality clients were particularly adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, revenue from our travel and hospitality clients and from our retail and consumer goods clients decreased by $126 million and $100 million, respectively. Revenues from our manufacturing, logistics, energy and utilities clients increased by $152 million due to our clients' adoption and integration of digital technologies. Revenues from clients added during 2020, including those related to acquisitions, were $105 million.
Communications, Media and Technology
Revenues from our Communications, Media and Technology segment grew 1.4%, or 1.6% on a constant currencywere particularly affected;
•Recently completed acquisitions which contributed 110 basis points of growth to the overall change in revenues, including 230 basis points of growth to our Products and Resources segment (primarily in North America) and 290 basis points of growth to our Communications, Media and Technology segment (primarily in Continental Europe and the United Kingdom);
•4,North America revenues in 2020. Revenues from our communicationsthe Communications, Media and media clients increased $72 million while revenues from our technology clients decreased $38 million. RevenuesTechnology segment included growing demand among our technologythe largest clients in this segment, including for services related to digital content;
•The resale of third-party products in North America in connection with our integrated offerings strategy, primarily in the Financial Services and Products and Resources segments, contributed 70 basis points of growth to the overall change in revenue;
•North America revenues in the Communications, Media and Technology and Products and Resources segments were negatively impacted by approximately $178 million due to our exit from certain content-related services. Additionally, revenues were negativelypositively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly amongramp up of several recently won large deals;
•Revenue growth in the United Kingdom was driven by expansion of work public sector clients included in our communicationsCommunications, Media and media clients, partially offsetTechnology and Financial Services segments;
•Revenues in the Continental Europe region were driven by growingincreased demand from pharmaceutical clients within the Health Sciences segment and automotive clients within the Products and Resources segment; and
•Revenue decline in our technology clients for other more strategic digital content services. Revenues from clients added during 2020, including those related to acquisitions, were $117 million.Rest of World region was primarily driven by weakness in the Financial Services segment and the negative impact of foreign currency exchange rate movements.




4 Constant currency revenue growth is not a measurementmeasure of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information.
24
Cognizant31December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
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Revenues - Geographic Locations
Cost of Revenues (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization Expense)
Revenues by geographic market, as determined by client location, were as follows:
4211
é
$216M
é1.3% as a % of revenues
¡% of Revenues
20202019Increase / (Decrease)
$%
CC %5
(Dollars in millions)
North America$12,581 $12,726 $(145)(1.1)(1.1)%
United Kingdom1,335 1,313 22 1.7 1.0 %
Continental Europe1,653 1,691 (38)(2.2)(3.3)%
Europe - Total2,988 3,004 (16)(0.5)(1.4)%
Rest of World1,083 1,053 30 2.8 6.4 %
Total revenues$16,652 $16,783 $(131)(0.8)(0.7)%
North America continues to be our largest market, representing 75.6% of total 2020 revenues. Our North America region was negatively impacted by our exit from certain content-related services in our Communications, Media and Technology segment and the transition of the support of legacy systems for certain financial services and healthcare clients in-house. Our Continental Europe region was negatively impacted by the Proposed Exit, partially offset by growth from our life sciences customers. Revenues in our United Kingdom region have particularly benefited from our recently completed acquisitions. Revenue growth in our Rest of World region was driven by our Communications, Media and Technology clients.

Cost of Revenues (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization Expense)

Our cost of revenues consists primarily of salaries, incentive-based compensation, stock-based compensation expense, employee benefits, project-related immigration and travel for technical personnel, subcontracting and equipment costs of third-party products and services relating to revenues. Our cost of revenues increased by 0.3% during 2020 as compared to 2019, increasing as a percentage of revenues to 64.1% in 2020 compared to 63.4% in 2019. The increase, in cost of revenues, as a percentage of revenues, was due primarily to an increase in costs related to higher incentive-based compensation accrual rates in 2020 and the impact of the Proposed Exit, the COVID-19 pandemic and the ransomware attack. These impacts were partially offset by a significant decrease in travel and entertainment costs for delivery personnel, primarily as a result of a reduction in travel due totwo merit increase cycles for the COVID-19 pandemic, the cost savings generated as a resultmajority of our cost optimization strategy andemployees since October 2022, partially offset by the benefit of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar.dollar and improvement in profitability of a large contract with a Health Sciences client in 2023.
SG&A Expenses (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization Expense)
SG&A expenses consist primarily of salaries, incentive-based compensation, stock-based compensation expense, employee benefits, immigration, travel, marketing, communications, management, finance, administrative and occupancy costs. SG&A expenses increased by 4.3% during 2020 as compared to 2019, increasing as a percentage of revenues to 18.6% in 2020 as compared to 17.7% in 2019. The increase,decrease, as a percentage of revenues, was primarily due primarily to an increase in costs related to higher incentive-based compensation accrual rates in 2020, investments intended to drive organic and inorganic revenue growthsavings generated from our NextGen program and the impactsbeneficial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Proposed Exit and the ransomware attack. These negative impacts wereforeign currency exchange rate movements, partially offset by a significant decrease in travel and entertainmenthigher compensation costs, primarily as a result of a reduction in travel due totwo merit increase cycles for the COVID-19 pandemic and lower immigration costs, in addition to the $117 million incremental accrual in 2019 related to the India Defined Contribution Obligation as discussed in Note 15 tomajority of our consolidated financial statements.employees since October 2022.
5509
ê$191M
ê0.9% as a % of revenues
¡% of Revenues
Restructuring Charges
Restructuring charges consist of our 2020 Fit for Growth Plan and our realignmentcosts related to the NextGen program. Restructuring charges were $215$229 million or 1.3%1.2%, as a percentage of revenues during 2020, as compared to $217 million, or 1.3% as a percentage of revenues, during 2019.for the year ended December 31, 2023. For further detail on our restructuring charges see Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements.
Depreciation and Amortization Expense
Depreciation and amortization expense increaseddecreased by 8.9% during 20208.8%, and by 0.2% as a percentage of revenues, in 2023 as compared to 2019. The increase was2022, primarily driven by a reduction in amortization expense due to procurementcertain intangible assets reaching the end of additional computer equipment primarily to provision work-from-home arrangementstheir useful lives and amortization of intangiblessavings generated from recently completed acquisitions.our NextGen program.
Operating Margin and Adjusted Operating Margin5 - Overall
57195720
Our 2023 operating margin and Adjusted Operating Margin5 were negatively impacted by increased compensation costs, primarily as a result of two merit increase cycles for the majority of our employees since October 2022, partially offset by the benefit of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar, savings generated from our NextGen program and improvement in profitability of a large contract with a Health Sciences client in 2023. In addition, as discussed in Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements, our 2023 GAAP operating margin was negatively impacted by the NextGen charges, which were excluded from our Adjusted Operating Margin5.

5 Constant currency revenue growth isAdjusted Income From Operations and Adjusted Operating Margin are not a measurementmeasurements of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information.information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, as applicable.
25
Cognizant32December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
Operating Margin - Overall
Our operating margin and Adjusted Operating Margin6 decreased to 12.7% and 14.4%, respectively,A predominant portion of our costs in 2020 from 14.6% and 16.6%, respectively, during 2019. Our GAAP and Adjusted Operating Margin6 were adversely impacted by higher incentive-based compensation accrual rates, investments intended to drive organic and inorganic revenue growth, the impact of the Proposed Exit, the declineIndia are denominated in revenues brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the ransomware attack on both revenues and costs. These impacts were partially offset by a significant decrease in travel and entertainment expenses due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the cost savings generated as a result of the 2020 Fit for Growth Plan, lower immigration costs and the depreciation of the Indian rupee, against representing approximately 24% of our global operating costs during the U.S. dollar. In addition, our 2019 GAAP operating margin included a 0.7% negative impact of the incremental accrual in 2019 related to the India Defined Contribution Obligation as discussed inyear ended Note 15December 31, 2023. These costs are subject to our consolidated financial statements, while our 2020 GAAP operating margin was negatively impacted by COVID-19 Charges.
Excluding the impact of applicable designated cash flow hedges, the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar positively impacted our operating margin by approximately 92 basis points or 0.92 percentage points in 2020, while in 2019 the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar positively impacted our operating margin by approximately 53 basis points or 0.53 percentage points. Each additional 1.0% change inforeign currency exchange rate between the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar willfluctuations, which have the effectan impact on our results of moving our operating margin by approximately 17 basis points or 0.17 percentage points.
operations. We enter into foreign exchange derivative contracts to hedge certain Indian rupee denominated payments in India. These hedges are intended to mitigate the volatility of the changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Indian rupee. TheNet of the impact of the settlementhedges, the depreciation of the Indian rupee contributed 90 basis points to the improvement in our cash flow hedges was immaterial in 2020 and 2019.
Our most significant costs are the salaries and related benefitsoperating margin for our employees. These costs are affected by the impact of inflation. In certain regions, competition for professionals with the advanced technical skills necessary to perform our services has caused wages to increase at a rate greater than the general rate of inflation.
We finished the year ended December 31, 2020 with approximately 289,500 employees, which is a decrease of 3,0002023 as compared to December 31, 2019. For2022.
Excluding the three months ended December 31, 2020, annualized turnover, including both voluntary and involuntary, was approximately 19.0%. Turnover for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, including both voluntary and involuntary, was approximately 20.6% and 21.7%. Voluntary attrition normally constitutes the significant majorityimpact of our attrition. In 2020, we saw elevated levels of involuntary attrition due to our Fit for Growth Plan, including the exit from certain content-related services. We also saw a decrease in voluntary attrition from historic levels in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Both voluntary and involuntary attrition are weighted towards our more junior employees.
Segment Operating Profit and Margin
Segment operating profit and margin were as follows:
2020Operating Margin %2019Operating Margin %Increase /(Decrease)
(Dollars in millions)
Financial Services$1,449 25.8 $1,605 27.3 $(156)
Healthcare1,383 28.5 1,261 26.9 122 
Products and Resources1,078 29.2 1,028 27.3 50 
Communications, Media and Technology794 32.0 732 29.9 62 
Total segment operating profit and margin4,704 28.2 4,626 27.6 78 
Less: unallocated costs2,590 2,173 417 
Income from operations$2,114 12.7 $2,453 14.6 $(339)
Across all our business segments, operating margins benefited from a significant decrease in travel and entertainment costs due to COVID-19 related reductions in travel, cost savings generated by our cost optimization initiatives andapplicable designated cash flow hedges, the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar positively impacted our operating margin by approximately 96 basis points in 2023. Each additional 1.0% change in exchange rate between the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar will have the effect of moving our operating margin by approximately 19 basis points (excluding the impact of our cash flow hedges). In 2023, the settlement of our cash flow hedges negatively impacted our operating margin by approximately 13 basis points, compared to a negative impact of 7 basis points in 2022.
We finished the year ended December 31, 2023 with approximately 347,700 employees as compared to 355,300 employees for the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023 our Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services was 13.8% as compared to 25.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022.
8207

Segment Operating Profit
In 2023, we made certain changes to the internal measurement of segment operating profit for the purpose of evaluating segment performance and resource allocation. The primary reason for the change was to reflect a more complete cost of delivery. Specifically, segment operating profit now includes an allocation of both SG&A costs related to our integrated practices and the excess or shortfall of incentive-based compensation for commercial and delivery employees as compared to target, which were previously included in "unallocated costs." We have reported 2023 segment operating profits using the new allocation methodology and have recast the 2022 and 2021 results to conform to the new methodology. See Note 18 to our audited consolidated financial statements for the recast 2021 segment operating profits.
Segment operating profit and operating margin percentage were as follows:
8898
8900
8902
8904

Segment operating profit%Segment operating margin
In 2023, segment operating margins across all our segments were negatively impacted by increased compensation costs, primarily as a result of two merit increase cycles for the majority of our employees since October 2022, partially offset by investments intended to drive organic and inorganic revenue growth and the negative impact on revenuesbenefit of the COVID-19 pandemicdepreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar and the ransomware attack. The 2020savings generated from our NextGen program. In addition, 2023 segment operating margin in our Financial ServicesHealth Sciences benefited from the improvement in profitability of a large contract with a payer client, while segment operating profit in Communications, Media and Technology was negatively impactedaffected by higher costs typical to the Proposed Exit. Additionally, the 2019 operating margininitial phases of several recently won large deals in our Healthcare segment was negatively impacted by client mergers within the segment and a dispute with a customer related to a large volume based contract. The increase in unallocated costs in 2020 compared to 2019 is primarily duethis segment.

Cognizant33December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
6    Adjusted Operating Margin is not a measurement of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.
26
Table of Contents                                                
Total segment operating profit was as follows for the year ended December 31:
(Dollars in millions)2023% of Revenues2022% of RevenuesIncrease / (Decrease)
Total segment operating profit$4,117 21.3 $4,353 22.4 $(236)
Less: unallocated costs1,428 7.4 1,385 7.1 43 
Income from operations$2,689 13.9 $2,968 15.3 $(279)
to a smaller shortfall
The increase in 2020 than in 2019 of incentive-based compensationunallocated costs for 2023 as compared to target, COVID-19 Charges and costs related to the ransomware attack, partially offset2022 was primarily driven by the 2019 India Defined Contribution Obligation discussedNextGen charges in 2023, see Note 154 to our audited consolidated financial statements.statements, partially offset by lower corporate expenses.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Total other income (expense), net consists primarily of foreign currency exchange gains and losses, interest income and interest expense. The following table sets forth total other income (expense), net for the years ended December 31:
20202019Increase / Decrease
(in millions)
Foreign currency exchange (losses)$(53)$(73)$20 
(in millions)
(in millions)
(in millions)
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses)
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses)
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses)
(Losses) gains on foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments(Losses) gains on foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments(63)8 (71)
Foreign currency exchange (losses), net(116)(65)(51)
(Losses) gains on foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments
(Losses) gains on foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net
Interest income
Interest income
Interest incomeInterest income119 176 (57)
Interest expenseInterest expense(24)(26)2 
Interest expense
Interest expense
Other, net
Other, net
Other, netOther, net3 5 (2)
Total other income (expense), netTotal other income (expense), net$(18)$90 $(108)
Total other income (expense), net
Total other income (expense), net
The foreign currency exchange gains and losses were primarily attributed to the remeasurement of the Indian rupee denominated net monetary assets and liabilities in our U.S. dollar functional currency India subsidiaries and, to a lesser extent, the remeasurement of other net monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of our subsidiaries. The gains and losses on our foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments related to the realized and unrealized gains and losses on foreign exchange forward contractscontracts entered into to offset our foreign currency exposure to non-U.S. dollar denominated net monetary assets and liabilities. exposures. As of December 31, 2020,2023, the notional value of our undesignated hedges was $637$1,317 million. The decreaseincrease in interest income of $57 millionand interest expense was each primarily attributable to lower yieldshigher interest rates in 2020.
Provision for Income Taxesthe current period.
The provision for income taxes was $704 million in 2020 and $643 million in 2019.
Provision for Income Taxes
10344
ê$62M
¡Effective Income Tax Rateê0.2%
The effective income tax rate increased to 33.6% in 2020 as compared to 25.3% in 2019decreased primarily driven by the Tax on Accumulated Indian Earnings, the impactgeographical mix of the Proposed Exit, which was not deductible for tax purposes, and the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar, which resultedearnings in non-deductible foreign currency exchange losses in our consolidated statement of operations.
Income (loss) from equity method investments
In 2019, we recorded an impairment charge of $57 million on one of our equity method investments2023 as further described incompared to 2022. See Note 511 to our consolidated financial statements.statements for additional information.
In December 2021, the OECD adopted model rules for a global framework to impose a 15% global minimum tax referred to as Pillar Two with a targeted effective date of January 1, 2024. The OECD has continued and is continuing to issue additional guidance on the operation of the model rules. While the United States has not enacted Pillar Two, certain countries in which we operate have adopted their own version of the Pillar Two model rules. Although Management continues to monitor additional guidance from the OECD and countries’ implementation of Pillar Two, based on current guidance, we believe that our net income, cash flows, or financial condition will not be materially impacted by Pillar Two.
Net Income
Net IncomeTh
Net income was $1,392 million in 2020 and $1,842 million in 2019. Net income as a percentage of revenues decreased to 8.4% in 2020 from 11.0% in 2019. Thee decrease in net income was primarily driven by lower income from operations, partially offset by higher foreign currency exchange losses (inclusive of losses on our foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments), lower interest income and a higherlower provision for income taxes.taxes in 2023.
11054
ê$164M
ê0.8% as a % of revenues
¡% of Revenues
Cognizant34December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Non-GAAP Financial Measures    
Portions of our disclosure include non-GAAP financial measures. These non-GAAP financial measures are not based on any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles and should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, and may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. In addition, these non-GAAP financial measures should be read in conjunction with our financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. The reconciliations of our non-GAAP financial measures to the corresponding GAAP measures set forth below should be carefully evaluated.

Our non-GAAP financial measures Adjusted Operating Margin and Adjusted Income Fromfrom Operations andexclude unusual items, such as NextGen charges. Our non-GAAP financial measure Adjusted Diluted EPS excludeexcludes unusual items. Additionally, Adjusted Diluted EPS excludesitems, such as NextGen charges and the effect of recognition in the third quarter of 2022 of an income tax benefit related to a specific uncertain tax position that was previously unrecognized in our prior-year consolidated financial statements, and net non-operating foreign currency exchange gains or losses and the tax impact of all the applicable adjustments. For further detail on the NextGen charges, see Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements. The income tax impact of each item excluded from Adjusted Diluted EPS is calculated by applying the
27
statutory rate and local tax regulations in the jurisdiction in which the item was incurred. Constant currency revenue growth is defined as revenues for a given period restated at the comparative period’s foreign currency exchange rates measured against the comparative period's reported revenues. Free cash flow is defined as cash flows from operating activities net of purchases of property and equipment.

We believe providing investors with an operating view consistent with how we manage the Company provides enhanced transparency into our operating results. For our internal management reporting and budgeting purposes, we use various GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures for financial and operational decision-making, to evaluate period-to-period comparisons, to determine portions of the compensation for our executive officers and for making comparisons of our operating results to those of our competitors. Therefore, it is our belief that the use of non-GAAP financial measures excluding certain costs provides a meaningful supplemental measure for investors to evaluate our financial performance. We believe that the presentation of our non-GAAP financial measures, alongwhich exclude certain costs, read in conjunction with our reported GAAP results and reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP measure, as applicable, can provide useful supplemental information to our management and investors regarding financial and business trends relating to our financial condition and results of operations.
A limitation of using non-GAAP financial measures versus financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP is that non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect all of the amounts associated with our operating results as determined in accordance with GAAP and may exclude costs that are recurring such as our net non-operating foreign currency exchange gains or losses. In addition, other companies may calculate non-GAAP financial measures differently than us, thereby limiting the usefulness of these non-GAAP financial measures as a comparative tool. We compensate for these limitations by providing specific information regarding the GAAP amounts excluded from our non-GAAP financial measures to allow investors to evaluate such non-GAAP financial measures.
Cognizant35December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
The following table presents a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most comparable GAAP measure, as applicable, for the years ended December 31:
2020% of
Revenues		2019% of
Revenues
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
GAAP income from operations and operating margin$2,114 12.7 %$2,453 14.6 %
Realignment charges (1)
42 0.3 169 1.0 
2020 Fit for Growth Plan restructuring charges (2)
173 1.0 48 0.3 
COVID-19 Charges (3)
65 0.4 — — 
Incremental accrual related to the India Defined Contribution Obligation (4)
— — 117 0.7 
Adjusted Income From Operations and Adjusted Operating Margin2,394 14.4 2,787 16.6 
GAAP diluted EPS$2.57 $3.29 
Effect of above adjustments, pre-tax0.52 0.60 
Effect of non-operating foreign currency exchange losses (gains), pre-tax (5)
0.22 0.11 
Tax effect of above adjustments (6)
(0.15)(0.15)
Tax on Accumulated Indian Earnings (7)
0.26 — 
Effect of the equity method investment impairment (8)
— 0.10 
Effect of the India Tax Law (9)
— 0.04 
Adjusted Diluted EPS$3.42 $3.99 

(Dollars in millions, except per share data)2023% of
Revenues		2022% of
Revenues
GAAP income from operations and operating margin$2,689 13.9 %$2,968 15.3 %
NextGen charges (1)
229 1.2 — — 
Adjusted Income From Operations and Adjusted Operating Margin$2,918 15.1 %$2,968 15.3 %
GAAP diluted EPS$4.21 $4.41 
Effect of NextGen charges, pre-tax0.45 — 
Effect of non-operating foreign currency exchange losses (gains), pre-tax (2)
— (0.01)
Tax effect of above adjustments (3)
(0.11)0.07 
Effect of recognition of income tax benefit related to an uncertain tax position (4)
— (0.07)
Adjusted Diluted EPS$4.55 $4.40 
Net cash provided by operating activities$2,330 $2,568 
Purchases of property and equipment(317)(332)
Free cash flow$2,013 $2,236 
(1)    As part of our realignmentthe NextGen program, during 2020, the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred employee retention costsseparation, facility exit and certain professional services fees and, during 2019, we incurred Executive Transition Costs, employee separation costs, employee retention costs and third party realignmentother costs. See Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements for additional information.
(2)    As part of our 2020 Fit for Growth plan, during 2020, we incurred certain employee separation, employee retention and facility exit costs and other charges and, during 2019, we incurred certain employee separation, employee retention and facility exit costs under the plan. See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.
28
(3)    During2020, we incurred costs in response to the COVID-19 pandemic including a one-time bonus to our employees at the designation of associate and below in both India and the Philippines, certain costs to enable our employees to work remotely and provide medical staff and extra cleaning services for our facilities. Most of the costs related to the pandemic are reported in "Cost of revenues" in our consolidated statement of operations.
(4)    In 2019, we recorded an accrual of $117 million related to the India Defined Contribution Obligation as further described in Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements.
(5)    Non-operating foreign currency exchange gains and losses, inclusive of gains and losses on related foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes, are reported in "Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net" in our consolidated statements of operations.
(6)(3)    Presented below are the tax impacts of each of our non-GAAP adjustments to pre-tax income:income for the years ended December 31:
For the years ended December 31,
20202019
(in millions)
Non-GAAP income tax benefit (expense) related to:
Realignment charges$11 $43 
2020 Fit for Growth Plan restructuring charges45 13 
COVID-19 Charges17 — 
Incremental accrual related to the India Defined Contribution Obligation— 31 
Foreign currency exchange gains and losses6 (1)
(in millions)20232022
Non-GAAP income tax benefit (expense) related to:
NextGen charges$59 $— 
Foreign currency exchange gains and losses(6)(39)
(7)    In 2020, we reversed our indefinite reinvestment assertionThe effective tax rate related to non-operating foreign currency exchange gains and losses varies depending on Indian earnings accumulatedthe jurisdictions in prior yearswhich such income and recorded $140 millionexpenses are generated and the statutory rates applicable in those jurisdictions. As such, the income tax expense.effect of non-operating foreign currency exchange gains and losses shown in the above table may not appear proportionate to the net pre-tax foreign currency exchange gains and losses reported in our consolidated statements of operations.
(8)    In 2019,(4)    As previously reported in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, during the three months ended September 30, 2022, we recordedrecognized an impairment chargeincome tax benefit of $57$36 million on one ofrelated to a specific uncertain tax position that was previously unrecognized in our equity investments as further described in Note 5 to ourprior-year consolidated financial statements.
(9)    In 2019, we recorded a one-time net income tax expense of $21 million as a result The recognition of the enactmentbenefit in the third quarter of 2022 was based on management’s reassessment regarding whether this unrecognized tax benefit met the more-likely-than-not threshold in light of the lapse in the statute of limitations as to a new tax law in India.portion of such benefit.


