Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act

YES [ ] NO [X]

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act

YES [ ] NO [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES [X]     NO [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files.)

YES [X] NO [ ]

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer [ ] Accelerated Filer [X][ ] Non-accelerated Filer [ ][X]  Smaller reporting company [X] 

Emerging growth company [ ]

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. [X]

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

YES [ ] NO [X]

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity of the registrant held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 20212022 was $129.2$137.6 million based upon the closing price as reported on the Nasdaq® Capital Market for that date. For this purpose, directors and executive officers of the registrant are considered affiliates.

As of March 8, 2022,15, 2023, there were 5,258,6045,289,881 shares of the registrant’s (Voting) Common Stock outstanding and 1,260,700 shares of the registrant’s Non-Voting Common Stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on June 1, 2022,7, 2023, are incorporated herein by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

ININDEDEXX

Forward-Looking Statements

Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”) and in our other communications that are not statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements which are made in good faith by us. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: (1) projections of revenues, income or loss, earnings or loss per share of common stock, capital structure and other financial items; (2) plans and objectives of the management or Boards of Directors of CF Bankshares Inc. (the “Holding Company”) or CFBank, National Association (“CFBank”); (3) statements regarding future events, actions or economic performance; and (4) statements of assumptions underlying such statements. Words such as "estimate," "strategy," "may," "believe," "anticipate," "expect," "predict," "will," "intend," "plan," "targeted," and the negative of these terms, or similar expressions, are intended to identify forward-looking statements, but are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements. Various risks and uncertainties may cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by our forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, those risks set forth in the section captioned “RISK FACTORS” in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K.

Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance or results. A forward-looking statement may include a statement of the assumptions or bases underlying the forward-looking statement. We believe that we have chosen these assumptions or bases in good faith and that they are reasonable. We caution you, however, that assumptions or bases almost always vary from actual results, and the differences between assumptions or bases and actual results can be material. The forward-looking statements included in this Form 10-K speak only as of the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to publicly release revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements, except to the extent required by law.

PART I

Item 1. Business.

General

The Holding Company was organized as a Delaware corporation in September 1998 as the holding company for CFBank, in connection with CFBank’s conversion from a mutual to stock form of organization. CFBank was originally organized in 1892 and was formerly known as Central Federal Savings and Loan Association of Wellsville and more recently as Central Federal Bank. On December 1, 2016, CFBank converted from a federal savings institution to a national bank. Effective as of December 1, 2016 and in conjunction with the conversion of CFBank to a national bank, the Holding Company became a registered bank holding company and elected financial holding company status. Effective as of July 27, 2020, the Holding Company changed its name from Central Federal Corporation to CF Bankshares Inc. As a financial holding company, we are subject to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “FRB”). As used herein, the terms “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company” refer to CF Bankshares Inc. and its subsidiaries,CFBank, unless the context indicates to the contrary.

The consolidated financial statements include the Holding Company and CFBank. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

Central Federal Capital Trust I (the “Trust”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Holding Company, was formed in 2003 to raise additional funding for the Company through a pooled private offering of trust preferred securities. The Holding Company issued $5,155,000 of subordinated debentures to the Trust in exchange for ownership of all of the common stock of the Trust and the proceeds of the preferred securities sold by the Trust. The Holding Company is not considered the primary beneficiary of this trust (variable interest entity) and, therefore, the trustTrust is not consolidated in the Company’s financial statements, but rather the subordinated debentures are shown as a liability.

Currently, the Company does not transact material business other than through CFBank. At December 31, 2021,2022, the Company’s assets totaled $1.5$1.8 billion and stockholders’ equity totaled $125.3$139.2 million.

CFBank is a nationally chartered boutique commercial bank operating primarily in four (4) major metro markets: Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati, Ohio, and Indianapolis, Indiana. CFBank focuses on serving the financial needs of closely held businesses and entrepreneurs, by providing comprehensive Commercial, Retail and Mortgage Lending services presence. In all regional markets, CFBank provides commercial loans and equipment leases, commercial and residential real estate loans and treasury management depository services, residential mortgage lending, and full-service commercial and retail banking services and products. CFBank seeks to differentiate itself from its competitors by providing individualized service coupled with direct customer access to decision makers, and ease of doing business. We believe that CFBank matches the sophistication of much larger banks, without the bureaucracy.

