UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 20152017

For the Transition Period From                to                

Commission file number:001-35319

ModusLink Global Solutions, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(781)663-5001

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ¨☐    No  x☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ¨☐    No  x☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x☒    No  ¨☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  x☒    No  ¨☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of RegulationS-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form10-K or any amendment to this Form10-K.    ¨☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, anon-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” andfiler,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule12b-2 of the Act).    Yes  ¨☐    No  x☒

The aggregate market value of the Registrant’s common stock held bynon-affiliates of the Registrant computed with reference to the price at which the common stock was last sold as of the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter was $107,769,181.$63,711,482.

On September 23, 2015,October 1, 2017, the Registrant had 52,273,56955,555,973 outstanding shares of common stock, $0.01 par value.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be delivered to stockholders in connection with the Company’s 20152016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM10-K

FISCAL YEAR ENDED JULY 31, 20152017

MODUSLINK GLOBAL SOLUTIONS, INC.

This Annual Report on Form10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. For this purpose, any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. Without limiting the foregoing, the words “believes,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “expects” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Item 1A of this report, “Risk Factors”, and elsewhere in this report. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s analysis, judgment, belief or expectation only as of the date hereof. We do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

PART I

ITEM 1.— BUSINESS OVERVIEW

Overview

ModusLink Global Solutions, Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, “ModusLink Global Solutions” or the “Company” or “Registrant”), through its wholly owned subsidiaries, ModusLink Corporation (“ModusLink”) and ModusLink PTS, Inc. (“ModusLink PTS”), provides comprehensive digital and physical supply chain and logisticsoptimization services (the “Supply Chain Business”) that are designed to improve clients’ revenue, cost, sustainability and customer experience. ModusLink Global Solutions provides a diverse range of solutions and services to leading companies inacross a wide spectrum of industries, including consumer electronics, communications, computing, medical devices, software storage and retail.retail industries, among others. The Company’s operations are supported by a global footprint, thatwhich includes more than 2520 sites across North America, Europe, and the Asia Pacific region.

The Company previously operated under the names CMGI, Inc. and CMG Information Services, Inc. and was

incorporated in Delaware in 1986. The Company’s address is 1601 Trapelo Road, Suite 170, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451.

Services

The Supply Chain Business operation’s revenue primarily comes from the sale of supply chain management solutions to its clients. Among ModusLink’s core physical supply chain solutions are materialsourcing, planning, procurement, postponement and factory supply; value-added warehousingcustomization, order management, freight management, home replenishment, consumer returns and distribution; aftermarketB2C and B2B fulfillment. Digital supply chain solutions, includee-Commerce and Marketplace integration, customer contact, payment services, including product returnsfinancial management services, data analytic services, cross-device data, and product repairentitlement, subscription and recovery; and e-Business including e-commerce, contact center, entitlement management and financialInternet of Things (“IOT”) management. In addition, ModusLink is a Microsoft Authorized Replicator, further enhancing its position as a valued supply chain services provider to leading technology hardware original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”).

The Supply Chain Business operation’s core solutions include:

Material Planning and Factory Supply—ModusLink sources inbound materials, deliverson-time and maintains high quality standards based on its local supplier relationships. ModusLink performs kitting and assembly of packaging materials and accessories while managing logistics and delivery schedules into multiple manufacturing sites or partners forjust-in-time manufacturing. Solutions are designed to reduce the complexity, lead times and costs of inbound materials, supply chain procurement, and factory feed processes.processes, providing anend-to-end solution to ensure full optimization of client’s supply chain operations.

Value-Added Warehousing and Distribution—ModusLink’s capabilities are designed for flexibility, reliability and speed, to support clients’ distribution, retail and end userend-user fulfillment. Services include order management, pick, pack, and ship, retail connectivity, demand planning and integrated transportation management services, which are supported by a global technology infrastructure.

ModusLink’s postponement and configuration solutions are based on a technology-driven planning and execution process. By analyzing operating variables and supply chain costs, ModusLink can defer product configuration and packaging of a client’s product until the optimal time and at the most strategic location. Client programs can leverage any combination of ModusLink’s fulfillment sites around the globe, including those near manufacturing sites or close to the consumer.

ModusLink provides a complete solution for the physical programming of digital content – such as software, firmware, upgrades or promotional material—material – onto numerous types of flash media, including SD and MicroSD cards, USB drives, navigation systems, smartphones and tablets.

Aftermarket Services

Product Returns Management—With the shift from traditionalbrick-and-mortar storefronts into the digital sphere, product returns have increased globally, making it critical to offer a seamless, efficient experience that attracts and retains customers. ModusLink simplifies the returns process for retailers and manufacturers that want to improve service parts management and the value of returned assets. ModusLink manages theend-to-end process including receipt of goods, managing the Returns Management Authorization (RMA) process, sorting, triage, credit processing and ultimate disposition of the returned product.

Product Repair and Recovery—ModusLink helps clients maximize the value of returned and excess inventory.inventory by handling all aspects of the returns process, coupled with the ability to managetrade-in services as well. ModusLink provides clients with a post-sale solution that integrates the Company’s product remanufacturing and value recovery experience with its returns management and contact center capabilities.

E-Business

E-Commerce—ModusLink’se-Commerce platform addresses the complexities and risk of a global web store, optimizing for each stage of the online buying experience so that products can be quickly and easily purchased, serviced and

delivered anywhere in the world. This is especially important given the proliferation of mobile devices and the continued, rapid expansion of Internet-enabled technologies. ModusLink’send-to-end solution is digital and physical solutions are fully integrated with global payment, CRM and fulfillment systems, helping clients quickly and easily expand into a new region and country.country, while simultaneously enabling clients to take advantage of new revenue streams created by the digital marketplace, without having to change their entire business models

Contact Center—ModusLink’s contact center solution is designed to improve the customer brand experience by increasing the quality of customer interaction across multiple channels. Professional agents havein-depth knowledge of the client, brand and products and the experience to manage both consumer andbusiness-to-business contacts.

Entitlement Management—ModusLink’s entitlement management solution uses a platform, which gives software publishers, channel providers andend-users a single, centralized portal for the control and use of intellectual property. The platform manages access to digital and multimedia products, content, features and services that can be configured to a clientsclient’s needs.

Financial Management—ModusLink provides clients with a single payment platform fore-commerce, based on a proven technology infrastructure and business processes. Through these services, clients can access new markets, reduce cart abandonment, maximize conversion rate and increase revenue, protect the business and customers from fraud, and maintain customer visibility and ownership, while optimizingbehind-the-scenes financial operations.

The Supply Chain Business solutions seamlessly integrate with other supply chain service providers such as contract manufacturing companies and transportation providers.

Operating Segments

The Company has four operating segments: Americas; Asia; Europe; ande-Business. Based on the information provided to the Company’s chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”) for purposes of making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance and quantitative thresholds, the Company has determined that it has four reportable segments: Americas, Asia, Europe ande-Business. The Company also has Corporate-level activity, which consists primarily of costs associated with certain corporate administrative functions such as legal and finance, which are not allocated to the Company’s reportable segments. The Corporate-level balance sheet information includes cash and cash equivalents, trading securities, investments in affiliates, notes payables and other assets and liabilities which are not identifiable to the operations of the Company’s operating segments. Certain reportable segment information, including revenue, profit and asset information, is set forth in Note 2119 of the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 below and in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Item 7 below.

Technology Infrastructure

The Company’s information technology systems and infrastructure serves as the backbone of a client’s fully integrated global supply chain program and manages the flow and use of physical assets and information. The Company offers a secure and redundant operating environment to ensure the integrity and privacy of its clients’ data. The Company works with clients to integrate data, tools and applications to deliver an optimized solution that meets its clients’ business needs and improves management of the global supply chain.

The Company’s Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) system is designed to provide the visibility and control needed for better decision making, rapid response to global market dynamics and effective asset utilization across services and geographies. The Company has recently embarked on an ERP upgrade further improving its data collection and reporting tools and systems across its geographic footprint.

Facilities

The Company’s global footprint consists of an integrated network of strategically located facilities, including sites throughout North America, Europe and Asia. The Company’s regionally optimized and highly scalable solution centers are designed to provide the flexibility to manage supply chain requirements, deliver and configure productsin-region, close to the point of consumption or close to the point of manufacturing inlow-cost regions, such as China,Asia Pacific, Eastern Europe and Mexico for maximum efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Investments in automation and Lean methodologies have enhanced the Company’s overall value proposition to its clients, enabling quicker response times, more efficient service levels and improved customer satisfaction.

Sales and Marketing

The Company’s sales and marketing staff is strategically and globally aligned to support the development, marketing and sale of its supply chain management services and solutions worldwide.

The Company’s marketing efforts are focused on developing greater awareness and brand recognition among its target client base, with an emphasis on companies within its key markets of computing, software, storage, consumer electronics, communications and

communications. retail, among others. The Company markets its services and solutions through its website, other online channels, public relations, advertising and tradeshow campaigns, and has developed collateral materials and sales tools to support these efforts. The Company sells its services and solutions on a global scale, through thea direct sales channel. The Company’s strategically aligned, global sales staff identifies new opportunities and cultivates leads in all of its key regions throughout North America, Europe and Asia as well as within its target markets around the world. The Company’s sales staff helpsis focused on winning new programs with existing clients, while developing new relationships to further diversify its client base.

Competition

The market for the supply chain management service offerings provided by the Company is highly competitive. As an end-to- endend-to-end solutions provider with service offerings covering a range of physical and digital supply chain operations and activities across the globe, the Company competes with different companies depending on the type of service it is providing or the geographic area in which an activity is taking place.

For the supply chain solutions, the Company faces competition from Electronics Manufacturing Services/Contract Manufacturers (EMS/CM), third party logistics (3PL) providers, Supply Chain Management (SCM) companies, and regional specialty companies. For the aftermarket services, the Company competes against independent repair vendors, EMS/CM companies, 3PL providers, and SCM companies. For thee-business solutions, the Company’s competition includes global outsource providers, software as service providers and technology providers. For the entitlement management solutions the Company competes against computer software providers offering content and document management solutions. As a provider of an outsourcing solution, the Company’s competition also includes current and prospective clients, who evaluate the Company’s capabilities in light of their own capabilities and cost structures.

The Company believes that the principal competitive factors in its market are quality and range of solutions and services, technological capabilities, cost,costs, location of facilities, and responsiveness, and flexibility. With the Company’send-to-end physical and digital supply chain solution, global footprint, strong client service acumen, and ourits integrated global supply chaine-Commerce services, the Company believes that it is positioned well to compete in each of the markets it serves.serves, while expanding across various industry subsets.

Clients

A limited number of clients account for a significant percentage of the Company’s consolidated net revenue. For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s 10 largest clients accounted for approximately 70%, 71% and 76% of consolidated net revenue. This compares to the Company’s 10 largest clients accounting for approximately 80% and 76%, of consolidated net revenue, for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Sales to GoProa consumer electronics client (“Client A”) accounted for approximately 19%15%, 11%13%, and 6%10% of the Company’s consolidated net revenue for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2015, 20142017, 2016 and 20132015, respectively. Sales to Hewlett-Packard

a another consumer electronics client (“Client B”) accounted for approximately 14%10%, 29%13%, and 29%19% of the Company’s consolidated net revenue for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. The Europe reportable segment reports revenue associated with Client A. All four reportable segmentsegments report revenues associated with GoPro and Hewlett-Packard.Client B. In general, the Company does not have any agreements which obligate any client to buy a minimum amount of services from the Company, or which designate the Company as its sole supplier of any particular services. The loss of a significant amount of business or program with any key client could have a material adverse effect on the Company. The Company believes that it will continue to derive the vast majority of its consolidated operating revenue from sales to a small number of clients. There can be no assurance that revenue from key clients will not decline in future periods.