Cognizant36December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash generated from operations has historically been our primary source of liquidity to fund operations and investments to grow our business. As of December 31, 2020,2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $2,724$2,635 million. Additionally, as of December 31, 2020,2023, we had available capacity under our credit facilities of approximately $1,928 million.$2.0 billion.
The following table provides a summary of our cash flows for the years ended December 31:
20202019Increase / Decrease
(in millions)
(in millions)
(in millions)
(in millions)
Net cash provided by (used in):
Net cash provided by (used in):
Net cash provided by (used in):Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activitiesOperating activities$3,299 $2,499 $800 
Operating activities
Operating activities
Investing activities
Investing activities
Investing activitiesInvesting activities(1,238)1,588 (2,826)
Financing activitiesFinancing activities(2,009)(2,569)560 
Financing activities
Financing activities
Other Cash Flow Information6
Other Cash Flow Information6
Other Cash Flow Information6
Free cash flow
Free cash flow
Free cash flow
Operating activities6
The increase indecrease in cash generated fromprovided by operating activities for 2020in 2023 compared to 20192022 was primarily driven by an increase in income tax payments. In 2023, we made tax payments related to the mandatory capitalization of research and experimental expenditures for the 2022 tax year of approximately $300 million as well as the estimated tax payments for 2023 of approximately $230 million. Cash provided by operating activities for 2023 benefited from improved collections onof our trade accounts receivable deferrals of certain payments dueas compared to COVID-19 pandemic regulatory relief provided by several jurisdictions in which we operate, and lower incentive-based compensation payouts and cash taxes paid in 2020.2022.
We monitor turnover, aging and the collection of trade accounts receivable by client. Our DSO calculation includes trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts,credit losses, and contract assets, reduced by the uncollected portion of our deferred revenue. DSO was 7077 days as of December 31, 2020 and 732023, 74 days as of December 31, 2019.
29
December 31, 2021.
Investing activities
NetThe increase in cash used in investing activities in 20202023 compared to 2022 was primarily driven by lower net maturities of investments in 2023 as compared to 2022 and higher payments for acquisitions. Net cash provided by investing activitiesbusiness combinations in 2019 was driven by net sales of investments partially offset by payments for acquisitions and outflows for capital expenditures.2023.
Financing activities
The decreasedecrease in cash used in financing activities in 20202023 compared to 2019 is2022 was primarily due todriven by lower repurchases of common stock in 2020.stock.
We have a Credit Agreement providing for a $750$650 million Term Loan and a $1,750$1,850 million unsecured revolving credit facility, which are each due to mature in November 2023.October 2027. We are required under the Credit AgreementAgreement to make scheduled quarterly principal payments on the Term Loan.Loan beginning in December 2023. See Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. During the first quarter of 2020, we borrowed $1.74 billion against our revolving credit facility and repaid this amount in full in the fourth quarter of 2020. We believe that we currently meet all conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement to borrow thereunder, and we are not aware of any conditions that would prevent us from borrowing part or all of the remaining available capacity under the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 20202023 and through the date of this filing. As of December 31, 2020,2023, we had no outstanding balance on our revolving credit facility.
In February 2020,March 2023, our India subsidiary renewed its one-year 13working capital facility at 15 billion Indian rupee ($178180 million at the December 31, 20202023 exchange rate)working capital. This facility which requires us to repay any balances drawn down within 90 days from the date of disbursement. There is a 1.0% prepayment penalty applicable to payments made within 30 days ofafter disbursement. This working capital facility contains affirmative and negative covenants and may be renewed annually in February.annually. As of December 31, 2020, there was no balance outstanding2023, we have not borrowed funds under the working capital facility.this facility or any of its predecessor facilities.
During 2020, we returned


6 $2,034 mFree cash flow is not a measurement of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information.
Cognizant37December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
illion to our stockholders through $1,554 millionTable of Contents                                                in
Capital Allocation Framework
2910
Acquisitions
Share repurchases
Dividend payments
Our capital allocation framework anticipates the deployment of approximately 50% of our free cash flow7 for acquisitions, 25% for share repurchases under our stock repurchase program and $480 million in25% for dividend payments. Our stock repurchase program, as amended by our Board of Directors in December 2020, allows for the repurchase of an aggregate of up to $9.5 billion, excluding fees and expenses, of our Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2020, we have $2.8 billion, excluding fees and expenses, available for repurchases under the program. Our shares outstanding decreased to 530 million as of December 31, 2020 from 548 million as of December 31, 2019. We review our capital return planallocation on an on-goingongoing basis, considering the potential impacts of COVID-19 pandemic, our financial performance and liquidity position, investments required to execute our strategic plans and initiatives, acquisition opportunities, the economic outlook, regulatory changes and other relevant factors. As these factors may change over time, the actual amounts expended on stock repurchase activity, dividends, and acquisitions, if any, during any particular period cannot be predicted and may fluctuate from time to time.
Other Liquidity and Capital Resources Information
We seek to ensure that our worldwide cash is available in the locations in which it is needed. As part of our ongoing liquidity assessments, we regularly monitor the mix of our domestic and international cash flows and cash balances. We evaluate on an ongoing basis what portion of the non-U.S. cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments is needed locally to execute our strategic plans and what amount is available for repatriation back to the United States.States.
In March 2020, the Indian parliament enacted the Budget of India, which contained a number of provisions related to income tax, including a replacement of the DDT, previously due from the dividend payer, with a tax payable by the shareholder receiving the dividend. This provision reduced the tax rate applicable to us for cash repatriated from India. Following this change, during the first quarter of 2020, we limited our indefinite reinvestment assertion to India earnings accumulated in prior years. In July 2020, the U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS released final regulations, which became effective in September 2020, that reduced the tax applicable on our accumulated Indian earnings upon repatriation. As a result, during the third quarter of 2020, after a thorough analysis of the impact of these changes in law on the cost of earnings repatriation and considering our strategic decision to increase our investments to accelerate growth in various international markets and expandour global delivery footprint, we reversed our indefinite reinvestment assertion on Indian earnings accumulated in prior years and recorded a $140 million Tax on Accumulated Indian Earnings. The recorded income tax expense reflects the India withholding tax on unrepatriated Indian earnings, which were $5.2 billion as of December 31, 2019, net of applicable U.S. foreign tax credits. On October 28, 2020, our subsidiary in India remitted a dividend of $2.1 billion, which resulted in a net payment of $2.0 billion to its shareholders (non-Indian Cognizant entities), after payment of $106 million of India withholding tax.
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We expect our operating cash flows, cash and short-term investment balances, together with ourthe available capacity under our revolving credit facilities, to be sufficient to meet our operating requirements, including purchase commitments, tax payments, including Tax Reform Act transition tax payments, and serviceservicing our debt for the next twelve months. Our remaining Tax Reform Act transition tax payments are $123 million and $157 million in the years 2024 and 2025, respectively. In 2023, our Tax Reform Act transition tax payment was $94 million. In addition, we also have purchase commitments of approximately $615 million that will be paid over the next four years, of which approximately $180 million will be paid during the next twelve months. In addition, see Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements for a description of our operating lease obligations.
In connection with our ongoing dispute with the ITD, on January 8, 2024, the SCI ruled that, in order to proceed with our appeal, we must deposit 30 billion Indian rupees ($355 million at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate), representing the time deposits of CTS India under lien, on the condition that, if CTS India prevails at the High Court, the amount deposited will be returned to CTS India, along with interest accrued, within 4 weeks of the judgment. The SCI also requested the High Court to consider and dispose of the appeal as expeditiously as possible, preferably within 6 weeks of the January 8, 2024 ruling. We made the required deposit in January 2024. See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements.
The ability to expand and grow our business in accordance with current plans, make acquisitions, meet our long-term capital requirements beyond a twelve-month period and execute our capital return plan will depend on many factors, including the rate, if any, at which our cash flow increases, our ability and willingness to pay for acquisitions with capital stock and the availability of public and private debt, including the ability to extend the maturity of or refinance our existing debt, and equity financing. We cannot be certain that additional financing, if required, will be available on terms and conditions acceptable to us, if at all.

Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments
As of December 31, 2020, we had the following obligations and commitments to make future payments under contractual obligations and commercial commitments:
 Payments due by period
 TotalLess than
1 year		1-3 years3-5 yearsMore than
5 years
 (in millions)
Long-term debt obligations(1)
$703 $38 $665 $— $— 
Interest on long-term debt(2)
19 7 12 — — 
Finance lease obligations23 11 11 1 — 
Operating lease obligations1,271 260 398 264 349 
Other purchase commitments(3)
432 216 184 28 4 
Tax Reform Act transition tax478 50 145 283 — 
Total$2,926 $582 $1,415 $576 $353 
(1)    Consists of scheduled repayments of our Term Loan.
(2)    Interest on the Term Loan was calculated at interest rates in effect as of December 31, 2020.
(3)    Other purchase commitments include, among other things, communications and information technology obligations, as well as other obligations that we cannot cancel or where we would be required to pay a termination fee in the event of cancellation.

As of December 31, 2020, we had $193 million of unrecognized income tax benefits. This represents the income tax benefits associated with certain income tax positions on our U.S. and non-U.S. tax returns that have not been recognized on our financial statements due to uncertainty regarding their resolution. The resolution of these income tax positions with the relevant taxing authorities is at various stages, and therefore we are unable to make a reliable estimate of the eventual cash flows by period that may be required to settle these matters.
Contingencies
See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Other than our foreign exchange forward and option contracts, there were no off-balance sheet transactions, arrangements or other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons in 2020 and 2019 that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Critical Accounting Estimates
Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our accompanying consolidated financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. We base our estimates on historical experience, current trends and on various other assumptions that are believed to be relevant at the time our consolidated financial statements are prepared. We evaluate our estimates on a continuous basis. However, the actual amounts may differ from the estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.
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We believe the following accounting estimates are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial statements as they require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Changes to these estimates could have a material effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements.
7 Free cash flow is not a measurement of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information.
Cognizant38December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Revenue Recognition. Revenues related to fixed-price contracts for application development and systems integration services, consulting or other technology services are recognized as the service is performed using the cost to costcost-to-cost method, under which the total value of revenues is recognized on the basis of the percentage that each contract’s total labor cost to dateto-date bears to the total expected labor costs. Revenues related to fixed-price application maintenance, testingquality engineering and assurance and business process services are recognized using the cost to costcost-to-cost method, if the right to invoice is not representative of the value being delivered. The cost to costcost-to-cost method requires estimation of future costs, which is updated as the project progresses to reflect the latest available information. Such estimates and changes in estimates involve the use of judgment. The cumulative impact of any revision in estimates is reflected in the financial reporting period in which the change in estimate becomes known. Net changes in estimates of such future costs and contract losses were immaterial to the consolidated results of operations for the periods presented.
Income Taxes. Determining the consolidated provision for income tax expense,taxes, deferred income tax assets (and related valuation allowance, if any) and liabilities requires significant judgment. We are required to calculate and provide for income taxes in each of the jurisdictions where we operate. Changes in the geographic mix of income before taxes or estimated level of annual pre-tax income can affect our overall effective income tax rate. In addition, transactions between our affiliated entities are arranged in accordance with applicable transfer pricing laws, regulations and relevant guidelines. As a result, and due to the interpretive nature of certain aspects of these laws and guidelines, we have pending applications for APAs before the taxing authorities in some of our most significant jurisdictions. It could take years for the relevant taxing authorities to negotiate and conclude these applications. The consolidated provision for income taxes may change period to period based on changes in facts and circumstances, such as settlements of income tax audits, the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations or finalization of our applications for APAs.
Our provision for income taxes also includes the impact of reserves established for uncertain income tax positions, as well as the related interest, which may require us to apply judgment to complex issues and may require an extended period of time to resolve. Although we believe we have adequately reserved for our uncertain tax positions, no assurance can be given that the final outcome of these matters will not differ from our recorded amounts. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit.audit or the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations. To the extent that the final outcome of these matters differs from the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.
Business Combinations, Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Goodwill and intangible assets, including indefinite-lived intangible assets, arise from the accounting for business combinations. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method which requires us to estimate the fair value of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed, including any contingent consideration, and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree to properly allocate purchase price to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The allocation of the purchase price utilizes estimates and assumptions in determining the fair values of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, especially with respect to intangible assets, including the timing and amount of forecasted revenues and cash flows, anticipated growth rates, client attrition rates and the discount rate reflecting the risk inherent in future cash flows.

At each acquisition date, we allocate goodwill and intangible assets to our reporting units based on how we expect each reporting unit to benefit from the respective business combination. Our seven industry-based operating segments are our reporting units. We exercise judgment to allocate goodwill to the reporting units expected to benefit from each business combination. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, regulatory environment, established business plans, operating performance indicators or competition. Evaluation of goodwill for impairment requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets, liabilities and goodwill to reporting units and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit.
We estimate the fair value of our reporting units using a combination of an income approach, utilizing a discounted cash flow analysis, and a market approach, using market multiples. Under the income approach, we estimate projected future cash flows, the timing of such cash flows and long-term growth rates, and determine the appropriate discount rate that reflects the risk inherent in the projected future cash flows. The discount rate used is based on a market participant weighted-average cost of capital and may be adjusted for the relevant risk associated with business-specific characteristics and the uncertainty related to the reporting unit’s ability to execute on the projected future cash flows. Under the market approach, we estimate fair value based on market multiples of revenues and earnings derived from comparable publicly-traded companies with characteristics similar to the reporting unit. The estimates used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit change from year to year based on
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operating results, market conditions and other factors. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit.

We also evaluate indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually, or as circumstances warrant. Our 2020 qualitative assessment included the review
Cognizant39December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Beginning with the first quarter of 2020, COVID-19 negatively affected all major economic and financial markets and, although there is a wide range of possible outcomes and the associated impact is highly dependent on variables that are difficult to forecast, we deemed the deterioration in general economic conditions sufficient to trigger an interim impairment testing of goodwill as of March 31, 2020. Our interim test results as of March 31, 2020 indicated that the fair values of all of our reporting units exceeded their carrying values and thus, no impairment of goodwill existed as of March 31, 2020. Based on our most recent evaluation of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets performed during the fourth quarter of 2020,2023, we concluded that the goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset balances in each of our reporting units werewas not at risk of impairment. As of December 31, 2023, our goodwill balance was $6,085 million.

We review our finite-lived assets, including our finite-lived intangible assets, for impairment wheneverwhenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. We recognize an impairment lossThe carrying amount may not be recoverable when the sum of the undiscounted expected future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of such asset groups. The impairment loss is determined as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value. Assessing the fair value of asset groups involves significant estimates and assumptions including estimation of future cash flows, the timing of such cash flows and discount rates reflecting the risk inherent in future cash flows.
Contingencies. Loss contingencies are recorded as liabilities when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When a material loss contingency is reasonably possible but not probable, we do not record a liability, but instead disclose the nature and amount of the claim, and an estimate of the loss or range of loss, if such an estimate can be made. Significant judgment is required in the determination of whether an exposure is considered probable and reasonably estimable. Our judgments are subjective and based on the information available from the status of the legal or regulatory proceedings, the merits of our defenses and consultation with in-house and outside legal counsel. As additional information becomes available, we reassess any potential liability related to any pending litigation and may revise our estimates. Such revisions in estimates of any potential liabilities could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.

Recently Adopted and New Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Forward Looking Statements

The statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements (within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act) that involve risks and uncertainties. Such forward-looking statements may be identified by, among other things, the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believe,” “expect,” “may,” “could,” “would,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” “should” or “anticipate” or the negative thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategy that involve risks and uncertainties. From time to time, we or our representatives have made or may make forward-looking statements, orally or in writing.
Such forward-looking statements may be included in various filings made by us with the SEC, in press releases or in oral statements made by or with the approval of one of our authorized executive officers. These forward-looking statements, such as statements regarding our anticipated future revenues or operating margin, earnings, capital expenditures, impacts to our business, financial results and financial condition as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, anticipated effective income tax rate and income tax expense, liquidity, access to capital, capital return plan, investment strategies, cost management, realignment program, 2020 Fit for Growth Plan, plans and objectives, including those related to our digital practice areas, investment in our business, potential acquisitions, industry trends, client behaviors and trends, the outcome of regulatory and litigation matters, the incremental accrual related to the India Defined Contribution Obligation, the Proposed Exit and other statements regarding matters that are not historical facts, are based on our current expectations, estimates and projections, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Actual results, performance, achievements and outcomes could differ materially from the results expressed in, or anticipated or implied by, these forward-looking statements. There are a number of important factors that could cause our results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements, including:
•economic and political conditions globally and in particular in the markets in which our clients and operations are concentrated;
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•the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, or other future pandemics, on our business, results of operations, liquidity and financial condition;
•our ability to attract, train and retain skilled employees, including highly skilled technical personnel to satisfy client demand and senior management to lead our business globally;
•challenges related to growing our business organically as well as inorganically through acquisitions, and our ability to achieve our targeted growth rates;
•our ability to achieve our profitability goals and capital return strategy;
•our ability to successfully implement our 2020 Fit for Growth Plan and achieve the anticipated benefits from the plan;
•our ability to meet specified service levels or milestones required by certain of our contracts;
•intense and evolving competition and significant technological advances that our service offerings must keep pace with in the rapidly changing markets we compete in;
•legal, reputation and financial risks if we fail to protect client and/or our data from security breaches and/or cyber attacks;
•the effectiveness of our risk management, business continuity and disaster recovery plans and the potential that our global delivery capabilities could be impacted;
•restrictions on visas, in particular in the United States, United Kingdom and EU, or immigration more generally or increased costs of such visas or the wages we are required to pay associates on visas, which may affect our ability to compete for and provide services to our clients;
•risks related to anti-outsourcing legislation, if adopted, and negative perceptions associated with offshore outsourcing, both of which could impair our ability to serve our clients;
•risks related to complying with the numerous and evolving legal and regulatory requirements to which we are subject in the many jurisdictions in which we operate;
•potential changes in tax laws, or in their interpretation or enforcement, failure by us to adapt our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements to achieve global tax efficiencies or adverse outcomes of tax audits, investigations or proceedings;
•potential exposure to litigation and legal claims in the conduct of our business; and
•the factors set forth in Part I, in the section entitled “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this report.
You are advised to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in the reports we file with the SEC, including this report in the sections titled “Part I, Item 1. Business,” “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.
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Glossary

Defined TermDefinition
10b5-1 PlanTrading plan adopted pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act
10th Magnitude
Pamlico 10th Magnitude Blocker LLC, now known as Cognizant 10th Magnitude Blocker, LLC
2009 Incentive PlanCognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Amended and Restated 2009 Incentive Compensation Plan
2017 Incentive PlanCognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2017 Incentive Award Plan
Adjusted Diluted EPSAdjusted diluted earnings per share
AIArtificial Intelligence
APAAdvance Pricing Agreement
ASCAccounting Standards Codification
ASRAccelerated Stock Repurchase
ASUAccounting Standards Update
Bright WolfBright Wolf, LLC
Budget of IndiaUnion Budget of India for 2020-2021
CCConstant Currency
CodeThe Code on Social Security, 2020
Code ZeroCode Zero, LLC
Collaborative SolutionsCollaborative Solutions Holdings, LLC
ContinoContino Holdings Inc.
COVID-19The novel coronavirus disease
COVID-19 ChargesCosts directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic
CPIConsumer Price Index
Credit AgreementCredit agreement with a commercial bank syndicate dated November 6, 2018
Credit Loss StandardASC Topic 326 "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses"
CTS IndiaOur principal operating subsidiary in India
DDTDividend Distribution Tax
D&IDiversity and Inclusion
Division BenchDivision Bench of the Madras High Court
DevOpsAgile relationship between development and IT operations
DOJUnited States Department of Justice
DSODays Sales Outstanding
EI-TechnologiesEntrepreneurs et Investisseurs Technologies SAS
EPSEarnings Per Share
ESGEnvironmental, social and corporate governance
EUEuropean Union
Exchange ActSecurities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
Executive Transition CostsCosts associated with our CEO transition and the departure of our President in 2019
FASBFinancial Accounting Standards Board
FCPAForeign Corrupt Practices Act
GAAPGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States of America
High CourtMadras High Court
HRHuman Resources
InawisdomInawisdom Limited
India Defined Contribution ObligationCertain statutory defined contribution obligations of employees and employers in India
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India Tax LawNew tax regime enacted by the Government of India effective April 1, 2019
IPIntellectual property
IoTInternet of Things
IRSInternal Revenue Service
ITInformation Technology
ITDIndian Income Tax Department
LevLevementum, LLC
LIBORLondon Inter-bank Offered Rate
Liniumthe ServiceNow business of Ness Digital Engineering
MagenicMagenic Technologies, Inc.
MATMinimum Alternative Tax
MeritsoftSterling Topco Limited
MustacheMustache, LLC
New Revenue StandardASC Topic 606 "Revenue from Contracts with Customers"
New Lease StandardASC Topic 842 “Leases”
New SignatureBSI Corporate Holdings, Inc.
OECDOrganization for Economic Co-operation and Development
Proposed ExitOffer to settle and exit from a large customer engagement in Financial Services in Continental Europe
PSUPerformance Stock Units
Purchase PlanCognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended
ROURight of Use
RSURestricted Stock Units
SaaSSoftware as a service
SamlinkOy Samlink Ab
SECUnited States Securities and Exchange Commission
SCISupreme Court of India
ServianSVN HoldCo Pty Limited
SEZSpecial Economic Zone
SG&ASelling, general and administrative
SLPSpecial Leave Petition
SyntelSyntel Sterling Best Shores Mauritius Ltd.
Tax on Accumulated Indian EarningsThe income tax expense related to the reversal of our indefinite reinvestment assertion on Indian earnings accumulated in prior years
Tax Reform ActTax Cuts and Jobs Act
Term LoanUnsecured term loan under the Credit Agreement
Tin RoofTin Roof Software, LLC
TriZettoThe TriZetto Group, Inc., now known as Cognizant Technology Software Group, Inc.
ZenithZenith Technologies Limited

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Cognizant40December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Foreign Currency Risk
We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk in the ordinary course of doing business as we transact or hold a portion of our funds in foreign currencies, particularly the Indian rupee.currencies. Accordingly, we periodically evaluate the need for hedging strategies, including the use of derivative financial instruments, to mitigate the effect of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and expect to continue to use such instruments in the future to reduce foreign currency exposure to changes in the value of certain foreign currencies. All hedging transactions are authorized and executed pursuant to regularly reviewed policies and procedures.

Revenues from our clients in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe and Rest of World represented 8.0%9.7%, 9.9% and 6.5%6.7%, respectively, of our 20202023 revenues, and are typically denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Accordingly, our revenues may be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rates, primarily thethe British pound and the Euro, asas compared to the U.S. dollar.

A significantpredominant portion of our costs in India are denominated in the Indian rupee, representing approximately 20.0%24% of our global operating costs during 2020,2023, and are subject to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. These foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations have an impact on our results of operations.

We have entered into a series of foreign exchange forward and option contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges of certain Indian rupee denominated payments in India. These U.S. dollar / Indian rupee hedges are intended to partially offset the impact of movement of exchange rates on future operating costs. As of December 31, 2020,2023, the notional value and weighted average contract rates of these contracts by year of maturity were as follows:
Notional Value
(in millions)		Weighted Average Contract Rate (Indian rupee to U.S. dollar)
2021$1,470 77.0 
2022803 80.7 
Total$2,273 78.3 
Notional Value
(in millions)		Weighted Average Contract Rate (Indian rupee to U.S. dollar)
2024$1,878 84.3 
20251,020 86.3 
Total$2,898 85.0 

As of December 31, 2020,2023, the net unrealized gain onon our outstanding foreign exchange forward and option contracts designated as cash flow hedges was $70 million.$13 million. Based upon a sensitivity analysis at December 31, 2020,2023, which estimates the fair value of the contracts assuming certain market exchange rate fluctuations, a 10.0% change in the foreign currency exchange rate against the U.S. dollar with all other variables held constant would have resulted in a change in the fair value of our foreign exchange forward and option contracts designated as cash flow hedges of approximately $224 million.$278 million.

A portion of our balance sheet is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, which may result in non-operating foreign currency exchange gains or losses upon remeasurement. In 2020,2023, we reported foreign currency exchange losses, exclusivegains, exclusive of hedging losses,gains, of approximately $53$42 million, which were primarily attributed to the remeasurement of net monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of our subsidiaries. We use foreign exchange forward contracts that are scheduled to mature in the first quarter of 2024 to provide an economic hedge against balance sheet exposure to certain monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the subsidiary. We entered into foreign exchange forward contracts scheduled to mature in 2021. At December 31, 2020,2023, the notional value of these outstanding contracts was $637$1,317 million and thethe net unrealized gain loss was less than $1$8 million. Based upon a sensitivity analysis of our foreign exchange forward contracts at December 31, 2020,2023, which estimates the fair value of the contracts assuming certain market exchange rate fluctuations, a 10.0% change in the foreign currency exchange rate against the U.S. dollar with all other variables held constant would have resulted in a change in the fair value of our foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedges of approximately $17 million.$87 million.

Interest Rate Risk

We have a Credit Agreement providing for a $750$650 million unsecured Term Loan and a $1,750$1,850 million unsecured revolving credit facility, which are due to mature in November 2023. We are required under the Credit Agreement to make scheduled quarterly principal payments on the Term Loan.