CFBank also offers its clients the convenience of online internet banking, mobile banking, and remote deposit capabilities.

Our revenues are derived principally from the generation of interest and fees on loans originated and noninterest income generated on the sale of loans. Our primary sources of funds are retail and business deposit accounts and certificates of deposit, brokered certificates of deposit and, to a lesser extent, principal and interest payments on loans and securities, Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB)(“FHLB”) advances, other borrowings and proceeds from the sale of loans.

Most of our deposits and loans come from our market area. Our principal market area for loans and deposits includes the following Ohio counties: Franklin County through our officeoffices in Columbus, Ohio (formerly located in Worthington, Ohio anduntil March 1, 2023); Delaware County; Ohio; through our loan productionPolaris office in Columbus, Ohio; Hamilton County through our offices in Glendale and Blue Ash, Ohio; Cuyahoga County, through our office in Woodmere, Ohio and our Ohio City office in Cleveland, Ohio; and Summit County through our office in Fairlawn, Ohio.Ohio; Hamilton County through our offices in Blue Ash, Ohio and our Red Bank office in Cincinnati, Ohio; and Marion County, Indiana through our office in Indianapolis. Because of CFBank’s concentration of business activities in Ohio, the Company’s financial condition and results of operations depend in large part upon economic conditions in Ohio.

Sale of Columbiana County, Ohio Branches

On December 29, 2020, CFBank entered into a Branch Purchase and Assumption Agreement (the “P&A Agreement”) with Consumers National Bank (“Consumers”) providing for the acquisition by Consumers of two branches of CFBank in Columbiana County, Ohio – CFBank’s drive-up branch location in Wellsville, Ohio and CFBank’s branch location in Calcutta, Ohio (the “Branches”).

On July 16, 2021, CBank completed its sale to Consumers of certain assets and liabilities associated with the Branches. Pursuant to the terms of the P&A Agreement, Consumers assumed certain deposit liabilities and acquired certain loans, as well as cash, real property, personal property and other fixed assets associated with the Branches.

During the third quarter of 2021, the Company recognized a combined gain on sale of deposits of $1.9 million related to the sale of the Branches.

Market Area and Competition

Our primary market areas are competitive markets for financial services and we face competition both in making loans and in attracting deposits. Direct competition comes from a number of financial institutions operating in our market area, many of which have a statewide or regional presence, and in some cases, a national presence. Many of these financial institutions are significantly larger and have greater financial resources than we do. Competition for loans and deposits comes from savings institutions, mortgage banking companies, commercial banks, credit unions, brokerage firms and insurance companies.

Lending Activities

Repositioning of Residential Mortgage Business Model. In early 2021, a shift in the mortgage industry resulted in significantly fewer refinance opportunities and lower margins on residential mortgage loans. In response, the Company has strategically scaled down and repositioned its Residential Mortgage Business.Business and exited the direct-to-consumer mortgage business in favor of lending in our regional markets. Our Commercial Banking Business continues to experience strong growth and has become the primary driver of our earnings and performance.

Loan and Lease Portfolio Composition. Our loan and lease portfolio consists primarily of commercial, commercial real estate and multi-family mortgage loans, mortgage loans secured by single-family residences and, to a lesser degree, consumer loans. CFBank also finances a variety of commercial and residential construction projects. At December 31, 2021,2022, gross loans receivable totaled $1.2$1.6 billion and increased approximately $317.3$358.7 million, or 34.8%29.2%, from $912.4 million$1.2 billion at December 31, 2020.2021. Commercial, commercial real estate and multi-family mortgage loans, including related construction loans, totaled $841.2 million$1.1 billion in the aggregate and represented 66.9% of the gross loan portfolio at December 31, 2022, as compared to 68.4% of the gross loan portfolio at December 31, 2021, as compared to 80.0% of the gross loan portfolio at December 31, 2020.2021. Commercial, commercial real estate and multi-family mortgage loan balances, including related construction loans, increased $111.4$220.2 million, or 15.3%26.2%, during 2021.2022. Portfolio single-family residential mortgage loans, including related construction loans, totaled $362.2$494.5 million and represented 29.5%31.1% of total gross loans at year-end 2021,2022, compared to 17.4%29.5% at year-end 2020.2021. The remainder of our loan portfolio consists of consumer loans, which totaled $26.3$32.5 million, or 2.1%2.0% of gross loans receivable, at year-end 2021.2022.