The Company sells its services to its clients primarily on a purchase order basis rather than pursuant to contracts with minimum purchase requirements. Consequently, sales are subject to demand variability by such clients. The Company purchases and maintains adequate levels of inventory in order to meet client needs rapidly and on a timely basis. The Company has no guaranteed price, quantity or delivery agreements with ourits suppliers other than the purchase obligations noted in Note 10.10 of the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 below. Because of the diversity of its services, as well as the wide geographic dispersion of ourits facilities, the Company uses numerous sources for the wide variety of raw materials needed for its operations. The Company is not and does not expect to be adversely affected by an inability to obtain materials.

International Operations

WeThe Company currently conductconducts business in many countries including China, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Ireland, and Singapore, among others, in addition to our United Statesits North America operations. In fiscalDuring the year 2015,ended July 31, 2017, approximately 64.1%76% of the Company’s consolidated net revenue was generated internationally. Refer to Note 2119 of the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 below.

OurThe Company’s international operations increase ourits exposure to U.S. and foreign laws, regulations, and labor practices, which are often complex and subject to variation and unexpected changes, and with which wethe Company must comply.

A substantial portion of our international business is conducted in China, where we face (i) the challenge of navigating a complex set of licensing and tax requirements and restrictions affecting the conduct of business in China by foreign companies, (ii) potential limitations on the repatriation of cash, (iii) foreign currency fluctuation and (iv) evolving tax laws.

Seasonality

The demand of our clients’ products is subject to seasonal consumer buying patterns. As a result, the services we provide to our clients are also subject to seasonality, with higher revenue and operating income typically being realized from handling our clients’ products during the first half of our fiscal year, which includes the holiday selling season.

Intellectual Property

We relyThe Company relies upon a combination of patent, trade secret, copyright and trademark laws to protect our intellectual property. From time to time, we develop new trade secrets and other intellectual property or obtain intellectual property through acquisition activities. Our business is not substantially dependent on any single or group of patents, trademarks, copyrights or licenses.

Employees

At July 31, 2015,2017, we employed approximately 2,5001,990 persons on a full-time basis, 460330 in the Americas, 1,200940 in Asia and 840720 in Europe. Our subsidiaries in Mexico are parties to several collective bargaining agreements covering approximately 3348 employees. Our subsidiary in France is party to collective bargaining agreements covering its employees. Approximately 11250 of the employees of our Ireland operation are members of labor unions. Unionizing activities are anticipatedAs of August 2017, approximately 110 of the employees at twoone of our Asia facilities at which over 230 individualsChina operations are employed.members of labor unions. We consider our employee relations to be good. From time to time we hire project-based, temporary workers based on our client needs and seasonality of our business, and at times the number of these workers may approximate the number of our full-time employees.

Our Corporate Information

We make our annual reports on Form10-K, quarterly reports on Form10-Q, current reports on Form8-K and amendments to those reports available through our website, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our internet address is http://www.moduslink.com. The contents of our website are not part of this annual report on Form10-K, and our internet address is included in this document as an inactive textual reference only. As discussed in Notes 8 and 10 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements, and as previously reported by the Company, several adjustments were made to its historic financial statements, the most significant of which related to the treatment of vendor rebates in its pricing policies. Restated financial statements for periods ended on or before January 31, 2012 were filed on January 11, 2013. Previously filed Annual Reports on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the periods affected by the restatement have not been amended. Accordingly, investors should no longer rely upon the Company’s previously released financial statements for these periods and any earnings releases or other communications relating to these periods.

ITEM 1A.— RISK FACTORS

We operate in a rapidly changing environment that involves a number of risks, some of which are beyond our control. Forward-looking statements in this document and those we make from time to time through our senior management are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements concerning the expected future revenue or earnings or concerning projected plans, performance, or development of products and services, as well as other estimates related to future operations are necessarily only estimates of future results. We cannot assure you that actual results will not materially differ from expectations. Forward-looking statements represent our current expectations and are inherently uncertain. We do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from results anticipated in forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

RISKS RELATED TO MODUSLINK’S SUPPLY CHAIN BUSINESS

We derive a substantial portion of our revenue and or profits from a small number of clients and adverse industry trends or the loss of one or more of any of those clients could significantly damage our business.

We derive a substantial portion of our revenue by providing supply chain management services to a small number of clients. Our business and future growth will continue to depend in large part on the industry trend towards outsourcing supply chain management and other business processes. If this trend does not continue or declines, demand for our supply chain management services will decline and our financial results could suffer.

In addition, the loss of a significant amount of business or program with any key client could cause our revenue and or profits to decline and our financial results could suffer. Sales to GoPro

For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s 10 largest clients accounted for approximately 19%70%, 11%71% and 76% of consolidated net revenue, respectively. Sales to Client A accounted for approximately 15%, 13%, and 6%10% of the Company’s consolidated net revenue for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2015, 2014,2017, 2016 and 2013,2015, respectively. Sales to Hewlett-PackardClient B accounted for approximately 14%10%, 29%13%, and 29%19% of the Company’s consolidated net revenue for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2015, 2014,2017, 2016 and 2013, respectively. For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company’s 10 largest clients accounted for approximately 76%, 80% and 76% of consolidated net revenue, respectively. We expect to continue to derive the vast majority of our consolidated net revenue and or profits from sales to a small number of key clients. In general, we do not have any agreements which obligate any client to buy a minimum amount of services from us, or to designate us as its sole supplier of any particular services. The loss of business with any key clients, or a decision by any one of our key clients to significantly change or reduce the services we provide, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, demand for our clients’ products is subject to ever-changing consumer tastes and depends on our client nimbleness in responding to these shifts by introducing improved and/or new products. If any of our key clients fail to respond successfully to market shifts, we would be adversely affected. We cannot assure you that our revenue and or profits from key clients will not decline in future periods.

In addition, ModusLink has been designated as an authorized replicator for Microsoft. This designation provides a license to replicate Microsoft software products and documentation for clients who want to bundle licensed software with their hardware products. This designation is annually renewable at Microsoft’s discretion. A failure to maintain authorized replicator status could have a material adverse effect on our business and our revenue.

We may have difficulty achieving and sustaining operating profitability, and if we deplete our working capital balances, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

For the fiscal years ended July 31, 20152017 and 2014,2016, we reported operating losses of $14.3$19.8 million and $5.4$40.6 million, respectively. WeAlthough we have reduced our cost of revenues and selling, general & administrative expenses, we anticipate that we willmay continue to incur significant fixed operating expenses in the future, including both cost of revenue and selling, general and administrative expenses. Therefore, since our revenue is subject to fluctuations, we cannot assure you that we will achieve or sustain operating income in the future. We may also use significant amounts of cash in an effort to increase the efficiency and profitability of our business. At July 31, 2015,2017, we had consolidated cash and cash equivalents of approximately $119.4$110.7 million and current liabilities of approximately $211.4$149.2 million. If we are unable to achieve or sustain operating profitability, we risk depleting our working capital balances and our business will be materially adversely affected.

Because our contracts do not contain minimum purchase requirements and we sell primarily on a purchase order basis, we are subject to uncertainties and variability in demand by clients, which could decrease revenue and materially adversely affect our financial results.

Our contracts generally do not contain minimum purchase requirements and we sell primarily on a purchase order basis. Therefore, our sales are subject to demand variability by our clients, which is difficult to predict, has fluctuated historically and may continue to fluctuate, sometimes materially from year to year and even from quarter to quarter. The level and timing of orders placed by these clients vary for a variety of reasons, including seasonal buying byend-users, individual client strategies, the

introduction of new technologies, the desire of our clients to reduce their exposure to any single supplier and general economic conditions. If we are unable to anticipate and respond to the demands of our clients, we may lose clients because we have an inadequate supply of their products or insufficient capacity in our sites, or in the alternative, we may have excess inventory or excess capacity, either of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and operating results.

Disruption in the economy and financial markets could have a negative effect on our business.

The global economy and financial markets in the United States, Europe and Asia havehad experienced extreme disruption during the last several years, including, among other things, extreme volatility in securities prices severely diminishedand liquidity and credit availability, rating downgrades of certain investments and declining valuations of others. Governments have taken unprecedented actions intended to address extreme market conditions that include severely restricted credit and declines in real estate values. The businesses of our clients, and in turn our business, is highly dependent on consumer demand, which hasmay been affected by thean economic downturn, the volatility in securities prices and is highly uncertain. ThereGovernments have taken unprecedented actions intended to address these market conditions. However, there can be no assurance that there will not be a further deterioration in financial markets and confidence in major economies, which could then lead to further challenges in the operation of our business. These economic developments affect businesses such as ours in a number of ways. The tightening of credit in financial markets adversely affects the ability of clients and suppliers to obtain financing for significant purchases and operations and could result in a decrease in orders and spending for our products and services. We are unable to predict the likelihood, duration and severity of disruptions in financial markets and adverse economic conditions and the effects they willmay have on our business and financial condition.

A decline in the technology and consumer products sectors or a reduction in consumer demand generally could have a material adverse effect on our business.

A large portion of our revenue comes from clients in the technology and consumer products sectors, which is intensely competitive, very volatile and subject to rapid changes. Declines in the overall performance of the technology and consumer products sectors have in the past and could in the future adversely affect the demand for supply chain management services and reduce our revenue and profitability from these clients. In addition, industry changes, such as the transition of more collateral materials from physical form to digital form, and the convergence of functionality of smartphones,smart phones, could lessen the demand for certain of our services or devices we currently handle. To the extent recent uncertainty in the economy or other factors result in decreased consumer demand for our clients’ products, we may experience a reduction in volumes of client products that we handle, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and operating results.

Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly.

Our operating results have fluctuated widely on a quarterly basis during the last several years. We expect that we may experience significant fluctuations in future quarterly operating results. Many factors, some of which are beyond our control, have contributed to these quarterly fluctuations in the past and may continue to contribute to fluctuations. Therefore, operating results for future periods are difficult to predict, and prior results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in future periods. These factors include:

We believe thatperiod-to-period comparisons of our results of operations will not necessarily be meaningful or indicative of our future performance. In some fiscal quarters our operating results may be below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, which may cause the price of our common stock to decline.

We must maintain adequate levels of inventory in order to meet client needs, which present risks to our financial position and operating results.

We must purchase and maintain adequate levels of inventory in order to meet client needs rapidly and on a timely basis. The markets, including the technology sector served by many of our clients, are subject to rapid technological change, new and enhanced product specification requirements, and evolving industry standards. These changes may cause inventory on hand to decline substantially in value or to rapidly become obsolete. The majority of our clients offer protection from the loss in value of inventory. However, our clients may become unable or unwilling to fulfill their protection obligations and the inability of our clients to fulfill their protection obligations could lower our gross margins and cause us to record inventory write-downs. If we are unable to manage the inventory on hand with our clients with a high degree of precision, we may have insufficient product supplies or we may have excess inventory, resulting in inventory write-downs, which may harm our business, financial position and operating results.