October 2027. The Credit Agreement requires interest to be paid, at our option, at either the ABRTerm Benchmark, Adjusted Daily Simple RFR or the EurocurrencyABR Rate (each as defined in the Credit Agreement), plus, in each case, an Applicable Margin (as defined in the Credit Agreement). Initially, the Applicable MarginThe Term Loan is 0.875% with respect to Eurocurrency Rate loans and 0.00% with respect to ABR loans. Subsequently, the
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Applicable Margin with respect to Eurocurrency Rate loans may range from 0.75% to 1.125%, depending on our public debt ratings (or, if we have not received public debt ratings, from 0.875% to 1.125%, depending on our Leverage Ratio, which is the ratio of indebtedness for borrowed money to Consolidated EBITDA, as defined in the Credit Agreement). Under the Credit Agreement, we are required to pay commitment fees on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility, which vary based on our public debt ratings (or, if we have not received public debt ratings, on the Leverage Ratio).a Term Benchmark loan. Thus, our debt exposes us to market risk from changes in interest rates. We performed a sensitivity analysis to determine the effect of interest rate fluctuations on our interest expense. A 10.0%100 basis point change in interest rates, with all other variables held constant, would have an immaterial effect on our reported interest expense.

Cognizant41December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
We have $1,161 million of cash equivalents, $14 million of short-term investments and $435 million of long-term investments as of December 31, 2023. Our cash equivalents consist of money market funds and time deposits. Our short-term investments consist primarily of a U.S. dollar denominated investment in a fixed income mutual fund. Our investments are exposed to fluctuations in interest rates, which may affect our interest income and the fair market value of our investments. Our long-term investments primarily consist of restricted time deposits and cash equivalents related to the ITD dispute and equity method investments. As of December 31, 2023, a 100 basis point change in interest rates, with all other variables held constant, would have an immaterial effect on the fair value of our cash equivalents as well as short- and long-term investments.
Information provided by the sensitivity analysis of foreign currency risk and interest rate risk does not necessarily represent the actual changes that would occur under normal market conditions.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The financial statements required to be filed pursuant to this Item 8 are appended to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A list of the financial statements filed herewith is found in Part IV, “Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedule.”

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of December 31, 2020.2023. Based on this evaluation, our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2020,2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 20202023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Responsibility for Financial Statements
Our management is responsible for the integrity and objectivity of all information presented in this annual report. The consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and include amounts based on management’s best estimates and judgments. Management believes the consolidated financial statements fairly reflect the form and substance of transactions and that the financial statements fairly represent the Company’s financial position and results of operations.
The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, which is composed solely of independent directors, meets regularly with the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm and representatives of management to review accounting, financial reporting, internal control and audit matters, as well as the nature and extent of the audit effort.
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Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our chief executive and chief financial officers and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:
•Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;
•Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and
•Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Our management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020.2023. In making this assessment, the Company’s management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013)(2013).
Based on its evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2020,2023, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the
Cognizant42December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
financial statements included in this annual report, has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting, as stated in their report which is included on page F-2.
Inherent Limitations of Internal Controls
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Item 9B. Other Information
On February 10, 2021, John N. Fox, Jr. informedDuring the Company’s Boardthree months ended December 31, 2023, no director or Section 16 officer adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements (in each case, as defined in Item 408(a) of DirectorsRegulation S-K).

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that he will retire from the Board of Directors effective on the date of the Company’s 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
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Cognizant43December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information relating to our executive officers in response to this item is contained in part under the caption “Information About Our Executive Officers” in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We have adopted a written code of ethics, entitled “Code of Ethics,” that applies to all of our directors, executive officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and controller, or persons performing similar functions. We make available our code of ethics free of charge through our website which is located at www.cognizant.com. We intend to post on our website all disclosures that are required by law or Nasdaq Stock Market listing standards concerning any amendments to, or waivers from, any provision of our code of ethics.
The remaining information required by this item will be included under the caption "Corporate governance" in our definitive proxy statement for the 20212024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement.

Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 20212024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 20212024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 20212024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 20212024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement.
40
Cognizant44December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
(a)    (1) Consolidated Financial Statements.
          Reference is made to the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on Page F-1.
    (2) Consolidated Financial Statement Schedule.
          Reference is made to the Index to Financial Statement Schedule on Page F-1.
    (3) Exhibits.
Schedules other than as listed above are omitted as not required or inapplicable or because the required information is provided in the consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto.

EXHIBIT INDEX
  Incorporated by Reference
NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFile No.ExhibitDateFiled or Furnished
Herewith
3.18-K000-244293.1 6/7/2018
3.28-K000-244293.1 9/20/2018
4.1S-4/A333-1012164.2 1/30/2003
4.210-K000-244294.2 2/14/2020
10.1†10-Q000-2442910.1 8/7/2013
10.2†10-K000-2442910.3 2/27/2018
10.3†10-K000-2442910.4 2/26/2013
10.4†10-K000-2442910.4 2/19/2019
10.5†8-K000-2442910.1 7/29/2020
10.6†Filed
10.7†8-K000-2442910.1 6/7/2018
10.8†10-Q000-2442910.1 11/8/2004



  Incorporated by Reference
NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFile No.ExhibitDateFiled or Furnished
Herewith
3.18-K000-244293.1 6/7/2018
3.28-K000-244293.1 9/20/2018
4.1S-4/A333-1012164.2 1/30/2003
4.210-K000-244294.2 2/14/2020
10.1†10-Q000-2442910.1 8/7/2013
10.2†10-K000-2442910.3 2/27/2018
10.3†10-Q000-2442910.1 7/28/2022
10.4†10-Q000-2442910.2 7/28/2022
10.5†8-K000-2442910.2 1/12/2023
10.6†10-K000-2442910.6 2/15/2023
10.7†8-K000-2442910.3 1/12/2023
41
Table of Contents
  Incorporated by Reference
NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFile No.ExhibitDateFiled or Furnished
Herewith
10.9†10-Q000-2442910.1 5/4/2015
10.10†8-K000-2442910.1 7/6/2009
10.11†8-K000-2442910.2 7/6/2009
10.12†8-K000-2442910.3 7/6/2009
10.13†8-K000-2442910.4 7/6/2009
10.14†8-K000-2442910.5 7/6/2009
10.15†8-K000-2442910.6 7/6/2009
10.16†8-K000-2442910.7 7/6/2009
10.17†8-K000-2442910.8 7/6/2009
10.18†8-K000-2442910.1 6/7/2017
10.19†10-Q000-2442910.2 8/3/2017
10.20†10-Q000-2442910.3 8/3/2017
10.21†10-Q000-2442910.4 8/3/2017
10.22†10-Q000-2442910.5 8/3/2017
10.23†10-Q000-2442910.1 5/8/2020
10.24†10-Q000-2442910.2 5/8/2020
10.258-K000-2442910.1 3/14/2017
10.268-K000-2442910.1 11/9/2018
10.27†10-Q000-2442910.1 7/30/2020
21.1Filed
42
Cognizant45December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
  Incorporated by Reference
NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFile No.ExhibitDateFiled or Furnished
Herewith
23.110.8†10-K000-2442910.4 2/19/2019Filed
31.110.9†8-K000-2442910.1 7/29/2020Filed
31.210.10†10-K000-2442910.6 2/12/2021Filed
32.110.11†8-K000-2442910.1 1/12/2023Furnished
32.210.12†8-K000-2442910.1 9/28/2023
10.13†10-Q000-2442910.9 Furnished8/3/2023
10.14†10-K000-2442910.7 2/16/2022
10.15†10-Q000-2442910.1 5/4/2015
10.16†8-K000-2442910.7 7/6/2009
10.17†8-K000-2442910.8 7/6/2009
10.18†8-K000-2442910.1 6/7/2017
101.INS10.19†Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.10-Q000-2442910.2 8/3/2017Filed
101.SCH10.20†Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document10-Q000-2442910.3 8/3/2017Filed
101.CAL10.21†Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document10-Q000-2442910.4 8/3/2017Filed
101.DEF10.22†Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document10-Q000-2442910.5 8/3/2017Filed
101.LAB10.23†10-Q000-2442910.1 5/8/2020
10.24†10-Q000-2442910.2 5/8/2020
10.25†S-8333-2724499.1 6/6/2023
10.26†10-Q000-2442910.3 8/3/2023
10.27†10-Q000-2442910.4 8/3/2023
Cognizant46Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase DocumentDecember 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents
  Incorporated by Reference
NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFile No.ExhibitDateFiled or Furnished
Herewith
10.28†10-Q000-2442910.5 8/3/2023
10.29†10-Q000-2442910.6 8/3/2023
10.30†10-Q000-2442910.7 8/3/2023
10.31†10-Q000-2442910.8 8/3/2023
10.32†10-Q000-2442910.1 7/30/2020
10.33†8-K000-2442910.1 3/6/2023
10.348-K000-2442910.1 10/7/2022
21.1Filed
23.1Filed
31.1Filed
31.2Filed
32.1Furnished
32.2Furnished
97.1Filed
101.INSInline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.Filed
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema DocumentFiled
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase DocumentFiled
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase DocumentFiled
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase DocumentFiled
Cognizant47December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents
Incorporated by Reference
NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFile No.ExhibitDateFiled or Furnished
Herewith
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase DocumentFiled
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)Filed

†A management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit pursuant to Item 15(a)(3) of Form 10-K.


Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
43
Cognizant48December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION
By: 
    /S/    BRRIANAVI HKUMPHRIESUMAR S
 Brian Humphries,Ravi Kumar S,
  Chief Executive Officer
  (Principal Executive Officer)
Date:February 12, 202114, 2024
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature Title Date
/s/    B    /s/    RRIAN AVIH KUMPHRIESUMAR S
Chief Executive Officer and Director
(Principal Executive Officer)		February 12, 202114, 2024
Brian HumphriesRavi Kumar S  
/s/    JANATIN SDIEGMUNDALAL
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)		February 12, 202114, 2024
Jan SiegmundJatin Dalal  
/s/    ROBERT TELESMANIC
Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)		February 12, 202114, 2024
Robert Telesmanic
/s/    MSICHAELTEPHEN PJ. RATSALOS-FOXOHLEDER
ChairmanChair of the Board and DirectorFebruary 12, 202114, 2024
Michael Patsalos-FoxStephen J. Rohleder  
/s/    ZEIN  ABDALLA
 DirectorFebruary 12, 202114, 2024
Zein Abdalla 
/s/    VINITA BALI
DirectorFebruary 12, 202114, 2024
Vinita Bali
/s/    MEAUREENRIC BREAKIRON-EVANSRANDERIZ
 Director February 12, 202114, 2024
Maureen Breakiron-EvansEric Branderiz 
/s/    ARCHANA DESKUS
DirectorFebruary 12, 202114, 2024
Archana Deskus
/s/    JOHN M. DINEEN
 Director February 12, 202114, 2024
John M. Dineen
/s/    JOHN N. FOX, JR.
DirectorFebruary 12, 2021
John N. Fox, Jr.
/s/    LEO S. MACKAY, JR.
 Director February 12, 202114, 2024
Leo S. Mackay, Jr.
/s/    MICHAEL PATSALOS-FOX
DirectorFebruary 14, 2024
Michael Patsalos-Fox
/s/    ABRAHAM SCHOT
DirectorFebruary 14, 2024
Abraham Schot
/s/    JOSEPH M. VELLI
 DirectorFebruary 12, 202114, 2024
Joseph M. Velli
/s/    SANDRA S. WIJNBERG
DirectorFebruary 12, 202114, 2024
Sandra S. Wijnberg

44
Cognizant49December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE
   Page
Consolidated Financial Statements:  
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 238)
   
F-2
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 20202023 and 20192022
   
F-4
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 20182021
   
F-5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 20202203, 20120292 and 201821
   
F-6
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December  31, 20202203, 20120292 and 20120821
   
F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 20202203, 2012029 2and 201821
   
F-8
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
   
F-9
Financial Statement Schedule:  
Schedule of Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 20202203, 20120292 and 20120821
   
F-4441

F-1
CognizantF-1December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020,2023, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020,2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20202023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020,2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019 and the manner in which it accounts for revenues from contracts with customers in 2018.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and
F-2
expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

CognizantF-2December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Revenue Recognition – Expected Labor Costs to Complete for Certain Fixed-Price Contracts

As described in Notes 1 and 2 to the consolidated financial statements, fixed-price contracts comprised $6.1$8.7 billion of the Company’s total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020,2023, which includes performance obligations where control is transferred over time. For performance obligations where control is transferred over time, revenues are recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the deliverables to be provided. Management recognizes revenues related to fixed-price contracts for application development and systems integration services, consulting or other technology services as the service is performed using the cost to costcost-to-cost method, under which the total value of revenues is recognized on the basis of the percentage that each contract’s total labor cost to date bears to the total expected labor costs. The cost to costcost-to-cost method requires estimation of future costs, which is updated as the project progresses to reflect the latest available information. Revenues related to fixed-price application maintenance, testingquality engineering and assurance as well as business process services are recognized based on management’s right to invoice for services performed for contracts in which the invoicing is representative of the value being delivered. If management’s invoicing is not consistent with the value delivered, revenues are recognized as the service is performed based on the cost to costcost-to-cost method described above.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue recognition – expected labor costs to complete for certain fixed-price contracts is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management when developing the estimated total expected labor costs to complete fixed-price contracts and the significant auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence relating to management’s estimate of total expected labor costs.costs.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the revenue recognition process, including controls over the development of the estimated total expected labor costs to complete fixed-price contracts. These procedures also included, among others, evaluating and testing management’s process for developing the estimated total expected labor costs for a sample of contracts, which included evaluating the reasonableness of the total expected labor cost assumptions used by management. Evaluating the reasonableness of the assumptions related to the total expected labor costs involved assessing management’s ability to reasonably develop total expected labor costs by (i) performing a comparison of actual labor costs incurred with expected labor costscost metrics at project inception with actual cost metrics for similar completed projects and (ii) evaluating the timely identification of circumstances that may warrant a modification to previous labor cost estimates, including actual labor costs in excess of estimates.



/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
New York, New York
February 12, 202114, 2024

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1997.

F-3
CognizantF-3December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                

COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
(in millions, except par values)
At December 31,
20202019
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$2,680 $2,645 
Short-term investments44 779 
Trade accounts receivable, net3,087 3,256 
Other current assets1,040 931 
Total current assets6,851 7,611 
Property and equipment, net1,251 1,309 
Operating lease assets, net1,013 926 
Goodwill5,031 3,979 
Intangible assets, net1,046 1,041 
Deferred income tax assets, net445 585 
Long-term investments440 17 
Other noncurrent assets846 736 
Total assets$16,923 $16,204 
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable$389 $239 
Deferred revenue383 313 
Short-term debt38 38 
Operating lease liabilities211 202 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities2,519 2,191 
Total current liabilities3,540 2,983 
Deferred revenue, noncurrent36 23 
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent846 745 
Deferred income tax liabilities, net206 35 
Long-term debt663 700 
Long-term income taxes payable428 478 
Other noncurrent liabilities368 218 
Total liabilities6,087 5,182 
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 15)
00
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.10 par value, 15 shares authorized, NaN issued0 0 
Class A common stock, $0.01 par value, 1,000 shares authorized, 530 and 548 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively
5 5 
Additional paid-in capital32 33 
Retained earnings10,689 11,022 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)110 (38)
Total stockholders’ equity10,836 11,022 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$16,923 $16,204 
December 31,
(in millions, except par values)20232022
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$2,621 $2,191 
Short-term investments14 310 
Trade accounts receivable, net3,849 3,796 
Other current assets1,022 969 
Total current assets7,506 7,266 
Property and equipment, net1,048 1,101 
Operating lease assets, net611 876 
Goodwill6,085 5,710 
Intangible assets, net1,149 1,168 
Deferred income tax assets, net993 642 
Long-term investments435 427 
Other noncurrent assets656 662 
Total assets$18,483 $17,852 
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable$337 $360 
Deferred revenue385 398 
Short-term debt33 8 
Operating lease liabilities153 174 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities2,425 2,407 
Total current liabilities3,333 3,347 
Deferred revenue, noncurrent42 19 
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent523 714 
Deferred income tax liabilities, net226 180 
Long-term debt606 638 
Long-term income taxes payable157 283 
Other noncurrent liabilities369 362 
Total liabilities5,256 5,543 
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 15)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.10 par value, 15 shares authorized, none issued— — 
Class A common stock, $0.01 par value, 1,000 shares authorized, 498 and 509 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively5 5 
Additional paid-in capital15 15 
Retained earnings13,301 12,588 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(94)(299)
Total stockholders’ equity13,227 12,309 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$18,483 $17,852 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F-4
CognizantF-4December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in millions, except per share data)
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Revenues$16,652 $16,783 $16,125 
Operating expenses:
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense shown separately below)10,671 10,634 9,838 
Selling, general and administrative expenses3,100 2,972 3,007 
Restructuring charges215 217 19 
Depreciation and amortization expense552 507 460 
Income from operations2,114 2,453 2,801 
Other income (expense), net:
Interest income119 176 177 
Interest expense(24)(26)(27)
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net(116)(65)(152)
Other, net3 5 (2)
Total other income (expense), net(18)90 (4)
Income before provision for income taxes2,096 2,543 2,797 
Provision for income taxes(704)(643)(698)
Income (loss) from equity method investments0 (58)2 
Net income$1,392 $1,842 $2,101 
Basic earnings per share$2.58 $3.30 $3.61 
Diluted earnings per share$2.57 $3.29 $3.60 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding—Basic540 559 582 
Dilutive effect of shares issuable under stock-based compensation plans1 1 2 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding—Diluted541 560 584 
 Year Ended December 31,
(in millions, except per share data)202320222021
Revenues$19,353 $19,428 $18,507 
Operating expenses:
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense shown separately below)12,664 12,448 11,604 
Selling, general and administrative expenses3,252 3,443 3,503 
Restructuring charges229 — — 
Depreciation and amortization expense519 569 574 
Income from operations2,689 2,968 2,826 
Other income (expense), net:
Interest income126 59 30 
Interest expense(41)(19)(9)
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net2 7 (20)
Other, net11 1 — 
Total other income (expense), net98 48 1 
Income before provision for income taxes2,787 3,016 2,827 
Provision for income taxes(668)(730)(693)
Income (loss) from equity method investments7 4 3 
Net income$2,126 $2,290 $2,137 
Basic earnings per share$4.21 $4.42 $4.06 
Diluted earnings per share$4.21 $4.41 $4.05 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding—Basic505 518 527 
Dilutive effect of shares issuable under stock-based compensation plans— 1 1 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding—Diluted505 519 528 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F-5
CognizantF-5December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in millions)
 Year Ended December 31,
 202020192018
Net income$1,392 $1,842 $2,101 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments119 39 (65)
Change in unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges29 29 (118)
Change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale investment securities0 8 0 
Other comprehensive income (loss)148 76 (183)
Comprehensive income$1,540 $1,918 $1,918 
 Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)202320222021
Net income$2,126 $2,290 $2,137 
Change in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments144 (228)(75)
Unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges61 (108)2 
Other comprehensive income (loss)205 (336)(73)
Comprehensive income$2,331 $1,954 $2,064 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F-6
CognizantF-6December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in millions, except per share data)
 Class A Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital		Retained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		 Total
Shares    Amount
Balance, December 31, 2017588 $6 $49 $10,544 $70 $10,669 
Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principle (1)
— — — 122 (1)121 
Net income— — — 2,101 — 2,101 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — (183)(183)
Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans6 — 181 — — 181 
Stock-based compensation expense— — 267 — — 267 
Repurchases of common stock(17)— (450)(811)— (1,261)
Dividends declared, $0.80 per share— — — (471)— (471)
Balance, December 31, 2018577 6 47 11,485 (114)11,424 
Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principle (2)
— — — 2 — 2 
Net income— — — 1,842 — 1,842 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — 76 76 
Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans7 — 159 — — 159 
Stock-based compensation expense— — 217 — — 217 
Repurchases of common stock(36)(1)(390)(1,856)— (2,247)
Dividends declared, $0.80 per share— — — (451)— (451)
Balance, December 31, 2019548 5 33 11,022 (38)11,022 
Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principle (3)
— — — 1 — 1 
Net income— — — 1,392 — 1,392 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — 148 148 
Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans6 — 142 — — 142 
Stock-based compensation expense— — 232 — — 232 
Repurchases of common stock(24)— (375)(1,246)— (1,621)
Dividends declared, $0.88 per share— — — (480)— (480)
Balance, December 31, 2020530 $5 $32 $10,689 $110 $10,836 
(1)    Reflects    the adoption of the New Revenue Standard as well as ASU 2018-02 "Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income" on January 1, 2018.
(2)    Reflects    the adoption of the New Lease Standard on January 1, 2019.
(3) Reflects the adoption of the Credit Loss Standard as described in Note 1.
(in millions, except per share data)Class A Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital		Retained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		 Total
Shares    Amount
Balance, December 31, 2020530 $5 $32 $10,689 $110 $10,836 
Net income— — — 2,137 — 2,137 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — (73)(73)
Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans5 — 130 — — 130 
Stock-based compensation expense— — 246 — — 246 
Repurchases of common stock(10)— (381)(394)— (775)
Dividends declared, $0.96 per share— — — (510)— (510)
Balance, December 31, 2021525 5 27 11,922 37 11,991 
Net income— — — 2,290 — 2,290 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — (336)(336)
Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans4 — 86 — — 86 
Stock-based compensation expense— — 261 — — 261 
Repurchases of common stock(20)— (359)(1,059)— (1,418)
Dividends declared, $1.08 per share— — — (565)— (565)
Balance, December 31, 2022509 5 15 12,588 (299)12,309 
Net income— — — 2,126 — 2,126 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — 205 205 
Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans4 — 71 — — 71 
Stock-based compensation expense— — 176 — — 176 
Repurchases of common stock(15)— (247)(823)— (1,070)
Dividends declared, $1.16 per share— — — (590)— (590)
Balance, December 31, 2023498 $5 $15 $13,301 $(94)$13,227 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

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CognizantF-7December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
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COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in millions)
Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
(in millions)(in millions)202320222021
Cash flows from operating activities:Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income
Net income
Net incomeNet income$1,392 $1,842 $2,101 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortizationDepreciation and amortization559 526 498 
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization
Deferred income taxes
Deferred income taxes
Deferred income taxesDeferred income taxes184 (306)8 
Stock-based compensation expenseStock-based compensation expense232 217 267 
OtherOther119 119 125 
Changes in assets and liabilities:Changes in assets and liabilities:
Trade accounts receivable
Trade accounts receivable
Trade accounts receivableTrade accounts receivable264 37 (365)
Other current and noncurrent assetsOther current and noncurrent assets73 159 (8)
Accounts payableAccounts payable109 8 (4)
Deferred revenue, current and noncurrentDeferred revenue, current and noncurrent65 56 (86)
Other current and noncurrent liabilitiesOther current and noncurrent liabilities302 (159)56 
Net cash provided by operating activitiesNet cash provided by operating activities3,299 2,499 2,592 
Cash flows from investing activities:Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipmentPurchases of property and equipment(398)(392)(377)
Purchases of property and equipment
Purchases of property and equipment
Purchases of available-for-sale investment securitiesPurchases of available-for-sale investment securities0 (333)(1,630)
Proceeds from maturity or sale of available-for-sale investment securities0 2,107 1,838 
Proceeds from maturity of available-for-sale investment securities
Purchases of held-to-maturity investment securitiesPurchases of held-to-maturity investment securities(202)(693)(1,363)
Proceeds from maturity of held-to-maturity investment securitiesProceeds from maturity of held-to-maturity investment securities467 1,498 1,164 
Purchases of other investmentsPurchases of other investments(531)(483)(513)
Proceeds from maturity or sale of other investmentsProceeds from maturity or sale of other investments549 501 365 
Proceeds from sales of businesses
Payments for business combinations, net of cash acquiredPayments for business combinations, net of cash acquired(1,123)(617)(1,111)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities(1,238)1,588 (1,627)
Net cash (used in) investing activities
Cash flows from financing activities:Cash flows from financing activities:
Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans
Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans
Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plansIssuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans142 159 181 
Repurchases of common stockRepurchases of common stock(1,621)(2,247)(1,261)
Repurchases of common stock
Repurchases of common stock
Repayment of term loan borrowings and finance lease and earnout obligationsRepayment of term loan borrowings and finance lease and earnout obligations(50)(28)(91)
Proceeds from borrowing under the revolving credit facility1,740 0 0 
Repayment of notes outstanding under the revolving credit facility(1,740)0 0 
Net repayments in notes outstanding under the revolving credit facility0 0 (75)
Proceeds from debt modification0 0 25 
Proceeds from debt refinancing
Debt issuance costsDebt issuance costs0 0 (4)
Dividends paid
Dividends paid
Dividends paidDividends paid(480)(453)(468)
Net cash (used in) financing activitiesNet cash (used in) financing activities(2,009)(2,569)(1,693)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents(17)(34)(36)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents35 1,484 (764)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year2,645 1,161 1,925 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year$2,680 $2,645 $1,161 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents, end of year
Supplemental information:Supplemental information:
Cash paid for income taxes during the yearCash paid for income taxes during the year$745 $870 $597 
Cash paid for income taxes during the year
Cash paid for income taxes during the year
Cash interest paid during the yearCash interest paid during the year$25 $25 $21 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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CognizantF-8December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
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COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except share data)

Note 1 — Business Description and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The terms “Cognizant,” “we,” “our,” “us” and “the Company” refer to Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and its subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise.
Description of Business. We are one of the world’s leading professional services companies, engineering modern businessbusinesses and delivering strategic outcomes for the digital era. Our services include digital servicesour clients. We help clients modernize technology, reimagine processes and solutions, consulting, application development, systems integration, application testing, application maintenance, infrastructure servicestransform experiences so they can stay ahead in a fast-changing world. We provide industry expertise and business process services. Digital services have become an increasingly important part of our portfolio, aligningclose client collaboration, combining critical perspective with our clients' focus on becoming data-enabled, customer-centric and differentiated businesses. We are focused on continued investment in four key areas of digital: IoT, AI, experience-driven software engineering and cloud.a flexible engagement style. We tailor our services and solutions to specific industries with an integrated global delivery model that employs client service and delivery teams based at client locations and dedicated global and regional delivery centers. Our collaborative services include digital services and solutions, consulting, application development, systems integration, quality engineering and assurance, application maintenance, infrastructure and security as well as business process services and automation. Digital services continue to be an important part of our portfolio, aligning with our clients' focus on becoming data-enabled, customer-centric and differentiated businesses.
Basis of Presentation, Principles of Consolidation and Use of Estimates. The consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with GAAP and reflect the consolidated financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income and cash flows of our consolidated subsidiaries for all periods presented. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying disclosures. The COVID-19 pandemic may affect management's estimates and assumptions of variable consideration in contracts with customers as well as other estimates and assumptions, in particular those that require a projection of our financial results, our cash flows or broader economic conditions, such as the annual effective tax rate, the allowance for doubtful accounts, the recoverability of capitalized deferred charges and the fair value of goodwill, long-lived assets and indefinite-lived intangible assets We evaluate our estimates on a continuous basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The actual amounts may vary from the estimates used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments. Cash and cash equivalents consist of all cash balances, including money market funds, time deposits, certificates of deposits and commercial paper that have a maturity, at the date of purchase, of 90 days or less.
We determine the appropriate classification of our investments in marketable securities at the date of purchase and reevaluate such designation at each balance sheet date. We classify and account for our marketable debt securities as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. After consideration of our risk versus reward objectives, as well as our liquidity requirements, we may sell our available-for-sale securities prior to their stated maturities. We classify these marketable securities with maturities at the date of purchase beyond 90 days as short-term investments based on their highly liquid nature and because such marketable securities represent an investment of cash that is available for current operations. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value with changes in unrealized gains and losses recorded as a separate component of "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" on the consolidated statements of financial position until realized. We determine the cost of the securities sold based on the specific identification method. Our held-to-maturity investment securities are financial instruments for whichthat we have the intent and ability to hold to maturity and we classify these securities with maturities less than one year as short-term investments. Any held-to-maturity investment securities with maturities beyond one year from the balance sheet date are classified as noncurrent.long-term investments. Held-to-maturity securities are reported at amortized cost. Interest and amortization of premiums and discounts for debt securities are included in interest income.