The types of loans originated are subject to federal and state laws and regulations. Interest rates charged on loans are affected by the demand for such loans, the supply of money available for lending purposes and the rates offered by competitors. In turn, these factors are affected by, among other things, economic conditions, fiscal policies of the federal government, monetary policies of the FRB and legislative tax policies.

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Loan Maturity. The following table shows the remaining contractual maturity of CFBank’s loan portfolio at December 31, 2021.2022. Demand loans and other loans having no stated schedule of repayments or no stated maturity are reported as due within one year. The table does not include potential prepayments or scheduled principal amortization.

majority of the programs, interest rates adjust with a maximum adjustment limitation of 2.0% per year and a 5.0% lifetime cap. The interest rate adjustments on ARM loans currently offered are indexed to a variety of established indices,

primarily the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) and these loans do not provide for initial deep discount interest rates. We do not originate option ARM loans or loans with negative amortization.

The volume and types of single-family ARM loan originations are affected by market factors such as the level of interest rates, consumer preferences, competition and the availability of funds. In recentFor several years, demand for single-family ARM loans has beenwas weak due to consumer preference for fixed-rate loans as a result of the low interest rate environment. Consequently, our origination ofHowever, in the past year, demand for ARM loans on single-family residential properties has not beenrisen sharply, due to recent and significant as compared to our origination of fixed-rate loans.increases in mortgage rates overall.

All single-family mortgage loans sold are underwritten according to Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) or Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) guidelines, or are underwritten to comply with additional guidelines as may be required by the individual investor. CFBank is a direct endorsed underwriter, a designation by the Department of Housing and Urban Development that allows us to offer loans insured by the Federal Housing Authority (FHA)(“FHA”). CFBank is approved by the Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) to originate and approve VA loans.

For the year ended December 31, 2021,2022, single-family mortgage loans originated for sale totaled $2.4$97.3 million, a decrease of $2.3 billion, an increase of $129.5 million, or 5.8%95.9%, compared to $2.2$2.4 billion that was originated in 2020. The volume of refinance activity, which is very sensitive to market mortgage interest rates, has been a significant factor that impacts the level of residential loan originations. As market mortgage rates increase, our mortgage production, and the resultant gains on sales of loans, could decrease.

The performance of our mortgage lending business is impacted by market conditions and competition. Any changes could affect the value of our mortgage loans held for sale and mortgage banking derivatives and the performance of the mortgage lending business.

In early 2021, a2021. A shift in the mortgage industry resulted in significantly fewer refinance opportunities and lower margins on residential mortgage loans. In response, the Company has strategically scaled down its Residential Mortgage Business. Our Commercial Banking Business continues to experience strong growth and has becomeexited the primary driverdirect-to-consumer mortgage business in favor of lending in our earnings and performance.regional markets.

For the year ended December 31, 2021,2022, portfolio single-family mortgage loans originated by CFBank totaled $352.3$146.1 million, or 28.7%9.2% of total loans. Our policy is to originate quality loans that are evaluated for risk based on the borrower’s ability to repay the loan. Collateral positions are established by obtaining independent appraisal opinions. Mortgage insurance is generally required when the LTVloan-to-value (“LTV”) exceeds 80%. In conjunction with competitive product offerings in the market, and the lack of availability for mortgage insurance, jumbo loans and portfolio ARM loans exceeding 80% are often originated without mortgage insurance.