Our ability to obtain particular products or components in the quantities required to fulfill client orders on a timely basis is critical to our success. We have no guaranteed price or delivery agreements with our suppliers. We may occasionally experience a supply shortage of some products as a result of strong demand or problems experienced by our suppliers. If shortages or delays persist, the price of those products may increase, or the products may not be available at all. Accordingly, an inability to secure and maintain an adequate supply of products, packaging materials or components to fulfill our client orders on a timely basis, or a failure to meet clients’ expectations could result in lost revenue, lower client satisfaction, negative perceptions in the marketplace, potential claims for damages and have a material adverse effect on our business.

If we are not able to establish or maintain sites where requested, or if we fail to retain key clients at established sites, our client relationships, revenue and expenses could be seriously harmed.

Our clients have, at times, requested that we add capacity or open a facility in locations near their sites. If we do not elect to add required capacity at sites near existing clients, maintain sites or establish sites near existing or potential clients, clients may decide to seek other service providers. In addition, if we lose a significant client of a particular site or open or expand a site with the expectation of business that does not materialize, operations at that site could become unprofitable or significantly less efficient and we may need to incur restructuring costs. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and operating results.

We may encounter problems in our efforts to increase operational efficiencies.

We continue to seek to identify ways to increase efficiencies and productivity and effect cost savings. We haveIn addition to already undertaken projects designed to increase our operational efficiencies, including the standardization to a global solutions platform

through an integrated ERP system, and the opening of new solution centers in low cost areas to expand client offerings and to effect cost savings. We have also implementedsavings and the implementation of a shared services model utilizing centralized “hub” locations to service multiple “spoke” locations across the Americas, Asia and Europe regions.regions, our new executive team is continuing its review across the organization designed to improve our operations, including a commitment to automate certain facilities. We cannot assure you that these projects will result in the realization of the expected benefits that we anticipate in a timely manner or at all. We may encounter problems with these projects that will divert the attention of management and/or result in additional costs and unforeseen project delays. If we, or these projects do not achieve expected results, our business, financial position and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to risks of operating internationally.

We maintain significant operations outside of the United States, and we may expand these operations. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to manage these international operations. These international operations require significant management attention, financial resources and are subject to numerous and varied regulations worldwide, some of which may have an adverse effect on our ability to develop or maintain our international operations in accordance with our business plans or on a timely basis.

We currently conduct business in many countries including China, Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Ireland, and Singapore, among others, in addition to our United States operations. International revenue accounted for approximately 64.1% of our total consolidated net revenue forDuring the year ended July 31, 2015.2017, approximately 76% of the Company’s consolidated net revenue was generated internationally. A portion of our international revenue, cost of revenue and operating expenses are denominated in foreign currencies. Changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar may adversely affect our operating results. There is also additional risk if the foreign currency is not freely traded. Some currencies, such as the Chinese Renminbi, are subject to limitations on conversion into other currencies, which can limit or delay our ability to repatriate funds or engage in hedging activities. While we may enter into forward currency exchange contracts to manage a portion of our exposure to foreign currencies, future exchange rate fluctuations may have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

There are other risks inherent in conducting international operations, including:

In addition, a substantial portion of our business is conducted in China, where we face additional risks, including the following:

Our international operations increase our exposure to international laws and regulations. Noncompliance with foreign laws and regulations, which are often complex and subject to variation and unexpected changes, could result in unexpected costs and potential litigation. For example, the governments of foreign countries might attempt to regulate our products and services or levy sales or other taxes relating to our activities; foreign countries may impose tariffs, duties, price controls or other restrictions on foreign currencies or trade barriers; or a governmental authority could make an unfavorable determination regarding our operations, any of which could make it more difficult to conduct our business and have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

If we are unable to manage these risks, we may face significant liability, our international sales may decline and our business, operating and financial results may be adversely affected.

We may be affected by strikes, work stoppages and slowdowns by our employees.

Some of our international employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements or represented by works councils or labor unions. We believe our relations with our employees are generally good; however, we may experience strikes, work stoppages or slowdowns by employees. A strike, work stoppage or slowdown may affect our ability to meet our clients’ needs, which may result in the loss of business and clients and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The terms of future collective bargaining agreements also may affect our competitive position, our financial condition and results of operations.

Change in our effective tax rate may harm our results of operations.

A number of factors may increase our future effective tax rates, including:

Any significant increase in our future effective tax rates could reduce net income for future periods.

The gross margins in the Supply Chain Business are low, which magnify the impact of variations in revenue and operating costs on our financial results.

As a result of intense price competition in the technology products and consumer products marketplaces, the gross margins in our Supply Chain Business are low, and we expect them to continue to be low in the future. These low gross margins magnify the impact of variations in revenue and operating costs on our financial results. Increased competition arising from industry consolidation and/or low demand for products may hinder our ability to maintain or improve our gross margins. Portions of our operating expenses are relatively fixed, and planned expenditures are based in part on anticipated orders. Our current ability to forecast the amount and timing of future order volumes is difficult, and we expect this to continue because we are highly dependent upon the business needs of our clients, which are highly variable. As a result, we may not be able to reduce our operating expenses as a percentage of revenue to mitigate any further reductions in gross margins. We may also be required to spend money to restructure our operations should future demand fall significantly in one or more facilities. If we cannot proportionately decrease our cost structure in response to competitive price pressures, our business, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected.

We continue to be subject to intense competition.

The markets for our services are highly competitive and often lack significant barriers to entry enabling new businesses to enter these markets relatively easily. Numerous well-established companies and smaller entrepreneurial companies are focusing significant resources on developing and marketing products and services that will compete with our offerings. The market for supply chain management products and services is very competitive, and the intensity of the competition is expected to continue to

increase. Any failure to maintain and enhance our competitive position would limit our ability to maintain and increase market share, which could result in serious harm to our business. Increased competition may also result in price reductions, reduced gross margins and loss of market share. In addition, many of our current and potential competitors will continue to have greater financial, technical, operational and marketing resources. We may not be able to compete successfully against these competitors. Competitive pressures may also force prices for supply chain management products and services down and these price reductions may reduce our revenue. The competition we face may also increase as a result of consolidation within the supply chain management and logistics industries. For example, if as a result of consolidation, our competitors are able to obtain more favorable terms from their suppliers, offer more comprehensive services to their customers, or otherwise take actions that increase their competitive strengths, our competitive position and therefore our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.

The trend toward outsourcing of supply chain management and logistics activities, either globally or within specific industries that we serve, may change, thereby reducing demand for our services.

Our growth strategy is partially based on the assumption that the trend toward outsourcing of supply chain management and logistics services will continue. Third-party service providers like ourselves are generally able to provide such services more efficiently than otherwise could be provided “in-house”“in-house”, primarily as a result of our expertise and lower and more flexible employee cost structure. However, many factors could cause a reversal in the outsourcing trend. For example, our clients may see risks in relying on third-party service providers, or they may begin to define supply chain management and logistics activities as within their core competencies and decide to perform these operations themselves. If our clients are able to develop supply chain management expertise or improve the cost structure of theirin-house supply chain activities, we may not be able to provide such clients with an attractive alternative for their supply chain management and logistics needs. If our clientsin-source significant aspects of their supply chain operations, or if potential new clients decide to continue to perform their own supply chain activitiesin-house, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected. In addition, if our current and potential clients choose to change their sourcing strategy, wherein they utilize multiple supply chain management and logistics service providers, this could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The physical or intellectual property of our clients may be damaged, misappropriated, stolen or lost while in our possession, subjecting us to litigation and other adverse consequences.

In the course of providing supply chain management services to our clients, we often have possession of or access to their physical and intellectual property, including consigned inventory, databases, software masters, certificates of authenticity and similar valuable physical or intellectual property. If this physical or intellectual property is damaged, misappropriated, stolen or lost, we could suffer:

We could be subject to infringement claims and other intellectual property disputes.

Our business employs a broad range of intellectual property and from time to time, we have been, and will continue to be, subject to third-party claims in the ordinary course of business, including claims of alleged infringement of intellectual property rights. These claims may damage our business by:

We may be liable if third parties misappropriate personal information of our clients or our clients’ customers.

We often handle personal information as part of oure-Business offering. Any security breach or inadvertent release of this information could expose us to risks of loss, litigation and liability and could seriously disrupt our operations. If third parties are

able to penetrate our network or telecommunications security or otherwise misappropriate the personal information or credit card information of our clients’ customers or if we give third parties improper access to such information, we could be subject to liability. This liability could include claims for unauthorized purchases with credit card information, impersonation or other similar fraud claims. They could also include claims for other misuses of personal information, including unauthorized marketing purposes. These claims could result in litigation. Liability for misappropriation of this information could be significant. Further, any resulting adverse publicity arising from investigations could have a material adverse impact on our business.

We depend on third-party software, systems and services.

Our business and operations rely on third parties to provide products and services, including IT products and services, and shipping and transportation services. We may experience operational problems attributable to the installation, implementation,

integration, performance, features or functionality of third-party software, systems and services. Any interruption in the availability or usage of the products and services provided by third parties could have a material adverse effect on our business or operations.

The funds held for clients may be subject to credit riskrisk.

In the course of providing e-Business services to our clients, we at times have possession of client funds. The funds are maintained at accredited financial institutions and the balances associated with these funds are at times without and in excess of federally insured limits. If this these funds are impaired, misappropriated or stolen, we could suffer:

Material disruption in our information systems could adversely affect our business or results of operations.

We rely on our information systems to process transactions on behalf of our clients, summarize our operating results and manage our business. Our information systems are subject to damage or interruption from power outages, computer and telecommunications failures, computer viruses, cyber-attack or other security breaches and catastrophic events such as fires, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes and acts of war or terrorism.

To keep pace with changing technology, we must continuously implement new information technology systems as well as enhance our existing systems. The successful execution of some of our growth strategies is dependent on the design and implementation of new systems and technologies and/or the enhancement of existing systems, in particular the expansion of our onlinee-commerce capabilities.

The reliability and capacity of our information systems is critical to our operations and the implementation of our growth initiatives. Any disruptions affecting our information systems, or delays or difficulties in implementing or integrating new systems, could have an adverse effect on our business, in particular oure-commerce operations, and results of operations.

OTHER RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE COMPANY

We may be unable to realize the benefits of our net operating loss carry-forwards (“NOLs”).

NOLs may be carried forward to offset federal and state taxable income in future years and eliminate income taxes otherwise payable on such taxable income, subject to certain adjustments. Based on current federal and state corporate income tax rates, our NOLs and other carry-forwards could provide a benefit to us, if fully utilized, of significant future tax savings. However, our ability to use these tax benefits in future years will depend upon the amount of our otherwise federal and state taxable income. If we do not have sufficient federal and state taxable income in future years to use the tax benefits before they expire, we will lose the benefit of these NOLs permanently. Consequently, in addition to dependence on the generation of future business profits, our ability to use the tax benefits associated with our substantial NOLs will depend significantly on our success in identifying suitable acquisition or investment candidates, and once identified, successfully consummating an acquisition of or investment in these candidates.

Additionally, federal NOLs are subject to annual limitations under the change of ownership rules within Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. In general, an ownership change occurs when the percentage of stock held by one or more5-percent

shareholders increases by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest stock ownership held by such shareholders at any time within a prescribed period, usually three years. If an ownership change were to occur, we may be unable to use a significant portion of our NOLs to offset taxable income. As discussed in Note 14 of the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements underincluded in Item 8 below, on October 17, 2011, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted a Tax Benefit Preservation Plan (“Tax Plan”) intended to reduce the likelihood that changes in the Company’s investor base have the unintended effect of limiting the Company’s use of its Tax Benefits. The Tax Plan is intended to require any person acquiring shares of the Company’s securities equal to or exceeding 4.99% of the Company’s outstanding shares to obtain the approval of the Board of Directors. This would protect the Tax Benefits because changes in ownership by a person owning less than 4.99% of the Company’s stock are considered and included in one or more public groups in the calculation of “ownership change” for purposes of Section 382 of the Code. However, there can be no assurance that the Tax Plan would be effective under all circumstances. On October 9, 2014, the Tax Plan was amended by our Board of Directors to extend the expiration of the Tax Plan until October 17, 2017. Following the stockholders’ approval of the Protective Amendment (as described in the following paragraphs) at the Company’s 2014 Annual Meeting, the Tax Plan was further amended so that it expired at the close of business on December 31, 2014.

On December 29, 2014, the Company filed an Amendment to its Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Protective Amendment”) with the Delaware Secretary of State to protect the significant potential long-term tax benefits presented by its net operating losses and other tax benefits (collectively, the “NOLs”). The Protective Amendment was approved by the Company’s stockholders at the Company’s 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on December 9, 2014. As a result of the filing of the Protective Amendment with the Delaware Secretary of State, the Company amended its Tax Benefit Preservation Plan so that it expired at the close of business on December 31, 2014.

The Protective Amendment limits certain transfers of the Company’s common stock, to assist the Company in protecting the long-term value of its accumulated NOLs. The Protective Amendment’s transfer restrictions generally restrict any direct or indirect transfers of the common stock if the effect would be to increase the direct or indirect ownership of the common stock by any person (as defined in the Protective Amendment) from less than 4.99% to 4.99% or more of the common stock, or increase the percentage of the common stock owned directly or indirectly by a Person owning or deemed to own 4.99% or more of the common

stock. Any direct or indirect transfer attempted in violation of the Protective Amendment will be void as of the date of the prohibited transfer as to the purported transferee. The Board of Directors of the Company has discretion to grant waivers to permit transfers otherwise restricted by the Protective Amendment.

In accordance with the Protective Amendment, Handy & Harman (“HNH”), a related party, requested, and the Company granted HNH and its affiliates, a waiver under the Protective Amendment to permit their acquisition of up to 45% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock in the aggregate (subject to proportionate adjustment, the “45% Cap”), in addition to acquisitions of common stock in connection with the exercise of certain warrants of the Company (the “Warrants”) held by Steel Partners Holdings L.P. (“SPH”), an affiliate of HNH, as well as a limited waiver under Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law for this purpose. Notwithstanding the foregoing, HNH and its affiliates (and any group of which HNH or any of its affiliates is a member) are not permitted to acquire securities that would result in an “ownership change” of the Company for purposes of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, that would have the effect of impairing any of the Company’s NOLs. The foregoing waiver was approved by the independent directors of the Company.

The amount of NOLs that we have claimed has not been audited or otherwise validated by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). The IRS could challenge our calculation of the amount of our NOLs or our determinations as to when a prior change in ownership occurred, and other provisions of the Internal Revenue Code may limit our ability to carry forward our NOLs to offset taxable income in future years. If the IRS was successful with respect to any such challenge, the potential tax benefit of the NOLs to us could be substantially reduced.

We may have problems raising or accessing capital we need in the future.

In recent years, we have financed our operations and met our capital requirements primarily through funds generated from operations, the sale of our securities and borrowings from lending institutions. Market and other conditions largely beyond our control may affect our ability to engage in future sales of our securities, the timing of any sales, and the amount of proceeds we receive from sales of our securities. Even if we are able to sell our securities in the future, we may not be able to sell at favorable prices or on favorable terms. In addition, this funding source may not be sufficient in the future, and we may need to obtain funding from outside sources. However, we may not be able to obtain funding from outside sources. In addition, even if we find outside funding sources, we may be required to issue to those outside sources securities with greater rights than those currently possessed by holders of our common stock. We may also be required to take other actions, which may lessen the value of our common stock or dilute our common stockholders, including borrowing money on terms that are not favorable to us or issuing

additional shares of common stock. If we experience difficulties raising capital in the future, our business could be materially adversely affected.

If financial institutions that have extended credit commitments to us are adversely affected by the conditions of the U.S. and international capital markets, they may become unable to fund borrowings under their credit commitments to us, which could have an adverse impact on our ability to borrow funds, if needed, for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other corporate purposes.

We depend on important employees, and the loss of any of those employees may harm our business.

Our performance is substantially dependent on the performance of our executive officers and other key employees, as well as management of our subsidiaries. The familiarity of these individuals with technology and service-related industries makes them especially critical to our success. Our success is also dependent on our ability to attract, train, retain and motivate high quality personnel. Competition for highly qualified personnel is intense. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or key employees may harm our business.

Our strategy of expanding our business through acquisitions of other businesses and technologies presents special risks.

We may expand our business in certain areas through the acquisition of businesses, technologies, products and services from other businesses. We may also seek to identify new business acquisition opportunities with existing or prospective taxable income, or from which we can realize capital gains, that can be offset by use of our net operating loss carry-forwards.gains. Acquisitions involve a number of special problems, including:

We may not be able to successfully address these problems. Our future operating results may depend to a significant degree on our ability to successfully identify suitable acquisitions, negotiate such acquisitions on acceptable terms, complete such transactions, integrate acquisitions and manage operations.

The price of our common stock has been volatile and may fluctuate.

The market price of our common stock has been and is likely to continue to be volatile. Our common stock has traded with a closing price as low as $2.97$1.21 per share and as high as $4.17$2.02 per share during the year ended July 31, 2015.2017. Future market movements unrelated to our performance may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Steel Partners Holdings L.P. and its affiliates may have interests that conflict with the interests of our other stockholders and have significant influence over corporate decisions.

Steel Partners Holdings L.P. (“Steel Partners”), Handy & Harman, Ltd. (“HNH”), Steel Partners, Ltd. (“SPL”) and SPH Group Holdings LLC (“SPHG Holdings”) collectively owned greater than 34%37% of our outstanding capital stock as of MayJuly 31, 2015.2017. Steel Partners, HNH, SPL and SPHG Holdings will be able to influence our management and affairs and all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of mergers, consolidations or the sale of all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, this concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of our Company and might adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock.

On December 24, 2014, the Company entered into a Management Services Agreement with SP Corporate Services LLC (“SP Corporate”), effective as of January 1, 2015 (as amended, the “Management Services Agreement”). SP Corporate is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Steel Partners Holdings L.P., entered intoand is a Management Services Agreement (the “Management Services Agreement”) with the Company.related party. Pursuant to the Management Services Agreement, SP Corporate will provideprovided the Company and its subsidiaries with the services of certain employees, including certain executive officers, and other corporate services. The Management Services Agreement provides thathad an initial term of six months. On June 30, 2015, the Company will payentered into an amendment that extended the term of the Management Services Agreement to December 31, 2015 and provided for automatic renewal for successive one year periods, unless and until terminated in accordance with the terms set forth therein, which include, under certain circumstances, the payment by the Company of certain termination fees to SP Corporate. On March 10, 2016, the Company entered into a Second Amendment to the Management Services Agreement with SPH Services, Inc. (“SPH Services”) pursuant to which SPH Services assumed rights and responsibilities of SP Corporate and the services provided by SPH Services to the Company were modified pursuant to the terms of the amendment. SPH Services, which has since changed its name to Steel Services Ltd. (“Steel Services”) is the parent of SP Corporate and an affiliate of SPH Group Holdings LLC. On March 10, 2016, the Company entered into a Transfer Agreement with SPH Services pursuant to which the parties agreed to transfer to the Company certain individuals who provide corporate services to the Company.

During the year ended July 31, 2017, pursuant to the Management Services Agreement, the Company paid a fixed monthly fee of $175,000 in consideration offor the Services.services and incremental costs as incurred. Pursuant to a third amendment to the Management Services Agreement, effective September 1, 2017, the fixed monthly fee paid by the Company to Steel Services was reduced from $175,000 per month to $95,641 per month. The fees payable under the Management Services Agreement are subject to review and such adjustments as may be agreed upon by SP Corporate and the Company. The Management Services Agreement was effective as of January 1, 2015 and was to continue through June 30, 2015. During the quarter ended July 31, 2015, the Company and SP Corporate entered into an amendment to extend the term of the Management Services Agreement through December 31, 2015, with such term renewing for successive one year periods unless and until terminated pursuant to the terms of the Management Services Agreement.parties.

Members of our Board of Directors also have significant interests in Steel Partners and its affiliates, which may create conflicts of interest.

Some of the members of our Board of Directors also hold positions with Steel Partners and its affiliates. Specifically, Warren G. Lichtenstein, our Chairman of the Board, is the Executive Chairman of the general partner of Steel Partners and holds various other positions with affiliates of Steel Partners. Glen M. Kassan, our Vice Chairman, is the managing director and operating partner of an affiliate of Steel Partners. Anthony Bergamo, a director, is also a director of Steel Partners. As a result, these individuals may face potential conflicts of interest with each other and with our stockholders. They may be presented with situations in their capacity as our directors that conflict with their fiduciary obligations to Steel Partners and its affiliates, which in turn may have interests that conflict with the interests of our other stockholders.

We may incurnon-cash impairment charges related to long-lived assets.

We test long-lived assets for impairment if a triggering event occurs. Long-lived asset impairment analysis and measurement is a process that requires significant judgment and the use of significant estimates related to valuation such as discount rates, long-

termlong-term growth rates and the level and timing of future cash flows. As a result, several factors could result in the impairment of some or all of our long-lived assets in future periods, including, but not limited to further weakening of the global economy, continued weakness in the industry, or failure of the Company to reach our internal forecasts which could impact our ability to achieve our forecasted levels of cash flows.

It is not possible at this time to determine if any such future impairment charge would result from these factors, or if it does, whether such charges would be material. We will continue to review our long-lived assets for possible impairment. We cannot be certain that a downturn in our business or changes in market conditions will not result in an impairment of long-lived assets and the recognition of resulting expenses in future periods, which could adversely affect our results of operations for those periods.

Investing in securities is risky and speculative.

We invest in Trading Securities andAvailable-for-Sale securities. Our ability to earn returns on our investment, or even recover our capital, is dependent upon factors outside of our control, including the success of our portfolio companies’ businesses, and the market. We typically own a minority position in our portfolio companies, which may afford us representation on the board of directors of a portfolio company, but does not give us control over the entity. As a result we may have limited, if any, influence over our portfolio companies’ businesses and strategies. We cannot assure you that we will earn any returns or recover our invested capital.

Future proxy contests could be disruptive and costly and the possibility that activist stockholders may wage proxy contests or gain representation on or control of our Board of Directors could cause uncertainty about the direction of our business.

Future proxy contests, if any, could be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations and divert the attention of management and our employees from executing our strategic plan. Perceived uncertainties as to our future direction as a result of changes to composition of the Board of Directors may lead to the perception of a change in the direction of the business, instability or lack of continuity which may be exploited by our competitors, cause concern to our current or potential clients, and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel. In addition, disagreement among our directors about the direction of our business could impair our ability to effectively execute our strategic plan.

We face risks related to the ongoing SEC Inquiry.

As previously disclosed, on February 15, 2012, the Division of Enforcement of the SEC informed the Company that it was conducting an inquiry regarding the Company’s treatment of rebates associated with volume discounts provided by vendors. The Company, at the direction of the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors, is cooperating fully with the SEC staff’s inquiry. At this point, we are unable to predict what, if any, consequences the SEC inquiry may have on us. However, the inquiry has resulted and could continue to result in considerable legal expenses, divert management’s attention from other business concerns and harm our business. If the SEC were to commence legal action, we could be required to pay significant penalties and/or other amounts and could become subject to injunctions, an administrative cease and desist order, and/or other equitable remedies. Concurrent with the SEC inquiry, the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors commenced an investigation of the Company’s accounting treatment with regard to rebates received from vendors, and errors were found. In January 2013, we filed restated financial statements for periods ending on or before January 31, 2012, to correct the discovered accounting errors; however, this did not nor was it expected to resolve the SEC inquiry. Further, the resolution of the SEC inquiry could require the filing of additional restatements of our prior financial statements, and/or our restated financial statements, or require that we take other actions not presently contemplated. In the recent past, the SEC has announced that it will increasingly focus in enforcement actions for violations of its rules on action against both companies and individuals at such companies who they determine to have violated such rules. We can provide no assurances as to the outcome of the SEC inquiry, and the outcome could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Litigation pending against us could materially impact our business and results of operations.

We are currently a party to various legal and other proceedings. See Item 3,Legal Proceedings. These matters may involve substantial expense to us, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial position and our results of operations. We can provide no assurances as to the outcome of any litigation.

Management’s determination that a material weakness exists in our internal controls over financial reporting could have a material adverse impact on the Company.

We are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. In Item 9A of this Annual Report, management reports that a material weakness exists in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Due to this material weakness, management has concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, the Company did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We are actively engaged in developing and implementing a remediation plan designed to address this material weakness. Any failure to implement effective internal controls could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. Inadequate internal controls, among other things, could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock, and may require us to incur additional costs to improve our internal control system.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR 5.25% SENIOR CONVERTIBLE NOTES

Servicing our debt requires a significant amount of cash, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our substantial debt.

Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our indebtedness, including relating to the Company’s outstanding balance of the 5.25% Convertible Senior Notes (the “Notes”), depends on our financial and operating performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors, some which are beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate cash flow or that we will be able to borrow funds in amounts sufficient to enable us to service our debt, meet working capital requirements and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital and credit markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations.

In addition, holders of the Notes may convert all or any portion of their notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business or the business day immediately preceding their maturity date. This conversion may lessen the value of our common stock and/or dilute our common stockholders.

Despite existing debt levels, we may incur substantially more debt, which would increase the risks associated with our leverage.

We, and our subsidiaries may be able to incur substantial additional debt in the future, subject to the restrictions contained in our debt instruments at that time, some of which may be secured debt. The indenture governing the Notes (Note 9)9 of the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 below) does not contain any financial or operating covenants or restrictions on the payment of dividends, the incurrence of indebtedness, transactions with affiliates, incurrence of liens or the issuance or repurchase of securities by us or any of our subsidiaries. As a result, we will not be restricted under the terms of the indenture governing the notes from incurring additional debt, securing existing or future debt or recapitalizing our debt. If new debt is added to our and our subsidiaries’ current debt levels, the related risks that we, and they now face could intensify and could further exacerbate the risks associated with our leverage.

ITEM 1B.— UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2.— PROPERTIES

We lease or own more than 2520 sites in several countries from which we operate ModusLink, which facilities consist of office and warehouse space. These facilities are located throughout the world, including, but not limited to, facilities throughout the United States (including our corporate headquarters in Waltham, Massachusetts), in Mexico, the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Singapore, Japan and China. ModusLink PTS operates from leased headquarters in Indiana. e-Business operates from its leased facilities in the Netherlands with offices in Massachusetts, Utah, Singapore and Australia. We believe that our existing facilities are suitable and adequate for our present purposes, and that new facilities will be available in the event we need additional or new space.

Our leases generally expire at varying dates through fiscal year 20212022 and include renewals at our option. Certain facilities leased by us are subleased in whole or in part to subtenants and we are seeking to sublease additional office and warehouse space that is not currently being utilized by us.

ITEM 3.— LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

On February 15, 2012, the staff of the Division of Enforcement of the SEC initiated with the Company an informal inquiry, and later a formal action, regarding the Company’s treatment of rebates associated with volume discounts provided by vendors. We have been cooperating fully with the investigation. During the year ended July 31, 2015, we recorded a charge of $1.6 million with respect to this matter. The Company believes that any resolution of this matter would include monetary penalties and other relief within the SEC’s authority. There can be no assurance that we will be able to reach a settlement with the SEC or that the amount of monetary penalties agreed in any settlement will not exceed the accrued conditions of any potential settlement.

On June 11, 2012, we announced the pending restatement of the Company’s financial statements for the periods ending on or before April 30, 2012 (the “June 11, 2012 Announcement”), related to the Company’s accounting treatment of rebates associated with volume discounts provided by vendors. The restated financial statements were filed on January 11, 2013. After the June 11, 2012 Announcement, stockholders of the Company commenced three purported class actions in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts arising from the circumstances described in the June 11, 2012 Announcement (the “Securities Actions”), entitled, respectively:

Each of the Securities Actions purports to be brought on behalf of those persons who purchased shares of the Company between September 26, 2007 through and including June 8, 2012 (the “Class Period”) and alleges that failure to timely disclose the issues raised in the June 11, 2012 Announcement during the Class Period rendered defendants’ public statements concerning the Company’s financial condition materially false and misleading in violation of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. On February 11, 2013, plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint in the Securities Actions. The Company moved to dismiss the amended complaint on March 11, 2013. On March 26, 2014, following a November 8, 2013 hearing, the Court denied the Company’s motion to dismiss, and, on May 26, 2014, the Company answered the Amended Complaint. In October 2014, the parties agreed to a stipulation for a proposed $4 million class settlement to be covered by insurance proceeds, subject to Court approval. On November 24, 2014, the Court entered an order preliminarily approving the proposed settlement, certification of the settlement class, and provision of notice of the settlement to the settling class. The Court held a final approval hearing for the settlement on March 11, 2015, and on March 15, 2015 the Court entered the order and final judgment concluding this matter.

On October 15, 2014, a Company shareholder commenced a purported derivative action in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against the Company, entitled Mohammad Ladjevardian v. Anthony Bergamo, Jeffrey J. Fenton, Glen M. Kassan, Warren G. Lichtenstein, Jeffrey S. Wald, and Philip E. Lengyel, Steel Partners Holdings L.P., Handy & Harman Ltd.; Defendants, And ModusLink Global Solutions, Inc., Nominal Defendant, C.A. No. 10237-VCL , and Steel Partners Holdings L.P. (“Steel”) Handy & Harman Ltd. The Plaintiff alleges that the individual Defendants breached their fiduciary duties to the Company, unjust enrichment, duty of disclosure, waste of corporate assets and aiding and abetting such breaches. On November 6, 2014, Defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint for (i) failure to make a pre-suit demand upon the Board or sufficiently plead demand futility, and (ii) failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. The parties stipulated that all discovery concerning claims asserted in the Complaint shall be stayed pending resolution of the Motion to Dismiss. On July 13, 2015, our Motion to dismiss was granted by the court and the compliant was dismissed with prejudice.

On July 18, 2014, Scott R. Crawley (“Crawley”), a former executive officer of the Company, filed a lawsuit against the Company in Massachusetts Superior Court in Middlesex County (the “Court”) (the “First Lawsuit”) alleging that the Company breached the Executive Severance Agreement that it had with Crawley and wrongfully terminated Crawley in violation of public policy. In the First Lawsuit Crawley seeks both economic damages as well as emotional distress damages, both related to what he claims was the Company’s termination of his employment. The First Lawsuit is currently in the discovery phase. On November 25, 2014, Crawley filed a second lawsuit against the Company in the Court (the “Second Lawsuit”). In the Second Lawsuit, Crawley demanded that the Company indemnify him for the attorneys’ fees and expenses that Crawley had incurred to-date as a result of the First and Second Lawsuits and advance him the anticipated attorneys’ fees and expenses that he expected to incur in the First and Second Lawsuits. Crawley sought a Preliminary Injunction from the Court that would have required the Company to immediately pay his past attorneys’ fees and expenses and advance him for anticipated attorneys’ fees and expenses. On December 16, 2014 the Court denied Crawley’s request for a Preliminary Injunction. The parties entered into a confidential settlement as of June 29, 2015 and the case was dismissed with prejudice.

On December 22, 2014, ModusLink received a letter from a major customer, which claimed that ModusLink’s failure to implement required security measures proximately caused the theft of the customer’s proprietary data from two of ModusLink’s sites in China. The letter alleged that the customer had suffered significant losses as a result of the alleged theft. ModusLink has vigorously denied the allegations contained in the letter and engaged the customer in discussions regarding the matter. In fiscal year 2015, the parties resolved the issue and have entered into a confidential settlement agreement. This settlement did not result in a material impact on ModusLink’s financial condition or results of operations.

On June 8, 2015, Sean Peters, a former employee filed a complaint (the “Complaint”) against ModusLink Corporation (together, the “parties”) in Superior Court of California asserting claims, among other things, for failure to pay wages, breach of contract, wrongful retaliation and termination, fraud, violations of California Business and Professions Code Section 17200, et seq., and civil penalties pursuant to California Labor Code Sections and pursuant to the California Private Attorney General Act, seeking over $1$1.0 million in damages, attorneys’ fees and costs and penalties. ModusLink filed an Answer to the Complaint making a general denial and asserting various affirmative defenses. The parties are currently engaged in discovery. Although there can be no assurance asagreed to mediate the matter and on June 29, 2017, the parties attended a confidential mediation. At mediation ModusLink Corporation and its insurance carrier agreed to pay an immaterial amount to settle the matter.

On May 12, 2017, the Excise Tax Branch of the Internal Revenue Service issued a claim associated with the Company’s compliance with the self-assessment of excise tax on Ozone Depleting Chemicals. The Company is objecting to the ultimateassessment on a number of technical and substantive grounds, and plans to vigorously defend itself against this claim. Currently the Company is unable to determine the probability of an unfavorable outcome ModusLink believes itor a range of outcomes. Accordingly, the Company has meritorious defenses and intends to defend the allegations vigorously.not recorded a reserve associated with this matter.

ITEM 4.— MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not Applicable.

PART II

Market Information

Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “MLNK”. The following table sets forth the range of high and low closing stock prices per share of common stock per fiscal quarter, as reported by the NASDAQ for our two most recent fiscal years.

Stockholders

As of September 23, 2015,July 31, 2017, there were approximately 372344 holders of record of common stock of the Company.

Dividends

Prior and subsequent to the special cash dividend announced on March 7, 2011, the Company had never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain earnings, if any, to support our business and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors, after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results, any restrictions on payment of dividends under our credit facility, current and anticipated cash needs and plans for expansion.

Recent sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information about purchases by the Company of its common stock during the quarter ended

July 31, 2015.2017.

Stock Performance Graph

The following graph shows the yearly change in the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock from July 31, 2012 through July 31, 2017, with the cumulative total return of the 1) NASDAQ Composite Index (U.S. companies), 2) the NASDAQ Computer Services Index, and 3) our chosen industry peer group during the same period. The graph reflects reinvestment of dividends and market capitalization weighting. Our Peer Group Index is comprised of the following publicly traded companies: Plexus Corp., Benchmark Electronics, Inc., Jabil Circuit, Inc., Key Tronic Corporation, IEC Electronics Corp, Egain Corp., Ingram Micro Corp. The graph assumes an investment of $100 on July 31, 2012, and the reinvestment of any dividends, if any. The comparison shown in the graph below are based upon historical data.

The unit price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future unit price performance.

This graph is not “soliciting material,” is not deemed “filed” with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference in any of our filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing.

Equity Compensation Plans

Information regarding the Company’s equity compensation plans and the securities authorized for issuance thereunder is set forth in Item 12 of Part III.

ITEM 6.— SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial information of the Company for the five years ended July 31, 2015.

2017. The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7 below and our accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 below. The historical results presented herein are not necessarily indicative of future results.

ITEM 7.—

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This Annual Report on Form10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. For this purpose, any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. Without limiting the foregoing, the words “believes,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “expects” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Item 1A of this report, “Risk Factors”, and elsewhere in this report. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s analysis, judgment, belief or expectation only as of the date hereof. We do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Overview

ModusLink Global Solutions, Inc. provides comprehensive physical and digital supply chain and logisticsoptimization services (the “Supply Chain Business”) that are designed to improve clients’ revenue, cost, sustainability and customer experience objectives. We provide services to leading companies inacross a wide spectrum of industries, including consumer electronics, communications, computing, medical devices, software, and retail.retail, among others. The Supply Chain Business operations are supported by a global footprint that includes more than 2520 sites across North America, Europe, and the Asia Pacific region.

We operate an integrated physical and digital supply chain system infrastructure that extends fromfront-end order management through distribution and returns management. Thisend-to-end solution enables clients to link supply and demand in real time,real-time, improve visibility and performance throughout the supply chain, and provide real-time access to information for greater collaboration and making informed business decisions. We believe that our clients can benefit from our global integrated business solution.solution, especially given the increased usage of connected devices and digitalized solutions.

Historically, a significant portion of our revenue from our Supply Chain Business has been generated from clients in the computer and software markets. These markets, while large in size, are mature and, as a result, gross margins in these markets tend to be low.lower than other markets the Company operates in. To address this, in addition to the computer and software markets, we have expanded our sales focus to include additional markets such as communications and consumer electronics.electronics, with a long-term focus on expanding in growth industries, such as the connected home, and connected healthcare, among others. We believe these markets, and other verticals we operate in, may experience faster growth than our historical markets, and represent opportunities to realize higher gross margins on our services.the services we offer. Companies in these markets often have significant need for a supply chain partner who will be an extension to their business models. We believe the scope of our service offerings, including e-Businessvalue-added warehousing and distribution, repair servicesand recovery, aftersales, returns management, financial management, entitlement management, contact center support, material planning and factory supply, ande-Business will increase the overall value of the supply chain solutions we deliver to our existing clients and to new clients. We also strive to reduce our operating costs while implementing operational efficiencies throughout the Company.

MostMany of our clients’ products are subject to seasonal consumer buying patterns. As a result, the services we provide to our clients are also subject to seasonality, with higher revenue and operating income typically being realized from handling our clients’ products during the first half of our fiscal year, which includes the holiday selling season. Furthermore, many of our clients’ have global operations and we believe they have been adversely impacted by continued economic pressures in certain global regions.

Management evaluates operating performance based on net revenue, operating income (loss) and net income (loss) and a measure that we refer to as adjustedAdjusted EBITDA, defined as net income (loss) excluding net charges related to interest income, interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation, amortization of intangible assets, SEC inquiry and financial restatement costs, SEC penalties on resolution, strategic consulting and other related professional fees, executive severance and employee retention, restructuring, share-based compensation, impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets, unrealized foreign exchange gains and losses, net, othernon-operating gains and losses, net, (gains)and gains and losses and equityon investments in losses, of affiliates and impairments and discontinued operations.impairments. Among the key factors that will influence our performance are successful execution and implementation of our strategic initiatives;initiatives, global economic conditions, especially in the technology sector, which comprises a predominant proportion of our business;business, demand for our clients’ products;products, the effect of product form factor changes;changes, technology changes;changes, revenue mix and demand for outsourcing services.

As a large portion of our revenue comes from outsourcing services provided to clients such as computer hardware manufacturersretail products and consumer electronics companies, our operating performance has been and may continue to be adversely affected by declines in the overall

performance of the technology sectorwithin these sectors and uncertainty affecting the world economy. In addition, the drop in consumer demand for products of certain clients has had and may continue to have the effect of reducing our volumes and adversely affecting our revenue, gross margin and overall operating performance. TheAdditionally, the markets for our services are generally very competitive.competitive, though we believe we have a compelling and differentiated offering due to the value-added services we provide, our commitment to client management, and our global reach. We also face pressure from our clients to continually realize efficiency gains in order to help our clients maintain their profitability objectives. Increased

competition and client demands for efficiency and cost reduction improvements may result in price reductions, reduced gross margins and, in some cases, loss of market share. In addition, our profitability varies based on the types of services we provide and the regions in which we perform them. Therefore, the mix of revenue derived from our various services and locations can impact our gross margin results. Also, form factor changes, which we describe as the reduction in the amount of materials and product components used in our clients’ completed packaged product, can also have the effect of reducing our revenue and gross margin opportunities. As a result of these competitive and client pressures the gross margins in our business are low. We have developed plans and will continue to monitor plans to address process improvements and realize other efficiencies throughout our global footprint with a goal to reduce cost, remove waste and improve our overall gross margins. There can be no assurance that these actions will improve gross margins. For the years ended July 31, 2015, 20142017, 2016 and 2013,2015, our gross margin percentage was 9.7%8.3%, 10.3%5.4% and 9.9%9.7%, respectively. Increased competition as well as industry consolidation and/or low demand for our clients’ products and services may hinder our ability to maintain or improve our gross margins, profitability and cash flows. We must continue to focus on margin improvement, through implementation of our strategic initiatives, cost reductions and asset and employee productivity gains in order to improve the profitability of our business and maintain our competitive position. We generally manage margin and pricing pressures in several ways, including efforts to target new markets, expand and enhance our service offerings, improve the efficiency of our processes and to lower our infrastructure costs. We seek to lower our cost to service clients by moving work to lower-cost venues, consolidating facilities,and leveraging our global facility footprint, drive process and efficiency reforms and other actions designed to improve the productivity of our operations.

Historically, a limited number of key clients have accounted for a significant percentage of our revenue. For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2015, 20142017, 2016 and 2013,2015, the Company’s 10 largest clients accounted for approximately 76%70%, 80%71% and 76% of consolidated net revenue, respectively. Sales to GoProClient A accounted for approximately 19%15%, 11%13%, and 6%10% of the Company’s consolidated net revenue for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2015, 20142017, 2016 and 2013,2015, respectively. Sales to Hewlett-PackardClient B accounted for approximately 14%10%, 29%13%, and 29%19% of the Company’s consolidated net revenue for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. The Europe reportable segment reports revenue associated with Client A. All four reportable segment report revenues associated with GoPro and Hewlett-Packard.Client B. We expect to continue to derive the vast majority of our revenue from sales to a small number of key clients, and we plan to expand into new markets and over time, diversify the concentration of revenue across additional clients. In general, we do not have any agreements which obligate any client to buy a minimum amount of services from us or designate us as an exclusive service provider. Consequently, our net revenue is subject to demand variability by our clients. The level and timing of orders placed by our clients vary for a variety of reasons, including seasonal buying byend-users, the introduction of new technologies and general economic conditions. By diversifying into new markets and improving the operational support structure for our clients, we expect to offset the adverse financial impact such factors may bring about.

For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017, the Company reported net revenue of $436.6 million, an operating loss of $19.8 million, a loss before income taxes of $24.4 million and a net loss of $25.8 million. For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2016, the Company reported net revenue of $459.0 million, an operating loss of $40.6 million, a loss before income taxes of $56.6 million and net a loss of $61.3 million. For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2015, the Company reported net revenue of $561.7 million, an operating loss of $14.3 million, a loss from continuing operations before income taxes of $16.4 million and a net loss of $18.4 million. For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2014, the Company reported net revenue of $723.4 million, operating loss of $5.5 million, loss from continuing operations before income taxes of $11.5 million and net loss of $16.3 million. For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2013, the Company reported net revenue of $754.5 million, operating loss of $28.2 million, loss from continuing operations before income taxes of $33.9 million and net loss of $40.4 million. At July 31, 2015,2017, we had cash and cash equivalents of $119.4$110.7 million, and working capital of $202.3$108.7 million.

Basis of Presentation

The Company presents its financial information in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, U.S. GAAP (or “GAAP”). The Company has four operating segments: Americas; Asia; Europe ande-Business. The Company has four reportable segments: Americas; Asia; Europe; ande-Business. The Company also has Corporate-level activity, which consists primarily of costs associated with certain corporate administrative functions such as legal and finance which are not allocated to the Company’s reportable segments and administration costs related to the Company’s venture capital activities. The corporate-level balance sheet information includes cash and cash equivalents, trading securities, investments in affiliates, notes payables and other assets and liabilities which are not identifiable to the operations of the Company’s operating segments.

All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

As discussed further in Note 19 of our consolidated financial statements, Discontinued Operations and Divestitures, in Item 8 below, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, TFL sold substantially all of its assets on January 11, 2013. The Company determined that the sale of TFL qualified for discontinued operations presentation in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Results of Operations

Fiscal Year 2015 compared to Fiscal Year 2014

Net Revenue:

Net revenue decreased by approximately $161.7 million during the year ended July 31, 2015, as compared to the same period in the prior year. This decrease was primarily a result of lower volumes from a major computing market client, as well as lower revenues from an aftermarket services program related to the repair and refurbishment of mobile devices and lower revenue from another computing market client. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates had an insignificant impact on net revenues for the year ended July 31, 2015. Revenue from new programs, which the Company defines as client programs that have been executed for fewer than 12 months, was $65.8 million during the year ended July 31, 2015, as compared to $43.0 million during the same period in the prior year. The increase in revenue from new programs was primarily due to the addition of client programs associated with consumer electronics markets, offset by the exclusion of smaller client programs that are now classified as base business. Base business is defined as client programs that have been executed for 12 months or more.

During the second quarter of fiscal year 2014, a major client in the computing market notified us of an intended change in their sourcing strategy effective during our third fiscal quarter of fiscal 2014 for one of their supply chain programs in Asia for which we are currently the primary service provider. While we were notified that the client intended to add an additional service provider to this program, we expect to continue to be the primary service provider. We expect this change in sourcing strategy to result in reduced annualized net revenue of approximately $15 million to $20 million, and to have a greater proportionate impact on operating income consistent with the historical margins realized from this type of service program. Although there can be no assurances, we have continued to seek to offset this loss of net revenue and associated operating income through increased revenues from other clients, new business opportunities, increases in productivity and ongoing cost reduction initiatives.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2014, the Company was informed by a major client in the computing market that due to a further change in the client’s supply chain strategy, a number of programs currently sourced with the Company primarily in the Americas would conclude by the first quarter of fiscal year 2015. Combined, these programs currently accounted for approximately $150 million to $160 million of annual net revenue and approximately $2.5 million to $3.5 million of operating income due to the historically low margins we have realized from these programs. We continue to seek to offset the loss of net revenue and the associated operating income through increased revenues from new client program wins along with increased business with existing clients, ongoing productivity increases and cost reduction initiatives.

During the year ended July 31, 2015, net revenue in the Americas region decreased by approximately $98.1 million. This decrease occurred primarily as a result of lower volumes from a major computing market client and an aftermarket services program related to the repair and refurbishment of mobile devices, partially offset by increased revenue from a consumer electronics client. Within the Asia region, the net revenue decrease of approximately $13.3 million primarily resulted from lower volumes from a few computing and software markets clients partially offset by increased revenue from a consumer electronics client. Within the Europe region, net revenue decreased by approximately $48.9 million primarily resulted from lower volumes from computing and consumer electronics markets clients. Net revenue for e-Business decreased by approximately $1.4 million, primarily due to lower revenues from consumer electronics and computing markets clients.

A significant portion of our client base operates in the technology sector, which is intensely competitive and very volatile. Our clients’ order volumes vary from quarter to quarter for a variety of reasons, including market acceptance of their new product introductions and overall demand for their products including seasonality factors. This business environment, and our mode of transacting business with our clients, does not lend itself to precise measurement of the amount and timing of future order volumes, and as a result, future consolidated and segment sales volumes and revenue could vary significantly from period to period. We sell

primarily on a purchase order basis, rather than pursuant to contracts with minimum purchase requirements. These purchase orders are generally for quantities necessary to support near-term demand for our clients’ products.

Cost of Revenue:

Cost of revenue consists primarily of expenses related to the cost of materials purchased in connection with the provision of supply chain management services as well as costs for salaries and benefits, contract labor, consulting, fulfillment and shipping, and applicable facilities costs. Cost of revenue for the year ended July 31, 2015 included materials procured on behalf of our clients of $307.3 million, or 54.7% of consolidated net revenue, as compared to $434.6 million, or 60.0% of consolidated net revenue for the same period in the prior year, a decrease of $127.3 million. Total cost of revenue decreased by $141.5 million for the year ended July 31, 2015, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to the decline in cost of materials associated with a major computing market client and the reduction in other costs of revenues primarily due to restructuring activities.

Gross margin decreased to 9.7% for the year ended July 31, 2015, from 10.3% for the same period in the prior year, primarily as a result of reduction in revenue, partially offset by the reduction in cost of materials and labor. For the year ended July 31, 2015, the Company’s gross margin percentages within the Americas, Asia and Europe regions were 5.0%, 18.1% and 7.0%, as compared to 7.6%, 21.9% and 4.7%, respectively, for the same period of the prior year. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates had an insignificant impact on gross margin for the year ended July 31, 2015.

In the Americas, the 2.6 percentage point decrease in gross margin, from 7.6% to 5.0%, resulted from lower revenues, partially offset by lower costs of materials and labor. In Asia, the 3.8 percentage point decrease, from 21.9% to 18.1% was primarily due to an unfavorable program mix. In Europe, the 2.3 percentage point improvement in gross margin, from 4.7% to 7.0%, resulted from the favorable impact of cost reductions, offset partially by lower revenues. The gross margin for e-Business was 10.2% for the year ended July 31, 2015 as compared to 9.0% for the same period of the prior year. This improvement of 1.2 percentage points was due to lower material costs offset partially by the decrease in revenues and increase in labor costs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses:

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and employee-related costs, sales commissions and incentive plans, information technology expenses, travel expenses, facilities costs, consulting fees, fees for professional services, depreciation expense and marketing expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses during the year ended July 31, 2015 decreased by approximately $12.4 million compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily as a result of reduced employee-related costs ($7.5 million) related to restructuring, professional fees ($2.3 million) including legal and audit

fees, depreciation expense ($2.8 million), and various other cost savings ($1.4 million), offset by an increase for SEC penalties ($1.6 million). Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates had an insignificant impact on selling, general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended July 31, 2015.

Amortization of Intangible Assets:

The intangible asset amortization relates to certain amortizable intangible assets acquired by the Company in connection with its acquisitions. The intangible assets were fully amortized as of April 30, 2015.

Impairment of Goodwill and Long-Lived Assets:

The Company conducts its goodwill impairment test on July 31 of each fiscal year. In addition, if and when events or circumstances change that would reduce the fair value of any of its reporting units below its carrying value, an interim test would be performed. In making this assessment, the Company relies on a number of factors including operating results, business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows, and transactions and marketplace data. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we calculate the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill and compare it to the carrying value. If the carrying value of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, an impairment charge is recorded for the difference. The fair value of a reporting unit is primarily based on a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method. The DCF approach requires that we forecast future cash flows for the reporting unit and discount the cash flow streams based on a weighted average cost of capital that is derived, in part, from comparable companies within similar industries. The DCF calculations also include a terminal value calculation that is based upon an expected long-term growth rate for the applicable reporting unit. The carrying values of each reporting unit include assets and liabilities which relate to the reporting unit’s operations. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2015, the Company completed its annual impairment analysis of goodwill and determined that the fair value of the reporting unit, derived from forecasted cash flows, did not exceed its carrying value. As a result of the annual impairment analysis and in connection with the preparation of its annual financial statements for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2015, the Company concluded that its remaining goodwill was fully impaired and recorded a $3.1 million non-cash goodwill impairment charge. There were no goodwill impairments for the year ended July 31, 2014. The impairment of long-lived assets in the Americas, during the year ended July 31, 2015, related to the write-down of leasehold improvements associated with the planned closure of a facility.

During the second quarter of fiscal year 2014, the Company determined that the carrying value of its Kildare, Ireland facility was not fully recoverable from future cash flows. The Company recorded an impairment charge of $0.5 million to adjust the carrying value to its estimated fair value.

Restructuring, net:

During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2015, the Company recorded a net restructuring charge of $5.1 million. Of this amount, $4.9 million primarily related to the workforce reduction of 235 employees across all operating segments, and $0.2 million related to contractual obligations.

During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2014, the Company recorded a net restructuring charge of $6.6 million. Of this amount, $6.3 million primarily related to the workforce reduction of 181 employees across all operating segments, and $0.3 million related to contractual obligations.

Interest Income/Expense:

During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2015, interest income increased to $0.9 million from $0.4 million during the fiscal year ended July 31, 2014.

Interest expense totaled approximately $10.6 million and $5.0 million for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The interest expense primarily relates to the Company’s issuance of $100 million of 5.25% Convertible Senior Notes (the “Notes”) during the year ended July 31, 2014.

Other Gains (Losses), net:

Other gains (losses), net totaled approximately $15.0 million for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2015. The balance consists primarily of $12.8 million and $0.8 million, in net non-cash and cash gains, respectively, associated with its Trading Securities (see Note 5) and $1.8 million in net realized and unrealized foreign exchange gains, offset by other gain and losses. For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2015, the net gains of $1.8 million primarily related to realized and unrealized gains (losses) from foreign currency exposures and settled transactions of approximately $0.5 million, $0.2 million and $0.7 million in the Americas, Asia and Europe, respectively.

Other gains (losses), net totaled approximately $(0.1) million for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2014. The balance consists primarily of $0.5 million in net realized and unrealized foreign exchange losses, offset by gains on sales of fixed assets of $0.5 million. For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2014, the net losses of $0.5 million primarily related to realized and unrealized gains (losses) from foreign currency exposures and settled transactions of approximately $0.2 million, $(0.5) million and $0.4 million in the Americas, Asia and Europe, respectively.

(Gains) losses, and equity in losses, of affiliates and impairments:

(Gains) losses, and equity in losses, of affiliates and impairments results from the Company’s minority ownership in certain investments that are accounted for under the equity method and cost method and impairments on these investments. (Gains) losses, and equity in losses, of affiliates and impairments was $7.1 million and $1.6 million for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. For the fiscal years ended July 31, 2015, the Company recorded gains of $0.2 million associated with its cost method investments. For the fiscal years ended July 31, 2015, the Company recorded an immaterial amount of its proportionate share of the affiliates’ gains under the equity method of accounting. For the fiscal years ended July 31, 2014, the Company recorded its proportionate share of the affiliates’ losses of $0.1 million. During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company also recorded impairment charges of $7.3 million and $1.4 million, respectively, on certain investments included in the @Ventures portfolio of companies.

The Company assesses the need to record impairment losses on its investments and records such losses when the impairment of an investment is determined to be other than temporary in nature. The process of assessing whether a particular equity investment’s net realizable value is less than its carrying cost requires a significant amount of judgment. In making this judgment, the Company carefully considers the investee’s cash position, projected cash flows (both short and long-term), financing needs, recent financing rounds, most recent valuation data, the current investing environment, management/ownership changes and competition. The valuation process is based primarily on information that the Company requests from these privately held companies and is not subject to the same disclosure and audit requirements as the reports required of U.S. public companies. Estimating the net realizable value of investments in privately held early-stage technology companies is inherently subjective and has contributed to volatility in our reported results of operations in the past and may negatively impact our results of operations in the future.

Income Tax Expense:

During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2015, the Company recorded income tax expense of approximately $2.3 million compared to income tax expense of $4.7 million, for the prior fiscal year. For the fiscal years ended July 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company was profitable in certain jurisdictions where the Company operates, resulting in an income tax expense using the enacted tax rates in those jurisdictions.

The Company provides for income tax expense related to federal, state, and foreign income taxes. For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2015, the Company’s taxable income for certain foreign locations was offset by net operating loss carryovers from prior years, and the Company calculated a taxable loss in the U.S. For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2014, the Company’s taxable income for certain foreign locations was offset by net operating loss carryovers from prior years, and the Company calculated a taxable loss in the U.S. The Company continues to maintain a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax asset in the U.S. and certain of its foreign subsidiaries due to the uncertainty of realizing such benefits.

Non-GAAP Measures

In addition to the financial measures prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, the Company uses Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, to assess its performance. EBITDA represents earnings before interest, income tax expense, depreciation and amortization. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA excluding the effects of SEC inquiry and restatement costs, SEC penalties, strategic consulting and other related professional fees, executive severance and employee retention, restructuring, share-based compensation, impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets, unrealized foreign exchange gains and losses, net, other non-operating gains and losses net, (gains) losses, and equity in losses, of affiliates and impairments and discontinued operations.

We believe that providing Adjusted EBITDA to investors is useful as this measure provides important supplemental information of our performance to investors and permits investors and management to evaluate the operating performance of our core supply chain business. We use Adjusted EBITDA in internal forecasts and models when establishing internal operating budgets, supplementing the financial results and forecasts reported to our Board of Directors, determining a component of incentive compensation for executive officers and other key employees based on operating performance and evaluating short-term and long-term operating trends in our core supply chain business. We believe that the Adjusted EBITDA financial measure assists in providing an enhanced understanding of our underlying operational measures to manage the core supply chain business, to evaluate performance compared to prior periods and the marketplace, and to establish operational goals. We believe that these non-GAAP financial adjustments are useful to investors because they allow investors to evaluate the effectiveness of the methodology and information used by management in our financial and operational decision making.

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for financial information provided in accordance with U.S. GAAP. This non-GAAP financial measure may not be computed in the same manner as similarly titled measures used by other companies.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool. Some of these limitations are:

The following table includes the reconciliations of our U.S. GAAP net loss, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013:

Our Adjusted EBITDA measure reflects adjustments based on the following items:

SEC inquiry and financial restatement costs. We exclude external costs related to our SEC inquiry and financial restatement. We exclude these costs because we do not believe they are indicative of our normal operating costs.

SEC penalties on resolution. We exclude SEC penalties because we do not believe they are indicative of our normal operating costs.

Strategic consulting and other related professional expenses. We exclude certain professional fees related to our evaluation of strategic alternatives, cost alignment initiatives, and proxy contests with activist investors. We exclude these costs because we do not believe they are indicative of our normal operating costs.

Executive severance and employee retention. During the fiscal year 2014, we incurred severance charges related to certain executives of the Company. During the fiscal year 2013, we incurred costs related to the retention of certain employees of the Company. We exclude these costs because we do not believe they are indicative of our normal operating costs.

Restructuring. We incur charges due to the restructuring of our business, including severance charges and contractual obligations associated with facility reductions resulting from our streamlining efforts. The amount and timing of any future restructuring activity is difficult to predict.

Share-based Compensation Expense. We incur expenses related to share-based compensation included in our U.S. GAAP presentation of cost of revenues and selling, general and administrative expense. Although share-based compensation is an expense we incur and is viewed as a form of compensation, the expense varies in amount from period to period, and is affected by market

forces that are difficult to predict and are not within the control of management, such as the market price and volatility of our shares, risk-free interest rates and the expected term and forfeiture rates of the awards.

Impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets. Although an impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets does not directly impact the Company’s current cash position, such expense represents the declining value of the goodwill recorded at the time of the business acquisition and the other long-lived assets that were acquired. We exclude these impairments because they are not indicative of our normal operating costs.

Unrealized foreign exchange (gains) losses.We exclude these gains and losses as we do not believe they directly impact the Company’s cash position until they are realized.

Other non-operating (gains) losses. We exclude other non-operating (gains) losses as they do not relate to the performance of our core supply chain business. This caption includes items such as the derecognition of accrued pricing liabilities and gains or losses on the sale of assets.

(Gains) losses, and equity in losses, of affiliates and impairments. We exclude (gains) losses, and equity in losses, of affiliates and impairments related to our investments in a small number of privately held companies. We exclude this balance because it is not related to or indicative of the results of the Company’s core supply chain business.

Discontinued Operations. We exclude gains or losses associated with the Company’s discontinued operations. We exclude these costs because they are not indicative of the results of the Company’s core supply chain business.

Results of Operations

Fiscal Year 20142017 compared to Fiscal Year 20132016

Net Revenue:

Net revenue decreased by approximately $31.1$22.4 million forduring the fiscal year ended July 31, 2014,2017, as compared to the same period in the prior fiscal year. TheThis change in net revenue was primarily driven by lower revenuedecreased revenues from a software client that reorganized its supply chain. Revenue from new programs was $43.0 million during fiscal 2014, as compared to $128.8 million in fiscal 2013. The $85.8 million decrease in revenue from new programs was primarily due to a decline in revenue associated withtwo clients in the consumer productselectronics industry, one of which had a significant impact on revenues in the Americas and consumer electronics industries. The Company defines new programsthe other which impacted revenues in Asia, as client programs that have been executed for fewer than 12 months.discussed below. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates had an insignificant impact on net revenuerevenues for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2014.2017.

During the second quarter of fiscal year 2014, a major client in the computing market notified us of an intended change in their sourcing strategy effective during our third fiscal quarter of fiscal 2014 for one of their supply chain programs in Asia for which we are currently the primary service provider. While we were notified that the client intends to add an additional service provider to this program, we expect to continue to be the primary service provider. We expect this change in sourcing strategy to result in reduced annualized net revenue of approximately $15 million to $20 million, and to have a greater proportionate impact on operating income consistent with the historical margins realized from this type of service program. Although there can be no assurances, we have continued to seek to offset this loss of net revenue and associated operating income through increased revenues from other clients, new business opportunities, increases in productivity and ongoing cost reduction initiatives.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2014, the Company was informed by a major client in the computing market that due to a further change in the client’s supply chain strategy, a number of programs currently sourced with the Company primarily in the

Americas would conclude by the first quarter of fiscal year 2015. Combined, these programs currently accounted for approximately $150 million to $160 million of annual net revenue and approximately $2.5 million to $3.5 million of operating income due to the historically low margins we have realized from these programs. We continue to seek to offset the loss of net revenue and the associated operating income through increased revenues from new client program wins along with increased business with existing clients, ongoing productivity increases and cost reduction initiatives.

During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2014,2017, net revenue in the Americas region increaseddecreased by approximately $30.5 million, as compared to the prior fiscal year.$13.8 million. This increase resultedchange in net revenue was primarily from higher revenue from a consumer electronics client and higher revenue from an aftermarket services program related to the repair and refurbishment of mobile devices, partially offsetdriven by the effects of lower revenuedecreased revenues from a client in the communicationsconsumer electronics market. Within the Asia region, the net revenue decrease of approximately $36.4$9.8 million primarily resulted from lower order volumesrevenues from certain clients related toa program in the computing and software markets.consumer electronics market, partially offset by higher revenues from another consumer electronics program. Within the Europe region, net revenue increased by approximately $7.2 million primarily due to higher revenues from clients in the consumer electronics industry. Net revenue fore-Businessdecreased by approximately $27.7$6.0 million primarily due to lower volumesrevenues from a significant software client that reorganized its supply chain. Net revenue for e-Business increased by approximately $2.4 million primarily due to higher revenue from aclients in the consumer electronics client.

A significant portion of our client base operates in the technology sector, which is intensely competitive and very volatile. Our clients’ order volumes vary from quarter to quarter for a variety of reasons, including market acceptance of their new product introductions and overall demand for their products including seasonality factors. This business environment, and our mode of transacting business with our clients, does not lend itself to precise measurement of the amount and timing of future order volumes, and as a result, future consolidated and segment sales volumes and revenue could vary significantly from period to period. We sell primarily on a purchase order basis, rather than pursuant to contracts with minimum purchase requirements. These purchase orders are generally for quantities necessary to support near-term demand for our clients’ products.industry.

Cost of Revenue:

Cost of revenue consists primarily of expenses related to the cost of materials purchased in connection with the provision of supply chain management services as well as costs for salaries and benefits, contract labor, consulting, fulfillment and shipping, and applicable facilities costs. Cost of revenue for the fiscal year ended July 31, 20142017 included materials procured on behalf of our clients of $434.5$250.6 million, or 60.0%57.4% of consolidated net revenue, as compared to $452.8$265.6 million, or 60.6%57.9% of consolidated net revenue for the same period in the prior year, a decrease of $18.2$15.0 million. Total cost of revenue decreased by $31.4$34.0 million for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2014,2017, as compared to the fiscal year ended July 31, 2013. 2016, primarily due to the decline in volume as well as reductions in labor and facility costs related to the Company’s turnaround initiatives. The Company’s focus on operational and process enhancements, coupled with improved productivity had a positive impact on supply chain management and expenses related to cost of revenue.

Gross margin increased to 10.3%8.3% for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2014,2017, from 9.9%5.4% for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2013,2016, primarily as a result of a favorable revenuemore effective supply chain management, improved processes and efficiencies which are directly attributable to the Company’s turnaround plan, and client mix, and cost reduction actions takenpartially offset by the Company.reduction in revenues. For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2014,2017, the Company’s gross margin percentages within the Americas, Asia, Europe ande-Business were 0.8%, 16.6%. 4.9% and Europe regions were 7.6%, 21.9% and 4.7%5.9%, as compared to 5.7%-0.9%, 22.2% 13.1%. 2.6% and 2.9%-0.6%, respectively, for the same period of the prior year. FluctuationsFurthermore, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates had an insignificant impact on gross margin for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2014.2017.

In the Americas, the 1.91.7 percentage point increase in gross margin, from 5.7%-0.9% to 7.6%0.8%, resulted from a decline in material costs, reduction in force and other cost reductions related to the favorable impact ofCompany’s turnaround plan, partially offset by a shiftdecline in revenue mix as well as cost reduction programsrevenues and lower labor and overhead costs at certain facilities.increased facility costs. In Asia, the 0.33.5 percentage point decrease,increase, from 22.2%13.1% to 21.9%16.6% was primarily the result of lower revenues,resulted from a decline in materials costs, reduction in force and an improved client and product mix, partially offset in part by a favorable revenue mix as well as cost reduction programs.decline in revenues. In Europe, the 1.82.3 percentage point improvementincrease in gross margin, from 2.9%2.6% to 4.7%4.9%, was attributable to cost reduction programs at certain facilities partially offset byresulted from an unfavorable revenue mix.increase in revenues, as well as a more efficient use of temporary labor. The gross margin fore-Business was 9.0%5.9% for the fiscal year ended July 31, 20142017 as compared to 13.8%-0.6% for the same period of the prior year. This decreasefavorable increase was primarily due reduced labor cost as a percentage of 4.8 percentage points representsrevenue and improved client mix, partially offset by a higher proportiondecline in revenues. All of materials costs duethe Company’s business segments had improved gross margins in the fiscal year 2017 compared to the addition of a consumer electronics fulfillment program with higher relative materials cost that was partly offset by labor and overhead costs that did not increase in proportion to revenues.prior year.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses:

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and employee-related costs, sales commissions and incentive plans, information technology expenses, travel expenses, facilities costs, consulting fees, fees for professional services, depreciation expense and marketing expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses, during the fiscal year ended July 31, 20142017, decreased by $15.0approximately $3.4 million compared to the fiscalsame period in the prior year ended July 31, 2013, primarily as a result of reduced employee-related costs ($1.30.2 million) related to restructuring and cost containment programs, lower professional fees ($12.94.1 million) including audit feesprimarily associated with outsourced services and various costsa decrease in other selling, general and administrative expenses ($0.3 million). This decrease was offset by a gain included in the comparable period in the prior year related to the financial restatement.sale of a building in Europe of $1.2 million. Excluding the costs associated with the management incentive plan in the fiscal year 2017 and the gain associate with the sale of the building in Europe in the prior year, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $7.9 million. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates had an insignificant impact on selling, general and administrative expenses for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2014.

Amortization of Intangible Assets:

The intangible asset amortization relates to certain amortizable intangible assets acquired by the Company in connection with its acquisition of ModusLink OCS and ModusLink PTS. Amortization expense was essentially flat as compared to the prior year period.2017.

Impairment of Goodwill and Long-Lived Assets: