UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C.

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 20152018

or

For the transition period from ________________________ to _______________________________

Commission File Number 001-34719

S&W SEED COMPANY
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

(559) 884-2535
(Registrant's Telephone Number,
Including Area Code)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ¨ Yes x No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ¨ Yes x No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   x Yes  ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 229.405 of this Chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). x Yes  ¨ No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer"filer," "smaller reporting company" and "smaller reporting"emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

(Check one):

Large accelerated filer¨		Accelerated filer¨
Non-accelerated filer¨ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)		Smaller reporting companyx	Emerging growth company   ¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  ¨ Yes  x No

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter was $47,396,596.$47,685,994.

The number of shares outstanding of common stock of the Registrantregistrant as of September 22, 201520, 2018 was 13,463,455.25,956,252.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant's Proxy Statement for the 20152018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. Such proxy statement is to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended June 30, 2015.

S&W SEED COMPANY
FORM 10-K
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 20152018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). All statements other than statements of historical fact are statements that could be deemed forward-looking statements, including but not limited to any projections of revenue, margins, expenses, tax provisions, earnings, cash flows and other financial items; any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations; any statements regarding our ability to raise capital in the future; any statements concerning expected development, performance or market acceptance relating to our products or services or our ability to expand our grower or customer bases;bases or to diversify our product offerings; any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance; any statements of expectation or belief; any statements regarding our ability to retain key employees; and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. These forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, "anticipate," "believe," "can," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "will," "plan," "project," "seek," "should," "target," "will," "would," and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations about future events. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward- lookingforward-looking statements. Risks, uncertainties and assumptions include the following:

• whether we are successful in securing sufficient acreage to support the growth of our alfalfa seed business,
• our plans for expansion of our business (including through acquisitions) and our ability to successfully integrate acquisitions into our operations;
• the continued ability of our distributors and suppliers to have access to sufficient liquidity to fund their operations;
• trends and other factors affecting our financial condition or results of operations from period to period;
• the impact of crop disease, severe weather conditions, such as flooding, or natural disasters, such as earthquakes, on crop quality and yields and on our ability to grow, procure or export our products;
• the impact of pricing of other crops that may be influence what crops our growers elect to plant;
• our plans for expansion of our business (including through acquisitions) and our ability to successfully integrate acquisitions into our operations;
• whether we are successful in aligning expense levels to revenue changes;
• whether we are successful in monetizing our stevia business;

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• the cost and other implications of pending or future legislation or court decisions and pending or future accounting pronouncements; and
• other risks that are described herein including but not limited to the items discussed in "Risk Factors" below, and that are otherwise described or updated from time to time in our filings with the SEC.

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You are urged to carefully review the disclosures made concerning risks and uncertainties that may affect our business or operating results, which include, among others, those listed in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of this Report.Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. Many factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, some of which are beyond our control, will be important in determining our future performance. Consequently, these statements are inherently uncertain and actual results may differ materially from those that might be anticipated from the forward-looking statements. In light of these and other uncertainties, you should not regard the inclusion of a forward-looking statement in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as a representation by us that our plans and objectives will be achieved, and you should not place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements included herein are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements represent our views as of, and speak only as of, the date of this Report.Annual Report on Form 10-K, and such statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons why actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

When used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms "we," "us," "our," "the Company," "S&W" and "S&W Seed" refer to S&W Seed Company and its subsidiaries or, as the context may require, S&W Seed Company only. Our fiscal year ends on June 30, and accordingly, the terms "fiscal 2018," "fiscal 2017" and "fiscal 2016" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K refer to the respective fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, with corresponding meanings to any fiscal year reference beyond such dates. Trademarks, service marks and trade names of other companies appearing in this report are the property of their respective holders.

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PART I

Item 1. Business

Overview

Founded in 1980 and headquartered in the Central Valley ofSacramento, California, we are a global agricultural company. Grounded in our historical expertise and what we believe we areis our present leading position in the leading producerbreeding, production and distributorsale of alfalfa seed, we continue to build towards our goal of being recognized as the world's preferred proprietary forage, grain and specialty crop seed company. In addition to our primary activities in alfalfa seed, we have recently expanded our product portfolio by adding hybrid sorghum and sunflower seed, which complement our alfalfa seed offerings by allowing us to leverage our infrastructure, research and development expertise and our distribution channels, as we begin to diversify into what we believe are higher margin opportunities.We also continue to conduct our stevia breeding program, having been granted four patents by the world. We produce or growU.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Our alfalfa seed is produced under contract with growers in the Western United States, Canada and Australia, and we sell our alfalfa seed varieties in more than 30 countries across the globe. Historically, we have been recognized as the leading producer of non-dormant alfalfa seed varieties which varietiesthat have been bred for warm climates and high-yields, including varieties that can thrive in poor, saline soils. Our December 2014 acquisition of certain alfalfa research and production facility and conventional (non-GMO) alfalfa germplasm assets of DuPont Pioneer, a wholly-owned subsidiary of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company ("DuPont Pioneer"), has provided us with the opportunity to become a leading producer of dormant, high yield alfalfa seed varieties, which are the varieties suitable forbred to survive cold weatherwinter conditions. We also have agreements with Monsanto Corporation to develop unique traits into specific S&W-developed varieties that exhibited high yield and salt tolerance. We have licensing agreements with Monsanto and Forage Genetics International, LLC, a subsidiary of Land O' Lakes, Inc. to produce, breed and eventually sell Roundup Ready alfalfa seed varieties. As a result, of the above activity, our alfalfa seed business now encompasses the production, breeding and sale of non-dormant and dormant conventional varieties and the potential for future production and sale of GMO (genetically modified organism) varieties. In addition to alfalfa seed production and sales, which is our core business, we also conduct an ongoing stevia breeding program.

Following our initial public offering in fiscal year 2010, we expanded certain pre-existing business initiatives and added new ones, including:

• diversifying our production geographically by expanding from solely producing seed in the San Joaquin Valley of California to initially adding production capability in the Imperial Valley of California, then expanding into Australia (primarily South Australia) and, most recently, adding production in other western states and Canada;
• expanding from solely offering non-dormant varieties to now having a full range of both dormant and non-dormant varieties;

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• teaming with FGI and Monsanto to develop GMO alfalfa seeds, using our germplasm and Monsanto's genetically modified traits;
• expanding the depth and breadth of our research and development capabilities in order to develop new varieties of both dormant and non-dormant alfalfa seed with traits sought after by our existing and future customers;

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• diversifying into complementary proprietary crops by acquiring the assets of a Queensland, Australia company specializing in breeding and licensing of hybrid sorghum and sunflower seed;
• expanding our distribution channels and customer base, initially through the acquisition of the customer list of oura key international customer in the Middle East in July 2011, and thereafter, through certain strategic acquisitions;
• expanding our sales geographically both through the expansion of our product offerings to havemake available product needed in regions we historically did not cover and through an expansion of our sales and marketing efforts generally; and
• implementing a stevia breeding program to developfocused on the potential development of new stevia varieties that incorporate the most desirable characteristics of this all-natural, zero calorie sweetener.

We have accomplished these expansion initiatives through a combination of organic growth and strategic acquisitions, foremost among them:

• the acquisition in July 2011 of certain intangible assets, including the customer information, related to the field seed and small grain business of Genetics International, Inc., which had previously operated in the Middle East and North Africa ("MENA") and which began our transition into selling directly to MENA distributors;
• the acquisition of Imperial Valley Seeds, Inc. ("IVS") in October 2012, which enabled us to expand production of non-GMO seed into California's Imperial Valley, thereby ensuring a non-GMO contaminatednon- GMO source of seed due to the prohibition on GMO crops in the Imperial Valley, as well as enabling us to diversify our production areas and distribution channels;
• the acquisition of a portfolio of dormant alfalfa seed germplasm in August 2012 to launch our entry into the dormant market;
• the acquisition of the dominantleading local producer of non-dormant alfalfa seed in South Australia, S&W Seed Company Australia Pty Ltd (f/k/a Seed Genetics International Pty Ltd, ("SGI""S&W Australia") in April 2013, which greatly expanded our production capabilities and geographic diversity; and
• the acquisition of the alfalfa production and research facility assets and conventional (non-GMO) alfalfa germplasm from DuPont Pioneer in December 2014 (the "Pioneer Acquisition"), thereby substantially expanding upon our initial entrance into the dormant alfalfa seed market that began in 2012 and enabling us to greatly expand our production and research and product development capabilities.capabilities;
• the acquisition, in May 2016, of the assets and business of SV Genetics Pty Ltd ("SV Genetics"), a private Australian company specializing in the breeding and licensing of proprietary hybrid sorghum and sunflower seed germplasm, which represents our initial effort to diversify our product portfolio beyond alfalfa seed breeding and production and stevia R&D; and

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• the acquisition of a portfolio of sorghum germplasm in April 2018 to expand our portfolio of sorghum products to include biofuel types.

We believe our 2013 combination with SGIS&W Australia created the world's largest non-dormant alfalfa seed company and gave us the competitive advantages of year-round production in that market. With the completion of the acquisition of dormant alfalfa seed assets from DuPont Pioneer in December 2014, we believe we have become the largest alfalfa seed company worldwide (by volume), with industry-leading research and development, as well as production and distribution capabilities in both hemispheres and the ability to supply proprietary dormant and non-dormant alfalfa seed. Our operations span the world's alfalfa seed production regions, with operations in the San Joaquin and Imperial Valleys of California, five additional Western states, Australia and three provinces in Canada. We now sell

Our May 2016 acquisition of the hybrid sorghum and sunflower germplasm business and assets of SV Genetics as well as our seed products in more than 30 countries worldwide.April 2018 acquisition of a portfolio of sorghum germplasm signal management's commitment to our strategy of identifying opportunities to diversify our product lines and improve our gross margins.

We also ownThe Asset Purchase and operate seed-cleaningSale Agreement for the Pioneer Acquisition previously contemplated that, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, we would acquire certain GMO germplasm varieties and processing facilities in Five Points, California and Nampa, Idaho. Our newly-acquired Nampa Facility sits on approximately 80 acres and includes conditioning, treating, bagging and warehouse facilities that had been used byother related assets from DuPont Pioneer for its alfalfa seed processing needs.a purchase price of $7.0 million. The conditions for this additional acquisition were not satisfied by the required date, and DuPont Pioneer has informed us that it does not intend to extend the deadline or complete the transaction at this point in time. As a result, we do not expect to close the acquisition of DuPont Pioneer's GMO germplasm varieties and related assets in the previously disclosed structure or pay the $7,000,000 purchase price.

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We are in discussions with DuPont Pioneer regarding the orderly transition of activities previously conducted by us under the production and research agreements (relating to GMO-traited varieties), as well as the possibility of certain ongoing commercial relationships between us relating to GMO-traited varieties, among other things.

OneWe believe that one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century will be to expand agricultural production so that it can meet the food and nutritional demands of the world's growing population. According toWorld Population Prospects: The 20122015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables, published by the United Nations, in June 2013,Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, the world population is estimated to reach 8.5 billion in 2030 and to surpass 9.69.7 billion by 2050.

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Improvements in farm productivity have allowed agriculture to keep pace with growing food demand. Yield-enhancing technologies such as mechanization, hybrid seed and crop protection chemicals have enabled farmers to meet the ever-growing demand for food. Because of decreases in the amount of arable land and shrinking worldwide fresh water resources, further increases in agricultural production must come from improvements in agricultural productivity. We address this need by breeding high-yielding alfalfa seedvarieties that is tolerantare adapted to the major growing regions of the world. Additionally, some of our alfalfa varieties expand the addressable acreage for forage production with their ability to tolerate inferior, saline soils, thereby allowing farmers to make marginal soils with inferior water quality as productive as superior soils.

Alfalfa seed is primarily used for growing alfalfa hay, which is grown throughout the world as "forage" for livestock, including dairy and beef cattle, horses and sheep. It is most often harvested as hay, but can also be made into silage, grazed or fed as greenchopgreen-chop to ruminant livestock. The alfalfa industry (and therefore the alfalfa seed industry) is highly dependent on the dairy industry, which is the largest consumer of alfalfa hay. As markets around the world continue to expand to a more westernized diet with high-protein consumption, the demands for alfalfa production around the world should continue to increase.

Alfalfa is indigenous to the Middle East where it is considered a "non-dormant" plant, meaning it grows year round.year-round. "Dormant" varieties of alfalfa have adapted to cold climates by going dormant during periods when frost or snow conditions would otherwise kill them. Dormancy is rated using a numerical system under which "dormant" varieties are rated toward the lower end of a 1 through 11 scale, such as 2 through 4, while "non-dormant" varieties are rated toward the upper end of the scale, such as 8 through 11. The number typically identifies the number of cuttings that a farmer might be able to obtain each year. For the past 30 years, we have focused our efforts on the "non-dormant" market, which is best suited to hot, dry climates, where the growing season lasts for most of the year, resulting in larger yields per acre.

While exact production estimates worldwide are difficult to obtain, we estimate that approximately 150 million pounds of alfalfa seed are produced worldwide each year, roughly divided evenly between non-dormant and dormant production. Alfalfa seed for the non-dormant marketplace is primarily grown in just a few key regions of the world, including the San Joaquin Valley of California, the Imperial Valley of California, and Southern Australia. However, the growing regions for "non-dormant" alfalfa hay include the Southwestern U.S., the Middle East, North Africa, Latin America and other hot, arid regions of the world. "Dormant" alfalfa seed, by contrast, is grown in the western United States and Canada for production of alfalfa hay in colder climates, including the northern regions of the United States, Canada, Europe and China.

Alfalfa seed production is demanding for even the most experienced farmers. Farming practices must be tailored to the climatic conditions of each area. Irrigation must be carefully controlled and timed to stress the plants to cause maximum flowering and seed production. Weed control is essential in order to pass inspections for purity needed for certification. Insect pests, especially lygus bugs, must be managed throughout the season, using strategies that protect pollinators, such as honey bees, leafcutter bees and alkali bees. Fields are desiccated using chemicals that remove moisture and then are harvested as quickly thereafter as possible to limit or avoid rain damage.

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Stevia is a relative newcomer in the estimated over $50$100 billion global sweetener market. Stevia is a part of the high-intensity sweetener (HIS) market, also known as the non-caloric sweetener market, which is a $2.4 billion segment of the overall market. Although thisthe overall market is still dominated by sugar, sugar substitutes continue to increase in market share as consumer concern over sugar intake continuesincreases. The global obesity and diabetes epidemic is expected to increase.drive growth of products like stevia, supported by sugar taxes, which have become prevalent in developed economies. Stevia leaf and its refined products constitute a natural, non-caloric high intensity sweetener, estimated to be 200 to 300 times sweeter than sugar. Its taste has a slower onset and longer duration than that of sugar. It has the advantage of not breaking down with heat, making it more stable for cooking than other sugar alternatives. In the U.S., approximately 70% of all new products formulated with stevia are beverages, with the remainder split between diverse categories, including dairy products and baked goods.

The stevia plant is indigenous to the rain forests of Paraguay and has been used as a sweetener in its raw, unprocessed form for hundreds of years. In recent years, it has been grown commercially in Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, parts of Central America, Thailand, China and the U.S. Currently, the majority of global commercial stevia production occurs in China.

The incorporation of stevia-derived extracts into foods and beverages in the U.S. has seen a rapid increase since the beginning of 2009, when stevia was first introduced as a sweetener alternative to sugar and approved by the FDA as generally regarded as safe. Within the high impact sweetener category, Stevia represented a $423 million market in food2014. Beverages account for 50% of the stevia extract market in 2016, and beverages. Accordingmajor soft drink producers have active programs to Mintel and Leatherhead Food Research,further develop the valueuse of Stevia in soda. Based on IHS Market projections, from 2016-2021, stevia as an additiveis expected to grow at 8.1% year-year, with higher growth rates predicted for use in food and beverage manufacture in 2013 totaled approximately $110 million, and they estimate that this total will grow to approximately $275 million by 2017. Their report further states that, whileEurope. While sales of artificial sweeteners, such as aspartame, acesulfame K and sucralose still dominate the high-intensity sweetener market, for sugar substitutes, consumer demand for artificial sweeteners has seen a decline since the introduction of stevia. Mintel

Sorghum comes in two types, forage and Leatherhead Food Research expect to this trend to continue, with plant-derived sweeteners, such as stevia, providinggrain, and is considered one of the main area of growthindispensable crops in the sweetener marketworld. It has traditionally been used for livestock feed, as well as ethanol, but is gaining increasingly in popularity in food products in the future.U.S. due to its gluten-free characteristics, as well as its antioxidant, high protein, lower fat, high fiber and non-GMO properties. Consequently, grain sorghum is becoming a desired substitute for wheat, rye and barley. Additionally, the pet food industry increasingly utilizes grain sorghum for its nutritional benefits and enhanced digestibility.

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Similar to alfalfa, sorghum grows well in poor soil and drought conditions, thanks to its hardiness, market versatility and high-quality seed. Sorghum requires less water to grow than many other crops and is generally used as a replacement for corn and other grains in areas where water is scarce. In Africa, sorghum can be a food staple for human consumption. The majority of the world's sorghum is grown in developing countries, primarily in Africa and Asia

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (the "USDA") projects that world grain sorghum production for 2018/2019 will be approximately 59 million metric tons based on 41.5 million hectares of production. The USDA further projects the 2018/2019 U.S. sorghum crop to encompass 6 million acres (2.4 million hectares) with total production of 375 million bushels of grain sorghum (9.5 million metric tons).

Sunflowers have multiple specialty uses including oil, birdseed and human consumption. Our current sunflower seed focus is on the oil market. Sunflower oil is light in taste and appearance and supplies more Vitamin E than any other vegetable oil. It is a combination of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats with low saturated fat levels. The versatility of this healthy oil is recognized by cooks internationally, valued for its frying performance and health benefits. With multiple types of sunflower oils available, it meets the needs of consumer and food manufacturers alike for a healthy and high performance non-transgenic vegetable oil. USDA projects global sunflower seed production for 2018/2019 at 49.9 million tons, up 5 percent from 2017/2018. The sunflower seed oil trade is forecasted to rise, supported by demand in India, the EU, North Africa, and the Middle East.

Business Strategy

Over the years, we have built our business upon four pillars that serve as our foundation and drive our future plans and direction. These include:

• a strong product portfolio;
• leading edge research and development expertise;
• a large and diversified production base; and
• global distribution.

We strive to enhance our growth potential and improve gross margins by increasingexpanding our alfalfa seed business, by leveraging our expertise in plant discovery and development and by continually assessing opportunities to expand into the development, production and sale of other, higher margin crops.

Our goal isWe intend to growcontinue to pursue our alfalfastrategy to be recognized as the world's preferred provider of seed businessfor forage, grain and specialty crops by:

• increasing the number of acres under contract with growers in the Central and Imperial Valleys of California, in other western states and Canada and in South Australia;
• increasing distribution into foreign markets through sales in the Middle East, North Africa, Mexico, other Latin American locations and Latin America;Eastern Europe;

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• expanding and improving our domestic distribution channels;channels in both the United States and Australia;
• promoting worldwide the economic advantages of our high-yielding alfalfa seed varieties and our salt-tolerant alfalfa seed varieties;
• continuingexpanding our breeding program, in classical breeding and gene editing, in order to develop new varietiesproducts with those characteristics most needed or desired by farmers; and

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• expanding our assortment of available varieties.breeding program into crops with historically higher margins, in particular, hybrid sorghum and sunflower seed germplasm.

These goals are being accomplished both through organic growth of our legacy business and through strategic acquisitions. We will continue to look for additional acquisition or internal opportunities that will expand our existing business or provide us with a gateway to entering new markets that complement our existing business.

We also are continuing to exploit the emerging market for stevia through our stevia breeding program. The goal of this program is to leverage our research, development and breeding expertise to invent stevia varieties with flavor characteristics that best complement the food and beverages into which stevia is increasingly being incorporated or that can be consumed on its own.

Our Current Alfalfa Seed Products

We have a history of innovation in alfalfa breeding, dating back to the early 1980s when S&W's firstour non-dormant varieties ("S&W varieties") were first introduced to the market. Starting in 2001,2003, our Australian subsidiary, SGI,S&W Australia, began a breeding program targeted at creating varieties that maximize seed yields, thereby reducing the cost of seed production. Historically, we differentiated our products by optimizing our varieties for geographical regions that have hot climates and, in the case of S&W varieties, challenging soil conditions such as high-salt content, while maximizing crop yield. Our December 2014 acquisition of DuPont Pioneer's conventional, dormant alfalfa seed varieties buildsbuilt upon our initial 20132012 launch into dormant alfalfa seed markets by adding a wide selection of dormant alfalfa seed varieties that are suited for higher elevation and cooler climate conditions. Our current portfolio of alfalfa seed products includes varieties that, depending upon the particular variety, exhibit traits including high yield, muscle (strength in the field), salt tolerance, drought tolerance, leafhopper resistance and stem nematode resistance, among other traits sought by farmers who grow forage hay.

Fall dormancy is a key characteristic that can vary among alfalfa varieties. Fall Dormancy (FD) ratings are assigned to varieties based on their performance in standardized tests for the onset of dormancy in the fall. Standard check varieties span an FD rating continuum from FD 1 to FD 11, where the onset of dormancy is measured as fall height relative to standard check varieties. FD1 represents the earliest onset of fall dormancy, whereas FD 1211 represents a completely non-dormant growth habit. Early FD ratings are

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generally most suited to cold winter climates where plants must cease fall growth early allowing individual plants to survive cold winters and frozen soils conditions for lengthy periods. FD 2 and FD 3 ratings are typically associated with early onset fall dormancy, when grown in the upper Midwest for example. FD 9 and FD 10 ratings are typically non-dormant, are characterized as having relatively little slowdown in fall growth and are more suited for continuing forage yield production and improved yield potential in warm winter climates where soils do not freeze.

Our current commercial product line-up includes alfalfa seed varieties that span from FD 3 (our earliest onset of fall-dormancy) to FD 10 (our most non-dormant, most winter active). The legacy S&W product development efforts were focused on FD 8, FD 9 and FD 10, with some breeding effort devoted to FD 4, FD 6 and FD7.

S&W varieties are all bred and developed to meet the guidelines for certification by the California Crop ImprovementNational Alfalfa Variety Review Board and/or the Association ("CCIA").of Official Seed Certifying Agencies.

In February 2012, we announced the certification of our first proprietary dormant alfalfa seed variety, which was specifically bred to thrive in high altitude and cooler climates. In August 2012, we purchased

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the rights to a portfolio of alfalfa varieties suited for higher elevations and colder climate conditions, marking our commitment to expand more aggressively into the dormant variety market. The colder climate or higher elevation varieties that we acquired are in the range of FD 3, FD 4 and FD 5. In December 2014, we acquired from DuPont Pioneer one of the alfalfa industry's largest portfolios of dormant alfalfa germplasm, along with their active breeding program. The Pioneer breeding program amassed a significant germplasm base that spans from FD 3 through FD 9. The primary focus of the Pioneer breeding program was FD 4 and FD 5 for the North America market. These acquisitions of dormant germplasm significantly expand the range of geographic and climatic growing regions where we can offer adapted varieties.

Our most non-dormant varieties (FD 8, FD 9 and FD 10) still represent a large proportion of our business and are best suited to hot, arid climates. Our salt tolerant non-dormant varieties do well in salty irrigation waters and salty soils. Our leading non-dormant varieties include SW 10, SW 9720, SW 9215, SW 9628, SW 8421SSW10, SW9720, SW9215, SW9628, and SW 8718.SW8421S. Of these varieties, SW 9720, SW 9215SW9720, SW9215 and SW 8421SSW8421S are bred to perform very well in highly saline conditions that would stunt or kill ordinary alfalfa.

Our FD 3, FD 4 and FD 65 S&W varieties are adapted to the winter-hardy intermountain west and to irrigated areasthe northern half of the Sacramento ValleyUnited States and Northern San Joaquin Valley of California.Canada. These include Rhino, TrophySW4107, and SW 6330. In addition, we have grown introductory volumesSW5909. Some of several newthese varieties are derived from the DuPont Pioneer germplasm base for commercial introduction as S&W brand varieties. Other dormant varieties or potentiallyfrom the DuPont Pioneer germplasm have been selected as potential varieties for licensing to third party brands. Our breeding and genetics experts continue the multi-year process of developing improved varieties over muchall of the dormancy spectrum, but concentrating primarily on dormancy 9 with high salt- and heat-tolerant non-dormant alfalfa seed,varieties, and dormancy 4 high yield winter hardy type varieties where we have established ourselves as a leading provider. We also create blends of seed varieties.

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IVS markets both common and certified alfalfa seeds, sourced from growers located in the Imperial Valley of Southeast California. A portionPortions of the alfalfa seed sold by IVS in fiscal 2015 was2017 and 2018 were common varieties (i.e., uncertified seed) while the balance consisted of certified CUF (a public variety) and proprietary varieties. The primary proprietary varieties we acquired in the IVS acquisition are LaJolla, Catalina and Saltana. Because GMO alfalfa is not permitted in the Imperial Valley, we are able to rely upon the seed grown in the Imperial Valley, along with seed grown in Australia, to supply customers in regions such as the Middle East and Europe, where GMO products are strictly prohibited.

SGIS&W Australia has developed well-known proprietary varieties of alfalfa, such as SuperSonic, SuperNova, SuperStar, SuperCharge, SuperAurora, SuperSequel and SuperSiriver.Since 2002,2003, the varieties developed by SGIS&W Australia have attracted an expanding grower base, and in 2012, SGI2018, S&W Australia accounted for more thanapproximately 60% of the total Australian certified proprietary alfalfa seed production. SGI'sS&W Australia's alfalfa seed varieties are bred to resist disease, createexhibit persistence in the field and produce higher yields of both the alfalfa hay forage and alfalfa seed production for our seed growers. SGI'sS&W Australia's proprietary varieties exhibit superior seed yield capability compared to traditional non-proprietarynon- proprietary alfalfa varieties in Australia, with the most recent varieties showing the highest seed yields. Forage yields of the older SGIS&W Australia proprietary varieties are at least equivalent to traditional non-proprietary varieties, and the forage yields of the more recent SGIS&W Australia varieties are even better. All of SGI'sS&W Australia's proprietary alfalfa varieties, excluding SuperAurora, have FD ratings of 8-9 and therefore achieve optimum growth and forage production in Mediterranean to desert climates.

SGI hasS&W Australia's breeding program includes a number of developments within its breeding program pertaining toinitiatives addressing semi-dormant and highly non-dormant alfalfa varieties and tropical alfalfa seed varieties.

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Additionally, SGIS&W Australia has a breeding and production platform of proprietary white clover varieties, including SuperHuia, SuperLadino, SuperHaifa and SuperHaifa II. Similar to SGI's alfalfa varieties, SGI's clover varieties produce comparatively higher seed yields. In fiscal 2015,2018, clover sales represented 5%approximately 8.1% of SGI'sS&W Australia's total seed sales and a nominal amount of our total consolidated sales. SGI'sS&W Australia's white clover varieties are used for forage and ornamentation.

Currently, Europe, the Middle East and certain other parts of the world prohibit the sale of genetically modified organism (GMO) alfalfa. Therefore, historically, we have not employed genetic engineering in the breeding of our current commercial seed varieties for these markets, and consequently, we have products that can be sold throughout the world. As a result of the January 2011 deregulation by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (the "USDA")USDA of Roundup Ready®Ready^® alfalfa, a GMO product, Roundup Ready®Ready^® alfalfa is currently being grown in the United States without any federal or state regulations governing field isolation and other protections.

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Collaborative stewardship programs have been developed to facilitate the coexistence of GMO and non-GMO seed. For example, in 2010, the AOSCA launched its Alfalfa Seed Stewardship Program (the "ASSP"). The ASSP is a voluntary, fee-based certification program for the production of alfalfa seed to be sold into markets that prohibit the sale of GMO alfalfa. ASSP certification of seed fields includes testing for GMO material and observance of a minimum stated isolation distance of five miles from any GMO alfalfa seed production field. Also in 2010, the California Crop Improvement Association (the "CCIA") developed a web-based alfalfa seed field isolation "pinning" map for alfalfa seed production in the Western U.S. This map is intended to pin both GMO and non-GMO seed fields. Although beneficial to growers and customers alike, these stewardship programs do not afford legal protection to non-GMO growers. We believe that our farming practices currently meet the ASSP and CCIA requirements, including the field isolation requirements.

We continue to evaluate our options with respect to incorporating biotechnology into our alfalfa seed traits and the resulting impact on our business strategy and operations. In April 2013, we entered into a license agreement with FGIForage Genetics International, LLC, a subsidiary of Land O' Lakes, Inc. ("FGI") to develop and commercialize seed varieties that incorporate proprietary traits, including the Roundup Ready®Ready^® trait. This agreement further documented and formalized our previously announced collaboration with FGI and Monsanto to develop genetically modified versions of certain of our proprietary alfalfa varieties. This development of biotech seed varieties consists of several phases including labgreenhouse work and field trials to confirm agronomic performance and trait efficiency of each developed variety. Upon completion of the field trialsRecently we have undertaken a new commercial license for any developed variety,both Roundup Ready and HarvXtra alfalfa with FGI and we may elect to commercialize the variety and enterhave entered into a variety-specific license agreement with FGI pursuant to which we would pay certain royalties and access fees. Although we will no longer be internally farming to produce our proprietary non-GMOthem for a Roundup ready alfalfa seed varieties following the 2015 fall harvest, depending on the progress we make in our collaborative efforts with FGI and Monsanto, we could acquire additional farmland acreage in the future for Roundup Ready® seed stock production and testing or for other biotechnology trait production purposes.variety.

In December 2014, we also entered into a Contract Alfalfa Production Services Agreement with DuPont Pioneer, whereby we produce for a service fee, alfalfa seed of commercial DuPont Pioneer varieties containing the Roundup Ready®Ready^® gene. These varieties are exclusive to DuPont Pioneer and accordingly, we do not produce them for or sell them to any other customer.

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In connection withAugust 2018, we entered into an amendment to this Production Services Agreement which extended the maturity date through May 31, 2019. If the Production Services Agreement terminates, DuPont Pioneer acquisition, we only acquired conventional alfalfa varieties. However,would be free to pursue alternative production arrangements for the parties agreed to the terms of a second asset purchase agreement to be entered into under certain circumstances relating to the purchase ofGMO-traited varieties, and DuPont Pioneer's GMO alfalfa assets: If required third party consents are received from Monsanto, FGI and others priorminimum purchase commitments to November 30, 2017 and subject to the satisfaction of certain other specified conditions, either we or DuPont Pioneer has the right to enter into (and require the other party to enter into) the second asset purchaseus under our separate distribution agreement on or before December 29, 2017 pursuant to which we would acquire DuPont Pioneer's GMO germplasm varieties and other related assets for a purchase price of $7,000,000. There is no assurance that we will purchase the DuPont Pioneer GMO assets.be materially reduced.

As a result of the increasing use of Roundup Ready®Ready^®alfalfa by traditional hay farmers and the lack of federal or state rules requiring adequate isolation of Roundup Ready®Ready^® alfalfa fields from conventional fields to prevent cross-pollination of GMO plants with non-GMO plants, we have experienced an increase in the number of seeds in recent harvests that have tested positive for the adventitious presence of GMO. To date, the low percentage of seeds that have tested positive has not undermined our ability to meet international demand, and we expect to be able to sell these seeds domestically and in other jurisdictions that permit the importation of GMO alfalfa at our customary prices for certified seed. Nevertheless, we are taking proactive steps to protect our seed crops to ensure we have sufficient seed to meet the demand

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for our varieties in international markets. These steps include seeking collaborative agreements, regulations or other measures to ensure neighboring farms that grow GMO alfalfa in the San Joaquin Valley limit the extent to which they allow the flowering and cross-pollination of their GMO-based crops with our conventional non-GMO crops to occur; and expanding our contracted grower base in areas that have less GMO alfalfa present including the Imperial Valley of California as well as other western states (including Nevada, Arizona, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana and Kansas), as well as the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, where we now have growers as a result of the DuPont Pioneer acquisition, and seed growing regions where GMO alfalfa is less prevalent.Saskatchewan. We also have begun to grow S&W varieties in South Australia, where there is no GMO activity in alfalfa, and intend to increase that production in future growing seasons.

Alfalfa Seed Cleaning and Processing

Alfalfa seed processing is similar in all of our growing regions and begins with the harvest. Each field is harvested and identified separately with unique information such as variety, lot number, grower name, field name, acres and certification number. During harvest, our growers load field run harvested seed separately for each field out of the combine into bulk containers for transport to the processing facility. When the containers arrive at the facility, each container is weighed, labeled with the unique field information and a sample is taken.

Harvested seed is then sent to seed-cleaning lines where it is cleaned and foreign matter such as weeds, inert matter and other crop seed is removed. Clean seed samples are taken and tested for purity and germination to meet company quality standards. The clean seed is then stored in bulk until needed to fulfill a sales order. Upon receipt of a sales order, the clean seed is pulled from inventory and processed through our packaging equipment to meet specific customer requirements such as treatment, package size and unique bag and labeling.

With the successful acquisition of the DuPont Pioneer alfalfa business, we nowWe have a processing facilityfacilities in Nampa, Idaho in addition toand Five Points (San Joaquin Valley), California and handle processing of our existing processing facilities in Five Points.Imperial Valley seed under a long-term service agreement. The facility in Nampa, Idaho gives us exclusive access to the use of patented coating technology that, among other things, allows for the extension of rhizobium (seed treatment) lifespan. We handle processing of our Imperial Valley seed under a long-term service agreement.

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S&W proprietary seed is packaged into an S&W branded seed bag as well as unique customer-specific branded seed bags. Final packaging for customers includes attaching a label with variety name and physical quality data, and attaching a State Certification tag (also known as a "blue tag") to each individual bag. When the seed is treated with any type of seed treatment, a treatment tag must also be attached to each individual bag.

S&W proprietary seed production is produced under a state seed certification program. As part of the DuPont Pioneer acquisition, we acquired a CCIA certified lab that enables us to collect, analyze and submit to the state all of the data needed for certification of our seed varieties so that we no longer are required to outsource that function. Certification by these programs ensures both physical and genetic quality standards for individual lots of seed. Additional testing may be required, dependent on the market to which the shipment is destined, such as Saudi Arabia or Mexico. Samples may be sent to the Federal Seed Laboratory (U.S. Department(part of Agriculture)the USDA) or a State Department of Agriculture laboratory for further physical quality testing and/or market specific phytosanitary testing.

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Unlike many other plant species, the physiological characteristics of alfalfa seed allow for longer term storage without losing physical quality of the seed. When we have unsold inventory at the end of a sales season, these seed characteristics ensure the ability to store and sell the inventory in subsequent years.

As our alfalfa seed business grows, processing facility utilization will be increased by implementing process improvements such as autonomous maintenance and quicker material changeovers to reduce downtime. In addition, we will increase throughput by sequencing operations to remove bottlenecks and by adding work shifts. Finally, we may make capital improvements to our facilities when business opportunities exist to create a strong return on investment.

SGI'sS&W Australia's growers contract directly with independent mills in the southeast region of Southern Australia for the cleaning and preparation of SGI'sS&W Australia's varieties. Four milling facilities are used by SGI's growers to clean and process the majority of SGI alfalfa seed, and one company, Tatiara Seeds Pty Ltd, which owns two of the four milling facilities, processes approximately 70% of seed grown for SGI. One other milling facility cleans the majority of SGI's white clover. Although most of SGI's milling requirements are processed through Tatiara-owned mills, we are aware of other mills that would serve our purposes were we no longer able or willing to process the SGI seed through Tatiara-owned mills.

The SGIS&W Australia growers are required to deliver seed that meets SGI'sS&W Australia's processing specifications, based on international and domestic certification standards. In a typical year, approximately 90-95% of product received from the growers meets SGI'sS&W Australia's specifications.

In June 2016, S&W Australia's new packaging facility in Keith, South Australia gained final accreditation to become fully operational. In this state-of-the-art facility, S&W Australia bags and labels its seed varieties and stores the inventory pending sale. We expect to pack over half of the S&W Australia seed at the Keith facility and consequently, we will be less reliant on third party processors to provide this function.

Alfalfa Seed Product Development

Our alfalfa breeding program is designed to make steady genetic improvementimprovements in our germplasm base that is used to create better performing varieties for our customer. A typical alfalfa variety can take as little as five years or as long as 18 years to be developed, depending on methodology and the desired agronomic traits. Because of the many years required to develop a new alfalfa variety, we believe our successful breeding program allows us to offer seed varieties incorporating a combination of characteristics desired by farmers that are not available from any other source, thereby providing us with a competitive advantage.

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The breeding program has three distinct phases; screening, crossing, and classification. In connection with the breeding of our non-GMO varieties, in each phase of the breeding process, we conduct tests to ensure that we have no adventitious presence (AD)(AP) of GMO contamination. Both field and greenhouse breeding locations are used in our breeding program.

For the screening phase, seed is seeded in flats in the greenhouse. Seedlings are inoculated with various pathogens to improve host plant resistance. We have locations that specialize in nematode screening, disease screening, salt tolerance screening and insect pest screening. We screen hundreds of thousands of plants throughout the year, then these resistant plants are transplanted to the field and are inoculated with additional pathogens and evaluated for resistance and agronomic characteristics, such as yield, tolerance to lodging, forage quality, color, crown size, dormancy and other traits that are needed by farmers.14

The second phase, or crossing phase, begins with selecting plants from field nurseries and clonally propagating them by taking stems and rooting them in the greenhouse. These rooted clonally propagated plants are cross-pollinated to make the first generation or SYN 1 seed of the new varieties. This SYN 1 seed is used for variety characterization and also increased to ensure ample seed is available for multiplication for the life of the variety.

We are also looking to build on our research and development expertise and expand our biotechnology initiatives. As such, we look for opportunities to collaborate with other companies that have technologies that we believe complement our proprietary products and/or our research and development breeding expertise to develop as yet unavailable specialized alfalfa seed products and potentially, other seed products.

We currently are in the initial phase of workingcollaborating with Calyxt, Inc. (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cellectis Plant Sciences)(Nasdaq CLXT) to research, develop, produce and commercialize alfalfa seed products involving next generation gene editing technology on our elite alfalfa seed genetics. The goal of this collaboration is to create novel traits that are currently classified as non-GMO, which ultimately can be incorporated into our seed varieties. We also are forming a joint corporation in Argentina with Bioceres, S.A. for the purpose of collaborating on developing specific GMO traited seed for the Argentina market. Both of these relationships are in their infancy, andbelieve this relationship is starting to deliver meaningful product developments, however, we do not expect that we willto see a material impact on our revenue for at least two years, if ever. However, both of thesethis biotech initiatives demonstrateinitiative demonstrates our willingness and ability to expand our research and development efforts beyond our classically-bred proprietary alfalfa seed breeding program.

Sales, Marketing and Distribution

Historically, we primarily sold high quality proprietary "non-dormant" seed varieties to those parts of the world with hot, arid climates. Our primary geographical focus for non-dormant seed is the Middle East, and North Africa, and Mexico although we currently sell to customers in a broad range of areas, including the Western U.S., Mexico, South America, Middle East and Southern Africa, as well as other countries with Mediterranean climates. Unlike in cooler climates, the geographic areas on which we have historically concentrated are able to sustain long growing seasons and therefore alfalfa growers can benefit from our high-yielding,

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non-dormant varieties. In recent periods, we have expanded geographically into colder climates where our newly-acquiredmore recently-acquired dormant varieties thrive. Our customers are primarily our distributors and dealers. Our distributors and dealers, in turn, sell to farmers, consisting primarily of dairy farmers, livestock producers and merchant hay growers.

Although we have a sales team, we primarily sell our seed through our network of distributors and dealers, as well as through the services of seed brokers. We do not have formal distribution agreements with most of our distributors, but instead operate on the basis of purchase orders and invoices. We believe that selling through dealers and distributors enables our products to reach hay growers in areas where there are geographic or other constraints on direct sales efforts. We select dealers and distributors based on shared vision, technical expertise, local market knowledge and financial stability. We buildOver the years, we have built dealer/distributor loyalty through an emphasis on service, access to breeders, ongoing training and promotional material support. We limit the number of dealers and distributors with whom we have relationships in any particular area in order to provide adequate support and opportunity to those with whom we choose to do business.

Historically, all of our international sales were made to U.S. distributors who then, in turn, sold our seed into foreign markets. However, our approach to international sales shifted beginning in fiscal 2012, and most of our international sales are now made to non-U.S. customers. 15

Through our distributors, our primary export market historically had been Saudi Arabia and to a lesser extent, certain other Middle Eastern and North African countries. The overall international sales mix changed beginning in fiscal 2013 with our acquisition of SGIS&W Australia in South Australia. In recent years, in addition to sales to Saudi Arabia and Australia, we have been selling to customers in Sudan, Morocco, Egypt and Libya, and to customers in other regions of the world, including Latin America, (Argentina and Mexico) and South Asia (Pakistan), both of which we view as an important regions for potential expansion. In total, we sell our alfalfa seed varieties in approximately 2530 countries throughout the world.

Domestic seed marketing is based primarily upon the dormancy attributes of our varietalsvarieties as suited to climates in target markets. Prior to the DuPont Pioneer acquisition, we marketed our alfalfa seed, which consisted primarily of non-dormant varieties, in California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Nevada. We slowly began broadening our domestic geographic reach beginning in fiscal 2013, with our first sales of dormant alfalfa seed, and significantly expanded in fiscal 2015 following the acquisition of DuPont Pioneer's dormant alfalfa seed assets. In connection with that acquisition, we entered into a distribution agreement with DuPont Pioneer pursuant to which we became the sole supplier, subject to certain exceptions, of certain alfalfa seed products for sale to customers by DuPont Pioneer through September 2024.In fiscal 2015,2018, DuPont Pioneer accounted for approximately 34%62% of our revenue.Given its historical market share in the sale of dormant alfalfa seed, we expect sales to DuPont Pioneer to be a significant portion of our annual sales throughout the periodterm of the distribution agreement. A disruption in this relationship could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.operations and financial condition.

The price, terms of sale, trade credit and payment terms are negotiated on a customer-by-customer basis. Our arrangements with our distributors do not include a right of return. Typical terms for domestic customers require payment in full within 60 days of the date of shipment. Our credit terms with DuPont Pioneer are governed by the distribution agreement, as amended, and provide that we receive equal installment payments in September, January and AprilFebruary of each year.

Sales to our international customers are paid in advance of shipment or typically within 120 days of shipment and may also be accomplished through use of letters of credit, cash against documents and installment payment arrangements. Our credit policies are determined based upon the long-term nature of

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the relationship with our customers. Credit limits are established for individual customers based on historical collection experience, current economic and market conditions and a review of the current status of each customer's trade accounts receivable.

In fiscal 2015, DuPont Pioneer, a domestic customer, and Sorouh Agricultural Company, an international customer, collectively accounted for approximately 49% of our alfalfa seed revenue. In fiscal 2015,2018, sales to domestic customers increased as a percentage of our total sales, primarily as a result of the agreements we enteredreduced sales to customers in Saudi Arabia. Sales into with DuPont Pioneer, but international customersmarkets accounted for more than a majority of the sales (59%)35% in the past fiscal year.2018 versus 45% in fiscal 2017.

Both farmers (dairy farmers and hay growers) and dealers use pest-control advisors who recommend the varieties of alfalfa that will produce the best results in a particular location. Therefore, a key part of our marketing strategy is to educate the consultants, as well as the farmers, as to benefits of our seed varieties.

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We believe that our best marketing tool is the dissemination of information regarding the quality and characteristics of our propriety seed varieties ofto those persons who make the hay growing decisions. We intend to continue to place advertisements in trade journals, participate in seed industry conferences and trade shows and engage in various other educational and outreach programs as we deem appropriate.

Most of our international marketing efforts are accomplished through face-to-face meetings with our existing and potential customers and their end users. In addition, we participate in international trade shows to boost our international presence and sales efforts.

SGIS&W Australia sells a majority of its proprietary alfalfa seed (approximately 70-90% of its total sales per year) into Saudi Arabia, the United States and Argentina. SGIS&W Australia sells the bulk of its proprietary clover seed to China, Europe and the U.S. Similar to S&W Seed, SGIS&W Australia has historically relied upon a network of distributors to market and sell its products.

In marketing its products, SGI'sS&W Australia's initial impetus was to gain market penetration through the sale of improved versions of proven varieties (e.g., SuperSiriver and SuperAurora) in the market place at competitive pricing. Subsequently, SGI used its established market presence to launchS&W Australia launched additional superior varieties such as SuperSonic. SGIS&W Australia utilizes a variety of distribution strategies. Through distribution arrangements, SGI'sS&W Australia's proprietary varieties are marketed directly as SGIS&W Australia brands or under customer brand labels, and strategic allocations of full and partial exclusivity rights are made in specific countries and geographical regions to incentivize distributors to establish markets for SGIS&W Australia products.

Alfalfa Seed Production

As of the end of our 20152018 fiscal year, we have alfalfa seed production capabilities in California and most of the other states in the Western United States, including higher elevations and colder climatic regions where dormant alfalfa seed is produced, the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan and in the Australian States of South Australia.Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales.

Historically, we fulfilled all of our alfalfa seed requirements under contracts with farmers primarily located in the San Joaquin Valley of California. For a brief period, beginning in fiscal 2013, we were

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engaged in our own internal farming operations and acquired, through purchase and lease, acreage on which to grow our own seed.seed directly. However, in fiscal 2015, we made a strategic decision to move away from internal farming, and we began selling some of the farmland acreage we had been using for that purpose. After completion of the fall 2015 harvest, we will no longer be internallyshut down our internal farming operations as a source of our alfalfa seed, and instead, will bereturned to sourcing all of our production from third party growers.

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As of June 30, 2015,2018, we had contracts with several hundred growers in the Western United States and Canada. Generally, we enter into contracts to produce alfalfa seed, which is typical industry practice. Our normal contracts with U.S. growers range from one to three years, include a price for the seed that we fixis determined annually and that generally do not vary from grower to grower or variety to variety. Under these contracts, we pay our growers based on the weight of cleaned and processed seed. The growersgrowers' contracts that we acquired in connection with the DuPont Pioneer acquisition were primarily for production in the Pacific Northwest and Canada. TheseThe terms of these contracts followare similar in substance to the same cadence and terms as the existing productioncontracts we have historically entered into with the currentS&W grower base. Because a key to our success as a business is to have the product mix required by our customers, aligning the growers' production plan to the anticipated purchase needs of our customers is a challenge on which management has focused considerable efforts in recent periods, with increasing success.

SeedAlfalfa seed is harvested annually beginning in July for the southwest region of the United States and concluding in October in the Canadian provinces.

an extremely demanding crop. Our network of growers has thatthe expertise to grow alfalfa seed which is an extremely demanding crop, for which most farmers do not have the requisite skill or experience needed to obtain consistently satisfactory results.successfully grow high quality alfalfa seed. We have worked with many of the same growers for much of the past 2535 years, and we believe that we have strong relationships with them. We allocate our seed production among our growers so that we can purchase the proper mix of seed varieties each year. The growers incur the greatest cost in the first year of production, when they plant seed, eradicate weeds and pests and manage the pollination process; they then may be able to harvest seed from the same stands for several additional years, with the average alfalfa seed field producing for three years. With the added resources of the acquired DuPont Pioneer alfalfa business, we believe we are in a strong position to expandhave expanded our production capabilities in the Western United States and Canada with both existing growers and by recruiting new growers in these regions.

Alfalfa seed is harvested annually in the Northern Hemisphere beginning in July for the southwest region of the United States and concluding in October in the Canadian provinces.

As of June 30, 2015, SGI2018, S&W Australia had contracts with approximately 150 individual growers in Western Victoria, and South Australia and New South Wales to grow its alfalfa seed varieties on a total of approximately 20,000 irrigated and 8,000 non-irrigated acres. In the Southern Hemisphere, alfalfa seed is grown counter seasonally to the Northern Hemisphere and is harvested annually, in March through early May.

Under its current form of S&W Australia alfalfa seed production agreement, SGIS&W Australia provides foundation seed to each grower and grants each grower a license to use its seed for the purposespurpose of production of seed for sale to SGI.S&W Australia. Each grower is responsible for all costs of the crop production. Title in the produced seed passes to SGIS&W Australia upon it being certified compliant; and, if the seed is not compliant, title will only pass to SGIS&W Australia upon SGI'sS&W Australia's further agreement to purchase the non-compliant seed. SGIS&W Australia uses a staggered payment system with the growers of its alfalfa and white clover seed, and the payment amounts are based upon an estimated budget price ("EBP") for compliant seed. EBP is a forecast of the final price that SGIS&W Australia believes will be achieved taking into account prevailing and predicted market conditions at the time the estimate is made. Following the grower's delivery of uncleaned seed to a milling facility, SGIS&W Australia typically pays 40% of the EBP to the grower based on a percentage of the pre-cleaning weight. Following this initial

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payment and prior to the final payment, SGIS&W Australia will make a series of scheduled progress payments and, if applicable, a bonus payment for "first grade" (high quality) alfalfa seed. The final price payable to each grower (and therefore

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the total price) is dependent upon and subject to adjustment based upon the clean weight of the seed grown, on the average price at which SGIS&W Australia sells the pooled seed and other costs incurred by SGI.S&W Australia. Accordingly, the total price paid by SGIS&W Australia to its grower may be more or less than the EBP. SGI'sS&W Australia's seed production agreements for alfalfa provide for an initial term of seven years and an optional renewal term of three years. SGI'sS&W Australia's seed production agreements for white clover provide for an initial term of two years and an optional renewal term of one year. Historically, SGIS&W Australia has not required its growers to harvest seed in every year under the seed production agreement. Some growers have elected to have non-harvest years, and their alfalfa is cut for hay or used for grazing instead of being harvested for seed production.

Stevia Breeding, Research and Development

Over the past five years, our stevia activities have evolved from exploring on a small scale the potential commercial production of stevia in California to establishing and growing a stevia breeding, research and development department. As of fiscal 2013, we are no longer pursuing the commercial production of stevia.

In our breeding program, we have identified stevia plant lines that we believe grow to heights and plant mass that compare favorably to the results for stevia plants grown in China and Paraguay, which have historically been the primary regions for growing stevia. Our lines contain high overall steviol glycosides, including Reb A, Reb B and Reb C. We anticipate breeding these new lines with their higher overall steviol glycosides. We have been recently conducting extensive HPLC sample testing of stevia plants under development and will be making further selections and crosses of these plants based upon test results. The goal is to develop a stevia plant with an inherently pleasant taste profile, a large and hardy plant mass and high Reb A content.

We are focused on developing our proprietary stevia germplasm into commercial varieties. Towards that end, we have filed two patent applications and expect to file a third patent application in the first half of fiscal 2016. As our breeding program produces new lines, we plan to file additional patent applications in the future.

One of the filed patent applications cover lines that have been developed with a very good taste profile, thereby enabling the resulting dried leaf to be consumed directly. At the present time, two large organic farmers in California are conducting trials with this variety. If these trials yield satisfactory results, we expect to be paid a royalty calculated as a percent of the gross sales made by these farmers.

We also have developed lines that have been bred for processing in order to produce a stevia extract suitable for use in foods and beverages. These lines are high in sweetener content, have large plant mass and generally offer a superior source of stevia leaf for the extraction market. Currently several of these varieties are going into trials in North America and Europe. The results of these trials will be available during 2016.

Seasonality

We contract with growers based upon our anticipated market demand; we mill, clean and stock the seed during the harvest season and ship from inventory throughout the year.

However, our alfalfa seed business is seasonal, with our highest concentration of sales falling in the third and fourth fiscal quarters (January through June). This differs from our historical operations in which sales were concentrated in the first six months of our fiscal year (July through December). Since fiscalseasonal.

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2013, weInternal tests have had operations and customers in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. It was the acquisition of SGI in fiscal 2013, with its operations in South Australia, that initially had the greatest impact on the shift in seasonal sales, as the fourth quarter is typically a significant sales quarter for SGI. Perhaps even more significantly, because the distribution agreement with DuPont Pioneer provides that one-third of the purchased seed is paid for in the third quarter and one-third is paid for in the fourth quarter, we expect that future years will see the highest concentration of sales revenue in those two quarters.

Tests showshown that seed that has been held in inventory for over one year improves in quality. Therefore, provided that we have sufficient capital to carry additional inventory, we may increase our seed purchases and planned season end inventory if, in our judgment, we can generate increased margins and revenue with the aged seed. This will also reduce the potential for inventory shortages in the event that we have higher than anticipated demand or other factors, such as growers electing to plant alternative, higher priced crops, reducing our available seed supply in a particular year.

Clover Production and Distribution

In addition to its core business of producing and selling alfalfa seed, S&W Australia also operates a small white clover and annual clover production and distribution business. S&W Australia's white clover varieties are bred for winter activity, while the annual clover is particularly adapted to a variety of soil types ranging from sandy to heavy clays, which can be farmed under irrigation or under dry conditions. S&W Australia leverages its production, processing and distribution channels to also make available a total of five clover seed varieties. S&W Australia's clover seed is sold primarily in Europe, China, Argentina and Australia.

SV Genetics Crops - Expansion into Complementary Crops

In May 2016, we acquired the assets and business operations of SV Genetics, based in Queensland, Australia. Since 2006, SV Genetics has been in the business of breeding, selling and licensing hybrid sorghum and sunflower seed germplasm. We see this acquisition as an opportunity to leverage the worldwide research, production and distribution platforms we have built over the decades in alfalfa seed with the addition of complementary new crops that are consistent with our strategy to be the world's preferred provider of proprietary seed for forage, grain and specialty crops. As a result of the acquisition,

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we currently license proprietary seed genetics and sell parent seed to local-market production/distribution partners. The licensees produce hybrid seed using the SV Genetics and pay a royalty on the seed produced and sold. We acquired licensing agreements with 14 different partners under which we provide grain sorghum, forage sorghum and sunflower genetics in approximately ten locations throughout the world, including Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, China, Europe, Pakistan, South Africa, Ukraine and the United States. In addition to licensing, SV Genetics also engages in the production and selling of commercial varieties to international customers.

Stevia Breeding, Research and Development

Since we began our stevia business in 2010, our stevia activities have evolved from exploring on a small scale the potential commercial production of stevia in California to focusing on developing varieties we believe can add value at the front end of the supply chain through breeding of unique plant varieties. Since fiscal 2013 when we ceased pursuing the commercial production of stevia, we have leveraged our breeding research and development expertise in order to develop new varieties of stevia that embody specifically targeted characteristics, focusing in particular on increased yields and strong plant vigor, which are of value to farmers, and taste preferences of consumers, including sweet taste combined with little or no bitterness and aftertaste.

In our breeding program, we have identified stevia plant lines that we believe grow to heights and plant mass that compare favorably to the results for stevia plants grown in China and Paraguay, which have historically been the primary regions for growing stevia. Our lines contain high overall steviol glycosides, including Reb A, Reb B and Reb C as well as other minor glycosides. We conduct extensive high-pressure liquid chromatography ("HPLC") sample testing of stevia plants under development and make further selections and crosses of these plants based upon test results. The goal is to develop a stevia plant with an inherently pleasant taste profile, a large and hardy plant mass high levels of desirable stevia glycosides.

We are focused on developing our proprietary stevia germplasm into commercial varieties. Towards that end, we have been granted four patents by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ("USPTO") for unique stevia plant varieties. As our breeding program produces new lines, we plan to file additional patent applications in the future.

Two of the patents cover lines that have been developed with a pleasing taste profile, thereby enabling the resulting dried leaf to be consumed directly. At the present time, farmers are conducting trials with this variety. If these trials yield satisfactory results, we expect to develop a farmer based production system that may include payment of a royalty calculated as a percent of the gross sales.

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Proprietary Rights

Ownership of and access to intellectual property rights are important to us and our competitors. We sell only our proprietary alfalfa seed varieties that have been specially selected to manifest the traits we deem best suited to particular regions in which our seed is planted for alfalfa hay. Our ability to compete effectively is dependent upon the proprietary nature of the seeds, seedlings, processes, technologies and materials owned by or used by us or our growers. If any competitors independently develop any technologies that substantially equal or surpass our process technology, it will adversely affect our competitive position.

In addition to patent protection for some of our alfalfa seed varieties that we acquired from DuPont Pioneer, we guard our proprietary propertyvarieties by exercising a high degree of control over the supply chain. As part of this control process, we require our growers to deliver back to us all seed derived from our proprietary varieties. Historically, we have found that this control mechanism has been an effective means to protect our proprietary seed. However, because we do not have more formal proprietary rights protections in place with our growers, it would be possible for persons with access to our seed or plants grown from our seed to potentially reproduce proprietary seed varieties, which could significantly harm our business and our reputation. In the future, we may deem it appropriate to implement more formal proprietary rights protections.

We are also developing proprietary stevia lines for which we have filed two patent applications with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. We expect to file a third patent application in the first half of fiscal 2016, and it is our intention to build a patent portfolio of proprietary stevia lines developed through the efforts of our stevia breeding program.

SGIS&W Australia registers its varieties under the Australian Plant Breeder's Rights Act 1994 (Cth) (the "PBR Act"). Currently the varieties SuperSequel, SuperSiriver, SuperAurora, SuperSonic, SuperStar, SuperSiriver II, SuperNova, SuperLadino, SuperHuia and SuperHaifa are protected under the PBR Act. Seed from varieties with plant breeder's rights ("PBR") protection can only be bought from the PBR registrant, commercial partner, licensee or an agent authorized by the registrant. Exceptions exist for use of a PBR variety, including for private and non-commercialnon- commercial purposes, for experimental purposes, and for breeding other plant varieties. PBR protections last for 20 years in Australia in respect of registered plant varieties, and generally for 20 years in other member countries of the International Union for the Protection of New

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Varieties of Plants ("UPOV"), an international convention concerning plant breeder's rights. There are currently more than 70 countries that are members of the UPOV.

SGIS&W Australia has licensed production and marketing rights of several of its varieties in exchange for royalties.

In addition to PBR and licensing arrangements, SGIS&W Australia controls dissemination of its proprietary lines by including a demand right in its form of seed production agreement for the return of unused foundation seed if a grower fails to propagate the seed within 60 days after the grower's acquires it.

We are also continuing to develop proprietary stevia lines for which we have been granted four patents by the USPTO. It is our intention to continue building our patent portfolio of proprietary stevia lines developed through the efforts of our stevia breeding program.

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The SV Genetics proprietary products are protected via hybrid production systems. Male and female parent seed is provided to licensees for production of F1 Hybrid seed for sale to customers. Production of F1 Hybrid seed is only possible using the correct parents and it is not possible to produce parent seed from parent seed so the licensee is reliant on ongoing supply of parent seed from SV Genetics.

Competition

Competition in the alfalfa seed industry both domestically and internationally is intense. We face direct competition by other seed companies, including small family-ownedfamily- owned businesses, as well as subsidiaries or other affiliates of chemical, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, many of which have substantially greater resources than we do.

Our principal competitors in our alfalfa seed business are Forage Genetics International (a subsidiary of Land O' Lakes, Inc.), Dairyland Seed Co., Inc. (owned by Dow AgroSciences LLC, a wholly ownedAlforex Seeds (a subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company)Corteva), Seed Services, Inc. and Pacific International Seed Company, Inc. We believe that the key competitive drivers in the industry are proven performance, customer support in the field and value, which takes into account not simply the price of the seed but also yield in the field.

Breeding a new variety of alfalfa seed takes many years and considerable expertise and skill. We believe that our reputation for breeding and producing high-quality proprietary varieties of alfalfa seed that manifest the traits the farmers need provide us with a competitive advantage, not only in the niche market for high salt- and heat-tolerant, non-dormant alfalfa seed, which has been our core business for several decades, but also, with the recentDecember 2014 acquisition of the research and development assets of DuPont Pioneer, in the full range of dormant varieties suited for colder climates as well. We believe our research and development capabilities are unmatched in the industry and provide us with a distinct competitive advantage.

In addition to our competitors, SGI'sS&W Australia's principal regional competitors in the proprietary alfalfa seed market are PGG Wrightson Seeds Limited and Heritage Seeds Pty. Ltd. Blue Ribbon Seeds Pty. Ltd., PGG Wrightson Heritage Seeds Ltd, Naracoorte Seeds Pty. Ltd., Pasture Genetics Pty Ltd (formerly Seed Distributors Pty. Ltd.) and various other minor companies compete with SGIS&W Australia through sales of Siriver, a common alfalfa variety. SGIS&W Australia also faces competition from lower value alfalfa seed produced in the European Union and, to a lesser extent, Argentina. With the exception of Blue Ribbon Seeds, SGIS&W Australia faces similar competitors in its proprietary white clover business. These companies compete with SGIS&W Australia for acres and in sales by selling Haifa, a common white clover variety. Competitively priced white clover is also produced and sold from the European Union, USA, and New Zealand.

In relation to the SV Genetics business, sorghum and sunflower genetics tend to be concentrated globally amongst a few large international companies, resulting in a significant barrier to entry for many intermediate and regionally based seed companies and their reliance on just a few suppliers for elite genetics.

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Despite the advantages we perceive we including SGI, have over many of our competitors, many of our existing and potential competitors have substantially greater research and product development capabilities and financial, marketing and human resources than we do. As a result, these competitors may:

• succeed in developing products that are equal to or superior to our products or potential products or that achieve greater market acceptance than our products or potential products;
• devote greater resources to developing, marketing or selling their products;

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• respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies or scientific advances and changes in customer requirements, which could render our products or potential products obsolete or less preferable;
• obtain patents that block or otherwise inhibit our ability to develop and commercialize potential products we might otherwise develop;
• withstand price competition more successfully than we can;
• establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties that enhance their ability to address the needs of our customers or prospective customers;
• take advantage of acquisition or other opportunities more readily than we can; and
• control acreage and growers located in zones where GMO seed production is forbidden, thereby lessening the risks of GMO traits contaminating seed produced for overseas markets.

We are not aware of any significant domestic or international persons or companies engaged in ongoing stevia breeding activities similar to or that could be considered competitive with our stevia breeding program.

Environmental and Regulatory Matters

Our agricultural operations are subject to a broad range of evolving environmental laws and regulations. These laws and regulations include the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act.

These environmental laws and regulations are intended to address concerns related to air quality, storm water discharge and management and disposal of agricultural chemicals relating to seed treatment both for domestic and overseas varieties. We maintain particulate matter air emissions from our milling activities below annual tonnage limits through cyclone air handling systems. We maintain storm water onsite, which eliminates the risk of waterway or tributary contamination. Pesticide and agricultural chemicals are managed by trained individuals, certified and licensed through the California Department of Pesticide Regulation. County agricultural commissioners monitor all seed-treating activity for compliance.

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Compliance with these laws and related regulations is an ongoing process that does not, and is not expected to, have a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. Environmental concerns are, however, inherent in most major agricultural operations, including those conducted by us, and there can be no assurance that the cost of compliance with environmental laws and regulations will not be material. Moreover, it is possible that future developments, such as increasingly strict environmental laws and enforcement policies thereunder, and further restrictions on the use of agricultural chemicals, could result in increased compliance costs.

We also are subject to the Federal Seed Act (the "FSA"), which regulates the interstate shipment of agricultural and vegetable seed. The FSA requires that seed shipped in interstate commerce be labeled with information that allows seed buyers to make informed choices and mandates that seed labeling information and advertisements pertaining to seed must be truthful. The FSA also helps to promote uniformity among state laws and fair competition within the seed industry.

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Because, under our existing business plan, we will only beare acting as a breeder of stevia leaf and will not be extracting Reb-A or other derivatives from the leaves or adding such derivatives to any food or beverages, we believe that we do not need to apply to the FDAU.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") for a GRASGenerally Recognized as Safe ("GRAS") no-objections determination or any other FDA approval.approval in connection with our stevia business. However, should our plans with respect to stevia cultivation and processing expand in future years, we will then reexamine the advisability of seeking a GRAS determination or other FDA approval. We do not believe that our current stevia operations are subject to any special regulatory oversight.

Internationally, we are subject to various government laws and regulations (including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar non-U.S. laws and regulations) and local government regulations. To help ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, we have adopted specific risk management and compliance practices and policies, including a specific policy addressing the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.

We are also subject to numerous other laws and regulations applicable to businesses operating in California and other states, including, without limitation, health and safety regulations.

Our Australian operations are subject to a number of laws that regulate the conduct of business in Australia, and more specifically, SGI'sS&W Australia's agricultural activities. Laws regulating the operation of companies in Australia, including in particular the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) are central to SGI'sS&W Australia's corporate actions and corporate governance issues in Australia. Competition laws and laws relating to employment and occupational health and safety matters are also of fundamental importance in the Australian regulatory environment. These include the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth), the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth), the Work Health and Safety Act 2012 (SA) and related regulations. Notably Australian employment laws are much more favorable to the employee than U.S. employment laws.

SGI'sS&W Australia's intellectual property rights in Australia are protected and governed by laws relating to plant breeder's rights, copyright, trademarks, the protection of confidential information, trade secrets and know-how. These include the PBR Act, the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), the Trade Marks Act 1995 (Cth) and related regulations.

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Our Australian operations are also subject to a number of environmental laws, regulations and policies, including in particular the Environment Protection Act 1993 (SA), the Agricultural and Veterinary Products (Control of Use) Act 2002 (SA), the Genetically Modified Crops Management Act 2004 (SA), the Dangerous Substances Act 1979 (SA), the Controlled Substances Act 1984 (SA) and related regulations and policies. These laws regulate matters including air quality, water quality and the use and disposal of agricultural chemicals.

Research and Development

R&D for the year ended June 30, 2018 totaled $3,887,723 compared to $3,032,112 in the year ended June 30, 2017.

Employees

As of September 18, 2015,20, 2018, S&W had 6479 full-time employees, of which 1118 are employed by SGI.S&W Australia. We also employ eight5 part-time employees, of which three4 are SGIS&W Australia employees. We also retain consultants for specific purposes when the need arises. None of our employees isare represented by a labor union. We consider our relations with our employees to be good.

Corporate History

From 1980 until 2009, our business was operated as a general partnership. We bought out the former partners beginning in June 2008, incorporated in October 2009 in Delaware, and completed the buyout of

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the general partners in May 2010. We reincorporated in Nevada in December 2011.

In April 2013, we, together with our wholly-owned subsidiary, S&W Holdings Australia Pty Ltd, an Australia corporation (f/k/a S&W Seed Australia Pty Ltd "S&W Holdings"), consummated an acquisition of all of the issued and outstanding shares of Seed Genetics International Pty Ltd, an Australia corporation ("SGI"), from SGI's shareholders. In April 2018, SGI which is our wholly owned subsidiary was incorporated as a limited proprietary corporation in South Australia in 1993, as Harkness Group, changed its name to S&W Seed GeneticsCompany Australia Pty Ltd in 2002, and in 2011 changed its name to Seed Genetics International Pty Ltd.("S&W Australia").

Our Contact Information

Our principal business office is located at 7108 North Fresno106 K Street, Suite 380, Fresno,300, Sacramento, CA 93720,95814, and our telephone number is (559) 884-2535. Our website address is www.swseedco.com. Information contained on our website or any other website does not constitute part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.10-K, and the inclusion of our website address in this report is an inactive textual reference only.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

Our earnings can be negatively impacted by declining demand brought on by varying factors, many of which are out of our control.

A variety of factors, notably a severe downturn in the domestic dairy industry, could have a negative effect on sales of alfalfa hay, and as a result, the demand for our alfalfa seed in the domestic market. At times, including fiscal 2014, the demand for our seed has also declined in the Middle East as the result of common, uncertified seed flooding the market at lower prices than those at which we were willing to sell our certified seed. In fiscal 2015, many of these factors started to correct themselves, but these circumstances could continue or reoccur, and our earnings could be negatively impacted. In addition, demand for our products could decline because of other supply and quality issues or for any other reason, including products of competitors that might be considered superior by end users. A decline in demand for our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our earnings may also be sensitive to fluctuations in market prices.prices for seed.

Market prices for our alfalfa seed can be impacted by factors such as the quality of the seed and the available supply, including whether lower quality, uncertified seed is available. Growing conditions, particularly weather conditions such as windstorms, floods, droughts and freezes, as well as diseases and pests and the adventitious presence of GMO, are primary factors influencing the quality and quantity of the seed and, therefore, the market price at which we can sell our seed to our customers. A decrease in the prices received for our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our earnings are vulnerable to cost increases.

Future increase in costs, such as the costs of growing seed, through growers or by us internally, could cause our margins and earnings to decline unless we are able to pass along the increased price of production to our customers. We may not be able to increase the price of our seed sufficiently to maintain our margins and earnings in the future.

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Our inventory of seed can be adversely affected by the market price being paid for other crops.

Our seed production, bothwhether in the U.S. and, Australia substantiallyor Canada, relies entirely on unaffiliated growers to grow our proprietary seed and to sell it to us at negotiated prices each year. Growers have a choice of what crops to plant. If a particular crop is paying a materially higher price than has been paid in the past, growers may decide to not grow alfalfa seed in favor of receiving a higher return from an alternative crop planted on the same acreage. If our growers decline to a significant degree to plant the acreage on which we rely, and if we cannot find other growers to plant the lost acreage, our inventory of seed could be insufficient to satisfy the needs of our customers andunless we are able to procure the necessary additional seed in the market at prices we cannot control. If these circumstances occur, our business, results of operations and financial condition could materially decline. In addition, our customers could look to other suppliers for their seed if we cannot satisfy their requirements, and we may not be able to regain them as customers once our inventory levels have returned to normal.

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Adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, crop disease, pests and other natural conditions can impose significant costs and losses on our business.

Alfalfa seed, our primary product, is vulnerable to adverse weather conditions, including windstorms, floods, drought and temperature extremes, which are common but difficult to predict. In addition, alfalfa seed is vulnerable to crop disease and to pests, which may vary in severity and effect, depending on the stage of production at the time of infection or infestation, the type of treatment applied and climatic conditions. Unfavorable growing conditions can reduce both crop size and quality. After the 2015 crop harvest,Although we will no longer be direct farminggrow any of our proprietary seed. However,seed directly, these factors can nevertheless directlystill impact us by potentially decreasing the quality and yields of our seed and reducing our inventory and the supply of seed we sell to our customers.

available inventory. These factors can increase costs, decrease revenue and lead to additional charges to earnings, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Because our alfalfa seed business is highly seasonal, our revenue, cash flows from operations and operating results may fluctuate on a seasonal and quarterly basis.

We expect that the majority of our revenuesrevenue will continue to be generated from our alfalfa seed business.business for the foreseeable future. Our alfalfa seed business is highly seasonal, with the highest concentration of sales occurring during the third and fourth fiscal quarters.seasonal. The seasonal nature of our operations results in significant fluctuations in our working capital during the growing and selling cycles. We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, significant variability in net sales, operating cash flows and net income (loss) on a quarterly basis.

We have had a material concentration of revenue from a small group of customers that fluctuates, and the loss of any of these customers in any quarter could have a material adverse effect on our revenue.

On a historical basis, we have experienced a material concentration of revenue from a small group of customers. This concentration fluctuates from quarter to quarter, depending on our customer's specific requirements, which are themselves cyclical. However, in any particular quarter, we generally have a small group of customers that accounts for a substantial portion of that quarter's revenue. Most of these customers are not contractually obligated to purchase seed from us. The loss of one or more of these customers on a quarterly basis, when taken year over year, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations and operating cash flows. We could also suffer a material adverse effect from any losses arising from a major customer's disputes regarding shipments,

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product quality or related matters, or from our inability to collect accounts receivable from any major customer. There are no assurances that we will be able to maintain our current customer relationships or that they will continue to purchase our seed in the current projected quantities. Any failure to do so may materially adversely impact our business.

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Because we depend on a core group of significant customers, our sales, cash flows from operations and results of operations may be negatively affected if our key customers reduce the amount of products they purchase from us.

We rely upon a small group of customers for a large percentage of our net revenue. Overall, two customersOne customer, DuPont Pioneer, accounted for 49%62% of our fiscal 20152018 revenue. Our production agreement with DuPont Pioneer (relating to GMO-traited varieties) will terminate on May 31, 2019. As a result, DuPont Pioneer's minimum purchase commitments from us will be reduced by approximately $6 million annually, commencing with our Fiscal Year 2020. We expect that a small number of customers will continue to account for a substantial portion of our net revenue for the foreseeable future.

The loss of, or a significant adverse change in, our relationship with these customers, or any other major customer, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and operating cash flows. The loss of, or a reduction in orders from, any significant customers, losses arising from customers' disputes regarding shipments, product quality, or related matters, or our inability to collect accounts receivable from any major customer could have a material adverse effect on us. There is no assurance that we will be able to maintain the relationships with our major customers or that they will continue to purchase our seed in the quantities that we expect and rely upon. If we cannot do so, our results of operations could suffer.

Because we do not grow most of the alfalfa seed that we sell, we are substantiallycompletely dependent on our network of contract growers, and our sales, cash flows from operations and results of operations may be negatively affected if we are unable to maintain an adequate network of contract growers to supply our seed requirements.

After completion of the fall 2015 harvest, we no longer will be growingWe do not directly grow any of the alfalfa seed that we sell, and therefore, we are entirely dependent upon our network of growers. While we have some supply contracts with our growers of two or three years in duration, many of our grower contracts cover only one year, which makes us particularly vulnerable to factors beyond our control. Events such as a shift in pricing caused by an increase in the value of commodity crops other than seed crops, increase in land prices, unexpected competition or reduced water availability could disrupt our supply chain. Any of these disruptions could limit the supply of seed that we obtain in any given year, adversely affecting supply and thereby lowering revenues.revenue. Such disruption could also damage our customer relationships and loyalty to us if we cannot supply the quantity of seed expected by them. In particular,recent years, we have had some of our California growers decide to not grow alfalfa seed due to drought conditions. This situation could reoccur and could negatively impact our revenuesrevenue if we do not otherwise have sufficient seed inventory available for sale.

SGIS&W Australia relies on a pool of approximately 150 Australian growers to produce its proprietary seeds. Each grower arrangement is typically made for a term of seven to ten harvests. Although SGI'sS&W Australia's grower pool is diversified, it is not without risks. Adverse agronomic, climatic or climaticother factors could lead to grower exodus and negatively impact SGI's revenuesS&W Australia's revenue if SGIS&W Australia does not otherwise have sufficient seed inventory available for sale.

22Our ability to contract for sufficient acreage presents challenges.

In order to increase revenue and earnings, we continue to need more production acreage. As we continue to increase the number of acres under contract and/or to move production into new geographical locations, we face challenges that can impede our ability to produce as much seed inventory as we have budgeted. For example, when we move production into new geographical locations,

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we may find it difficult to identify growers with the expertise to grow alfalfa seed, and we may not have sufficient company personnel available in such new locations to provide production advice on a timely basis. We also face increased competition for conventional seed acreage as the need for technology acres grows, which is further complicated by the field isolation issue relating to GMO crops that can reduce the amount of acreage available for conventional alfalfa seed crops. If we are unable to secure the acreage we need to meet our planned production for the crop year and are unable to purchase seed in the market, our results of operations could suffer, as would our reputation.

A lack of availability of water in the U.S., Australia or AustraliaCanada could impact our business.

Adequate quantities and correct timing of the application of water are vital for most agriculture to thrive. Whether particular farms are experiencing water shortages depends, in large part, on their location. However, continuing drought conditions can threaten all farmland other than those properties with their own water sources. Foreign or domestic regulations regarding water usage and rights may also limit the availability of water. Although alfalfa seed is not a water-intensive crop, the availability or the cost of water is a factor in the planting of the alfalfa hay grown from our seed, and we have experienced a decline in the willingness of some California farmers to grow alfalfa seed as a result of the ongoing severe California drought conditions.seed. Moreover, if the dairy farmers and others who purchase our alfalfa seed to grow hay cannot get an adequate supply of water, or if the cost of water makes it uneconomical for the farmers to grow alfalfa, we may not be able to sell our seed, which could have an adverse impact on our results of operations. We cannot predict if limitations on the availability of water shortages will impact our business in the future, but if alfalfa hay growers are impacted by limitations on the availability of water, shortages, our business could also materially decline.

We face intense competition, and our inability to compete effectively for any reason could adversely affect our business.

The alfalfa seed market is highly competitive, and our products face competition from a number of small seed companies, as well as large agricultural and biotechnology companies. We compete primarily on the basis of consistency of product quality and traits, product availability, customer service and price. Many of our competitors are, or are affiliated with, large diversified companies that have substantially greater marketing and financial resources than we have. These resources give our competitors greater operating flexibility that, in certain cases, may permit them to respond better or more quickly to changes in the industry or to introduce new products more quickly and with greater marketing support. Increased competition could result in lower profit margins, substantial pricing pressure, reduced market share and lower operating cash flows. Price competition, together with other forms of competition, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and operating cash flows.

If we are unable to estimate our customers' future needs accurately and to match our production to the demand of our customers, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We sell our seed primarily to dealers and distributors who, in turn, sell primarily to hay and dairy farmers who grow hay for dairy cattle and other livestock. Due to the nature of the alfalfa seed industry, we normally produce seed according to our production plan before we sell and deliver seed to distributors

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and dealers. Our dealers and distributors generally make purchasing decisions for our products based on market prices, economic and weather conditions and other factors that we and our dealers and distributors may not be able to anticipate accurately in advance. If we fail to accurately estimate the volume and types of products sought by the end users and otherwise adequately manage production amounts, we may produce more seed than our dealers and distributors want, resulting in excess inventory levels. For example, in large part due to decreased sales to the Saudi Arabia markets, our inventory levels as of June 30, 2016, 2017 and 2018 were $21.8 million, $31.5 million, and $60.4 million, respectively. It may be difficult for us to dispose of all of our inventory on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and we may need to record an impairment charge for a portion of this inventory in subsequent fiscal periods. Any such impairment charge or any failure to sell inventory on commercially reasonable terms could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and operating cash flows.

On the other hand, if we underestimate demand, which has happened in the past, we may not be able to satisfy our dealers and distributors' demand for alfalfa seed, and thus damage our customer relations and end-user loyalty. Our failure to estimate end users' future needs and to match our production to the demand of our customers may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our third-party distributors may not effectively distribute our products.

We depend in part on third-party distributors and strategic relationships for the marketing and selling of our products. We depend on these distributors' efforts to market our products, yet we are unable to control

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their efforts completely. In addition, we are unable to ensure that our distributors comply with all applicable laws regarding the sale of our products, including the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, 15 U.S.C. 78dd-1, et seq.amended. If our distributors fail to effectively market and sell our products, and in full compliance with applicable laws, our operating results and business may suffer.

We extend credit to our largest international customer and to certain of our other international customers, which exposes us to the difficulties of collecting our receivables in foreign jurisdictions if those customers fail to pay us.

Although payment terms for our seed sales generally are 90 to120to 120 days, we regularly extend credit to our largest international customer, Sorouh, Agricultural Company, and to other international customers.customers up to 180 days. Sales of our alfalfa seed varieties to Sorouh and to other international customers represented a material portion of our revenue in fiscal 2015historical periods and we expect that we will continue to extend credit in connection with thosefuture sales. Because these customers are located in foreign countries, collection efforts, were they to become necessary, could be much more difficult and expensive.expensive than pursuing similar claims in the United States. Moreover, future political and/or economic factors, as well as future unanticipated trade regulations, could negatively impact our ability to timely collect outstanding receivables from these important customers. The extension of credit to our international customers exposes us to the risk that our seed will be delivered but that we may not receive all or a portion of the payment therefor. If these customers are unable or unwilling to fully pay for the seed they purchase on credit, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially negatively impacted. Moreover, our internal forecasts on which we make business decisions throughout the year could be severely compromised, which could, in turn, mean that we spend capital for operations, investment or otherwise that we would not have spent had we been aware that the customer would not honor its credit extension obligation.

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The future demand for our non-dormant alfalfa seed varieties in Saudi Arabia is uncertain.

Historically, sales to customers in Saudi Arabia have represented a significant portion of our revenue. Regulatory uncertainty in Saudi Arabia surrounding water use restrictions for large forage producers caused customers in the region to defer purchases and/or reduce inventory carrying levels. The outlook for demand for our non-dormant varieties in Saudi Arabia over the next two to four years continues to be uncertain because of the potential for water use restrictions and further regulations from the Saudi Arabian government on water usage. As a result of the continued decrease in sales to our customers in Saudi Arabia, we have experienced a material decline in revenue and earnings. Given the foregoing regulatory uncertainty, there may be a continued depressed demand from our customers in Saudi Arabia, and, in the absence of sales growth in other regions and other products, we may experience a further material decline in revenue and earnings.

Our current reliance on the seed development and production business does not permit us to spread our business risks among different business segments, and thus a disruption in our seed production or the industry would harm us more immediately and directly than if we were more diversified.

We currently operate mainlyprimarily in the alfalfa seed business, and we do not expect this to change materially in the foreseeable future.future, despite recent diversification efforts into hybrid sorghum and sunflower seeds. Without business line diversity, we will not be able to spread the risk of our operations. Therefore, our business opportunities, revenue and income could be more immediately and directly affected by disruptions from such things as drought and disease or widespread problems affecting the alfalfa industry, payment disruptions and customer rejection of our varieties of alfalfa seed. If there is a disruption as described above, our revenue and incomeearnings could be reduced, and our business operations might have to be scaled back.

If we fail to introduce and commercialize new alfalfa seed varieties, we may not be able to maintain market share, and our future sales may be harmed.

The performance of our new alfalfa seed varieties may not meet our customers' expectations, or we may not be able to introduce and commercialize specific seed varieties. Reorder rates are uncertain due to several factors, many of which are beyond our control. These include changing customer preferences, which could be further complicated by competitive price pressures, our failure to develop new products to meet the evolving demands of the end users, the development of higher-demand products by our competitors and general economic conditions. The process for new products to gain market recognition and acceptance is long and has uncertainties. If we fail to introduce and commercialize a new seed variety that meets the demand of the end user, if our competitors develop products that are favored by the end users, or if we are unable to produce our existing products in sufficient quantities, our growth prospects

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may be materially and adversely affected, and our revenue may decline. In addition, sales of our new products could replace sales of some of our current similar products, offsetting the benefit of even a successful product introduction.

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The presence of GMO alfalfa in Australia or California could impact our sales.

GMO crops currently are prohibited in most of the international markets in which our proprietary seed is currently sold, and theresold. There are regions in the United States, including the Pacific Northwest, where even small quantities of GMO material inadvertently interspersed with conventional (non-GMO) seed make the seed undesirable, which causes customers to look elsewhere for their alfalfa seed requirements. The greater the use of GMO seed in California and other alfalfa seed growing regions, the greater the risk that the adventitious presence of GMO material in our seed production will occur due to pollination from hay fields or other seed fields. We regularly test for the adventitious presence of GMO in our conventional seed, and we have seen a slight increase in the percentage of GMO materialpresence in conventional seed over the past several years. Our seed containing GMO material can only be sold domestically or in other jurisdictions that permit the importation of GMO alfalfa. If we are unable to isolate our conventional (non-GMO) seed from inadvertently being contaminated by GMO seed, we may find it more difficult to sell that seed in our key markets and we may have insufficient quantities of seed to sell internationally, either of which could materially adversely impact our revenue over time.

We have limited experience in the hybrid sorghum and sunflower markets.

In May 2016, we acquired the assets and business operations of SV Genetic's hybrid sorghum and sunflower seed germplasm business in Queensland, Australia. Having spent over 35 years focused almost exclusively on the alfalfa seed market, these are new markets for us. If we are unable to successfully draw upon the research, development and distribution expertise we have developed in the alfalfa seed industry and apply it to the new crops into which we have recently diversified, we may not be able to attain the revenue and margins improvements we hope to achieve within our currently budgeted time frame, if at all.

The stevia market may not develop as we anticipate, and therefore our continued research and development activities with respect to stevia may never become profitable to us.

There are a number of challenges to market acceptance of stevia as a natural, non-caloric sweetener. Stevia has its own unique flavor, which can affect the taste of some foods and beverages. A common complaint about stevia is that some of its extracts and derivatives have a bitter aftertaste, and its taste does not uniformly correspond to all regional taste preferences or combine well with some food flavors. Other factors that could impact market acceptance include the price structure compared to other sugar substitutes and availability. If the high-intensity, non-caloric sweetener market declines or if stevia fails to achieve substantially greater market acceptance than it currently enjoys, we might not evernever be able to profit from our continued research and development activities relating to stevia or any commercial applications that we derive therefrom. Even if products conform to applicable safety and quality standards, sales could be adversely affected if consumers in target markets lose confidence in the safety, efficacy and quality of stevia. Adverse publicity about stevia or stevia-based products may discourage consumers from buying

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products that contain stevia. Any of these developments could adversely impact the future amount of dry leaf stevia, processed stevia leaves or extract we are able to sell, which could adversely impact our results of operations.

If we are unable to acquire sufficient raw materials or produce sufficient finished product, we will not be able to meet the demands of our customers.

We must acquire sufficient alfalfa seed to meet the demands of our customers. An alfalfa seed shortage could result in loss of sales and damage to our reputation. Because we no longer grow any of our seed ourselves, our proprietary seed is only available from our contract growers. Therefore, if our growers become unable or unwilling to produce the required commercial quantities of alfalfa seed on a timely basis and at commercially reasonable prices, we will likely be unable to meet customer demand. The failure to satisfy our customers not only could adversely impact our financial results but could irreparably harm our reputation.

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The loss of key employees or the failure to attract qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on our ability to run our business.

The loss of any of our current executives, key employees or key advisors, or the failure to attract, integrate, motivate and retain additional key employees, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Although we have employment agreements with our Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Financial Officer, our Chief Operating Officer, and our Chief OperatingMarketing and Technology Officer, as well as certain other employees, any employee could leave our employ at any time if he or she chose to do so. We do not carry "key person" insurance on the lives of any of our management team. As we develop additional capabilities, we may require more skilled personnel who must be highly skilled and have a sound understanding of our industry, business or processing requirements. Recruiting skilled personnel is highly competitive. Although to date we have been successful in recruiting and retaining qualified personnel, there can be no assurance that we will continue to attract and retain the personnel needed for our business. The failure to attract or retain qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may not be able to manage expansion of our operations effectively.

We expect our operations to continue to grow rapidly in the near future, both as we expand our historical alfalfa seed business both domestically and internationally through internal growngrowth and synergistic acquisitions and increase our growers' production. We currently face these challenges in connection with the integration of the business operations we acquired from Pioneer, which expanded our operations into five states and three Canadian provinces. These efforts will require the addition of employees, expansion of facilities and greater oversight, perhaps in diverse locations. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, we may not be able to take advantage of market opportunities, execute on our business strategies or respond to competitive pressures, and we may have difficulties maintaining and updating the internal procedures and the controls necessary to meet the planned expansion of our overall business.

Our management will also be required to maintain and expand our relationships with customers, suppliers and other third parties as well as attract new customers and suppliers. We expect that our sales and marketing costs will increase as we grow our product lines and as we increase our sales efforts in new and existing markets. Our current and planned operations, personnel, systems and internal procedures and controls may not be adequate to support our future growth.

We may be unable to successfully integrate the businesses we have recently acquired and may acquire in the future with our current management and structure.

As part of our growth strategy, we have acquired and may continue to acquire additional businesses, product lines or other assets. We may not be able to locate or make suitable acquisitions on acceptable terms, and future acquisitions may not be effectively and profitably integrated into our business. Our failure to successfully complete the integration of the businesses we acquire could have an adverse effect

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on our prospects, business activities, cash flow, financial condition, results of operations and stock price. Integration challenges may include the following:

• assimilating the acquired operations, products and personnel with our existing operations, products and personnel;
• estimating the capital, personnel and equipment required for the acquired businesses based on the historical experience of management with the businesses with which they are familiar with;familiar;

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• minimizing potential adverse effects on existing business relationships with other suppliers and customers;
• developing and marketing the new products and services;
• entering markets in which we have limited or no prior experience; and
• coordinating our efforts throughout various distant localities and time zones.

In connection with any such transactions, we may also issue equity securities, incur additional debt, assume contractual obligations or liabilities or expend significant cash. Such transactions could harm our operating results and cash position and negatively affect the price of our stock.

For example, on September 5, 2018, we entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement (the "Asset Purchase Agreement") with Novo Advisors (f/k/a Turnaround Advisory Group Inc.), solely in its capacity as the receiver for, and on behalf of, Chromatin, Inc., a Delaware corporation (together with certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates in receivership, "Chromatin") (the "Receiver"). Pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement, we agreed to purchase substantially all of Chromatin's assets, as well as assume certain contracts and other liabilities of Chromatin (collectively, the "Chromatin Acquisition"), for a purchase price of $23.0 million. On September 14, 2018, we entered into an updated Asset Purchase Agreement with the Receiver to reflect updated terms and conditions of the Chromatin Acquisition, including a purchase price of $26.5 million. To fund the Chromatin Acquisition, cover transaction expenses and provide additional working capital, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "September SPA") with MFP Partners, L.P. ("MFP"), pursuant to which we agreed to sell and issue to MFP 1,607,717 shares of common stock of the Company (the "Common Shares") for approximate gross proceeds of $5.0 million at an initial closing (the "Initial Closing") and, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, 7,235 shares of newly designated Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company ("Preferred Shares") for aggregate gross proceeds of $22.5 million at a second closing (the "Second Closing"), each in a private placement. The Initial Closing was completed on September 5, 2018.

We cannot guarantee that the Chromatin Acquisition will be consummated as expected, or at all. In addition, there can be no assurance we will achieve the revenues, growth prospects and synergies expected from this acquisition, our prior acquisitions or any future acquisitions, or that we will achieve such revenue, growth prospects and synergies in a manner consistent with our expectations. Our failure to do so could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

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The diversion of management's attention and costs associated with acquisitions may have a negative impact on our business.

If management's attention is diverted from the management of our existing businesses as a result of its efforts in evaluating and negotiating new acquisitions and strategic transactions, the prospects, business activities, cash flow, financial condition and results of operations of our existing businesses may suffer. We also may incur unanticipated costs in connection with pursuing acquisitions and strategic transactions.transactions, whether they ultimately are consummated or not.

SGI'sS&W Australia's alfalfa seed grower pool is dependent on a limited number of milling facilities to process its seed, with particular dependence on a dominant operator whose commercial interests may be adverse to SGI.S&W Australia.

Only five milling facilities are regularly used by SGI'sS&W Australia's grower pool to clean and process SGIS&W Australia seed. Should one or more of these facilities become unusable, there could be a significant effect on SGI'sS&W Australia's ability to get its Australian seed to market in a timely manner or at all. SGI'sS&W Australia's growers use Tatiara Seeds Pty Ltd ("Tatiara") to process approximately 70% of the seed grown for SGI.S&W Australia. The owner of Tatiara has begun to sell his own common seed and is now a competitor of SGI.S&W Australia. This competing seed business creates a potential conflict of interest for Tatiara in the care and handling of SGI's product.S&W Australia's product and could impact S&W Australia's ability to have seed available to sell on the time schedule required by our customers.

SGIS&W Australia is thinly capitalized and may become dependent upon us for financing.

Because SGIS&W Australia has relatively little net working capital, it is substantially dependent upon its credit arrangement with NABNational Australia Bank Ltd ("NAB") to purchase its seed inventory. SGI has breached debt covenants relating to thisIf S&W Australia breaches its credit arrangement in the past, and if future breaches of this credit arrangement or other reasons cause this credit arrangement to become unavailable to SGI, SGIS&W Australia, S&W Australia may become reliant on us to finance its operations or for financial guarantees. We currently are a guarantor on SGI'sS&W Australia's NAB credit facility. SGI'sS&W Australia's financial dependency upon us could have a negative adverse effect upon our financial condition.

SGIS&W Australia is dependent on a pool of seed growers and a favorable pricing model.

SGIS&W Australia relies on a pool of approximately 150 Australian contract growers to produce its proprietary seeds. In this system, growers contract with SGIS&W Australia to grow SGI'sS&W Australia's seed for terms of seven to ten years in the case of alfalfa and two to three years for white clover. SGIS&W Australia uses a staggered payment system with the growers of its alfalfa and white clover; the payment amounts are based upon an estimated budget price, or EBP, for compliant seed. EBP is a forecast of the final price that SGIS&W Australia believes will be achieved taking into account prevailing and predicted market conditions at the time the estimate is made. Following the grower's delivery of uncleaned seed to a milling facility, SGIS&W Australia typically pays 40% of the EBP to the grower based on pre-cleaning weight. Following this initial payment and prior to the final payment, SGI will makeS&W Australia makes a series of

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scheduled progress payments and, if applicable, a bonus payment for "first grade" alfalfa seed. The final price payable to each grower (and therefore the total price) is dependent upon and subject to adjustment based upon the clean weight of the seed grown, on the average price at which SGIS&W Australia sells the pooled seed and other costs incurred by SGI.S&W Australia. Accordingly, the total price paid by SGIS&W Australia to its growers may be more or less than the EBP. This arrangement exposes SGI'sS&W Australia's business to unique risks, including, the

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potential for current growers to make collective demands that are unfavorable to SGIS&W Australia and the potential for our competitors to offer more favorable terms for seed production, including fixed (instead of variable) payment terms.

SGI'sS&W Australia's reliance upon an estimated purchase price to growers could result in changes in estimates in our consolidated financial statements.

Our subsidiary, SGIS&W Australia, does not fix the final price for seed payable to its growers until the completion of a given year's sales cycle, pursuant to the standard contract production agreement. We record an estimated unit price, and accordingly, inventory, cost of goods sold and gross profits are based upon management's best estimate of the final purchase price to our SGIS&W Australia growers. To the extent the estimated purchase price varies from the final purchase price for seed, the adjustment to actual could materially impact the results in the period when the difference between estimates and actuals are identified. If the actual purchase price is in excess of our estimated purchase price, this would negatively impact our financial results, including a reduction in gross profits and net income.

The value of SGI's rights under the Australian Plant Breeder's Rights (PBR) Act could diminish due to technological developments or challenges by competitors, making its proprietary alfalfa seed varieties less competitive.

SGI is substantially dependent upon the PBR Act for the protection of its proprietary varieties. Currently, SGI's SuperSiriver, SuperSequel, SuperAurora, SuperHaifa, SuperLadino, SuperHuia, SuperSonic, SuperStar, SuperSiriver II and SuperNova varieties are protected under the PBR Act. If any competitors of SGI independently develop new seeds that customers or end users determine are better than SGI's existing varieties, such developments could adversely affect SGI's competitive position.

We may need to raise additional capital in the future.

We may find it necessary or advisable to raise additional capital in the future, whether to enhance our working capital, to repay indebtedness, to fund acquisitions or for other reasons. If we are required or desire to raise additional capital in the future, such additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, or available at all, may be dilutive to our existing stockholders, if in the form of equity financing, or may contain restrictions on the operation of our business, if in the form of debt financing. If we fail to obtain additional capital as and when required, such failure could have a material impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in government policies and laws could adversely affect international sales and therefore our financial results.

Historically, sales to our distributors who sell our proprietary alfalfa seed varieties outside the U.S.United States have constituted a substantialmeaningful portion of our annual revenue. We anticipate that sales into international markets will continue to represent a meaningful portion of our total sales and that continued growth and profitability will require further international expansion, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa. Our financial results could be affected by changes in trade, monetary and fiscal policies, laws and regulations, or other activities of U.S. and non-U.S. governments, agencies and similar organizations. These conditions include but are not limited to changes in a country's or region's economic or political conditions, trade regulations affecting production, pricing and marketing of products, local labor conditions and regulations, reduced protection of intellectual property rights in some countries,

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changes in the regulatory or legal environment, burdensome taxes and tariffs and other trade barriers. International

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risks and uncertainties, including changing social and economic conditions as well as terrorism, political hostilities and war, could lead to reduced distribution of our products into international markets and reduced profitability associated with such sales.

We are subject to risks associated with doing business globally.

Our operations, both inside and outside the United States, are subject to risks inherent in conducting business globally and under the laws, regulations and customs of various jurisdictions and geographies. Although we sell seed to various regions of the world, a large percentage of our sales outside the United States in fiscal year 2015,2018, including those of SGI,S&W Australia, were principally to customers in the Middle East, North Africa and Mexico. Accordingly, developments in those parts of the world generally have a more significant effect on our operations than developments in other places. Our operations outside the United States are subject to special risks and restrictions, including:including, without limitation: fluctuations in currency values and foreign-currency exchange rates; exchange control regulations; changes in local political or economic conditions; governmental pricing directives; import and trade restrictions; import or export licensing requirements and trade policy; restrictions on the ability to repatriate funds; and other potentially detrimental domestic and foreign governmental practices or policies affecting U.S. companies doing business abroad, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the trade sanctions laws and regulations administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control. Acts of terror or war may impair our ability to operate in particular countries or regions, and may impede the flow of goods and services between countries. Customers in weakened economies may be unable to purchase our products, or it could become more expensive for them to purchase imported products in their local currency, or sell their commodity at prevailing international prices, and we may be unable to collect receivables from such customers. Further, changes in exchange rates may affect our net income,earnings, the book value of our assets outside the United States and our stockholders' equity. Failure to comply with the laws and regulations that affect our global operations could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Failure to comply with the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act or similar laws could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We are subject to the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which generally prohibits United States companies, including their suppliers, distributors and other commercial partners, from engaging in bribery or other prohibited payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Corruption, extortion, bribery, pay-offs, theft and other fraudulent practices occur from time-to-time in the countries in which we distribute products. We have adopted formal policies and procedures designed to facilitate compliance with these laws. If our employees or other agents, including our distributors or suppliers, are found to have engaged in such practices, we could suffer severe penalties and other consequences that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Environmental regulation affecting our alfalfa seed, sorghum, sunflower or stevia products could negatively impact our business.

As an agricultural company, we are subject to evolving environmental laws and regulations by federal and state governments. Federal laws and regulations include the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, the Federal Seed Act, and

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potentially regulations of the FDA. In addition, theFDA and/or other State of California regulates our application of agricultural chemicals in connection with seed harvest.regulatory agencies.

Our Australian operations are also subject to a number of environmental laws, regulations and policies, including in particular the Environment Protection Act 1993 (SA), the Agricultural and Veterinary Products (Control of Use) Act 2002 (SA), the Genetically Modified Crops Management Act 2004 (SA), the Dangerous Substances Act 1979 (SA), the Controlled Substances Act 1984 (SA) and related regulations and policies. These laws regulate matters including air quality, water quality and the use and disposal of agricultural chemicals.

Our failure to comply with these laws and related regulations could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Moreover, it is possible that future developments, such as increasingly strict environmental laws and enforcement policies thereunder, and further restrictions on the use of agricultural chemicals, could result in increased compliance costs which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Insurance covering defective seed claims may become unavailable or be inadequate.

Defective seed could result in insurance claims and negative publicity. Although we carry general liability insurance to cover defective seed claims, such coverage may become unavailable or be inadequate. Even if coverage is offered, it may be at a price and on terms not acceptable to us. If claims exceed coverage limits, or if insurance is not available to us, the occurrence of significant claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may be exposed to product quality claims, which may cause us to incur substantial legal expenses and, if determined adversely against us, may cause us to pay significant damage awards.

We may be subject to legal proceedings and claims from time to time relating to our seed or dried stevia leaf quality. The defense of these proceedings and claims can be both costly and time consuming and may significantly divert efforts and resources of our management personnel. An adverse determination in any such proceeding could subject us to significant liability and damage our market reputation and prevent us from achieving increased sales and market share. Protracted litigation could also result in our customers or potential customers deferring or limiting their purchase of our products.

The recent global economic downturn has significantly impacted the agricultural industry which in turn has negatively affected our business.

The global economic downturn of the past several years has significantly impacted the agricultural industry, with many farmers losing their farms or laying fallow their fields, as well as other negative impacts. The full effect of this global economic downturn on growers, customers, vendors and other business partners cannot be known with any certainty. For example, major customers may have financial challenges unrelated to us that could result in a decrease in their business with us or, in extreme cases, cause them to file for bankruptcy protection. Similarly, parties to contracts may be forced to breach their obligations. Although we exercise prudent oversight of the financial strength of our major business partners and seek to diversify our risk to any single business partner, there can be no assurance that a significant grower, customer or other business partner that may be unable to meet its contractual commitments to us. Similarly, continued stresses and pressures that could have wide-ranging negative effects on our industry's future.

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Capital and credit market issues could negatively affect our liquidity, increase our costs of borrowing and disrupt the operations of our growers and customers.

The capital and credit markets have experienced increased volatility and disruption over the past several years, making it more difficult for companies to access those markets. Although we believe that our operating cash flows, recent access to the capital market and our lines of credit will permitus to usto meet our financing needs for the foreseeable future, continued or increased volatility and disruption in the capital and credit markets may impair our liquidity or increase our costs of borrowing, if we need to access the credit market. Our business could also be negatively impacted if our growers or customers experience disruptions resulting from tighter capital and credit markets or a continued slowdown in the general economy.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our business and prospects may be harmed.

Our ability to compete effectively is dependent upon the proprietary nature of the seeds, seedlings, processes, technologies and materials owned by or used by us or our growers. If any competitors independently develop new traits, seeds, seedlings, processes or technologies that customers or end users determine are better than our existing products, such developments could adversely affect our competitive position. In addition to patent protection for some of our alfalfa seed varieties that we acquired from DuPont Pioneer, the USPTO has granted us patents covering stevia plant varieties SW201 and SW227 for the fresh and dry leaf market and varieties SW107 and SW 129 for the commercial processing market. We also rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. Although we require our employees, consultants, advisors and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know- how, information, or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, we cannot be certain that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. Furthermore, we guard our proprietary property by exercising a high degree of control over the alfalfa seed supply chain from our S&W varieties, as well as over our stevia material.material, while our newly-acquired hybrid sorghum and sunflower seed varieties are made available pursuant to licensing arrangements that reasonably safeguard our ownership and control of our intellectual property. In Australia, SGIS&W Australia has secured protection under the PBR Act for its most popular varieties.

However, even with these measures in place, it would be possible for persons with access to our seed or plants grown from our seed to reproduce and market products substantially similar to our proprietary seed varieties, which could significantly harm our business and our reputation. We may be unable to obtain further protection for our intellectual property in the United States and other key jurisdictions, and third parties may challenge the validity, enforceability or scope of our existing patents, which may result in such patents being cancelled, narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable. Furthermore, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. As a result, we may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property both in the United States and abroad. Litigation may be necessary to protect our

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proprietary property and determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of competitors. Intellectual property litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management and other resources. If we are unable to successfully protect our intellectual property rights, our competitors could market products that compete with our proprietary products without obtaining a license from us.

We currently depend on DuPont Pioneer for substantially allthe majority of our sales of dormant alfalfa seed and have agreed to limitations on other sales of the seed varieties we sell to DuPont Pioneer. Any decline in DuPont Pioneer's demand will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

DuPont Pioneer was our largest customer in fiscal 2018. Our distribution agreement with DuPont Pioneer limits our ability to otherwise sell the specific varieties of dormant alfalfa seed we supply to DuPont Pioneer in the sales territory covered by DuPont Pioneer. The DuPont Pioneer sales territory includes the United States, Europe and many other of the principal dormant alfalfa seed markets. In these markets, our ability to sell the specified varieties through distribution channels other than DuPont Pioneer is limited to certain blended, private label and variety not stated forms and cannot exceed a specified percentage of DuPont Pioneer's demand. As result of these limitations, sales to DuPont Pioneer represent and, for the foreseeable future will continue to represent, the vast majority of all of our sales of dormant alfalfa seed. Any decline in DuPont Pioneer's demand for our dormant alfalfa seed products will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

DuPont Pioneer may purchase alfalfa seed from other sources and reduce theirits purchase commitments to us.

Under our distribution agreement with DuPont Pioneer, DuPont Pioneer has made minimum purchase commitments for our dormant alfalfa seed products that extend through September 30, 2024. However, there are

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circumstances under which Pioneer'sDuPont Pioneer is permitted to purchase seed from other sources and reduce its purchase commitments to us, including:

• Production Shortfalls. If in any year we fail to produce an adequate supply of alfalfa seed to meet DuPont Pioneer's demand, and we are unable to source alternative supply, DuPont Pioneer may purchase seed from third parties to meet the shortfall in our production.
• New Products. If a third party offers for license a new product (a new transgenic and/or nativenovel trait for dormant alfalfa seed) that offers a superior value pricing opportunity compared to varieties we offer, and DuPont Pioneer wishes to sell the new product, then we would have a one-year period to obtain rights to produce and sell the new product to DuPont Pioneer. If we fail to obtain rights to the new product within the one-year period or otherwise don'tdo not offer the new product on substantially the same terms as offered by a third party, then DuPont Pioneer would be free to purchase the new product from the third party, and DuPont Pioneer's minimum purchase commitment to us would be reduced by the amount of the new product purchased.

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• GMO-Traited Varieties. UnlessOur December 2014 acquisition of DuPont Pioneer's conventional dormant alfalfa varieties contemplated a potential subsequent acquisition of DuPont Pioneer's GMO-traited alfalfa varieties and untilprovided for an interim production agreement under which we complete the transactions contemplated under our second asset purchase agreement with Pioneer. Pioneer may purchase certainproduced those GMO-traited varieties of alfalfa seed from third parties. See "Risk Factors-If wefor DuPont Pioneer. We did not (and do not expect to) complete the acquisition underof DuPont Pioneer's GMO-traited alfalfa varieties. Our production agreement with DuPont Pioneer (relating to GMO-traited varieties) will terminate on May 31, 2019. As a result, DuPont Pioneer's minimum purchase commitments from us will be reduced by approximately $6 million annually, commencing with our second asset purchase agreement, Pioneer may pursue alternative production arrangements for its GMO-traited varieties and reduce purchases from us."Fiscal Year 2020.

Any reduction in DuPont Pioneer's purchase commitment to us willwould have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We are committed to sell dormant alfalfa seed to DuPont Pioneer at initial fixed prices with fixed subsequent maximum price increases per year. Increases in our costs of production at rates higher than our contractual ability to increase prices would erode our profit margins and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Under our distribution agreement with DuPont Pioneer, we arewere committed to sell dormant alfalfa seed at initial fixed prices for the 2015 and 2016 sales years. In subsequent sales years, wethat can only increase our pricesby up to a fixed percentage per year by variety. Although DuPont Pioneer has agreed to discuss in good faith an increase in the fixed maximum percentage price increase cap for any sales year in which an increase in grower compensation costs due to changes in market conditions cause our total production costs to increase at a percentage exceeding the amount of the cap, we cannot be certain that any such discussions will result in additional pricing flexibility for us. If our grower compensation costs or other productions costs increase at a rate greater than the fixed maximum percentage increase per year, our profit margins would erode, and we could potentially be required to sell product at a loss. Any such change in our cost structure would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

If we do not complete the acquisition under the second asset purchase agreement, Pioneer may pursue alternative production arrangements for its GMO-traited varieties and reduce purchases from us.

We are currently producing certain GMO-traited varieties for Pioneer under our production agreement with Pioneer. The production agreement expires on December 31, 2017 or upon the earlier closing of our acquisition of certain GMO germplasm and related assets from Pioneer pursuant to a second asset purchase agreement. However, we may never enter into the second asset purchase agreement or close the acquisition of Pioneer's GMO germplasm and related assets. If Pioneer and we do not obtain certain third-party consents and agreements on or before November 30, 2017 (or certain other conditions above are not

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satisfied), then the obligations of the parties to enter into the second asset purchase agreement will terminate and we will have no right or obligation to acquire the GMO germplasm and related assets. In that case, our production agreement with Pioneer (relating to GMO-traited varieties) would terminate on December 31, 2017, Pioneer would be free to pursue alternative production arrangements for the GMO-traited varieties, and Pioneer's minimum purchase commitments to us under the distribution agreement would be materially reduced.

If we fail to perform our obligations under our distribution agreement and production agreement with DuPont Pioneer, DuPont Pioneer could terminate the agreements and reduce or eliminate purchases of alfalfa seed from us, and we could be exposed to claims for damages.

The DuPont Pioneer distribution agreement and the production agreement impose numerous obligations on us relating to, among other things, product and service quality and compliance with laws and third party obligations. Both the distribution agreement and the production agreement permit DuPont Pioneer to terminate the agreement if we materially breach the agreement and fail to cure the breach within a 60-day notice period, or in the case of certain bankruptcy or insolvency events. DuPont Pioneer can also immediately terminate the production agreement if we breach certain agreements or policies with third partiesFGI related to the production of GMO-traited varieties. If DuPont Pioneer terminates either the distribution agreement or the production agreement, DuPont Pioneer could reduce or eliminate altogether its purchase of alfalfa seed from us, and we could be left with inventory of seed that it would be difficult or impossible for us to dispose of on commercially reasonable terms. In addition, we could be exposed to significant claims for damages to DuPont Pioneer if the termination of an agreement results from our material breach of the agreement.

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If we do not meet seed planting and production commitments to DuPont Pioneer, we could incur significant financial penalties.

Under our distribution agreement with DuPont Pioneer, if we fail to plant sufficient acreage (based on historical yields), together with any carryover inventory, to meet 110% of DuPont Pioneer's demand, and we actually fail to meet DuPont Pioneer's demand, then we are obligated to pay DuPont Pioneer a cash penalty based on the amount of the shortfall. A similar penalty provision applies only with respect to 2017 under our Production Agreement with Pioneer, if we fail to plant or cause to be planted a specified number of planting acres.

We contract all of our production of dormant alfalfa seed with third-party growers. If, in any year, we are unable to obtain sufficient grower commitments to meet DuPont Pioneer's demand, we could be obligated to pay significant financial penalties to DuPont Pioneer.

Risks Related to our Financial Position and Investment in Our Securities

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders or restrict our operations.

From time to time, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity and debt financings, as well as potentially entering into collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest could be diluted and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends and may be secured by all or a portion of our assets.

For example, on September 5, 2018, we entered into the September SPA with MFP and issued 1,607,717 shares of common stock at the Initial Closing, and are obligated to issue 7,235 shares of newly designated Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company for aggregate gross proceeds of $22.5 million at the Second Closing. As a result of the Initial Closing, our investors other than MFP experienced dilution of their ownership interests. If the Second Closing is completed, our investors will experience further dilution.

The value of our common stock can be volatile.

Our common stock areis listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. The overall market and the price of our common stock can fluctuate greatly. The trading price of our common stock may be significantly affected by various factors, including but not limited to:

• economic status and trends in the dairy industry, which underlies domestic demand for our alfalfa seed;
• market conditions for alfalfa seed in the Middle East and North Africa, where a substantial amount of our seed historically has been purchased by end users;

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• quarterly fluctuations in our operating results;

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• our ability to meet the earnings estimates and other performance expectations of investors or financial analysts;
• fluctuations in the stock prices of our peer companies or in stock markets in general; and
• general economic or political conditions.

Our quarter-to-quarter performance may vary substantially, and this variance, as well as general market conditions, may cause the price of our securities to fluctuate greatly and potentially expose us to litigation.

Our alfalfa seed business, which is our primary source of revenue, is highly seasonal because it is tied to the growing and harvesting seasons. If sales in particular quarters are lower than expected, our operating results for these quarters could cause our share price to decline.

Our future expense estimates are based, in large part, on estimates of future revenue, which is difficult to predict. We expect to continue to make significant expenditures in order to expand production, sales, marketing and administrative systems and processes. We may be unable to, or may elect not to, adjust spending quickly enough to offset any unexpected revenue shortfall. If our increased expenses are not accompanied by increased revenue in the same quarter, our quarterly operating results would be harmed.

In one or more future quarters, our results of operations may fall below the expectations of investors or analysts, and the trading price of our securities may decline as a consequence. We believe that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our operating results will not be a good indication of our future performance and should not be relied upon to predict the future performance of our stock price.

In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have often been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management's attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

If we issue shares of preferred stock, the holdings of those owning our common stock could be diluted or subordinated to the rights of the holders of preferred stock.

Our board of directors is authorized by our articles of incorporation to establish classes or series of preferred stock and fix the designation, powers, preferences and rights of the shares of each such class or series without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Any shares of preferred stock so issued could have priority over our common stock with respect to dividend or liquidation rights. AlthoughFor example, we have no plansare obligated to issue any shares of preferred stock or to adopt any new series, preferences or other classificationin the Second Closing of our September 2018 financing and the terms of such shares of preferred stock any such action by our board of directors or issuanceprovide for a liquidation preference. If these shares of preferred stock by usare not converted into shares of common stock, they could dilute your investment in our securities or subordinate your holdings to the higher priority rights of the holders of shares of such preferred stock. In addition, each share of the preferred stock issued inis, following satisfaction of certain conditions, into 1,000 shares of common stock, and this conversion could cause further dilution to the future.existing holders of our common stock.

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Our actual operating results may differ significantly from our guidance.

We routinely release annual guidance in our quarterly earnings releases, our quarterly earnings conference calls and in other forums we consider appropriate. Such guidance regarding our future performance represents our management's estimates as of the date of release or other communication. This guidance, which includes forward-looking statements, is based on projections prepared by our management. These

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projections are not prepared with a view toward compliance with published guidelines of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and neither our independent registered public accountants nor any other independent expert or outside party compiles or examines the projections, and accordingly, no such person expresses any opinion or any other form of assurance with respect thereto.

Projections are based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control and are based upon specific assumptions with respect to future business decisions, some of which will change. If we issue guidance, we will generally state possible outcomes as high and low ranges or approximations that are intended to provide a sensitivity analysis as variables are changed but are not intended to represent that actual results could not fall outside of the suggested ranges.ranges or approximations. The principal reason that we would release guidance would be to provide a basis for our management to discuss our business outlook with analysts and investors. We do not accept any responsibility for any projections or reports published by any such persons.

Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions of the guidance furnished by us will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results. Accordingly, our guidance, when given, is only an estimate of what management believes is realizable as of the date of release or other communication. Actual results will vary from our guidance, and the variations may be material. In light of the foregoing, investors are urged not to rely upon, or otherwise consider, our guidance in making an investment decision about our securities.

We do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends on our common stock.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not plan to pay any cash dividends in the near future. Our current policy is to retain all funds and any earnings for use in the operation and expansion of our business. If we do not pay cash dividends, our stock may be less valuable to investors because a return on their investment will only occur if our stock price appreciates.

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Anti-takeover provisions and our right to issue preferred stock could make a third-party acquisition of us difficult.

Our articles of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that would make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us, including a provision that our board of directors may issue preferred stock without stockholder approval. In addition, certain anti-takeover provisions of Nevada law, if and when applicable, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us, even if such change in control would be beneficial to our stockholders.

Risks Relating to the Private Placement of Debentures and Warrants

On December 31, 2014, we issued an aggregate of $27,000,000 in principal amount of 8% Senior Secured Convertible Debentures and common stock purchase warrants for the purchase of up to 2,699,999 shares of our common stock. The following are identified risks that are specifically associated with the issuance of these securities.

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If the price adjustment provision of the Debentures and Warrants and/or the weighted average dilution provision of the Warrants is triggered, there would be a decrease in conversion and/or exercise prices.

Although the initial conversion price of the Debentures and the initial exercise price of the Warrants is $5.00, which was a premium to the price on closing of $4.00, both securities contain provisions that could adjust downward the respective conversion and exercise prices. Both securities contain a ratchet provision under which the conversion and exercise prices could be adjusted to as low as $4.15 (subject to adjustment for stock splits and similar events) if, on September 30, 2015, our stock price is below the then-conversion/exercise price. The adjusted conversion and exercises prices, if applicable, will be based on a formula specified in the securities based on the lowest 10 day average VWAP of our common stock over a 20-day lookback period. If the price adjusts, we could be required to issue a greater number of shares pursuant to the Debentures and could ultimately raise less money upon exercise of the warrants.

In addition, the Warrant also contains a weighted average price protection provision that is operable for the first three years of the term of the Warrants.

Our stockholders will have a reduced ownership and voting interest after issuance of the shares issuable upon conversion of the Debentures and exercise of the Warrants and may exercise less influence over management.

In the event the holders of the Debentures and Warrants elect to exercise their conversion and/or exercise rights pursuant to these securities during the remainder of the term thereof, and, without taking into account any adjustment to the conversion price of the Debentures, an aggregate of 3,655,172 shares of our common stock could be issued upon conversion and exercise of the securities, based on a remaining $18,275,862 in principal amount of the Debentures at September 23, 2015.

Based on the current number of shares outstanding of 13,463,455 on September 22, 2015, the new issuances would represent 21.4%, of the shares outstanding after these issuances. In addition, although we have no intention of doing so, to the extent we issue shares to service the debt, the ownership percentages of the new investors would increase incrementally. As a result, our current stockholders as a group would own a substantially smaller interest in us and may have less influence on our management and policies than they now have.

Our repayment obligations under the Debentures are secured by a lien on our assets.

Our obligations to the holders of the Debentures are secured by a lien on all of our assets pursuant to a security agreement, which was entered into with respect to the issuance of the Debentures. This lien is subordinate only to the lien of certain permitted senior creditors, pursuant to an inter-creditor and subordination agreement, which was entered into simultaneously with the security agreement. If we default under the terms of the Debentures or under the terms of any permitted senior indebtedness (which is an event of default under the Debentures), the holders of the Debentures may exercise various remedies against us, including acceleration of the entire remaining principal amount of the Debentures and all accrued and unpaid interest thereon, and remedies against our collateral. An acceleration of the Debentures or an exercise of remedies against our assets as collateral could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business or could force us to invoke legal measures to protect our business, including, but not limited to, for filing for protection under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 2. Properties

The following is a description of our owned and leasedmaterial properties:

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are involved in lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including pending opposition proceedings involving patents that arise in the ordinary course of business. There are no matters pending that we expect to have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information Regarding Our Common Stock

Prior to May 4, 2010, there was no public market for our company's securities. From May 4, 2010 through June 11, 2010, ourOur common stock is traded on the NASDAQNasdaq Capital Market as part of a unit under the ticker symbol "SANWU."SANW." Each unit consisted of two shares of common stock, one Class A warrant and one Class B warrant. On June 14, 2010, the unit separated, and the components began trading as separate securities under the ticker symbols "SANW," "SANWA" and "SANWZ," for the common stock, Class A warrants and Class B warrants, respectively. The Class A warrants were redeemed in April 2013, and the Class B warrants expired in accordance with their terms in May 2015.

The following table sets forth the range of high and low sales prices per share of Common Stockcommon stock as reported on NASDAQNasdaq for the periods indicated.

On September 22, 2015, the The closing price as reported on the NASDAQ Capital Market of our common stock on September 17, 2018 was $4.52 per share.$3.05.

Holders

As of September 22, 2015,17, 2018, we had 13,463,45525,956,252 shares of common stock outstanding held by 1735 stockholders of record. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of beneficial stockholders represented by these record holders.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. For the foreseeable future, we intend to retain any earnings to finance the development and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will be dependent upon then existing conditions, including our financial condition and results of operations, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, business prospects and other factors that the Board of Directors considers relevant. In addition, our credit facility with KeyBank contains restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.

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Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities

On April 20, 2015, we issued 200,000 sharesThere were no unregistered sales of our common stock at a per share price of $4.64 to Bioceres, S.A.,equity securities in exchange for 1,263 newly-issued shares of Bioceres. The newly-issued shares were issued pursuant to the exemption from registration as set forth in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The availability of the exemption was predicated on the fact that the sale was made to a single accredited, sophisticated investor who was familiar with our business, who had access to business and financial information about our company and with whom we have established a joint working relationship.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The information required by this item with respect to our equity compensation plan is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the2018 fiscal year ended June 30, 2015.that have not been previously reported on a Current Report on Form 8-K.

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Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliate Purchasers

None.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide information typically disclosed under this item.

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data"Statements" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to our historicalconsolidatedhistorical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as referred to on page 2 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors."

Executive Overview

Founded in 1980 and headquartered in Sacramento, California, we are a global agricultural company. Grounded in our historical expertise and what we believe is our present leading position in the Centralbreeding, production and sale of alfalfa seed, we continue to build towards our goal of being recognized as the world's preferred proprietary forage, grain and specialty crop seed company. In addition to our primary activities in alfalfa seed, we have recently expanded our product portfolio by adding hybrid sorghum and sunflower seed, which complement our alfalfa seed offerings by allowing us to leverage our infrastructure, research and development expertise and our distribution channels, as we begin to diversify into what we believe are higher margin opportunities. We also continue to conduct our stevia breeding program, having been granted four patents by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Following our initial public offering in fiscal year 2010, we expanded certain pre-existing business initiatives and added new ones, including:

• diversifying our production geographically by expanding from solely producing seed in the San Joaquin Valley of California to initially adding production capability in the Imperial Valley of California, then expanding into Australia (primarily South Australia) and, most recently, adding production in other western states and Canada;
• expanding from solely offering non-dormant varieties to now having a full range of both dormant and non-dormant varieties;

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• expanding the depth and breadth of our research and development capabilities in order to develop new varieties of both dormant and non-dormant alfalfa seed with traits sought after by our existing and future customers;
• diversifying into complementary proprietary crops by acquiring the assets of a Queensland, Australia company specializing in breeding and licensing of hybrid sorghum and sunflower seed;
• expanding our distribution channels and customer base, initially through the acquisition of the customer list of a key international customer in the Middle East in July 2011, and thereafter, through certain strategic acquisitions;
• expanding our sales geographically both through the expansion of our product offerings to make available product needed in regions we historically did not cover and through an expansion of our sales and marketing efforts generally; and
• implementing a stevia breeding program focused on the potential development of new stevia varieties that incorporate the most desirable characteristics of this all-natural, zero calorie sweetener.

We have accomplished these expansion initiatives through a combination of organic growth and strategic acquisitions, foremost among them:

• the acquisition in July 2011 of certain intangible assets, including the customer information, related to the field seed and small grain business of Genetics International, Inc., which had previously operated in the Middle East and North Africa ("MENA") and which began our transition into selling directly to MENA distributors;
• the acquisition of Imperial Valley Seeds, Inc. ("IVS") in October 2012, which enabled us to expand production of non-GMO seed into California's Imperial Valley, thereby ensuring a non- GMO source of seed due to the prohibition on GMO crops in the Imperial Valley, as well as enabling us to diversify our production areas and distribution channels;
• the acquisition of a portfolio of dormant alfalfa seed germplasm in August 2012 to launch our entry into the dormant market;
• the acquisition of the leading local producer of non-dormant alfalfa seed in South Australia, S&W Seed Company Australia Pty Ltd (f/k/a Seed Genetics International Pty Ltd, "S&W Australia") in April 2013, which greatly expanded our production capabilities and geographic diversity;
• the acquisition of the alfalfa production and research facility assets and conventional (non-GMO) alfalfa germplasm from DuPont Pioneer in December 2014 (the "Pioneer Acquisition"), thereby substantially expanding upon our initial entrance into the dormant alfalfa seed market that began in 2012 and enabling us to greatly expand our production and research and product development capabilities;

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• the acquisition, in May 2016, of the assets and business of SV Genetics Pty Ltd ("SV Genetics"), a private Australian company specializing in the breeding and licensing of proprietary hybrid sorghum and sunflower seed germplasm, which represents our initial effort to diversify our product portfolio beyond alfalfa seed breeding and production and stevia R&D; and
• the acquisition of a portfolio of sorghum germplasm in April 2018 to expand our portfolio of sorghum products to include biofuel types.

We believe our 2013 combination with S&W Australia created the world's largest non-dormant alfalfa seed company and gave us the competitive advantages of year-round production in that market. With the completion of the acquisition of dormant alfalfa seed assets from DuPont Pioneer in December 2014, we believe we have become the largest alfalfa seed company worldwide (by volume), with industry-leading research and development, as well as production and distribution capabilities in both hemispheres and the ability to supply proprietary dormant and non-dormant alfalfa seed. Our operations span the world's alfalfa seed production regions, with operations in the San Joaquin and Imperial Valleys of California, otherfive additional Western states, South Australia and three provinces in Canada,Canada.

Our May 2016 acquisition of the hybrid sorghum and sunflower germplasm business and assets of SV Genetics as well as our April 2018 acquisition of a portfolio of sorghum germplasm signals management's commitment to our strategy of identifying opportunities to diversify our product lines and improve our gross margins.

The Asset Purchase and Sale Agreement for the Pioneer Acquisition previously contemplated that, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, we sellwould acquire certain GMO germplasm varieties and other related assets from DuPont Pioneer for a purchase price of $7.0 million. The conditions for this additional acquisition were not satisfied by the required date, and DuPont Pioneer has informed us that it does not intend to extend the deadline or complete the transaction at this point in time. As a result, we do not expect to close the acquisition of DuPont Pioneer's GMO germplasm varieties and related assets in the previously disclosed structure or pay the $7,000,000 purchase price.

We continue to have a long-term distribution agreement with DuPont Pioneer regarding conventional (non GMO) varieties, the term of which extends into 2024. Our production agreement with DuPont Pioneer (relating to GMO-traited varieties) terminates on May 31, 2019. As a result, DuPont Pioneer's minimum purchase commitments from us will be reduced by approximately $6 million annually, commencing with our seed varietiesFiscal Year 2020. Although the production agreement will terminate on May 31, 2019, the Company expects that the DuPont Pioneer distribution agreement will continue to be a significant source of the Company's annual revenue through December 2024.

We are in more than 30 countries acrossdiscussions with DuPont Pioneer regarding the globe. Historically, we have been recognizedorderly transition of activities previously conducted by us under the production and research agreements (relating to GMO-traited varieties), as well as the leading producer of non-dormant alfalfa seed

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varieties, which varieties have been bred for warm climates and high-yields, including, in particular, varieties that thrive in high saline soils. Our December 2014 acquisitionpossibility of certain alfalfa research and production facility and conventional (non-GMO) alfalfa germplasm assets of DuPont Pioneer providedongoing commercial relationships between us with the opportunityrelating to become a leading producer of dormant, high yield alfalfa seedGMO-traited varieties, which are the varieties suitable for cold weather conditions. We also have agreements with Monsanto to develop unique traits into specific S&W-developed varieties that have exhibited high yield and salt tolerance. We have licensing agreements with Monsanto and FGI to produce, breed and eventually sell Roundup Ready alfalfa see varieties. In sum, our alfalfa seed business now encompasses the production, breeding and sale of nearly the full spectrum of non-dormant and dormant conventional varieties (from FD 2 through FD 10) and the potential for future production and sale of transgenic ("GMO") -varieties, which are being bred to combine the most desirable characteristics of certain of our varieties with the Roundup Ready gene. In addition to alfalfa seed breeding, production and sales, which is our core business, we also offer seed cleaning and processing foramong other seed manufacturers and conduct an ongoing stevia breeding program.things.

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Components of Our Statements of Operations Data