UNITED STATES

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “intends,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “project,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements address various matters, including the Company’s strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenues, changing reimbursement levels from government payers and private insurers, projected costs, prospects and plans, and objectives of management. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, the risks set forth below under “Risk Factors Summary” and “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

The forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K speak only as of the date of this report, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement or statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which such statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. New factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for management to predict all of such factors, nor can it assess the impact of each such factor on the business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

The “NeoGenomics,”“NeoGenomics”, “Genoptix”, “Clarient”, “Inivata”, and “Clarient”“Trapelo” company names and certain logos have been trademarked with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. We have trademarked or have applications pending for the brand names NEO COMPREHENSIVE, NEO EXPAND, NEOLINK, NEOLAB, NEOACCESS, NEOTYPE, NEOSITE, CHART, COMPASS, FLEXREPORT, HEMEFISH, MULTIOMYX, NEOACTT, NEOARRAY, NEOCOMPLETE, NEOFISH, NeoLab, NEOGENOMICS LABORATORIES, NeoLink, NeoLIQUID, NEONET, NEOPATH, NEOREACH, NeoSCORE, NEOSEQ, NeoSITE, NEOSMART, NeoTYPE, NeoUniversity, NEOVUE, NEOLYTX, NEOACCELERATE, NEOENGAGE, NEOPIXEL, NEONUCLEUS, NEOSEEK, NEOEXPLORE, NEOUNIVERSITY, PATHSITE, QUICKPATH, TAM-SEQ, ETAM-SEQ, INVISION, INVISIONSEQ, INVISIONFIRST, INVISIONSCAN, RADAR, and PATHSITE.NEORADAR. We also have trademarked or have pending trademarks for the marketing slogans “SERVING PATIENTS, SAVING LIVES”, “PUTTING THE CAN IN CANCER”, “TAKING CANCER PERSONALLY,”PERSONALLY”, and “UNIVERSAL FUSION EXPRESSION,” “Unifying Cancer Care,” “UNIFYING,” “NEOGENOMICS EUROPE,” and “WHERE PASSION MEETS PURPOSE”EXPRESSION”. Any other trademarks, registered marks and trade names appearing in this annual reportAnnual Report on Form 10-K are the property of their respective holders.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

NeoGenomics provides a wide range of oncology diagnostic testing and consultative services which includes technical laboratory services and professional interpretation of laboratory test results by licensed physicians who specialize in pathology and oncology. We operate a network of cancer-focused testing laboratories in the United States Europe and Asia.the United Kingdom. Our mission is to improvesave lives by improving patient care through exceptional cancer-focused testing services.care. Our vision is to bebecome the world’s leadingleader in cancer testing, information, and information companydecision support by deliveringproviding uncompromising quality, exceptional service, and innovative solutions.

We have analyzed our reporting structure, the information available to our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and the information being used to make strategic decisions and have identified two primary types of customers:customers, served by two distinct company divisions: Clinical Services and Pharma.Advanced Diagnostics. Our Clinical Services customers include community-based pathology and oncology practices, hospital pathology labs, reference labs, and academic centers. Our PharmaAdvanced Diagnostics customers include pharmaceutical companies to whom we provide testing and other services to support their research studies and clinical trials.

In 2021,2023, our Clinical Services segment accounted for 83%84% of consolidated revenue and our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics segment accounted for 17%16% of consolidated revenue. Please refer to Note 19.17. Segment Information, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report for further financial information about these segments.

The clinical cancer testing services we offer to community-based pathologists and oncologists are designed to be a natural extension of, and complementary to, the services that they perform within their own practices. We believe our relationship as a non-competitive partner to community-based pathology practices, hospital pathology labs, reference labs, and academic centers can empower them to expand their breadth of testing to provide a menu of services that could match or exceed the level of service found in any center of excellence around the world. Community-based pathology practices and hospital pathology labs may order certain testing services on a technical component only (“TC” or “tech-only”) basis, which allows them to participate in the diagnostic process by performing the professional component (“PC”) interpretation services without having to hire laboratory technologists or purchase the sophisticated equipment needed to perform the technical component of the tests. We also support our pathology clients with interpretation and consultative services using our own specialized team of pathologists for difficult or complex cases and we provide overflow interpretation services when requested by clients.

Our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics revenue consists of the following three revenue streams:

Our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics segment supports pharmaceutical firms in their drug development programs by supporting various clinical trials and research. This portion of our business often involves working with the pharmaceutical firms (“sponsors”) on study design as well as performing the required testing. Our medical team often advises the sponsor and works closely with them as specimens are received from the enrolled sites. We also work on developing tests that will be used as part of a companion diagnostic to determine patients’ responseresponses to a particular drug. As studies unfold, our clinical trials team reports the data and often provides key analysis and insights back to the sponsors.

Our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics segment provides comprehensive testing services in support of our pharmaceutical clients’ oncology programs from discovery to commercialization. In biomarker discovery, our aim is to help our customers discover the right content. We help our customers develop a biomarker hypothesis by recommending an optimal platform for molecular screening and backing our discovery tools with the informatics to capture meaningful data. In other pre-clinical and non-clinical work, we can use our platforms to characterize markers of interest. Moving from discovery to development, we seek to help our customers refine their biomarker strategy and, if applicable, develop a companion diagnostic pathway using the optimal technology for large-scale clinical trial testing.

Whether serving as the single contract research organization or partnering with one, our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics team provides significant technical expertise, working closely with our customers to support each stage of clinical trial development. Each trial we support comes with rapid turnaround time, dedicated project management and quality assurance oversight. We have experience in supporting submissions to the Federal Drug Administration (“FDA”) for companion diagnostics. Our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics strategy is focused on helping to bring more effective oncology treatments to market through providing world-class laboratory services in oncology to key pharmaceutical companies in the industry.

We believe that we are is well positioned to service Pharma sponsors across the full continuum of the drug development process. Our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics team can work with themthese sponsors during the basic research and development phase as compounds come out of translational research departments, as well as work with clients from Phase 1I, Phase II and Phase III clinical trials through Phases II and III as the sponsors work to provedemonstrate the efficacy of their drugs. The laboratory biomarker tests that are developed during this process may become companion diagnostic (“CDx”) tests that will be used on patients to determine if they could respond to a certain therapy. We are able to offer these CDx tests to the market immediately after FDA approval as part of our Day 1 readiness program. This ability helps to speed the commercialization of a drug and can enable Pharma sponsors to reach patients through our broad distribution channel in the Clinical Services segment.

We are committed to connecting patients with life-altering therapies and trials. In carrying out these commitments, we aim to provide transparency and choice to patients regarding the handling and use of their data through our Notice of Privacy Practices, and have invested in leading technologies to seek to ensuresecure the data we maintain is secured at all times.maintain. We are continuing to develop and broaden our informatics and data-related tools to leverage our unique market position and

The medical testing laboratory market can be broken down into the following three primary markets:

Clinical Pathology testing covers high volume, highly automated, lower complexity tests on easily procured specimens such as blood and urine. Clinical Pathology tests often involve testing of a less urgent nature, for example, cholesterol testing and testing associated with routine physical exams.

Anatomic Pathology testing involves evaluation of tissue, as in surgical pathology, or cells as in cytopathology. The most widely performed Anatomic Pathology procedures include the preparation and interpretation of pap smears, skin biopsies, and tissue biopsies.

Genetic and Molecularmolecular testing typically involves analyzing chromosomes, genes, proteins, and/or DNA/RNA sequences for abnormalities. Genetic and molecular testing requires highly specialized equipment and credentialed individuals (typically MD or PhD level) to certify results and typically yields the highest reimbursement levels of the three market segments.

NeoGenomics operates primarily in the Genetic and Molecular testing market. We also act as a reference laboratory supplying anatomic pathology testing. NeoGenomics typically does not operate inmarket and the clinical pathology testingAnatomic Pathology market.

The field of cancer genetics is evolving rapidly and new tests continue to be developed at an accelerated pace. Based on medical and scientific discoveries over the last decade, cancer testing falls into one of three categories: diagnostic testing, prognostic testing and predictive testing. Of the three, the fastest growing area is predictive testing, which is utilized by clinicians to predict a patient’s response to the variouswhich treatment options a patient will be most likely to benefit from in order to deliver “personalized“personalized” or precision“precision medicine” that is optimized to that patient’s particular circumstances. Personalized or precision medicine better allows clinicians to know if a patient will or will not respond to certain cancer medications like Herceptin, Keytruda, PIQRAY,such as Herceptin®, Keytruda®, PIQRAY®, and Opdivo. This is designedOpdivo®, among many others. In addition to savethe direct benefits to patients, the “precision medicine” approach allows the healthcare system to save money by helping to ensureensuring that expensive cancer drugs are only given to those who will be most likely to benefit from them. This type of testing improves patient care and potentially saves lives by identifying optimized therapies much more rapidly than what was possible in previous years.

The U.S. market for genetic and molecular testing is divided among numerous laboratories. Many of these laboratories are attached to academic institutions and primarily provide clinical services to their affiliated university hospitals and associated physicians.

We believe several key factors are influencing the rapid growth in the market for cancer testing: (i) every year, more and more genes and genomic pathways are implicated in the development and/or clinical course of cancer; (ii) the incidence rates of cancer is primarily a disease of the elderly –are rising, notably in younger populations, and more than one in four seniorthree citizens is likely to develop some form of cancer during the rest ofin their lifetime once they turn sixty, and now that the baby boomer generation has started to reach this age range, the incidence rates of cancer are rising;lifetime; (iii) increasingly, new drugs are being targeted to certain cancer subtypes and pathways which require companion diagnostic testing; (iv) patient and payer awareness of the value of genetic and molecular testing; (v) decreases in the cost of performing genetic and molecular testing; (vi) increased coverage from third party payers and Medicare for such testing; and (vii) the health insurance coverage to uninsured Americans under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, each enacted in March 2010. These factors have driven significant growth in the market for this type of testing. Additionally, there is an increased focus on developing tests for monitoring purposes, including MRD and recurrence detection in cancer survivors, which could also broaden the use of certain tests and influence the market for cancer testing.

We are committed to sustainable growth while transforming patientcancer care by being an innovative leader in our industry.for patients and providers. Our focus for 20222024 is to sustain a purpose driven culture that maintains excellence in service and performance while growing through innovation. We expect the following initiatives to allow the Company to continue on its path to become one of the world’s leading cancer testing and information companies:

In addition to the competitive strengths discussed below, we believe that our superior testing technologies and instrumentation, laboratory information system, client education programs and broad domestic and growing international presence also differentiatesdifferentiate NeoGenomics from its competitors.

We strive to provide industry leadingconsistently focus on improving turnaround times for test results to our clients nationwide both in the Clinical Services and Pharma Services segments.segment. By providing information to our clients in a rapidtimely manner, physicians can begin treating their patients as soon as possible. Our consistent timelinessTimeliness of results by our Clinical Services segment is a competitive strength and a driver of additional testing requests by referring physicians. Rapid turnaroundTurnaround times allow for the performance of other adjunctive tests within an acceptable diagnosis window in order to augment or confirm results and more fully inform treatment options. Additionally, we believe that our rapid turnaround time on testing and our project milestones are a key differentiatorfactor in our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics segment.

We believe we currently have one of the most extensive menu of tech-only FISH services in the countryUnited States as well as extensive and advanced tech-only flow cytometry and IHC testing services. These types of testing services allow the professional interpretation component of a test to be performed and billed separately by our physician clients. Our tech-only services are designed to give pathologists the option to choose, on a case by case basis, whether they want to order justonly the technical information and images relating to a specific testcomponent of testing so they can perform the professional interpretation, or order “global” services and receive a comprehensive test report which includes a NeoGenomics pathologist’s interpretation of the test results. Our clients appreciate the flexibility to access NeoGenomics’ medical staff for difficult or complex cases or when they are otherwise unavailable to perform professional interpretations.

We offer a comprehensive suite of technical and professional interpretation services to meet the needs of those clients who are not credentialed andand/or trained in interpreting genetic testsvarious testing modalities and who require NeoGenomics' pathology specialists to interpret their testing results. In our global service offerings, our lab performs the technical component of the teststesting and our MDs and PhDs provide the serviceprofessional component of testing by interpreting the results of those tests. Our professional staff is also available for post-test consultative services. Clients using our global service offering rely on the expertise of our medical team to give them the answers they need in a timely manner to help inform their diagnoses and treatment decisions.

We believe we have one of the broadestOur Molecular and NGS Clinical Services segment test menus in the world. Clients haveprovide clients with the ability to order single gene molecular tests, targeted NeoTYPE panels that include the relevant actionable genes for a particular cancer type, as well as largecomprehensive NGS panels. Our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics segment offers a full range of sequencing testing including whole exome and whole genome sequencing. Our menu enables us to be a true “one-stop shop” for our clients as we can meet all of their oncology testing needs.

Our direct sales force has been trained extensively in cancer genetic testing and consultative selling skills to service the needs of clients. Our sales team for the clinical cancer testing servicesClinical Services segment is organized into fivenine regions in the United States – Northeast, Northwest, Mid-Atlantic, South, Southeast, North Central, West, Great Lakes, and South Central,Central. Our sales team will be focused on value-based care solutions and West.end-to-end client experience as a growth driver. Our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics segment has a dedicated team of business development specialists who are experienced in working with pharma sponsors and helping them with the testing needs of their research and development projects as well as Phase I, II and III studies. These sales representatives utilize our custom Customer Relationship Management System (“CRM”) to manage their territories, and we have integrated the key customer care functionality within our Laboratory Information Services (“LIS”)LIMS into the CRM so that our sales representatives can stay informed of emerging issues and opportunities within their regions. Our in-house customer care team is aligned with our field sales team to serve the needs of our clients by utilizing the same LISLIMS and CRM. Our field teams can see in real-timereal time when a client calls the laboratory, the reason for the call and the resolution, and determine if face-to-face interaction is needed for follow-up. Our sales force educates clients on new test offerings and their proper utilization and our representatives are often seen as trusted advisors by our clients.

The majority of our clinical testing volume is dependent on patients being treated by hematology/oncology professionals and other healthcare providers. The volume of our testing services generally declines modestly during the summer vacation season, year-end holiday periods and other major holidays, particularly when those holidays fall during the middle of the week. In addition, the volume of our testing tends to decline due to extreme adverse weather conditions, such as excessively hot or cold spells, heavy snow, hurricanes or tornadoes in certain regions, consequently reducing revenues and cash flows in any affected period.

In our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics segment, we enter into both short-term and long-term contracts, ranging from one month to several years. While the volume of this testing is not as directly affected by seasonality as described above, the testing volume does vary based on the terms of the contract. Our volumes are often based on how quickly sponsors can get patient enrollees for their trials and seasonality can impact how quickly they can get patients are enrolled. Many of our long-term contracts contain specific performance obligations where the testing is performed on a specific schedule. This results in revenue that is not consistent among periods. In addition, this results in backlog that can be significant.significant and highly dependent on pharmaceutical clinical trial enrollment.

For our Clinical Services segment, the genetic and molecular testing niche of the laboratory testing industry is highly competitive and, given the opportunities in this industry, we expect it to become even more competitive. Competitive factors in genetic and molecular testing generally include the reputation of the laboratory, range of services offered, pricing, convenience of sample collection and pick-up, quality of analysis and reporting, medical staff, timeliness of delivery of completed reports (i.e. turnaround times) and post-reporting follow-up for clients.

Our competitors for our Clinical Services segment in the United States are numerous and include major national medical testing laboratories, hospital laboratories and in-house physician laboratories. Some of our competitors have greater financial resources and production capabilities than us. These companies may succeed in developing service offerings that are more effective than any that we have or may develop, and may also prove to be more successful than we are in marketing such services. In addition, technological advances or different approaches developed by one or more of our competitors may render our service offerings obsolete, less effective or uneconomical.

We intend to continue our efforts to gain market share by offering industry-leadinga broad portfolio of tests with rapid turnaround times, a broad service menu, high-quality test reports,wrap-around services, and solutions targeted to hospitals and community oncology segments. The addition of new tests including(including proprietary ones,ones), enhanced post-test consultation services, and personal attention from our direct sales force. In addition, we believeforce will further enhance our flexible reporting solutions, which enable clients to report out customized results in a secure, real-time environment, will allow us to continue to gain market share.efforts.

Our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics business competes against many other clinical research organizationsContract Research Organizations (“CROs”) and central reference laboratories. Many of these competitors are much larger and have a greater international presence than we do. Over the past few years, we have expanded our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics business into Europe and Asia at the request of our clients and we

believe that our state of the artexpansive oncology testing menu and our high level of service along with our international expansion will allow us to continue to gain market share in this segment.

We order our laboratory and research supplies from large national laboratory supply companies. While we do not depend on a concentrated, limited number of suppliers, we do rely on certain suppliers for specific reagents or other equipment, including sequencers. We have seen an increase in supply chain disruptions and delays in obtaining reagents and basic laboratory supplies in 2021. While we do not believe a short-term disruption from any one of these suppliers would have a material effect on our business, it could result in short-term impact on our turnaround time or gross margin depending on the nature of or extent of the disruption.

Concentrations of credit risk with respect to revenue and accounts receivable are primarily limited to certain clients to which we provide a significant volume of our services, and to specific payers of our services such as Medicare and individual insurance companies.

We market our services to pathologists, oncologists, other clinicians, hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, academic centers and other clinical laboratories throughout the United States Europe and Asia. The Company’sthe United Kingdom. Our client base consists of a large number of geographically dispersed clients diversified across various customer types. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022 and 2019,2021, no single client accounted for more than 10% of revenue.

The following table reflects our estimate of the breakdown of net clinical revenue by type of payer for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022 and 2019:2021:

All of our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics revenue is billed directly to clients or the pharmaceutical sponsor.

We maintain professional liability and numerous other insurance policies. We believe that our present insurance is sufficient to cover currently estimated exposures, but we cannot assure that we will not incur liabilities in excess of the policy coverage limits. In addition, although we believe that we will be able to continue to obtain adequate insurance coverage, we cannot assure that we will be able to do so at an acceptable cost.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company2023, we had approximately 2,0002,100 full-time equivalent employees and contracted pathologists.

OurIndividuals comprising our medical and scientific team of medical professionals and PhDs are specialists in the field of genetics, oncology and pathology. As of December 31, 2021,2023, we employed or contracted with approximately 130170 MDs and PhDs. We have many nationally and world-renowned pathologists on staff, which is a key differentiator from many smaller laboratories. Our clinical customers look to our staff and their expertise, and they often call our medical team on challenging cases. For our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics segment, many sponsors work with our medical team on their study design and on the interpretation of results from the

studies. Our medical team is a key differentiator as we have a depth of medical expertise that many other laboratories cannot offer to pharmaceutical companies.

Our commitment to maintaining an excellent workplace includes investing in ongoing opportunities for employee development in a diverse and inclusive environment. In addition to gender and ethnic diversity and inclusion on our Board of Directors, diversity in gender and ethnicity is well-established within our workforce. As of December 31, 2021,2023, women make up 59.0%59.9% of our global workforce, 20.0%and of the 17.8% of our workforce that is in supervisory or higher positions, and of that 20.0%, 53.0%50.8% are female. With regard to the Company’s top two management tiers, 44%44.4% of our executive team and our vice presidents are women and 33.0%33.3% of our independent Board of Directors are women. Ethnicity is also strongly represented: 52.0%44.6% of our workforce and 11.0%25.0% of our independent Board of Directors are ethnically diverse.

We believe that a diverse and inclusive workforce, where all perspectives are recognized and respected, positively impacts our performance and strengthens our culture. We continuingly strive to promote a workplace in which people of diverse race, ethnicity, veteran status, marital status, socio-economicsocioeconomic level, national origin, religious belief, physical ability, sexual orientation, age, class, political ideology, gender identity and expression participate in, contribute to, and benefit equally.

We are also committed to rewarding, supporting and developing our employees as they work toward our common purposes of saving lives by improving patient care. To that end, we offer a competitive comprehensive rewards package that includes competitive salaries, performance basedperformance-based bonuses, equity grants, healthcare benefits, retirement savings plans, paid family leave, paid time off, wellness programs and discounts, tuition reimbursement and an Employee Assistance Program. We also drive high levels of performance and improvement by prioritizing training and development, and we motivate and develop our employees by providing them with opportunities for advancement and offering robust onsite and remote learning opportunities for employees at every stage in their career.

The laboratory industry is subject to extensive governmental regulation domestically, at the federal and state levels, and internationally. The applicable laws and regulations change frequently and there can be no assurance that the Company will not be subject to audit, inquiry, or investigation with respect to some aspect of its operations. The failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations, and reimbursement guidelines could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business. Significant areas of regulation are summarized below. For additional information about government regulation and laws applicable to our business, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” including the risk factors entitled “Risks Relating to Government Regulation and Reimbursement.”

The Company operates laboratories domestically in Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and California,Texas, and internationally in Switzerland, Singapore and China.the United Kingdom. The laboratories are licensed as required by the states or countries in which they are located. In addition, the laboratories in Fort Myers, Florida,Florida; Aliso Viejo and Carlsbad, California,California; Nashville, Tennessee; and Nashville, TennesseeHouston, Texas are licensed by the State of New York as the laboratories accept clinical specimens obtained in New York. All of our domestic laboratories are certified in accordance with the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (“CLIA”).CLIA. Under CLIA, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) establishesestablish various operational, personnel, facilities, administration, quality, and proficiency requirements for testing performed by a laboratory, intended to ensure testing services are accurate, valid, and timely. CLIA certification is also a prerequisite to be eligible to bill federal and state health

Certain Company laboratories are alsoOur laboratory in Cambridge, United Kingdom is accredited by the College of American Pathologists (“CAP”), including our laboratories in Switzerland and Singapore,CAP and actively participateparticipates in CAP’s proficiency testing programs for all tests offered by the Company. CAP’s proficiency testing programs require participating laboratories to test specimens that they receive from an approved testing entity and return the results. The testing entity conducting the program analyzes the results and provides to the Company a quality control report assessing the results.

The Company has a Quality Management System, and we strive to conduct our business in a manner that meets applicable regulatory and accreditation requirements and industry standards. The quality of care provided to clients and their patients is of paramount importance to us. We maintain quality control processes, including standard operating procedures, controls, performance measurement and reporting mechanisms. Our employees are committed to providing accurate, reliable, and consistent services. Any concerns regarding the quality of testing or services provided by the Company are quickly communicated to our Company management. We also frequently revise and improve our tests, and we work with laboratory equipment vendors to help ensure that our laboratory has the highest possible quality.

Compliance with licensure, accreditation, and quality standards are verified through periodic inspections by agents of relevant regulatory agencies and accrediting organizations, and we believe we are in material compliance with all licensure, accreditation, and quality requirements.

The health care industry is highly regulated and scrutinized with respect to fraud, abusive billing practices, and improper financial relationships between health care companies and their referral sources. The Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services (“OIG”) has published compliance program guidance, including thea General Compliance Program Guidance issued in November 2023 and applicable to all health care companies and stakeholders, a specific Compliance Program Guidance for Clinical Laboratories issued in August of 1998 (which the OIG plans to update in the coming years), fraud alerts, and advisory opinions. The Company has implemented a robust Compliance & Ethics Program encompassing this guidance, which is overseen by our Board of Directors, to support compliance with the myriad of international, federal, and state laws, regulations, and governmental guidance applicable to our business. Our program employs a risk-based approach to the development and implementation of standards of conduct, training and education of employees, monitoring and auditing Company practices, investigation, and response to reported or detected compliance issues. The Company provides a hotline for employees who wish to anonymously or confidentially report suspected violations of our codes of conduct, policies and procedures, or laws and regulations. Employees are strongly encouraged to report any suspected violation if they do not feel the problem can be appropriately addressed through the normal chain of command.violations. The hotline does not replace other resources available to our employees, including supervisors, managers, and human resources staff but is an alternative channel available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The hotline forwards all reports to the Chief Compliance Officer, who is responsible for investigating, reporting to the Compliance Committee, and documenting the disposition of each report. The hotline forwards any calls pertaining to the financial statements or financial issues to the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Company does not allow any retaliation against an employee who reports a compliance related issue in good faith.

The Board of Directors has a Compliance Committee that meets regularly to discuss all compliance-related issues that may affect the Company. The Company reviews its policies and procedures as new regulations and interpretations come to light to comply with applicable regulations. The Chief Compliance Officer reports quarterly to the Compliance Committee on the effectiveness of the program.

The FDA has regulatory responsibility over instruments, test kits, reagents, and other medical devices used by clinical laboratories to perform diagnostic testing. High complexity and CLIA-certified laboratories such as ours frequently develop testing procedures intended exclusively for use by the developing laboratory to provide diagnostic results to customers. These tests are referred to as laboratory developed tests (“LDTs”). The regulatory framework governing LDTs is evolving, complex, and has been the subject of ongoing debate. LDTs are subject to CMS oversight through its enforcement of CLIA. The FDA has also claimed regulatory authority over LDTs but has generallyhistorically exercised enforcement discretion with regard to most LDTs offered by CLIA-certified laboratories performing high complexity CLIA-certified laboratoriestests, and has not subjected these tests to FDA rules and regulations governing medical devices, including premarket review requirements. In 2014,

draft guidance510(k) prenotification requirements). Unlike previous FDA proposals, the proposed rule does not “grandfather” any currently marketed tests. The content and that it would continue to exercise enforcement discretion with respect to LDTs. On January 13, 2017, the FDA published a non-binding “Discussion Paper” proposing a frameworktiming of LDT oversight largely consistent with the draft guidance, “to spur further dialogue” and give “congressional authorizing committees the opportunity to develop a legislative solution.” Recent agency announcements made in the context of the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) public health emergency have produced a shifting policy landscape and further uncertainty regarding the FDA’s role in regulating LDTs: in August 2020, the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) announced that the FDA would not require premarket review ofany final rule on LDTs absent notice-and-comment rulemaking, but in November 2021, HHS issued a statement withdrawing that prior announcement, indicating a return to FDA’s longstanding approach to the regulation and enforcement discretion toward LDTs.is uncertain at this time.

It is possible that changes to FDA’s regulatory approach, whether triggered by legislation and resulting FDA regulationor not, may result in increased regulatory burdens and costs for us to seek marketing authorization for and maintain ongoing compliance for our existing tests, any modifications thereto, or any future tests we may develop. If the government begins to regulate our tests, it could require a significant volume of applications, which would be burdensome and potentially costly. Furthermore, governmental bodies could take a long time to review such applications and/or document responses if other laboratories were also required to file applications and/or document responses for each of their LDTs. In addition, we could be required to conduct additional clinical trials in order to support required applications, which could add cost, delay and uncertainty to the process of bringing our tests to market and maintaining compliance of our marketed tests.

We cannot be certain as to which of our tests, if any, would require FDA approval or clearance under any of the proposed frameworks and, if required, that our tests could obtain such approval or clearance.

The federal laws governing Medicare, Medicaid, and other federal health benefits, as well as other state and federal laws, regulate certain aspects of the relationships between health care providers, including clinical laboratories, and their referral sources, including physicians, hospitals, other laboratories, and other entities. We are subject to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute (“AKS”), which is a criminal felony statute, as well as similar state statutes and regulations, which prohibitprohibits the knowing and willful offer, payment, solicitation, or receipt of any form of remuneration in return for referring, ordering, leasing, purchasing, or arranging for or recommending the ordering, purchasing, or leasing of items or services payable by Medicare, Medicaid, or any other federally funded healthcare program. The federal AKS defines remunerationRemuneration has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, in cash or in kind, and thus can implicate financial relationships including payments not commensurate with fair market value, such as in the form of personnel, supplies, professional, or technical services, or anything else of value. If we are found to be in violation of the AKS or a similar state anti-kickback law, we could be subject to significant penalties, including fines, exclusion from participation in government and private payer programs, or obligations to refund amounts previously received from government payers. For additional information regarding the federal AKS and similar state anti-kickback laws, see Item 1A. Risk Factors, Risks Relating to Government Regulation and Reimbursement, “The failure to comply with Anti-Kickback laws may subject us to liability, penalties or limitation of operations.”

In addition to the federal AKS, in October 2018, the U.S. Congress enacted the Eliminating Kickbacks in Recovery Act of 2018 (“EKRA”), as part of the Substance Use-Disorder Prevention that Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment for Patients and Communities Act (“SUPPORT Act”). EKRA is an all-payer anti-kickback law that makes it a criminal offense to pay any remuneration to induce referrals to, or in exchange for, patients using the services of a recovery home, a substance use clinical treatment facility, or laboratory. As drafted, an EKRA prohibition on incentive compensation to sales employees, payments to group purchasing organizations (“GPOs”), or group practices is broader than the federal AKS. Significantly, EKRA permits the DOJU.S. Department of Justice (the “DOJ”) to issue regulations clarifying EKRA’s exceptions or adding additional exceptions, but such regulations have not yet been issued.

We are also subject to international laws and regulations, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and the U.K. Bribery Act, relating to corrupt and illegal payments to, and contracting practices with regard to, government officials

and others. The scope of the types of payments or other benefits covered by these laws is very broad and regulators are frequently using enforcement proceedings to define the scope of these laws. These laws include civil penalties for enterprises and criminal penalties and imprisonment for individuals. Any violation of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt our operations, involve significant management distraction, cause us to incur significant costs and expenses, including legal fees, and result in a material adverse effect on our business. We could also suffer severe penalties, including criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other remedial measures. The obligation of the Company under these laws is to screen third parties who are hired to carry out certain services on behalf of the Company, to monitor for and report suspicious transactions, and to monitor direct and indirect payments to government officials and others. Because of the broad definitions of applicability of these laws, international clients or vendors working for government-owned entities are often considered to be governmental officials. The Company has implemented a program to comply with these laws and has educates employees and its relevant vendors regularly on the requirements for vendor onboarding and conducting appropriate business interactions globally.

The federal law referred to as the “Stark Law” prohibits payments for certain health care services, referred to as designated health services (“DHS”), which were rendered as a result of referrals by physicians to DHS entities with which thereferring physicians (or their immediate family members) have a financial relationship. A “financial relationship” includes both an ownership interest in and/or a compensation arrangement with a physician, both direct and indirect, and DHS includes, but is not limited to, laboratory services.

The Stark Law prohibits an entity that receives a prohibited DHS referral from seeking payment from Medicare and Medicaid for any DHS services performed as a result of such a referral, unless an arrangement is carefully structured to satisfy every requirement of a regulatory exception. The Company endeavors to structure its financial relationships in compliance with the Stark Law and with similar state physician self-referral laws.laws, and performs routine audits in furtherance of this compliance.

Many states have promulgated self-referral laws and regulations similar to the federal Stark Law, but these vary significantly based on the state. In addition to services reimbursed by Medicaid or government payers, these state laws and regulations can encompass services reimbursed by private payers and paid by self-pay patients as well. Penalties for violating state self-referral laws and regulations vary based on the state but often include civil and criminal penalties, exclusion from Medicaid, and loss of licenses. Our financial arrangements with physicians are governed by the federal Stark Law and similar state self-referral laws, and we rely on certain exceptions to the Stark Law with respect to such relationships. While we believe that our financial relationships with physicians and referral practices are in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that government authorities would agree. If we are found to be in violation of the Stark Law or a similar state self-referral law, we could be subject to significant penalties, including fines, exclusion from participation in government and private payer programs, or obligations to refund amounts previously received from government payers.

The federal False Claims Act (“FCA”) prohibits any person or entity from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the U.S. government, or to a Medicare program contractor, a false or fraudulent claim for payment, knowingly making or using a false record or statement to have a false claim paid by the government, conspiring to defraud the U.S. government, or knowingly making or using a false statement to conceal an obligation to pay the government, or improperly retaining overpayments from the government. Following enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”), claims related toresulting from violations of the federal AKS and knowing retention of overpayments are also considered false claims and could lead to liability under the FCA. Further, FCA liability may lead to exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid, and other federal healthcare programs. The FCA’s “whistleblower” or “qui tam” provisions are used with frequency to challenge the reimbursement practices of providers and suppliers. These provisions allow a private individual to bring an action on behalf of the government alleging that the defendant has submitted false claims for payment to the federal government. The government must decide whether to intervene in the lawsuit and whether to prosecute the case. If it declines to do so, the individual may pursue the case alone, although the government must be kept apprised of the progress of the lawsuit. Whether or not the federal government intervenes in the case, it will receive the majority of any recovery. The successful qui tam relator who brought the case is entitled to a portion of the proceeds and its attorneys’ fees and costs. As most qui tam cases are filed by current or former employees, an effective compliance program, as defined by the DOJ and OIG, plays a crucial role in reducing the Company’s exposure to liability. It is also a criminal offense, under Title 18 U.S. Code, Section 287, for a person or entity to make a claim against the United States or any department or agency, knowing the claim to be false, fictitious, or fraudulent. The penalty is a fine and imprisonment of up to five years. The federal FCA has been an effective enforcement tool for the federal government and many states have enacted similar false claims acts as well.

The Company seeks to structure its arrangements with physicians and other clients to be in compliance with the AKS, Stark Law, state laws, and the FCA and to stay abreast of current developments and changes in the law and regulations. However, these laws and regulations are complex and subject to interpretation. Consequently, we are unable to ascertain with certainty

that any of our arrangements and transactions will not be subject to scrutiny and, if scrutinized, will not result in sanctions or penalties. The Company has taken, and will continue to take, actions, including robust auditing and monitoring activities, to endeavor to ensure compliance with the myriad federal and state laws that govern our business.

We have various billing arrangements with our clients and with third party payers, including the Medicare program. When the Company bills the client for all, or a portion of, a laboratory test performed, we believe these client billing arrangements are priced competitively at fair market value. These client billing arrangements may implicate the Medicare program’s prohibition against charging the Medicare or Medicaid programs fees substantially in excess of the Company’s usual and customary charges. Given our participation in Medicare and Medicaid, we are subject to Medicare and Medicaid regulations related to

In light of the various federal regulations and guidance from the OIG, the Company seeks to price its products competitively while endeavoring to meet applicable statutes and regulations.

The Company is subject to licensing and regulation under federal and state laws relating to the protection of the environment as well as human health and safety laws and regulations relating to the handling, transportation, and disposal of medical specimens, hazardous materials, and infectious and hazardous waste. Company laboratories are subject to applicable laws and regulations, primarily at the state level, relating to biohazardthe management and disposal of allregulated medical wastes, including laboratory specimens, and the Company generally utilizes outside vendors for disposal of such specimens.waste materials. In addition to its comprehensive regulation of health and safety in the workplace in general, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has established extensive requirements relating to workplace safety for healthcare employers, including clinical laboratories and other healthcare-related facilities, whose workers may be exposed to chemical hazards as well as biological, physical and safety hazards, including blood-borne pathogens such as HIV and hepatitis B and C viruses. These regulations, among other things, require work practice controls, personal protective clothing and equipment, training, medical follow-up, vaccinations, and other measures designed to minimize and mitigate exposure to, and transmission of, blood-borne pathogens.pathogens and other types of hazards. For purposes of transportation, some biological materials and laboratory supplies are classified as hazardous materials and are subject to regulation by one or more of the following agencies: the U.S. Department of Transportation, the U.S. Public Health Service, the U.S. Postal Service, the Office of Foreign Assets Control, and the International Air Transport Association. Other countries where the Company conducts business have similar laws and regulations concerning the environment and human health and safety with which the Company must also comply. The Company seeks to comply with all relevant environmental and human health and safety laws and regulations. Failure to comply could subject the Company to various administrative and/or other enforcement actions.

HIPAAThe Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) contains provisions that protect individually identifiable health information from unauthorized use or disclosure by covered entities and their business associates. The Office for Civil Rights of HHS (“OCR”), the agency responsible for enforcing HIPAA, has published regulations to address the privacy (the “Privacy Rule”) and security (the “Security Rule”) of protected health information (“PHI”) and notification of breaches of PHI (the “Breach Notification Rule,” and, collectively, the “HIPAA Rules”). The Company isacts as a covered entity under HIPAA and has adopted policies and procedures designed to comply with HIPAA, including the Privacy Rule,HIPAA Rules. Many of the Security Rule. The health care facilities and providers that refer specimens to the Company are also bound by HIPAA. HIPAA alsoadditionally requires that all providers whothat transmit claims for health care goods or services electronically utilize standard transaction and data sets and use standardized national provider identification codes. TheWe believe that the Company has taken necessary steps to comply with HIPAA regulations,regulations. For example, the Company utilizes standard transaction data sets, and has obtained and implemented national provider identifiers, or NPIs, as the standard unique health identifier in filing and processing health care claims and other transactions. HIPAA violations may be subject to criminal and civil penalties.

The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH Act”), enacted as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (“ARRA”), extendsextended the scope of HIPAA to permit enforcement against business associates, which are entities that use PHI to provide certain services on behalf of covered entities, for violations, establishesHIPAA for violations. The HITECH Act also established new requirements to notify the OCR of a breach of PHI, and allows the state Attorneys General to bring actions to enforce violations of HIPAA. In certain circumstances, we act as a business associate under HIPAA and could be subject to such enforcement if we were to fail to comply with HIPAA as a business associate.

We are subject to various risks that may materially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. They are not, however, the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe not to be material may also adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations. An investor should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information in this filing before deciding to purchase our common stock. If any of these risks or uncertainties actually occurs, our business, financial condition, or operating results could be materially harmed. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline or we may be forced to cease operations.

The market for genetic and molecular testing services is characterized by rapid scientific developments, evolving industry standards and customer demands, and frequent new product introductions and enhancements. For example, new tests

developed by our competitors may prove superior and replace our existing tests. Additionally, certain technological changes, such as advances in point-of-care testing, could reduce the need for the laboratory tests we provide. Our future success will depend in significant part on our ability to continually improve our offerings in response to both evolving demands of the marketplace and competitive service offerings, andofferings. If we may beare unsuccessful in doing so, which could have a material adverse effect onkeeping pace with scientific and technological changes, or enhancing our products to meet evolving industry standards or developing customer demands, our competitive position, business, results of operations, and financial condition.condition may be materially and adversely affected.

Increased competition,In addition, other companies or individuals, including price competition,our competitors, may obtain patents or other intellectual property rights that would prevent, limit or interfere with our ability to develop, perform or sell our solutions or operate our business or increase our costs. In addition, they could haveintroduce new tests, technologies or services that may result in a material adverse impactdecrease in the demand for our services or cause us to reduce the prices of our services. Our success will depend, in part, on our net revenuesability to develop, acquire or license new and profitability.

We compete in the market place primarily on three factors: (i) the quality and accuracy of our test results; (ii) the speed or turnaround times of our testing services; and (iii) our ability to provide after-test support to those physicians requesting consultation. Any unforeseen increase in the volume of clients could strain the capacity of our personnel and systems, leading to unacceptable turnaround times or customer service failures. In addition, as the number of our clients and specimens increases, our products, services, and infrastructure may not be able to scale accordingly. We may also not be able to hire additional licensed medical technologists that we need to handle increased volumes. Any failure to handle higher volume of requestsdemand for our products and services could lead to the loss of established clients and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. If we produce inaccurate test results,or could otherwise cause our clients mayto choose not to use us in the future. Thisfuture, which could severely harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, based on the importance of the subject matter of our tests, inaccurate results could result in improper treatment of patients and potential liability for us.

The market for genetic and molecular testing services is highly competitive, and, given the opportunities in this market within the laboratory testing industry, we expect competition to continue increasing. Our competitors within the broader genomics profiling space include laboratory companies such as Quest Diagnostics, Laboratory Corporation of America, and Bio-Reference Laboratories. These are large national laboratories that possess greater name recognition, larger customer bases, and significantly greater financial resources and employ substantially more personnel than we do. We also face increased competition from laboratories that are more specialized and focused on particular areas such as liquid biopsies or large tissue based molecular panels such as Guardant Health, Inc., Natera, Inc., Exact Sciences Corp, Caris Life Science, Tempus Labs, Inc and Myriad Genetics, Inc. Our competitors may develop products and services that are superior to ours or acquire licenses for, new or improved testing technologies could materially and adversely affectthat achieve greater market acceptance than our revenues.

The laboratory testing business is intensely competitive, both in terms of price and we cannotservice. Pricing of laboratory testing services is often one of the most significant factors used by healthcare providers and third-party payers in selecting a laboratory. As a result of the laboratory testing industry undergoing consolidation, larger laboratory providers are able to increase cost efficiencies afforded by large-scale automated testing. This consolidation results in greater price competition. We may be certain that such arrangements will yield commercially successful diagnostic tests. If we are unable to license theseincrease cost efficiencies sufficiently, if at all, and as a result, our net earnings and cash flows could be negatively impacted by such price competition. Additionally, we may also face changes in fee schedules, competitive bidding for laboratory services, or other actions or pressures reducing payment schedules as a result of increased or additional competition. Furthermore, many competitors are developing information technology-based tools to support the integration of next-generation sequencing testing methods atinto the clinical setting. These companies may also use their own tests or others to develop an integrated system which could limit our access to certain networks. See Part I, Item 1, “Business” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information about our competitors and competitive rates, our researchposition.

Also, in each of these markets, consolidation in our actual or potential customer base results in increased competition for important market segments and development costs may increase as a result. In addition, iffewer available customers. Consolidation among healthcare providers and the formation of buying groups have put pressure on pricing and sales of our products, and in some instances, required payment of fees to group purchasing organizations. Our success in these areas depends partly on our ability to enter into contracts with integrated health networks and group purchasing organizations. If we are unable to licenseenter into contracts with these group purchasing organizations and integrated health networks on terms acceptable to us, our sales and results of operations may be adversely affected. Even if we are able to enter into these contracts, they may be on terms that negatively affect our current or future profitability. As a result of this and future consolidations, our customer diversity may decrease and our business may be adversely affected.

for use, regarding the commercial viability of a test, including with respect to our customers’ interest in a test, payers’ willingness to pay for a test, our costs to perform a test, and availability and attractiveness of competing offerings. As a result, it is possible that we may introduce a new product that uses technologies or methods of analysis that have been displaced by the time of launch, competes with one or more of our other products, addresses an opportunity that no longer exists or is smaller than anticipated, or produces data that provides less utility to expand our testing operations,customers than anticipated or otherwise is not competitive at the time of launch. The expenses or losses associated with unsuccessful product development or launch activities, or a lack of market acceptance of our testing methodsnew products or services, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

From time to time, we may become involved in various legal proceedings relating to matters incidental to the ordinary course of our business, including employment, commercial, product liability, class action, whistleblower and other litigation and claims, and governmental and other regulatory investigations and proceedings. For example, development, marketing, sale, and performance of laboratory testing services expose us to the risk of litigation, including professional negligence or product liability claims, were someone to allege that our tests failed to perform as designed. We may also be subject to liability for errors in the test results we provide to pathologists and oncologists or for a misunderstanding of, or inappropriate reliance upon, the information we provide. Such matters and other litigation against us can be time-consuming, divert management's attention and resources, cause us to incur significant expenses or liability and/or require us to change our business practices. In addition, damages assessed in connection with, our competition and testing volumethe costs of defending, any legal action could be substantial. Because of the potential risks, expenses, and revenueuncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we believe that we have meritorious claims or defenses. We also may be materiallyfaced with litigation claims that exceed our insurance coverage or are not covered under any of our insurance policies. In addition, litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business if it impacts our existing and adversely affected.potential customer relationships, creates adverse public relations, diverts management resources from the operation of the business, or hampers our ability to otherwise conduct our business. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable, we cannot assure you that the results of any of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We conducthave conducted clinical trials and presently support many clinical trials run by third parties, which ordinarily involve testing an investigational drug on a limited number of individuals to evaluate a product’sthe drug’s safety, determine a safe dosage range and identify side effects. Errors or omissions could occur during a clinical trial that may result in harm to study volunteers, or if unnoticed and regulatory approval is received, to consumers of the drug, or that may undermine the usefulness of the clinical trial or data from the clinical trial and may delay the entry of a drug to the market. In addition, failure to operate such clinical trials in accordance with the FDA, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (“DEA”), and other applicable regulations could result in disruptions to our operations.

Our contracts with the pharmaceutical firmssponsors include provisions entitling us to be indemnified or entitling us to a limitation of liability. These provisions do not uniformly protect us against liability arising from certain of our own actions or those of our professional staff, such as gross negligence or misconduct. We could be materially and adversely affected if we were required to pay damages or bear the costs of defending any claim which is not covered by or exceeds the limits of a contractual indemnification provision, or in the event that a party who must indemnify us does not fulfill its indemnification obligations, or which is beyond the level of our insurance coverage.

We invest a portion of our available cash and cash equivalents by purchasing marketable securities in a managed portfolio and direct investments in a variety of debt securities, including U.S. Treasury securities and corporate debt securities. The primary objective of our investment activity is to maintain the safety of principal and provide for future liquidity requirements while maximizing yields without significantly increasing risk. Should any of our investments or marketable securities lose value or have their liquidity impaired, it could affect our overall financial condition. Additionally, shouldif we choose to, or are required to, sell these securities in the future at a loss, our consolidated operating results or cash flows may be affected.

We rely heavily on reagents, test kits and proceduresinstruments manufactured by third parties in our testing services. From time to time, manufacturers have discontinued or recalled, and internal control over financial reporting. We aremay in the processfuture discontinue or recall, the reagents, test kits or instruments used by us to perform laboratory testing. Such discontinuations or recalls could adversely affect our costs, testing volume and revenues. We have had certain tests discontinued by manufacturers and have had to develop alternative solutions for our clients.

additional proceduresOur business consists of clinical laboratories that provide medical testing services for doctors, hospitals, and improved controls. Thisother laboratories on patient specimens that are sent to our laboratories. In the case of some specimen referrals that are received for patients that are not in-patients or out-patients at a hospital or institution or otherwise sent by another reference laboratory, we typically bill the patient’s insurance company or a government program for our services. As such, we rely on the cooperation of numerous third-party payers, including but not limited to Medicare, Medicaid, and various insurance companies, to get paid for performing services on behalf of our clients and their patients. The amount of such third-party payments is governed by contractual relationships in turncases where we are a participating provider for a specified insurance company or by established government reimbursement rates in cases where we are an approved provider for a government program such as Medicare or Medicaid. However, we do not have contractual relationships with some of the insurance companies with whom we deal, nor are we necessarily able to become an approved provider for all government programs. In such cases, we are deemed to be a non-participating provider, and there is no contractual assurance that we will be able to collect the amounts billed to such insurance companies or government programs. Until such time we become a participating provider with such insurance companies, there can be no contractual assurance that we will be paid for the services we bill to such insurance companies or patients, and such third parties may change their reimbursement policies for non-participating providers in a manner that may have a material adverse effect on our cash flow or results of operations. When new Current Procedural Terminology (“CPT”) codes are introduced by the American Medical Association (“AMA”) it often takes time for commercial insurance providers to recognize the new codes, which can significantly impact the timing of payments, if any, and can increase our days-sales-outstanding. Medicare has also, at times, issued codes or coding guidance that conflicts with the AMA CPT coding, which can cause confusion when secondary insurance is involved. Insurance companies may also try to steer business away from us towards in-network providers by sending letters to physicians and even imposing financial penalties if they continue to send us business. Additionally, due to the fluctuating and uncertain nature of the reimbursement environment, including the amount that payers reimburse us for any of our services, we estimate the amount of revenue to be recognized at the time services are provided and record revenue adjustments if and when the cash subsequently received for the services differs from the revenue recorded. Due to this inherently uncertain nature of the reimbursement landscape, previously recorded revenue adjustments are not indicative of future revenue adjustments from actual cash collections, which may fluctuate significantly.

Our operations are dependent in part upon our ability to protect our laboratory operations, including our information technology systems, against physical damage from natural or financial condition, harmman-made disasters, such as explosions, fire, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, public health issues, epidemics or pandemics, terrorist attacks, and similar events beyond our reputation,control. We do not presently have an emergency back-up generator in place at our Tampa, Florida, Nashville, Tennessee, Atlanta, Georgia, or Phoenix, Arizona laboratory locations, which would otherwise causemitigate to some extent the effects of a decline in investor confidence and our stock price.

In addition, stock markets in general and the market for shares of healthcare stocks in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations in recent years, which frequently have been unrelated to the operating performance of the affected companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. In the past, companies that experience volatility in the market price of their securities have often faced securities class action litigation. Whether or not meritorious, litigation brought against us could result in substantial costs, divert our management's attention and resources and harm our ability to grow our business.

Holders of the Convertible Notes have the right to require us to repurchase their Convertible Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, upon conversion of the Convertible Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the Convertible Notes being converted. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of Convertible Notes surrendered therefor or Convertible Notes being converted. In addition, our ability to repurchase the Convertible Notes or to pay cash upon conversions of the Convertible Notes may be limited by law, by regulatory authority, or by agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase Convertible Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the respective indenture or to pay any cash payable on future conversions of the Convertible Notes as required by thesuch indenture would constitute a default under the indenture. A default under thean indenture or the occurrence of the fundamental change may also lead to a default under agreements governing our future indebtedness. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the Convertible Notes or make cash payments upon conversions thereof.

In connection with the issuance of the 2028 Convertible Notes, we have entered into capped call transactions with the option counterparties. Upon conversion of any of the 2028 Convertible Notes, we will satisfy our conversion obligation by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election, and the capped call transactions are intended to reduce the potential dilution upon conversion of the 2028 Convertible Notes and/or offset some or all of any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted 2028 Convertible Notes, as the case may be, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap.

In connection with these transactions, the option counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions related to the capped call transactions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling our common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the 2028 Convertible Notes (and are likely to do so during any observation period related to a conversion of 2028 Convertible Notes or following any repurchase or redemption of the 2028 Convertible Notes). This activity could also cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our common stock or the 2028 Convertible Notes.

The conversion of some or all of the Convertible Notes may dilute the ownership interests of existing stockholders to the extent we deliver shares of our common stock upon conversion of any of the Convertible Notes. We have entered into capped call transactions with respect to the 2028 Convertible Notes to reduce the risk of dilution, but to the extent that the conversion price of the 2028 Convertible Notes exceeds the cap price of the capped calls or to the extent that the Convertible Notes are converted, such conversions will dilute the ownership interests of our existing stockholders. The Convertible Notes may from time to time in the future be convertible at the option of their holders prior to their scheduled terms under certain circumstances. Any sales in the public market of the common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market pricesprice of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the Convertible Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because conversion could be used to satisfy short positions, and the anticipated conversion of the Convertible Notes into shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock.

We frequently develop diagnostic tests for clients that cannot currently be provided using test kits approved or cleared by the FDA. The FDA has been considering changes to the way that it regulates these LDTs. Currently, all LDTs are conducted and offered in accordance with the requirements of CLIA and individual state licensing procedures. Theprocedures, but the FDA has publishedhad a draft guidance document that would require FDA clearance or approvalpolicy of a subset of LDTs, as well as a modified approach for some lower risk LDTs that may require FDA oversight short of the full premarket approval or clearance process. Congress may enact legislation to provide a regulatory framework for the FDA’s roleenforcement discretion with regard to LDTs. AsOn September 29, 2023, the FDA published a result, there isproposed rule that, if finalized, would end this policy of enforcement discretion for virtually all LDTs in five stages over a risk thatfour-year period from the date FDA publishes a final rule, and provide for LDTs to be regulated as medical devices. In Phase 1 (effective one year post-finalization), laboratories would be required to comply with medical device (adverse event) reporting and correction and removal reporting requirements. In Phase 2 (effective two years post-finalization), laboratories would be required to comply with all other medical device regulatory requirements (including registration and listing, labeling, and investigational use exemptions), except for quality system and premarket review

The content and timing of any final rule on LDTs is uncertain at this time and the FDA has taken a number of prior steps towards regulation of LDTs that have not been implemented. Nevertheless, there is a risk that the FDA’s proposed regulatory process could delay the offering of certain tests and result in additional validation costs and fees. There is also an associated risk that some tests currently offered might become subject to FDA premarket approval or clearance. This FDA approval or clearance process may be time-consuming and costly, with no guarantee of ultimate approval or clearance. If our diagnostic tests are allowed to remain on the market but there is uncertainty about the regulatory status of such tests, if they are labeled investigational by FDA, or if FDA limits our labeling claims, orders or reimbursement may decline.

We may find it necessary to engage contract research organizationsCROs to perform data collection and analysis and other aspects of our clinical trials, which might increase the cost and complexity of our trials. We may also depend on clinical investigators, medical institutions, and contract research organizationsCROs to perform the trials. If these parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, or if the quality, completeness, or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or for other reasons, our clinical trials may have to be extended, delayed, or terminated. Many of these factors would be beyond our control. We may not be able to enter into

replacement arrangements without undue delays or considerable expenditures. If there are delays in testing or approvals as a result of the failure to perform by third parties, our research and development costs would increase, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory clearance or approval for our tests. In addition, we may not be able to establish or maintain relationships with these parties on favorable terms, if at all. Each of these outcomes would harm our ability to market our tests and/or to achieve sustained profitability.

In March 2010, healthcare reform legislation known as the “Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,” also known as the ACA, was passed into law. The ACA makes changes that are expected to significantly impact the pharmaceutical and medical device industries and clinical laboratories. For example, the ACA contains several provisions that seek to limit Medicare spending in the future. One key provision in the ACA is the establishment of “Accountable Care Organizations” (“ACOs”), under which hospitals and physicians are able to share savings that result from improved coordination of healthcare. ACOs continue to develop, and we cannot predict how the continued establishment and implementation of these new business models will impact our business. There is the possibility that value-based payment

Following the 2016 election cycle, there were substantial efforts to repeal all or portions of the ACA. In December 2017, Public Law No. 115-97, which made changes to the tax code and included, among other things, a repeal of the ACA’s penalties for the individual mandate, a provision that required individuals to buy health insurance or pay a fine, became law. On June 17, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed a judicial challenge to the ACA brought by several states without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the ACA. While efforts to repeal all or part of the ACA have subsided, in part due to the results of the 2020 election, we cannot be certain that there will not be further legislative efforts or judicial challenges in the future.

Governmental payers, as well as private insurers and private payers, have implemented and will continue to implement measures to control the cost, utilization, and delivery of healthcare services, including clinical laboratory and pathology services. Congress and federal agencies, such as CMS, have, from time to time, implemented changes to laws and regulations governing healthcare service providers, including specialized diagnostic service providers. These changes have adversely affected and may in the future adversely affect coverage for our services. We also believe that healthcare professionals may not use our services if third-party payers do not provide adequate coverage and reimbursement for them. These changes in federal, state, local, and third-party payer regulations or policies may decrease our revenues and adversely affect our results of operations and our financial condition. We will continue to be a non-contractingnon-contracted provider until such time as we enter into contracts with third-party payers with whom we are not currently contracted until such time as we enter into contracts with such third-party payers.contracted. Because a portion of our revenues is from third-party payers with whom we are not currently contracted, it is likely that we will be required to make positive or negative adjustments to accounting estimates with respect to contractual allowances in the future, which may adversely affect our results of operations, our credibility with financial analysts and investors, and our stock price.

We face efforts by government payers to reduce utilization as well as reimbursement for laboratory testing services. Changes in governmental reimbursement may result from statutory and regulatory changes, prospective and/or retroactive rate adjustments, administrative rulings, and other policy changes.

From time to time, legislative freezes and updates affect some of our tests that are reimbursed by the Medicare program under the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (“MPFS”), or the Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule (“CLFS”). The MPFS is updated on an annual basis. In the past, the MPFS was updated using a prescribed statutory formula (i.e., the sustainable growth rate formula). The Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (“MACRA”) repealed the previous statutory formula and specified new annual conversion factors for calendar years 2015 and beyond. If the new annual conversion factor results in negative reimbursement in future years, the resulting decrease in payment may adversely affect our revenue, business, operating results, financial condition, and prospects.

In addition, recent laws have made changes to Medicare reimbursement for our tests that are reimbursed under the CLFS, many of which have already gone into effect. The Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 (“PAMA”) made significant changes to how Medicare pays for clinical diagnostic laboratory tests under the CLFS. As part of the changes made under PAMA, beginning in 2017, Medicare CLFS reimbursement rates were to be based on the volume-weighted median of the private payer payment rates for these tests. This led to reductions from prior rates, and without further legislative changes, will continue to result in reductions as the Medicare CLFS reimbursement rate converges towards the median private payer rate. Reductions were capped at 10.0 percent per annum from 2017 through 2020, and this cap was set to increase to 15.0 percent for 2020. However, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) and Protecting Medicare and American Farmers from Sequester Cuts Act delayed the implementation of the 15.0 percent rate reduction cap to 2023 and capped reductions at 0.0 percent for 2021 and 2022. The Consolidated Appropriations Act 2023 further delayed the implementation of the 15.0 percent rate reduction cap to 2024 and extended the 15.0 percent rate reduction cap through 2026. The Further Continuing Appropriations and Other Extensions Act of 2024 was passed in 2023 and further delayed the implementation of the 15.0 percent rate reduction cap to 2025 and extended the 15.0 percent rate reduction cap through 2027. When rate reductions begin to take effect again in 2023,2024, this will further reduce Medicare program payments for CLFS tests. It is possible that additional reductions could be enacted in the future.

CMS also adopts regulations and policies, from time to time, revising, limiting, or excluding coverage or reimbursement for certain of the tests that we perform. Likewise, many state governments are under budget pressures and are also considering reductions to their Medicaid fees. Further, Medicare, Medicaid, and other third-party payers audit for overutilization of billed services. Even though all tests performed by us are ordered by our clients who are responsible for establishing the medical necessity for the tests ordered, we may be subject to recoupment of payments, as the recipient of the payments for such tests, in the event that a third-party payer such as CMS determines that the tests failed to meet all applicable criteria for payment. When third-party payers like CMS revise their coverage regulations or policies, our costs generally increase due to the

In certain jurisdictions, Palmetto GBA administers the Molecular Diagnostic Services Program (“MolDx”) and establishes coverage and reimbursement for certain molecular diagnostic tests, including many of our tests. To obtain Medicare coverage for a molecular diagnostic test (FDA-approved or LDT), laboratories must apply for and obtain a unique test identifier or what is known as a “Z” code. For newly developed tests or for established tests that have not been validated for clinical and analytical validity and clinical utility, laboratories must submit a detailed dossier of clinical data to substantiate that the test meets Medicare’s requirements for coverage. We have received favorable coverage for many of our molecular tests, however, we have also received non-coverage determinations for many newer tests. The field of molecular diagnostics is evolving very rapidly, and clinical studies on many new tests are still underway. We cannot be assured that some of our molecular tests will ever be covered services by Medicare, nor can we determine when the medical literature will meet the standard for coverage that Medicare administrative contractors have set.

In November 2017, CMS initiated a national coverage analysis for the use of NGS diagnostic tests for patients with advanced cancer. The proposed decision memorandum was released and open to a public comment period. On March 16, 2018, CMS issued a final decision memorandum for NGS as a diagnostic laboratory test and determined it to be reasonable and necessary, and covered nationally when performed in a CLIA-certified laboratory, ordered by a treating physician, and all of the following requirements are met: (a) the patient has either recurrent, relapsed, refractory, metastatic, or advanced stages III or IV cancer; (b) the patient has either not been previously tested using the same NGS test for the same primary diagnosis of cancer or has had repeat testing using the same NGS test only when a new primary cancer diagnosis is made by the treating physician; and (c) the patient has decided to seek further cancer treatment (e.g., therapeutic chemotherapy). CMS also determined that the diagnostic laboratory test using NGS must have: FDA approval or clearance as a companion in vitro diagnostic; an FDA approved or cleared indication for use in that patient’s cancer; and results provided to the treating physician for management of the patient using a report template to specify treatment options. On October 29, 2019, CMS issued a proposed decision memorandum open to a public comment period that would expand coverage of NGS test when performed in a CLIA-certified laboratory, ordered by a treating physician, and all of the following requirements are met (a) the patient has ovarian or breast cancer; (b) the patient has clinical indications for germline (inherited) testing; (c) the patient has risk factors for germline (inherited) breast or ovarian cancer; and (d) the patient has not been previously tested using NGS. These CMS changes to reimbursement for NGS testing could directly affect our revenue for this test type.

In recent years, Medicare has encouraged beneficiaries to participate in managed care programs, known as “Medicare Advantage” programs, and has encouraged beneficiaries from the traditional fee-for-service Medicare program to switch to

Medicare Advantage programs. This has resulted in rapid growth of health insurance and managed care plans offering Medicare Advantage programs and growth in Medicare beneficiary enrollment in these programs. Also, in recent years, many states have increasingly mandated that Medicaid beneficiaries enroll in managed care arrangements. If these efforts continue to be successful, we may experience a further shift of traditional Medicare and Medicaid fee-for-service beneficiaries to managed care programs. As a result, we would be required to contract with those private managed care programs in order to be reimbursed for services provided to their Medicare and Medicaid members. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in entering into agreements with these managed care programs at rates of payment similar to those we realize from our non-managed care lines of business.

We expect the initiatives such as those described above to continue and, if they do, to reduce reimbursements for clinical laboratory services, to impose more stringent cost controls on clinical laboratory services and to reduce utilization of clinical laboratory services. These efforts, including changes in law or regulations that may occur in the future, may each individually or collectively have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

We are subject to extensive state and federal regulatory oversight regarding laboratory licensing and operations. Each of our laboratories must satisfy federal requirements under CLIA and to maintain the appropriate CLIA Certificate for all testing performed at the lab. Additionally, most states have adopted various laws and regulations setting standards for laboratories performing clinical laboratory testing, and requiring laboratories to obtain and maintain a state laboratory license before the

Periodic inspections or surveys are performed to determine whether our laboratory locations are compliant with CLIA requirements or with applicable state licensure or certification laws. If we fail to meet any applicable requirements of CLIA or similar state laws, that failure could adversely affect payment for our products and services, prevent their approval entirely, and/or interrupt the commercial sale and/or marketing of any products and services and otherwise cause us to incur significant expense. The sanctions for failure to comply with CLIA, state licensure requirements, or other applicable laws and regulations include the suspension, revocation, or limitation of the right to perform clinical laboratory services or receive compensation for those services, as well as the requirement to enter into a corrective action plan to monitor compliance, and the imposition of civil or criminal penalties or administrative fines. In addition, any new legislation or regulation or the application of existing laws and regulations in ways that we have not anticipated could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We are subject to licensing and regulation under federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment and human health and safety, including laws and regulations relating to the handling, transportation, and disposal of medical specimens, infectious and hazardous waste, and radioactive materials, as well as regulations relating to the safety and health of laboratory employees. The federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration has established extensive requirements relating to workplace safety for healthcare employers, including clinical laboratories, whose workers may be exposed to blood-borne pathogens such as HIV and the hepatitis B virus. These requirements, among other things, require work practice controls, protective clothing and equipment, training, medical follow-up, vaccinations, and other measures designed to minimize exposure to, and transmission of, blood-borne pathogens. In addition, the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act requires, among other things, that we include in our safety programs the evaluation and use of engineering controls such as safety needles, if found to be effective at reducing the risk of needlestick injuries in the workplace.

Failure to comply with such federal, state and local laws and regulations could subject us to denial of the right to conduct business, fines, criminal penalties and/or other enforcement actions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, compliance with future legislation could impose additional requirements for us, which may be costly.

There has been, and will continue to be, significant efforts by both federal and state agencies to reduce costs in government healthcare programs and otherwise implement government control of healthcare costs. In addition, private payers continually seek ways to reduce and control overall healthcare costs, and increasing emphasis on managed care in the United States will continue to put pressure on the pricing of healthcare services. Uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of new applications and services. Third-party payers, including governmental payers such as Medicare and private payers, are scrutinizing new medical products and services and may not cover or may limit coverage and the level of reimbursement for

our services. Third-party insurance coverage may not be available to patients for any of our existing tests or for tests we discover and develop, and a substantial portion of the testing for which we bill our hospital and laboratory clients is ultimately paid by third-party payers. Likewise, any pricing pressure exerted by these third-party payers on our clients may, in turn, be exerted by our clients on us. If government and other third-party payers do not provide adequate coverage and reimbursement for our tests, it could adversely affect our operating results, cash flows and/or our financial condition.

Of particular importance to our operations is ensuring compliance with federal and state laws prohibiting fraudulent billing and the retention of overpayments. In particular, if we fail to comply with federal and state documentation, coding, and billing rules, we could be subject to liability under the federal False Claims Act, including civil penalties, loss of licenses, and exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The False Claims Act prohibits individuals and companies from knowingly submitting false claims for payments to, or improperly retaining overpayments from, the government.

If an entity is determined to have violated the federal False Claims Act, it may be required to pay up to three times the actual damages sustained by the government, plus substantial civil penalties of between $10,296 and $51,483 for each separate false claim. Further, False Claims Act liability may lead to exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid, and other federal healthcare programs. There are a number of potential bases for liability under the federal False Claims Act. For example, liability arises when an entity knowingly submits, or causes another to submit, a claim for reimbursement to the federal government for a service which was not provided or which did not qualify for reimbursement. Submitting a claim with reckless disregard or deliberate ignorance of its truth or falsity could also result in liability under the False Claims Act. Following enactment of the ACA, knowing retention of overpayments is also considered a false claim and could lead to liability under the False Claims Act.

The False Claims Act’s “whistleblower” or “qui tam” provisions are used with frequency to challenge the reimbursement practices of providers and suppliers. Those provisions allow a private individual to bring an action on behalf of the government alleging that the defendant has submitted false claims for payment to the government. The government must decide whether to intervene in the lawsuit and whether to prosecute the case. If it declines to do so, the individual may pursue the case alone, although the government must be kept apprised of the progress of the lawsuit. Whether or not the federal government intervenes in the case, it will receive the majority of any recovery. The successful qui tam relator who brought the case is entitled to a portion of the proceeds and his or her attorneys’ fees and costs. In addition, various states have enacted laws modeled after the federal False Claims Act, which prohibit submitting false claims for payment to the state, or, in some states, to commercial payers. If we fail to comply with federal and state documentation, coding, and billing rules, we could be subject to liability under analogous state laws as well as criminal liability through a variety of federal and state criminal statutes.

Government investigations of clinical laboratories have been ongoing for a number of years and are expected to continue in the future. Governmental enforcement action or qui tam civil litigation against us may result in material costs and occupy significant management resources, even if we ultimately prevail. In addition, governmental enforcement action may result in substantial fines, penalties or administrative remedies, including exclusion from government reimbursement programs and entry into corporate integrity agreements with governmental agencies, which could entail significant obligations and costs.

When we submit bills for our services to third-party payers, we must follow complex documentation, coding, and billing rules which are based on federal and state laws, rules and regulations, various government publications, and on industry practice. A large number of laboratories have entered into substantial settlements with the federal and state governments for alleged noncompliance under these laws and rules. Private payers have also brought civil actions against laboratories, which have resulted in substantial judgments. Failure to follow these rules could result in potential civil liability under the False Claims Act, under which extensive financial penalties can be imposed. It could further result in criminal liability under various federal and state criminal statutes.

We submit thousands of claims for payment to governmental programs and private payers, and we cannot guarantee that there have not been errors in our claims. While we maintain a robust compliance program that includes consistent, detailed review of our documentation, coding, and billing practices, the rules are frequently vague, complex, and continually changing and we cannot assure that governmental authorities, private insurers, or private whistleblowers will not challenge our practices. Such a challenge could result in a material adverse effect on our business. We therefore could be exposed to potential liability, penalties, or limitations on our operations due to failure to comply with significant government regulation and laboratory operations.

Existing federal laws governing Medicare and Medicaid, as well as some other state and federal laws, also regulate certain aspects of the relationship between healthcare providers, including clinical laboratories, and their referral sources, including

physicians, hospitals and other laboratories. Some of these laws, including the federal AKS and the federal Stark Law contain extremely broad proscriptions. Violation of these laws can result in criminal or civil penalties, exclusion from participation in the Medicare, Medicaid, and other federal healthcare programs, repayment of reimbursement received related to services tied to any impermissible referrals, or civil monetary penalties, which may be significant, as well as potential False Claims Act liability. Government authorities may determine that our arrangements with physicians and other clients do not comply with

The federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law (“federalFederal CMP Law”) imposes civil monetary penalties and potential exclusion from Medicare and Medicaid programs on any person who offers or transfers remuneration to any patient, who is a Medicare or Medicaid beneficiary, when the person knows or should know that the remuneration is likely to induce the patient to receive medical services from a particular provider. The federalFederal CMP Law applies, among other things, to many kinds of inducements or benefits provided to patients, including complimentary items or services that are of more than nominal value. Government authorities may determine our operations and provision of services do not comply with the law and its interpretations and impose civil monetary penalties and exclude us from participation in Medicare and Medicaid for past or present practices related to patient incentive, coordination of care and need-based programs.

Tests which are reimbursed by Medicare and other Governmentgovernment payers (for example, State Medicaid programs) accounted for approximately 17.8%15%, 17.0%16% and 18.0%18% of our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021, 20202023, 2022 and 2019,2021, respectively. The Medicare program imposes extensive and detailed requirements on diagnostic service providers, including, but not limited to, rules that govern how we structure our relationships with physicians, how and when we submit claims for reimbursement, and how we provide specialized diagnostic laboratory services. Further, we are prohibited from contracting with any individuals or entities who have been excluded from participation in Medicare or Medicaid and are listed on the OIG’s List of Excluded Individuals and Entities List (“LEIE”) or in the System for Award Management, which includes the previously independent Government Services Administration’s Excluded Parties List System (“GSA-EPLS”). Contracting with excluded individuals or entities, such as hiring an excluded person or contracting with an excluded vendor, can result in significant penalties.

Our failure to comply with applicable Medicare, Medicaid, and other governmental payer rules could result in our inability to participate in a governmental payer program, an obligation to repay funds already paid to us for services performed, civil monetary penalties, criminal penalties, False Claims Act liability, and/or limitations on the operational function of our laboratory. If we were unable to receive reimbursement under a governmental payer program, a substantial portion of our revenues would be lost, which would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to the federal Stark Law, as well as similar state statutes and regulations, which prohibit billing Medicare for certain healthcare services, which are referred to as DHS, rendered as a result of referrals by physicians to DHS entities with which the physicians (or their immediate family members) have a financial relationship unless an exception is met. A “financial relationship” includes both an ownership interest and/or a compensation arrangement with a physician, both direct and indirect, and DHS includes, but is not limited to, laboratory services. The Stark Law prohibits an entity that receives a prohibited DHS referral from seeking payment from Medicare for any DHS services performed as a result of such a referral,

unless an arrangement is carefully structured to satisfy every requirement of a regulatory exception. The Stark Law is a strict liability statute, and thus any technical violation requires repayment of all “tainted” referrals, regardless of the intent, unless an exception applies. Penalties for violating the Stark Law may include the denial of payment to an entity for the impermissible provision of DHS, the requirement to refund any amounts collected in violation of the Stark Law, and substantial civil monetary penalties of up to $26,125 for each violation and $174,172 for each circumvention arrangement or scheme. Other

Further, many states have promulgated self-referral laws and regulations similar to the federal Stark Law, and these vary significantly based on the state. In addition to services reimbursed by Medicaid or government payers, these state laws and regulations can encompass services reimbursed by private payers and self-pay patients as well. Penalties for violating state self-referral laws and regulations vary based on the state, but often include civil penalties, exclusion from Medicaid, and loss of licenses.

Our financial arrangements with physicians are governed by the federal Stark Law, and we rely on certain exceptions to the Stark Law with respect to such relationships. While we believe that our financial relationships with physicians and physician practices are in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that government authorities would agree. If we are found by the government to be in violation of the Stark Law, we could be subject to significant penalties, including fines as specified above, exclusion from participation in government and private payer programs and requirements to refund amounts previously received from government. Further, as our operations expand into new states and jurisdictions, we must continually evaluate whether our relationships with physicians comply with thatsuch new jurisdiction’s laws. This may require structural and organizational modifications to our relationships with physicians, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to the federal AKS, which is a criminal felony statute that prohibits the knowing and willful offer, payment, solicitation, or receipt of any form of remuneration in return for referring, ordering, leasing, purchasing, or arranging for or recommending the ordering, purchasing, or leasing of items or services payable by Medicare, Medicaid, or any other federally funded healthcare program. The federal AKS defines remunerationRemuneration has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, in cash or in kind, and thus can implicate financial relationships involving payments not commensurate with fair market value, such as in the form of office space, equipment leases, professional or technical services, or anything else of value.

The AKS is an “intent-based” statute, meaning that a violation occurs when one or both parties intend the remuneration to be in exchange for or to induce referrals. In 2010, the ACA, amended the intent requirement of the AKS. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the ACA provides that a claim submitted for reimbursement for items or services resulting from a violation of the AKS constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal False Claims Act.

There are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution or other regulatory sanctions; however, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that do not fit squarely within an exception or safe harbor may be subject to scrutiny. Violations of the AKS may result in substantial civil or criminal penalties, including criminal fines, of up to $100,000, imprisonment, of up to ten years, civil penalties under the federalFederal CMP Law, of up to $105,563 for each violation, plus three times the remuneration involved, civil penalties and damages under the federal False Claims Act of a maximum of $51,483 for each claim submitted, plus three times the amounts paid for such claims and exclusion from participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs. If we face these penalties or exclusion from participation in Medicare and Medicaid, it could significantly reduce our revenues and could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, non-compliant activities and unlawful conduct by sales and marketing personnel could give rise to significant risks under the AKS. We require extensive, comprehensive training of all sales and marketing personnel, but cannot guarantee that every staff member will comply with the training. Thus, we could face liability under the AKS for non-compliance by individuals engaged in prohibited sales and marketing activities.

Further, most states have adopted similar anti-kickback laws prohibiting the offer, payment, solicitation, or receipt of remuneration in exchange for referrals, and typically impose criminal and civil penalties as well as loss of licenses. Some of these state laws apply to items and services paid for by private payers as well as by government payers. In addition, many states have adopted laws prohibiting the splitting or sharing of fees between physicians and non-physicians, as well as between treating physicians and referral sources. We believe our arrangements with physicians comply withIf we are found to be in violation of the AKS as well asor a similar state anti-kickback and fee splitting laws of the states in which we operate; however, if government authorities were to disagree,law, we could be subject to civilsignificant penalties, including fines, exclusion from participation in government and criminal penalties andprivate payer programs, or obligations to refund amounts previously received from government payers. We also could be required to restructure or terminate our contractual and other arrangements with physicians. Thisphysicians, which could result in a loss of revenue and have a material adverse effect on our business.

Some states have also adopted laws prohibiting the corporate practice of medicine, or prohibiting business corporations from employing physicians or engaging in activities considered to be the “practice of medicine.” In these states, we rely on service agreements with physicians and/or professional associations owned by physicians, to perform needed professional pathology services. We cannot be certain that a physician or physician’s professional organization will not seek to terminate an

agreement with us on any basis, nor can we be certain that governmental authorities in those states will not seek termination of these arrangements on the basis of state laws prohibiting the corporate practice of medicine.

In the U.S., HIPAA, as expanded through the HITECH Act and as implemented through HIPAA’s privacy and security regulations,the HIPAA Rules, and similar state laws contain provisions that require the electronic exchange of health information, such as claims submission and receipt of remittances, using standard transactions and code sets, which we refer to as “Standards,” and regulate the use and disclosure of patient records and other PHI. These provisions, which address security and confidentiality of patient information as well as the administrative aspects of claims handling, have very broad applicability and govern many healthcare providers, including physicians and clinical laboratories. Failure to comply with the Standards, the HIPAA privacy and security regulations,Rules, and applicable state privacy and security laws, could result in material adverse effects on our business, results of operations, and our financial condition and could subject us to liability.

The HIPAA privacy and security regulationsRules establish comprehensive federal standards with respect to the uses and disclosures of PHI by certain entities including health plans and healthcare providers, and set standards to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of electronic medical records. The regulations establish a complex regulatory framework governing the use and disclosure of PHI, including, for example, the circumstances under which uses and disclosures of PHI are permitted or required without a specific authorization by the patient; a patient’s right to access, amend, and receive an accounting of certain disclosures of PHI; the content of notices of privacy practices describing how PHI is used and disclosed and individuals’ rights with respect to their PHI; and implementation of administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to protect privacy and security of PHI. The federal privacy regulations restrict our ability to use or disclose certain individually identifiable patient health information, without patient authorization, for purposes other than payment, treatment, or healthcare operations, as defined by HIPAA, except for disclosures for various public policy purposes and other permitted purposes outlined in the privacy regulations.HIPAA Rules. The HIPAA privacy and security regulationsRules do not supersede state laws that may be more stringent; therefore, we are required to comply with both federal privacy and security regulations and varying state privacy and security laws and regulations.

The HIPAA privacy and security regulationsRules also require healthcare providers like us to notify affected individuals, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and in some cases, the media, when PHI has been “breached,” as defined by HIPAA. Many states have similar breach notification laws. In the event of a breach, we could incur substantial operational and financial costs related to mitigation and remediation, including preparation and delivery of notices to affected individuals. Additionally, HIPAA and its implementing regulations provide for significant civil fines, criminal penalties, and other sanctions for failure to comply with the privacy, security, and breach notification rules, including for wrongful or impermissible use or disclosure of PHI. Although the HIPAA statute and regulations do not expressly provide for a private right of action for damages, we could incur damages under state laws to private parties for the wrongful or impermissible use or disclosure of confidential health information or other private personal information. Additionally, HIPAA allows state Attorneys General to bring an action against a covered entity, such as us, for a violation of HIPAA. We insure some of our risk with respect to HIPAA security breaches, but operational costs and penalties associated with HIPAA breaches easily could exceed our insured limits.

HIPAA imposes additional requirements, restrictions, and penalties on covered entities and their business associates to, among other things, deter breaches of security. As a result, in addition to the aforementioned reporting requirements, covered entities and their business associates may be required to take preventative and remedial actions, as well as face stringent sanctions for a breach. Our electronic health records system is periodically modified to meet applicable security standards. Despite our implementation of various security measures, our infrastructure may be vulnerable to computer viruses, break-ins, and other disruptive problems inadvertently introduced by authorized users such as employees and clients, or purposefully targeted by hackers and other cybercriminals which could lead to interruption, delays, or cessation in service to our clients. Further, such incidents, whether electronic or physical, could jeopardize the security of confidential information, including PHI and other sensitive information stored in our computer systems related to clients, patients, and other parties connected through us, which may deter potential clients and give rise to uncertain liability to parties whose security or privacy has been infringed. A significant security breach could result in fines, loss of clients, damage to our reputation, direct damages, costs of repair and detection, costs to remedy the breach, government penalties, and other expenses. We insure some of our risk with respect to security breaches but the occurrence of any of the foregoing events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and our financial condition.

Outside of the U.S., the European Union's data privacy law, the GDPR, for example, imposes penalties of up to 4.0% of annual global turnover.revenue. The GDPR imposes a number of strict obligations and restrictions on the ability to process (which includes

These recent developments may require us to review and amend the legal mechanisms by which we make and/ or receive personal data transfers under the GDPR.

Our performance is substantially dependent on the performance of our senior management and key scientific and technical personnel. In particular, our success depends substantially on the continued efforts of our senior management team. The loss

of the services of any of our executive officers, our medical staff, our laboratory directors or other key employees could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and our financial condition. Our future success also depends on our continuing ability to attract and retain highly qualified managerial, scientific, and technical personnel as we continue to grow. Competition for such personnel is intense among the laboratory testing industry and we may not be able to retain our key managerial and technical employees or may not be able to attract and retain additional highly qualified managerial and technical personnel in the future. The inability to attract and retain the necessary managerial and technical personnel could have a material adverse effect upon our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Additionally, our ability to retain existing clients for our specialized diagnostic services and attract new clients is dependent upon retaining existing sales representatives and hiring and training new sales representatives, which are expensive and time-consuming processes. WeOur growth depends, in particular, on attracting, retaining and motivating highly-trained sales personnel with the necessary scientific background and ability to understand our systems at a technical level to effectively identify and sell to potential new customers.We face intense competition for qualified sales personnel and our inability to hire or retain an adequate number of sales representatives could limit our ability to maintain or expand our business and increase sales. Even if we are able to increase our sales force, our new sales personnel may not commit the necessary resources or provide sufficient high quality service and attention to effectively market and sell our services. If we are unable to maintain and expand our marketing and sales networks, or if our sales personnel do not perform to our standards, we may be unable to maintain or grow our existing business and our results of operations and financial condition will likely suffer accordingly. If a sales representative ceases employment, such termination could result in the loss of client goodwill based on the impairment of relationships developed between the sales representative and the healthcare professionals for whom the sales representative was responsible. This is particularly a risk if the representative goes to work for a competitor, as the healthcare professionals that are our clients may choose to use a competitor’s services based on their relationship with our former sales representative.

Implementation of our business strategies will depend in large part on our ability to (i) attract and maintain a significant number of clients; (ii) effectively provide acceptable products and services to our clients; (iii) develop and license new products and technologies; (iv) obtain adequate financing on favorable terms to fund our business strategies; (v) maintain appropriate internal procedures, policies, and systems; (vi) hire, train, and retain skilled employees and management; (vii) continue to operate despite competition in the medical laboratory industry; (viii) be paid reasonable fees by government payers that will adequately cover our costs; (ix) establish, develop, and maintain our name recognition; and (x) establish and maintain beneficial relationships with third-party insurance providers and other third-party payers. Our inability to obtain or maintain any or all these factors could impair our ability to implement our business strategies successfully, which could have material adverse effects on our results of operations and financial condition.

Acquisitions require us to devote significant management attention and resources to integrating the acquired company’s business practices and operations with our own. Potential difficulties we may encounter as part of the integration process, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, include the following:

We cannot be assured that all of the goals and anticipated benefits of an acquisition will be achievable, particularly as achievement of the benefits is in many important respects subject to factors that we do not control. These factors would include the reactions of third parties with whom we enter into contracts and do business and the reactions of investors and analysts.

If we cannot successfully integrate our legacy business with any future business we may acquire, we may fail to realize the expected benefits of such transaction, including the anticipated cost synergies.synergies, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be materially and adversely affected. We could also encounter additional transaction and integration costs or be subject to other factors that affect preliminary estimates.

We use reasonable efforts to assess and predict the expenses necessary to pursue our business strategies. However, implementing our business strategiesstrategy may require more employees, capital equipment, supplies, or other expenditure items than management has predicted, particularly as we continue to assess any further needs resulting from the growth of our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics segment. Similarly, the cost of compensating additional management, employees, and consultants or other operating costs may be more than we estimate, which could result in ongoing and sustained losses.

Management expects that our results of operations may fluctuate significantly in the future as a result of a variety of factors, including, but not limited to: (i) the continued rate of growth, usage, and acceptance of our products and services; (ii) demand for our products and services; (iii) the introduction and acceptance of new or enhanced products or services by us or by competitors; (iv) our ability to anticipate and effectively adapt to developing markets and to rapidly changing technologies; (v) our ability to attract, retain, and motivate qualified personnel; (vi) the initiation, renewal, or expiration of significant contracts with any major clients; (vii) pricing changes by us, our suppliers, or our competitors; (viii) seasonality; and (ix) general economic conditions and other factors. Accordingly, future sales and operating results are difficult to forecast. Our expenses are based in part on our expectations as to future revenues and to a significant extent are relatively fixed, at least in the short-term. We may not be able to adjust spending in a timely manner to compensate for any unexpected revenue shortfall. Accordingly, any significant shortfall in relation to our expectations would likely have an immediate adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, we may determine from time to time to make certain pricing or marketing decisions or acquisitions that could have a short-term material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition and may not result in the long-term benefits intended. Furthermore, in Florida, historically our largest referral market for laboratory testing services, a meaningful percentage of the population returns to their homes in the Northern United States to avoid the hot summer months. This, combined with our clients’ usual summer vacation schedules typically results in seasonality in our business. Because of all of the foregoing factors, our operating results in future periods could be less than the expectations of investors. See Part I, Item 1, “Business—Seasonality” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of the seasonality of our business.

We regard our copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely upon trademark law, copyright law, trade secret protection, and confidentiality and/or license agreements with our employees, clients, partners, and others to protect our proprietary rights. The steps taken by us to protect our proprietary rights may not be adequate or third parties may infringe or misappropriate our copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and similar proprietary rights. In addition, other parties may assert infringement claims against us.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We operate an international network of laboratories. Our corporate office and all of our laboratory facilities are leased, except for 43,560 square feet at our Carlsbad, California facility, which we own. During the third quarter of 2021, we committed to selling this property and the associated land and concluded that these assets met the held for sale criteria. For further information about our held for sale assets, please refer to Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note. 5 Property and Equipment, in the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements. Our leases expire at various dates through 2041. We believe that these locations are sufficient to meet our needs at existing volume levels and, if needed, additional space will be available at a reasonable cost.

We maintain laboratories at all of our facilities, as well as administrative offices at four of our locations. The following table summarizes our facilities by location and approximate square footage:

Our La Jolla, California; Rolle, Switzerland; Singapore and Suzhou, China laboratories support our Pharma Services segment exclusively. Our Nashville, Tennessee; Tampa, Florida; Atlanta, Georgia; and Phoenix, Arizona locations support our Clinical Services segment exclusively. All other locations serve both segments of the business. For further financial information about our segments, please refer to Note 19.17. Segment Information, in the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time the Company is engaged in legal proceedings, including proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. For further information on legal proceedings, please refer to Note 17.15. Commitments and Contingencies, in the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT'SREGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbol “NEO.”

As of February 21, 2022,13, 2024, there were 690645 stockholders of record of our common stock. The number of record holders does not include beneficial owners of common stock whose shares are held in the names of banks, brokers, nominees or other fiduciaries.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We intend to retain all future earnings to finance operations and future growth and, therefore, we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Our financing arrangements contain certain restrictions on our ability to pay dividends on our common stock.

None for the year ended December 31, 20212023 that have not been previously included in a Current Report on Form 8-K.

The following table sets forth information concerning our purchases of common stock for the periods indicated:

We have presented below the cumulative total return to our stockholders of $100 during the period from December 31, 2016,2018, through December 31, 2021,2023, in comparison to the cumulative return on the S&P 500 Index, the Nasdaq Biotechnology Index (^NBI) and a customized peer group of five publicly traded companies during that same period. The peer group is made up of Invitae Corporation, Exact Sciences Corporation, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Natera, Inc., and Quest Diagnostics, Inc. Several of our closest competitors are part of large pharmaceutical or other multi-national firms, or are privately held and, as such, we are unable to obtain financial information for them.

The results assume that $100 (with reinvestment of all dividends) was invested in our common stock, the index, and in the peer group and its relative performance tracked through December 31, 2021.2023. The comparisons are based on historical data and are not indicative of, nor intended to forecast, the future performance of our common stock. The performance graph set forth above shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing by us under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) or the Exchange Act except to the extent that we specifically incorporate such information by reference therein.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA[RESERVED]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information contained below includes statements of management’s beliefs, expectations, hopes, goals and plans that, if not historical, are forward-looking statements subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements. For a discussion on forward-looking statements, see the information set forth in the introductory note to this Annual Report under the caption “Forward Looking Statements,” which information is incorporated herein by reference. For discussion and analysis pertaining to 20202022 overview and highlights as compared to 2019,2021, please refer to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 25, 2021.24, 2023.

Advances in science and technology are driving a proliferation of oncology therapies and associated diagnostic tests. These diagnostic tools and therapies are increasing survival and enhancing quality-of-lifequality of life for cancer patients. As a leading global oncology diagnostics company serving biopharmaceutical companies as well as practicing oncologists and pathologists, NeoGenomics facilitates the adoption of these advanced oncology diagnostic tools beyond the academic environment into the community setting. We are continuously enhancing and expanding our test menu to ensure that providers and patients have access to leading edge solutions such as advanced molecular testing and state-of-the art digital pathology. Moreover, our team of MDs and PhDs, along with our highly-trained oncology-focused sales team, provides ongoing education to our clients to ensure that they remain abreast of cutting-edge developments in oncology.

We are a leading provider of oncology-diagnostic services to biopharma companies. We will continue to work with these clients across the drug development continuum—from research and development through clinical trials testing—to commercialization of companion diagnostic tests. We expect to continue to grow our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics business through (i) global expansion in both Europe and Asia, (ii) expansion of our test offerings (including leading edge NGS tools)tools such as WES, WGS, and others), and (iii)(ii) our unique capabilities for developing and commercializing companion diagnostic tests.

We are continuing to develop and broaden our informatics and data-related tools to leverage our strategic market position and oncology expertise to help our stakeholders solve real-world problems such as identifying patients for clinical trials or providing clinical decision support tools for physicians and providers. We are committed to connecting patients with life alteringlife-altering therapies and trials. In carrying out these commitments, NeoGenomics aims to provide transparency and choice to patients regarding the handling and use of their data through our Notice of Privacy Practices, and has invested in leading technologies to help ensure the data we maintain is secured at all times.

We believe lower cost and increased value of testing is extremely important to the healthcare industry and creates a competitive advantage. We will invest in information technology, automation and best practices to continually improve our processes and drive down the cost of testing. We will continue to expand our test menu and expect to remain at the forefront of the ongoing revolution in cancer related genetic and molecular testing to achieve our vision of becoming one of the world’s leading cancer testing and information companies.

We continue to develop our company-wide focus, which includes the following threefour critical success factors for 2022:

These critical success factors have been communicated throughout our Company. We have structured departmental goals around these factors and have created employee incentive plans in which every employee will have a meaningful incentive for our success.

The FDA is currently considering changes whichthat may include increased regulation of LDTs by the FDA. In October 2014 the FDA announced its proposed framework and timetable and indicated it would move toward greater oversight of LDTs. The FDA has not finalized the framework they announced in 2014. In 2017 the FDA shifted its approach to oversight of LDTs, indicating that they would work with Congress and stakeholders on a new legislative framework and pathway for all diagnostic testing. In 2018 the FDA began limited enforcement activities on a subset of LDTs known as pharmacogenetic testing (“PGx”). NeoGenomics is a member of the American Clinical Laboratory Association (“ACLA”), which has been in active discussions with the FDA and Congress regarding the FDA oversight of LDT’s. However, recent agency announcements made in the context of the COVID-19 public health emergency have produced a shifting policy landscape and further uncertainty regarding the FDA’s role in regulating LDTs: in August 2020, HHS announced that the FDA would not require premarket review of LDTs absent notice-and-comment rulemaking, but in November 2021, HHS issued a statement withdrawing that prior announcement, indicating a return to FDA’s longstanding approach to the regulation and enforcement discretion toward LDTs. The most recent such proposal, the VALID Act, was introduced in both the House and Senate on June 24, 2021. The VALID Act was expected to be included in the Omnibus bill signed at the end of 2022, but ultimately was not included and that, as such, it remains unclear whether the VALID Act will be passed 2023 or whether FDA will proceed through rulemaking. At this time, we cannot predict what the current administrationadministration's impact will be on the oversight and regulation of LDTs or if there will be any additional changes to current rules and regulations.

We closely monitor changes in legislation and take specific actions to identify and estimate the impact of changes in legislation whenever possible as regulatory changes can affect reimbursement for clinical laboratory services. We do not anticipate significant changes to our clinical revenue in 20222024 resulting from known changes in legislation.legislation or rulemaking.

The clinical cancer testing services we offer to community-based pathologists and oncologists are designed to be a natural extension of, and complementary to, the services that they perform within their own practices. We believe our relationshipsrelationship as

a non-competitive partner to community-based pathology practices, to hospital pathology labs, reference labs, and to academic centers can empower them to expand their breadth of testing andto provide a menu of services tothat could match or exceed the level of service found in any center of excellence around the world. Community-based pathology practices and hospital pathology labs may order certain testing services on a tech-onlytechnical component only (“TC” or “tech-only”) basis, which allows them to participate in the diagnostic process by performing the PCprofessional component (“PC”) interpretation services without having to hire laboratory technologists or purchase the sophisticated equipment needed to perform the technical component of the tests. We also support our pathology clients with interpretation and consultative services using our own specialized team of pathologists for difficult or complex cases and we provide overflow interpretation services when requested by clients.

In addition, we directly serve oncology, dermatology and other clinician practices that prefer to have a direct relationship with a laboratory for cancer-related genetic testing services. We typically serve these types of clients with a comprehensive

Our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics revenue consists of three revenue streams:

Our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics segment supports pharmaceutical firms in their drug development programs by supporting various clinical trials and research. This portion of our business often involves working with the sponsorspharmaceutical firms (“sponsors”) on study design as well as performing the required testing. Our medical team often advises the sponsor and works closely with them as specimens are received from the enrolled sites. We also work on developing tests that will be used as part of a companion diagnostic to determine patients’ responsesresponse to a particular drug. As studies unfold, our clinical trials team reports the data and often provides key analysis and insights back to the sponsors.

Our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics segment provides comprehensive testing services in support of our pharmaceutical clients’ oncology programs from discovery to commercialization. In biomarker discovery, our aim is to help our clientscustomers discover the right content. We help our clientscustomers develop a biomarker hypothesis by recommending an optimal platform for molecular screening and backing our discovery tools with the informatics to capture meaningful data. In other pre-clinical and non-clinical work, we can use our platforms to characterize markers of interest. Moving from discovery to development, we seek to help our clientscustomers refine their biomarker strategy and, if applicable, to develop a companion diagnostic pathway using the optimal technology for large-scale clinical trial testing.

Whether serving as the single contract research organization or partnering with one, our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics team provides significant technical expertise, working closely with our clientscustomers to support each stage of clinical trial development. Each trial we support comes with rapid turnaround time, dedicated project management and quality assurance oversight. We have experience in supporting submissions to the FDA for companion diagnostics. Our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics strategy is focused

on helping to bring more effective oncology treatments to market through providing world-class laboratory services in oncology to key pharmaceutical companies in the industry.

We believe that we are well positioned to service PharmaAdvanced Diagnostics sponsors across the full continuum of the drug development process. Our Pharma ServicesAdvanced Diagnostics team can work with themthese sponsors during the basic research and development phase as compounds come out of translational research departments, as well as work with clients from Phase I, clinical trials through PhasesPhase II and Phase III clinical trials as the sponsors work to provedemonstrate the efficacy of their drugs. The laboratory biomarker tests that are developed during this process may become CDx tests that will be used on patients to determine if they could respond to a certain therapy. We are able to offer these CDx tests to the market immediately after FDA approval as part of our Day 1 readiness program. This ability helps to speed the commercialization of a drug and can enable PharmaAdvanced Diagnostics sponsors to reach patients through our broad distribution channel in the Clinical Services segment.

We are continuing to develop and broaden our informatics and data-related tools to leverage our strategic market position and oncology expertise to help our stakeholders solve real-world problems such as identifying patients for clinical trials or providing clinical decision support tools for physicians and providers. We are committed to connecting patients with life alteringlife-altering therapies and trials. In carrying out these commitments, we aim to provide transparency and choice to patients regarding the handling and use of their data through our Notice of Privacy Practices, and have invested in leading technologies to seek to ensure the data we maintain is securedsecure at all times. We are continuing to develop and broaden our informatics and data-related tools to leverage our unique market position and oncology expertise to help our stakeholders solve real-world problems such as identifying patients for clinical trials or providing clinical decision support tools for physicians and providers. We also offer testing and informatics tools, such as Trapelo™, to help health care professionals navigate the rapidly evolving field of precision medicine. Trapelo™ is an end-to-end, clinical decision-support platform designed to resolve the complexities of precision oncology – from test ordering to therapy selection to navigating prior authorization.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Our management routinely makes judgments and estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. Please refer to Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our Consolidated Financial Statements for a complete description of our significant accounting policies.

using discounted cash flows and the market approach utilizing comparable companies’ data. The assumptions and estimates, including management’s estimated future revenue growth rates, estimated future margins and discount rates, used in the quantitative analysis were based on management’s best estimate about current and future conditions including projected net revenue from emerging market technologies acquired through the June 2021 acquisition of Inivata. The results of the quantitative analysis showed that the reporting units’ fair values exceeded their carrying values and there was no impairment lossof the recorded goodwill as of June 30, 2022.

On October 1, 2023, we performed a qualitative assessment to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair values of our reporting units were less than their carrying values. As a result of the qualitative assessment, we determined that it is recognized fornot more likely than not that the difference between the estimated fair value to theof our reporting units is less than their carrying amount of the asset.amounts.

We accrue contingent losses when estimated impacts of various conditions, situations or circumstances involve uncertain outcomes. Contingent losses are recorded based on management judgment along with internal and external advice from legal counsel and/or technical consultants. Estimated losses from contingencies are recorded when both of the following conditions are met: (i) information available before the financial statements are issued (or available to be issued) indicates that it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements and (ii) the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. If some amount within a range of loss appears at the time to be a better estimate than any other amount within the range, that amount shall be accrued. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, however, the minimum amount in the range shall be accrued.

Revenue is recognized onwhen, or as, performance obligations under the terms of a straight-line basis overcontract are satisfied, which occurs when control of the awards’ requisite service periods. The periodic expensepromised products or services is adjusted for actual forfeitures.

These diagnostic services are billed to various payers, including client direct billing, commercial insurance, Medicare and other government payers, and patients. Revenue is recorded for all payers based on the amount expected to be collected, which considers implicit price concessions. Accounts receivable are reported for all Clinical Services payers based on the amount expected to be collected, which also considers implicit price concessions. Implicit price concessions represent differences between amounts billed and the estimated consideration we expect to receive based on negotiated discounts, historical collection experience, assumptions in payer mix, and other anticipated adjustments, including anticipated payer denials. Collection of consideration we expect to receive typically occurs within 3090 to 60120 days of billing for commercial insurance, Medicare and other governmental and self-pay patients and within 60 to 90 days of billing for client payers.

The following table reflects our estimate of the breakdown of net clinical revenue by type of payer for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,2023, 2022 and 2019:2021:

The Company has historically reported its activities in two reportable segments; (1) the Clinical Services segment and (2) the Pharma Services Revenue

Consolidated revenue in 20212023 increased $39.9$81.9 million, or 9.0%16.1%, as compared to 2020.2022. Clinical Services revenue increased $21.8$76.9 million, or 5.7%18.4%, to $404.2$495.6 million in 20212023 as compared to $382.3$418.8 million in 2020. Decreases2022. Increases in Clinical Services revenue reflects an increase in 2021test volume, a more favorable test mix, and an increase in average unit price due to the exit of COVID-19 PCR testing were offset by increases in Clinical Services non-COVID-19 PCR test volumes.strategic reimbursement initiatives.

DueAdvanced Diagnostics revenue increased $5.0 million, or 5.5%, to the broad roll-out of the COVID-19 vaccine and a sharp decline in the demand for COVID-19 PCR testing, we made the decision at the end of the first quarter 2021 to exit from COVID-19 PCR testing which was included in Clinical Services segment revenue. The Clinical Services segment’s continued focus is its broad and innovative testing menu as well as any future new product offerings. COVID-19 PCR testing revenue was $1.6$96.0 million in 2021 compared to $27.8 million in 2020.

Cost of revenue includes payrollcompensation and payroll relatedbenefit costs for performing tests, maintenance and/or depreciation of laboratory equipment, rent for laboratory facilities, laboratory reagents, probes and supplies, delivery and courier costs relating to the transportation of specimens to be tested, and amortization for acquired Inivata developed technology intangible assets.

The consolidated cost of revenue and gross profit metrics for the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 20202022 are as follows (dollars in thousands):