For available-for-sale debt securities, if we do not intend to sell the security or it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of our amortized cost, we evaluate qualitative criteria, such as the financial health of and specific prospects for the issuer, to determine whether we do not expect to recover the amortized cost basis of the security. We also evaluate quantitative criteria including determining whether there has been an adverse change in expected future cash flows. If we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security, we consider the security to contain an expected credit loss, and we record the difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its recoverable amount in earnings as an allowance for credit loss and the difference between the security’s recoverable amount and fair value in other comprehensive income. If we intend to sell the security or it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the security is considered impaired, and we recognize the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value in earnings.

CognizantF-9December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
On initial recognition and on an ongoing basis, we evaluate our held-to-maturity investment securities for expected credit losses collectively when they share similar risk characteristics or individually, when the risk characteristics are different. The allowance for expected credit losses is determined using our historical loss experience. We monitor the credit ratings of the securities in our portfolio to evaluate the need for any changes to the allowance. An increase or a decrease in the allowance for expected credit losses is recorded through income as a credit loss expense or a reversal thereof. The allowance for expected credit losses is presented as a deduction from the amortized cost. A held-to-maturity investment security is written off when deemed uncollectible.
Financial Assets and Liabilities. Cash and certain cash equivalents, time deposits, trade receivables, accounts payable and other accrued liabilities are short-term in nature and, accordingly, their carrying values approximate fair value.
Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the asset. Deposits paid towards acquisition of long-lived assets and the cost of assets not put in use by the balance sheet date are disclosed under the caption "Capital work-in-progress" in Note 6.
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Leases. Our lease asset classes primarily consist of operating leases for office space, data centers and IT equipment. At inception of a contract, we determine whether a contract contains a lease, and if a lease is identified, whether it is an operating or finance lease. In determining whether a contract contains a lease we consider whether (1) we have the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the asset throughout the term of the contract, (2) we have the right to direct how and for what purpose the asset is used throughout the term of the contract and (3) we have the right to operate the asset throughout the term of the contract without the lessor having the right to change the terms of the contract. Some of our lease agreements contain both lease and non-lease components that we account for as a single lease component for all of our lease asset classes.
Our ROU lease assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and may include any advance lease payments made and any initial direct costs and exclude lease incentives. Our lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the terms of the lease. ROU lease assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement of the lease and are calculated using the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Typically, our lease agreements do not provide sufficient detail to arrive at andetermine the rate implicit interest rate.in the lease. Therefore, we use our estimated country-specific incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the commencement date of the lease to calculate the present value of the lease payments. In estimating our country-specific incremental borrowing rates, we consider market rates of comparable collateralized borrowings for similar terms. Our lease terms may include the option to extend or terminate the lease before the end of the contractual lease term. Our ROU lease assets and lease liabilities include these options when it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised.
A portion of our real estate lease costs is subject to annual changes in the CPI. The changesChanges in CPI subsequent to the CPIlease commencement are treated as variable lease payments and are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. Other variable lease costs primarily relate to adjustments for common area maintenance, utilities, property tax and lease concessions due to the COVID-19 pandemic.concessions. These variable costs are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred.

We elect not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases with a term equal to or less than 12 months. We recognize the lease payments in our income statement on a straight-line basis over the lease term and variable lease payments in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred.

Both ROU assets and finance lease assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the related asset group may not be recoverable.
Internal Use Software. We capitalize certain costs that are incurred to purchase, develop and implement internal-use software during the application development phase, which primarily include coding, testing and certain data conversion activities. Capitalized costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the software. Costs incurred in performing planning and post-implementation activities are expensed as incurred.
Cloud Computing Arrangements. We capitalizedefer certain implementation costs within prepaid assets that are incurred when implementing cloud computing service or SaaSsoftware-as-a-service arrangements, which primarily include efforts associated with configuration and development activities. Once the service is ready for use, capitalizeddeferred costs are amortizedexpensed over the term of the arrangement and recognized in income from operations.
CognizantF-10December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Software to be Sold, Leased or Marketed. We capitalize costs incurred after technological feasibility is reached but before software is available for general release to clients, which primarily include coding and testing activities. Once the product is ready for general release, capitalized costs are amortized over the useful life of the software.
Business Combinations. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method, which requires the identification of the acquirer, the determination of the acquisition date and the allocation of the purchase price paid by the acquirer to the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, including any contingent consideration and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired, including the amount assigned to identifiable intangible assets. Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their expected useful lives. Acquisition-related costs are expensed in the periods in which the costs are incurred. The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in our consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date.
During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company adjusted the allocation of the purchase price of certain prior period acquisitions that included revenue contracts with the sellers of the acquired businesses. As a result, we recorded a balance sheet adjustment to decrease total assets (primarily impacting intangible assets, goodwill and deferred income taxes) and total liabilities (primarily impacting deferred revenue) by approximately $70 million each. The impact of the adjustment to our
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operating results was immaterial. Management concluded that the adjustment was not material to any previously issued consolidated financial statements or to the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Equity Method Investments. Equity investments that give us the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over an investee are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and recorded in the caption "Long-term investments" on our consolidated statements of financial position. Equity method investments are initially recorded at cost. We periodically review the carrying value of our equity method investments to determine if there has been an other-than-temporary decline in the carrying value. The investment balance is increased to reflect contributions and our share of earnings and decreased to reflect our share of losses, distributions and other-than-temporary impairments. The Company'sOur proportionate share of the net income or loss of the investee is recorded in the caption "Income (loss) from equity method investments" on our consolidated statements of operations.
Long-lived Assets and Finite-lived Intangible Assets. We review long-lived assets and certain finite-lived identifiable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. The carrying amount may not be recoverable when the sum of undiscounted expected future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of such asset groups. The impairment loss is determined as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value. Intangible assets consist primarily of customer relationships and developed technology, which are being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.

Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets. At each acquisition date, we allocate goodwill and intangible assets to our reporting units based on how we expect each reporting unit to benefit from the respective business combination. Our seven industry-based operating segments are our reporting units. We evaluate goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually, or as circumstances warrant. Goodwill is evaluated at the reporting unit level by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount including goodwill. An impairment of goodwill exists if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The impairment loss is the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. For indefinite-lived intangible assets, if our annual qualitative assessment indicates that it is more-likely-than-not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired, we test the assets for impairment by comparing the fair value of such assets to their carrying value. If an impairment is indicated, a write down to the fair value of indefinite-lived intangible asset is recorded.
Stock Repurchase Program. Under the Board of Directors authorized stock repurchase program, the Company is authorized to repurchase its Class A common stock through open market purchases, including under a 10b5-1 Plan, or in private transactions, including through ASR agreements entered into with financial institutions, in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. We account for the repurchased shares as constructively retired. Shares are returned to the status of authorized and unissued shares at the time of repurchase or in the periods they are delivered if repurchased under an ASR.repurchase. To reflect share repurchases in the consolidated statements of financial position, we (1) reduce common stock for the par value of the shares, (2) reduce additional paid-in capital for the amount in excess of par during the period in which the shares are repurchased and (3) record any residual amount in excess of available additional paid-in capital to retained earnings. Upfront payments related to ASRs are accounted for as a reduction to stockholders’ equity in the consolidated statements of financial position in the period the payments are made.retained earnings.
Revenue Recognition. We recognize revenues as we transfer control of deliverables (products, solutions and services) to our clients in an amount reflecting the consideration to which we expect to be entitled. To recognize revenues, we apply the following five step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenues when a performance obligation is satisfied. We account for a contract when it has approval and commitment from all parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectabilitycollectibility of consideration is probable. We apply judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intention to pay based on a variety of factors including the customer’s historical payment experience.
For performance obligations where control is transferred over time, revenues are recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based primarily on the nature of the deliverables to be provided.
CognizantF-11December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Revenues related to fixed-price contracts for application development and systems integration services, consulting or other technology services are recognized as the service is performed using the cost to costcost-to-cost method, under which the total value of revenues is recognized on the basis of the percentage that each contract’s total labor cost to date bears to the total expected labor costs. Revenues related to fixed-price application maintenance, testingquality engineering and assurance as well as business process services are recognized based on our right to invoice for services performed for contracts in which the invoicing is representative of the value being delivered. If our invoicing is not consistent with the value delivered, revenues are recognized as the service is performed based on the cost to costcost-to-cost method described above. The cost to costcost-to-cost method requires estimation of future costs, which is updated as the project progresses to reflect the latest available information; suchinformation. Such estimates and changes in estimates involve the use of judgment. The
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cumulative impact of any revision in estimates is reflected in the financial reporting period in which the change in estimate becomes known and any anticipated losses on contracts are recognized immediately, where appropriate.

Revenues related to fixed-price hosting and infrastructure and security services are recognized based on our right to invoice for services performed for contracts in which the invoicing is representative of the value being delivered. If our invoicing is not consistent with the value delivered, revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis unless revenues are earned and obligations are fulfilled in a different pattern. The revenue recognition method applied to the types of contracts described above provides the most faithful depiction of performance towards satisfaction of our performance obligations; for example, the cost to costcost-to-cost method is used when the value of services provided to the customer is best represented by the costs expended to deliver those services.

Revenues related to our time-and-materials, transaction-based or volume-based contracts are recognized over the period the services are provided either using an output method such as labor hours, or a method that is otherwise consistent with the way in which value is delivered to the customer.

Revenues related to our non-hosted software license arrangements that do not require significant modification or customization of the underlying software are recognized when the software is delivered as control is transferred at a point in time. For software license arrangements that require significant functionality enhancements or modification of the software, revenues for the software license and related services are recognized as the services are performed in accordance with the methods applicable to application development and systems integration services described above. In software hosting arrangements, the rights provided to the customer, such as ownership of a license, contract termination provisions and the feasibility of the client to operate the software, are considered in determining whether the arrangement includes a license or a service. Sales and usage-based fees promised in exchange for licenses of intellectual property are not recognized as revenue until the uncertainty related to the variable amounts is resolved. Revenues related to software maintenance and support are generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract period.

Incentive revenues, volume discounts, or any other form of variable consideration is estimated using either the sum of probability weighted amounts in a range of possible consideration amounts (expected value) or the single most likely amount in a range of possible consideration amounts (most likely amount), depending on which method better predicts the amount of consideration to which we may be entitled. We include in the transaction price variable consideration only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of revenues recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether and when to include estimated amounts in the transaction price may involve judgment and are based largely on an assessment of our anticipated performance and all information that is reasonably available to us.

Revenues also include the reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses. Our warranties generally provide a customer with assurance that the related deliverable will function as the parties intended because it complies with agreed-upon specifications and isare therefore not considered an additional performance obligation in the contract.

We may enter into arrangements that consist of multiple performance obligations. Such arrangements may include any combination of our deliverables. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised deliverables, we apply judgment to determine whether promised deliverables are capable of being distinct and are distinct in the context of the contract. If these criteria are not met, the promised deliverables are accounted for as a combined performance obligation. For arrangements with multiple distinct performance obligations, we allocate consideration among the performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling price. Standalone selling price is the price at which we would sell a promised good or service separately to the customer. When not directly observable, we typically estimate standalone selling price by using the expected cost plus a margin or, in limited circumstances, the residual value approach. We typically establish a standalone selling price range for our deliverables, which is reassessed on a periodic basis or when facts and circumstances change.

CognizantF-12December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
We assess the timing of the transfer of goods or services to the customer as compared to the timing of payments to determine whether a significant financing component exists. As a practical expedient, we do not assess the existence of a significant financing component when the difference between payment and transfer of deliverables is a year or less. If the difference in timing arises for reasons other than the provision of finance to either the customer or us, no financing component is deemed to exist. The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing our services, not to receive or provide financing from or to customers. We do not consider set up or transition fees paid upfront by our customers to represent a financing component, as such fees are required to encourage customer commitment to the project and protect us from early termination of the contract.

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Our contracts may be modified to add, remove or change existing performance obligations. The accounting for modifications to our contracts involves assessing whether the services added to an existing contract are distinct and whether the pricing is at the standalone selling price. Services added that are not distinct are accounted for on a cumulative catch up basis, while those that are distinct are accounted for prospectively, either as a separate contract if the additional services are priced at the standalone selling price, or as a termination of the existing contract and creation of a new contract if not priced at the standalone selling price. Services added to our application development and systems integration service contracts are typically not distinct, while services added to our other contracts, including application maintenance, testingquality engineering and assurance as well as business process services contracts, are typically distinct.
From time to time, we may enter into arrangements with third party suppliers to resell products or services. In such cases, we evaluate whether we are the principal (i.e., report revenues on a gross basis) or agent (i.e., report revenues on a net basis). In doing so, we first evaluate whether we control the good or service before it is transferred to the customer. If we control the good or service before it is transferred to the customer, we are the principal; if not, we are the agent. Determining whether we control the good or service before it is transferred to the customer may requirerequires significant judgment.
Trade Accounts Receivable, Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities. We classify our right to consideration in exchange for deliverables as either a receivable or a contract asset. A receivable is a right to consideration that is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment is due). For example, we recognize a receivable for revenues related to our time and materials and transaction or volume-based contracts when earned regardless of whether amounts have been billed. We present such receivables in "Trade accounts receivable, net" in our consolidated statements of financial position at their net estimated realizable value. A contract asset is a right to consideration that is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. Contract assets are presented in "Other current assets" or "Other noncurrent assets" in our consolidated statements of financial position, based on the expected timing of billing, and primarily relate to unbilled amounts on fixed-price contracts utilizing the cost to costcost-to-cost method of revenue recognition. Our contract liabilities, or deferred revenue, consist of advance payments from clients and billings in excess of revenues recognized. We classify deferred revenue as current or noncurrent based on the timing of when we expect to recognize the revenues.
Our contract assets and contract liabilities are reported on a net basis by contract at the end of each reporting period. The difference between the opening and closing balances of our contract assets and contract liabilities primarily results from the timing difference between our performance obligations and the client’s payment. We receive payments from clients based on the terms established in our contracts, which vary byfrom contract type.to contract.
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses. We calculate expected credit losses for our trade accounts receivable and contract assets. Expected credit losses include losses expected based on known credit issues with specific customers as well as a general expected credit loss allowance based on relevant information, about past events, including historical loss rates, current conditions, and reasonable economic forecasts that affect collectibility.collectibility. We update our allowance for expected credit losses on a quarterly basis with changes in the allowance recognized in income from operations.
Costs to Fulfill. Recurring operating costs for contracts with customers are recognized as incurred. Certain eligible, nonrecurring costs (i.e., set-up or transition costs) are capitalized when such costs (1) relate directly to the contract, (2) generate or enhance resources of the Company that will be used in satisfying the performance obligation in the future, and (3) are expected to be recovered. These costs are expensed ratably over the estimated life of the customer relationship, including expected contract renewals. In determining the estimated life of the customer relationship, we evaluate the average contract term on a portfolio basis by nature of the services to be provided, and apply judgment in evaluating the rate of technological and industry change. Capitalized amounts are monitored regularly for impairment. Impairment losses are recorded when projected remaining undiscounted operating cash flowsconsideration that has not already been recognized as revenue less costs related to the services being provided are not sufficient to recover the carrying amount of the capitalized costs to fulfill. Costs to fulfill are recorded in "Other noncurrent assets" in our consolidated statements of financial position and the amortization expense of costs to fulfill is included in "Cost of revenues" in our consolidated statements of operations.
CognizantF-13December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Stock-Based Compensation. Stock-based compensation expense for awards of equity instruments to employees and non-employee directors is determined based on the grant date fair value of those awards. We recognize these compensation costs net of an estimated forfeiture rate over the requisite service period of the award. Forfeitures are estimated on the date of grant and revised if actual or expected forfeiture activity differs materially from originaloriginal estimates. Stock-based compensation costs forexpense relating to RSUs and PSUs thatis recognized as shares vest proportionally are recognized on a graded-vesting basis over the vesting period based on the most probable outcome of the performance conditions.requisite service period. If the minimumminimum performance targets are not met, no compensation cost is recognized and any recognized compensation cost is reversed, except for awards subject to a market condition. The fair value of RSUs and PSUs is determined based on the number of stock units granted and the quoted price of our stock at the date of grant. The fair value of PSUs granted subject to a market condition is determined using a Monte Carlo valuation model.
Foreign Currency. The assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates while revenues and expenses are translated at average monthly
F-13
exchange rates. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded in the caption "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" on the consolidated statements of financial position.
Foreign currency transactions and balances are those that are denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency. An entity's functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates. The U.S. dollar is the functional currency for some of our foreign subsidiaries. For these subsidiaries, transactions and balances denominated in the local currency are foreign currency transactions. Foreign currency transactions and balances related to non-monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured to the functional currency of the entity at historical exchange rates while monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured to the functional currency of the entity at current exchange rates. Foreign currency exchange gains or losses from remeasurement are included in the caption "Foreign currency exchange gain (losses), net" on our consolidated statements of operations together with gains or losses on our undesignated foreign currency hedges.
Derivative Financial Instruments. Derivative financial instruments are recorded on our consolidated statements of financial position as either an asset or liability measured at its fair value as of the reporting date. Our derivative financial instruments consist primarily of foreign exchange forward and option contracts. For derivative financial instruments to qualify for hedge accounting, the following criteria must be met: (1) the hedging instrument must be designated as a hedge; (2) the hedged exposure must be specifically identifiable and must expose us to risk; and (3) it must be expected that a change in fair value of the hedging instrument and an opposite change in the fair value of the hedged exposure will have a high degree of correlation. Changes in our derivatives’ fair values are recognized in net income unless specific hedge accounting and documentation criteria are met (i.e., the instruments are designated and accounted for as hedges). We record the effective portion of the unrealized gains and losses on our derivative financial instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges in the caption "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in the consolidated statements of financial position. Any ineffectivenessineffectiveness or excluded portion of a designated cash flow hedge is recognized in net income. UponUpon occurrence of the hedged transaction, the gains and losses on the derivative are recognized in net income.
Income Taxes. We provide for income taxes utilizing the asset and liability method of accounting. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recorded to reflect the tax consequences in future years of differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each balance sheet date, based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that future tax benefits associated with a deferred income tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is provided. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred income tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the provision for income taxes in the period that includes the enactment date.
Our provision for income taxes also includes the impact of provisions established for uncertain income tax positions, as well as any related penalties and interest. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit.audit or the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations. To the extent that the final outcome of these matters differs from the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.
Earnings Per Share. Basic EPS is computed by dividing earnings available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS includes all potential dilutive common stock in the weighted average shares outstanding. We exclude from the calculation of diluted EPS options with exercise prices that are greater than the average market price and shares related to stock-based awards whose combined exercise price and unamortized fair value were greater in each of those periods than the average market price of our common stock for the period, because their effect would be anti-dilutive. We excluded less than 1 million of anti-dilutive shares in each of 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 20182021 from our diluted EPS calculation. We include PSUs in the dilutive potential common shares when they become contingently issuable per the authoritative guidance and exclude them when they are not contingently issuable.
Restructuring Charges. Restructuring charges principally consist of severance and related separation costs, facility exit costs and other related third-party costs necessary to execute the restructuring program. The Company accrues for severance and other related separation costs when it is probable that termination benefits will be paid and the amount is reasonably
F-14
CognizantF-14December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
Recently Adoptedestimable. Recognition of employee severance and other separation costs is also dependent on requirements established by severance policy, statutory laws, or historical experience. Facility exit costs generally reflect the accelerated lease expense for right-of-use assets, expected lease termination costs, and asset impairments in connection with closure of certain sites, net of gains on exit-related disposals.
Restructuring costs are recorded in “Restructuring charges” in the consolidated statements of operations. The restructuring liability related to accrued employee separation costs is included in "Accrued expenses and other current liabilities" in the consolidated statements of financial position. At the end of each reporting period, the Company evaluates the remaining accrued balances to ensure these balances are properly stated.
New Accounting Pronouncements
Date Issued and TopicEffective Date Adopted and MethodDescriptionImpact
May 2014November 2023

Revenue
January 1, 2018

Modified Retrospective		The new standard, as amended, sets forth a single comprehensive model for recognizing and reporting revenues. The standard also requires additional financial statement disclosures that enable usersSegment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows relating to customer contracts. The standard allows for two methods of adoption: the full retrospective adoption, which requires the standard to be applied to each prior period presented, or the modified retrospective adoption, which requires the cumulative effect of adoption to be recognized as an adjustment to opening retained earnings in the period of adoption.As a result of the adoption, we recorded an adjustment to opening retained earnings of approximately $121 million.
February 2016Reportable Segment Disclosures

Leases
January 1, 2019Annual period starting in 2024 and interim periods starting in 2025

Effective Date Method
Retrospective basis

The new standard replacesrequires enhanced segment disclosures but does not change the existingdefinition of a segment for the guidance on leases and requiresfor determining a reportable segment. The amendments require disclosure of significant segment expenses regularly provided to the lessee to recognize a ROU assetCODM included within segment operating profit or loss and a lease liability for all leases with lease terms greater than twelve months. For finance leases,description of how the lessee recognizes interest expenseCODM utilizes segment operating profit or loss to assess segment performance and amortizationallocating resources. The new standard also allows companies to disclose multiple measures of segment profit or loss if those measures are used to allocate resources.The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ROU asset, and for operating leases, the lessee recognizes total lease expensenew standard on a straight-line basis. The standard offers several practical expedients for transition and certain expedients specific to lessees or lessors. The standard allows for two methods of adoption: retrospective to each prior reporting period presented with the cumulative effect of adoption recognized at the beginning of the earliest period presented or the effective date method, which is retrospective to the beginning of the period of adoption through a cumulative-effect adjustment.As a result of the adoption, we recorded an increase to total assets of $758 million, total liabilities of $756 million, and opening retained earnings of $2 million.its related disclosures.
December 2023
June 2016

Financial Instruments-Credit Losses
Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

Annual period starting in 2025
January 1, 2020

Modified Retrospective
Prospective basis although retrospective application is permitted

The new standard requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses using the current expected credit loss model for financial assets held at amortized cost, which includes the Company’s trade accounts receivable, certain financial instruments and contract assets. It replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss methodology. The recorded credit losses are adjusted each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. The standard requires a cumulative effect adjustmentenhanced income tax disclosures primarily related to the statement of financial position asrate reconciliation and income taxes paid information.The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective.new standard on its related disclosures.
As a result of the adoption, we recorded an increase to our opening retained earnings and "Trade accounts receivable, net" of $1 million each.

Prior year amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historical accounting policies.

F-15

Note 2 — Revenues
Disaggregation of Revenues

The tables below present disaggregated revenues from contracts with clients by client location, service line and contract-typecontract type for each of our reportable business segments. We believe this disaggregation best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenues and cash flows are affected by industry, market and other economic factors. Our consulting and technology services include consulting, application development, systems integration, quality engineering and application testingassurance services as well as software solutions and related services while our outsourcing services include application maintenance, infrastructure and security as well as business process services. Revenues are attributed to geographic regions based upon client location.location, which is the client's billing address. Substantially all of the revenuerevenues in our North America region relatesrelate to operationsclients in the United States.
Year Ended
December 31, 2020
Financial ServicesHealthcareProducts and ResourcesCommunications, Media and TechnologyTotal
(in millions)
Revenues
Geography:
North America$4,013 $4,181 $2,650 $1,737 $12,581 
United Kingdom463 157 371 344 1,335 
Continental Europe629 434 413 177 1,653 
Europe - Total1,092 591 784 521 2,988 
Rest of World516 80 262 225 1,083 
Total$5,621 $4,852 $3,696 $2,483 $16,652 
Service line:
Consulting and technology services$3,691 $2,786 $2,249 $1,456 $10,182 
Outsourcing services1,930 2,066 1,447 1,027 6,470 
Total$5,621 $4,852 $3,696 $2,483 $16,652 
Type of contract:
Time and materials$3,548 $1,950 $1,548 $1,515 $8,561 
Fixed-price1,736 1,777 1,741 871 6,125 
Transaction or volume-based337 1,125 407 97 1,966 
Total$5,621 $4,852 $3,696 $2,483 $16,652 

F-16
CognizantF-15December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
Year Ended December 31, 2023Year Ended December 31, 2023
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
Financial ServicesHealthcareProducts and ResourcesCommunications, Media and TechnologyTotal
(in millions)
(in millions)
(in millions)
(in millions)FSHSP&RCMTTotal
RevenuesRevenues
Geography:Geography:
Geography:
Geography:
North America
North America
North AmericaNorth America$4,137 $4,147 $2,678 $1,764 $12,726 
United KingdomUnited Kingdom484 130 380 319 1,313 
Continental EuropeContinental Europe728 341 453 169 1,691 
Europe - TotalEurope - Total1,212 471 833 488 3,004 
Rest of WorldRest of World520 77 259 197 1,053 
TotalTotal$5,869 $4,695 $3,770 $2,449 $16,783 
Service line:Service line:
Service line:
Service line:
Consulting and technology services
Consulting and technology services
Consulting and technology servicesConsulting and technology services$3,782 $2,564 $2,295 $1,305 $9,946 
Outsourcing servicesOutsourcing services2,087 2,131 1,475 1,144 6,837 
TotalTotal$5,869 $4,695 $3,770 $2,449 $16,783 
Type of contract:Type of contract:
Type of contract:
Type of contract:
Time and materials
Time and materials
Time and materialsTime and materials$3,651 $1,845 $1,632 $1,528 $8,656 
Fixed-priceFixed-price1,922 1,635 1,730 803 6,090 
Transaction or volume-basedTransaction or volume-based296 1,215 408 118 2,037 
TotalTotal$5,869 $4,695 $3,770 $2,449 $16,783 

Year Ended
December 31, 2018
Financial ServicesHealthcareProducts and ResourcesCommunications, Media and TechnologyTotal
(in millions)
Revenues
Geography:
North America$4,162 $4,254 $2,397 $1,480 $12,293 
United Kingdom481 91 358 344 1,274 
Continental Europe666 270 440 187 1,563 
Europe - Total1,147 361 798 531 2,837 
Rest of World536 53 220 186 995 
Total$5,845 $4,668 $3,415 $2,197 $16,125 
Service line:
Consulting and technology services$3,571 $2,553 $2,024 $1,161 $9,309 
Outsourcing services2,274 2,115 1,391 1,036 6,816 
Total$5,845 $4,668 $3,415 $2,197 $16,125 
Type of contract:
Time and materials$3,762 $1,836 $1,506 $1,366 $8,470 
Fixed-price1,859 1,852 1,521 734 5,966 
Transaction or volume-based224 980 388 97 1,689 
Total$5,845 $4,668 $3,415 $2,197 $16,125 

Year Ended December 31, 2022
(in millions)FSHSP&RCMTTotal
Revenues
Geography:
North America$4,312 $4,853 $3,078 $2,192 $14,435 
United Kingdom599 171 521 519 1,810 
Continental Europe590 483 585 137 1,795 
Europe - Total1,189 654 1,106 656 3,605 
Rest of World571 124 382 311 1,388 
Total$6,072 $5,631 $4,566 $3,159 $19,428 
Service line:
Consulting and technology services$4,207 $3,226 $3,017 $1,775 $12,225 
Outsourcing services1,865 2,405 1,549 1,384 7,203 
Total$6,072 $5,631 $4,566 $3,159 $19,428 
Type of contract:
Time and materials$3,516 $2,010 $1,856 $1,797 $9,179 
Fixed-price2,265 2,471 2,357 1,206 8,299 
Transaction or volume-based291 1,150 353 156 1,950 
Total$6,072 $5,631 $4,566 $3,159 $19,428 
F-17
CognizantF-16December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
In the fourth quarter of 2020, we made an offer to settle and exit a large customer engagement in Financial Services in Continental Europe. The offer includes, among other terms, a proposed payment and the forgiveness of certain receivables. The 2020 impact of the Proposed Exit was a reduction ofrevenues of $118 million and additional expenses of $33 million, primarily related to the impairment of long-lived assets. While the amounts recorded are based on our best estimate of the expected terms of the exit, the negotiations are ongoing and, as such, we may not reach an agreement or the final terms of the agreement that is reached may materially differ from those contemplated in our accounting. In either instance, there could be additional impacts to our statement of operations, financial condition and our cash flows.
Year Ended December 31, 2021
(in millions)FSHSP&RCMTTotal
Revenues
Geography:
North America$4,204 $4,571 $2,937 $1,924 $13,636 
United Kingdom547 168 471 456 1,642 
Continental Europe745 477 539 158 1,919 
Europe - Total1,292 645 1,010 614 3,561 
Rest of World555 121 329 305 1,310 
Total$6,051 $5,337 $4,276 $2,843 $18,507 
Service line:
Consulting and technology services$4,079 $3,090 $2,725 $1,693 $11,587 
Outsourcing services1,972 2,247 1,551 1,150 6,920 
Total$6,051 $5,337 $4,276 $2,843 $18,507 
Type of contract:
Time and materials$3,613 $2,063 $1,785 $1,679 $9,140 
Fixed-price2,063 2,157 2,085 1,032 7,337 
Transaction or volume-based375 1,117 406 132 2,030 
Total$6,051 $5,337 $4,276 $2,843 $18,507 
Costs to Fulfill
The following table presents information related toshows significant movements in the capitalized costs to fulfill, such as setup or transition activities. Costsfulfill:
(in millions)20232022
Beginning balance$265 $394 
Costs capitalized67 39 
Amortization expense(87)(109)
Impairment charges (1)
— (59)
Ending balance$245 $265 
(1) The impairment charges in 2022 are related to fulfill are recorded in "Other noncurrent assets" in our consolidated statements of financial position and the amortization expense of costs to fulfill is included in "Cost of revenues" in our consolidated statement of operations. a large volume-based contract with a Health Sciences client.
Costs to obtain contracts were immaterial for the periodperiods disclosed.
20202019
(in millions)
Beginning balance$485 $400 
Costs capitalized98 189 
Amortization expense(102)(79)
Impairment charge(14)(25)
Ending balance$467 $485 
Contract Balances

A contract asset is a right to consideration that is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. Contract assets are presented in "Other current assets" in our consolidated statements of financial position and primarily relate to unbilled amounts on fixed-price contracts utilizing the cost to cost method of revenue recognition. The table below shows significant movements in contract assets:assets (current and noncurrent):
20202019
(in millions)
Beginning balance$334 $305 
Revenues recognized during the period but not billed289 313 
Amounts reclassified to trade accounts receivable(308)(284)
Ending balance$315 $334 

Our contract
(in millions)20232022
Beginning balance$326 $310 
Revenues recognized during the period but not billed308 308 
Amounts reclassified to trade accounts receivable(327)(285)
Amounts acquired in business combinations9 — 
Effect of foreign currency exchange movements— (7)
Ending balance$316 $326 
CognizantF-17December 31, 2023 Form 10-K

Contract liabilities, or deferred revenue, consist of advance payments and billings in excess of revenues recognized. The table below shows significant movements in the deferred revenue balances (current and noncurrent):
20202019
(in millions)
Beginning balance$336 $348 
Amounts billed but not recognized as revenues368 319 
Revenues recognized related to the opening balance of deferred revenue(285)(261)
Other (1)
0 (70)
Ending balance$419 $336 

(1)    See the Business Combinations section in Note 1.
(in millions)20232022
Beginning balance$417 $443 
Amounts billed but not recognized as revenues406 397 
Revenues recognized related to the beginning balance of deferred revenue(409)(416)
Amounts acquired in business combinations13 — 
Effect of foreign currency exchange movements— (7)
Ending balance$427 $417 
Revenues recognized during the year ended December 31, 20202023 for performance obligations satisfied or partially satisfied in previous periods were immaterial.
F-18
Remaining Performance Obligations
As of December 31, 2020,2023, the aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations, was $1,446$4,007 million,, of which approximately 75%55% is expected to be recognized as revenues within 2 years and 85% is expected to be recognized as revenues within 5 years. Disclosure is not required for performance obligations that meet any of the following criteria:
(1)contracts with a duration of one year or less as determined under the New Revenue Standard,ASC Topic 606 "Revenue from Contracts with Customers,"
(2)contracts for which we recognize revenues based on the right to invoice for services performed,
(3)variable consideration allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with ASC 606-10-25-14(b), for which the criteria in ASC 606-10-32-40 have been met, or
(4)variable consideration in the form of a sales-based or usage based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property.
Many of our performance obligations meet one or more of these exemptions and therefore are not included in the remaining performance obligation amount disclosed above.
Trade Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful AccountsCredit Losses
We calculate expected credit losses for our trade accounts receivable based on historical credit loss rates for each aging category as adjusted for the current market conditions and forecasts about future economic conditions. The following table presents the activity in the allowance for ourcredit losses for the trade accounts receivable:
20202019
(in millions)
(in millions)(in millions)202320222021
Beginning balanceBeginning balance$67 $78 
Impact of adoption of the Credit Loss Standard(1)— 
Provision for expected credit losses8 (11)
Credit loss expense (1)
Write-offs charged against the allowanceWrite-offs charged against the allowance(17)0 
Ending balanceEnding balance$57 $67 
Ending balance
Ending balance

(1)Reported in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our audited consolidated statements of operations.

CognizantF-18December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Note 3 — Business Combinations

Acquisitions completed during each of the three years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 20182021 were not individually or in the aggregate material to our operations. Accordingly, pro forma results have not been presented. We have allocated the purchase price related to these transactions to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including deductible and non-deductible goodwill, based on their estimated fair values. The primary items that generated goodwill are the value of the acquired assembled workforces and synergies between the acquired companies and us, neither of which qualify as an amortizableidentifiable intangible asset.

20202023

In 2020,2023, we acquired 100% ownership of:
•ownersCode Zero, a providerhip in each of consulting and implementation services acquired to strengthen our cloud solutions portfolio and Salesforce Configure-Price-Quote and billing capabilities (acquired on January 31, 2020);the following:
•Lev,certain net assets of OneSource Virtual, the professional and application management services business of OneSource Virtual, Inc. and OneSource Virtual (UK) Ltd., a Salesforce Platinum Partner specializing in digital marketing consultancyleading provider of Workday services, solutions and implementation of custom cloud solutionsproducts, acquired to further expandcomplement our global Salesforce practiceexisting finance and human resources advisory implementation services related to Workday (acquired on March 27, 2020);January 1, 2023), and
•EI-Technologies, a digital technology consulting firm and leading Salesforce specialistMobica, an IoT software engineering services provider, acquired to expand our global Salesforce practiceIoT embedded software engineering capabilities (acquired on May 29, 2020);March 10, 2023).
•Collaborative Solutions, a provider of Workday enterprise cloud applications for finance and human resources acquired to strengthen our portfolio of cloud offerings (acquired on June 10, 2020);
•New Signature, an independent Microsoft public cloud transformation company acquired to expand our hyperscale cloud advisory services and provide the foundation for our new, dedicated practice centered on Microsoft cloud solutions (acquired on August 18, 2020);
F-19
•the net assets of Tin Roof, a custom software and digital product development services company acquired to expand our software product engineering footprint in the United States (acquired on September 16, 2020);
•10th Magnitude, a leading cloud specialist focused on the Microsoft Azure cloud computing platform acquired to expand our Microsoft Azure expertise (acquired on September 30, 2020);
•the net assets of Bright Wolf, a technology service provider specializing in customer Industrial IoT solutions acquired to expand our smart products offering and expertise in architecting and implementing Industrial IoT solutions (acquired on November 2, 2020); and
•Inawisdom, an Amazon Web Services consulting partner with expertise in AI, machine learning, and data analytics acquired to expand our client services in Europe and strengthen our end-to-end cloud-native AI and machine learning solutions portfolio (acquired on December 18, 2020).
The allocations of preliminary purchase price to the fair value of the aggregate assets acquired and liabilities assumed were as follows:
Collaborative SolutionsNew SignatureTin Roof10th MagnitudeOthersTotalWeighted Average Useful Life
(dollars in millions)
Cash$10 $13 $0 $2 $10 $35 
Trade accounts receivable38 13 10 7 21 89 
Property and equipment and other assets6 6 1 2 15 30 
Operating lease assets, net6 7 2 4 13 32 
Non-deductible goodwill44 292 0 90 66 492 
Deductible goodwill281 0 86 39 92 498 
Customer relationship intangible assets37 8 69 10 21 145 9.8 years
Other intangible assets8 1 0 0 2 11 5.4 years
Current liabilities(25)(20)(13)(15)(23)(96)
Noncurrent liabilities(5)(8)(2)(5)(15)(35)
Purchase price, inclusive of contingent consideration (1)
$400 $312 $153 $134 $202 $1,201 

(1)The purchase price for our acquisitions includes contingent consideration components with a collective maximum payout of $59 million, valued at $42 million at the date of acquisition, which is contingent upon achieving certain performance thresholds during the first two calendar years following the date of acquisition.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, revenues from acquisitions completed in 2020, since the dates of acquisition, were $222 million. For acquisitions completed in 2020, the allocation is preliminary and will be finalized as soon as practicable within the measurement period, but in no event later than one year following the date of acquisition.
2019
In 2019, we acquired 100% ownership of:
•Mustache, a creative content agency based in the United States, acquired to extend our capabilities in creating original and branded content for digital, broadcast and social mediums (acquired on January 15, 2019);
•Meritsoft, a financial software company based in Ireland, acquired to complement our service offerings to capital markets institutions (acquired on March 4, 2019);
•Samlink, a developer of services and solutions for the financial sector based in Finland, acquired to strengthen our banking capabilities and create a strategic partnership with three Finnish financial institutions to transform and operate a shared core banking platform (acquired on April 1, 2019);
•Zenith, a life sciences company based in Ireland, acquired to extend our service capabilities for connected biopharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers (acquired on July 29, 2019); and
•Contino, a technology consulting firm acquired to extend our capabilities in enterprise DevOps and cloud transformation (acquired on October 31, 2019).
F-20
The allocations of purchase price to the fair value of the aggregate assets acquired and liabilitiesliabilities assumed were as follows:
(in millions)OneSource VirtualMobicaTotalWeighted Average Useful Life
Cash$— $20 $20 
Trade accounts receivable— 10 10 
Other current assets4 8 12 
Property and equipment and other assets1 6 7 
Non-deductible goodwill18 202 220 
Tax-deductible goodwill88 — 88 
Customer relationship assets11 120 131 10.9 years
Current liabilities(18)(9)(27)
Noncurrent liabilities(1)(32)(33)
Purchase price$103 $325 $428 

ContinoMeritsoftZenithOthersTotalWeighted Average Useful Life
(dollars in millions)
Cash$7 $14 $9 $15 $45 
Current assets16 6 52 21 95 
Property and equipment and other noncurrent assets4 1 6 14 25 
Non-deductible goodwill198 147 76 21 442 
Customer relationship intangible assets29 46 73 19 167 10.7 years
Other intangible assets2 29 4 6 41 6.1 years
Current liabilities(11)(3)(35)(22)(71)
Noncurrent liabilities(10)(12)(17)(10)(49)
Purchase price, inclusive of contingent consideration$235 $228 $168 $64 $695 
Goodwill from our acquisition of OneSource Virtual is expected to benefit all of our reportable segments and has been allocated as such. Goodwill from our acquisition of Mobica has been allocated to our Financial Services, Products and Resources and Communications, Media and Technology segments. For the year ended December 31, 2023, revenues from acquisitions completed in 2023, since the dates of acquisition, were $130 million. On December 30, 2022, $103 million was placed in an escrow account in advance of the closing date of our acquisition of certain net assets of OneSource Virtual on January 1, 2023. This balance was deemed to be restricted cash as of December 31, 2022 and was presented in "Other noncurrent assets" in our consolidated statement of financial position and as restricted cash in our consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022.

CognizantF-19December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
2022
In 2022, we acquired 100% ownership in each of the following:
•AustinCSI, a digital transformation consultancy specializing in enterprise cloud and data analytics advisory services, acquired to complement our technology and industry expertise (acquired December 15, 2022); and
•Utegration, a full service consulting and solutions provider specializing in SAP technology and SAP-certified products for the energy and utilities sectors, acquired to expand and strengthen our industry expertise in our SAP practice (acquired December 19, 2022).
The allocations of purchase price to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were as follows:
(dollars in millions)AustinCSIUtegrationTotalWeighted Average Useful Life
Cash$— $5 $5 
Trade accounts receivable9 19 28 
Property and equipment and other assets4 6 10 
Non-deductible goodwill— 23 23 
Tax-deductible goodwill83 98 181 
Customer relationship assets69 82 151 12.7 years
Other intangible assets— 2 2 6.7 years
Current liabilities(3)(18)(21)
Noncurrent liabilities(1)(3)(4)
Purchase price$161 $214 $375 
For the year ended December 31, 2022, revenues from acquisitions completed in 2022, since the dates of acquisition, were immaterial.
2021
In 2021, we acquired 100% ownership in each of the following:
•Linium, a cloud transformation consultancy group specializing in the ServiceNow platform and solutions for smart digital enterprise workflows, acquired to broaden our enterprise service management capabilities (acquired January 31, 2021);
•Magenic, a provider of agile software and cloud development, DevOps, experience design and advisory services across a range of industries, acquired to enhance our global software engineering expertise (acquired February 1, 2021);
•Servian, an Australia-based enterprise transformation consultancy specializing in data analytics, AI, digital services, experience design and cloud, acquired to enhance our digital portfolio and market presence in Australia and New Zealand (acquired April 1, 2021);
•ESG Mobility, a digital automotive engineering research and development provider for connected, autonomous and electric vehicles, acquired to expand our digital engineering expertise, particularly in connected vehicles (acquired June 1, 2021);
•TQS, a global industrial data and intelligence company, acquired to accelerate our growth in IoT, data and analytics (acquired July 30, 2021);
•Hunter, a provider of digital engineering and project management services, acquired to extend our talent network in key markets, expanding our digital engineering resources in the United States (acquired August 16, 2021); and
•Devbridge, a software consultancy and product development company, acquired to expand our software product engineering capabilities and global delivery footprint (acquired December 9, 2021).
CognizantF-20December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
The allocations of purchase price to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were as follows:
(dollars in millions)DevbridgeServianMagenicESG MobilityLiniumOtherTotalWeighted Average Useful Life
Cash$7 $4 $13 $28 $— $2 $54 
Trade accounts receivable12 15 17 30 5 12 91 
Property and equipment and other assets5 6 4 8 1 4 28 
Operating lease assets, net11 5 10 27 — 1 54 
Non-deductible goodwill41 184 10 26 — 18 279 
Tax-deductible goodwill140 — 137 24 57 10 368 
Customer relationship assets72 77 90 77 24 32 372 9.8 years
Other intangible assets— 2 1 — — — 3 3.8 years
Current liabilities(11)(12)(29)(22)(2)(7)(83)
Noncurrent liabilities(9)(29)(7)(66)— (6)(117)
Purchase price, inclusive of contingent consideration$268 $252 $246 $132 $85 $66 $1,049 
For the year ended December 31, 2021, revenues from acquisitions completed in 2021, since the dates of acquisition, were $301 million.


Note 4 — Restructuring Charges
During 2020, we incurred costs related to both our realignment program and our 2020 Fit for Growth Plan. Our realignment program, which began in 2017, improved our client focus, our cost structure andIn the efficiency and effectiveness of our delivery while continuing to drive revenue growth. Our 2020 Fit for Growth Plan, which began in the fourthsecond quarter of 2019, simplified2023, we initiated the NextGen program aimed at simplifying our organizationaloperating model, optimizing corporate functions and optimized our cost structure in orderconsolidating and realigning office space to partially fundreflect the investments requiredpost-pandemic hybrid work environment. We expect the NextGen program to execute on our strategy and advance our growth agenda and included our decision to exit certain content-related services that were not in line with our strategic vision forbe completed by the Company. end of 2024.
The total costs related to our realignmentNextGen program and our 2020 Fit for Growth Plan are reported in "Restructuring charges" in our audited consolidated statements of operations. We do not allocate these charges to individual segments in internal management reports used by the chief operating decision maker.CODM. Accordingly, such expenses are includedseparately disclosed in our segment reporting as “unallocated costs”. See Note 1918.
Charges related to our realignment program and our 2020 Fit for Growth Plan were as follows:
 Years Ended December 31,
 202020192018
(in millions)
Realignment Program:
Employee separation costs$0 $64 $18 
Executive Transition Costs0 22 0 
Employee retention costs15 45 0 
Professional fees27 38 1 
2020 Fit for Growth Plan:
Employee separation costs127 45 0 
Employee retention costs5 2 0 
Facility exit costs and other charges (1)
41 1 0 
Total restructuring charges$215 $217 $19 

Year Ended
(in millions)December 31, 2023
Employee separation costs$115 
Facility exit costs (1)
108 
Third party and other costs (2)
6 
Total restructuring charges$229 
(1)Includes $7For the year ended December 31, 2023, facility exit costs include lease restructuring of $71 million, related accelerated depreciation of $36 million and impairment of long-lived assets of $1 million.
(2)Third party and other costs include certain non-facility related asset impairments, as well as legal and other professional services fees directly related to the NextGen program.
We expect to record total costs of approximately $300 million in connection with the NextGen program, inclusive of the $229 million of accelerated depreciationcosts incurred for the year ended December 31, 2020.
The 2020 Fit for Growth Plan charges include $23 million and $5 million of costs incurred in 2020 and 2019, respectively, related to our exit from certain content-related services.
F-21
2023.
Changes in our accrued employee separation costs for both our realignment program and our 2020 Fit for Growth Plan, included in "Accrued expenses and other current liabilities" in our consolidated statements of financial position are presented in the table below.below for the year ended December 31:
20202019
(in millions)
Beginning balance$47 $0 
Employee separation costs accrued127 109 
Payments made157 62 
Ending balance$17 $47 
(in millions)2023
Beginning balance$— 
Employee separation costs accrued115 
Payments made(73)
Ending balance$42 
There were no restructuring charges during 2022 or 2021.


CognizantF-21December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Note 5 — Investments
Our investments were as follows as of December 31:
20202019
(in millions)
(in millions)(in millions)20232022
Short-term investments:Short-term investments:
Equity investment securityEquity investment security$27 $26 
Equity investment security
Equity investment security
Available-for-sale investment securities
Held-to-maturity investment securitiesHeld-to-maturity investment securities14 287 
Time deposits (1)
3 

466 
Time deposits
Total short-term investmentsTotal short-term investments$44 $779 

Long-term investments:
Equity and cost method investments$35 $17 
Time deposits (1)
405 0 
Total long-term investments$440 $17 

Long-term investments:
Other investments$80 $70 
Restricted time deposits(1)
355 357 
Total long-term investments$435 $427 
(1)As of December 31, 2020, $405 million in2023 the balance of restricted time deposits related to deposits under lien with the ITD were classified as long-term.contains $96 million of restricted cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2019, $414 million in2022 the balance consisted solely of restricted time deposits were classified as short-term. investments. See Note 11.

Equity Investment Security

Our equity investment security is a U.S. dollar denominated investment in a fixed income mutual fund. During 2022, we sold $15 million of our investment in the fund. Realized and unrealized gains and losses were immaterial for each of the years ended December 31, 20202023, 2022 and 2019.2021.

Available-for-Sale Investment Securities

During 2019, allAs of ourDecember 31, 2023, we had no available-for-sale investment securities. As of December 31, 2022, the amortized cost and fair value of the available-for-sale investments were each $225 million. Our available-for-sale investment securities either maturedconsisted of highly rated U.S. dollar denominated investments in certificates of deposit and commercial paper maturing within one year. Unrealized losses were immaterial as of December 31, 2022. There were no realized gains or were sold. We determinelosses related to the costavailable-for-sale investment securities during each of the securities sold based on the specific identification method. Proceeds fromyears ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. There were no sales of available-for-sale investment securities during each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and the gross gains and losses that have been included in earnings as a result of those sales were as follows:
202020192018
(in millions)
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale investment securities$0 $1,712 $1,285 
Gross gains$0 $6 $0 
Gross losses0 (5)(4)
Net realized gains (losses) on sales of available-for-sale investment securities$0 $1 $(4)

F-22
2021.
Held-to-Maturity Investment Securities
Our held-to-maturity investment securities consist of Indian rupee denominated investments primarily in commercial paper and international corporate bonds. Our investment guidelines are to purchase securities that are investment grade at the time of acquisition. The basis for the measurement of fair value of our held-to-maturity investments is Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
The amortized cost and fair value of held-to-maturity investmentcommercial paper securities were as follows as of December 31:
20202019
 Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value		Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value
(in millions)
Short-term investments, due within one year:
Corporate and other debt securities$14 $14 $101 $101 
Commercial paper0 0 186 186 
Total short-term held-to-maturity investments$14 $14 $287 $287 
31, 2023 and 2022 were each $3 million and $12 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020,2023, there were 0 held-to-maturity investmentno corporate debt securities. As of December 31, 2022 the amortized cost and fair value of corporate debt securities was $12 million.
As of December 31, 2023, our portfolio of $3 million included a single commercial paper security in an unrealized loss position. As of December 31, 2019, $70 million in commercial paper and $42 million in corporate and other debt securities were in an unrealized loss position, theThe total unrealized loss was less than $1 million and NaNthe security had not been in an unrealized loss position for longer than 12 months. As of December 31, 2022, $12 million of corporate debt securities and $12 million of commercial paper were in an unrealized loss position. The total unrealized loss was less than $1 million and none of the securities had been in an unrealized loss position for longer than 12 months.
The securitiessecurities in our portfolio are highly rated and short-term in nature. As of December 31, 2020, our corporate and other debt securities were2023, the commercial paper security was rated AAAA-1+ by CRISIL, an Indian subsidiary of S&P Global.

Equity and Cost MethodOther Investments
As of December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, we had equity method investments of $31$74 million and $9$68 million, respectively. During 2020, we acquired a $26 million equity methodrespectively, primarily related to an investment in the technology sector. In addition, we have an equity method investment which consists of a 49% ownership interest in a strategic consulting firm specializing in the use of human sciences to help business leaders better understand customer behavior. During 2019, as a result of events indicating one of our investments experienced an other-than-temporary impairment, we assessed its fair value and determined that the carrying value exceeded the fair value. As such, we recorded an impairment charge of $57 million in the fourth quarter of 2019 within the caption "Income (loss) from equity method investments" in our consolidated statement of operations. In determining the fair value of the equity method investment we considered results from the following valuation methodologies: income approach, based on discounted future cash flows, market approach, based on current market multiples and net asset value approach, based on the assets and liabilities of the investee. The basis for the measurement of fair value for this equity method investment is Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
As of December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, we had cost method investmentsequity securities without a readily determinable fair value of $4$6 million and $8$2 million, respectively.
F-23
CognizantF-22December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                

Note 6 — Property and Equipment, net
Property and equipment were as follows as of December 31:
Estimated Useful Life20202019
(in years)(in millions)
Estimated Useful LifeEstimated Useful Life20232022
(in years)(in years)(in millions)
BuildingsBuildings30$783 $790 
Computer equipmentComputer equipment3 – 5636 516 
Computer softwareComputer software3 – 8840 820 
Furniture and equipmentFurniture and equipment5 – 9761 702 
LandLand7 11 
Capital work-in-progressCapital work-in-progress122 133 
Capital work-in-progress
Capital work-in-progress
Leasehold improvementsLeasehold improvementsShorter of the lease term or
the life of the asset		424 379 
Sub-totalSub-total3,573 3,351 
Accumulated depreciation and amortizationAccumulated depreciation and amortization(2,322)(2,042)
Property and equipment, netProperty and equipment, net$1,251 $1,309 

Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment was $407$390 million, $363$385 million and $347$392 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 2018,2021, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, $36 million of our depreciation and amortization expense was reported in "Restructuring charges".
The gross amount of property and equipment recorded under finance leases was $37$25 million and $30$17 million as of December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, respectively. Accumulated amortization for our ROU finance lease assets was $23$13 million and $14$9 million as of December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, respectively. Amortization expense related to our ROU finance lease assets was $7$4 million, $4 million and $11$7 million for the yearyears ended December 31, 20202023, 2022 and 2019,2021, respectively. Amortization expense related to our capital lease assets was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2018.

The gross amount of property and equipment recorded for software to be sold, leased or marketed reported in the caption "Computer software" above was $159$279 million and $129$241 million as of December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, respectively. Accumulated amortization for software to be sold, leased or marketed was $73$177 million and $46$143 million as of December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, respectively. Amortization expense for software to be sold, leased or marketed recorded as property and equipment was $30$37 million, $22$37 million and $14$33 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 2018,2021, respectively.

Note 7 — Leases

The following table provides information on the components of our operating and finance leases included in our consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31:
LeasesLeasesLocation on Statement of Financial Position20202019LeasesLocation on Statement of Financial Position20232022
AssetsAssets(in millions)Assets(in millions)
ROU operating lease assetsROU operating lease assetsOperating lease assets, net$1,013 $926 
ROU finance lease assetsROU finance lease assetsProperty and equipment, net14 16 
Total$1,027 942 
Total
LiabilitiesLiabilities
Liabilities
Liabilities
CurrentCurrent
Current
Current
Operating lease
Operating lease
Operating leaseOperating leaseOperating lease liabilities$211 202 
Finance leaseFinance leaseAccrued expenses and other current liabilities11 11 
NoncurrentNoncurrent
Operating leaseOperating leaseOperating lease liabilities, noncurrent846 745 
Operating lease
Operating lease
Finance leaseFinance leaseOther noncurrent liabilities11 15 
Total$1,079 $973 
Total
F-24
CognizantF-23December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
For the years ended December 31, 20202023, 2022 and 2019,2021, our operating lease costs were $302$304 million, $256 million and $264$293 million, respectively, including variable lease costs of $14$21 million, $17 million and $18$10 million, respectively. respectively. Our short-term lease rental expense was $20$15 million, $21 million and $16$22 million for the years ended December 31, 20202023, 2022 and 2019,2021, respectively. Lease interest expense related to our finance leases for years ended December 31, 20202023, 2022 and 20192021 was immaterial.
The following table provides information on the weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate for our operating leases as of December 31:
Operating Lease Term and Discount Rate20202019
Weighted average remaining lease term6.2 years6.0 years
Weighted average discount rate5.7 %6.0 %
Operating Lease Term and Discount Rate20232022
Weighted average remaining lease term5.6 years6.2 years
Weighted average discount rate5.4 %5.4 %
The following table provides supplemental cash flow and non-cash information related to our operating leases as of December 31:
20202019
(in millions)
(in millions)(in millions)202320222021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilitiesCash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities$271 $232 
ROU assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilitiesROU assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities273 274 
Reduction of ROU assets and lease liabilities as a result of our NextGen program
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of finance lease liabilities and ROU assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities were each immaterial for each of the years ended December 31, 20202023, 2022 and 2019.2021.

The following table provides the schedule of maturities of our operating lease liabilities and a reconciliation of the undiscounted cash flows to the operating lease liabilities recognized in the statement of financial position as of December 31:
2020
(in millions)
2021$260 
2022218 
2023180 
2024143 
2025121 
Thereafter349 
Total lease payments1,271 
Interest(214)
Total lease liabilities$1,057 
(in millions)2023
2024$183 
2025155 
2026128 
2027104 
202872 
Thereafter138 
Total operating lease payments780 
Interest(104)
Total operating lease liabilities$676 
As of December 31, 2020,2023, we had $92$21 million of additional obligations related to operating leases whose lease term had yet to commence and which are therefore not included in our statement of financial position. These leases are primarily related to real estate and will commence in various months in 2021 and 20222024 with lease terms of 1 year5 to 1110 years.

Note 8 — Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net
Changes in goodwill by our reportable business segments were as follows for the years ended December 31, 20202023 and 2019:2022:
SegmentJanuary 1, 2020Goodwill Additions and AdjustmentsForeign Currency Translation AdjustmentsDecember 31, 2020
(in millions)
Financial Services$700 $204 $28 $932 
Healthcare2,595 149 11 2,755 
Products and Resources417 346 17 780 
Communications, Media and Technology267 289 8 564 
Total goodwill$3,979 $988 $64 $5,031 

SegmentJanuary 1, 2023Goodwill Additions and AdjustmentsForeign Currency Translation AdjustmentsDecember 31, 2023
(in millions)
Financial Services$1,073 $19 $17 $1,109 
Health Sciences2,819 15 6 2,840 
Products and Resources1,062 137 18 1,217 
Communications, Media and Technology756 148 15 919 
Total goodwill$5,710 $319 $56 $6,085 
F-25
CognizantF-24December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
SegmentSegmentJanuary 1, 2019Goodwill Additions and AdjustmentsForeign Currency Translation Adjustments
Other(1)
December 31, 2019
(in millions)
Segment
SegmentJanuary 1, 2022Goodwill Additions and AdjustmentsForeign Currency Translation AdjustmentsDecember 31, 2022
(in millions)(in millions)
Financial ServicesFinancial Services$411 $288 $(2)$3 $700 
Healthcare2,469 86 0 40 2,595 
Health Sciences
Products and ResourcesProducts and Resources384 18 1 14 417 
Communications, Media and TechnologyCommunications, Media and Technology217 49 1 0 267 
Total goodwillTotal goodwill$3,481 $441 $0 $57 $3,979 

(1)    See the Business Combinations section in Note 1.
Beginning with the first quarter of 2020, COVID-19 negatively affected all major economic and financial markets and, although there is a wide range of possible outcomes and the associated impact is highly dependent on variables that are difficult to forecast, we deemed the deterioration in general economic conditions sufficient to trigger an interim impairment testing of goodwill as of March 31, 2020. Our interim test results as of March 31, 2020 indicated that the fair values of all of our reporting units exceeded their carrying values and thus, no impairment of goodwill existed as of March 31, 2020. Based on our most recent goodwill impairment assessment performed as ofof October 31, 2020,2023, we concluded that the goodwill in each of our reporting units was not at risk of impairment. We have not recognized any impairment losses on our goodwill.
Components of intangible assets were as follows as of December 31:
20202019 20232022
Gross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net Carrying
Amount		Gross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net Carrying
Amount
(in millions)
(in millions)(in millions)Gross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net Carrying
Amount		Gross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net Carrying
Amount
Customer relationshipsCustomer relationships$1,333 $(490)$843 $1,181 $(390)$791 
Developed technologyDeveloped technology388 (286)102 388 (239)149 
Indefinite lived trademarksIndefinite lived trademarks72 — 72 72 — 72 
Finite lived trademarks and otherFinite lived trademarks and other80 (51)29 71 (42)29 
Total intangible assetsTotal intangible assets$1,873 $(827)$1,046 $1,712 $(671)$1,041 

Other than certain trademarks with indefinite lives, our intangible assets have finite lives and, as such, are subject to amortization. Amortization of intangible assets totaled $152$165 million, $184 million and $182 million for 2020, $162 million for 2019the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and $151 million for 2018.2021, respectively.
The following table provides the estimated amortization expense related to our existing intangible assets for the next five years.
Estimated Amortization
(in millions)
2021$159 
2022150 
2023107 
2024102 
202599 
(in millions)Estimated Amortization
2024$162 
2025159 
2026155 
2027144 
2028121 


F-26
Note 9 — Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities were as follows as of December 31:
20202019
(in millions)
Compensation and benefits$1,607 $1,239 
Customer volume and other incentives266 251 
Derivative financial instruments1 8 
Income taxes34 152 
Professional fees143 137 
Travel and entertainment7 24 
Other461 380 
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities$2,519 $2,191 
(in millions)20232022
Compensation and benefits$1,511 $1,446 
Customer volume and other incentives241 222 
Income taxes27 217 
Professional fees146 165 
Other500 357 
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities$2,425 $2,407 


CognizantF-25December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Note 10 — Debt
In 2018,2022, we entered into ainto the Credit Agreement providing for a $750the $650 million Term Loan and a $1,750$1,850 million unsecuredunsecured revolving credit facility, which are each due to mature in November 2023.October 2027. We are required under the Credit Agreement to make scheduled quarterly principal payments on the Term Loan.

The Credit Agreement requires interest to be paid, at our option, at either the ABRTerm Benchmark, Adjusted Daily Simple RFR or the EurocurrencyABR Rate (each as defined in the Credit Agreement), plus, in each case, an Applicable Margin (as defined in the Credit Agreement). Initially, the Applicable Margin is 0.875% with respect to Eurocurrency RateTerm Benchmark loans and RFR loans and 0.00% with respect to ABR loans. Subsequently, the Applicable Margin with respect to Eurocurrency RateTerm Benchmark loans and RFR loans will be determined quarterly and may range from 0.75% to 1.125%, depending on our public debt ratings (or,or, if we have not received public debt ratings, from 0.875% to 1.125%, depending on our Leverage Ratio, which is the ratio of indebtedness for borrowed money to Consolidated EBITDA, as defined in the Credit Agreement). Our Credit Agreement also provides a mechanism for determining an alternative rate of interest to the Eurocurrency rate after LIBOR is no longer available. Under the Credit Agreement, we are required to pay commitment fees on the unused portionAgreement. Since issuance of the revolving credit facility, which vary based on our public debt ratings (or, if we have not received public debt ratings, on the Leverage Ratio). As the interest rates on our Term Loan, and any notes outstanding under the revolving credit facility are variable, the fair value of our debt balances approximates their carrying value as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.the Term Loan has been a Term Benchmark loan.

The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants as well as a financial covenant. The financial covenant is tested at the end of each fiscal quarter and requires us to maintain a Leverage Ratio which is the ratio of indebtedness for borrowed money to Consolidated EBITDA, as defined in the Credit Agreement, not in excess of 3.50 to 3.50:1.00, or for a period of up to four quarters following certain material acquisitions, 3.75 to 3.75:1.00. We were in compliance with all debt covenants and representations of the Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2020.2023.
In February 2020,March 2023, our India subsidiary renewed its 13working capital facility at 15 billion Indian rupeeIndian rupees ($178180 million at the December 31, 20202023 exchange rate) working capital. The facility which requires us to repay any balances within 90 days from the date of disbursement. There is a 1.0% prepayment penalty applicable to payments made within 30 days of disbursement. This working capital facility contains affirmative and negative covenants and may be renewed annually in February.annually. As of December 31, 2020,2023, we have not borrowed funds under this facility.facility or any of its predecessor facilities.
Short-term Debt
The following summarizes ourAs of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $33 million and $8 million of short-term debt balances asrelated to current maturities of December 31:
20202019
AmountWeighted Average Interest RateAmountWeighted Average Interest Rate
(in millions)(in millions)
Term Loan - current maturities$38 1.0 %$38 2.6 %
F-27
6.3% and 5.2%, respectively.
Long-term Debt
The following summarizes our long-term debt balances as of December 31:
20202019
(in millions)
(in millions)(in millions)20232022
Term LoanTerm Loan$703 $741 
Less:Less:
Current maturitiesCurrent maturities(38)(38)
Deferred financing costs(2)(3)
Current maturities
Current maturities
Unamortized deferred financing costs
Long-term debt, net of current maturitiesLong-term debt, net of current maturities$663 $700 
The following represents the schedule of maturities of our term loan:Term Loan:
YearAmounts
(in millions)
2021$38 
202238 
2023627 
$703 
YearAmounts (in millions)
202433 
202533 
202633 
2027543 
Total$642 


CognizantF-26December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Note 11 — Income Taxes
Income before provision for income taxes shown below is based on the geographic location to which such income was attributed for years ended December 31:
202020192018
(in millions)
(in millions)(in millions)202320222021
United StatesUnited States$814 $931 $947 
ForeignForeign1,282 1,612 1,850 
Income before provision for income taxesIncome before provision for income taxes$2,096 $2,543 $2,797 
The provision for income taxes consisted of the following components for the years ended December 31:
202020192018
(in millions)
(in millions)(in millions)202320222021
Current:Current:
Federal and state
Federal and state
Federal and stateFederal and state$137 $549 $241 
ForeignForeign383 400 449 
Total current provisionTotal current provision520 949 690 
Deferred:Deferred:
Federal and stateFederal and state(77)(320)1 
Federal and state
Federal and state
ForeignForeign261 14 7 
Total deferred provision (benefit)184 (306)8 
Total deferred (benefit) provision
Total provision for income taxesTotal provision for income taxes$704 $643 $698 
In March 2020, the Indian parliament enacted the Budget of India, which contained a number of provisions related to income tax, including a replacement of the DDT, previously due from the dividend payer, with a tax payable by the shareholder receiving the dividend. This provision reduced the tax rate applicable to us for cash repatriated from India. Following this change, during the first quarter of 2020, we limited our indefinite reinvestment assertion to India earnings accumulated in prior years. In July 2020, the U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS released final regulations on Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI"), which became effective in September 2020, that reduced the tax applicable on our accumulated Indian earnings upon repatriation. As a result, during the third quarter of 2020, after a thorough analysis of the impact of these changes in law on the cost of earnings repatriation and considering our strategic decision to increase our investments to accelerate growth in various international markets and expand our global delivery footprint, we reversed our indefinite reinvestment assertion on Indian earnings accumulated in prior years and recorded a $140 million Tax on Accumulated Indian Earnings. The recorded income tax expense reflects the India withholding tax on unrepatriated Indian earnings, which were $5.2 billion as of December 31, 2019, net of applicable U.S. foreign tax credits. On October 28, 2020, our subsidiary in India remitted a dividend
F-28
of $2.1 billion, which resulted in a net payment of $2.0 billion to its shareholders (non-Indian Cognizant entities), after payment of $106 million of India withholding tax.
We are involved in antwo separate ongoing disputedisputes with the ITD in connection with a previously disclosed 2016 share repurchase transactiontransactions undertaken by CTSCTS India in 2013 and 2016 to repurchase shares from its shareholders (non-Indian Cognizant entities) valued at $523 million and $2.8 billion. As a result of thatbillion, respectively.
The 2016 transaction which was undertaken pursuant to a plan approved by the High Court in Chennai, India, we previously paidand resulted in the payment of $135 million in Indian income taxes - an amount we believe includes all the applicable taxes owed for this transaction under Indian law. In March 2018, we received a communication from the ITD assertingasserted that the ITDit is owed an additional 33 billion Indian rupees ($452397 million at the December 31, 20202023 exchange rate) on the 2016 transaction. Immediately thereafter, the ITD placed an attachment on certain of our India bank accounts. In addition to the dispute on the 2016 transaction, we are also involved in another ongoing dispute with the ITD relating to a 2013 transaction undertaken by CTS India to repurchase shares from its shareholders valued at $523 million (the two disputes collectively referred to as the "ITD Dispute").
In April 2018, the High Court admitted our writ petition for a stay of the actions of the ITD and lifted the ITD’s attachment on our bank accounts. As part of the interim stay order, weWe deposited 5 billion Indian rupees, ($68 million at the December 31, 2020 exchange rate and $70 million at the December 31, 2019 exchange rate) representing 15% of the disputed tax amount related to the 2016 transaction, with the ITD. In addition,As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Court also placed a lien ondeposit with the ITD was $60 million, presented in "Other noncurrent assets." Additionally, certain time deposits of CTS India were placed under lien in favor of the amount of 28 billion Indian rupees ($384 million at the December 31, 2020 exchange rate and $393 million at the December 31, 2019 exchange rate), which isITD, representing the remainder of the disputed tax amount related to the 2016 transaction. In June 2019, the High Court dismissed our previously admitted writ petitions on the ITD Dispute, holding that the Company must exhaust other remedies, such as pursuing the matter before other appellate bodies, for resolution of the ITD Dispute prior to intervention by the High Court. The High Court did not issue a ruling on the substantive issue of whether we owe additional tax as a result of either the 2016 or the 2013 transaction. In July 2019, we appealed the High Court’s orders before the Division Bench. In September 2019, the Division Bench partly allowed the Company’s appeal with respect to the 2016 transaction, but did not issue a ruling on the substantive issue of the tax implications of the transactions. In October 2019, we filed a SLP before the SCI with respect to the 2016 transaction.
In March 2020, the SCI referred the case based on the 2016 transaction back to the ITD with directions to carry out the assessment following the due process of law. Further, until the conclusion of the assessment, the SCI maintained in place the lien on our 28 billion Indian rupees time deposit and did not order the release of the 5 billion Indian rupees deposit held by the ITD. In April 2020, we received an assessment from the ITD, which is consistent with its previous assertions regarding our 2016 transaction. In June 2020, we filed an appeal against this assessment. The ruling of the SCI and the ITD's assessment created additional uncertainty as to the timing of the resolution of this case and, as a result, in the first quarter of 2020 we reclassified the deposits under lien, which are considered restricted assets, and the deposit with the ITD to noncurrent assets.amount. As of December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, the balance of deposits under lien was $40530 billion Indian rupees, including previously earned interest, or $355 million and $357 million, respectively, as presented in "Long-term investments" and $414 million presented in "Short-term investments", respectively, including a portion of the interest previously earned.investments." As of December 31, 2023, $96 million of the $355 million deposits under lien were held in time deposits with a maturity of less than 30 days qualifying as cash equivalent instruments and thus are presented as restricted cash equivalents on the consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023.
In April 2020, and 2019,we received a formal assessment from the depositITD on the 2016 transaction, which was consistent with the ITD's previous assertions. Our appeal was ruled on unfavorably by the CITA in March 2022 and by the ITAT in September 2023. We filed an appeal against the order of the ITAT with the High Court. On January 8, 2024, the SCI ruled that, in order to proceed with the appeal, we must deposit 30 billion Indian rupees ($355 million at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate), representing the time deposits of CTS India under lien, on the condition that, if CTS India prevails at the High Court, the amount deposited will be returned to CTS India, along with interest accrued, within 4 weeks of the judgment. The SCI also requested the High Court to consider and dispose of the appeal as expeditiously as possible, preferably within 6 weeks of the January 8, 2024 ruling. We made the required deposit in January 2024.
The dispute in relation to the 2013 share repurchase transaction is also in litigation. At this time, the ITD was $68 million presented in "Other noncurrent assets" and $70 million presented in "Other current assets", respectively.has not made specific demands with regards to the 2013 transaction.

We continue to believe we have paid all applicable taxes owed on both the 2016 and the 2013 transactions.transactions and we continue to defend our positions with respect to both matters. Accordingly, we have not recorded any reserves for these matters as of December 31, 2020.2023.
F-29
CognizantF-27December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
The reconciliation between the U.S. federal statutory rate and our effective income tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory rate were as follows for the years ended December 31:
(Dollars in millions)2023%2022%2021%
Tax expense, at U.S. federal statutory rate$585 21.0 $633 21.0 $594 21.0 
State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit55 2.0 63 2.1 50 1.8 
Non-taxable income for Indian tax purposes— — (6)(0.2)(36)(1.3)
Rate differential on foreign earnings95 3.4 98 3.2 137 4.8 
Recognition of benefits related to uncertain tax positions(33)(1.2)(43)(1.4)(14)(0.5)
Credits and other incentives(37)(1.3)(17)(0.6)(42)(1.5)
Other3 0.1 2 0.1 4 0.2 
Total provision for income taxes$668 24.0 $730 24.2 $693 24.5 
2020%2019%2018%
(Dollars in millions)
Tax expense, at U.S. federal statutory rate$440 21.0 $534 21.0 $587 21.0 
State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit52 2.5 59 2.3 56 2.0 
Non-taxable income for Indian tax purposes(48)(2.3)(90)(3.5)(146)(5.2)
Rate differential on foreign earnings178 8.5 145 5.7 206 7.4 
Net impact related to the implementation of the Tax Reform Act0 0 0 0 (5)(0.2)
Net impact related to the India Tax Law0 0 21 0.8 0 0 
Recognition of previously unrecognized income tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions0 0 0 0 (12)(0.4)
Credits and other incentives(51)(2.4)(57)(2.2)(19)(0.7)
Reversal of indefinite reinvestment assertion140 6.6 0 0 0 0 
Other(7)(0.3)31 1.2 31 1.1 
Total provision for income taxes$704 33.6 $643 25.3 $698 25.0 

Our Indian subsidiaries are primarily export-oriented and, through March 31, 2022, benefited from certain income tax holiday benefits granted by the government of India for export activities conducted within SEZs. In December 2019, India enacted the India Tax Law, which enables Indian companies to elect to be taxed at a lower income tax rate of 25.17%, as compared to the otherwise applicable income tax rate of 34.94%. Once a company elects into the lower income tax rate, a company may not benefit from any income tax holidays associated with SEZs and certain other tax incentives and carryforwards, and may not reverse its election. We elected into the new tax regime starting with the India fiscal year beginning on April 1, 2022, and as a result, there was no impact from income tax holidays on our income tax provision or net income for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the effect of the income tax holidays granted by the Indian government was to reduce the overall income tax provision and increase net income by $6 million and $36 million, respectively, and increase diluted EPS by $0.01 and $0.07, respectively.
During 2023, we reached an agreement with the IRS, which settled tax years 2017 and 2018, as well as a settlement related to U.S. state income taxes, each of which decreased our effective income tax rate for 2023.
The significant components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated statements of financial position were as follows as of December 31:
20202019
(in millions)
(in millions)(in millions)20232022
Deferred income tax assets:Deferred income tax assets:
Net operating lossesNet operating losses$36 $27 
Revenue recognition41 39 
Net operating losses
Net operating losses
Revenue recognition (including intercompany revenue)
Compensation and benefitsCompensation and benefits259 171 
MAT and credit carryforwards109 307 
Credit carryforwards
Credit carryforwards
Credit carryforwards
Expenses not currently deductibleExpenses not currently deductible147 352 
Expenses not currently deductible
Expenses not currently deductible
592 896 
1,038
1,038
1,038
Less: valuation allowanceLess: valuation allowance(29)(24)
Deferred income tax assets, netDeferred income tax assets, net563 872 
Deferred income tax liabilities:Deferred income tax liabilities:
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortizationDepreciation and amortization198 187 
Deferred costsDeferred costs105 110 
OtherOther21 25 
Deferred income tax liabilitiesDeferred income tax liabilities324 322 
Net deferred income tax assetsNet deferred income tax assets$239 $550 
At December 31, 2020,2023, we had foreign and U.S. net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $55$128 million and $98$103 million, respectively. We have recorded valuation allowances on certain net operating loss carryforwards. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, deferred income tax assets related to the MAT carryforwards were $98 million and $176 million, respectively. The calculation of the MAT includes all profits realized by our Indian subsidiaries and any MAT paid is creditable against future corporate income tax, subject to certain limitations.
Our Indian subsidiaries are primarily export-oriented and are eligible for certain income tax holiday benefits granted by the government of India for export activities conducted within SEZs for periods of up to 15 years. Our SEZ income tax holiday benefits are currently scheduled to expire in whole or in part through the year 2028 and may be extended on a limited basis for an additional five years per unit if certain reinvestment criteria are met. Our Indian profits ineligible for SEZ benefits are subject to corporate income tax at the rate of 34.94%. In addition, all Indian profits, including those generated within SEZs, are subject to the MAT. The current rate of MAT is 17.47%. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the effect of the income tax holidays granted by the Indian government was to reduce the overall income tax provision and increase net
F-30
CognizantF-28December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
incomeProvisions enacted in the Tax Reform Act in December 2017 related to the capitalization of research and experimental expenditures became effective on January 1, 2022. These provisions require us to capitalize research and experimental expenditures and amortize them for tax purposes over five or fifteen years, depending on where the research is conducted. Previously these expenses could be deducted in the year incurred. The implementation of these provisions increased our deferred tax asset in the United States on a year-over-year basis by $48 million, $90approximately $206 million and $146 million, respectively, and increase diluted EPS by $0.09, $0.16 and $0.25, respectively.
In December 2019, the Government of India enacted the India Tax Law effective retroactively to April 1, 2019 that enables Indian companies to elect to be taxed at a lower income tax rate of 25.17%, as compared to the current income tax rate of 34.94%. Once a company elects into the lower income tax rate, a company may not benefit from any tax holidays associated with SEZs and certain other tax incentives, including MAT carryforwards, and may not reverse its election. Our current intent is to elect into the new tax regime once our MAT carryforwards are fully or substantially utilized. While our existing MAT carryforwards expire between March 2027 and March 2032, we expect to fully or substantially utilize our existing MAT carryforwards in or after the India financial year starting April 1, 2022. Our intent is based on a number of assumptions and financial projections. An election into the new tax law regime prior to utilization of our MAT carryforwards would result in a write-off of any remaining deferred income tax assets relating to the MAT carryforwards. As a result of the enactment of the India Tax Law, we recorded a one-time net income tax expense of $21$300 million in 2019, due to the revaluation to the lower income tax rate of our India net deferred income tax assets that are expected to reverse after we expect to elect into the new tax regime.2023 and 2022, respectively.
We conduct business globally and file income tax returns in the United States, including federal and state, as well as various foreign jurisdictions. Tax years that remain subject to examination by the IRS are 20122019 and onward, and years that remain subject to examination by state authorities vary by state. Years under examination by foreign tax authorities are 20012003 and onward. In addition, transactions between our affiliated entities are arranged in accordance with applicable transfer pricing laws, regulations and relevant guidelines. As a result, and due to the interpretive nature of certain aspects of these laws and guidelines, we have pending applications for APAs before the taxing authorities in some of our most significant jurisdictions.
We record incremental tax expense, based upon the more-likely-than-not standard, for any uncertain tax positions. In addition, when applicable, we adjust the previously recorded income tax expense to reflect examination results when the position is effectively settled or otherwise resolved. Our ongoing evaluations of the more-likely-than-not outcomes of the examinations and related tax positions require judgment and can result in adjustments that increase or decrease our effective income tax rate, as well as impact our operating results. The specific timing of when the resolution of each tax position will be reached is uncertain.
Changes in unrecognized income tax benefits were as follows for the years ended December 31:
202020192018
(in millions)
(in millions)(in millions)202320222021
Balance, beginning of yearBalance, beginning of year$152 $117 $97 
Additions based on tax positions related to the current yearAdditions based on tax positions related to the current year28 22 8 
Additions for tax positions of prior yearsAdditions for tax positions of prior years10 14 19 
Additions for tax positions of acquired subsidiariesAdditions for tax positions of acquired subsidiaries3 0 6 
Reductions for tax positions due to lapse of statutes of limitationsReductions for tax positions due to lapse of statutes of limitations0 0 (12)
Reductions for tax positions of prior years0 (1)0 
Reductions for tax positions due to lapse of statutes of limitations
Reductions for tax positions due to lapse of statutes of limitations
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years
SettlementsSettlements0 0 0 
Foreign currency exchange movementForeign currency exchange movement0 0 (1)
Balance, end of yearBalance, end of year$193 $152 $117 
In the third quarter of 2022, we recognized an income tax benefit of $36 million related to a specific uncertain tax position that was previously unrecognized in our prior year consolidated financial statements. The recognition of the benefit in the third quarter of 2022 was based on management’s reassessment regarding whether this unrecognized tax benefit met the more-likely-than-not threshold in light of the lapse in the statute of limitations as to a portion of such benefit. In 2021, we reached an agreement with the IRS, which settled tax years 2012 through 2016. As a result of this settlement, in the first quarter of 2021, we recorded a $14 million discrete benefit to the provision for income taxes.
The unrecognized income tax benefits would affect our effective income tax rate, if recognized. While the Company believes uncertain tax positions may be settled or resolved within the next twelve months, it is difficult to estimate the income tax impact of these potential resolutions at this time. We recognize accrued interest and any penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as part of our provision for income taxes. The total amount of accrued net interest and penalties at both December 31, 20202023 and 20192022 was approximately $22$33 million, and $16 million, respectively, and relatesrelated to U.S. and foreign tax matters. The amountstotal amount of net interest and penalties recorded in the provision for income taxes in 2020, 2019each of 2023, 2022 and 2018 were2021 was immaterial.

F-31
CognizantF-29December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
Note 12 — Derivative Financial Instruments
In the normal course of business, we use foreign exchange forward and option contracts to manage foreign currency exchange rate risk. Derivatives may give rise to credit risk from the possible non-performance by counterparties. Credit risk is limited to the fair value of those contracts that are favorable to us. We have limited our credit risk by limiting the amount of credit exposure with any one financial institution and conducting ongoing evaluation of the creditworthiness of the financial institutions with which we do business. In addition, all the assets and liabilities related to ourthe foreign exchange derivative contracts set forth in the below table are subject to master netting arrangements, such as the International Swaps and Derivatives Association Master Agreement, with each individual counterparty. These master netting arrangements generally provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with the counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event. We have presented all the assets and liabilities related to ourthe foreign exchange derivative contracts, as applicable, on a gross basis, with no offsets, in our consolidated statements of financial position. There is no financial collateral (including cash collateral) posted or received by us related to ourthe foreign exchange derivative contracts.
The following table provides information on the location and fair values of derivative financial instruments included in our consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31:
 20202019
(in millions)(in millions) 20232022
Designation of DerivativesDesignation of DerivativesLocation on Statement of
Financial Position		AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilitiesDesignation of DerivativesLocation on Statement of
Financial Position		AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
(in millions)
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts – Designated as cash flow hedging instrumentsForeign exchange forward and option contracts – Designated as cash flow hedging instrumentsOther current assets$45 $— $32 $— 
Other noncurrent assets26 — 8 — 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities— 0 — 7 
Other noncurrent liabilities— 0 — 2 
Total71 0 40 9 
Foreign exchange forward contracts - Not designated as cash flow hedging instrumentsOther current assets1 — 3 — 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities— 1 — 1 
Total1 1 3 1 
Other noncurrent assets
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
Other noncurrent liabilities
TotalTotal$72 $1 $43 $10 
Foreign exchange forward contracts - Not designated as hedging instruments
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
Total
Total
Cash Flow Hedges
We have entered into a series of foreign exchange derivative contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges of Indian rupee denominated payments in India. These contracts are intended to partially offset the impact of movement of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar on future operating costs and are scheduled to mature each month during 20212024 and 2022.2025. The changes in fair value of these contracts are initially reported in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in our consolidated statements of financial position and are subsequently reclassified to earnings within the captions "Cost of revenues" and "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our consolidated statements of operations in the same period thatthat the forecasted Indian rupee denominated payments are recorded in earnings. As of December 31, 2020,2023, we estimate that $35$6 million, net of tax, of the net gains relatedrelated to derivatives designated as cash flow hedges reported in the caption "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in our consolidated statements of financial position is expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months.
F-32
The notional value of our outstanding contracts by year of maturity and the net unrealized gains and losses included in the caption "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in our consolidated statements of financial position, for such contracts werewas as follows as of December 31:
20202019
(in millions)
2020$0 $1,505 
20211,470 883 
2022803 0 
Total notional value of contracts outstanding (1)
$2,273 $2,388 
Net unrealized gains included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes$55 $26 

(in millions)20232022
2023$— $1,865 
20241,878 1,010 
20251,020 — 
Total notional value of contracts outstanding (1)
$2,898 $2,875 
(1)Includes $133$45 million notional value of option contracts as of December 31, 2020,2023, with the remaining notional value related to forward contracts. There were no option contracts outstanding as of December 31, 2022.
CognizantF-30December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
The following table provides information on the location and amounts of pre-tax losses and gains on our cash flow hedges for the year ended December 31:
 Change in
Derivative Gains Recognized
in Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(effective portion)		Location of Net Derivative
Gains Reclassified
from Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
into Income
(effective portion)		Net Gains Reclassified
from Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
into Income
(effective portion)
 20202019 20202019
(in millions)
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts – Designated as cash flow hedging instruments$39 $39 Cost of revenues$3 $3 
Selling, general and administrative expenses0 1 
Total$3 $4 
(in millions)
Change in
Derivative Gains and Losses Recognized
in Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(effective portion)
Location of Net (Losses) Reclassified
from Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
into Income
(effective portion)
Net (Losses) Reclassified
from Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
into Income
(effective portion)
 20232022 20232022
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts – Designated as cash flow hedging instruments$55 $(153)Cost of revenues$(23)$(13)
SG&A expenses(3)(1)
Total$(26)$(14)
The activity related to the change in net unrealized gains and losses on ourthe cash flow hedges included in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in our consolidated statements of stockholders' equity is presented in Note 14.

Other Derivatives
We use foreign exchange forward contracts to provide an economic hedge against balance sheet exposures to certain monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries, primarily the Indian rupee, the British Pound and the Euro.subsidiaries. We entered into foreign exchange forward contracts that are scheduled to mature in 2021.the first quarter of 2024. Realized gains or losses and changes in the estimated fair value of these derivative financial instruments are recorded in the caption "Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net" onin our consolidated statements of operations.
Additional information related to our outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments was as follows as of December 31:
20202019
NotionalFair ValueNotionalFair Value
(in millions)
Contracts outstanding$637 $0 $702 $2 
F-33
(in millions)20232022
NotionalFair ValueNotionalFair Value
Contracts outstanding$1,317 $(8)$1,433 $(1)
The following table provides information on the location and amounts of realized and unrealized pre-tax (losses) gains and losses on our other derivative financial instruments for the year ended December 31:
 Location of Net (Losses) Gains
on Derivative Instruments		Amount of Net (Losses) Gains
on Derivative Instruments
  20202019
(in millions)
Foreign exchange forward contracts - Not designated as hedging instrumentsForeign currency exchange gains (losses), net$(63)$8 
(in millions)
Location of Net (Losses) Gains
on Derivative Instruments
Amount of Net (Losses) Gains
on Derivative Instruments
  20232022
Foreign exchange forward contracts - Not designated as hedging instruments
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net
$(40)$23 
The related cash flow impacts of all of ourthe derivative activities are reflected as cash flows from operating activities.

CognizantF-31December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Note 13 — Fair Value Measurements
We measure our cash equivalents, certain investments, contingent consideration liabilities and foreign exchange forward and option contracts at fair value. The authoritative guidance defines fairFair value asis the exit price, or the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. The authoritative guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy that is intended to increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements and related disclosures. The fair value hierarchy is based on inputs to valuation techniques that are used to measure fair value that are either observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent sources while unobservable inputs reflect a reporting entity’s pricing based upon their own market assumptions.
The fair value hierarchy consists of the following three levels:
•Level 1 – Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
•Level 2 – Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in an active market, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and market-corroborated inputs which are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data.
•Level 3 – Inputs are derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or value drivers are unobservable.

The following table summarizes ourthe financial assets and (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2020:
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
(in millions)
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds$209 $— $— $209 
Time deposits— 203— 203 
Commercial paper— 200— 200 
Short-term investments:
Time deposits0 3 0 3 
Equity investment security27 0 0 27 
Other current assets
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts0 46 0 46 
Long-term investments:
Time deposits (1)
— 405 — 405 
Other noncurrent assets
Foreign exchange forward and option contracts0 26 0 26 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities:
Foreign exchange forward contracts0 (1)0 (1)
Contingent consideration liabilities0 0 (11)(11)
Other noncurrent liabilities
Contingent consideration liabilities0 0 (43)(43)
2023:

(in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds$327 $— $— $327 
Time deposits— 834 — 834 
Short-term investments:
Equity investment security11 — — 11 
Other current assets
Foreign exchange forward contracts— 15 — 15 
Long-term investments:
Restricted time deposits (1)
— 355 — 355 
Other noncurrent assets
Foreign exchange forward contracts— 5 — 5 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities:
Foreign exchange forward contracts— (14)— (14)
Contingent consideration liabilities— — (30)(30)
Other noncurrent liabilities
Foreign exchange forward contracts— (1)— (1)
(1) Balance represents restricted time deposits. See Note 11.

F-34
CognizantF-32December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
The following table summarizes ourthe financial assets and (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2019:2022:
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
(in millions)
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds$1,646 $0 $0 $1,646 
Short-term investments:
Time deposits(1)
0 466 0 466 
Equity investment security26 0 0 26 
Other current assets:
Foreign exchange forward contracts0 35 0 35 
Other noncurrent assets:
Foreign exchange forward contracts0 8 0 8 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities:
Foreign exchange forward contracts0 (8)0 (8)
Contingent consideration liabilities0 0 (8)(8)
Other noncurrent liabilities:
Foreign exchange forward contracts0 (2)0 (2)
Contingent consideration liabilities0 0 (30)(30)

(in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds$367 $— $— $367 
Time deposits— 359 — 359 
Commercial paper— 512 — 512 
Short-term investments:
Time deposits— 51 — 51 
Equity investment security10 — — 10 
Available-for-sale investment securities:
Certificates of deposit and commercial paper— 225 — 225 
Other current assets:
Foreign exchange forward contracts— 5 — 5 
Long-term investments
Restricted time deposits (1)
— 357 — 357 
Other noncurrent assets:
Foreign exchange forward contracts— 1 — 1 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities:
Foreign exchange forward contracts— (58)— (58)
Contingent consideration liabilities— — (9)(9)
Other noncurrent liabilities:
Foreign exchange forward contracts— (17)— (17)
Contingent consideration liabilities— — (13)(13)
(1)Includes $414 million in restricted time deposits. See Note 11

The following table summarizes the changes in Level 3 contingent consideration liabilities:

20202019
(in millions)
Beginning balance$38 $23 
Initial measurement recognized at acquisition42 33 
Change in fair value recognized in SG&A expenses(23)(4)
Payments(3)(14)
Ending balance$54 $38 

(in millions)20232022
Beginning balance$22 $35 
Initial measurement recognized at acquisition— 1 
Change in fair value recognized in SG&A expenses17 (1)
Payments and other adjustments(9)(13)
Ending balance$30 $22 
We measure the fair value of money market funds based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and measure the fair value of our equity investment security based on the published daily net asset value at which investors can freely subscribe to or redeem from the fund. The fair value of certificates of deposit and commercial paper is measured based on relevant trade data, dealer quotes, or model-driven valuations using significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data, such as yield curves and credit spreads. The carrying value of the time deposits approximated fair value as of each of December 31, 20202023 and 2019.

2022.
We estimate the fair value of each foreign exchange forward contract by using a present value of expected cash flows model. This model calculates the difference between the current market forward price and the contracted forward price for each foreign exchange forward contract and applies the difference in the rates to each outstanding contract. The market forward rates include a discount and credit risk factor. We estimate the fair value of each foreign exchange option contract by using a variant of the
Black-Scholes model. This model uses present value techniques and reflects the time value and intrinsic value based on
observable market rates.
We estimate the fair value of our contingent consideration liabilities associated with our acquisitions using a variation of the income approach, which utilizes one or more significant inputs that are unobservable. This approach calculates the fair value of such liabilities based on the probability-weighted expected performance of the acquired entity against the target performance metric, discounted to present value when appropriate.
During the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 20182021 there were no transfers among Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 financial assets and liabilities.
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CognizantF-33December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                

Note 14 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Changes in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" by component were as follows for the year ended December 31, 2020:2023:
2020
Before Tax
Amount		Tax
Effect		Net of Tax
Amount
(in millions)
20232023
(in millions)(in millions)Before Tax
Amount		Tax
Effect		Net of Tax
Amount
Foreign currency translation adjustments:Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Beginning balance
Beginning balance
Beginning balanceBeginning balance$(63)$(1)$(64)
Change in foreign currency translation adjustmentsChange in foreign currency translation adjustments119 0 119 
Ending balanceEnding balance$56 $(1)$55 
Unrealized gains on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized (losses) gains on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized (losses) gains on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized (losses) gains on cash flow hedges:
Beginning balance
Beginning balance
Beginning balanceBeginning balance$31 $(5)$26 
Unrealized gains arising during the periodUnrealized gains arising during the period39 (8)31 
Reclassifications of net (gains) to:
Reclassifications of net losses to:
Cost of revenuesCost of revenues(3)1 (2)
Cost of revenues
Cost of revenues
SG&A expenses
Net changeNet change36 (7)29 
Ending balanceEnding balance$67 $(12)$55 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Beginning balanceBeginning balance$(32)$(6)$(38)
Beginning balance
Beginning balance
Other comprehensive income (loss)Other comprehensive income (loss)155 (7)148 
Ending balanceEnding balance$123 $(13)$110 



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Changes in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" by component were as follows for the years ended December 31, 20192022 and 2018:2021:
20192018
Before Tax
Amount		Tax
Effect		Net of Tax
Amount		Before Tax
Amount		Tax
Effect		Net of Tax
Amount
(in millions)
202220222021
(in millions)(in millions)Before Tax
Amount		Tax
Effect		Net of Tax
Amount		Before Tax
Amount		Tax
Effect		Net of Tax
Amount
Foreign currency translation adjustments:Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Beginning balance
Beginning balance
Beginning balanceBeginning balance$(108)$5 $(103)$(38)$0 $(38)
Change in foreign currency translation adjustmentsChange in foreign currency translation adjustments45 (6)39 (70)5 (65)
Ending balanceEnding balance$(63)$(1)$(64)$(108)$5 $(103)
Unrealized (losses) on available-for-sale investment securities:
Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges:
Beginning balanceBeginning balance$(12)$4 $(8)$(11)$4 $(7)
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle— — — — (1)(1)
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period13 (4)9 (5)2 (3)
Reclassification of net (gains) losses to Other, net(1)0 (1)4 (1)3 
Net change12 (4)8 (1)0 (1)
Ending balance$0 $0 $0 $(12)$4 $(8)
Unrealized (loses) gains on cash flow hedges:
Beginning balanceBeginning balance$(4)$1 $(3)$154 $(39)$115 
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period39 (7)32 (87)23 (64)
Reclassifications of net gains to:
Beginning balance
Unrealized (losses) gains arising during the period
Reclassifications of net losses (gains) to:
Cost of revenues
Cost of revenues
Cost of revenuesCost of revenues(3)1 (2)(61)15 (46)
SG&A expensesSG&A expenses(1)0 (1)(10)2 (8)
Net changeNet change35 (6)29 (158)40 (118)
Ending balanceEnding balance$31 $(5)$26 $(4)$1 $(3)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Beginning balanceBeginning balance$(124)$10 $(114)$105 $(35)$70 
Beginning balance
Beginning balance
Other comprehensive income (loss)Other comprehensive income (loss)92 (16)76 (229)45 (184)
Ending balanceEnding balance$(32)$(6)$(38)$(124)$10 $(114)

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CognizantF-34December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                

Note 15 — Commitments and Contingencies

We are involved in various claims and legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We accrue a liability when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When a material loss contingency is reasonably possible but not probable, we do not record a liability, but instead disclose the nature and the amount of the claim, and an estimate of the loss or range of loss, if such an estimate can be made. Legal fees are expensed as incurred. While we do not expect that the ultimate resolution of any existing claims and proceedings (other than the specific matters described below, if decided adversely), individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, an unfavorable outcome in some or all of these proceedings could have a material adverse impact on results of operations or cash flows for a particular period. This assessment is based on our current understanding of relevant facts and circumstances. As such, our view of these matters is subject to inherent uncertainties and may change in the future.

On January 15, 2015, Syntel sued TriZetto and Cognizant in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.USDC-SDNY. Syntel’s complaint alleged breach of contract against TriZetto, and tortious interference and misappropriation of trade secrets against Cognizant and TriZetto, stemming from Cognizant’s hiring of certain former Syntel employees. Cognizant and TriZetto countersued on March 23, 2015, for breach of contract, misappropriation of trade secrets and tortious interference, based on Syntel’s misuse of TriZetto confidential information and abandonment of contractual obligations. Cognizant and TriZetto subsequently added federal Defend Trade Secrets ActDTSA and copyright infringement claims for Syntel’s misuse of TriZetto’s proprietary technology. The parties’ claims were narrowed by the court and the case was tried before a jury, which on October 27, 2020, returned a verdict in favor of Cognizant in the amount of $854$855 million, including $570 million in punitive damages. On April 20, 2021, the USDC-SDNY issued a post-trial order that, among other things, affirmed the jury’s award of $285 million in actual damages, but reduced the award of punitive damages from $570 million to $285 million, thereby reducing the overall damages award from $855 million to $570 million. The USDC-SDNY subsequently issued a final judgment consistent with the April 20th We expectorder. On May 26, 2021, Syntel filed a notice of appeal to appthe Second Circuit, and on June 3, 2021 the USDC-SDNY stayed execution of judgment pending appeal. ealOn May 25, 2023, the decisionSecond Circuit issued an opinion affirming in part and thus wevacating in part the judgment of the USDC-SDNY and remanding the case for further proceedings consistent with its opinion. The Second Circuit affirmed the judgment in all respects on liability but vacated the $570 million award that had been based on avoided development costs under the DTSA, and it remanded the case to the USDC-SDNY for further evaluation of damages. On June 23, 2023, the Second Circuit issued its mandate returning the case to the USDC-SDNY, and the proceedings there regarding damages remain ongoing. We will not record theany gain in our financial statements until it becomes realizable.

On February 28, 2019, a ruling of the SCI interpreting the India Defined Contribution Obligation altered historical understandings of the obligation, extending it to cover additional portions of the employee’s income. As a result, the ongoing contributions of our affected employees and the Company were required to be increased. In the first quarter of 2019, we accrued $117 million with respect to prior periods, assuming retroactive application of the Supreme Court’sSCI’s ruling, in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our audited consolidated statement of operations. There is significant uncertainty as to how the liability should be calculated as it is impacted by multiple variables, including the period of assessment, the application with respect to certain current and former employees and whether interest and penalties may be assessed. Since the ruling, a variety of trade associations and industry groups have advocated to the Indian government, highlighting the harm to the information technology sector, other industries and job growth in India that would result from a retroactive application of the ruling. It is possible the Indian government will review the matter and there is a substantial question as to whether the Indian government will apply the SCI’s ruling on a retroactive basis. As such, the ultimate amount of our obligation may be materially different from the amount accrued.

On October 5, 2016, October 27, 2016 and November 18, 2016, three putative securities class action complaints were filed in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, naming us and certain of our current and former officers as defendants. These complaints were consolidated into a single action and on April 7, 2017, the lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint on behalf of a putative class of persons and entities who purchased our common stock during the period between February 27, 2015 and September 29, 2016, naming us and certain of our current and former officers as defendants and alleging violations of the Exchange Act, based on allegedly false or misleading statements related to potential violations of the FCPA, our business, prospects and operations, and the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting and our disclosure controls and procedures. The lead plaintiffs seek an award of compensatory damages, among other relief, and their reasonable costs and expenses, including attorneys’ fees. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint on June 6, 2017. On August 8, 2018, the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey issued an order which granted the motion to dismiss in part, including dismissal of all claims against current officers of the Company, and denied them in part. On September 7, 2018, we filed a motion in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey to certify the August 8, 2018 order for immediate appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). On October 18, 2018, the District Court issued an order granting our motion, and staying the action pending the outcome of our appeal petition to the Third Circuit. On October 29, 2018, we filed a petition for permission to appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. On March 6, 2019, the Third Circuit denied our petition without prejudice. In an order dated March 19, 2019, the District Court directed the lead plaintiffs to provide the defendants with a proposed amended complaint. On April 26, 2019, lead plaintiffs filed their second amended complaint. We filed a motion to dismiss the second amended complaint on June 10, 2019. On June 7, 2020, the District Court issued an order denying our motion to dismiss the second amended complaint. On July 10, 2020, we filed our answer to the second amended complaint. On July 23, 2020, the DOJ filed a motion on consent for leave to intervene and to stay all discovery through the conclusion of the criminal proceedings in United States v. Gordon J. Coburn and Steven Schwartz, Crim. No. 19-120 (KM), except for
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documents produced by us to the DOJ in connection with those criminal proceedings. On July 24, 2020, the District Court granted the DOJ’s motion; and on that same day, we filed a motion in the District Court to certify the June 7, 2020 order for immediate appeal to the Third Circuit pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1292(b), which motion is now fully briefed.

On October 31, 2016, November 15, 2016 and November 18, 2016, three putative shareholder derivative complaints were filed in New Jersey Superior Court, Bergen County, naming us, all of our then current directors and certain of our current and former officers at that time as defendants. These actions were consolidated in an order dated January 24, 2017. The complaints assert claims for breach of fiduciary duty, corporate waste, unjust enrichment, abuse of control, mismanagement, and/or insider selling by defendants. On March 16, 2017, the parties filed a stipulation deferring all further proceedings pending a final, non-appealable ruling on the then anticipated motion to dismiss the consolidated putative securities class action. On April 26, 2017, in lieu of ordering the stipulation filed by the parties, the New Jersey Superior Court deferred further proceedings by dismissing the consolidated putative shareholder derivative litigation without prejudice but permitting the parties to file a motion to vacate the dismissal in the future.

On February 22, 2017, April 7, 2017, and May 10, 2017 threeand March 11, 2019, four additional putative shareholder derivative complaints alleging similar claims were filed in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey,USDC-NJ, naming us and certain of our current and former directors and officers at that time as defendants. These complaints asserted claims similar to thoseactions were consolidated in the previously-filed putative shareholder derivative actions. In an order dated June 20, 2017, the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey consolidated these actions into a single action, appointedMay 14, 2019. On August 3, 2020, lead plaintiff and lead counsel, and stayed all further proceedings pending a final, non-appealable ruling on the motions to dismiss the consolidated putative securities class action. On October 30, 2018, lead plaintiffplaintiffs filed a consolidated verified derivativeamended complaint.

On March 11, 2019, a seventh putative shareholder derivative The consolidated amended complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, naming us, certain of our current and former directors, and certain of our current and former officers as defendants. The complaint in that action asserts claims similar to those in the previously-filed putative shareholder derivative actions. On MayFebruary 14, 2019,2022, we and certain of our current and former directors and officers moved to dismiss the United States District Court forconsolidated amended complaint. On September 27, 2022, the DistrictUSDC-NJ granted those motions and
CognizantF-35December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
dismissed the consolidated amended complaint in its entirety with prejudice. Plaintiffs filed a stipulationnotice of appeal on October 27, 2022.

On June 1, 2021, an eighth putative shareholder derivative complaint was filed in the USDC-NJ, naming us and certain of our current and former directors and officers at that (i) consolidated this action withtime as defendants. The complaint asserts claims similar to those in the previously-filed putative shareholder derivative suits that were previously filed in the United States District Court for the Districtactions. On March 31, 2022, we and certain of New Jersey;our current and (ii) stayed all of these suits pending order on the motionformer directors and officers moved to dismiss the second amended complaint incomplaint. On November 30, 2022, the securities class action. On August 3, 2020, lead plaintiffs filed an amended complaint.USDC-NJ denied without prejudice those motions. The USDC-NJ ordered the parties to conduct limited discovery related to the issue of whether our board of directors wrongfully refused the plaintiff’s earlier litigation demand and, after the conclusion of such limited discovery, to file targeted motions for summary judgment on the issue of wrongful refusal.

We are presently unable to predict the duration, scope or result of the consolidated putative securities class action,shareholder derivative actions. Although the Company continues to defend the putative shareholder derivative actions or any other lawsuits. As such, we are presently unable to develop a reasonable estimate of a possible loss or range of losses, if any, and thus have not recorded any accruals related to these matters. While the Company intends to defend the lawsuits vigorously, these lawsuits and any other relatedthese lawsuits are subject to inherent uncertainties, the actual cost of such litigation will depend upon many unknown factors and the outcome of the litigation is necessarily uncertain.

We have indemnification and expense advancement obligations pursuant to our bylaws and indemnification agreements with respect to certain current and former members of senior management and the Company’s board of directors. In connection with the matters that were the subject of our previously disclosed internal investigation, the DOJ and SEC investigations and the related litigation, we have received and expect to continue to receive requests under such indemnification agreements and our bylaws to provide funds for legal fees and other expenses. We have expensed such costs incurred through December 31, 2020.

We have maintainedThere are no amounts remaining available to us under applicable insurance policies for our ongoing indemnification and advancement obligations with respect to certain of our current and former officers and directors or incremental legal fees and officers insurance and have recordedan insurance receivable of $7 million and $20 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, in "Other current assets" on our consolidated statement of financial positionother expenses related to the recovery of a portion of the indemnification expenses and costs related to the putative securities class action complaints. We are unable to make a reliable estimate of the eventual cash flows by period related to the indemnification and expense advancement obligations described here.above matters.

See Note 11 for information relating to the ITD Dispute.
Many of our engagements involve projects that are critical to the operations of our clients’ business and provide benefits that are difficult to quantify. Any failure in a client’s systems or our failure to meet our contractual obligations to our clients, including any breach involving a client’s confidential information or sensitive data, or our obligations under applicable laws or regulations could result in a claim for substantial damages against us, regardless of our responsibility for such failure. Although we attempt to contractually limit our liability for damages arising from negligent acts, errors, mistakes, or omissions in rendering our services, there can be no assurance that the limitations of liability set forth in our contracts will be enforceable in all instances or will otherwise protect us from liability for damages. Although we have general liability insurance coverage, including coverage for errors or omissions, thereomissions, we retain a significant portion of risk through our insurance deductibles and there can be no assurance that such coverage will cover all types of claims, continue
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to be available on reasonable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims, or that the insurer will not disclaim coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed or are not covered by our insurance coverage or changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows for a particular period.

In the normal course of business and in conjunction with certain client engagements, we have entered into contractual arrangements through which we may be obligated to indemnify clients or other parties with whom we conduct business with respect to certain matters. These arrangements can include provisions whereby we agree to hold the indemnified party and certain of their affiliated entities harmless with respect to third-party claims related to such matters as our breach of certain representations or covenants, our intellectual property infringement, our gross negligence or willful misconduct or certain other claims made against certain parties. Payments by us under any of these arrangements are generally conditioned on the client making a claim and providing us with full control over the defense and settlement of such claim. It is not possible to determine the maximum potential liability under these indemnification agreements due to the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, we have not made material payments under these indemnification agreements and therefore they have not had a material impact on our operating results, financial position, or cash flows. However, if events arise requiring us to make payment for indemnification claims under our indemnification obligations in contracts we have entered, such payments could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows for a particular period.

CognizantF-36December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Note 16 — Employee Benefits
We contribute to defined contribution plans, in the United States and Europe, including 401(k) savings and supplemental retirement plans in the United States. Total expenses for our contributions to these plans, excluding the India plans described below, were $118$185 million, $117$172 million and $108$135 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 2018,2021, respectively.
WeIn addition, we maintain employee benefit plans that cover substantially all India-based employees. The employees’ provident fund, pension and family pension plans are statutorily defined contribution retirement benefit plans. Under the plans, employees contribute up to 12.0% of their eligible compensation, which is matched by an equal contribution by the Company. For these plans, we recognized a contribution expense of $98$149 million, $101$143 million and $88$121 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 2018,2021, respectively. On February 28, 2019, a ruling of the SCI altered historical understandings of the obligation under these plans, extending them to cover additional portions of the employee’s income. In the first quarter of 2019, we accrued $117 million with respect to prior periods, assuming retroactive application of the SCI’s ruling, in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our consolidated statements of operations. See Note 15 for further information.
We also maintain a gratuity plan in India that is a statutory post-employment benefit plan providing defined lump sum benefits. We make annual contributions to the employees’ gratuity fund established with a government-owned insurance corporation to fund a portion of the estimated obligation. Accordingly, ourOur liability for the gratuity plan reflected the undiscounted benefit obligation payable as of the balance sheet date, which was based upon the employees’ salary and years of service. As of December 31, 20202023 and 2019,2022, the amount accrued under the gratuity plan was $124$130 million and $135$99 million, which is net of fund assets of $186$221 million and $160$206 million, respectively. Expense recognized by us was $35$56 million, $38$45 million and $53$70 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 2018,2021, respectively.

Note 17 — Stock-Based Compensation Plans
The Company'sOur 2023 Incentive Plan provides for the issuance of a total of 25.0 million shares of Class A common stock to eligible employees, less (i) the number of shares granted under the 2017 Incentive Plan between March 24, 2023 and June 6, 2023, plus (ii) any shares subject to awards under the prior 2017 and 2009 Incentive Plans that are forfeited after June 6, 2023. The Purchase Plan provideprovides for the issuance of up to 48.850.0 million (plus any shares underlying outstanding awards that are forfeited under the 2009 Incentive Plan) and 40.0 million shares, respectively, of Class A common stock to eligible employees. The 20172023 Incentive Plan does not affect any awards outstanding under the 2009 Incentive Plan.prior plans. As of December 31, 2020,2023, we have 28.825.1 million and 5.911.5 million shares available for grant under the 20172023 Incentive Plan and the Purchase Plan, respectively.
The allocation of total stock-based compensation expense between cost of revenues, and selling, general and administrative expenses and restructuring charges as well as the related income tax benefit were as follows for the three years ended December 31:
202020192018
(in millions)
Cost of revenues$51 $54 $62 
SG&A expenses181 163 205 
Total stock-based compensation expense$232 $217 $267 
Income tax benefit$48 $39 $66 
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(in millions)202320222021
Cost of revenues$30 $33 $49 
SG&A expenses153 228 197 
Restructuring charges(7)— — 
Total stock-based compensation expense$176 $261 $246 
Income tax benefit$34 $59 $59 
Restricted Stock Units and Performance Stock Units
We granted RSUs that vest proportionately in quarterly or annual installments ranging from one yearover periods of up to four years to employees, including our executive officers. Stock-based compensation expense relating to RSUs is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. A summary of the activity for RSUs granted under our stock-based compensation plans as of December 31, 20202023 and changes during the year then ended is presented below:
Number of
Units
(in millions)		Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
(in dollars)
Unvested at January 1, 20233.4 $74.54 
Granted3.6 65.95 
Vested(2.7)70.99 
Forfeited(1.0)71.32 
Unvested at December 31, 20233.3 $69.10 
CognizantF-37December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
Number of
Units
(in millions)		Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
(in dollars)
Unvested at January 1, 20204.5 $67.07 
Granted3.9 61.85 
Vested(3.0)65.42 
Forfeited(1.0)64.91 
Unvested at December 31, 20204.4 $64.09 
The weighted-average grant date fair value of RSUs granted in 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 20182021 was $61.85, $64.12$65.95, $78.20 and $74.94,$74.66, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, $2472023, $159 million of total remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to RSUs is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service period of 1.81.6 years.

We granted PSUs that vest over periods ranging from one yearup to four years to employees, including our executive officers. The vesting of PSUs is contingent on both meeting certain financial performance targets, market conditions and continued service. A summary of the activity for PSUs granted under our stock-based compensation plans as of December 31, 20202023 and changes during the year then ended is presented below. The presentation reflects the number of PSUs at the maximum performance milestones.
Number of
Units
(in millions)		Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
(in dollars)
Unvested at January 1, 20202.0 $69.73 
Number of
Units
(in millions)		Number of
Units
(in millions)		Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
(in dollars)
Unvested at January 1, 2023
GrantedGranted1.9 62.00 
VestedVested(0.2)60.63 
ForfeitedForfeited(0.9)67.59 
Adjustment at the conclusion of the performance measurement periodAdjustment at the conclusion of the performance measurement period(1.1)70.67 
Unvested at December 31, 20201.7 $62.60 
Unvested at December 31, 2023

The weighted-average grant date fair value of PSUs granted in 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 20182021 was $62.00, $70.77$67.82, $90.92 and $81.98,$73.38, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, $342023, $13 million of the total remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to PSUs is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service period of 2.01.3 years.

All RSUs and PSUs have dividend equivalent rights, which entitle holders to the same dividend value per share as holders of common stock. Dividend equivalent rights are subject to the same vesting and other terms and conditions as the corresponding unvested RSUs and PSUs and are accumulated and paid when the underlying shares vest.
The Purchase Plan
TheFor the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Purchase Plan providesprovided for eligible employees to purchase shares of Class A common stock at a price equal to 95% of the fair market value per share of our Class A common stock on the last date of the purchase period. This plan has been deemed non-compensatory and, therefore, no compensation expense has been recorded. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we issued 1.1 million shares and 1.3 million shares, respectively, of Class A common stock under the Purchase Plan.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Purchase Plan provided for eligible employees to purchase shares of Class A common stock at a price of 90% of the lesser of: (a) the fair market value of a share of Class A common stock on the first date of the purchase period or (b) the fair market value of a share of Class A common stock on the last date of the purchase period. Stock-based compensation expense for the Purchase Plan iswas recognized over the vesting period of three months on a straight-line basis.
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The fair values of the options granted under the Purchase Plan were estimated at the date of grant during the yearsyear ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 20182021, based upon the following assumptions, and were as follows:
 
202020192018
Dividend yield1.1 %1.3 %1.0 %
Weighted average volatility factor35.9 %24.9 %21.0 %
Weighted average risk-free interest rate0.6 %2.2 %1.9 %
Weighted average expected life (in years)0.250.250.25
Weighted average grant date fair value$9.38 $9.82 $10.87 
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we issued 3.0 million shares of Class A common stock under the Purchase Plan with a total fair value of approximately $28 million.
2021
Dividend yield1.3 %
Weighted average volatility factor27.5 %
Weighted average risk-free interest rate0.03 %
Weighted average expected life (in years)0.25
Weighted average grant date fair value$11.72

CognizantF-38December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Note 18 — Related Party Transactions
In 2018, we provided $100 million of initial funding to the Cognizant U.S. Foundation. The expense was reported in the caption "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our consolidated statement of operations. Additionally, two of our executive officers served as directors of the Cognizant U.S. Foundation in 2020, 2019 and 2018.

Note 19 — Segment Information
OurWe have seven industry-based operating segments, which are aggregated into four reportable segments are:business segments:
•Financial Services, which consists of ourthe banking and insurance operating segments;
•Healthcare,Health Sciences (previously referred to as Healthcare), which consists of our healthcare and life sciencesa single operating segments;segment of the same name;
•Products and Resources, which consists of ourthe retail and consumer goods; manufacturing, logistics, energy, and utilities; and travel and hospitality operating segments; and
•Communications, Media and Technology, which includes our communications and mediaconsists of a single operating segment and our technology operating segment.of the same name.
Our segments are industry-based, and as such, we report revenue from clients in the segment with which our clients are most closely aligned. Our client partners, account executives and client relationship managers are aligned in accordance with the specific industries they serve. Our chief operating decision makerCODM evaluates the Company's performance and allocates resources based on segment revenues and operating profit. Segment operating profit is defined as income from operations before unallocated costs. Generally, operating expenses for each operating segment have similar characteristics and are subject to the same factors, pressures and challenges. However, the economic environment and its effects on industries served by ourthe operating segments may affect revenues and operating expenses to differing degrees.
Expenses included inIn 2023, we made certain changes to the internal measurement of segment operating profit consist principallyfor the purpose of direct sellingevaluating segment performance and deliveryresource allocation. The primary reason for the change was to reflect a more complete cost of delivery. Specifically, segment operating profit now includes an allocation of both SG&A costs (including stock-based compensation expense) as well as a per employee charge for use ofrelated to our global delivery centersintegrated practices and infrastructure. Certain SG&A expenses, the excess or shortfall of incentive-based compensation for commercial and delivery employees as compared to target, restructuring costs, COVID-19 Charges, costswhich were previously included in "unallocated costs." We have reported 2023 segment operating profits using the new allocation methodology and have recast the 2022 and 2021 results to conform to the new methodology.
Corporate expenses, expenses related to the ransomware attack,our NextGen program, a portion of depreciation and amortization and the impact of the settlements of ourthe cash flow hedges are not allocated to individual segments in internal management reports used by the chief operating decision maker.CODM. Accordingly, such expenses are excluded from segment operating profit and are included below as “unallocated costs” and adjusted against our total income from operations. The incremental accrual related to the India Defined Contribution Obligation recorded in 2019 has been excluded from segment operating profits for the year ended December 31, 2019. These costs are included in "unallocated costs" in the table below. Additionally, management has determined that it iswe do not practical to allocate identifiabledisclose assets by segment since suchas a significant portion of the assets areis used interchangeably among the segments.segments and the CODM does not review such information.
For revenues by reportable business segment and geographic area see Note 2.
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Segment operating profits by reportable business segment were as follows:
202020192018
(in millions)
(in millions)(in millions)202320222021
Financial ServicesFinancial Services$1,449 $1,605 $1,713 
Healthcare1,383 1,261 1,416 
Health Sciences
Products and ResourcesProducts and Resources1,078 1,028 1,023 
Communications, Media and TechnologyCommunications, Media and Technology794 732 692 
Total segment operating profitTotal segment operating profit4,704 4,626 4,844 
Less: unallocated costsLess: unallocated costs2,590 2,173 2,043 
Income from operationsIncome from operations$2,114 $2,453 $2,801 
Geographic Area Information
Long-lived assets by geographic area are as follows:
 202020192018
(in millions)
Long-lived Assets:(1)
North America(2)
$399 $445 $436 
Europe88 104 105 
Rest of World(3)
764 760 853 
Total$1,251 $1,309 $1,394 

(in millions)202320222021
Long-lived Assets:(1)
North America(2)
$335 $354 $377 
Europe90 86 75 
Rest of World(3)
623 661 719 
Total$1,048 $1,101 $1,171 
(1)    Long-lived assets include property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization.
(2)    Substantially all relates to the United States.
(3)    Substantially all relates to India.

CognizantF-39December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Note 2019 — Subsequent Events

Dividend
On February 3, 2021,5, 2024, our Board of Directors approved the Company's declaration of a $0.24$0.30 per share dividend with a record date of February 18, 202120, 2024 and a payment date of February 26, 2021.28, 2024.
Acquisitions
In January 2021,2024, we completedacquired 100% ownership in Thirdera, an Elite ServiceNow Partner specializing in advisory, implementation and optimization solutions related to the acquisition of LiniumServiceNow platform, for a preliminary purchase price of $85$430 million. Linium is a cloud transformation consultancy group specializing in theThis acquisition augments our on-and-near-shore global ServiceNow platform and solutions for smart digital enterprise workflows, acquired to broaden our enterprise service management capabilities.
In January 2021, we entered into an agreement to acquire Servian for a preliminary purchase price of $240 million. Servian is an Australia-based enterprise transformation consultancy specializing in data analytics, AI, digital services, experience design and cloud, which is expected to enhance our digital portfolio and market presence in Australia and New Zealand. The transaction is expected to close during the first quarter of 2021.
In February 2021, we completed the acquisition of Magenic Technologies, Inc. for a preliminary purchase price of $240 million, excluding contingent consideration. Magenic provides agile software and cloud development, DevOps, experience design and advisory services across a range of industries and was acquired to enhance our global software engineering expertise.

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CognizantF-40December 31, 2023 Form 10-K
Table of Contents                                                
Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
For the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 20182021
(in millions)
DescriptionBalance at
Beginning of
Period		Charged to
Costs and
Expenses		Charged to
Other
Accounts		Deductions
/Other		Balance at
End of
Period
(in millions)
Warranty accrual:
2020$33 $32 $0 $33 $32 
2019$32 $33 $0 $32 $33 
2018$30 $32 $0 $30 $32 
Valuation allowance—deferred income tax assets:
2020$24 $5 $0 $0 $29 
2019$11 $15 $0 $2 $24 
2018$10 $1 $0 $0 $11 
DescriptionBalance at
Beginning of
Period		Charged to
Costs and
Expenses		Charged to
Other
Accounts		Deductions
/Other		Balance at
End of
Period
(in millions)
Warranty accrual:
2023$41 $40 $— $41 $40 
2022$39 $41 $— $39 $41 
2021$32 $36 $3 $32 $39 
Valuation allowance—deferred income tax assets:
2023$41 $14 $— $2 $53 
2022$46 $3 $— $8 $41 
2021$29 $17 $— $— $46 


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CognizantF-41December 31, 2023 Form 10-K