Portfolio single-family residential ARM loans totaled $42.9$56.5 million, or 12.4%12.2% of the single-family mortgage loan portfolio, at December 31, 2021.2022. These loans generally pose credit risks not inherent in fixed-rate loans, primarily because as interest rates rise, the borrowers’ payments rise, increasing the potential for default. Periodic and lifetime caps on interest rate increases help to reduce the credit risks associated with ARM loans, but also limit the interest rate sensitivity of such loans.

CFBank previously participated in a Mortgage Purchase Program with Northpointe Bank (Northpointe)(“Northpointe”), a Michigan banking corporation, from December 2012 until CFBank discontinued its participation in the program in the first quarter of 2021. Pursuant to the terms of a participation agreement, CFBank purchased participation interests in loans made by Northpointe related to fully underwritten and pre-sold mortgage loans originated by various prescreened mortgage brokers located throughout the U.S. The underlying loans were individually Mortgage Electronic Registered Systems (MERS) registered loans which were held until funded by the end investor. The mortgage loan investors included Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and other major financial institutions. This process on average took approximately 14 days. Given the short-term holding period of the underlying loans, common credit risks (such as past due, impairment and TDR,troubled debt restructurings (“TDR”), nonperforming, and nonaccrual classification) were substantially reduced. Therefore, no allowance was allocated by CFBank to these loans. These loans were 100% risk rated for CFBank capital adequacy purposes. Under the participation agreement, CFBank agreed to purchase a 95% ownership/participation interest in each of the aforementioned loans, and Northpointe maintained a 5% ownership interest in each loan it participated. CFBank exited this program during the first quarter of 2021. See Note 4 in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included for additional information.

Commercial Real Estate and Multi-Family Residential Mortgage Lending. Origination of commercial real estate and multi-family residential mortgage loans continues to be a significant portion of CFBank’s lending activity. Commercial real estate and multi-family residential mortgage loan balances increased $113.9$42.9 million to $436.3$479.2 million at December 31, 2021.2022. This represented an increase of 35.3%9.8% over the $322.4$436.3 million balance at December 31, 2020.2021.

We originate commercial real estate loans that are secured by properties used for business purposes, such as manufacturing facilities, office buildings or retail facilities. We originate multi-family residential mortgage loans that are secured by apartment buildings, condominiums, and multi-family residential houses. Commercial real estate and multi-family residential mortgage loans are secured by properties generally located in our primary market area.

Underwriting policies provide that commercial real estate and multi-family residential mortgage loans may be made in amounts up to 85% of the lower of the appraised value or purchase price of the property. An independent appraisal of the property is required on all

loans greater than or equal to $500,000. In underwriting commercial real estate and multi-family residential mortgage loans, we consider the appraised value and net operating income of the property, the debt service ratio and the property owner’s and/or guarantor’s financial strength, expertise and credit history. We offer both fixed and adjustable rate loans. Fixed rate loans are

generally limited to three to five years, at which time they convert to adjustable rate loans. At times, CFBank accommodates loans to borrowers who desire fixed-rate loans for longer than three to five years. We have utilized interest-rate swaps to protect these fixed-rate loans from changes in value due to changes in interest rates, as appropriate. See Note 18 in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on interest-rate swaps. Adjustable-rate loans are tied to various market indices and generally adjust monthly or annually. Payments on both fixed and adjustable rate loans are based on 15 to 30 year amortization periods.

Commercial real estate and multi-family residential mortgage loans are generally considered to involve a greater degree of risk than single-family residential mortgage loans. Because payments on loans secured by commercial real estate and multi-family residential properties are dependent on successful operation or management of the properties, repayment of commercial real estate and multi-family residential mortgage loans may be subject to a greater extent to adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. As with single-family residential mortgage loans, adjustable rate commercial real estate and multi-family residential mortgage loans generally pose credit risks not inherent in fixed-rate loans, primarily because as interest rates rise, the borrowers’ payments rise, increasing the potential for default. Additionally, adjustable rate commercial real estate and multi-family residential mortgage loans generally do not contain periodic and lifetime caps on interest rate changes. We seek to minimize the additional risk presented by adjustable rate commercial real estate and multi-family residential mortgage loans through underwriting criteria that require such loans to be qualified at origination with sufficient debt coverage ratios under increasing interest rate stress scenarios.

Commercial real estate and multi-family residential mortgage loans also have larger loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers compared to single-family residential mortgage loans. Some of our borrowers also have more than one commercial real estate or multi-family residential mortgage loan outstanding with us. Additionally, some loans may be collateralized by junior liens. Consequently, an adverse development involving one or more loans or credit relationships can expose us to significantly greater risk of loss compared to an adverse development involving a single-family residential mortgage loan. We seek to minimize and mitigate these risks through underwriting policies which require such loans to be qualified at origination on the basis of the property’s income and debt coverage ratio and the financial strength of the property owners and/or guarantors.

Commercial Lending. The origination of commercial loans continues to be a significant component of our lending activity. During 2021,2022, commercial loan balances decreasedincreased by $1.4$90.5 million, or 0.4%26.9%, to $336.9$427.4 million at year-end 2021. The decrease in commercial loan balances was primarily the result of PPP loan repayments of $104.8 million, partially offset by new and increased relationships.2022. Commercial loans are generally secured by business equipment, inventory, accounts receivable and other business assets. In underwriting commercial loans, we consider the net operating income of the borrower, the debt service ratio and the financial strength, expertise and credit history of the business owners and/or guarantors. We offer both fixedfixed- and adjustable rateadjustable-rate commercial loans. Fixed-rate loans are typically limited to a maximum term of five years. Adjustable-rate loans are tied to various market indices and generally adjust monthly or annually.

Included in Commercial loans at December 31, 20212022 and December 31, 2020,2021, were $445,000$50,000 and $105.3 million,$445,000, respectively, of PPP loans. These loans are 100% guaranteed by the SBA and the full principal amount of the loans may qualify for forgiveness. The loans we originated have a maturity of two years, an interest rate of 1.00% and loan payments were deferred for the initial six months (which deferral period was subsequently extended to 10 months pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act of 2020). The majority of these loans have beenwere pledged as collateral for borrowings by the Company under the PPPLF. At December 31, 2022, there were no loans pledged as collateral and all PPPLF borrowings were paid off. See Note 10, FHLB Advances and Other Debt, in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Commercial loans are generally considered to involve a greater degree of risk than loans secured by real estate. Because payments on commercial loans are dependent on successful operation of the business enterprise, repayment of such loans may be subject to a greater extent to adverse conditions in the economy. We seek to mitigate these risks through underwriting policies which require such loans to be qualified at origination on the basis of the enterprise’s income and debt coverage ratio and the financial strength of the business owners and/or guarantors.

Adjustable-rate commercial loans generally pose credit risks not inherent in fixed-rate loans, primarily because as interest rates rise, the borrowers’ payments rise, increasing the potential for default. Additionally, adjustable-rate commercial loans generally do not contain periodic and lifetime caps on interest rate changes. We seek to minimize the additional risk presented by adjustable-rate commercial loans through underwriting criteria that require such loans to be qualified at origination with sufficient debt coverage ratios under increasing interest rate scenarios.

Construction and Land Lending. With economic improvement in our market areas, there was also an increase in commercial building activity. During 2021,2022, construction loans increased by $3.0$100.7 million, or 3.6%120.9%, to $83.4$184.1 million, as compared to the $80.4$84.4 million in the portfolio at year-end 2020.2021. CFBank’s strong capital levels has allowed CFBank to take advantage of select market opportunities in this area within the risk tolerances we have identified.

Construction loans are made to finance the construction of residential and commercial properties generally located within our primary market area. Construction loans are fixed- or adjustable-rate loans which may convert to permanent loans with maturities of up to 30 years. Our policies provide that construction loans may be made in amounts generally up to 80% of the appraised value of the

property, and an independent appraisal of the property is required. Loan proceeds are disbursed in increments as construction progresses and as inspections warrant and regular inspections are required to monitor the progress of construction. Land development loans generally do not exceed 75% of the actual cost or current appraised value of the property, whichever is less. Loans on raw land generally do not exceed 65% of the actual cost or current appraised value of the property, whichever is less.

Construction and land financing is considered to involve a higher degree of credit risk than long-term financing on improved, owner-occupied real estate. Risk of loss on a construction loan is dependent largely upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the property’s value at completion of construction or development compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction. If the estimate of value proves to be inaccurate, we may be confronted with a project, when completed, having a value which is insufficient to assure full repayment. We attempt to reduce such risks on construction loans by requiring personal guarantees and reviewing current personal financial statements and tax returns, as well as other projects of the developer.

Consumer and Other Lending. The consumer loan portfolio generally consists of home equity lines of credit, home improvement loans, loans secured by deposits and purchased loans. At December 31, 2021, the2022, our consumer loan portfolio totaled $26.3$32.5 million, which was 2.1%2.0% of gross loans receivable. During 2021, the2022, our consumer loan portfolio increased $2.9$6.2 million, or 12.3%23.6%, over the year-end 20202021 balance of $23.4$26.3 million.

Home equity lines of credit include those loans we originate for our portfolio and purchased loans. We offer a variable rate home equity line of credit product which we originate for our portfolio. The interest rate adjusts monthly at various margins above the prime rate of interest as disclosed in The Wall Street Journal. The margin is based on certain factors including the loan balance, value of collateral, election of auto-payment and the borrower’s FICO® score. The amount of the line is based on the borrower’s credit history, income and equity in the home. When combined with the balance of the prior mortgage liens, these lines generally may not exceed 89.9% of the appraised value of the property at the time of the loan commitment. The lines are secured by a subordinate lien on the underlying real estate and are, therefore, vulnerable to declines in property values in the geographic areas where the properties are located. Credit approval for home equity lines of credit requires income sufficient to repay principal and interest due, stability of employment, an established credit record and sufficient collateral.

Delinquencies and Classified Assets. Management and the Board of Directors monitors the status of all loans 30 days or more past due on a monthly basis through the analysis of past due statistics and trends for all loans. Procedures with respect to resolving delinquencies vary depending on the nature and type of the loan and period of delinquency. We make efforts, consistent with safety and soundness principles, to work with the borrower and develop action steps to have the loan brought current. If the loan is not brought current, it then becomes necessary to take additional legal actions including the repossession of collateral.

We maintain an internal credit rating system and loan review procedures specifically developed to monitor credit risk for commercial, commercial real estate and multi-family residential loans. Internal loan reviews for these loan types are performed at least annually, and more often for loans with higher credit risk. Loan officers maintain close contact with borrowers between reviews. Adjustments to loan risk ratings are based on the reviews and at any time information is received that may affect risk ratings. Additionally, an independent third party review of commercial, commercial real estate and multi-family residential loans is performed at least annually. Management uses the results of these reviews to help determine the effectiveness of the existing policies and procedures and to provide an independent assessment of our internal loan risk rating system.

Federal regulations and CFBank’s asset classification policy require use of an internal asset classification system as a means of reporting and monitoring assets. We have incorporated the regulatory asset classifications as a part of our credit monitoring and internal loan risk rating system. Loans are classified into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt, such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends, among other factors. In accordance with regulations, problem loans are classified as special mention, substandard, doubtful or loss, and the classifications are subject to review by banking regulators. Loans designated as special mention are considered criticized assets. Loans designated as substandard, doubtful or loss are considered classified assets. Loans designated as special mention possess weaknesses that, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of CFBank’s credit position at some future date. A loan is considered substandard if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that there will be some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. A loan considered doubtful has all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, condition and values, highly questionable and improbable. Loans designated as loss are considered uncollectible based on the borrower’s inability to make payments, and any value attached to collateral, if any, is based on liquidation value. Loans considered loss are generally uncollectible and have so little value that their continuance as assets is not warranted and are charged off, unless certain circumstances exist that could potentially warrant a specific reserve to be established.

See the section titled “Financial Condition - Allowance for loan and lease losses” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7 of this Form 10-K and Notes 1 and 4 in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for detailed information on criticized and classified loans as of December 31, 20212022 and 2020.2021.

Classified loans include all nonaccrual loans, which are discussed in further detail in the section below titled “Nonperforming Assets”. In addition to nonaccrual loans, classified loans include the following loans that were identified as substandard assets, were still accruing interest at December 31, 2021,2022, but exhibit weaknesses that could lead to nonaccrual status in the future:future. At December 31, 2022, there were no classified loans still accruing interest.

Nonperforming Assets.

The $302,000 increase$236,000 decrease in nonperforming loans in 20212022 compared to 20202021 was primarily due to onetwo nonaccrual consumer loan and one mortgage loan going into nonaccrual status during the third quarter,loans paying off, partially offset by two consumer loans being returned to accrual status during the first quarter and one single family residential loan payingcommercial lease going into nonaccrual status, a partial charge off in the second quarter.and principal paydowns on nonaccrual loans.

For the year ended December 31, 2021,2022, the amount of additional interest income that would have been recognized on nonaccrual loans, if such loans had continued to perform in accordance with their contractual terms, was approximately $39,000.$47,000. There was no interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans in 2021, except for $10,000 of interest income that was collected from the payoff of a mortgage loan.2022.

Accounting Standards Update (ASU)(“ASU”) No. 2011-02 to Receivables (ASC 310), A“A Creditor’s Determination of Whether a Restructuring is a Troubled Debt Restructuring,Restructuring”, clarified the guidance for a creditor’s evaluation of whether it has granted a concession and whether a debtor is experiencing financial difficulties. With regard to determining whether a concession has been granted, the ASU clarified that creditors are precluded from using the effective interest method to determine whether a concession has been granted. In the absence of using the effective interest method, a creditor must now focus on other considerations such as the value of the underlying collateral, evaluation of other collateral or guarantees, the debtor’s ability to access other funds at market rates, interest rate increases and whether the restructuring results in a delay in payment that is insignificant. The Company applies the guidance in this ASU to identify its restructured loans as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). There were no loans restructured in 2021 identified as a TDR.TDRs.

As a component of management’s focus on the work out of troubled credits, the terms of certain loans weremay be modified in TDRs, where concessions wereare granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties. The modification of the terms of such loans may have includedinclude one or a combination of the following: a reduction of the stated interest rate of the loan; an increase in the stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk; an extension of the maturity date; or a change in the payment terms. Nonaccrual loans included $147,000$80,000 in TDRs at December 31, 2021,2022, while non-accrual loans included $190,000$147,000 of TDRs at December 31, 2020.2021. There were no loans restructured in 2022 identified as a TDR.

At year-end 2021,2022, there were a total of $2.8 million of TDRs, including $2.7 million in commercial real estate loans, $99,000 inwas one single family residential loans and $74,000loan that totaled $95,000 included in commercial loans,TDRs, which werewas not included in nonperforming loans, where customers havethe customer had established a sustained period of repayment performance, loans arethe loan was current according to theirits modified terms, and repayment of the remaining contractual payments iswas expected.

See the section titled “Financial Condition - Allowance for loan and lease losses” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7 of this Form 10-K and Notes 1 and 4, in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on nonperforming loans and TDRs as of December 31, 20212022 and 2020.2021.

For information on real estate owned (REO)(“REO”) and other foreclosed assets, see the section below titled “Foreclosed Assets.”

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses (ALLL). The ALLL is a valuation allowance for probable incurred credit losses. The ALLL methodology is designed as part of a thorough process that incorporates management’s current judgments about the credit quality of the loan portfolio into a determination of the ALLL in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and supervisory guidance. Management analyzes the adequacy of the ALLL quarterly through reviews of the loan portfolio, including: the nature and volume of the loan portfolio and segments of the portfolio; industry and loan concentrations; historical loss experience; delinquency statistics and the level of nonperforming loans; specific problem loans; the ability of borrowers to meet loan terms; an evaluation of collateral securing loans and the market for various types of collateral; various collection strategies; current economic condition, trends and outlook; and other factors that warrant recognition in providing for an adequate ALLL. See the section titled “Financial Condition - Allowance for loan and lease losses” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7 of this Form 10-K for a detailed discussion of management’s methodology for determining the appropriate level of the ALLL.

The ALLL totaled $16.1 million at December 31, 2022, and increased $554,000, or 3.6%, from $15.5 million at December 31, 2021. The increase in the ALLL was due to $787,000 in provision expense, partially offset by net charge-offs of $233,000 during the year ended December 31, 2022. The ratio of the ALLL to total loans was 1.01% at December 31, 2022, compared to 1.26% at December 31, 2021. The ratio of the ALLL to total loans, excluding loan balances subject to SBA guarantees, was 1.03% at December 31, 2022, compared to 1.27% at December 31, 2021.

The ALLL totaled $15.5 million at December 31, 2021, and decreased $1.5 million, or 8.9%, from $17.0 million at December 31, 2020. The decrease in the ALLL is due to negative provision expense of $1.6 million, partially offset by net recoveries of $86,000 during the year ended December 31, 2021. The ratio of the ALLL to total loans was 1.26% at December 31, 2021, compared to 1.87% at December 31, 2020. The ratio of the ALLL to total loans, excluding loan balances subject to SBA guarantees, was 1.27% at December 31, 2021, compared to 2.15% at December 31, 2020.

We believe the ALLL is adequate to absorb probable incurred credit losses in the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2021;2022; however, future additions to the allowance may be necessary based on factors including, but not limited to, deterioration in client business performance, recessionary economic conditions, declines in borrowers’ cash flows, and market conditions which result in lower real estate values. Additionally, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the ALLL. Such agencies may require additional provisions for loan losses based on judgments and estimates that differ from those used by management. Management continues to diligently monitor credit quality in the existing portfolio and analyze potential loan opportunities carefully in order to manage credit risk. An increase in estimated probable incurred losses and an increase in required loan provision expense could occur if economic conditions and factors which affect credit quality, real estate values and general business conditions worsen.

The following table sets forth the ALLL in each of the categories listed at the dates indicated and the percentage of such amounts to the total ALLL and loans in each category as a percent of total loans. Although the ALLL may be allocated to specific loans or loan types, the entire ALLL is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the amortized cost and fair value of securities at the dates indicated

according to the type of account, the minimum balance required, the time period funds must remain on deposit and the interest rate, among other factors.

The flow of deposits is influenced significantly by general economic conditions, changes in money market rates, prevailing interest rates and competition. Deposits are obtained predominantly from the areas in which CFBank’s offices are located. We rely primarily on a willingness to pay market-competitive interest rates to attract and retain retail deposits, as well as customer service and relationships with customers.

At December 31, 2021,2022, CFBank had $278.1$291.8 million in brokered deposits with maturity dates from January 20222023 through July 2026.February 2027. At December 31, 2021,2022, cash, unpledged securities, and deposits in other financial institutions totaled $169.0$154.4 million.

CFBank is a participant in the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service® (CDARS) and Insured Cash Sweep (ICS) programs offered through Promontory InterfinancialIntraFi Network. PromontoryIntraFi Network works with a network of banks to offer products that can provide FDICFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance coverage in excess of $250,000 through these innovative products. Brokered deposits, including CDARS one-way balances are consideredand ICS deposits that qualify as brokered, deposits by regulation.totaled $291.8 million at December 31, 2022, and increased $13.7 million, or 4.9% from $278.1 million at December 31, 2021. Customer balances in the CDARS reciprocal and ICS programs, which no longer qualify as brokered, totaled $157.9 million at December 31, 2022 and increased $99.5 million, or 170.5%, from $58.4 million at December 31, 2021 and increased $11.5 million, or 24.4%, from $46.9 million at December 31, 2020.2021.

As of December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, deposits exceeding the FDIC insured limit of $250,000 totaled $504.9$690.4 million and $433.2$504.9 million, respectively.

Certificate accounts in amounts of $250,000 or more totaled $236.1$245.1 million at December 31, 2021,2022, maturing as follows: