0001103982 mdlz:AdditionalSharesGrantedMember 2017-01-01 2017-12-31

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM10-K

(Mark one)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017

2019

OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________ to ______________

COMMISSION FILE NUMBER1-16483

mdlzlogoa06.jpg
Mondelēz International, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Virginia52-2284372

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
 

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

Three Parkway North Deerfield, Illinois 
Deerfield,Illinois60015
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:847-943-4000

847-943-4000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

 

Trading
Symbol(s)
Name of each exchange on which registered

Class A Common Stock, no par valueMDLZ The Nasdaq Global Select Market
2.375% Notes due 2021 New YorkMDLZ21The Nasdaq Stock ExchangeMarket LLC
1.000% Notes due 2022 New YorkMDLZ22The Nasdaq Stock ExchangeMarket LLC
1.625% Notes due 2023 New YorkMDLZ23The Nasdaq Stock ExchangeMarket LLC
1.625% Notes due 2027 New YorkMDLZ27The Nasdaq Stock ExchangeMarket LLC
2.375% Notes due 2035 New YorkMDLZ35The Nasdaq Stock ExchangeMarket LLC
4.500% Notes due 2035 New YorkMDLZ35AThe Nasdaq Stock ExchangeMarket LLC
3.875% Notes due 2045 New YorkMDLZ45The Nasdaq Stock ExchangeMarket LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yesx    No  

¨

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ¨No

x

Note: Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yesx    No  

¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of RegulationS-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yesx    No  

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 ofRegulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of thisForm 10-K or any amendment to thisForm 10-K.  

¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, anon-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filerx 

Accelerated filer  

 Accelerated filer¨
Non-accelerated filer¨ Smaller reporting company
 (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) 
 Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.    

¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined inRule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes      No  

x

The aggregate market value of the shares of Class A Common Stock held bynon-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing price of such stock on June 30, 2017,2019, was $63$76.7 billion. At February 2, 2018,January 31, 2020, there were 1,487,328,4661,432,943,006 shares of the registrant’s Class A Common Stock outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with its annual meeting of shareholders expected to be held on May 16, 201813, 2020 are incorporated by reference into Part III hereof.



Mondelēz International, Inc.


  Page No.
 Page No.
Part  I –
Item 1.

Item 1A.
Item 1B.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
  
2 
Item 1A.

Risk Factors

9
Item 1B.

Unresolved Staff Comments

19
Item 2.

Properties

20
Item 3.

Legal Proceedings

20
Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures

20
Part II  –
Item 5.

21
Item 6.

23
Item 7.

 24

 26

26

Discussion and Analysis of Historical Results

 29

 45

 48

49

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Aggregate Contractual Obligations

 50

 51

52
Item 7A.

59
Item 8.

 61

 61

 63

 64

 65

 66

 67

68
Item 9.

Item 9A.
Item 9B.
  
119 
Item 9A.

Controls and Procedures

119
Item 9B.

Other Information

120
Part III  –
Item 10.

121
Item 11.

121
Item 12.

121
Item 13.

Item 14.
  
121 
Item 14.

Principal Accountant Fees and Services

121
Part IV   –
Item 15.

  122
Item 16.

  
126
 

127

Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

In this report, for all periods presented, “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company” and “Mondelēz International” refer to Mondelēz International, Inc. and subsidiaries. References to “Common Stock” refer to our Class A Common Stock.


i



Forward-Looking Statements


This report contains a number of forward-looking statements. Words, and variations of words, such as “will,” “may,” “expect,” “would,” “could,” “might,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “likely,” “deliver,” “drive,” “seek,” “aim,” “potential,” “objective,” “project,” “outlook” and similar expressions are intended to identify our forward-looking statements, including but not limited to statements about: our future performance, including our future revenue growth, profitability and margins;earnings; our strategy for growingstrategic plan and our people, growingplan to accelerate consumer-centric growth, drive operational excellence and create a winning growth culture; our businessleadership position in snacking; our ability to meet consumer needs and growing our impact;demand and identify innovation and renovation opportunities; the results of driving operational excellence; price volatility and pricing actions; the cost environment and measures to address increased costs; our tax rate, tax positions, transition tax liability and estimates of the impact of U.S. and Swiss tax reform on our 2017 and future results; market share; the United Kingdom’s planned exitwithdrawal from the European Union and its impact on our results;results, including the consequences of any trade or other cross-border operating agreements, or failure to reach agreements, following the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union; the costs of, timing of expenditures under and completion of our restructuring program; snack category growth,growth; our effect on demand and our market position; consumer snacking behaviors; commodity prices and supply; investments; research, development and innovation; political and economic conditions and volatility; consumer confidence; the effect of the imposition of increased or new tariffs, quotas, trade barriers or similar restrictions on our sales or key commodities and potential changes in U.S. trade programs, trade relations, regulations, taxes or fiscal policies; currency exchange rates, controls and restrictions;restrictions and volatility in foreign currencies; the application of highly inflationary accounting for our operationsArgentinean subsidiaries and the potential for and impacts from currency devaluation in Venezuela and Argentina;other countries; oure-commerce channel strategies; manufacturing and distribution capacity; changes in laws and regulations, regulatory compliance and regulatory compliance; matters related to the acquisition of a biscuit operation in Vietnam; potential impacts from changing to highly inflationary accounting in selected countries; overhead costs; pension liabilities related to the JDE coffee business transactions; our JDE ownership interest; the financial impact of the Keurig Dr Pepper transaction and our investment and governance rightsinterest in Keurig Dr Pepper following closing of the transaction;Pepper; operating lease liability; the outcome and effects on us of legal proceedings and government investigations; the estimated value of goodwill and intangible assets; amortization expense for intangible assets; impairment of goodwill and intangible assets and our projections of operating results and other factors that may affect our impairment testing; our accounting estimates and judgments and the impact of new accounting pronouncements; pension obligations, expenses, contributions and assumptions; employee benefit plan expenses, obligations and assumptions; compensation expense; our sustainability initiatives;and mindful snacking strategies, goals and initiatives and the impacts of climate change; the Brazilian indirect tax matter; remediation effortsour liability related to our withdrawal from the Bakery and the financialConfectionery Union and otherIndustry International Pension Fund; the impacts of the malware incident; our ability to prevent and respond to cybersecurity breaches and disruptions; our liquidity, funding sources and uses of funding, including our use of commercial paper; interest expense;the planned phase out of London Interbank Offered Rates; our risk management program, including the use of financial instruments and the impacts and effectiveness of our hedging activities; working capital; capital expenditures and funding; share repurchases; dividends; long-term value and return on investment for our shareholders; compliance with financial and long-term debt covenants; guarantees; and our contractual obligations.


These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, risks from operating globally including in emerging markets; changes in currency exchange rates, controls and restrictions; continued volatility of commodity and other input costs; weakness in economic conditions; weakness in consumer spending; pricing actions; tax matters including changes in tax rates and laws, disagreements with taxing authorities and imposition of new taxes; use of information technology and third party service providers; unanticipated disruptions to our business, such as the malware incident, cyberattacks or other security breaches; competition; acquisitionsprotection of our reputation and divestitures;brand image; our ability to innovate and differentiate our products; the restructuring program and our other transformation initiatives not yielding the anticipated benefits; changes in the assumptions on which the restructuring program is based; protection of our reputation and brand image; management of our workforce; consolidation of retail customers and competition with retailer and other economy brands; changes in our relationships with suppliers or customers; legal, regulatory, tax or benefit law changes, claims or actions; the impact of climate change on our ability to innovatesupply chain and differentiate our products;operations; strategic transactions; the timely and successful closing of the Keurig Dr Pepper transaction and the finalization of the terms of our participation in the transaction; significant changes in valuation factors that may adversely affect our impairment testing of goodwill and intangible assets; perceived or actual product quality issues or product recalls; failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting; volatility of and access to capital or other markets; pension costs; the expected discontinuance of London Interbank Offered Rates and transition to any other interest rate benchmark; and our ability to protect our intellectual property and intangible assets. We disclaim and do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement in this report except as required by applicable law or regulation.





PART I

Item 1. Business.


General


We are one of the world’s largest snack companies with global net revenues of $25.9 billion and net earnings of $2.9$3.9 billion in 2017.2019. We manufacturemake and market delicious snack foodsell primarily snacks, including biscuits (cookies, crackers and salted snacks), chocolate, gum & candy, as well as various cheese & grocery and powdered beverage products for consumersproducts. We have operations in approximately 16080 countries and sell our products in over 150 countries around the world. Our portfolio includes many iconic snack brands includingNabisco,Oreo, LUand belVitabiscuits; such as Cadbury, Milka Cadbury Dairy Milk andTobleronechocolate;Oreo, belVita and LU biscuits; Halls candy; Trident gum;Halls candy gum andTang powdered beverages.


We are proud members of the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, Standard and Poor’s 500 and Nasdaq 100 and Dow Jones Sustainability Index.100. Our Common Stock trades on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “MDLZ.” We haveMondelēz International has been incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia since 2000.


Strategy


We intendaim to leveragebe the global leader in snacking by focusing on growth, execution and culture. In 2019, we began to operate under a new strategic plan that builds on our core strengths,strong foundations, including our advantaged geographic footprint, market leadership positions andunique portfolio of iconic global and local brands, our attractive global footprint, our market leadership in developed and emerging markets, our deep innovation, platforms,marketing and distribution capabilities, and our margin expansion in recent years that allows us to growmake ongoing investments in our people, grow our businessproduct portfolio.

Our plan to drive long-term growth includes three strategic priorities: accelerating consumer-centric growth, driving operational excellence and grow our impact.

creating a winning growth culture.

Grow our People:We strive to inspire our people to engage in challenging
Accelerate consumer-centric growth. As demands on consumers’ time increase and rewarding career experiences and to contribute their talent to create a great place to work. We collaborate globally, scale ideas quickly and develop world-class capabilities. Our culture is fast-moving, bold, innovative and accountable, reflecting the traits and skills necessary to thrive in a competitive global marketplace. To support and build on the success of our people in a continually-evolving business environment,consumer eating habits evolve, we invest in our people and their development, foster respect for one another, celebrate diversity and commit to authenticity at every level. We also work to create an environment in which our people can demonstrate innovative and courageous leadership to make a difference in every role they play in the Company. As reflected in our actions and our investments in our people, we value their contributions and celebrate their success.

Grow our Business:We aim to deliver strong, profitable long-term growth by accelerating our core snacks business and expanding the reach of our Power Brands globally. Leveraging our Power Brands (including Oreo, LUandbelVitabiscuits;Milka, Cadbury Dairy Milkand Tobleronechocolate;Tridentgum and Hallscandy) and our innovation platforms, we plan to innovate boldly and connect with our consumers wherever they are. As consumers seek out foods that have better well-being credentials, we are actively evolving our portfolio by expanding the well-being brands in our portfolio, enhancing the nutrition and ingredient profile of our Power Brands and inspiring consumers to snack mindfullymeet consumers' snacking needs by providing more portion control treats.the right snack, for the right moment, made the right way. We have developed innovative approaches to identify and address how consumers snack across different emotional and functional needs and occasions that we believe will allow us to meet their needs and identify new innovation and renovation opportunities. We plan to reach consumers intest, learn and scale new markets aroundproduct offerings quickly to meet diverse and evolving local and global snacking demand. We believe our understanding of consumers’ behavior will continue to lead to our meeting more of their needs and the world, using both traditionalgrowing demand for snacks.

Drive operational excellence. Our operational excellence and digital channels. While we already havecontinuous improvement plans include a strong presence in modern grocery stores, we are increasing our presence in higher growthnon-grocery channels, includinge-commerce. To fuel these investments, we have been working to optimize our cost structure. These efforts include reinventing our supply chain, including adding and upgrading to more efficient production lines, while reducingspecial focus on the complexityconsumer-facing areas of our product offerings, ingredientsbusiness and number of suppliers. Weoptimizing our sales, marketing and customer service efforts. To drive productivity gains and cost improvements across our business, we also continueplan to aggressively manage our overhead costs. We have embeddedzero-based budgeting practices across the organization to identify potential areas of cost reductions and capture and sustain savings within our ongoing operating budgets. Through these actions, we arecontinue leveraging our brands, platforms and capabilities to drive long-term value and return on investment for our shareholders.

Grow our Impact:We are focused on helping people snack in balance and enjoy life with products that are safely and sustainably sourced, produced and delivered. We are committed toglobal shared services platform, driving business growth while making positive change in the world. We use our global scale and focus where we can have the greatest impact on people and planet - including communities, safety, sustainability and well-being snacks. This includes reducing our environmental footprint, empowering farmersgreater efficiencies in our supply chain and supportingcontinuing to utilize Zero-Based Budgeting across our operations. We expect the communities whereimprovements and efficiencies we drive will fuel our snacksgrowth and continue to expand profit dollars. At the same time, we are sourced, producedcontinuing our efforts to sustainably source key ingredients, reduce our end-to-end environmental impact and sold.innovate our processes and packaging to reduce waste and promote recycling.

Reportable


Build a winning growth culture. To support the acceleration of our growth, we are becoming more agile, digital and local-consumer focused. We are giving our local teams more autonomy to drive commercial and innovation plans as they are closer to the needs and desires of consumers. We will continue to leverage the efficiency and scale of our regional operating units while empowering our local commercial operations to respond faster to changing consumer preferences and capitalize on growth opportunities. Our digital transformation program will also help to enable consumer demand and sales opportunities. We believe these operating and cultural shifts will help drive profitable top-line growth.

We run our business with a long-term perspective, and we believe the successful delivery of our strategic plan will drive top- and bottom-line growth and enable us to create long-term value for our shareholders.


Operating Segments


Our operations and management structure are organized into four reportable operating segments:

Latin America
Asia, Middle East and Africa (“AMEA”)
Europe
North America

On October 1, 2016, we integrated our Eastern Europe, Middle East, and Africa (“EEMEA”) operating segment into our Europe and Asia Pacific operating segments to further leverage and optimize the operating scale built within the Europe and Asia Pacific regions. Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Belarus, Georgia and Kazakhstan were combined within our Europe region, while the remaining Middle East and African countries were combined within our Asia Pacific region to form the AMEA operating segment. We have reflected the segment change as if it had occurred in all periods presented.


We manage our operations by region to leverage regional operating scale, manage different and changing business environments more effectively and pursue growth opportunities as they arise inacross our key markets. Our regional management teams have responsibility for the business, product categories and financial results in the regions.


We use segment operating income to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. We believe it is appropriate to disclose this measure to help investors analyze segment performance and trends. For a definition and reconciliation of segment operating income to consolidatedpre-tax earnings as well as other information on our segments, see Note 16,18, Segment Reporting.


Our segment net revenues for each of the last three years were:

                                                      
   For the Years Ended December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015 
   (in millions) 

Net revenues:

      

Latin America

  $3,566   $3,392   $4,988 

AMEA

   5,739    5,816    6,002 

Europe

   9,794    9,755    11,672 

North America

   6,797    6,960    6,974 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
  $25,896   $25,923   $29,636 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions)
Net revenues:     
Latin America$3,018
 $3,202
 $3,566
AMEA5,770
 5,729
 5,739
Europe9,972
 10,122
 9,794
North America7,108
 6,885
 6,797
 $25,868
 $25,938
 $25,896

Our segment operating income for each of the last three years was:

                                                                              
   For the Years Ended December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015 
   (in millions) 

Segment operating income:

            

Latin America

  $565    14.5%   $271    8.7%   $485    14.6% 

AMEA

   516    13.3%    506    16.2%    389    11.7% 

Europe

   1,680    43.3%    1,267    40.6%    1,350    40.5% 

North America

   1,120    28.9%    1,078    34.5%    1,105    33.2% 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
  $3,881    100.0%   $3,122    100.0%   $3,329    100.0% 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

The deconsolidation of our global coffee business in 2015, the deconsolidation of our Venezuela operations beginning with our 2016 results, currency and other items significantly affect the comparability of our consolidated and segment operating results from year to year.

 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions, except percentages)
Segment operating income:           
Latin America$341
 8.1% $410
 11.1% $564
 14.7%
AMEA691
 16.4% 702
 19.0% 514
 13.4%
Europe1,732
 41.1% 1,734
 46.9% 1,610
 42.0%
North America1,451
 34.4% 849
 23.0% 1,144
 29.9%
 $4,215
 100.0% $3,695
 100.0% $3,832
 100.0%

Please seeManagement’sDiscussion and Analysis of Financial Conditionand Results of Operationsfor items affecting the comparability of results and a review of our operating results.


Our brands span five product categories:

Biscuits (including cookies, crackers and salted snacks)
Chocolate
Gum & candy
Beverages (including coffee through July 2, 2015 and powdered beverages)
Cheese & grocery



During 2017,2019, our segments contributed to our net revenues in the following product categories:

                                                                              
   Percentage of 2017 Net Revenues by Product Category 
           Gum &       Cheese &     

Segment

  Biscuits   Chocolate   Candy   Beverages   Grocery   Total 

Latin America

   3.0%    3.4%    3.5%    2.6%    1.3%��   13.8% 

AMEA

   6.3%    7.8%    3.5%    2.2%    2.3%    22.1% 

Europe

   11.1%    19.0%    3.0%    0.5%    4.2%    37.8% 

North America

   21.2%    1.1%    4.0%            26.3% 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
   41.6%    31.3%    14.0%    5.3%    7.8%    100.0% 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

  Percentage of 2019 Net Revenues by Product Category
Segment Biscuits Chocolate 
Gum &
Candy
 Beverages Cheese & Grocery Total
Latin America 2.7% 2.7% 3.2% 1.7% 1.3% 11.6%
AMEA 7.1% 8.0% 3.3% 2.1% 1.7% 22.2%
Europe 11.6% 19.8% 2.7% 0.4% 4.1% 38.6%
North America 22.8% 1.0% 3.8% % % 27.6%
  44.2% 31.5% 13.0% 4.2% 7.1% 100.0%

Within our product categories, the classes of products that contributed 10% or more to consolidated net revenues were:

                                                                                          
           For the Years Ended December 31, 
           2017   2016   2015 

Biscuits - Cookies and crackers

       36%    36%    34% 

Chocolate - Tablets, bars and other

       31%    30%    27% 

Significant

 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
Biscuits - Cookies, crackers and other37% 36% 36%
Chocolate - Tablets, bars and other32% 32% 31%

Divestitures and Acquisitions


For information on our significant divestitures and acquisitions that impacted our results, please refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitionsand specifically, in connection with our global coffee business deconsolidation, see the discussions underJDECoffee Business Transactionsand Keurig Transaction.


Customers


No single customer accounted for 10% or more of our net revenues from continuing operations in 2017.2019. Our five largest customers accounted for 15.6%17.0% and our ten largest customers accounted for 21.4%23.2% of net revenues from continuing operations in 2017.

2019.


Seasonality


Demand for our products is generally balanced over the first threesecond and third quarters of the year and increases in the first and fourth quarterquarters primarily because of holidays and other seasonal events. Depending on when Easter falls, Easter holiday sales may shift between the first and second quarter. We build inventory based on expected demand and typically fill customer orders within a few days of receipt so the backlog of unfilled orders is not material. Funding for working capital items, including inventory and receivables, is normally sourced from operating cash flows and short-term commercial paper borrowings. For additional information on our liquidity, working capital management, cash flow and financing activities, seeLiquidity and Capital Resources, Note 1,, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,and Note 7,9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, appearing later in this10-K filing.


Competition


We face competition in all aspects of our business. Competitors include large multinational as well as numerous local and regional companies. Some competitors have different profit objectives and investment time horizons than we do and therefore approach pricing and promotional decisions differently. We compete based on product quality, brand recognition and loyalty, service, product innovation, taste, convenience, nutritional value, the ability to identify and satisfy consumer preferences, effectiveness of digital and other sales and marketing, routes to market and distribution networks, promotional activity and price. Improving our market position or introducing a new product requires substantial research, development, advertising and promotional expenditures. We believe these investments lead to better products for the consumer and support our growth and market position.


Distribution and Marketing

Across our segments, we


We generally sell our products to supermarket chains, wholesalers, supercenters, club stores, mass merchandisers, distributors, convenience stores, gasoline stations, drug stores, value stores and other retail food outlets. We distribute our products through direct store delivery, company-owned and satellite warehouses, distribution centers and other facilities. We use the services of independent sales offices and agents in some of our international locations.

Consumers are also increasingly shopping online. And we are building a


Through our globale-commerce organization and capabilities, towe pursue online growth with partners in key markets around the world, including both puree-tailers andbrick-and-mortar retailers. We continue to invest in both talent and digital capabilities. Oure-commerce channel strategies will play a critical role in our ambition to be the best snacking company in the world.


We conduct marketing efforts through three principal sets of activities: (i) consumer marketing and advertising includingon-air, print, outdoor, digital and social media and other product promotions; (ii) consumer sales incentives such as coupons and rebates; and (iii) trade promotions to support price features, displays and other merchandising of our products by our customers.


Raw Materials and Packaging


We purchase and use large quantities of commodities, including cocoa, dairy, wheat, palm and other vegetable oils, sugar and other sweeteners, flavoring agents and nuts. In addition, we purchase and use significant quantities of packaging materials to package our products and natural gas, fuels and electricity for our factories and warehouses. We monitor worldwide supply, commodity cost and currency trends so we can sustainably and cost-effectively secure ingredients, packaging and fuel required for production.


A number of external factors such as changing weather patterns and conditions, commodity market conditions, currency fluctuations and the effects of governmental agricultural or other programs affect the cost and availability of raw materials and agricultural materials used in our products. We address higher commodity costs and currency impacts primarily through hedging, higher pricing and manufacturing and overhead cost control. We use hedging techniques to limit the impact of fluctuations in the cost of our principal raw materials; however, we may not be able to fully hedge against commodity cost changes, and our hedging strategies may not protect us from increases in specific raw material costs.

While


Due to factors noted above, the costs of our principal raw materials fluctuate,fluctuate. At this time, we believe there will continue to be an adequate supply of the raw materials we use and that they will generally remain available from numerous sources. However, we continue to monitor the long-term impacts of climate change and related factors that could affect the availability or cost of raw materials, packaging and energy. For additional information on our commodity costs, refer to theCommodity Trends section withinManagement’sDiscussion and Analysis of Financial Conditionand Results of Operations.

For information on our ongoing sustainability efforts and programs, refer to Sustainability and Well-Being below.


Intellectual Property


Our intellectual property rights (including trademarks, patents, copyrights, registered designs, proprietary trade secrets, technology andknow-how) are material to our business.


We own numerous trademarks and patents in many countries around the world. Depending on the country, trademarks remain valid for as long as they are in use or their registration status is maintained. Trademark registrations generally are for renewable, fixed terms. We also have patents for a number of current and potential products. Our patents cover inventions ranging from basic packaging techniques to processes relating to specific products and to the products themselves. Our issued patents extend for varying periods according to the date of patent application filing or grant and the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is obtained. The actual protection afforded by a patent, which can vary from country to country, depends upon the type of patent, the scope of its coverage as determined by the patent office or courts in the country, and the availability of legal remedies in the country. While our patent portfolio is material to our business, the loss of one patent or a group of related patents would not have a material adverse effect on our business.


From time to time, we grant third parties licenses to use one or more of our trademarks, patents and/or proprietary trade secrets in connection with the manufacture, sale or distribution of third party products. Similarly, we sell some products under brands, patents and/or proprietary trade secrets we license from third parties. In our agreement with Kraft Foods Group, Inc. (“Kraft Foods Group,” which(which is now part of The Kraft Heinz Company), we each granted the other party various licenses to use certain of our and their respective intellectual property rights in named jurisdictions following thespin-off of our North American grocery business.



Research and Development


We pursue four objectives in research and development: productfood safety and quality, growth through new products, superior consumer satisfaction and reduced production costs. Our innovation efforts focus on anticipating consumer demands and adapting quickly to changing market trends. Wellness productsWell-being and healthy snackingsustainability are a significant focus of our current research and development initiatives. These initiatives aim to accelerate our growth and margins by addressing consumer needs and market trends and leveraging our globalscalable innovation platforms, Power Brandssustainability programs and initiatives as well as breakthrough technologies. In September 2016,2019, we announced our plan to investcompleted a $65 million over 2017-2018plan to build out and modernize our network of global research and development facilities. We modernized our technical center facilities at Suzhou, China; Jurong, Singapore and Thane, India in 2018. In 2019, we also completed the modernization of technical centers in Curitiba, Brazil and Mexico City, Mexico. In addition, we have invested in the Pasuruan Cocoa Technology Centre in Indonesia, which is scheduled to fully open in 2020. We are focusing our technical resources at nine largetwelve key locations to drive global growth and innovation. We celebrated the official openingOur network of our Wroclaw Poland Technical Center in 2017. Our global Technical Centers willtechnical centers enable greater effectiveness, improved efficiency and accelerated project delivery. These locations are in Curitiba, Brazil; Suzhou, China; Thane, India; Pasuruan, Indonesia; Mexico City, Mexico; East Hanover, New Jersey; Wroclaw, Poland; Jurong, Singapore; Bournville, United Kingdom andKingdom; Reading, United Kingdom.

Kingdom; Saclay, France and Munich, Germany.


At December 31, 2017,2019, within our global research, development & quality services area, we had approximately 2,4502,400 scientists, engineers and engineers,other personnel, of which 1,900 are primarily focused on research and development and the remainder are primarily focused on quality assurance and regulatory affairs. Our research and development expense was $351 million in 2019, $362 million in 2018 and $366 million in 2017, $376 million in 2016 and $409 million in 2015.

2017.


Regulation


Our food products and ingredients are subject to local, national and multinational regulations related to labeling, health and nutrition claims, packaging, pricing, marketing and advertising, data privacy and related areas. In addition, various jurisdictions regulate our operations by licensing and inspecting our manufacturing plants and facilities, enforcing standards for select food products, grading food products, and regulating trade practices related to the sale and pricing of our food products. Many of the food commodities we use in our operations are subject to government agricultural policy and intervention, and the scrutiny of human rights issues in industry supply chains has led to developing regulation in many countries.intervention. These policies have substantial effects on prices and supplies and are subject to periodic governmental and administrative review.

In addition, increased attention to environmental issues in industry supply chains has led to developing different types of regulation in many countries. The lack of a harmonized approach can lead to uneven scrutiny or enforcement, which can impact our operations.


Examples of laws and regulations that affect our business include selective food taxes, labeling requirements such asfront-of-pack labeling and nutrient profiling, media and marketing restrictions such as restrictions on advertising products with specified nutrition profiles on certain channels or platforms or during certain hours of the day, potential withdrawal of trade concessions as dispute settlement retaliation, and sanctions on sales or sourcing of raw materials.materials, and extended producer responsibility fees and packaging taxes. We will continue to monitor developments in laws and regulations. At this time, we do not expect the cost of complying with newexisting laws and regulations will be material. Also refer to Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting, for additional information on government regulations and currency-related impacts on our operations in the United Kingdom, Argentina and other countries.


Environmental Regulation


Throughout the countries in which we do business, we are subject to local, national and multinational environmental laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment. We have programs across our business units designed to meet applicable environmental compliance requirements. In the United States, the laws and regulations include the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. Based on information currently available,We track regulatory developments in various jurisdictions relating to the use of plastic in packaging materials and taxes linked to the costs of waste so that we can comply with evolving requirements. We believe that our compliance with existing environmental laws and regulations will not have a material effect on our financial results.



Sustainability

A key strategic goal for and Well-Being


Our 2025 sustainable snacking strategy provides a clear roadmap, which we believe puts us isat the forefront of sustainable ingredient sourcing and continuing toGrow contribute to addressing climate change by reducing emissions. We are focused on making our Impact. Buildingsnacks with less energy, water and waste, with ingredients consumers know and trust. We have specific goals to which we hold ourselves accountable, and we are continuing to make progress in our efforts to deliver meaningful change.

We are proud of the progress we achieved to date and excited about where we are going. By living our purpose to empower people to snack right, we believe we can continue to have a positive impact for peopleon the lives of our consumers and our planet is at the core of who we are. We call our commitment to drive business growth with positive change in the worldImpact For Growth. Many of the challenges facing people around us. We have been focused on sustainability for many years and the planet are interrelated. we continue to enhance and evolve our sustainability goals and reporting. We will issue our 2019 Snacking Made Right report, which will include our progress toward our sustainability goals, later this year.

Our core programs2025 sustainability and initiatives holistically address bothmindful snacking goals include:
Minimizing food waste, end-to-end CO2 emissions and priority water usage by 2025
Making all packaging recyclable by working2025 to further reduce our environmental footprint empower farmers
Scaling our Cocoa Life sustainability program even further so that by 2025, Cocoa Life will produce 100% of the cocoa volume we require for our chocolate brands
Growing portion control products to 20 percent of snacks net revenue by 2025
Including portion amounts and support the communitiesmindful snacking information on all packages globally by 2025

Our 2025 sustainability goals are designed to make a meaningful impact on how we address climate change and are based on an end-to-end, science-based approach to reducing our carbon footprint, including reducing our absolute CO2 emissions from manufacturing and addressing deforestation in key raw material supply chains. We are also working to cut our absolute water footprint in manufacturing, focusing on priority sites where our snacks are sourced.water is most scarce. We continue to work on reducing waste in manufacturing and packaging.

In ingredient sourcing, we continue to leverage our global operating scale to secure sustainable raw materials and work with suppliers to drive meaningful social and environmental changes, focusing on where we can make the mostgreatest impact. For example, we launched our Cocoa Life program in 2012 and will continue to investare investing up to $400 million through 2022 to build a sustainable cocoa supply. We are also improving sustainability in our wheat supply by working with farmers in North America and through our Harmony program in Europe.


We are focused on consumer well-being. Our 2020 sustainability goals aimmindful snacking strategy aligns with our purpose to place us atempower people to snack right. Continuing to evolve our portfolio so that we are offering a broad range of high-quality snacks to meet consumers' expanding needs is central to our strategy of accelerating our growth. At the forefront in the fight against climate change with ambitious targets for anend-to-end approach to reduce our carbon footprint, including reducing our absolute CO2 emissions from manufacturing and addressing deforestation in key raw material supply chains. Wesame time, we are working to cutempower and encourage consumers to snack mindfully with portion control offerings and labeling. Expanding our absoluteportion control options – snacks that are 200 calories or less and are individually wrapped – enables people to enjoy the treats they love, become more mindful about what they eat and manage their daily calorie intake.

The Governance, Membership and Public Affairs Committee of our Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing our sustainable snacking and mindful snacking strategies. Our goals are part of our strategic planning process, and therefore, progress and key activities are regularly reported to the Board of Directors and the business leadership teams. Climate change, CO2 emissions, energy, well-being and other sustainability matters are key focus areas in our strategy.

We have a robust Enterprise Risk Management ("ERM") process for identifying, measuring, monitoring and managing risks, with oversight by the Risk and Compliance Committee ("MRCC"), which reports annually to the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. The purpose of the MRCC is to oversee how we identify and assess the most significant inherent risks to our business so we may adequately mitigate them or monitor them across the Company. All identified risks are vetted by the MRCC and remain under the MRCC’s governance. Ownership of specific risks is assigned at the Mondelēz Leadership Team ("MLT") level (MLT members report directly to the CEO). As owners of each specific risk, MLT members are responsible for verifying that appropriate mitigation controls and monitoring systems are in place. The risk universe considered during this process is wide and varied. Climate change is included in this risk universe as well as other sustainability and well-being issues.


Our ERM methodology is governed by the MRCC and includes annual reviews with our four operating regions, considering Company-level risks by using information gathered at the asset level (regions, countries, individual facilities and separate business units). The following key risk drivers for climate change, sustainability and well-being risks are captured in the ERM framework: a sustainability mindset within the organization and suppliers, governance and monitoring of the sustainability agenda, monitoring climate change impact, assessing reputation and brand image, the well-being portfolio and marketing strategy, changes in regulations and changes in consumer preferences.

In addition, we work with internal and external experts to review the impact of major societal issues on our business and to shape our strategic responses to them. Materials and processes that guide our assessment include our ERM process; analysis of stakeholder and regulatory issues; our total greenhouse gas, land and water footprint in manufacturing, focusingfootprint; proprietary consumer insight data; and publicly available data on priority sites where water is most scarce. We are also working to reduce waste in manufacturingsocietal issues, including statistics and packaging.

reports from authorities, non-governmental organizations and peer companies.


We have been recognized for our ongoing economic, environmental and social contributions. ThisEach year since we were againcreated Mondelēz International in 2012 we have been listed on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (“DJSI”) – World and North American Indices. The DJSI selects the top 10% of global companies and top 20% of North American companies based on an extensive review of financial and sustainability programs within each industry. We are at the92nd 95th percentile of our industry and achieved perfect scores in the areas of health and& nutrition and environmental reporting.

addressing water-related risks.


We also participate in the CDP Climate and Water disclosures and continue to work to reduce our carbon and water footprints. We are committed to continue this and other related work in the areas of sustainable resources and agriculture, well-being snacks, community partnerships and safety of our products and people.


Employees

We employed through


In our consolidated subsidiaries worldwide, we employed approximately 83,00080,000 people worldwide at December 31, 20172019 and approximately 90,000 at December 31, 2016.2018. Employees represented by labor unions or workers’ councils represent approximately 64%63% of our 71,00068,000 employees outside the United States and approximately 28%27% of our 12,000 U.S. employees. Our business units are subject to various local, national and multinational laws and regulations relating to their relationships with their employees. In accordance with European Union requirements, we also have established a European Workers Council composed of management and elected members of our workforce. We or our subsidiaries are a party to numerous collective bargaining agreements and we work to renegotiate these collective bargaining agreements on satisfactory terms when they expire.


International Operations


Based on where we sell our products, we generated 74.4% of our 2019 net revenues, 75.3% of our 2018 net revenues and 75.8% of our 2017 net revenues, 75.6% of our 2016 net revenues and 78.7% of our 2015 net revenues from continuing operations outside the United States. We sell our products to consumers in approximately 160over 150 countries. At December 31, 2017,2019, we had operations in more thanapproximately 80 countries and made our products at approximately 140126 manufacturing and processing facilities in 5144 countries. Refer to Note 16,18, Segment Reporting, for additional information on our U.S. andnon-U.S. operations. Refer to Item 2,Properties, for more information on our manufacturing and other facilities. Also, for a discussion of risks related to our operations outside the United States, see Item 1A,Risk Factors.


Information about our Executive Officers of the Registrant


The following are our executive officers as of February 9, 2018:

7, 2020:

Name

 

Age      

 

Title

Dirk Van de Put 5759 Chief Executive Officer
Brian T. GladdenLuca Zaramella 5250 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Maurizio Brusadelli49Executive Vice President and President, Asia, Middle East and Africa
Timothy P. CoferPaulette Alviti 49 Executive Vice President and Chief GrowthPeople Officer
Maurizio Brusadelli 51Executive Vice President and President, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa
Vinzenz P. Gruber54Executive Vice President and President, Europe
Robin S. Hargrove 5254 Executive Vice President, Research, Development Quality and InnovationQuality
Sandra MacQuillan 
Alejandro R. Lorenzo4653 Executive Vice President and President, Latin America
Karen J. May59Executive Vice President, Human Resources
Daniel P. Myers62Executive Vice President, IntegratedChief Supply Chain Officer
Gerhard W. Pleuhs 6163 Executive Vice President, Corporate & Legal Affairs and General Counsel
Henry Glendon (Glen) Walter IV49Executive Vice President and President, North America
Hubert WeberGustavo C. Valle 55 Executive Vice President and President, EuropeLatin America
Henry Glendon (Glen) Walter IV 51Executive Vice President and President, North America


Mr. Van de Putbecame Chief Executive Officer and a director in November 2017.2017 and became Chairman of the Board of Directors in April 2018. He formerly served as President and Chief Executive Officer of McCain Foods Limited, a multinational frozen food provider, from July 2011 to November 2017 and as its Chief Operating Officer from May 2010 to July 2011. Mr. Van de Put served as President and Chief Executive Officer, GlobalOver-the-Counter, Consumer Health Division of Novartis AG, a global healthcare company, from 2009 to 2010. Prior to that, he worked for 24 years in a variety of leadership positions for several global food and beverage providers, including Danone SA, The Coca-Cola Company and Mars, Incorporated.

Mr. Gladden Zaramella became Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in December 2014.August 2018. He joined Mondelēz International in October 2014.previously served as Senior Vice President Corporate Finance, CFO Commercial and Treasurer from June 2016 to July 2018. He also served as Interim Lead Finance North America from April to November 2017. Prior to that, he served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial OfficerCorporate Controller from December 2014 to August 2016 and Senior Vice President, Finance of Dell Inc., a provider of technology products and services,Mondelēz Europe from June 2008October 2011 to February 2014, and asNovember 2014. Mr. Zaramella joined Mondelēz International in 1996.
Ms. Alviti became Executive Vice President and Chief ExecutiveHuman Resources Officer of SABIC Innovative Plastics, a manufacturer of industrial plastics, from August 2007 to May 2008. Mr. Gladden spent 19 years at the General Electric Company, a multinational conglomerate, in a variety of key leadership positions, including(now Executive Vice President and General Manager, Resin BusinessChief People Officer) in June 2018. Before joining Mondelēz International, Ms. Alviti served as Senior Vice President and Chief FinancialHuman Resources Officer GE Plastics.

of Foot Locker, Inc., a leading global retailer of athletically inspired shoes and apparel, from June 2013 to May 2018. Prior to that, Ms. Alviti spent 17 years at PepsiCo, Inc., a global snack and beverage company, in various leadership roles, including Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer Asia, Middle East, Africa from March 2010 to May 2013.


Mr. Brusadelli became Executive Vice President and President, Asia Pacific in January 2016 and Executive Vice President and President, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa in October 2016. He previously served as President Biscuits Business, South East Asia, Japan and Sales Asia Pacific from September 2015 to December 2015, President Markets and Sales Asia Pacific from September 2014 to September 2015 and President United Kingdom, Ireland and IrelandNordics from September 2012 to August 2014. Prior to that, Mr. Brusadelli held various positions of increasing responsibility. Mr. Brusadelli joined Mondelēz International in 1993.

Mr. Cofer became Executive Vice President and Chief Growth Officer in January 2016 and served as Interim President, North America from April to November 2017.


Mr. Cofer served as Executive Vice President and President, Asia Pacific and EEMEA from September 2013 to December 2015 andGruber became Executive Vice President and President, Europe on January 1, 2019. He previously served as President, Western Europe from October 2016 to December 2018 and President, Chocolate, Europe from August 2011 to September 2013. Prior to that,2016. Mr. Cofer held various positions of increasing responsibility. Mr. Cofer joinedGruber was formerly employed by Mondelēz International, in 1992.

various capacities, from 1989 until 2000 and resumed his employment in September 2007.

Mr. Hargrove became Executive Vice President, Research, Development, Quality and Innovation in April 2015.2015 and as of January 2019 serves as Executive Vice President, Research, Development and Quality. Prior to that, he served as Senior Vice President, Research, Development & Quality for Mondelēz Europe from January 2013 to March 2015. Before joining Mondelēz International, Mr. Hargrove worked at PepsiCo, Inc., a global foodsnack and

beverage company, for 19 years in a variety of leadership positions, most recently as Senior Vice President, Research and Development, Europe from December 2006 to December 2012.

Mr. Lorenzo became Executive Vice President and President, Latin America in January 2017. Prior to that, he served as President, Global Biscuits Category from January 2015 to December 2016 and President, Brazil from September 2012 to December 2014. Prior to that, Mr. Lorenzo held various positions of increasing responsibility. Mr. Lorenzo joined Mondelēz International in 2003.


Ms. Maybecame Executive Vice President, Human Resources in October 2005. Prior to that, she was Corporate Vice President, Human Resources for Baxter International Inc., a healthcare company, from February 2001 to September 2005.

Mr. Myers MacQuillan became Executive Vice President, Integrated Supply Chain (now Executive Vice President and Chief Supply Chain Officer) in September 2011.June 2019. Before joining Mondelēz International, Ms. MacQuillan served as Chief Supply Chain Officer and Senior Vice President, Supply Chain, at Kimberly-Clark Corporation, a global manufacturer of personal care consumer products, from April 2015 to June 2019. Prior to that, he worked for Procter & Gamble,Ms. MacQuillan spent more than 20 years at Mars, Incorporated, a consumerglobal manufacturer of confectionery, pet food and other food products, company, for 33 years in a variety ofvarious leadership positions, most recently serving asroles, including Global Vice President, Product Supply for P&G’sMars Global Hair Care business from September 2007 to August 2011.

Petcare.


Mr. Pleuhs became Executive Vice President and General Counsel in April 2012.2012 and as of May 2019 serves as Executive Vice President, Corporate & Legal Affairs and General Counsel. In this role, Mr. Pleuhs oversees the legal, compliance, security, corporate and governance affairs functions within Mondelēz International. He has served in various positions of increasing responsibility since joining Mondelēz International in 1990. Mr. Pleuhs has a law degree from the University of Kiel, Germany and is licensed to practice law in Germany and admitted as house counsel in Illinois.


Mr. Valle became Executive Vice President and President, Latin America in February 2020. Before joining Mondelēz International, Mr. Valle served as Chief Executive Officer of Axia Plus, LLC, a management consulting firm, from February 2018 to January 2020. Prior to that he spent more than 20 years at Groupe Danone SA, a multinational provider of packaged water, dairy and baby food products, in a variety of leadership positions, most recently as Executive Vice President, Dairy Division Worldwide, from January 2015 to January 2018, and Vice President Dairy Division Europe, from January 2014 until December 2014.

Mr. Walter became Executive Vice President and President, North America in November 2017. Before joining Mondelēz International, Mr. Walter worked at The Coca-Cola Company, a global beverage company, in a variety of leadership positions, most recently as Chief Executive Officer of Coca-Cola Industries China from February 2014 to October 2017 and President and Chief Operating Officer of Cola-Cola Refreshments in North America from January 2013 to February 2014.

Mr. Weber became Executive Vice President and President Europe in September 2013. He served as President of the European and Global Coffee category from September 2010 to September 2013. Prior to that, Mr. Weber held various positions of increasing responsibility. He joined Mondelēz International in 1988.


Ethics and Governance


We adopted the Mondelēz International Code of Conduct, which qualifies as a code of ethics under Item 406 of RegulationS-K. The code applies to all of our employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, and persons performing similar functions. Our code of ethics is available free of charge on our web site atwww.mondelezinternational.comwww.mondelezinternational.com/investors/corporate-governance and will be provided free of charge to any shareholder submitting a written request to: Corporate Secretary, Mondelēz International, Inc., Three Parkway North, Deerfield, IL 60015. We will disclose any waiver we grant to an executive officer or director under our code of ethics, or certain amendments to the code of ethics, on our web site atwww.mondelezinternational.comwww.mondelezinternational.com/investors/corporate-governance.


In addition, we adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines, charters for each of the Board’s four standing committees and the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics forNon-Employee Directors. All of these materials are available on our web site atwww.mondelezinternational.comwww.mondelezinternational.com/investors/corporate-governance and will be provided free of charge to any shareholder requesting a copy by writing to: Corporate Secretary, Mondelēz International, Inc., Three Parkway North, Deerfield, IL 60015.


Available Information


Our Internet address iswww.mondelezinternational.com. Our Annual Reports on Form10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form10-Q, Current Reports on Form8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), are available free of charge as soon as possible after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). You can access our filings with the SEC by visitingwww.mondelezinternational.comir.mondelezinternational.com/sec-filings. The information on our web site is not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part of this Annual Report on Form10-K or incorporated into any other filings we make with the SEC.



Item 1A. Risk Factors.


You should carefully read the following riskdiscussion of significant factors, carefullyevents and uncertainties when evaluating our business and the forward-looking information contained in this Annual Report on Form10-K. Any of the following risks The events and consequences discussed in these risk factors could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, liquidity and financial condition and the actual outcome of matters described in this Annual Report on Form10-K.condition. While we believe we have identified and discussed below the key risk factors affecting our business, these risk factors do not identify all the risks we face, and there may be additional risks and uncertainties that we do not presently know or that we do not currently believe to be significant that may adversely affecthave a material adverse effect on our business, performance or financial condition in the future.


We operate in a highly competitive industry.

industry and we face risks related to the execution of our strategy and our timely response to pricing and other competitive pressures.


The food and snacking industry is highly competitive. Our principal competitors include major international food, snack and beverage companies that operate in multiple geographic areas and numerous local and regional companies. If we do notFailure to effectively respond to challenges from our competitors could adversely affect our business could be adversely affected.

business.


Competitor and customer pressures require that we timely and effectively respond to new distribution channels and technological developments and may require that we reduce our prices. These pressures may also restrictaffect our ability to increase prices in response to commodity and other cost increases. Failure to effectively and timely assess changenew or developing trends, technological advancements or changes in distribution methods and set proper pricing or effective trade incentives maywill negatively impact our operating results, and achievement of our strategic and financial goals.goals and our ability to capitalize on new revenue or value-producing opportunities. The rapid emergenceevolution of new distribution channels, such asin particular in e-commerce, may disrupt our current operations or strategies more quickly than we planned for, create consumer price deflation, affectingalter the buying behavior of consumers or disrupt our retail customer relationships and presenting additional challenges to increasing prices in response to commodity or other cost increases.relationships. We may need to increase or reallocate spending on marketing, advertising, new product innovation, and existing and new distribution channels and technologies, marketing, advertising and new product innovation to protect or increase revenues, market share.share and brand significance. These expenditures may not be successful, including those related to our e-commerce and other technology-focused efforts, and might not result in trade and consumer acceptance of our efforts. Ifefforts, which could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations. These new distribution channels as well as growing opportunities to utilize external manufacturers allow smaller competitors to more effectively gain market share. Additionally, if we reduce prices but cannot increase sales volumes, or our labor or other costs increase but we cannot increase sales volumesprices to offset those changes, then our financial condition and results of operations will suffer.

In addition,


During 2019, we operated under our new strategy, which focuses on accelerating consumer-centric and volume-driven growth, operational excellence driven by cost discipline and continuous operational improvement including in areas like other companies in our industry, we are under pressuresales execution, and building a winning growth culture with a “local first” commercial approach. Failure to continue to improve the efficiency of our overall cost structure. We are pursuing a transformation agenda with the goals of focusing our portfolio, improving our cost structure and operating model, and accelerating our growth. If we do not achieve these objectives or do not implement transformationeffectively operate under our strategy in a way that minimizes disruptions to our business could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations could be materiallyoperations.

Promoting and adversely affected.

Maintaining and enhancingprotecting our reputation and brand image and health is essential to our business success.


Our success depends on our ability to maintain and enhance our brand quality and image, extend our brands, intoexpand to new geographies and to new distribution platforms, includinge-commerce, and expandevolve our brand imageportfolio with new and renewed product offerings.

offerings that meet consumer expectations.


We seek to enhancestrengthen our brand imagebrands through investments in our product quality, product renovation, innovation and marketing investments, including consumer-relevant advertising, digital transformation and consumer promotions. Failure to effectively address the continuing global focus on consumer-centric well-being, including changing consumer perceptionsacceptance of certain ingredients, nutritional expectations of our products, and increasedthe sustainability of our ingredients, our supply chain and our packaging could adversely affect our brands. Increased attention from the media, governments, shareholders activists and other stakeholders in these areas as well as on the role of food marketing could adversely affect our brand image. Undue caution or inaction on our part in addressing these challenges and trends could weaken our competitive position. Such pressures could also lead to stricter regulations, industry self-regulation that is unevenly adopted among companies, and increased focus on food and snacking marketing practices. Increased legal or regulatory restrictions on our labeling, advertising and consumer promotions, and labeling, or our response to those restrictions, could limit our efforts to maintain, extend and expand our brands. Moreover, adverse publicity, or regulatory developments or legal action against us, onour employees or our licensees related to product quality and safety, where and how we manufacture our products, or environmental risks, or human and workplace rights

across our supply chain, or antitrust, anti-bribery and anti-corruption compliance could damage our reputation and brand image.health. Such actions could undermine our customers’ and shareholders’ confidence and reduce demand for our products, even if the regulatory or legal action is unfounded or these matters are immaterial to our operations. Our product sponsorship relationships, including those with celebrity spokespersons, influencers or group affiliations, could also subject us to negative publicity.


In addition, our success in maintaining and enhancing our brand image depends on our ability to anticipate change and adapt to a rapidly changing marketing and media environment, including our increasing reliance on established and emerging social media and online platforms, digital and mobile dissemination of marketing and advertising campaigns.campaigns, targeted marketing and the increasing accessibility and speed of dissemination of information. A variety of legal and regulatory restrictions limit how and to whom we market our products. These restrictions may limit our brand renovation, innovation, marketing and promotion plans, particularly as social media and the communications environment continue to evolve. Negative posts or comments about usMondelēz International, our brands or our brandsemployees on social media or web sites (whether factual or not) or security breaches related to use of our social media accounts and failure to respond effectively to these posts, comments or activities could seriously damage our reputation and brand image across the various regions in which we operate. Our brands may be associated with or appear alongside harmful content before these platforms or our own social media monitoring can detect this risk to our brand health. In addition, we might fail to invest sufficiently in maintaining, extending and expanding our brands, our marketing efforts might not achieve desired results and we might be required to recognize impairment charges on our brands or related intangible assets or goodwill. Furthermore, third parties may sell counterfeit or spuriousimitation versions of our products that are inferior or pose safety risks. IfWhen consumers confuse these counterfeit products for our products or have a bad experience with the counterfeit brand, they might refrain from purchasing our brands in the future, which could harm our brand image and sales. If we do notFailure to successfully maintain and enhance our reputation and brand image, thenhealth could materially and adversely affect our company and product brands as well as our product sales, financial condition and results of operations.

We must correctly predict, identify and interpret changes in consumer preferences and demand and offer new and improved products that meet those changes.

Consumer preferences for food and snacking products change continually. Our success depends on our ability to predict, identify and interpret the tastes, dietary habits, packaging, sales channel and other preferences of consumers around the world and to offer products that appeal to these preferences in the places and ways consumers want to shop. There may be further shifts in the relative size of shopping channels in addition to the increasing role of e-commerce for consumers. Our success relies upon managing this complexity to promote and bring our products to consumers effectively. Moreover, weak economic conditions, recession, equity market volatility or other factors, such as severe or unusual weather events, can affect consumer preferences and demand. Failure to offer products that appeal to consumers or to correctly judge consumer demand for our products will impact our ability to meet our growth targets, and our sales and market share could decrease and our profitability could suffer.

We must distinguish between short-term fads and trends and long-term changes in consumer preferences. When we do not accurately predict which shifts in consumer preferences or category trends will be long-term or fail to introduce new and improved products to satisfy changing preferences, our sales can be adversely affected. In addition, because of our varied and geographically diverse consumer base, we must be responsive to local consumer needs, including with respect to when and how consumers snack and their desire for premium or value offerings, provide an array of products that satisfy the broad spectrum of consumer preferences and use data-driven marketing and advertising to reach consumers at the right time with the right message. Failure to expand our product offerings successfully across product categories, rapidly develop products in faster growing and more profitable categories or reach consumers in efficient and effective ways leveraging data and analytics could cause demand for our products to decrease and our profitability to suffer.

Prolonged negative perceptions concerning the health, environmental and social implications of certain food products, ingredients, packaging materials, sourcing or production methods could influence consumer preferences and acceptance of some of our products and marketing programs. For example, consumers have increasingly focused on well-being, including reducing sodium and added sugar consumption, as well as the source and authenticity of the foods they consume. Continuing to expand our well-being offerings and refining the ingredient and nutrition profiles of existing products is important to our growth, as is maintaining focus on ethical sourcing and supply chain management opportunities to address evolving consumer preferences. In addition, consumer preferences differ by region, and we must monitor and adjust our use of ingredients to respond to these regional preferences. We might be unsuccessful in our efforts to effectively respond to changing consumer preferences and

social expectations. Continued negative perceptions and failure to satisfy consumer preferences could materially and adversely affect our reputation, brands, product sales, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

operations.


We are subject to risks from operating globally.


We are a global company and generated 74.4% of our 2019 net revenues, 75.3% of our 2018 net revenues and 75.8% of our 2017 net revenues, 75.6% of our 2016 net revenues and 78.7% of our 2015 net revenues outside the United States. We manufacture and market our products in approximately 160over 150 countries and have operations in more thanapproximately 80 countries. Therefore, we are subject to risks inherent in global operations. Those risks include:

compliance with U.S. laws affecting operations outside of the United States, including anti-bribery laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”);
the imposition of increased or new tariffs, sanctions, quotas, trade barriers, price floors or similar restrictions on our sales or key commodities like cocoa, potential changes in U.S. trade programs and trade relations with other countries, or regulations, taxes or policies that might negatively affect our sales or profitability;
compliance with antitrust and competition laws, trade laws, data privacy laws, anti-bribery laws, human rights laws and a variety of other local, national and multinational regulations and laws in multiple regimes;
currency devaluations or fluctuations in currency values, including in developing markets such as Argentina, Brazil, China, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Egypt, Nigeria, UkraineSouth Africa and South AfricaPakistan as well as in developed markets such as the United Kingdom and other countries within the European Union;
the imposition of increased or new tariffs, quotas, trade barriers or similar restrictions onUnion. This includes events like applying highly inflationary accounting as we did for our sales or key commodities like cocoa, potential changesArgentinean subsidiaries beginning in U.S. trade programs and trade relations with other countries, or regulations, taxes or policies that might negatively affect our sales;July 2018;
changes in capital controls, including currency exchange controls, government currency policies such as demonetization in India or other limits on our ability to import raw materials or finished product into various countries or repatriate cash from outside the United States;
increased sovereign risk, such as default by or deterioration in the economies and credit ratings of governments, particularly in our Latin America and AMEA regions;
changes in local regulations and laws, the uncertainty of enforcement of remedies innon-U.S. jurisdictions, and foreign ownership restrictions and the potential for nationalization or expropriation of property or other resources;
varying abilities to enforce intellectual property and contractual rights;
discriminatory or conflicting fiscal policies;
greater risk of uncollectible accounts and longer collection cycles; and
design, implementation and use of effective control environment processes across our diverse operations and employee base.


In addition, political and economic changes or volatility, geopolitical regional conflicts, terrorist activity, political unrest, civil strife, acts of war, government shutdowns, travel or immigration restrictions, public health risks or pandemics, public corruption, expropriation and other economic or political uncertainties, including inaccuracies in our assumptions about these factors, could interrupt and negatively affect our business operations or customer demand. High unemployment or the slowdown in economic growth in some markets could constrain consumer spending. Declining consumer purchasing power could result in loss of market share and adversely impact our profitability. Continued instability in the banking and governmental sectors of certain countries or the dynamics and uncertainties associated with the United Kingdom’s planned exit from the European Union (“Brexit”), including currency exchange rate fluctuations and volatility in global stock markets, could have a negative effect on our business. (See below and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Financial Outlook for more information on Brexit.)

All of these factors could result in increased costs or decreased revenues and could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition, results of operations, and our relationships with customers, suppliers and employees in the short or long term.

Tax


We face risks related to tax matters, including changes in tax laws and rates, disagreements with taxing authorities and imposition of new taxes, could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

taxes.


In December 2017, the United States enacted tax reform legislation (“U.S. tax reform”). The legislation implements many new U.S. domestic and international tax provisions. Many aspects of the U.S. tax reform are unclear, and althoughWhile additional clarifying guidance is expected to behas been issued in the future (byby the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), and the U.S. Treasury Department or viaduring 2018 and 2019, there are still some areas that need to be clarified. Also, a technical correction law change), it may not be clarified for some time. In addition, manynumber of U.S. states have not yet updated their laws to take into account the new federal legislation. As a result, we have not yet been able to determine the fullthere may be further impact of the new laws on our future results of operations and financial condition. It is possible thatChanges in U.S. tax law, including further interpretations of the 2017 U.S. tax reform, or interpretations under it, could change and could have ana material adverse effect on us, and such effect could be material.

us.


In addition, foreign jurisdictions may also enact tax legislation thatenacted by foreign jurisdictions could significantly affect our ongoing operations. For example, during the third quarter of 2019, Swiss Federal and Zurich Cantonal events took place that resulted in enacted tax law changes under U.S. GAAP (“Swiss tax reform”). The new legislation is intended to replace certain preferential tax regimes with a new set of internationally accepted measures. We will continue to monitor Swiss tax reform for any additional interpretative guidance that could result in changes to the amounts we have recorded. Further, foreign tax authorities could impose rate changes along with additional corporate tax provisions that would disallow or tax perceived base erosion or profit shifting.shifting payments or subject us to new types of taxes such as digital taxes. Aspects of U.S. tax reform may lead foreign jurisdictions to respond by enacting additional tax legislation that is unfavorable to us.


Adverse changes in the underlying profitability or financial outlook of our operations in several jurisdictions could lead to changes in the realizability of our deferred tax assets and result in a charge to our income tax provision. Additionally, changes in tax laws in the U.S. or in other countries where we have significant operations could materially affect deferred tax assets and liabilities and our income tax provision.


We are also subject to tax audits by governmental authorities. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, if a taxing authority disagrees with the positions we have taken, we could face additional tax liabilities, including interest and penalties. Unexpected results from one or more such tax audits could significantly adversely affect our income tax provision and our results of operations.


Our operations in certain emerging markets expose us to political, economic and regulatory risks.


Our growth strategy depends in part on our ability to expand our operations in emerging markets, including among others Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Russia, Argentina, Ukraine, the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia and Southeast Asia.Ukraine. However, some emerging markets have greater political, economic and currency volatility and greater vulnerability to infrastructure and labor disruptions than more established markets. In many countries, particularly those with emerging economies, engaging in business practices prohibited by laws and regulations with extraterritorial reach, such as the FCPA and the U.K. Bribery Act, or local anti-bribery laws may be more common. These laws generally prohibit companies and their employees, contractors or agents from making improper payments to government officials, including in connection with obtaining permits or engaging in other actions necessary to do business. Failure to comply with these laws could subject us to civil and criminal penalties that could materially and adversely affect our reputation, financial condition and results of operations.


In addition, competition in emerging markets is increasing as our competitors grow their global operations and low costlow-cost local manufacturers improve and expand their production capacities. Our success in emerging markets is critical to achieving our growth strategy. If we cannotFailure to successfully increase our business in emerging markets and manage associated political, economic and regulatory risks could adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected, such as occurred when we deconsolidated and changed to the cost method of accounting for our Venezuelan operations at the close of 2015 or any potential impact on our business in Venezuela from future economic or political developments.

operations.


Our use of information technology and third partythird-party service providers exposes us to cybersecurity breaches and other business disruptions that could adversely affect us.

disruptions.


We use information technology and third partythird-party service providers to support our global business processes and activities, including supporting critical business operations;operations such as manufacturing and distribution; communicating with our suppliers, customers and employees; maintaining effective accounting processes and financial and disclosure controls; engaging inexecuting mergers and acquisitions and other corporate transactions; conducting research and development activities; meeting regulatory, legal and tax requirements; and executing various digital marketing and consumer promotion activities. Global shared service centers managed by third parties provide an increasing amount of services important to conductconducting our business, including a number of accounting, internal control, human resources and computing functions.


Continuity of business applications and services has been, and may in the future be, disrupted by events such as infection by viruses or malware, likeincluding the globalJune 2017 malware incident in June 2017 that affected a significant portion of our global sales, distribution and financial networks (the “malware incident”) (seeManagement’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Recent Developments and Significant Items Affecting Comparability – Malware Incident and – Financial Outlook – Cybersecurity Risks); other cybersecurity attacks; issues with or errors in systems’ maintenance or security; migration of applications to the cloud; power outages; hardware or software failures; denial of service;service attacks; telecommunication failures; natural disasters; terrorist attacks; and other catastrophic occurrences. Further, cybersecurityOur use of new and emerging technologies such as cloud-based services and mobile applications continues to

evolve, presenting new and additional risks in managing access to our data, relying on third-parties to manage and safeguard data, ensuring access to our systems and availability of third-party systems.

Cybersecurity breaches of our or third partythird-party systems, whether from circumvention of security systems,denial-of-service attacks or other cyberattacks such as hacking, phishing attacks, computer viruses, ransomware or malware, employee or insider error, malfeasance, social engineering, physical breaches or other actions may cause confidential information belonging to us or our employees, customers, consumers, partners, suppliers, or governmental or regulatory authorities to be misused or breached. When risks such as these materialize, the need for us to coordinate with various third partythird-party service providers and for third partythird-party service providers to coordinate amongst themselves might make it more challengingincrease challenges and costs to resolve the related issues. Additionally, if new initiatives, such as those related toe-commerce and direct sales, that increase the amount of confidential information that we process and maintain this could increase our potential exposure tofrom a cybersecurity breach. If our controls, disaster recovery and business continuity plans or those of our third partythird-party providers do not effectively respond to or resolve the issues related to any such disruptions in a timely manner, our product sales, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we might experience delays in reporting our financial results, loss of intellectual property and damage to our reputation or brands.


We continue to devote focused resources to network security, backup and disaster recovery, enhanced training and other security measures to protect our systems and data; we aredata, such as advanced email protection to reduce the likelihood of credential thefts and electronic fraud attempts. We also in the process offocus on enhancing the monitoring and detection of threats in our environment.environment, including but not limited to the manufacturing environment and operational technologies, as well as adjusting information security controls based on the updated threat. However, security measures cannot provide absolute security or guarantee that we will be successful in preventing or responding to every breach or disruption on a timely basis. In addition, dueDue to the constantly evolving and complex nature of security threats, we cannot predict the form and impact of any future incident, and the cost and operational expense of implementing, maintaining and enhancing protective measures to guard against increasingly complex and sophisticated cyber threats could increase significantly.


We regularly movetransfer data across national borders to conduct our operations, and consequentlywe are subject to a variety of continuously evolving and developing laws and regulations in numerous jurisdictions regarding privacy, data protection and data security, including those related to the collection, storage, handling, use, disclosure, transfer and security of personal data. Privacy and data protection laws may be interpreted and applied differently from countryjurisdiction to countryjurisdiction and may create inconsistent or conflicting requirements. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which has greatly increasesincreased the jurisdictional reach of European Union law and becomesbecame effective in May 2018, adds a broad array of requirements for handling personal data including the public disclosure of significant data breaches, and imposes substantial penalties fornon-compliance of up to the greater of20 million or 4% of global annual revenue for the preceding financial year. The California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which became effective on January 1, 2020, imposes new responsibilities on us for the handling, disclosure and deletion of personal information for consumers who reside in California. The CCPA permits California to assess potentially significant fines for violating CCPA and creates a right for individuals to bring class action suits seeking damages for violations. Our efforts to comply with GDPR, CCPA and other privacy and data protection laws may impose significant costs and challenges that are likely to increase over time, and we could incur substantial penalties or be subject to litigation related to violation of existing or future data privacy laws and regulations.

Unanticipated


We are subject to risks from unanticipated business disruptions could adversely affect our ability to provide our products to our customers.

disruptions.


We manufacture and source products and materials on a global scale. We utilize an integrated supply chain - a complex network of suppliers and material needs, owned and leased manufacturing locations,co-manufacturing locations, distribution networks, shared service delivery centers and information systems that support our ability to provide our products to our customers consistently. Factors that are hard to predict or beyond our control, like weather (including any potential effects of climate change), natural disasters, water availability, supply and commodity shortages, fire, explosions, terrorism, political unrest, cybersecurity breaches, generalized labor unrest, government shutdowns or health pandemics could damage or disrupt our operations or those of our suppliers’suppliers, their suppliers, orco-manufacturers’ operations. If we do not our co-manufacturers or distributors. Failure to effectively plan for and respond to disruptions in our operations, for example, by not finding alternative suppliers or replacing capacity at key or sole manufacturing or distribution locations or cannotby not quickly repairrepairing damage to our information, production or supply systems, we may be latecan cause delays in delivering or unablethe inability to deliver products to our customers such as occurredwe experienced in connection with the malware incident (seeManagement’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Recent Developments and Significant Items Affecting Comparability – Malware Incident and – Financial Outlook – Cybersecurity Risks), and the quality and safety of our products might be negatively affected. IfThe occurrence of a

material or extended disruption occurs, we may cause us to lose our customers’ or business partners’ confidence or suffer damage to our reputation, and long-term consumer demand for our products could decline. In addition, we might not have the functions, processesare subject to risk related to our own execution. This includes risk of disruption caused by operational error including fire, explosion or organizational capability necessaryaccidental contamination as well as our inability to achieve on our anticipated timeframes our strategic ambitionobjectives due to reconfigurecapability or technology deficiencies related to our ongoing reconfiguration of our supply chain andto drive efficiencies toand fuel growth. Further, our ability to supply

multiple markets with a streamlined manufacturing footprint may be negatively impacted by portfolio complexity, significant changes in trade policies, changes in volume produced and changes to regulatory restrictions or labor-related or other constraints on our ability to adjust production capacity in the markets in which we operate. These events could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations.


We are subject to currency exchange rate fluctuations.


At December 31, 2017,2019, we sold our products in approximately 160over 150 countries and had operations in more thanapproximately 80 countries. Consequently, a significant portion of our business is exposed to currency exchange rate fluctuations. Our financial results and capital ratios are sensitive to movements in currency exchange rates because a large portion of our assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses must be translated into U.S. dollars for reporting purposes or converted into U.S. dollars to service obligations such as our U.S. dollar-denominated indebtedness and to pay dividends to our shareholders. In addition, movements in currency exchange rates can affect transaction costs because we source product ingredients from various countries. We seekOur efforts to mitigate our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations, primarily on cross-currency transactions, but our efforts may not be successful. We hedge a number of risks including exposures to foreign exchange rate movements and volatility of interest rates that could impact our future borrowing costs. Hedging of these risks could potentially subject us to counter-party credit risk. In addition, local economies, monetary policies and currency hedging availability affect our ability to hedge against currency-related economic losses. We might not be able to successfully mitigate our exposure to currency risks due to factors such as continued global and local market volatility, actions by foreign governments, political uncertainty, inflation and limited hedging opportunities. Accordingly, changes in the currency exchange rates that we use to translate our results into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes or for transactions involving multiple currencies could materially and adversely affect future demand for our products, our financial condition and results of operations.

operations, and our relationships with customers, suppliers and employees in the short or long-term.


Commodity and other input prices are volatile and may increase or decrease significantly or availability of commodities may become constrained.


We purchase and use large quantities of commodities, including cocoa, dairy, wheat, palm and other vegetable oils, sugar and other sweeteners, flavoring agents and nuts. In addition, we purchase and use significant quantities of product packaging materials, to package our products and natural gas, fuelsfuel and electricity for our factories and warehouses. Prices for thesewarehouses, and we also incur expenses in connection with the transportation and delivery of our products. Costs of raw materials, other supplies and services and energy are volatile and can fluctuate due to conditions that are difficult to predict. These conditions include global competition for resources, currency fluctuations, politicalgeopolitical conditions or conflicts, tariffs or other trade barriers, government intervention to introduce living income premiums or similar requirements such as those announced in 2019 in two cocoa-growing countries, severe weather, the potential longer-term consequences of climate change on agricultural productivity, crop disease or pests, water risk, health pandemics, forest fires, consumer or industrial demand, and changes in governmental trade policy and regulations, alternative energy and agricultural programs. IncreasingIncreased government intervention and consumer or activist responses caused by increased focus on climate change, deforestation, water, plastic waste, animal welfare and human rights concerns and other risks associated with the global food system may lead to increased government intervention and consumer or activist responses, and could adversely affect our or our suppliers’ reputation and business and our ability to procure the materials we need to operate our business. Many of theSome commodities we purchase are grown by smallholder farmers and theywho might lack the capacitynot be able to invest to increase productivity or adapt to changing conditions. Although we monitor our exposure to commodity prices and hedge against input price increases, we cannot fully hedge against changes in commodity costs, and our hedging strategies may not protect us from increases in specific raw material costs. Continued volatility in the prices of commodities and other supplies we purchase or changes in the types of commodities we purchase as we continue to evolve our product and packaging portfolio could increase or decrease the costs of our products, and our profitability could suffer as a result. Moreover, increases in the price of our products, including increases to cover higher input, packaging and transportation costs, may result in lower sales volumes, while decreases in input costs could require us to lower our prices and thereby affect our revenues, profits or margins. Likewise, constraints in the supply or availability of key commodities, including necessary services such as transportation, may limit our ability to grow our net revenues and earnings. If our mitigation activities are not effective, if we are unable to price to cover increased costs or must reduce our

prices, or if we are limited by supply or distribution constraints, our financial condition and results of operations couldcan be materially adversely affected.

Complying


We face risks related to complying with changes in and inconsistencies among laws and regulations in many countries in which we operate could increase our costs.

operate.


Our activities throughoutaround the world are highly regulated and subject to government oversight. Various laws and regulations govern food production, packaging and waste management, storage, distribution, sales, advertising, labeling and marketing, as well as licensing,intellectual property, competition, antitrust, trade, labor, tax and environmental matters, privacy, data protection, and health and safety practices. Government authorities regularly change laws and regulations as well as their interpretations.interpretations of existing laws and regulations. Our compliancefailure to comply with existing laws and regulations, or to make changes necessary to comply with new or revised laws and regulations or the interpretationevolving interpretations and application of existing laws and regulations, could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations. For instance, our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected by the regulatory and economic impact of changes in taxation and trade relations among the United States and other countries, including anya new United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement when ratified, developments in U.S. trade relations with China or changes towith or repeal of the North American Free Trade Agreement, or changes in the European Union such as Brexit.


We continue to monitor Brexit and its potential impacts on our results of operations and financial condition. In 2019, we generated 8.6% of our net revenues in the United Kingdom, and our supply chain in this market relies on imports of raw and packaging materials as well as finished goods. Volatility in foreign currencies and other markets is expected to continue as the United Kingdom executes its exit from the European Union. If the U.K.'s membership in the European Union terminates without trade and other cross-border operating agreements, there could be increased costs from re-imposition of tariffs on trade between the United Kingdom and other countries, including those in the European Union, shipping delays because of the need for customs inspections and procedures and shortages of certain goods. The United Kingdom will also need to negotiate its own tax and trade treaties with countries all over the world, which could take years to complete. If the ultimate terms of the U.K.’s separation from the European Union negatively impact the U.K. economy or result in disruptions to sales or our supply chain, the imposition of tariffs or currency devaluation in the United Kingdom, the impact to our consolidated revenue, earnings and cash flow could be material. (See Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Financial Outlook – Brexit for more information.)

We may be unable to hire or retain and develop key personnel or a highly skilled and diverse global workforce or manage changes in our workforce.


We must hire, retain and develop effective leaders and a highly skilled and diverse global workforce. We compete to hire new personnel with a variety of capabilities in the many countries in which we manufacture and market our products and then to develop and retain their skills and competencies. Unplanned or increased turnover of employees with key capabilities, failure to attract and develop personnel with key emerging capabilities such ase-commerce and digital marketing skills, or failure to develop adequate succession plans for leadership positions or to hire and retain a diverse global workforce with the skills and in the locations we need to operate and grow our business could deplete our institutional knowledge base and erode our competitiveness. Changes in immigration laws and policies could also make it more difficult for us to recruit or relocate skilled employees.

We also face increased personnel-related risks in connection with implementing the changes in our transformation agenda related to our operating model and business processes, including building a winning growth culture, implementing our “local first” commercial approach, utilizing our global shared services capability and reconfiguring our supply chain. These riskschain, could lead to operational challenges including increased competition for employees withand changes in the skills we require to achieve our business goals; higher employee turnover, including ofgoals. Failure to achieve a more diverse workforce and leadership team, compensate our employees with key capabilities;competitively and challengesfairly or maintain a safe and inclusive environment could affect our reputation and also result in developing the capabilities necessarylower performance and an inability to build and effectively execute a shared services function and transform our business processes. Furthermore, weretain valuable employees.


We might be unable to manage appropriately changes in, or that affect, our workforce or satisfy the legal requirements associated with how we manage and compensate our employees. This includes our management of employees represented by labor unions or workers’ councils, who represent approximately 64%63% of our 71,00068,000 employees outside the United States and approximately 28%27% of our 12,000 U.S. employees. Strikes, work stoppages or other forms of labor unrest by our employees or those of our suppliers or distributors, or situations like the renegotiation of collective bargaining agreements that expired in February 2016 and that cover eight U.S. facilities, could cause disruptions to our supply chain, manufacturing or distribution processes.

Changes in immigration laws and policies, including in connection with Brexit, could also make it more difficult for us to recruit or relocate skilled employees.



These risks could materially and adversely affect our reputation, ability to meet the needs of our customers, product sales, financial condition and results of operations.


Our retail customers are consolidating, and we must leverage our value proposition in order to compete against retailer and other economy brands.


Retail customers, such as supermarkets, discounters, e-commerce merchants, warehouse clubs and food distributors in the European Union, the United States and other major markets, continue to consolidate, form buying alliances or be acquired by new entrants in the food retail market, resulting in fewer, larger customers. Large retail customers and customer alliances can delist our products or reduce the shelf space allotted to our products and demand lower pricing, increased promotional programs or longer payment terms. Retail customers might also adopt these tactics in their dealings with us in response to the significant growth in online retailing for consumer products, which is outpacing the growth of traditional retail channels. The emergence of alternative online retail channels, such as direct to consumer and e-business to business, may adversely affect our relationships with our large retail and wholesale customers.

In addition, larger retail customers have the scale to develop supply chains that permit them to operate with reduced inventories or to develop and market their own retailer and other economy brands that compete with some of our products. Our products must provide higher quality or value to our consumers than the less expensive alternatives, particularly during periods of economic uncertainty. Consumers may not buy our products if consumerswhen they perceive little difference between the quality or value of our products and those of retailer or other economy brands. IfWhen consumers switch to purchasingprefer or otherwise preferchoose to purchase the retailer or other economy brands, then we couldcan lose market share or sales volumes, or we may need to shift our product mix to lower margin offerings.


Retail consolidation also increases the risk that adverse changes in our customers’ business operations or financial performance will have a corresponding material adverse effect on us. For example, if our customers cannot access sufficient funds or financing, then they may delay, decrease or cancel purchases of our products, or delay or fail to pay us for previous purchases.

If we do not


Failure to effectively respond to retail consolidation, increasing retail power and competition from retailer and other economy brands could materially and adversely affect our reputation, brands, product sales, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

operations.


We are subject to changes in our relationships with significant customers, or suppliers.

suppliers and distributors.


During 2017,2019, our five largest customers accounted for 15.6%17.0% of our net revenues. There can be no assurance that our customers will continue to purchase our products in the same mix or quantities or on the same terms as in the past, particularly as increasingly powerful retailers continue to demand lower pricing and develop their own brands. The loss of or disruptions related to significant customers could result in a material reduction in sales or change in the mix of products we sell to a significant customer. This could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, disputes


Disputes with significant suppliers or distributors, including disputes related to pricing or performance, could adversely affect our ability to supply or deliver products to our customers or operate our business and could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the financial condition of our significant customers, suppliers and distributors are affected by events that are largely beyond our control. Deterioration in the financial condition of significant customers, suppliers or distributors could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations.


We may decide or be required to recall products or be subjected to product liability claims.


We could decide, or laws or regulations could require us, to recall products due to suspected or confirmed deliberate or unintentional product contamination, including contamination of ingredients we use in our products that third parties supply, spoilage or other adulteration, product mislabeling or product tampering. In addition, if another company recalls or experiences negative publicity related to a product in a category in which we compete, consumers might reduce their overall consumption of products in this category. Any of these events could materially and adversely affect our reputation, brands, product sales, financial condition and results of operations.


We may also suffer losses ifwhen our products or operations or those of our suppliers violate applicable laws or regulations, or ifwhen our or our suppliers’ products cause injury, illness or death. In addition, our marketing could

face claims of false or deceptive advertising or other criticism. A significant product liability or other legal judgment against us, a related regulatory enforcement action, a widespread product recall or attempts to manipulate us based on threats related to the safety of our products could materially and adversely affect our reputation and profitability. Moreover, even if a product liability, consumer fraud or other claim is unsuccessful, has no merit or is not pursued, the negative publicity surrounding assertions against our products or processes could materially and adversely affect our reputation, brands, product sales, product inventory, financial condition and results of operations.


We could be subjectface risks related to legal or tax claims or other regulatory enforcement actions.


We are a large snack food company operating in highly regulated environments and constantly evolving legal, tax and regulatory frameworks around the world. Consequently, we are subject to greater risk of litigation, legal or tax claims or other regulatory enforcement actions. There can be no assurance that our employees, contractors or agents will not violateWe have implemented policies and procedures we have implementeddesigned to promote compliance with existing laws and regulations. Moreover, a failure toregulations; however, there can be no assurance that we maintain effective control environment processes, including in connection with the development of our global shared services capability,capability. Actions by our employees, contractors or agents in violation of our policies and procedures could lead to violations, unintentional or otherwise, of laws and regulations. Litigation,When litigation, legal or tax claims or regulatory enforcement actions arisingarise out of our failure or alleged failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations or controls, we could be subject us to civil and criminal penalties that could materially and adversely affect our reputation, product sales, financial condition and results of operations.

We must correctly predict, identify


Climate change might adversely impact our supply chain or our operations.

Scientific evidence collected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change demonstrates that carbon dioxide and interpretother greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have caused and will in the future cause changes in weather patterns around the globe. These changes are expected to increase the frequency of extreme weather events and natural disasters and affect water availability and quality. These impacts increase risks for the global food production and distribution system. Decreased agricultural productivity caused by climate change might limit the availability of the commodities we purchase and use. These include cocoa, which is a critical raw material for our chocolate and biscuit portfolios that is particularly sensitive to changes in climate, as well as other raw materials such as wheat, vegetable oils, sugar, nuts and dairy. Localized weather events such as floods, severe storms or water shortages that are partially caused or exacerbated by climate change might disrupt our business operations or those of our suppliers, their suppliers, or our co-manufacturers or distributors.
Concern about climate change might result in new legal and regulatory requirements to reduce or mitigate the effects of climate change. These changes could increase our operating costs for things like energy through taxes or regulations. Concern about climate change might cause consumer preferences and demand and offer new and improvedto switch away from products that meet those changes.

Consumer preferences for food and snacking productsor ingredients considered to have high climate change continually. Our success depends on our abilityimpact. Furthermore, we might fail to predict, identify and interpreteffectively address increased attention from the tastes, dietary habits, packaging, sales channelmedia, shareholders, activists and other preferences ofstakeholders on climate change and related environmental sustainability matters, including deforestation, land use, water use and packaging, including plastic. Finally, the fact that consumers around the world andare exposed to offer products that appeal to these preferences. Moreover, weak economic conditions, recession, equity market volatility or other factors, such as severe weather events,rising temperatures could affect consumer preferences and demand. If we do not offer products that appeal to consumers or if we misjudge consumer demand for our products, our sales and market share will decrease and our profitability could suffer.

We must distinguish between short-term fads and trends and long-term changes in consumer preferences. Ifsuch as decreased demand we do not accurately predict which shifts in consumer preferences or category trends will be long-term, or if we fail to introduce new and improved products to satisfy those changing preferences, our sales could decline. In addition, because of our varied and geographically diverse consumer base, we must offer an array of products that satisfy the broad spectrum of consumer preferences. If we fail to expand our product offerings successfully across product categories, or if we do not rapidly develop products in faster growing and more profitable categories, demandhave experienced for our products could decrease and our profitability could suffer.

Prolonged negative perceptions concerning the health, environmental and social implications of certain food products and ingredients could influence consumer preferences and acceptance of some of our products and marketing programs. For example, consumers have increasingly focused on well-being, including reducing sodiumand added sugar consumption. Developing more well-being products and contemporizing our brands by refining their ingredient and nutrition profileschocolate during periods when temperatures are critical to our growth. In addition, consumer preferences differ by region, and we must monitor and adjust our use of ingredients to respond towarmer.

Taken together these regional preferences. We might be unsuccessful in our efforts to effectively respond to changing consumer preferences and social expectations. Continued negative perceptions and failure to satisfy consumer preferencesrisks could materially and adversely affect our ability to meet the needs of our customers, reputation, product sales, financial condition and results of operations.


We may not successfully identify, complete or manage strategic transactions.


We regularly evaluate a variety of potential strategic transactions, including acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures, equity method investments and other strategic alliances that could further our strategic business objectives. We may not successfully identify, complete or manage the risks presented by these strategic transactions. Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to identify suitable transactions; negotiate favorable contractual terms; comply with applicable regulations and receive necessary consents, clearances and approvals (including regulatory and antitrust clearances and approvals); integrate or separate businesses; realize the full extent of the benefits, cost savings or synergies presented by strategic transactions; effectively implement control environment processes with employees joining us as a result of a transaction; minimize adverse effects on existing business relationships with suppliers and customers; achieve accurate estimates of fair value; minimize potential loss of customers or key employees; and minimize indemnities and potential disputes with buyers, sellers and strategic partners. In addition, execution or oversight of strategic transactions may result in the diversion of management attention from our existing business and may present financial, managerial and operational risks.



With respect to acquisitions and joint ventures in particular, we are also exposed to potential risks based on our ability to conform standards, controls, policies and procedures, and business cultures; consolidate and streamline operations and infrastructures; identify and eliminate, as appropriate, redundant and underperforming operations and assets; manage inefficiencies associated with the integration of operations; and coordinate timely and ongoing compliance with antitrust and competition laws in the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions. Joint ventures and similar strategic alliances pose additional risks, as we share ownership in both public and private companies and in some cases management responsibilities with one or more other parties whose objectives for the alliance may diverge from ours over time, who may not have the same priorities, strategies or resources as we do, or whose interpretation of applicable policies may differ from our own. Strategic alliances we have entered into include our investments in Jacobs Douwe Egberts and Keurig Dr Pepper Inc. Transactions or ventures into which we enter might not meet our financial andnon-financial control and compliance expectations or yield the anticipated benefits. Depending on the nature of the business ventures, including whether they operate globally, these ventures could also be subject to many of the same risks we are, including political, economic, regulatory and compliance risks, currency exchange rate fluctuations, and volatility of commodity and other input prices. Either partner might fail to recognize an alliance relationship that could expose the business to higher risk or make the venture not as productive as expected.


Furthermore, we may not be able to complete, on terms favorable to us, desired or proposed divestitures of businesses that do not meet our strategic objectives or our growth or profitability targets. Our divestiture activities, or related activities such as reorganizations, restructuring programs and transformation initiatives, may require us to recognize impairment charges or to take action to reduce costs that remain after we complete a divestiture. Gains or losses on the sales of, or lost operating income from, those businesses may also affect our profitability.


Any of these risks could materially and adversely affect our business, product sales, financial condition and results of operations.


We could fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting.


The accuracy of our financial reporting depends on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements and may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations. These limitations include, among others, the possibility of human error, inadequacy or circumvention of controls and fraud. If we do not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or design and implement controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of our financial statements, including in connection with controls executed for us by third parties, we might fail to timely detect any misappropriation of corporate assets or inappropriate allocation or use of funds and could be unable to file accurate financial reports on a timely basis. As a result, our reputation, results of operations and stock price could be materially adversely affected.


Weak financial performance, downgrades in our credit ratings, illiquid global capital markets and volatile global economic conditions could limit our access to the global capital markets, reduce our liquidity and increase our borrowing costs.


We access the long-term and short-term global capital markets to obtain financing. Our financial performance, our short-and long-term debt credit ratings, interest rates, the stability of financial institutions with which we partner, the liquidity of the overall global capital markets and the state of the global economy, including the food industry, could affect our access to, and the availability or cost of, financing on acceptable terms and conditions and our ability to pay dividends in the future. There can be no assurance that we will have access to the global capital markets on terms we find acceptable.


We regularly access the commercial paper markets in the United States and Europe for ongoing funding requirements. A downgrade in our credit ratings by a credit rating agency could increase our borrowing costs and adversely affect our ability to issue commercial paper. Disruptions in the global commercial paper market or other effects of volatile economic conditions on the global credit markets also could reduce the amount of commercial paper that we could issue and raise our borrowing costs for both short- and long-term debt offerings.


Limitations on our ability to access the global capital markets, a reduction in our liquidity or an increase in our borrowing costs could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.



Volatility in the equity markets, interest rates, our participation in multiemployer pension plans and other factors could increase our costs relating to our employees’ pensions.


We sponsor a number of defined benefit pension plans for a number of our employees throughout the world and also contribute toward ourto other employees’ pensions under defined benefit plans that we do not sponsor. At the end of 2017,2019, the projected benefit obligation of the defined benefit pension plans we sponsor was $12.6$12.2 billion and plan assets were $11.0$11.5 billion.


For defined benefit pension plans that we maintain, the difference between plan obligations and assets, or the funded status of the plans, significantly affects the net periodic benefit costs of our pension plans and the ongoing funding requirements of those plans. Our largest funded defined benefit pension plans are funded with trust assets invested in a globally diversified portfolio of investments, including equities and corporate and government debt. Among other factors, changes in interest rates, mortality rates, early retirement rates, investment returns, funding requirements in the jurisdictions in which the plans operate and the market value of plan assets can affect the level of plan funding, cause volatility in the net periodic pension cost and increaseimpact our future funding requirements. Legislative and other governmental regulatory actions may also increase funding requirements for our pension plans’ benefits obligation. Volatility in the global capital markets may increase the risk that we will be required to make additional cash contributions to thethese company-sponsored pension plans and recognize further increases in our net periodic pension cost.


We also participate in multiemployer pension plans. Our exposureplans for certain U.S. union-represented employees. As a participating employer under thosemultiemployer pension plans, we may extend beyond what our obligation would be with respect to our own employees. Ourowe more than the contributions to a multiemployer plan may increase beyond our bargaining obligations depending on the financial condition of the multiemployer plan and the financial viability of other employers in the plan. We may bewe are required to participate in fundingmake under the unfunded obligations of the plan allocable to a withdrawing employer, and our costs might increase as a result. Further,applicable collective bargaining agreements. For example, if we partially or completely withdraw from a multiemployer pension plan, we may be required to pay a partial or complete withdrawal liability. This withdrawal liability will generally increase if there is also a mass withdrawal of other participating employers or if the plan terminates. (SeeIn 2018, we executed a complete withdrawal from the Bakery and Confectionery Union and Industry International Pension Fund (the "Fund") and recorded a $429 million estimated withdrawal liability. On July 11, 2019, we received an undiscounted withdrawal liability assessment from the Fund totaling $526 million requiring pro-rata monthly payments over 20 years and we recorded a $35 million final adjustment to reduce our withdrawal liability as of June 30, 2019. We began making monthly payments during the third quarter of 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the remaining discounted withdrawal liability was $391 million, with $14 million recorded in other current liabilities and $377 million recorded in long-term other liabilities. See Note 9,11, Benefit Plans, to the consolidated financial statements for more information on our multiemployer pension plans.)


A significant increase in our pension benefit obligations or funding requirements could curtail our ability to invest in the business and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our failure


We face risks related to protectadequately protecting our valuable intellectual property rights could reduce the value of our products and brands.

rights.


We consider our intellectual property rights, particularly and most notably our trademarks, but also our patents, trade secrets, copyrights and licensing agreements, to be a significant and valuable part of our business. We attempt to protect our intellectual property rights by taking advantage of a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws in various countries, as well as licensing agreements, third partythird-party nondisclosure and assignment agreements and policing of third partythird-party misuses and infringement of our intellectual property. Our failure to obtain or adequately protect our intellectual property rights, or any change in law or other changes that serve to lessen or remove the current legal protections of our intellectual property, may diminish our competitiveness and could materially harm our business.

business and financial condition.


We may be unaware of third partypotential third-party claims of intellectual property infringement relating to our technology, brands or products. Any litigation regarding patents or other intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming and could divert management’s and other key personnel’s attention from our business operations. Third partyThird-party claims of intellectual property infringement might require us to pay monetary damages or enter into costly license agreements. We also may be subject to injunctions against development and sale of certain of our products.products, which could include removal of existing products from sale. Any of these occurrences could materially and adversely affect our reputation, brand health, ability to introduce new products or improve the quality of existing products, product sales, financial condition and results of operations.




Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.


None.


Item 2. Properties.


On December 31, 2017,2019, we had approximately 138126 manufacturing and processing facilities in 5144 countries and 108110 distribution centers and depots worldwide.worldwide that we owned or leased. During 2017, we disposed2019, the number of 12 manufacturing facilities decreased by 6 mainly in businessdue to divestitures and we reduced the number of distribution centers we own orfacilities decreased by 13 primarily due to the expiration of lease by 22.agreements and consolidation of facilities. In addition to our owned or leased properties, listed below, we also utilize a highly distributed network of warehouses and distribution centers that are owned or leased by third party logistics partners, contract manufacturers,co-packers or other strategic partners. We believe we have or will add sufficient capacity to meet our planned operating needs. It is our practice to maintain all of our plants and other facilities in good condition.

                                                  
   As of December 31, 2017 
   Number of   Number of 
   Manufacturing   Distribution 
   Facilities   Facilities 

Latin America(1)

   17    3 

AMEA

   49    32 

Europe

   57    14 

North America

   15    59 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   138    108 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Owned

   125    15 

Leased

   13    93 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   138    108 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 As of December 31, 2019
 
Number of
Manufacturing
Facilities
 
Number of
Distribution
Facilities
Latin America (1)
13
 13
AMEA43
 21
Europe55
 23
North America15
 53
Total126
 110
    
Owned118
 13
Leased8
 97
Total126
 110

(1)
Excludes our deconsolidated Venezuela operations. SeeRefer to Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting: Venezuela,for additionalmore information.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.


Information regarding legal proceedings is available in Note 12,14, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements in this report.


Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.


Not applicable.



PART II


Item 5.  Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.


We have listed our Common Stock on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “MDLZ.” At January 31, 2018,2020, there were 52,57244,764 holders of record of our Common Stock. Information regarding the market price

Comparison of our Common Stock and dividends declared during the last two fiscal years is included in Note 17,Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited), to the consolidated financial statements.

Comparison ofFive-Year Cumulative Total Return


The following graph compares the cumulative total return on our Common Stock with the cumulative total return of the S&P 500 Index and the Mondelēz International performance peer group index. The graph assumes, in each case, that an initial investment of $100 is made at the beginning of the five-year period. The cumulative total return reflects market prices at the end of each year and the reinvestment of dividends each year.

As of December 31,

    Mondelēz  
  International  
         S&P 500           Performance  
  Peer Group  
 

2012

  $100.00   $100.00   $100.00 

2013

   141.09    132.39    119.11 

2014

   147.56    150.51    128.15 

2015

   185.03    152.59    131.35 

2016

   186.08    170.84    135.12 

2017

   183.14    208.14    156.68 


stockgraph.jpg
As of December 31, 
  Mondelēz  
  International  
 S&P 500       
  Performance  
  Peer Group  
2014 $100.00
 $100.00
 $100.00
2015 125.39
 101.38
 102.59
2016 126.10
 113.51
 102.96
2017 124.11
 138.29
 120.31
2018 118.82
 132.23
 113.19
2019 166.85
 173.86
 143.50

The Mondelēz International performance peer group consists of the following companies considered our market competitors or that have been selected on the basis of industry, global focus or industry leadership: Campbell Soup Company, TheCoca-Cola Company, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Danone S.A., General Mills, Inc., The Hershey Company, Kellogg Company, The Kraft Heinz Company, Nestlé S.A., PepsiCo, Inc., The Procter & Gamble Company and Unilever PLC. The Kraft Heinz Company performance history is included for 2016 and 2017through 2019 only as the company was formed in 2015.


Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our stock repurchase activity for each of the three months in the quarter ended December 31, 20172019 was:

                                                                        

Period

  Total
Number

of Shares
Purchased (1)
   Average
Price Paid
per Share (1)
   Total Number
of Shares
Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced

Plans or
Programs (2)
   Approximate Dollar Value
of Shares That May Yet
Be Purchased  Under

the Plans or Programs (2)
 

October1-31, 2017

   1,227,255   $41.00    1,219,740   $978,678,089 

November1-30, 2017

   1,310,860    42.78    1,308,300    922,700,280 

December1-31, 2017

   6,510,143    43.08    6,477,334    643,678,089 
  

 

 

     

 

 

   

For the Quarter Ended
December 31, 2017

   9,048,258    42.75    9,005,374   
  

 

 

     

 

 

   

Period 
Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)
 
Average Price Paid per Share (1)
 
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2)
 
Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2)
October 1-31, 2019 1,295,595
 $53.76
 1,281,313
 $3,433
November 1-30, 2019 2,946,093
 52.18
 2,831,683
 3,286
December 1-31, 2019 2,472,223
 54.42
 2,467,098
 3,151
For the Quarter Ended
December 31, 2019
 6,713,911
 53.31
 6,580,094
  
(1)The total number of shares purchased (and the average price paid per share) reflects: (i) shares purchased pursuant to the repurchase program described in (2) below; and (ii) shares tendered to us by employees who used shares to exercise options and to pay the related taxes for grants of restricted stock and deferred stock units that vested, totaling 7,51514,282 shares, 2,560114,410 shares and 32,8095,125 shares for the fiscal months of October, November and December 2017,2019, respectively.


(2)
Dollar values stated in millions. Our Board of Directors has authorized the repurchase of $13.7$19.7 billion of our Common Stock through December 31, 2018.2020. Specifically, on March 12, 2013, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to the lesser of 40 million shares or $1.2 billion of our Common Stock through March 12, 2016. On August 6, 2013, our Audit Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, increased the repurchase program capacity to $6.0 billion of Common Stock repurchases and extended the expiration date to December 31, 2016. On December 3, 2013, our Board of Directors approved an increase of $1.7 billion to the program related to a new accelerated share repurchase program, which concluded in May 2014. On July 29, 2015, our Finance Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, approved a $6.0 billion increase that raised the repurchase program capacity to $13.7 billion and extended the program through December 31, 2018. On January 31, 2018, our Finance Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, approved an increase of $6.0 billion in the share repurchase program, raising the authorization to $19.7 billion of Common Stock repurchases, and extended the program through December 31, 2020. See related information in Note 11,13, Capital Stock.


Item 6.   Selected Financial Data


Mondelēz International, Inc.

Selected Financial Data – Five Year Review(1)

   2017   2016   2015   2014   2013 
   (in millions, except per share and employee data) 

Continuing Operations(2)

          

Net revenues

  $  25,896   $  25,923   $  29,636   $34,244   $35,299 

Earnings from continuing operations, net of taxes

   2,936    1,669    7,291    2,201    2,332 

Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International:

          

Per share, basic

   1.93    1.07    4.49    1.29    1.30 

Per share, diluted

   1.91    1.05    4.44    1.28    1.29 

Cash Flow and Financial Position(3)

          

Net cash provided by operating activities

   2,593    2,838    3,728    3,562    6,410 

Capital expenditures

   1,014    1,224    1,514    1,642    1,622 

Property, plant and equipment, net

   8,677    8,229    8,362    9,827    10,247 

Total assets

   63,109    61,538    62,843    66,771    72,464 

Long-term debt

   12,972    13,217    14,557    13,821    14,431 

Total Mondelēz International shareholders’ equity

   26,111    25,161    28,012    27,750    32,373 

Shares outstanding at year end(4)

   1,488    1,528    1,580    1,664    1,705 

Per Share and Other Data

          

Book value per shares outstanding

   17.55    16.47    17.73    16.68    18.99 

Dividends declared per share(5)

   0.82    0.72    0.64    0.58    0.54 

Common Stock closing price at year end

   42.80    44.33    44.84    36.33    35.30 

Number of employees

   83,000    90,000    99,000    104,000    107,000 

 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
 (in millions, except per share and employee data)
Continuing Operations (2)
         
Net revenues$25,868
 $25,938
 $25,896
 $25,923
 $29,636
Earnings from continuing operations,
   net of taxes
3,885
 3,395
 2,842
 1,645
 7,291
Net earnings attributable to
   Mondelēz International
3,870
 3,381
 2,828
 1,635
 7,267
Per share, basic2.68
 2.30
 1.87
 1.05
 4.49
Per share, diluted2.65
 2.28
 1.85
 1.04
 4.44
Cash Flow and Financial Position (3)
         
Net cash provided by operating activities3,965
 3,948
 2,593
 2,838
 3,728
Capital expenditures925
 1,095
 1,014
 1,224
 1,514
Property, plant and equipment, net8,733
 8,482
 8,677
 8,229
 8,362
Total assets64,549
 62,729
 62,957
 61,506
 62,843
Long-term debt14,207
 12,532
 12,972
 13,217
 14,557
Total Mondelēz International
   shareholders’ equity
$27,275
 $25,637
 $25,994
 $25,141
 $28,012
Shares outstanding at year end (4)
1,435
 1,451
 1,488
 1,528
 1,580
Per Share and Other Data         
Book value per shares outstanding$19.01
 $17.67
 $17.47
 $16.45
 $17.73
Dividends declared per share (5)
$1.09
 $0.96
 $0.82
 $0.72
 $0.64
Common Stock closing price at year end$55.08
 $40.03
 $42.80
 $44.33
 $44.84
Number of employees80,000
 80,000
 83,000
 90,000
 99,000
(1)
The selected financial data should be read in conjunction withManagement’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition andResults of Operations and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form10-K and Annual Reports on Form10-K for earlier periods. During 2018, we moved to a quarter lag for recording Keurig Green Mountain, Inc. ("Keurig") and Keurig Dr Pepper Inc. ("KDP") results and we recast all prior periods since the inception of our investment in Keurig in 2016 on the same quarter lag basis. Please see Note 7, Equity Method Investments, for more information. During 2018, we adopted the new revenue recognition accounting standard update, and it did not have a material impact on any reported periods. See Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for more information. During 2019, we adopted the new lease accounting standard and related updates, and we disclose the impacts to our 2019 financial statements in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. A significant portion of our business is exposed to currency exchange rate fluctuation as a large portion of our assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses must be translated into U.S. dollars for reporting purposes. Refer toManagement’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition andResults of Operations for a discussion of operating results on a constant currency basis where noted.
(2)
Significant items impacting the comparability of our results from continuing operations include:Spin-Off Costs in 2013-2014; restructuring programs in 2013-2017; cost savings initiatives in 2013; the Simplify to Grow Program; the contribution of our global coffee businesses and investment in JDEJacobs Douwe Egberts ("JDE") and related gain in 2015; gain on equity method investment transactions in 2016-2017;2016-2018; other divestitures and sales of property in 2013 and 2015-2017;2015-2019; acquisitions in 20132015-2016 and 2015-2016; the Cadbury acquisition-related Integration Program in 2013-2014; the benefit from the Cadbury acquisition-related indemnification resolution in 2013;2018-2019; losses on debt extinguishment in 2013-2017;2015-2018; unrealized gains on the coffee business transaction currency hedges in 2014-2015;2015; debt tender offers completed in 2013-2016;2015-2016 and 2018; loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela in 2015; the remeasurement of net monetary assets in Venezuela in 2013-2015;2015 and Argentina in 2018-2019; accounting calendar changes in 2013 and 2015; impairment charges related to intangible assets in 2014-2017;2015-2019; losses or gains related to interest rate swaps in 2015-2016; benefits2015-2016 and 2018-2019; impacts from the resolution of tax matters in 2017;2017-2018; impacts from pension participation changes in 2018-2019; CEO transition remuneration in 2017;2017-2019; malware incident incremental expenses in 2017; and our provision for income taxes in all years, including the U.S. tax reform discrete net tax benefitbenefits or expenses in 2017.primarily 2017-2018 and Swiss tax reform net impacts in 2019. Please refer to NotesNote 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies; Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions; Note 5,Leases; Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets; 6,2014-2018 Note 7, Equity Method Investments; Note 8, Restructuring Program; 7,Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements; 8,Note 10, Financial Instruments; 12,Note 11, Benefit Plans; Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies; 14,Note 16, Income Taxes; and 16,Segment Reporting, for additional information regarding items affecting comparability of our results from continuing operations.

and Note 18, Segment Reporting, and our Annual Reports on Form 10-K for earlier periods for additional information regarding items affecting comparability of our results from continuing operations.
(3)Items impacting comparability primarily relate to the Keurig and JDE coffee business transactions in 2014-2016,2015-2016 and the loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela in 2015 and the receipt of net cash proceeds from the resolution of the Starbucks arbitration in 2013. Refer2015. Please also refer to theour previously filed Annual ReportReports on Form10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, for additional information on the resolution of the Starbucks arbitration in 2013. Beginning in 2015, debt issuance costs related to recognized debt liabilities were recorded as a deduction from the related debt obligations instead of as long-term other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. We made this reclassification in the prior periods presented for consistency.information.
(4)
Refer to Note 11,13, Capital Stock, for additional information on our share repurchase program in 2013-2017.activity.
(5)
Refer to theEquity and Dividends section withinManagement’sDiscussion and Analysis of Financial Conditionand Results of Operations for information on our dividends.



Item 7.   Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.


The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements. It should be read in conjunction with the other sections of this Annual Report on Form10-K, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in Item 8,Forward-Looking Statements and Item 1A,Risk Factors.

Description


Overview of the Company

Business and Strategy


We manufacturemake and marketsell primarily snack food products,snacks, including biscuits (cookies, crackers and salted snacks), chocolate, gum & candy, andas well as various cheese & grocery products, as well asand powdered beverage products. We have operations in more thanapproximately 80 countries and sell our products in approximately 160over 150 countries.


We aim to deliver strong, profitablebe the global leader in snacking. Our strategy is to drive long-term growth by focusing on three strategic priorities: accelerating consumer-centric growth, driving operational excellence and creating a winning growth culture. We believe the successful implementation of our core snacksstrategic priorities and the leveraging of our strong foundation of iconic global and local brands, an attractive global footprint, our market leadership in developed and emerging markets, our deep innovation, marketing and distribution capabilities, and our efficiency and sustainability efforts, will drive top- and bottom-line growth, enabling us to continue to create long-term value for our shareholders.

For more detailed information on our business and expandingstrategy, refer to Item 1, Business.

Recent Developments and Significant Items Affecting Comparability

Swiss and U.S. Tax Reform

On August 6, 2019, Switzerland published changes to its Federal tax law in the reachOfficial Federal Collection of Laws. On September 27, 2019, the Zurich Canton published their decision on the September 1, 2019 Zurich Canton public vote regarding the Cantonal changes associated with the Swiss Federal tax law change. The intent of these tax law changes was to replace certain preferential tax regimes with a new set of internationally accepted measures that are hereafter referred to as “Swiss tax reform”. Based on these Federal / Cantonal events, our position is the enactment of Swiss tax reform for U.S. GAAP purposes was met as of September 30, 2019, and we recorded the impacts in the third quarter 2019. The net impact was a benefit of $767 million, which consisted of a $769 million reduction in deferred tax expense from an allowed step-up of intangible assets for tax purposes and remeasurement of our Power Brands globally. To fuel investmentsdeferred tax balances, partially offset by a $2 million indirect tax impact in our Power Brandsselling, general and global and digital reach,administrative expenses. The future rate impacts of these Swiss tax reform law changes are effective starting January 1, 2020. We will continue to monitor Swiss tax reform for any additional interpretative guidance that could result in changes to the amounts we have been working to optimize our cost structure. These efforts include reinventing our supply chain operations and aggressively managing overhead costs. Through these actions, we’re leveraging our brands, platforms and capabilities to drive long-term value and return on investment for our shareholders.

U.S. Tax Reform

recorded.


On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted tax reform legislation ("U.S. tax reform") that included a broad range of business tax provisions, including but not limited to a reduction in the U.S. federal tax rate from 35% to 21%, as well as provisions that limit or eliminate various deductions or credits. The legislation also causes certain U.S. allocated expenses (e.g. interest and general administrative expenses) to be taxed and imposes a new tax on U.S. cross-border payments. Furthermore, the legislation includesincluded aone-time transition tax on accumulated foreign earnings and profits.

In response While clarifying guidance was issued by the U.S. Treasury Department and Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") during 2018 and 2019, we continue to evaluate the enactmentimpacts as additional guidance on implementing the legislation becomes available. The impact of U.S. tax reform, the SEC issued guidance to address the complexity in accounting for this new legislation. When the initial accounting for items underadopting the new legislation is incomplete, the guidance allows us to recognize provisional amounts when reasonable estimates can be made or to continue to apply the priorprovisions was a discrete net tax law ifexpense of $5 million in 2019 and $19 million in 2018 and a reasonable estimate of the impact cannot be made. The SEC has provided up to aone-year window for companies to finalize the accounting for the impacts of this new legislation and we anticipate finalizing our accounting during 2018.

While our accounting for the new U.S. tax legislation is not complete, we have made reasonable estimates for some provisions and recognized a $59 million discrete net tax benefit of $44 million in 2017.


Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for more information on our 2017 financial statements. This net benefit is primarily comprisedannual effective tax rates and Swiss and U.S. tax reform.


Multiemployer Pension Plan Withdrawal

In the United States, we contribute to multiemployer pension plans based on obligations arising from our collective
bargaining agreements. The most individually significant multiemployer plan we participated in prior to the second quarter of 2018 was the Bakery and Confectionery Union and Industry International Pension Fund (the "Fund"). Our obligation to contribute to the Fund arose with respect to 8 collective bargaining agreements covering most of our employees represented by the Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco and Grain Millers Union ("BCTGM"). All of those collective bargaining agreements expired in 2016 and we continued to contribute to the Fund through 2018.

In 2018, we executed a complete withdrawal from the Fund and recorded a $429 million estimated withdrawal liability. On July 11, 2019, we received an undiscounted withdrawal liability assessment from the Fund totaling $526 million requiring pro-rata monthly payments over 20 years and we recorded a $35 million final adjustment to reduce our withdrawal liability as of June 30, 2019. We began making monthly payments during the third quarter of 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the remaining discounted withdrawal liability was $391 million, with $14 million recorded in other current liabilities and $377 million recorded in long-term other liabilities.

Adoption of New Lease Accounting Standard

As further described in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, we adopted the new lease accounting standard on January 1, 2019. The impact of adopting the standard included the initial recognition as of January 1, 2019, of $710 million of lease-related assets and $730 million of lease-related liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. The transition method we elected for adoption required a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2019, which was not material. For additional information on leases, refer to Note 5, Leases.

Keurig Dr Pepper Transaction

On July 9, 2018, Keurig Green Mountain, Inc. ("Keurig") closed on its definitive merger agreement with Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., and formed Keurig Dr Pepper Inc. (NYSE: "KDP"), a publicly traded company. Following the close of the transaction, our 24.2% investment in Keurig together with our shareholder loan receivable became a 13.8% investment in KDP. During 2018, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $778 million (or $586 million after-tax). Also, during the first quarter of 2019, we recognized a $23 million pre-tax gain related to the impact of a $1,311 million provisional deferred tax benefitKDP acquisition that decreased our ownership interest from revaluing13.8% to 13.6%. In connection with the KDP transaction, in the third quarter of 2018, we changed our net U.S. deferred tax liabilitiesaccounting principle to reflect the new U.S. corporate tax rate as well as an additional $61 million provisional deferred tax benefit related to changes in our indefinite reinvestment assertion, partially offset byshare of Keurig's historical and KDP's ongoing earnings on a $1,317 million provisional chargeone-quarter lag basis for the estimated transition tax. However, as of the date of this Form10-K, we are continuing to evaluate the accounting impacts of the legislation, asall periods presented while we continue to assemble and analyze all the information requiredrecord dividends when cash is received. Refer to prepare and analyze these effects and await additional guidance from the U.S. Treasury Department, the IRS or other standard-setting bodies. Additionally, we continue to analyze other information and regulatory guidance, and accordingly we may record additional provisional amounts or adjustments to provisional amounts in future periods. See Note 14,Income Taxes7, Equity Method Investments, for further detailsadditional information on KDP and the impacts of U.S. tax reform.

transaction.


Malware Incident


On June 27, 2017, a global malware incident impacted our business. The malware affected a significant portion of our global sales, distribution and financial networks. InFollowing the last four days of the second quarter and during the third quarter,incident, we executed business continuity and contingency plans to contain the impact, minimize damages and restore our systems environment. We also restored our main operating systems and processes and enhanced our system security. To date, we have not found, nor do we expect to find, any instances of Company or personal data released externally. We have now restored our main operating systems and processes as well as enhanced our system security.


During 2017, we estimate that the loss of revenue as a result ofestimated the malware incident had a negative impact of 0.4% on our net revenue and Organic Net Revenue growth.growth as we recognized the majority of delayed second quarter shipments in our third quarter 2017 results and we also permanently lost some revenue. We also incurred total incremental expenses of $84 million predominantly during the second half of 2017 as part of the recovery effort. We believe theThe recovery from thisthe incident iswas largely resolved by the end of 2017 and we do not expect significant ongoing impacts or incremental expenses from this incident in future periods. We also continue to make progress on ourcontinued efforts to strengthen our security measures and mitigate cybersecurity risk. Refer to ourRisk Factors section for a discussion of potential risks to our operations from cybersecurity threats.

Coffee Business Transactions

JDE Coffee Business Transactions:

On July 2, 2015, we completed transactions to combine our wholly owned coffee businesses with those of D.E Master Blenders 1753 B.V. to create a new company, Jacob Douwe Egberts (“JDE”). In connection with these transactions, in 2015, we recorded a finalpre-tax gain of $6.8 billion ($6.6 billionafter-tax) from the deconsolidation of our legacy coffee businesses. We also recorded approximately $1.0 billion of cumulativepre-tax net gains ($436 million in 2015enhance general information technology, business process and $628 million in 2014) and cash related to currency hedging. See Note 2,Divestitures and AcquisitionsJDE Coffee Business Transactions, for additional details. As further described below, in March 2016, we exchanged a portion of our investment in JDE for an investment in Keurig Green Mountain Inc. (“Keurig”). As of December 31, 2017, we hold a 26.5% voting interest, a 26.4% ownership interest and a 26.2% profit and dividend sharing interest in JDE. We recorded JDE equity earnings of $129 million in 2017 and $100 million in 2016 and equity losses of $58 million in 2015. We also recorded $49 million of cash dividends received during the first quarter of 2017.

Keurig Transaction:

Following the March 3, 2016 Acorn Holdings B.V. acquisition of Keurig, on March 7, 2016, we exchanged a portion of our equity interest in JDE for an interest in Keurig valued at $2.0 billion. We recorded the difference between the fair value of the Keurig interest and our basis in JDE shares as a $43 million gain. Following the exchange, our ownership interest in JDE became 26.5% and we owned a 24.2% interest in Keurig. Our initial $2.0 billion investment in Keurig includes a $1.6 billion Keurig equity interest and a $0.4 billion shareholder loan receivable, which are reported on a combined basis within equity method investments on our consolidated balance sheet. The shareholder loan has a 5.5% interest rate and is payable at the end of a seven-year term on February 27, 2023. We recorded Keurig equity earnings of $208 million in 2017 (of which, approximately $119 million relates to the provisional tax benefit Keurig recorded as a result of U.S. tax reform), and $77 million in 2016. We recorded shareholder loan interest of $24 million in 2017 and $20 million in 2016. Additionally, we received shareholder loan interest payments of $30 million in 2017 and $14 million in 2016 and dividends of $14 million in 2017 and $4 million in 2016. See Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for additional details on the Keurig transaction.

Planned Keurig Dr Pepper Transaction:

On January 29, 2018, we announced that we would exchange our ownership interest in Keurig for equity in Keurig Dr Pepper, which is contingent upon the successful completion of a planned merger of Keurig with Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc. Following the close of the merger inmid-2018, we expect our ownership in Keurig Dr Pepper to be13-14%. We expect to account for this new investment under the equity method as we have for Keurig, resulting in our recognizing our share of their earnings within our earnings and our share of their dividends within our cash flows. We will have the right to nominate two directors to the board of Keurig Dr Pepper and will have certain governance rights over Keurig Dr Pepper following the transaction.

Venezuela Deconsolidation

Effective as of the close of the 2015 fiscal year, we deconsolidated our Venezuelan subsidiaries due to a loss of control over our Venezuelan operations and an other-than-temporary lack of currency exchangeability. We recorded a $778 million pretax loss on December 31, 2015 as we reduced the value of our investment in Venezuela and all Venezuelan receivables held by our other subsidiaries to realizable fair value, resulting in full impairment.

As of the start of 2016, we no longer included net revenues, earnings or net assets of our Venezuelan subsidiaries within our GAAP consolidated financial statements and we excluded Venezuela from ournon-GAAP results for all historical periods presented to facilitate comparisons of operating results. See Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesCurrency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting: Venezuela, for more information on our Venezuela operations, including currency remeasurement losses and the loss on deconsolidation.

disclosure controls.



Summary of Results

Net revenues were approximately $25.9 billion in both 20172019 and 2016,2018, a decrease of 0.1%0.3% in 2019 and an increase of 0.2% in 2018. In 2019, net revenues declined due to the impact of unfavorable currency translation and the impact of the divestiture of most of our cheese business in the Middle East and Africa. Net revenues were positively affected by higher net pricing and favorable volume/mix, as well as the acquisitions of a majority interest in Perfect Snacks in 2019 and a U.S. premium biscuit company, Tate's Bake Shop, in 2018. In 2018, net revenues grew due to higher net pricing and favorable volume/mix. Net revenues were also positively affected by the acquisition of Tate's Bake Shop. Net revenue growth was negatively affected by the impact of unfavorable currency translation and the impact of several business divestitures that occurred in 2017 and a decrease of 12.5% in 2016. Business deconsolidations and divestitureswhich reduced net revenues during 2015-2017, with net revenues in 2016 most significantly affected by2018 as compared to the deconsolidations of our historical coffee business and Venezuelan operations in 2015 as well as significant unfavorable currency translation impacts in 2016 and 2015.prior year.


Organic Net Revenue increased 0.9%4.1% to $25.5$26.9 billion in 20172019 and increased 1.5%2.4% to $26.4$26.1 billion in 2016.2018. In both 2019 and 2018, Organic Net Revenue increased as a result of higher net pricing and favorable volume/mix. Organic Net Revenue is on a constant currency basis and excludes revenue from deconsolidated coffee and Venezuelan operations, divestitures and an acquisition.acquisitions. We use Organic Net Revenue as it provides improved year-over-year comparability of our underlying operating results (see the definition of Organic Net Revenue and our reconciliation with net revenues withinNon-GAAP Financial Measures appearing later in this section).


Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International increased 81.9%16.2% to $1.91$2.65 in 20172019 and decreased 76.4%increased 23.2% to $1.05$2.28 in 2016.2018. Diluted EPS increased in 2017 as2019 primarily driven by the benefit from Swiss tax reform, lapping the prior-year refinancing and higher restructuring activities droveimpact from pension participation changes, operating gains, lower Simplify to Grow program costs, lapping the prior-year loss on debt extinguishment, fewer shares outstanding, a gain on divestiture, an increase in equity method investment earnings, lower interest expense and overheada benefit from current-year pension participation changes, partially offset by lapping the prior-year gain on equity method investment transactions, unfavorable currency translation, a loss related to interest rate swaps, the expense from the resolution of tax matters in 2019 and an unfavorable year-over-year change in mark-to-market impacts from currency and commodity derivatives. Diluted EPS increased in 2018 primarily driven by the after-tax gain on the KDP transaction, a favorable year-over-year change in mark-to-market impacts from currency and commodity derivatives, operating gains, lower costs in 2017. We also recorded benefitsincurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, fewer shares outstanding, lower taxes and increased equity method investment earnings, partially offset by the impact from resolving two local indirectpension participation changes, lapping the benefit from the resolution of tax matters and gains from divestingnon-core businesses during 2017. Diluted EPS was significantly lower in 2016 primarily aslapping a result of the $6.8 billionprior-year net gain recorded in 2015 in connection with the JDE coffee business transactions as well as a number of other significant items that affected the comparability ofon divestitures. See our reported results. See ourDiscussion and Analysis of Historical Resultsappearing later in this section for further details.


Adjusted EPS increased 15.1%2.1% to $2.14$2.47 in 20172019 and increased 21.6%14.2% to $1.86$2.42 in 2016.2018. On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EPS increased 14.5%8.3% to $2.13$2.62 in 20172019 and increased 25.5%15.6% to $1.92$2.45 in 2016. Lower manufacturing costs2018. For 2019, operating gains, fewer shares outstanding, increased equity method investment earnings, lower interest expense and overhead costs, driven by strong productivity efforts, were significant drivers oflower taxes drove the Adjusted EPS growth in both years.growth. For 2018, operating gains, fewer shares outstanding, lower taxes, increased equity method investment earnings and lower interest expense drove the Adjusted EPS growth. Adjusted EPS and Adjusted EPS on a constant currency basis arenon-GAAP financial measures. We use these measures as they provide improved year-over-year comparability of our underlying results (see the definition of Adjusted EPS and our reconciliation with diluted EPS withinNon-GAAP Financial Measures appearing later in this section).



Financial Outlook


We seek to achieve profitable, long-term growth and manage our business to attain this goal using our key operating metrics: Organic Net Revenue, Adjusted Operating Income and Adjusted EPS. We use thesenon-GAAP financial metrics and related computations, such as margins internallyparticularly growth in profit dollars, to evaluate and manage our business and to plan and make near-and long-term operating and strategic decisions. As such, we believe these metrics are useful to investors as they provide supplemental information in addition to our U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”) financial results. We believe providingit is useful to provide investors with the same financial information that we use internally ensures that investors have the same data to make comparisons of our historical operating results, identify trends in our underlying operating results and gain additional insight and transparency on how we evaluate our business. We believe ournon-GAAP financial measures should always be considered in relation to our GAAP results and weresults. We have provided reconciliations between our GAAP andnon-GAAP financial measures withinin Non-GAAP Financial Measures, appearingwhich appears later in this section.


In addition to monitoring our key operating metrics, we monitor a number of developments and trends that could impact our revenue and profitability objectives.


Long-Term Demographics and Consumer Trends – Snack food consumption is highly correlated to GDP growth, urbanization of populations and rising discretionary income levels associated with a growing middle class, particularly in emerging markets. OverSnacking behavior is on the long term, werise around the world according to the first annual “State of Snacking” report, commissioned by Mondelēz International and issued in November 2019, which summarizes the findings from interviews with thousands of consumers across 12 countries. A majority of adults, and an even higher percentage of Millennial consumers, indicated they prefer to eat small bites throughout the day as opposed to larger meals. The report concludes that consumer needs are evolving in response to busy modern lifestyles, the desire for community connections and a more holistic sense of well-being. Also, the way consumers snack and buy snacks around the world is diverse, with consumers purchasing snacks across evolving retail and digital landscapes. We expect these trends to continue leadingand, in order to growth in consumer behaviors such as more frequent, smaller meals, snacking and greater use of convenience foods. We also recognize changing consumer trends such as the increased emphasis on well-being, time compression and wide participation across an evolving retail and digital landscape. To position ourselves for long-term growth, we are investing in our well-being and other snack offerings, product and marketing innovation and new routes to market includinge-commerce.


Demand – We monitor consumer spending and our market share within the food and beverage categories in which we sell our products. In recentOver the last three years, low GDPwe have been seeing improvements in regional economic growth, economic recessionary pressures, weak consumer confidence a historically strong U.S. dollar and changing consumer trends have slowed category andgrowth in our net revenue growth. While we have begun to see some improvements in global economic growth and a weaker U.S. dollar in 2017, there are stillcategories. However, geopolitical and economic uncertainties from time to time may continue to affect economic growth, consumer confidence and category growth. As part of our new strategic plan, we seek to drive category growth continues to be soft. Growth inby offering snack innovations, leveraging our global snacking categories (excluding Venezuela) decreased from approximately 3.4% in 2015local and 2.4% in 2016 to 2.1% in 2017. We continue to makeconsumer-focused commercial approach, making investments in our brand and snacks portfolio, while building strong routes to market to address the needs of consumers in both emerging and developed markets. In doing so, we anticipate drivingmarkets and improving our position across multiple channels. We believe these actions will help drive demand in our categories and growingstrengthen our position in thesepositions across markets.


Volatility of Global Markets – Our growth strategy depends in part on our ability to expand our operations, particularlyincluding in emerging markets. Some emerging markets have greater political, economic and currency volatility and greater vulnerability to infrastructure and labor disruptions than more established markets.disruptions. Volatility in these markets affects demand for and the costs of our products and requires frequent changes in how we operate our business. Refer to Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Venezuela,See below for furthera discussion of these issues and their impactsBrexit as well as Argentina, which was designated a highly inflationary economy in 2018. In addition, the imposition of increased or new tariffs, quotas, trade barriers or similar restrictions on our Venezuela operations. We expect continuedsales or key commodities and potential changes in U.S. trade programs, trade relations, regulations, taxes or fiscal policies might negatively affect our sales or profitability. To help mitigate adverse effects of ongoing volatility across our markets, particularly emerging markets. As such, we are focused on investing in our global Power Brands and routesaim to market while we protect our marginsprofitability through the management of costs (including hedging) and pricing.

pricing as well as targeted investments in our brands and new routes to market.


Coronavirus – We have been monitoring the outbreak of a new coronavirus that originated in China. We believe it could have a negative impact on our results in the short term and we are taking steps to protect our employees, consumers and business.

Competition – We operate in highly competitive markets that include global, regional and local competitors. Our advantaged geographic footprint, operating scale and portfolio of brands have all significantly contributed to building our market-leading positions across most of the product categories in which we sell. To grow and maintain our market positions, we focus on meeting consumer needs and preferences through a local-first commercial focus, new digital and other sales and marketing initiatives, product innovationsinnovation and high standards of product quality. We

also continue to optimize our manufacturing and other operations and invest in our brands through ongoing research and development, advertising, marketing and consumer promotions.


Pricing Our net revenue growth and profitability may be affected as we adjust prices to address new conditions. We adjust our product prices based on a number of variables including demand, the competitive environment and changes in our product input costs. Our net revenue growth and profitability may be affected as we adjust prices to address new conditions. Over 2015-2017, weWe generally have increased prices in response to higher commodity costs, currency and other market factors. In 2018,2020, we anticipate changing market conditions to continue to impact pricing. Price competitionchanges may continue to affect net revenues or market share in the near term as the market adjusts to changes in input costs and other market conditions.


Operating Costs– Our operating costs include raw materials, labor, selling, general and administrative expenses, taxes, currency impacts and financing costs. We manage these costs through cost saving and productivity initiatives, sourcing and hedging programs, pricing actions, refinancing and tax planning. We continue to renegotiate collective bargaining agreements covering eight U.S. facilities that expired beginning in February 2016. We have plans to ensure business continuity during the renegotiations. To remain competitive on our operating structure, we continue to work on programs to expand our profitability, and margins, such as our 2014-2018 RestructuringSimplify to Grow Program, which is designed to bring about significant reductions in our operating cost structure in both our supply chain and overhead costs. Effective

Multiemployer pension plan – In 2018, we executed a complete withdrawal from the Fund and recorded a $429 million estimated withdrawal liability. On July 11, 2019, we received an undiscounted withdrawal liability assessment from the Fund totaling $526 million and we recorded a $35 million final adjustment to reduce our withdrawal liability at that time. During the third quarter of 2019, we began making monthly pro-rata payments on Octoberthe 20-year obligation. As of December 31, 2019, the remaining discounted withdrawal liability was $391 million.

Taxes – During the third quarter of 2019, Swiss Federal and Zurich Cantonal tax events drove our recognition of a $767 million Swiss tax reform net benefit to our results of operations. The future tax rate impacts of the Swiss tax reform law changes became effective on January 1, 2016, we also integrated our EEMEA region operations into our Europe2020 and Asia Pacific operating segments. This change hadare not expected to have a favorablematerial impact on our operating performance dueoverall results of operations. We will continue to greater leverage of our European and AMEA regional businesses and resulting cost structure.

Taxes – Whilemonitor Swiss tax reform for any additional interpretative guidance that could result in changes to the amounts we have recorded. In the United States, while the 2017 U.S. tax reform reduced the U.S. corporate tax rate and included some beneficial depreciation provisions, other provisions couldhave, and in the future will have, an adverse effect on our results. Specifically, new provisions that cause U.S. allocated expenses (e.g. interest and general administrative expenses) to be taxed and impose a tax on U.S. cross-border payments could adversely impact our effective tax rate. We will continue to evaluate the impacts as additional guidance on implementing the legislation becomes available.

While additional guidance has been issued by the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department, there are still some areas that may not be clarified for some time. Also, a number of U.S. states have not updated their laws to take into account the new federal legislation. As a result, there may be additional impacts of the new laws on our future results of operations and financial condition. It is possible that U.S. tax reform or related interpretations could change and have an adverse effect on us that could be material.


Currency– As a global company with 75.8%74.4% of our net revenues generated outside the United States, we are continually exposed to changes in global economic conditions and currency movements. In 2017, the U.S. dollar began to weaken relative to other currencies in whichWhile we operate, while in 2015 and 2016, the U.S. dollar generally was strongerhedge significant forecasted currency exchange transactions as a number of countries experienced significant declines in or devaluations of their currency. The currency movements created volatility in our reported results of operations. Unfavorablewell as currency translation impacts were 12.6 percentage points (or 12.0 percentage points excludingfrom certain net assets of our non-U.S. operations, including the United Kingdom, we cannot fully predict or eliminate all adverse impacts arising from changes in currency impacts related to Venezuela) of the 13.5% net revenue decrease in 2015 and 4.6 percentage points of the 12.5% net revenue decrease in 2016. In 2017, the 0.1% net revenue decrease reflected 0.3 percentage points of favorableexchange rates on our consolidated financial results. To partially offset currency translation impacts arising from our overseas operations, we enter into net investment hedges primarily in the form of local currency-denominated debt, cross-currency swaps and other financial instruments. While we work to mitigate our exposure to currency risks, factors such as continued global and local market volatility, actions by foreign governments, political uncertainty, limited hedging opportunities and other factors could lead to unfavorable currency impacts in the U.S. dollar generally weakened against a numberfuture and could adversely affect our results of currencies this past year.operations or financial position. See additional discussion of Brexit and Argentina below and refer also to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesCurrency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting, and Note 10, Financial Instruments, for additional information on how we manage currency and related risks. As currency movements can make comparisonscomparison of year-over-year operating performance challenging, we isolate the impact of currency and also report growth on a constant currency basis, holding prior-year currency exchange rates constant, so that prior-year and current-year results can be compared on a consistent basis.

Historically,


Brexit – On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom began the withdrawal process from the European Union under the European and U.K. Parliament approved Withdrawal Agreement. During a transition period currently scheduled to end on December 31, 2020, the United Kingdom will effectively remain in the E.U.’s customs union and single market while a trade deal with the European Union is negotiated. The deadline for extending the transition period ends on June 30, 2020. If the transition period is not extended, on December 31, 2020, the United Kingdom will either exit the European Union without a trade deal or will begin a new trade relationship with the European Union.

During the transition period, we have also been exposedcontinue to take protective measures in response to the potential impacts on our results of operations and financial condition. Our exposure to disruptions to our supply chain, the imposition of tariffs and currency devaluation risks impactingin the United Kingdom could result in a material impact to our consolidated revenue, earnings particularly, but not only,and cash flow. In 2019, we generated 8.6% of our net revenues in connection withthe United Kingdom and our Venezuela operations that were deconsolidated at the closesupply chain in this market relies on imports of the 2015 fiscal year. In the months followingraw and packaging materials as well as finished goods. Following the Brexit vote in June 2016, there was significant volatility in the global stock markets and currency exchange rates. The value of the British pound sterling relative to the U.S. dollar declined significantly and negatively affected our translated results reported in U.S. dollars. In December 2017,The volatility in foreign currencies and other markets is expected to continue as the United Kingdom executes its exit from the European Union. If the U.K.'s membership in the European Union terminates without trade and United Kingdom agreed to beginother cross-border operating agreements, there could be increased costs from re-imposition of tariffs on trade negotiations, and we could experience additional volatility in the British pound sterling as the Brexit negotiations move forward.

To partially offset the translation of certain of our overseas operations, includingbetween the United Kingdom we enter into net investment hedges primarilyand other countries, including those in the formEuropean Union, shipping delays because of local currency denominated debtthe need for customs inspections and cross-currency swapsprocedures and othershortages of certain goods. The United Kingdom will also need to negotiate its own tax and trade treaties with countries all over the world, which could take years to complete. If the ultimate terms of the U.K.’s separation from the European Union negatively impact the U.K. economy or result in disruptions to sales or our supply chain, the impact to our results of operations and financial instruments.condition could be material. We generally do not hedge against currency translationhave taken measures to increase our resources in customer service & logistics together with increasing our inventory levels of imported raw materials, packaging and primarily seekfinished goods in the United Kingdom to hedge against economic losses on cross-currency transactions. Due to limited markets for hedging currency transactionshelp us manage through the Brexit transition and other factors, we may not be able to effectively hedge all of our cross-currency transactionthe inherent risks. Local economies, monetary policiesResulting impacts and currency hedging availability can affect our ability to hedge against currency-related economic losses. While we work to mitigate our exposure to currency risks, factors such as continued global and local market volatility actions by foreign governments, political uncertainty, limited hedging opportunities and other factors could lead to unfavorable currency impactscan vary significantly depending on the final terms of the U.K.’s exit from the European Union.


Argentina – as further discussed in the future. We monitor currency-related risks and economies at risk of qualifying for highly inflationary accounting under U.S. GAAP, such as Argentina and Ukraine. While we work to safeguard our business, currency devaluations could adversely affect future demand for our products, our financial results and operations, and our relationships with customers, suppliers and employees in the short or long-term. We may not be able to fully offset the increased risks related to currency devaluations and Brexit, which could impact profitability should the currency-related conditions continue. See Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies– Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting,,onJuly 1, 2018, we began to apply highly inflationary accounting for our Argentinean subsidiaries. As a result, we recorded a remeasurement gain of $4 million in 2019 and Note 8,Financial Instruments, for additional information.

a remeasurement loss of $11 million in 2018 within selling, general and administrative expenses related to the revaluation of the Argentinean peso denominated net monetary position over these periods. The mix of monetary assets and liabilities and the exchange rate to convert Argentinean pesos to U.S. dollars could change over time, so it is difficult to predict the overall impact of the Argentina highly inflationary accounting on future net earnings.


Financing Costs – We regularly evaluate our variable and fixed-rate debt. We continue to uselow-cost, short- and long-term debt to finance our ongoing working capital, capital expenditures and other investments, dividends and share repurchases. We also expect to use existing cash or short-term borrowings to finance the estimated $1.3 billion U.S. tax reform transition tax liability payable through 2026. During 2017, we retired $1.5 billion of long-term debt and issued lower-cost, short-term commercial paper and long-term Swiss franc debt. During 2016, we retired $6.2 billion of our long-term debt and issued lower-cost, long-term euro, Swiss franc and U.S. dollar-denominated debt. Our weighted-average interest rate on our total debt as of December 31, 20172019 was 2.1%2.2%, down from 2.2%2.3% as of December 31, 20162018 and downup from 3.7%2.1% as of December 31, 2015.2017, primarily reflecting changes in our interest rates on commercial paper borrowings over these periods. We also continue to use interest rate swaps and other financial instruments to manage our exposure to interest rate and cash flow variability, protect the value of our existing currency assets and liabilities and protect the value of our debt. For example, through February 8, 2018, we enteredWe also enter into cross-currency interest rate swaps and forwards with an aggregate notional value of $3.2 billion to hedge ournon-U.S. net investments against adverse movements in exchange rates. We designated these swaps and forwards asOur net investment hedges relatedhedge derivative contracts have had and are expected to our operations in our Europe and AMEA regions. We expecthave a favorable impact on our prospective financing costs as weand reduce some of the financing costs and related currency impacts within our interest costs. Refer to Note 7,9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, and Note 8,10, Financial Instruments, for additional information on our debt and derivative activity.


Cybersecurity Risks In 2017, the malware incident impacted our operating systems and results. We continue to devote focused resources to network security, backup and disaster recovery, enhanced training and other security measures to protect our systems and data. We also focus on enhancing the monitoring and detection of threats in our environment, including but not limited to the manufacturing environment and operational technologies, as well as adjusting information security controls based on updated threats. While we have taken a number of security measures to protect our systems and data, security measures cannot provide absolute certainty or guarantee that we will be successful in preventing or responding to every breach or disruption on a timely basis.


Discussion and Analysis of Historical Results


Items Affecting Comparability of Financial Results


The following table includes significant income or (expense) items that affected the comparability of our results of operations and our effective tax rates. Please refer to the notes to the consolidated financial statements indicated below for more information. Refer also to theConsolidated Results of Operations– Net Earnings and Earnings per Share Attributable to MondelēMondelēz International table for theafter-tax per share impacts of these items.

                                                                        
      For the Years Ended December 31, 
   See Note  2017  2016  2015 
      (in millions, except percentages) 

JDE coffee business transactions:

   Note 2    

Gain on contribution

   $  $  $6,809 

Incremental costs for readying the businesses

          (278

Currency-related hedging net gains(1)

          436 

Venezuela:

   Note 1    

Historical operating income(2)

          266 

Remeasurement of net monetary assets:

     

Q1 2015: 11.50 to 12.00 bolivars to the U.S. dollar

          (11

Loss on deconsolidation

          (778

2014-2018 Restructuring Program:

   Note 6    

Restructuring charges

    (535  (714  (711

Implementation charges

    (257  (372  (291

Gain on equity method investment transactions(3)

   Note 2   40   43    

Loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses

   Note 7   (11  (427  (753

Loss related to interest rate swaps

   Note 7 & 8      (97  (34

CEO transition remuneration(4)

   See (4) below   (14      

Intangible asset impairment charges

   Note 5   (109  (137  (71

Divestitures, acquisitions and sales of property

   Note 2    

Gain on sale of intangible assets

       15    

Net gain on divestitures

    186   9   13 

Divestiture-related costs(5)

    (34  (86   

Acquisition-related costs

       (1  (8

Other acquisition integration costs

    (3  (7  (9

Gains on sales of property

       46    

Mark-to-market (losses)/gains from derivatives(6)

   Note 8   (96  (94  56 

Benefits from the resolution of tax matters(7)

   Note 12   281       

Malware incident incremental expenses

    (84      

U.S. tax reform discrete net tax benefit (8)

   Note 14   59       

Effective tax rate

   Note 14   22.0%   8.9%   7.5% 

   For the Years Ended December 31,
 See Note 2019 2018 2017
   (in millions, except percentages)
Simplify to Grow ProgramNote 8      
Restructuring Charges  $(176) $(316) $(535)
Implementation Charges  (272) (315) (257)
Intangible asset impairment chargesNote 6 (57) (68) (109)
Mark-to-market gains/(losses) from derivatives (1)
Note 10 90
 142
 (96)
Malware incident incremental expenses  
 
 (84)
Acquisition and divestiture-related costsNote 2      
Acquisition integration costs  
 (3) (3)
Acquisition-related costs  (3) (13) 
Divestiture-related costs  (6) 1
 (34)
Net gain on divestitures  44
 
 186
Remeasurement of net monetary position  4
 (11) 
Impact from pension participation changes (1)
Note 11 29
 (429) 
Impact from resolution of tax mattersNote 14 (85) 11
 281
CEO transition remuneration (2)
  (9) (22) (14)
(Loss)/gain related to interest rate swapsNote 9 & 10 (111) 10
 
Loss on debt extinguishmentNote 9 
 (140) (11)
Swiss tax reform net impactsNote 16 767
 
 
U.S. tax reform discrete net tax impactsNote 16 (5) (19) 44
Net (loss)/gain on equity method
   investment transactions (3)
Note 7 (2) 778
 40
Equity method investee acquisition-related
   and other (charges)/benefits (4)
  (61) 54
 (69)
Effective tax rateNote 16 0.1% 27.2% 21.3%
(1)To lockIncludes impacts recorded in an expected U.S. dollar value of the cash to be received in euros upon closing of the JDE coffee business transactions, we entered into currency exchange forward contracts beginning in May 2014, when the transaction was announced. We recognized related currency hedging net gains of $436 million in 2015. See Note 2,Divestituresoperating income and Acquisitions,for more information on the JDE coffee business transactionsinterest expense and related hedging transactions.other, net.
(2)Excludes
Please see the impactNon-GAAP Financial Measures section at the end of remeasurement losses and 2014-2018 Restructuring Program charges that are shown separately.this item for additional information.
(3)The gainnet gain/(loss) on equity method investment transactions is recorded outside ofpre-tax operating results on the consolidated statement of earnings.
(4)Please see theNon-GAAP Financial Measures section at the endAmount for 2018 primarily relates to a deferred tax benefit Keurig recorded as a result of this item for additional discussion of CEO transition remuneration.
(5)Divestiture-related costs in 2017 totaled $34 million ($31 million in operating income and $3 million in interest and other expense, net).
(6)Unrealized gains or losses on commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives. 2015 amounts exclude coffee commodity and currency derivative impacts that are included within the coffee operating results throughout the following sections.
(7)Refer to Note 12,Commitments and Contingencies – Tax Matters, for more information. Primarily includes the reversal of tax liabilities in connection with the resolution of a Brazilian indirect tax matter and settlement ofpre-acquisition Cadbury tax matters.
(8)Refer to Note 14,Income Taxes, for more information on the impact of the U.S. tax reform.



Consolidated Results of Operations


The following discussion compares our consolidated results of operations for 20172019 with 20162018 and 20162018 with 2015.

20172017.


2019 compared with 2016

2018
                                                                        
   For the Years Ended
December 31,
         
   2017   2016   $ change   % change 
   (in millions, except per share data)     

Net revenues

  $25,896   $25,923   $(27)    (0.1)% 

Operating income

   3,506    2,569    937    36.5% 

Earnings from continuing operations

   2,936    1,669    1,267    75.9% 

Net earnings attributable to
Mondelēz International

   2,922    1,659    1,263    76.1% 

Diluted earnings per share attributable to
Mondelēz International

   1.91    1.05    0.86    81.9% 

 For the Years Ended
December 31,
    
 2019 2018 $ change % change
 (in millions, except per share data)  
Net revenues$25,868
 $25,938
 $(70) (0.3)%
Operating income3,843
 3,312
 531
 16.0 %
Earnings from continuing operations3,885
 3,395
 490
 14.4 %
Net earnings attributable to
   Mondelēz International
3,870
 3,381
 489
 14.5 %
Diluted earnings per share attributable to
   Mondelēz International
2.65
 2.28
 0.37
 16.2 %

Net Revenues– Net revenues decreased $27$70 million (0.1%(0.3%) to $25,896$25,868 million in 2017,2019, and Organic Net Revenue (1) increased $220$1,067 million (0.9%(4.1%) to $25,490$26,879 million. Power Brands net revenues increased 2.9%, including a favorable currency impact, and Power Brands Organic Net Revenue increased 2.1%. Emerging markets net revenues increased 3.7%0.2%, including a favorablean unfavorable currency impact, and emerging markets Organic Net Revenue increased 3.6%7.7%. The underlying changes in net revenues and Organic Net Revenue are detailed below:


 20172019

Change in net revenues (by percentage point)

 

Total change in net revenues

(0.3(0.1))%

Add back the following items affecting comparability:

Favorable currency

(0.3)pp 

Unfavorable currency

4.5 pp
Impact of acquisition

divestiture
0.3 (0.2)pp

Impact of divestitures

acquisitions
(0.41.5pp)pp

Total change in Organic Net Revenue(1)

4.1 0.9%%

Higher net pricing

2.2 1.5pppp

UnfavorableFavorable volume/mix

1.9 (0.6)pp

(1)
Please see theNon-GAAP Financial Measures section at the end of this item.


Net revenue declinedecrease of 0.1%0.3% was driven by unfavorable currency and the impact of divestitures,a divestiture, partially offset by our underlying Organic Net Revenue growth of 0.9%, favorable currency4.1% and the impact of an acquisition.acquisitions. Unfavorable currency impacts decreased net revenues by $1,154 million, due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to most currencies, including the Argentinean peso, euro, Brazilian real, British pound sterling, Australian dollar, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee, Turkish lira and South African rand. The impact of divestituresthe divestiture of most of our cheese business in the Middle East and Africa on May 28, 2019 resulted in a year-over-year decline in net revenues of $383 million for 2017.$71 million. Our underlying Organic Net Revenue increasegrowth was driven by higher net pricing partially offset by unfavorableand favorable volume/mix. Net pricing was up, which includes the benefit of carryover pricing from 20162018 as well as the effects of input cost-driven pricing actions taken during 2017.2019. Higher net pricing was reflected in Latin America, North America and AMEA as net pricing in Europe was flat. Favorable volume/mix was reflected in Europe and AMEA, partially offset by lower net pricingunfavorable volume/mix in NorthLatin America and Europe. Unfavorable volume/mix was reflected in all segments except Europe, in part due to expected shipments that we did not realize following the second quarter malware incident. Favorable year-over-year currency impacts increased net revenues by $77 million, due primarily to the strength of several currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, including the Brazilian real, euro, Russian ruble, Australian dollar, Indian rupee and South African rand, partially offset by the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to several currencies, including the Egyptian pound, British pound sterling, Argentinean peso, Nigerian naira, Turkish lira, Philippine peso and Chinese yuan.North America. The November 2, 2016July 16, 2019 acquisition of a businessmajority interest in Perfect Snacks added net revenues of $53 million and license to manufacture, market and sell Cadbury-branded biscuits in additional key marketsthe June 7, 2018 acquisition of Tate’s Bake Shop added $59 million (constant currency basis) of incremental net revenues of $35 million in 2019. Refer to Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, for 2017.

more information.


Operating Income– Operating income increased $937$531 million (36.5%(16.0%) to $3,506$3,843 million in 2017,2019, Adjusted Operating Income(1) increased $376 decreased $38 million (9.9%(0.9%) to $4,178$4,264 million and Adjusted Operating Income on a constant currency basis (1) increased $376$189 million (9.9%(4.4%) to $4,178$4,491 million due to the following:

                                    
   Operating     
   Income   Change 
   (in millions)     

Operating Income for the Year Ended December 31, 2016

  $2,569   

2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs(2)

   1,086   

Intangible asset impairment charges(3)

   137   

Mark-to-market losses from derivatives(4)

   94   

Acquisition integration costs(5)

   7   

Acquisition-related costs(5)

   1   

Divestiture-related costs(6)

   86   

Operating income from divestitures(6)

   (153  

Gain on divestiture(6)

   (9  

Gain on sale of intangible assets(7)

   (15  

Other/rounding

   (1  
  

 

 

   

Adjusted Operating Income(1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2016

  $3,802   

Higher net pricing

   370   

Higher input costs

   (173  

Unfavorable volume/mix

   (160  

Lower selling, general and administrative expenses

   405   

Gains on sales of property in 2016(8)

   (46  

VAT-related settlement in 2016

   (54  

Property insurance recovery

   27   

Impact from acquisition(8)

   8   

Other

   (1  
  

 

 

   

Total change in Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency)(1)

   376    9.9% 

Currency translation

      
  

 

 

   

Total change in Adjusted Operating Income(1)

   376    9.9% 
  

 

 

   

Adjusted Operating Income(1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2017

  $4,178   

2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs(2)

   (792  

Intangible asset impairment charges(3)

   (109  

Mark-to-market losses from derivatives(4)

   (96  

Malware incident incremental expenses

   (84  

Acquisition integration costs(5)

   (3  

Divestiture-related costs(6)

   (31  

Operating income from divestitures(6)

   61   

Net gain on divestitures(6)

   186   

Benefits from resolution of tax matters(9)

   209   

CEO transition remuneration

   (14  

Other/rounding

   1   
  

 

 

   

Operating Income for the Year Ended December 31, 2017

  $3,506    36.5% 
  

 

 

   

  Operating
Income
 Change
  (in millions)  
Operating Income for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 $3,312
  
Simplify to Grow Program (2)
 626
  
Intangible asset impairment charges (3)
 68
  
Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (4)
 (141)  
Acquisition integration costs (5)
 3
  
Acquisition-related costs (6)
 13
  
Divestiture-related costs (6)
 (1)  
Operating income from divestitures (6)
 (19)  
Remeasurement of net monetary position (7)
 11
  
Impact from pension participation changes (8)
 423
  
Impact from resolution of tax matters (9)
 (15)  
CEO transition remuneration (1)
 22
  
Adjusted Operating Income (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
 $4,302
  
Higher net pricing 576
  
Higher input costs (340)  
Favorable volume/mix 140
  
Higher selling, general and administrative expenses (173)  
VAT-related settlements (32)  
Impact from acquisitions (6)
 6
  
Other 12
  
Total change in Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency) (1)
 189
 4.4 %
Unfavorable currency translation (227)  
Total change in Adjusted Operating Income (1)
 (38) (0.9)%
Adjusted Operating Income (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2019
 $4,264
  
Simplify to Grow Program (2)
 (442)  
Intangible asset impairment charges (3)
 (57)  
Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (4)
 91
  
Acquisition-related costs (6)
 (3)  
Divestiture-related costs (6)
 (6)  
Operating income from divestiture (6)
 9
  
Net gain on divestiture (6)
 44
  
Remeasurement of net monetary position (7)
 4
  
Impact from pension participation changes (8)
 35
  
Impact from resolution of tax matters (9)
 (85)  
CEO transition remuneration (1)
 (9)  
Swiss tax reform impact (10)
 (2)  
Operating Income for the Year Ended December 31, 2019 $3,843
 16.0 %
(1)
Refer to theNon-GAAP Financial Measuressection at the end of this item.
(2)
Refer to Note 8, Restructuring Program, for more information.
(3)
Refer to Note 6,2014-2018 Restructuring Program, for more information.
(3)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, and Note 5,Goodwill and Intangible Assets,, for more information on trademarkintangible asset impairments.
(4)
Refer to Note 8,10, Financial Instruments, Note 16,18, Segment Reporting, andNon-GAAP Financial Measures appearing later insection at the end of this sectionitem for more information on the unrealized gains/losses on commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives.
(5)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions,our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 for more information on the acquisition of a biscuit business in Vietnam.

(6) Refer to Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the July 16, 2019 acquisition of a majority interest in Perfect Snacks, the May 28, 2019 divestiture of most of our cheese business in the Middle East and Africa and the June 7, 2018 acquisition of Tate's Bake Shop.
(6)
(7)
Refer to Note 2,Divestitures1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and AcquisitionsHighly Inflationary Accounting, for information on our application of highly inflationary accounting for Argentina.
(8)
Refer to Note 11, Benefit Plans, for more information on the 2017 sales of a confectionery business in France, a grocery business in Australia and New Zealand, certain licenses ofKHC-owned brands used in our grocery business within our Europe region, sale of one of our equity method investments and sale of a confectionary business in Japan. Additionally, the 2016 amount includes a sale of a confectionery business in Costa Rica.information.
(7)
(9)
Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the 2016 intangible asset sale in Finland.

(8)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the 2016 purchase of a license to manufacture, market and sell Cadbury-branded biscuits in additional key markets and other property sales in 2016.
(9)Refer to Note 12,14, Commitments and Contingencies – Tax Matters, for more information. Primarily includes the reversal of tax liabilities in connection with the resolution of a Brazilian indirect tax matter and settlement ofpre-acquisition Cadbury tax matters.

(10) Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for more information on Swiss tax reform.

During 2017,2019, we realized higher net pricing, whilewhich was partially offset by increased input costs increased modestly.costs. Higher net pricing, which included the carryover impact of pricing actions taken in 20162018 as well as the effects of input cost-driven pricing actions taken during 2017,2019, was driven byreflected in Latin America, North America and AMEA partially offset by loweras net pricing in North America and Europe.Europe was flat. The increase in input costs was driven by higher raw material costs, which were partially offset by lower manufacturing costs due to productivity. Unfavorableproductivity efforts. Higher raw material costs were in part due to higher currency exchange transaction costs on imported materials, as well as higher packaging, energy, dairy, grains, cocoa and oils costs, partially offset by lower costs for sugar and nuts. Favorable volume/mix was driven by North America, Latin AmericaEurope and AMEA, which was partially offset by favorableunfavorable volume/mix in Europe.

Latin America and North America.


Total selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $629$339 million from 2016,2018, due to a number of factors noted in the table above, including in part, the benefitslapping of the prior-year impact from pension participation changes, favorable currency impact, the benefit from current-year pension participation changes, favorable change in remeasurement on net monetary position in Argentina (remeasurement gain in 2019 as compared to a remeasurement loss in 2018), the lapping of a prior-year expense from the resolution of a tax matter, lower CEO transition remuneration and lower acquisition-related costs. These decreases were partially offset by the expenses from the resolution of tax matters lowerin 2019, higher implementation costs incurred for the 2014-2018 Restructuring Program, lower divestiture-related costs,Simplify to Grow program, the impact of acquisitions, the lapping of a property insurance recovery in AMEA and lower intangible asset impairment charges. The decreases were partially offset by gains on sales of property in 2016, unfavorable currency impact, Value-addedbenefit from a prior-year value-added tax (“VAT”) related settlementssettlement, a VAT cost settlement in 20162019 and incremental expenses incurred due to the malware incident.

higher divestiture-related costs. Excluding thethese factors, noted above, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $405increased $173 million from 2016.2018. The decreaseincrease was driven primarily by lower overhead costshigher overheads reflecting route-to-market investments and lowerhigher advertising and consumer promotion costs due to continued cost reduction effortscosts.


We recorded an expense of $11 million from a VAT-related settlement in both areas.

CurrencyLatin America in 2019 and a benefit of $21 million from a VAT-related settlement in Latin America in 2018. Unfavorable currency changes during the year did not impactdecreased operating income asby $227 million due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to severalmost currencies, including the Egyptian pound,euro, Argentinean peso, British pound sterling, and Argentinean peso, was offset by the strength of several currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, including the euro, Brazilian real, Russian ruble, Australian dollar, Chinese yuan and Indian rupee and South African rand.

rupee.


Operating income margin increased from 9.9%12.8% in 20162018 to 13.5%14.9% in 2017.2019. The increase in operating income margin was driven primarily by an increase in our Adjusted Operating Income margin,the lapping of the prior-year impact from pension participation changes, lower 2014-2018 RestructuringSimplify to Grow Program costs, a gain on divestiture, the benefitsbenefit from current-year pension participation changes, the lapping of a prior-year expense from the resolution of a tax matter and lower CEO transition remuneration, partially offset by the expenses from the resolution of tax matters in 2019 and the net gain on divestituresyear-over-year unfavorable change in mark-to-market gains/(losses) from currency and lower divestiture-related costs, partially offset by incremental costs related to the malware incident and CEO transition remuneration costs.commodity hedging activities. Adjusted Operating Income margin increaseddecreased from 15.0%16.7% in 20162018 to 16.3%16.5% in 2017.2019. The increasedecrease in Adjusted Operating Income margin was driven primarily by lower overheadshigher raw material costs, mostly offset by higher pricing and lower advertising and consumer promotion costs due to continued cost reduction efforts in both areas.

manufacturing costs.




Net Earnings and Earnings per Share Attributable to MondelēMondelēz International– Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International of $2,922$3,870 million increased by $1,263$489 million (76.1%(14.5%) in 2017.2019. Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International was $1.91$2.65 in 2017,2019, up $0.86 (81.9%$0.37 (16.2%) from 2016.2018. Adjusted EPS(1) was $2.14$2.47 in 2017,2019, up $0.28 (15.1%$0.05 (2.1%) from 2016.2018. Adjusted EPS on a constant currency basis(1) was $2.13$2.62 in 2017,2019, up $0.27 (14.5%$0.20 (8.3%) from 2016.

2018.
                  
   Diluted EPS 

Diluted EPS Attributable to Mondelēz International for the Year Ended December 31, 2016

  $1.05 

2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs (2)

   0.51 

Intangible asset impairment charges(2)

   0.06 

Mark-to-market losses from derivatives(2)

   0.05 

Acquisition integration costs(2)

   0.01 

Divestiture-related costs(2)

   0.05 

Net earnings from divestitures(2)

   (0.08

Gain on sale of intangible assets(2)

   (0.01

Loss related to interest rate swaps(3)

   0.04 

Loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses(4)

   0.17 

Gain on equity method investment transaction(5)

   (0.03

Equity method investee acquisition-related and other adjustments (6)

   0.04 
  

 

 

 

Adjusted EPS (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2016

  $1.86 

Increase in operations

   0.22 

Increase in equity method investment net earnings

   0.02 

Gains on sales of property in 2016(2)

   (0.02

VAT-related settlements in 2016

   (0.04

Property insurance recovery

   0.01 

Impact from acquisition (2)

    

Lower interest and other expense, net(7)

   0.08 

Changes in shares outstanding(8)

   0.05 

Changes in income taxes (9)

   (0.05
  

 

 

 

Adjusted EPS (constant currency) (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2017

  $2.13 

Favorable currency translation

   0.01 
  

 

 

 

Adjusted EPS(1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2017

  $2.14 

2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs (2)

   (0.39

Intangible asset impairment charges(2)

   (0.05

Mark-to-market losses from derivatives(2)

   (0.06

Malware incident incremental expenses

   (0.04

Acquisition integration costs(2)

    

Divestiture-related costs(2)

   (0.02

Net earnings from divestitures(2)

   0.03 

Net gain on divestitures(2)

   0.11 

Benefits from resolution of tax matters(2)

   0.13 

CEO transition remuneration

   (0.01

U.S. tax reform discrete net tax benefit(10)

   0.04 

Gain on equity method investment transaction(11)

   0.02 

Equity method investee acquisition-related and other adjustments (6)

   0.01 
  

 

 

 

Diluted EPS Attributable to Mondelēz International for the Year Ended December 31, 2017

  $1.91 
  

 

 

 

 Diluted EPS
  
Diluted EPS Attributable to Mondelēz International for the Year Ended December 31, 2018$2.28
Simplify to Grow Program (2)
0.32
Intangible asset impairment charges (2)
0.03
Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (2)
(0.09)
Acquisition integration costs (2)

Acquisition-related costs (2)
0.01
Divestiture-related costs (2)

Net earnings from divestitures (2)
(0.01)
Remeasurement of net monetary position (2)
0.01
Impact from pension participation changes (2)
0.22
Impact from resolution of tax matters (2)
(0.01)
CEO transition remuneration (2)
0.01
Net gain related to interest rate swaps (3)
(0.01)
Loss on debt extinguishment (4)
0.07
U.S. tax reform discrete net tax expense (5)
0.01
Gain on equity method investment transaction (6)
(0.39)
Equity method investee acquisition-related and other charges/(benefits) (7)
(0.03)
Adjusted EPS (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
$2.42
Increase in operations0.11
Increase in equity method investment net earnings0.02
VAT-related settlements(0.01)
Changes in interest and other expense, net (8)
0.02
Changes in income taxes (9)
0.01
Changes in shares outstanding (10)
0.05
Adjusted EPS (constant currency) (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2019
$2.62
Unfavorable currency translation(0.15)
Adjusted EPS (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2019
$2.47
Simplify to Grow Program (2)
(0.24)
Intangible asset impairment charges (2)
(0.03)
Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (2)
0.05
Divestiture-related costs (2)
(0.01)
Net earnings from divestiture (2)
0.01
Net gain on divestiture (2)
0.03
Impact from pension participation changes (2)
0.02
Impact from resolution of tax matters (2)
(0.05)
CEO transition remuneration (2)
(0.01)
Loss related to interest rate swaps (3)
(0.08)
Swiss tax reform net impacts (5)
0.53
U.S. tax reform discrete net tax expense (5)

Net loss on equity method investment transactions (6)
(0.01)
Equity method investee acquisition-related and other (charges)/benefits (7)
(0.03)
Diluted EPS Attributable to Mondelēz International for the Year Ended December 31, 2019$2.65
(1)
Refer to theNon-GAAP Financial Measuressection appearing later in this section.
(2)
See theOperating Incometable above and the related footnotes for more information.

(3)
Refer to Note 10, Financial Instruments, for information on interest rate swaps no longer designated as cash flow hedges.
(3)
(4)
Refer to Note 8,Financial Instruments9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for more information on our interest rate swaps, which we no longer designate as cash flow hedges effective the first quarter of 2016 due to changes in financing and hedging plans.losses on debt extinguishment.
(4)
(5)
Refer to Note 7,Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for more information on our loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses in connection with our debt tender offers.
(5)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions – Keurig Transaction16, Income Taxes, for more information on the 2016 acquisitionimpacts of an interest in Keurig.U.S. and Swiss tax reform.

(6)
Refer to Note 7, Equity Method Investments, for more information on the gain and net loss on equity method investment transactions.
(7)Includes our proportionate share of unusual or infrequent items, such as acquisition and divestiture-related costs, restructuring program costs and discrete U.S. tax reform impacts recorded by our JDE and Keurig equity method investees.
(7)
(8)Excludes the currency impact on interest expense related to ournon-U.S. dollar-denominated debt which is included in currency translation.
(8)
(9)
Refer to Note 10,Stock Plans, for more information on our equity compensation programs, Note 11,Capital Stock, for more information on our share repurchase program and Note 15,Earnings Per Share, for earnings per share weighted-average share information.
(9)Refer to Note 14,16, Income Taxes, for more information on the items affecting income taxes.
(10)Refer to Note 14,Income Taxes, for more information on the impact of the U.S. tax reform.
(11)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the 2017 sale of an interest in one of our equity method investments.

2016

(10) Refer to Note 12, Stock Plans, for more information on our equity compensation programs and share repurchase program and Note 17, Earnings per Share, for earnings per share weighted-average share information.





2018 compared with 2015

2017
                                                                        
   For the Years Ended
December 31,
         
   2016   2015   $ change   % change 
   (in millions, except per share data)     

Net revenues

  $25,923   $29,636   $(3,713   (12.5)% 

Operating income

   2,569    8,897    (6,328   (71.1)% 

Earnings from continuing operations

   1,669    7,291    (5,622   (77.1)% 

Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International

   1,659    7,267    (5,608   (77.2)% 

Diluted earnings per share attributable to
Mondelēz International

   1.05    4.44    (3.39   (76.4)% 

 For the Years Ended
December 31,
    
 2018 2017 $ change % change
 (in millions, except per share data)  
Net revenues$25,938
 $25,896
 $42
 0.2 %
Operating income3,312
 3,462
 (150) (4.3)%
Earnings from continuing operations3,395
 2,842
 553
 19.5 %
Net earnings attributable to
   Mondelēz International
3,381
 2,828
 553
 19.6 %
Diluted earnings per share attributable to
   Mondelēz International
2.28
 1.85
 0.43
 23.2 %

Net Revenues– Net revenues decreased $3,713increased $42 million (12.5%(0.2%) to $25,923$25,938 million in 2016,2018, and Organic Net Revenue(1) increased $390$609 million (1.5%(2.4%) to $26,411$26,103 million. Power Brands net revenues decreased 10.9%, primarily due to the deconsolidation of our historical coffee business, unfavorable currency and the deconsolidation of our historical Venezuelan operations, and Power Brands Organic Net Revenue increased 3.3%. Emerging markets net revenues decreased 19.1%0.5%, primarily due to the deconsolidation of our historical Venezuelan operations,including an unfavorable currency and the deconsolidation of our historical coffee business,impact, and emerging markets Organic Net Revenue increased 2.7%5.9%. The underlying changes in net revenues and Organic Net Revenue are detailed below:

 20162018

Change in net revenues (by percentage point)

 

Total change in net revenues

0.2 (12.5)%

Add back of the following items affecting comparability:

Historical coffee business(1)

5.6pp 

Unfavorable currency

1.4 4.8pppp

Historical Venezuelan operations(2)

Impact of acquisition
(0.23.7pp)pp

Impact of accounting calendar change

0.3pp

Impact of acquisitions

(0.4)pp

Impact of divestitures

1.0 pp

Total change in Organic Net Revenue(3)(1)

2.4 1.5%%

Higher net pricing

1.3 1.6pppp

UnfavorableFavorable volume/mix

1.1 (0.1)pp

(1)Includes our historical global coffee business prior
Please see the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section at the end of this item.

Net revenue increase of 0.2% was driven by our underlying Organic Net Revenue growth of 2.4% and the impact of an acquisition, mostly offset by unfavorable currency and the impact of divestitures. Our underlying Organic Net Revenue growth was driven by higher net pricing and favorable volume/mix. Net pricing was up, which includes the benefit of carryover pricing from 2017 as well as the effects of input cost-driven pricing actions taken during 2018. Higher net pricing was reflected in Latin America, AMEA and North America, partially offset by lower net pricing in Europe. Favorable volume/mix was reflected in Europe and AMEA, partially offset by unfavorable volume/mix in Latin America and North America. The June 7, 2018 acquisition of a U.S. premium biscuit company, Tate’s Bake Shop, added net revenues of $52 million in 2018. Unfavorable currency impacts decreased net revenues by $343 million, due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to several other currencies, including the Argentinean peso, Brazilian real, Russian ruble, Indian rupee and Turkish lira, partially offset by the strength of several currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, including the euro, British pound sterling and Chinese yuan. Businesses divested in 2019 and 2017 resulted in a decline in net revenues of $276 million. Refer to Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information.



Operating Income – Operating income decreased $150 million (4.3%) to $3,312 million in 2018, Adjusted Operating Income (1) increased $214 million (5.2%) to $4,302 million and Adjusted Operating Income on a constant currency basis (1) increased $269 million (6.6%) to $4,357 million due to the following:

  Operating
Income
 Change
  (in millions)  
Operating Income for the Year Ended December 31, 2017 $3,462
  
Simplify to Grow Program (2)
 777
  
Intangible asset impairment charges (3)
 109
  
Mark-to-market losses from derivatives (4)
 96
  
Malware incident incremental expenses 84
  
Acquisition integration costs (5)
 3
  
Divestiture-related costs (6)
 31
  
Operating income from divestitures (6)
 (92)  
Net gain on divestitures (6)
 (186)  
Impact from resolution of tax matters (7)
 (209)  
CEO transition remuneration (1)
 14
  
Other/rounding (1)  
Adjusted Operating Income (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2017
 $4,088
  
Higher net pricing 322
  
Higher input costs (26)  
Favorable volume/mix 48
  
Higher selling, general and administrative expenses (75)  
VAT-related settlement in 2018 21
  
Property insurance recovery in 2017 (27)  
Impact from acquisition (6)
 7
  
Other (1)  
Total change in Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency) (1)
 269
 6.6 %
Unfavorable currency translation (55)  
Total change in Adjusted Operating Income (1)
 214
 5.2 %
Adjusted Operating Income (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
 $4,302
  
Simplify to Grow Program (2)
 (626)  
Intangible asset impairment charges (3)
 (68)  
Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (4)
 141
  
Acquisition integration costs (5)
 (3)  
Acquisition-related costs (6)
 (13)  
Divestiture-related costs (6)
 1
  
Operating income from divestitures (6)
 19
  
Remeasurement of net monetary position (8)
 (11)  
Impact from pension participation changes (9)
 (423)  
Impact from resolution of tax matters (7)
 15
  
CEO transition remuneration (1)
 (22)  
Operating Income for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 $3,312
 (4.3)%

(1)
Refer to the July 2, 2015 JDE coffeeNon-GAAP Financial Measures section at the end of this item.
(2)
Refer to Note 8, Restructuring Program, for more information.
(3)
Refer to Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for more information on intangible asset impairments.
(4)
Refer to Note 10, Financial Instruments, Note 18, Segment Reporting, and Non-GAAP Financial Measures section at the end of this item for more information on the unrealized gains/losses on commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives.
(5)Refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 for more information on the acquisition of a biscuit business transactions. in Vietnam.

(6)
Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and AcquisitionsandNon-GAAP Financial Measuresappearing later in this section, for more information.information on the June 7, 2018 acquisition of Tate's Bake Shop and 2019 and 2017 divestitures.
(2)
(7)Includes the historical results of our Venezuelan subsidiaries (including Venezuela currency impacts) prior
Refer to the December 31, 2015 deconsolidation. Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies – Tax Matters, for more information.
(8)
Refer to Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting: Venezuela,Accounting, for more information.information on our application of highly inflationary accounting for Argentina.
(3)
(9)Please see theNon-GAAP Financial Measures section at the end of this item.
Refer to Note 11, Benefit Plans, for more information.

Net revenue decline


During 2018, we realized higher net pricing, which was partially offset by increased input costs. Higher net pricing, which included the carryover impact of 12.5%pricing actions taken in 2017 as well as the effects of input cost-driven pricing actions taken during 2018, was reflected across all regions except Europe. The increase in input costs was driven by higher raw material costs, mostly offset by lower manufacturing costs due to productivity efforts. Higher raw material costs were primarily due to higher currency exchange transaction costs on imported materials, as well as higher packaging, dairy and energy, partially offset primarily by lower cocoa costs. Favorable volume/mix was driven by Europe and AMEA, which was partially offset by unfavorable volume/mix in North America and Latin America.

Total selling, general and administrative expenses increased $537 million from 2017, due to a number of factors noted in the table above, including in part, the impact from pension participation changes, lapping of prior-year benefits from the resolution of tax matters, lapping of a prior-year property insurance recovery, acquisition-related costs, remeasurement of net monetary position in Argentina, the impact of an acquisition and higher CEO transition remuneration. The increases were partially offset by favorable currency impact, lower implementation costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, lower divestiture-related costs, the lapping of prior-year malware incident incremental costs, a VAT related settlement in 2018, the impact of divestitures and the net benefit from the resolution of tax matters in 2018. Excluding these factors, selling, general and administrative expenses increased $75 million from 2017. The increase was driven by the impactyear-over year net unfavorable change in miscellaneous other income and expense items within selling, general and administrative expenses and higher overhead costs, which more than offset lower advertising and consumer promotion costs.

We recorded a benefit of the deconsolidation$21 million from a VAT-related settlement in Latin America in 2018. We recorded a benefit of our historical coffee business, unfavorable currency, the deconsolidation of our historical Venezuelan operations and the year-over-year impact of the 2015 accounting calendar change, partially offset by our underlying Organic Net Revenue growth of 1.5%, and the impact of acquisitions. The adjustment for deconsolidating our historical coffee business resulted$27 million from an insurance recovery in a year-over-year decreaseAMEA in net revenues of $1,627 million for 2016.2017. Unfavorable currency impactschanges decreased net revenuesoperating income by $1,233$55 million due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to several currencies, including the Brazilian real, Argentinean peso, British pound sterling, Mexican peso, Brazilian real, Chinese yuanRussian ruble and Russian ruble. The deconsolidation of our historical Venezuelan operations resulted in a year-over-year decrease in net revenues of $1,217 million for 2016. The North America segment accounting calendar change in 2015 resulted in a year-over-year decrease in net revenues of $76 million for 2016. Our underlying Organic Net Revenue growth was driven by higher net pricing,Turkish lira, partially offset by unfavorable volume/mix. Net pricing was up, which includes the benefit of carryover pricing from 2015 as well as the effects of input cost-driven pricing actions taken during 2016. Higher net pricing was reflected in Latin America and AMEA, partially offset by lower net pricing in Europe and North America. Unfavorable volume/mix was reflected in Latin America and AMEA, mostly offset by favorable volume/mix in Europe and North America. Unfavorable volume/mix in Latin America and AMEA was largely due to price elasticity as well as strategic decisions to exit certainlow-margin product lines. The impact of acquisitions primarily includes the July 15, 2015 acquisition of a biscuit operation in Vietnam, which added $71 million of incremental net revenues for 2016, and the November 2, 2016 acquisition of a business and a license to manufacture, market and sell Cadbury-branded biscuits in additional key markets, which added $16 million of incremental net revenues for 2016.

Operating Income – Operating income decreased $6,328 million (71.1%) to $2,569 million in 2016, Adjusted Operating Income(1) increased $486 million (14.7%) to $3,802 million and Adjusted Operating Income on a constant currency basis (1) increased $657 million (19.8%) to $3,973 million due to the following:

                                    
   Operating
Income
   Change 
   (in millions)     

Operating Income for the Year Ended December 31, 2015

  $8,897   

2012-2014 Restructuring Program costs(2)

   (4  

2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs(2)

   1,002   

Intangible asset impairment charges(3)

   71   

Mark-to-market gains from derivatives(4)

   (56  

Acquisition integration costs(5)

   9   

Acquisition-related costs(5)

   8   

Operating income from divestiture(6)

   (182  

Gain on divestiture(6)

   (13  

Operating income from Venezuelan subsidiaries(7)

   (281  

Remeasurement of net monetary assets in Venezuela(7)

   11   

Loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela(7)

   778   

Costs associated with the coffee business transactions(8)

   278   

Gain on the JDE coffee business transactions(8)

   (6,809  

Reclassification of historical coffee business operating income(9)

   (342  

Reclassification of equity method investment earnings(10)

   (51  
  

 

 

   

Adjusted Operating Income(1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2015

  $3,316   

Higher net pricing

   422   

Higher input costs

   (131  

Favorable volume/mix

   11   

Lower selling, general and administrative expenses

   318   

Gains on sales of property(11)

   46   

HigherVAT-related settlements

   24   

Impact from acquisitions(11)

   4   

Impact of accounting calendar change(12)

   (36  

Other

   (1  
  

 

 

   

Total change in Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency)(1)

   657    19.8

Unfavorable currency translation

   (171  
  

 

 

   

Total change in Adjusted Operating Income(1)

   486    14.7
  

 

 

   

Adjusted Operating Income(1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2016

  $3,802   

2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs(2)

   (1,086  

Intangible asset impairment charges(3)

   (137  

Mark-to-market losses from derivatives(4)

   (94  

Acquisition integration costs(5)

   (7  

Acquisition-related costs(5)

   (1  

Divestiture-related costs(13)

   (86  

Operating income from divestiture(6)

   153   

Gain on divestiture(6)

   9   

Gain on sale of intangible assets(14)

   15   

Other/rounding

   1   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Operating Income for the Year Ended December 31, 2016

  $2,569    (71.1)% 
  

 

 

   

(1)Refer to theNon-GAAP Financial Measures section at the end of this item.
(2)Refer to Note 6,2014-2018 Restructuring Program, for more information. Refer to the Annual Report onForm 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 for additional information in Note 6,Restructuring Programs.

(3)Refer to Note 5,Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for more information on the impairment charges recorded in 2016 and 2015 related to trademarks.
(4)Refer to Note 8,Financial Instruments, Note 16,Segment Reporting, andNon-GAAP Financial Measures appearing later in this section for more information on these unrealized gains and losses on commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives.
(5)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the acquisition of a biscuit business in Vietnam.
(6)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the December 1, 2016 sale of a confectionery business in Costa Rica. The sale of the confectionery business in Costa Rica generated apre-tax andafter-tax gain of $9 million in 2016. Refer to our Annual Report on Form10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 for more information on the April 23, 2015 divestiture of Ajinomoto General Foods, Inc. (“AGF”). The divestiture of AGF generated apre-tax gain of $13 million andafter-tax loss of $9 million in 2015.
(7)Includes the historical results of our Venezuelan subsidiaries prior to the December 31, 2015 deconsolidation. Refer to Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting: Venezuela,for more information on the deconsolidation and remeasurement loss in 2015.
(8)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the JDE coffee business transactions.
(9)Includes our historical global coffee business prior to the July 2, 2015 divestiture. We reclassified the results of our historical coffee business from Adjusted Operating Income and included them with equity method investment earnings in Adjusted EPS to facilitate comparisons of past and future coffee operating results. Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, andNon-GAAP Financial Measures appearing later in this section for more information.
(10)Historically, we have recorded income from equity method investments within our operating income as these investments operated as extensions of our base business. Beginning in the third quarter of 2015, to align with the accounting for JDE earnings, we began to record the earnings from our equity method investments inafter-tax equity method investment earnings outside of operating income. In periods prior to July 2, 2015, we have reclassified the equity method earnings from Adjusted Operating Income to evaluate our operating results on a consistent basis.
(11)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the 2016 purchase of a license to manufacture, market and sell Cadbury-branded biscuits in additional key markets and other property sales in 2016.
(12)Refer to Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Accounting Calendar Change, for more information on the accounting calendar change in 2015.
(13)Includes costs incurred and accrued related to the planned sale of a confectionery business in France. Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions,for more information.
(14)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the 2016 intangible asset sale in Finland.

During 2016, we realized higher net pricing while input costs increased modestly. Higher net pricing, which included the carryover impact of pricing actions taken in 2015, was reflected in Latin America and AMEA, partially offset by lower net pricing in Europe and North America. The increase in input costs was driven by higher raw material costs, in part due to higher currency exchange transaction costs on imported materials, which were partially offset by lower manufacturing costs due to productivity. Favorable volume/mix was driven by Europe and North America, which was mostly offset by unfavorable volume/mix in Latin America and AMEA.

Total selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $1,037 million from 2015, due to a number of factors noted in the table above, including in part, the deconsolidation of our historical coffee business, a favorable currency impact, lower costs associated with the JDE coffee business transactions, the deconsolidation of our Venezuelan operations, gains on the sales of property,VAT-related settlements and the absence of devaluation charges related to our net monetary assets in Venezuela in 2016. The decreases were partially offset by increases from divestiture-related costs associated with the planned sale of a confectionery business in France, the reclassification of equity method investment earnings, higher implementation costs incurred for the 2014-2018 Restructuring Program and the impact of acquisitions.

Excluding the factors noted above, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $318 million from 2015. The decrease was driven primarily by lower overhead costs due to continued cost reduction efforts.

We recorded a benefit of $54 million in 2016 fromVAT-related settlements in Latin America as compared to $30 million in 2015. Unfavorable currency impacts decreased operating income by $171 million due primarily to the strength of several currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, relative to most currencies, including the euro and British pound sterling, Argentinean peso and Mexican peso.

sterling.


Operating income margin decreased from 30.0%13.4% in 20152017 to 9.9%12.8% in 2016.2018. The decrease in operating income margin was driven primarily by last year’spre-taxthe impact from pension participation changes, the lapping of prior-year benefits from the resolution of tax matters, the lapping of a prior-year gain on the JDE coffee business transactions, the deconsolidation of our historical coffee business, the deconsolidation of our Venezuelan operations, thedivestiture and higher CEO transition remuneration. These unfavorable year-over-year change inmark-to-market gains/losses from derivatives, higher costs incurred for the 2014-2018 Restructuring Program, divestiture-related costs associated with the planned sale of a confectionery business in France, higher intangible asset impairment charges and the reclassification of equity method earnings. The items that decreased our operating income margin were partially offset by the prior-year loss on the Venezuela deconsolidation,year-over-year favorable change in mark-to-market gains/(losses) from currency and commodity hedging activities, lower Simplify to Grow Program costs, an increase in our Adjusted Operating Income margin, the lapping of prior-year malware incident incremental costs, lower divestiture-related costs and the absence of costs associated with the JDE coffee business transactions.lower intangible asset impairment charges. Adjusted Operating Income margin increased from 12.7%16.0% in 20152017 to 15.0%16.7% in 2016.2018. The increase in Adjusted Operating Income margin was driven primarily by higher net pricing, lower overheads frommanufacturing costs due to continued cost reduction programs, improved gross margin reflecting productivity efforts gains on sales of property andVAT-related settlements.

lower advertising and consumer promotion costs, partially offset by higher raw material costs.





Net Earnings and Earnings per Share Attributable to MondelēMondelēz International – Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International of $1,659$3,381 million decreasedincreased by $5,608$553 million (77.2%(19.6%) in 2016.2018. Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International was $1.05$2.28 in 2016, down $3.39 (76.4%2018, up $0.43 (23.2%) from 2015.2017. Adjusted EPS(1) was $1.86$2.42 in 2016,2018, up $0.33 (21.6%$0.30 (14.2%) from 2015.2017. Adjusted EPS on a constant currency basis(1) was $1.92$2.45 in 2016,2018, up $0.39 (25.5%$0.33 (15.6%) from 2015.

2017.
                  
   Diluted EPS 

Diluted EPS Attributable to Mondelēz International for the Year Ended December 31, 2015

  $4.44 

2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs (2)

   0.45 

Intangible asset impairment charges(3)

   0.03 

Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (4)

   (0.03

Acquisition integration costs(5)

    

Acquisition-related costs(5)

    

Net earnings from divestiture (6)

   (0.07

Loss on divestiture(6)

   0.01 

Net earnings from Venezuelan subsidiaries(7)

   (0.10

Remeasurement of net monetary assets in Venezuela(7)

   0.01 

Loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela(7)

   0.48 

Gain on the JDE coffee business transactions(8)

   (4.05

(Income) / costs associated with the JDE coffee business transactions (8)

   (0.01

Loss related to interest rate swaps(9)

   0.01 

Loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses(10)

   0.29 

Equity method investee acquisition-related and other adjustments(11)

   0.07 
  

 

 

 

Adjusted EPS(1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2015

  $1.53 

Increase in operations

   0.28 

Decrease in operations from historical coffee business,
net of increase in equity method investment net earnings(12)

   (0.05

Gains on sales of property(5)

   0.02 

VAT-related settlements

   0.03 

Impact of acquisitions(5)

    

Impact of accounting calendar change(13)

   (0.01

Lower interest and other expense, net(14)

    

Changes in shares outstanding(15)

   0.08 

Changes in income taxes (16)

   0.04 
  

 

 

 

Adjusted EPS (constant currency) (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2016

  $1.92 

Unfavorable currency translation

   (0.06
  

 

 

 

Adjusted EPS(1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2016

  $1.86 

2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs (2)

   (0.51

Intangible asset impairment charges(3)

   (0.06

Mark-to-market losses from derivatives (4)

   (0.05

Acquisition integration costs(5)

   (0.01

Acquisition-related costs(5)

    

Divestiture-related costs(17)

   (0.05

Net earnings from divestiture(6)

   0.08 

Gain on divestiture(6)

    

Gain on sale of intangible assets(5)

   0.01 

Loss related to interest rate swaps(9)

   (0.04

Loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses(10)

   (0.17

Gain on equity method investment transaction(18)

   0.03 

Equity method investee acquisition-related and other adjustments (11)

   (0.04
  

 

 

 

Diluted EPS Attributable to Mondelēz International for the Year Ended December 31, 2016

  $1.05 
  

 

 

 

 Diluted EPS
  
Diluted EPS Attributable to Mondelēz International for the Year Ended December 31, 2017$1.85
Simplify to Grow Program (2)
0.39
Intangible asset impairment charges (2)
0.05
Mark-to-market losses from derivatives (2)
0.06
Malware incident incremental expenses0.04
Acquisition integration costs (2)

Divestiture-related costs (2)
0.02
Net earnings from divestitures (2)
(0.05)
Net gain on divestitures (2)
(0.11)
Impact from resolution of tax matters (2)
(0.13)
CEO transition remuneration (2)
0.01
U.S. tax reform discrete net tax benefit (3)
(0.03)
Gain on equity method investment transaction (4)
(0.02)
Equity method investee acquisition-related and other charges/(benefits) (5)
0.04
Adjusted EPS (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2017
$2.12
Increase in operations0.13
Increase in equity method investment net earnings0.05
VAT-related settlements in 20180.01
Property insurance recovery in 2017(0.01)
Impact from acquisition (2)

Changes in interest and other expense, net (6)
0.02
Changes in income taxes (7)
0.06
Changes in shares outstanding (8)
0.07
Adjusted EPS (constant currency) (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
$2.45
Unfavorable currency translation(0.03)
Adjusted EPS (1) for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
$2.42
Simplify to Grow Program (2)
(0.32)
Intangible asset impairment charges (2)
(0.03)
Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (2)
0.09
Acquisition integration costs (2)

Acquisition-related costs (2)
(0.01)
Divestiture-related costs (2)

Net earnings from divestitures (2)
0.01
Remeasurement of net monetary position (2)
(0.01)
Impact from pension participation changes (2)
(0.22)
Impact from resolution of tax matters (2)
0.01
CEO transition remuneration (2)
(0.01)
Net gain related to interest rate swaps (9)
0.01
Loss on debt extinguishment (10)
(0.07)
U.S. tax reform discrete net tax expense (3)
(0.01)
Gain on equity method investment transaction (4)
0.39
Equity method investee acquisition-related and other (charges)/benefits (5)
0.03
Diluted EPS Attributable to Mondelēz International for the Year Ended December 31, 2018$2.28

(1)
Refer to theNon-GAAP Financial Measuressection appearing later in this section.
(2)
See the Operating Income table above and the related footnotes for more information.
(3)
Refer to Note 6,2014-2018 Restructuring Program, for more information.
(3)Refer to Note 5,Goodwill and Intangible Assets16, Income Taxes, for more information on the impairment charges recorded in 2016 and 2015 related to trademarks.impact of the U.S. tax reform.

(4)
Refer to Note 8,Financial Instruments, Note 16,Segment Reporting, andNon-GAAP Financial Measures appearing later in this section for more information on these unrealized gains and losses on commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives.
(5)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions,7, Equity Method Investments, for more information on the 2016 purchaseKDP transaction in 2018 and the 2017 sale of a license to manufacture, market and sell Cadbury-branded biscuitsan interest in additional key markets, 2016 intangible asset sale in Finland, 2015 acquisitionsone of a biscuit operation in Vietnam and Enjoy Life Foods and other property sales in 2016.our equity method investments.
(6)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the December 1, 2016 sale of a confectionery business in Costa Rica. The sale of the confectionery business in Costa Rica generated apre-tax andafter-tax gain of $9 million in 2016. Refer to our Annual Report on Form10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 for more information on the April 23, 2015 divestiture of AGF. The divestiture of AGF generated apre-tax gain of $13 million andafter-tax loss of $9 million in 2015.
(7)Includes the historical results of our Venezuelan subsidiaries prior to the December 31, 2015 deconsolidation. Refer to Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting: Venezuela,for more information on the deconsolidation and remeasurement loss in 2015.
(8)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the JDE coffee business transactions. Net gains of $436 million in 2015 on the currency hedges related to the coffee business transactions were recorded in interest and other expense, net and are included in the income/(costs) associated with the coffee business transactions of $(0.01) in the table above.
(9)Refer to Note 8,Financial Instruments, for more information on our interest rate swaps, which we no longer designate as cash flow hedges due to a change in financing and hedging plans.
(10)Refer to Note 7,Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for more information on our loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses in connection with our debt tender offers.
(11)(5)Includes our proportionate share of unusual or infrequent items, such as acquisition and divestiture-related costs, and restructuring program costs and discrete U.S. tax reform impacts recorded by our JDE and Keurig equity method investees.
(12)Includes our historical global coffee business prior to the July 2, 2015 deconsolidation. We reclassified the results of our historical coffee business from Adjusted Operating Income and included them with equity method investment earnings in Adjusted EPS to facilitate comparisons of past and future coffee operating results. Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, andNon-GAAP Financial Measures appearing later in this section for more information.
(13)Refer to Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,for more information on the accounting calendar change in 2015.
(14)(6)Excludes the favorable currency impact on interest expense related to ournon-U.S. dollar-denominated debt which is included in currency translation.
(15)
(7)
Refer to Note 10,16, Income Taxes, for more information on the items affecting income taxes.
(8)
Refer to Note 12, Stock Plans, for more information on our equity compensation programs Note 11,Capital Stock,for more information on ourand share repurchase program and Note 15,17, Earnings Perper Share, for earnings per share weighted-average share information.
(16)
(9)
Refer to Note 14,Income Taxes10, Financial Instruments, for more information on items affecting income taxes.interest rate swaps no longer designated as cash flow hedges.
(17)Includes costs incurred and accrued related to the planned sale of a confectionery business in France. Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions,for more information.
(18)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions – Keurig Transaction, for more information on the 2016 acquisition of an interest in Keurig.

(10) Refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for more information on losses on debt extinguishment.



Results of Operations by ReportableOperating Segment


Our operations and management structure are organized into four reportable operating segments:

Latin America
AMEA
Europe
North America

On October 1, 2016, we integrated our EEMEA operating segment into our Europe and Asia Pacific operating segments to further leverage and optimize the operating scale built within the Europe and Asia Pacific regions. Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Belarus, Georgia and Kazakhstan were combined within our Europe operating segment, while the remaining Middle East and African countries were combined within our Asia Pacific region to form a new AMEA regional operating segment. We have reflected the segment change as if it had occurred in all periods presented.


We manage our operations by region to leverage regional operating scale, manage different and changing business environments more effectively and pursue growth opportunities as they arise inacross our key markets. Our regional management teams have responsibility for the business, product categories and financial results in the regions.

Historically, we have recorded income from equity method investments within our operating income as these investments were part of our base business. Beginning in the third quarter of 2015, to align with the accounting for our new coffee equity method investment in JDE, we began to record the earnings from our equity method investments in equity method investment earnings outside of segment operating income. For the six months ended December 31, 2015,after-tax equity method investment net earnings were less than $1 million on a combined basis. Earnings from equity method investments through July 2, 2015 recorded within segment operating income were $52 million in AMEA and $4 million in North America. See Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Principles of Consolidation,and Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions,for additional information.

In 2015, we also began to report stock-based compensation for our corporate employees within general corporate expenses that were reported within our North America region. We reclassified $32 million of corporate stock-based compensation expense in 2015 from the North America segment to general corporate expenses.


We use segment operating income to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. We believe it is appropriate to disclose this measure to help investors analyze segment performance and trends. See Note 16,18, Segment Reporting,for additional information on our segments andItems Affecting Comparability of Financial Results earlier in this section for items affecting our segment operating results.


Our segment net revenues and earnings reflecting our current segment structure for all periods presented, were:

                                                      
   For the Years Ended December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015 
   (in millions) 

Net revenues:

      

Latin America(1)

  $3,566   $3,392   $4,988 

AMEA(2)

   5,739    5,816    6,002 

Europe(2)

   9,794    9,755    11,672 

North America

   6,797    6,960    6,974 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net revenues

  $25,896   $25,923   $29,636 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(1)Net revenues of $1,217 million for 2015 from our Venezuelan subsidiaries are included in our consolidated financial statements. Beginning in 2016, we account for our Venezuelan subsidiaries using the cost method of accounting and no longer include net revenues of our Venezuelan subsidiaries within our consolidated financial statements. Refer to Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting: Venezuela,for more information.
(2)On July 2, 2015, we contributed our global coffee businesses primarily from our Europe and AMEA segments. Net revenues of our global coffee business were $1,561 million in Europe and $66 million in AMEA for the year ended December 31, 2015. Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions – JDE Coffee Business Transactions, for more information.

                                                      
   For the Years Ended December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015 
   (in millions) 

Earnings before income taxes:

      

Operating income:

      

Latin America

  $565   $271   $485 

AMEA

   516    506    389 

Europe

   1,680    1,267    1,350 

North America

   1,120    1,078    1,105 

Unrealized (losses)/gains on hedging activities
(mark-to-market impacts)

   (96   (94   96 

General corporate expenses

   (287   (291   (383

Amortization of intangibles

   (178   (176   (181

Net gain on divestitures

   186    9    6,822 

Loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela

           (778

Acquisition-related costs

       (1   (8
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Operating income

   3,506    2,569    8,897 

Interest and other expense, net

   (382   (1,115   (1,013
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Earnings before income taxes

  $3,124   $1,454   $7,884 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions)
Net revenues:     
Latin America$3,018
 $3,202
 $3,566
AMEA5,770
 5,729
 5,739
Europe9,972
 10,122
 9,794
North America7,108
 6,885
 6,797
Net revenues$25,868
 $25,938
 $25,896
 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions)
Earnings before income taxes:     
Operating income:     
Latin America$341
 $410
 $564
AMEA691
 702
 514
Europe1,732
 1,734
 1,610
North America1,451
 849
 1,144
Unrealized gains/(losses) on hedging activities
(mark-to-market impacts)
91
 141
 (96)
General corporate expenses(330) (335) (282)
Amortization of intangibles(174) (176) (178)
Net gains on divestitures44
 
 186
Acquisition-related costs(3) (13) 
Operating income3,843
 3,312
 3,462
Benefit plan non-service income60
 50
 44
Interest and other expense, net(456) (520) (382)
Earnings before income taxes$3,447
 $2,842
 $3,124



Latin America

                                                                        
   For the Years Ended
December 31,
         
   2017   2016   $ change   % change 
   (in millions)     

Net revenues

  $3,566   $3,392   $174    5.1% 

Segment operating income

   565    271    294    108.5% 
   For the Years Ended
December 31,
         
   2016   2015   $ change   % change 
   (in millions)     

Net revenues

  $3,392   $4,988   $(1,596)    (32.0)% 

Segment operating income

   271    485    (214)    (44.1)% 

2017

 For the Years Ended
December 31,
    
 2019 2018 $ change % change
 (in millions)  
Net revenues$3,018
 $3,202
 $(184) (5.7)%
Segment operating income341
 410
 (69) (16.8)%
 For the Years Ended
December 31,
    
 2018 2017 $ change % change
 (in millions)  
Net revenues$3,202
 $3,566
 $(364) (10.2)%
Segment operating income410
 564
 (154) (27.3)%

2019 compared with 2016:

2018:


Net revenues increased $174decreased $184 million (5.1%(5.7%), due to higher net pricing (7.7unfavorable currency (13.5 pp) and favorable currency (1.9 pp), partially offset by unfavorable volume/mix (4.2 pp) and the impact of a divestiture (0.3 pp). Higher net pricing was reflected across all categories driven primarily by Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. Favorable currency impacts were due primarily to the strength of several currencies in the region relative to the U.S. dollar, primarily the Brazilian real, partially offset by the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to the Argentinean peso and Mexican peso. Unfavorable volume/mix, which occurred across most of the region, was largely due to the impact of pricing-related elasticity. In addition, only a portion of the shipments delayed at the end of the second quarter due to the malware incident was recovered. Unfavorable volume/mix was driven by declines in all categories except chocolate and candy. On December 1, 2016, we sold a small confectionery business in Costa Rica.

Segment operating income increased $294 million (108.5%), primarily due to higher net pricing, the benefit from the resolution of a Brazilian indirect tax matter of $153 million, lower manufacturing costs, lower costs incurred for the 2014-2018 Restructuring Program, favorable currency and lower advertising and consumer promotion costs. These favorable items were partially offset by higher raw material costs, unfavorable volume/mix and higher other selling, general and administrative expenses (net of prior-yearVAT-related settlements).

2016 compared with 2015:

Net revenues decreased $1,596 million (32.0%), due to the deconsolidation of our Venezuelan operations (21.9 pp), unfavorable currency (14.8 pp), unfavorable volume/mix (5.3 pp) and the impact of a divestiture (0.1(2.1 pp), partially offset by higher net pricing (10.1(9.9 pp). The deconsolidation of our Venezuelan operations resulted in a year-over-year decrease in net revenues of $1,217 million. Unfavorable currency impacts were due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to most currencies in the region including the Argentinean peso and Mexican peso.Brazilian real. Unfavorable volume/mix which primarily occurred in Brazil and Argentina, was largely due to the impact of pricing-related elasticity, as well as strategic decisions to exit certainlow-margin product lines. Unfavorable volume/mixand was driven by declines in all categories except forrefreshment beverages, candy, cheese & grocery.grocery and chocolate, partially offset by gains in biscuits and gum. Higher net pricing was reflected across all categories, driven primarily by Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.


Segment operating income decreased $214$69 million (44.1%(16.8%), primarily due to higher raw material costs, the deconsolidation of our Venezuelan operations,unfavorable currency, unfavorable volume/mix, the lapping of the 2018 benefit from the resolution of a Brazilian indirect tax matter of $26 million, higher manufacturing costs and unfavorable currency.higher other selling, general and administrative expenses (including lapping the benefit from a VAT-related settlement in 2018 and the expense of a VAT-related settlement in 2019). These unfavorable items were partially offset by higher net pricing, lower other selling, generalcosts incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, favorable change in remeasurement on net monetary position in Argentina (remeasurement gain in 2019 as compared to a remeasurement loss in 2018) and administrative expenses (including higher year-over yearVAT-related settlements), lower manufacturing costs, lower advertising and consumer promotion costs, lower costs incurred for the 2014-2018 Restructuring Program and the absence of remeasurement losses in 2016 related to our net monetary assets in Venezuela.

AMEA

costs.
                                                                        
   For the Years Ended
December 31,
         
   2017   2016   $ change   % change 
   (in millions)     

Net revenues

  $5,739   $5,816   $(77)    (1.3)% 

Segment operating income

   516    506    10    2.0% 
   For the Years Ended
December 31,
         
   2016   2015   $ change   % change 
   (in millions)     

Net revenues

  $5,816   $6,002   $(186)    (3.1)% 

Segment operating income

   506    389    117    30.1% 

2017

2018 compared with 2016:

2017:


Net revenues decreased $77$364 million (1.3%(10.2%), due to the impact of divestitures (2.2 pp), unfavorable currency (1.8(13.8 pp) and unfavorable volume/mix (0.2(2.6 pp), partially offset by higher net pricing (2.9 pp). The impact of divestitures, primarily related to the grocery & cheese business in Australia and New Zealand that was divested on July 4, 2017, resulted in a year-over-year decline in net revenues of $128 million for 2017. Unfavorable currency impacts were due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to several currencies in the region, including the Egyptian pound, Nigerian naira, Philippine peso, Chinese yuan and Japanese yen, partially offset by the strength of several other currencies in the region relative to the U.S. dollar, including the Australian dollar, Indian rupee and South African rand. Unfavorable volume/mix was driven by declines in refreshment beverages, cheese & grocery, gum and candy, partially offset by gains in chocolate and biscuits. In addition, only a portion of the shipments delayed at the end of the second quarter due to the malware incident was recovered. Higher net pricing was reflected across all categories except cheese & grocery.

Segment operating income increased $10 million (2.0%), primarily due to higher net pricing, lower other selling, general and administrative expenses (including a property insurance recovery), lower manufacturing costs and lower advertising and consumer promotion costs. These favorable items were mostly offset by higher raw material costs, unfavorable currency, unfavorable volume/mix, higher costs incurred for the 2014-2018 Restructuring Program, the impact of divestitures and higher intangible asset impairment charges.

2016 compared with 2015:

Net revenues decreased $186 million (3.1%), due to unfavorable currency (3.9 pp), the adjustment for deconsolidating our historical coffee business (1.1 pp) and unfavorable volume/mix (1.0 pp), partially offset by higher net pricing (1.7 pp) and the impact of an acquisition (1.2(6.2 pp). Unfavorable currency impacts were due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to most currencies in the region including the Chinese yuan, Indian rupee, South African rand, Egyptian pound, Nigerian naira, PhilippineArgentinean peso, Brazilian real and Australian dollar, partially offset byMexican peso. Unfavorable volume/mix was due primarily to the strengthimpact of pricing-related elasticity, as well as in part due to the negative impact of the Japanese yen relative toBrazil trucking strike that occurred in the U.S. dollar. The adjustment for deconsolidating our historical coffee business resulted in a year-over-year decrease in net revenues of $66 million.second quarter. Unfavorable volume/mix including the unfavorable impact of strategic decisions to exit certainlow-margin product lines, was driven by declines in candy, refreshment beverages, cheese & grocery and chocolate, partially offset by gains in biscuits and gum.all categories except biscuits. Higher net pricing was reflected across all categories, driven primarily by chocolate, candy, biscuitsArgentina, Mexico and refreshment beverages, partially offset by lower net pricing in gum and cheese & grocery. The acquisition of a biscuit operation in Vietnam in July 2015 added net revenues of $71 million (constant currency basis).

Brazil.


Segment operating income increased $117decreased $154 million (30.1%(27.3%), primarily due to lower manufacturinglapping last year's benefit from the resolution of a Brazilian indirect tax matter of $153 million, higher raw material costs, unfavorable currency, higher net pricing, lower other selling, general and administrative expenses lower costs incurred for the 2014-2018 Restructuring Program, the absence of costs associated with the coffee business transactions and the impact(net of the Vietnam acquisition.benefit from a VAT-related settlement in 2018), unfavorable volume/mix and a loss from the remeasurement of the net monetary position in Argentina. These favorableunfavorable items were partially offset by higher raw materialnet pricing, lower manufacturing costs, the reclassification2018 benefit from the resolution of equity method investment earnings, unfavorable volume/mix, unfavorable currency,a Brazilian tax matter of $26 million, lower advertising and consumer promotion costs, lower costs incurred for the deconsolidation of our historical coffee businessSimplify to Grow Program and the impactlapping of divestitures.

Europe

the 2017 intangible asset impairment charges.
                                                                        
   For the Years Ended
December 31,
         
   2017   2016   $ change   % change 
   (in millions)     

Net revenues

  $9,794   $9,755   $39    0.4% 

Segment operating income

   1,680    1,267    413    32.6% 
   For the Years Ended
December 31,
         
   2016   2015   $ change   % change 
   (in millions)     

Net revenues

  $9,755   $11,672   $(1,917)    (16.4)% 

Segment operating income

   1,267    1,350    (83)    (6.1)% 

2017



AMEA
 For the Years Ended
December 31,
    
 2019 2018 $ change % change
 (in millions)  
Net revenues$5,770
 $5,729
 $41
 0.7 %
Segment operating income691
 702
 (11) (1.6)%
 For the Years Ended
December 31,
    
 2018 2017 $ change % change
 (in millions)  
Net revenues$5,729
 $5,739
 $(10) (0.2)%
Segment operating income702
 514
 188
 36.6 %

2019 compared with 2016:

2018:


Net revenues increased $39$41 million (0.4%(0.7%), due to favorable volume/mix (1.4(3.6 pp) and higher net pricing (1.7 pp), favorablemostly offset by unfavorable currency (1.0(3.3 pp), and the impact of an acquisition (0.6 pp), partially offset by the impact of divestitures (2.5 pp) and lower net pricing (0.1a divestiture (1.3 pp). Favorable volume/mix was driven by chocolategains across all categories except refreshment beverages and biscuits, partially offset by declines in gum, cheese & grocery, candy and refreshment beverages. In addition, a portion of the shipments delayed at the end of the second quarter due to the malware incidentcandy. Higher net pricing was not recovered. Favorablereflected across all categories. Unfavorable currency impacts reflected the strength of several other currencies relativewere due to the U.S. dollar, primarily the euro and Russian ruble, partially offset by the strength of the U.S. dollar againstrelative to several currencies in the region, including the British pound sterlingAustralian dollar, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee and Turkish lira.South African rand. The November 2016 acquisitiondivestiture of a business and license to manufacture, market and sell Cadbury-branded biscuits added net revenuesmost of $59 million (constant currency basis). The impact of divestitures, primarily due to the sale of a confectioneryour cheese business in France,the Middle East and Africa on May 28, 2019, resulted in a year-over-year decline in net revenues of $234 million for 2017. Lower net pricing was driven by biscuits, mostly offset by higher net pricing in all other categories.

$71 million.


Segment operating income increased $413decreased $11 million (32.6%(1.6%), primarily due to lower manufacturinghigher raw material costs, lowerexpenses from the resolution of tax matters in India totaling $87 million, higher advertising and consumer promotion costs, incurred for the 2014-2018 Restructuring Program, lowerunfavorable currency, higher other selling, general and administrative expenses, the impact of the divestiture and higher intangible asset impairment charges. These unfavorable items were partially offset by lower divestiture-relatedmanufacturing costs, higher net pricing, lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program and favorable volume/mix.

2018 compared with 2017:

Net revenues decreased $10 million (0.2%), due to the impact of divestitures (2.6 pp) and unfavorable currency (1.3 pp), partially offset by favorable volume/mix (2.2 pp) and higher net pricing (1.5 pp). The impact of divestitures related to most of our cheese business in the Middle East and Africa on May 28, 2019, the grocery & cheese business in Australia and New Zealand that was divested on July 4, 2017 and the confectionery business in Japan that was divested on December 28, 2017, and resulted in a year-over-year decline in net revenues of $139 million for 2018. Unfavorable currency impacts were due primarily to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to several currencies in the region, including the Indian rupee, Australian dollar and Philippine peso, partially offset by the strength of several currencies in the region relative to the U.S. dollar, including the Chinese yuan and Japanese yen. Favorable volume/mix was driven by gains in chocolate and biscuits, including the shift of volume into the first quarter of 2018 due to the timing of Chinese New Year, partially offset by declines in refreshment beverages, cheese & grocery, gum and candy. Higher net pricing was reflected across all categories except gum and candy.

Segment operating income increased $188 million (36.6%), primarily due to higher net pricing, lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, lower manufacturing costs, lower intangible asset impairment charges, lower advertising and consumer promotion costs the benefit from the settlement of a Cadbury tax matter,and favorable volume/mix, lower intangible asset impairment charges, favorable currency and the impact of an acquisition.mix. These favorable items were partially offset by higher raw material costs, the impact of divestitures, incremental costs incurred due to the malware incident, lower net pricingunfavorable currency and ahigher other selling, general and administrative expenses (net of prior-year gain on the sale of an intangible asset.

2016property insurance recovery).


Europe
 For the Years Ended
December 31,
    
 2019 2018 $ change % change
 (in millions)  
Net revenues$9,972
 $10,122
 $(150) (1.5)%
Segment operating income1,732
 1,734
 (2) (0.1)%
 For the Years Ended
December 31,
    
 2018 2017 $ change % change
 (in millions)  
Net revenues$10,122
 $9,794
 $328
 3.3 %
Segment operating income1,734
 1,610
 124
 7.7 %

2019 compared with 2015:

2018:


Net revenues decreased $1,917$150 million (16.4%(1.5%), due to the adjustment for deconsolidating our historical coffee business (12.9 pp), unfavorable currency (4.4 pp), lower net pricing (0.4 pp) and the impact of divestitures (0.2(5.2 pp), partially offset by favorable volume/mix (1.3(3.7 pp) and the impact of an acquisition (0.2 pp). The adjustment for deconsolidating our historical coffee business resulted in a year-over-year decrease in, as net revenues of $1,561 million.pricing was flat. Unfavorable currency impacts reflected the strength of the U.S. dollar againstrelative to most currencies in the region, primarily the euro, British pound sterling. Lower net pricing was reflected across most categories except candysterling, Turkish lira and gum.Swedish krona. Favorable volume/mix including the unfavorable impact of strategic decisions to exit certainlow-margin product lines, was driven by biscuits, chocolategains across all categories except gum. Net pricing was flat as higher net pricing in gum and cheese & grocery, partiallycandy was offset by declineslower net pricing in gum, candy and refreshment beverages. The purchase of the license to manufacture, market and sell Cadbury-branded biscuits in November 2016 added net revenues of $16 million (constant currency basis).

all other categories.


Segment operating income decreased $83$2 million (6.1%(0.1%), primarily due to the deconsolidation of our historical coffee business, unfavorable currency, higher raw material costs divestiture-relatedand higher advertising and consumer promotion costs. These unfavorable items were mostly offset by favorable volume/mix, lower manufacturing costs and lower intangible asset impairment charges.

2018 compared with 2017:

Net revenues increased $328 million (3.3%), due to favorable volume/mix (3.1 pp) and favorable currency (2.3 pp), partially offset by the impact of divestitures (1.5 pp) and lower net pricing (0.6 pp). Favorable volume/mix was driven by chocolate, biscuits and candy, partially offset by declines in cheese & grocery, gum and refreshment beverages. Favorable currency impacts reflected the strength of several currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, primarily the euro, British pound sterling, Polish zloty and Czech koruna, partially offset by the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to several currencies, primarily the Russian ruble and Turkish lira. The impact of divestitures, due to the sale of a confectionery business in France and the termination of certain Kraft Heinz Company-owned grocery brand licenses, resulted in a year-over-year decline in net revenues of $137 million for 2018. Lower net pricing was driven by chocolate and biscuits, partially offset by higher net pricing in cheese & grocery, candy and gum.

Segment operating income increased $124 million (7.7%), primarily due to favorable volume/mix, lower manufacturing costs, lower costs incurred for the 2014-2018 RestructuringSimplify to Grow Program, favorable currency, lower raw material costs, lower divestiture-related costs and the lapping of prior-year malware incident incremental costs. These favorable items were partially offset by higher advertising and consumer promotion costs, higher other selling, general and administrative expenses, lower net pricing, lapping the prior-year benefit from the settlement of a Cadbury tax matter, higher intangible asset impairment charges and the impact offrom divestitures. These unfavorable items were partially offset by the absence of costs associated with the JDE coffee business transactions, lower manufacturing costs, lower other selling, general and administrative expenses, favorable volume/mix and a gain on the sale of an intangible asset.


North America

                                                                        
   For the Years Ended         
   December 31,         
   2017   2016   $ change   % change 
   (in millions)     

Net revenues

  $6,797   $6,960   $(163   (2.3)% 

Segment operating income

   1,120    1,078    42    3.9 % 
   For the Years Ended         
   December 31,         
   2016   2015   $ change   % change 
   (in millions)     

Net revenues

  $6,960   $6,974   $(14   (0.2)% 

Segment operating income

   1,078    1,105    (27   (2.4)% 

2017

 For the Years Ended
December 31,
    
 2019 2018 $ change % change
 (in millions)  
Net revenues$7,108
 $6,885
 $223
 3.2 %
Segment operating income1,451
 849
 602
 70.9 %
 For the Years Ended
December 31,
    
 2018 2017 $ change % change
 (in millions)  
Net revenues$6,885
 $6,797
 $88
 1.3 %
Segment operating income849
 1,144
 (295) (25.8)%

2019 compared with 2016:

2018:


Net revenues decreased $163increased $223 million (2.3%(3.2%), due to unfavorable volume/mix (1.8 pp), lowerhigher net pricing (0.6(2.3 pp) and the impact of divestitures (0.1acquisitions (1.3 pp), partially offset by favorable currency (0.2 pp). Unfavorable volume/mix, primarily caused by shipments delayed at the end of the second quarter due to the malware incident that were not recovered, was driven by declines in gum, biscuits and candy, partially offset by a gain in chocolate. Lower net pricing was reflected in biscuits and chocolate, partially offset by higher net pricing in candy and gum. Favorable currency impact was due to the strength of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar.

Segment operating income increased $42 million (3.9%), primarily due to lower costs incurred for the 2014-2018 Restructuring Program, lower other selling, general and administrative expenses (net of the prior-year’s gain on sale of property), lower manufacturing costs, lower advertising and consumer promotion costs and lower raw material costs. These favorable items were partially offset by unfavorable volume/mix, incremental costs incurred due to the malware incident, lower net pricing, the impact of divestitures and prior-year gain on the sale of an intangible asset.

2016 compared with 2015:

Net revenues decreased $14 million (0.2%), due to the impact of an accounting calendar change made in the prior year (1.1 pp), unfavorable currency (0.3 pp) and lowerunfavorable volume/mix (0.1 pp). Higher net pricing (0.2 pp), mostly offset by favorable volume/mix (1.4 pp).was reflected across all categories except chocolate. The prior-year changeJuly 16, 2019 acquisition of a majority interest in North America’s accounting calendar resulted in a year-over-year decrease inPerfect Snacks added net revenues of $76 million.$53 million and the June 7, 2018 acquisition of Tate’s Bake Shop added incremental net revenues of $35 million in 2019. Unfavorable currency impact was due to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar. LowerUnfavorable volume/mix was driven by declines in gum, chocolate and candy, mostly offset by favorable volume/mix in biscuits.


Segment operating income increased $602 million (70.9%), primarily due to lapping prior-year pension participation changes, higher net pricing, lower manufacturing costs, lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, benefit from current-year pension participation changes, lapping prior-year intangible asset impairment charges and the impact from the acquisitions of Perfect Snacks and Tate's Bake Shop. These favorable items were partially offset by higher raw material costs, higher other selling, general and administrative expenses and unfavorable volume/mix.

2018 compared with 2017:

Net revenues increased $88 million (1.3%), due to higher net pricing (1.1 pp) and the impact of an acquisition (0.8 pp), partially offset by unfavorable volume/mix (0.5 pp) and unfavorable currency (0.1 pp). Higher net pricing was reflected in biscuits and candy,gum, partially offset by higherlower net pricing in chocolate and gum. Favorablecandy. The June 7, 2018 acquisition of a U.S. premium biscuit company, Tate’s Bake Shop, added net revenues of $52 million in 2018. Unfavorable volume/mix, includingwhich was net of the unfavorablebenefit from lapping last year's negative impact of strategic decisions to exit certainlow-margin product lines, was drivenfrom the 2017 malware incident, reflected declines in gum and chocolate, partially offset by gains in biscuits and candy, partially offset by declines in gum and chocolate.

candy. Unfavorable currency impact was due to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar.


Segment operating income decreased $27$295 million (2.4%(25.8%), primarily due to the impact from pension participation changes, higher manufacturing costs, incurred for the 2014-2018 Restructuring Program,unfavorable volume/mix, higher raw material costs and higher other selling, general and administrative expenses. These unfavorable items were partially offset by lower advertising and consumer promotion costs, higher net pricing, the lapping of prior-year malware incident incremental costs, lower costs incurred for the Simplify to Grow Program, lower intangible asset impairment charges the year-over-year impact of the prior-year accounting calendar change, higher raw material costs and lower net pricing. These unfavorable items were mostly offset by lower other selling, general and administrative expenses (including the gain on sale of property), lower manufacturing costs, favorable volume/mix and the gain onimpact from the saleacquisition of an intangible asset.

Tate's Bake Shop.



Critical Accounting Estimates


We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires the use of estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions. Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements includes a summary of the significant accounting policies we used to prepare our consolidated financial statements. We have discussed the selection and disclosure of our critical accounting policies and estimates with our Audit Committee. The following is a review of our most significant assumptions and estimates.


Goodwill andNon-Amortizable Intangible Assets:

We have historically annually testedtest goodwill andnon-amortizable intangible assets for impairment as of October 1. This year, we voluntarily changed theon an annual impairment assessment date from October 1 tobasis on July 1. We believe this measurement date, which represents a change in the method of applying an accounting principle, is preferable because it better aligns with our strategic business planning process and financial forecasts which are key components of the annual impairment tests. The change in the measurement date did not delay, accelerate or prevent an impairment charge. Each quarter, we have evaluated goodwill and intangible asset impairment risks and recognized any related impairments to date. As such, the change in the annual test date was applied on July 1, 2017.

We assess goodwill impairment risk throughout the year by performing a qualitative review of entity-specific, industry, market and general economic factors affecting our goodwill reporting units. We review our operating segment and reporting unit structure for goodwill testing annually or as significant changes in the organization occur. Annually, we may perform qualitative testing, or depending on factors such as prior-year test results, current year developments, current risk evaluations and other practical considerations, we may elect to do quantitative testing instead. In our quantitative testing, we compare a reporting unit’s estimated fair value with its carrying value. We estimate a reporting unit’s fair value using a discounted cash flow method which incorporates planned growth rates, market-based discount rates and estimates of residual value. This year, for our Europe and North America reporting units, we used a market-based, weighted-average cost of capital of 7.2%5.9% to discount the projected cash flows of those operations. For our Latin America and AMEA reporting units, we used a risk-rated discount rate of 10.2%8.9%. Estimating the fair value of individual reporting units requires us to make assumptions and estimates regarding our future plans and industry and economic conditions, and our actual results and conditions may differ over time. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s net assets exceeds its fair value, we would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit fair value.


In 2017, 20162019, 2018 and 2015,2017, there were no impairments of goodwill. In connection with our 20172019 annual impairment testing, each of our reporting units had sufficient fair value in excess of carrying value. While all reporting units passed our annual impairment testing, if we do not meetplanned business performance expectations are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then the estimated fair values of a reporting unit or reporting units might decline and lead to a goodwill impairment in the future.


Annually, we assessnon-amortizable intangible assets for impairment by performing a qualitative review and assessing events and circumstances that could affect the fair value or carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets. If significant potential impairment risk exists for a specific asset, we quantitatively test it for impairment by comparing its estimated fair value with its carrying value. We determine estimated fair value using planned growth rates, market-based discount rates and estimates of royalty rates. If the carrying value of the asset exceeds its estimated fair value, the asset is impaired and its carrying value is reduced to the estimated fair value.


During our 20172019 annual testing ofnon-amortizable intangible assets, we recorded $70$57 million of impairment charges in the third quarter of 20172019 related to five trademarks.nine brands. The impairments arose due to lower than expected product growth in part driven by decisions to redirect support from these trademarks to other regional and global brands.brand earnings growth. We recorded charges related to gum, chocolate, biscuits and candy and gum trademarksbrands of $52$39 million in Europe, $15 million in AMEA $11and $3 million in Europe, $5 million in Latin America and $2 million in North America. The impairment charges were calculated as the excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value of the intangible assets on a global basis and were recorded within asset impairment and exit costs. We primarily use aseveral accepted valuation methods, including relief of royalty, valuation method, which utilizesexcess earnings and excess margin, that utilize estimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, royalty rates and discount rates in determining a brand’sbrand's global fair value. We also noted thirteenidentified fourteen brands, including the fivenine impaired trademarks,brands, with $963$635 million of aggregate book value as of December 31, 20172019 that each had a fair value in excess of book value of 10% or less. We believe our current plans for each of these brands will allow them to continue to not be impaired, but if we dothe brand earnings expectations are not meet the product line expectationsmet or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then a brand or brands could become impaired in the future. In 2016,2018, we recorded charges related to gum, chocolate, biscuits and candy and gum trademarksbrands of $41$45 million in AMEA, $32Europe, $14 million in North America $22and $9 million in Europe, and $3 million in Latin America.AMEA. In 2015,2017, we recorded a $44 million chargecharges related to candy and biscuit trademarksgum brands of $52 million in AMEA, $22$11 million in Europe, and $5 million in Latin America and $2 million in North America.


Refer to Note 5,6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for additional information.



Trade and marketing programs:

We promote our products with trade and sales incentives as well as marketing and advertising programs. These programs include, but are not limited to, new product introduction fees, discounts, coupons, rebates and volume-based incentives as well as cooperative advertising,in-store displays and consumer marketing promotions. Trade and sales incentives are recorded as a reduction to revenues based on amounts estimated due to customers and consumers at the end of a period. We base these estimates principally on historical utilization and redemption rates. For interim reporting purposes, advertising and consumer promotion expenses are charged to operations as a percentage of volume, based on estimated sales volume and estimated program spending. We do not defer costs on ouryear-end consolidated balance sheet and all marketing and advertising costs are recorded as an expense in the year incurred.


Employee Benefit Plans:

We sponsor various employee benefit plans throughout the world. These include primarily pension plans and postretirement healthcare benefits. For accounting purposes, we estimate the pension and postretirement healthcare benefit obligations utilizing assumptions and estimates for discount rates; expected returns on plan assets; expected compensation increases; employee-related factors such as turnover, retirement age and mortality; and health care cost trends. We review our actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and make modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when appropriate. Our assumptions also reflect our historical experiences and management’s best judgment regarding future expectations. These and other assumptions affect the annual expense and obligations recognized for the underlying plans.


As permitted by U.S. GAAP, we generally amortize the effect of changes in the assumptions over future periods. The cost or benefit of plan changes, such as increasing or decreasing benefits for prior employee service (prior service cost), is deferred and included in expense on a straight-line basis over the average remaining service period of the employees expected to receive benefits.


Since pension and postretirement liabilities are measured on a discounted basis, the discount rate significantly affects our plan obligations and expenses. TheFor plans that have assets held in trust, the expected return on plan assets assumption affects our pension plan expenses, as many of our pension plans are partially funded.expenses. The assumptions for discount rates and expected rates of return and our process for setting these assumptions are described in Note 9,11, Benefit Plans, to the consolidated financial statements.


While we do not anticipate further changes in the 20182020 assumptions for our U.S. andnon-U.S. pension and postretirement health care plans, as a sensitivity measure, afifty-basis point change in our discount rates or the expected rate of return on plan assets would have the following effects, increase/(decrease), on our annual benefit plan costs:

                                                                        
   As of December 31, 2017 
   U.S. Plans   Non-U.S. Plans 
  Fifty-Basis-Point   Fifty-Basis-Point 
   Increase   Decrease   Increase   Decrease 
   (in millions) 

Effect of change in discount rate on
pension costs

  $(16  $17   $(67  $76 

Effect of change in expected rate of return on
plan assets on pension costs

   (8   8    (43   43 

Effect of change in discount rate on
postretirement health care costs

   (3   4    (1   1 

 As of December 31, 2019
 U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans
Fifty-Basis-Point Fifty-Basis-Point
 Increase Decrease Increase Decrease
 (in millions)
Effect of change in discount rate on
   pension costs
$(14) $15
 $(30) $62
Effect of change in expected rate of return on
   plan assets on pension costs
(8) 8
 (48) 48
Effect of change in discount rate on
   postretirement health care costs
(3) 3
 
 

In accordance with obligations we have under collective bargaining agreements, we participate in multiemployer pension plans. In 2017, the only individually significant multiemployer plan we contributed to was the Bakery and Confectionery Union and Industry International Pension Fund. Our obligation to contribute to the Fund arose with respect to 8 collective bargaining agreements covering most of our employees represented by the BCTGM. All of those collective bargaining agreements expired in 2016. In 2018, we executed a complete withdrawal from the Fund and recorded a $429 million estimated withdrawal liability. On July 11, 2019, we received an undiscounted withdrawal liability assessment from the Fund totaling $526 million requiring pro-rata monthly payments over 20 years and we recorded a $35 million final adjustment to reduce our withdrawal liability as of June 30, 2019. We

began making monthly payments during the third quarter of 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the remaining discounted withdrawal liability was $391 million.

See additional information on our employee benefit plans in Note 11, Benefit Plans.

Income Taxes:

As a global company, we calculate and provide for income taxes in each tax jurisdiction in which we operate. The provision for income taxes includes the amounts payable or refundable for the current year, the effect of deferred taxes and impacts from uncertain tax positions. Our provision for income taxes is significantly affected by shifts in the geographic mix of ourpre-tax earnings across tax jurisdictions, changes in tax laws and regulations, tax planning opportunities available in each tax jurisdiction and the ultimate outcome of various tax audits.


Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of our assets and liabilities and for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates that will apply to taxable income in the years in which those differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Valuation allowances are established for deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized.


We believe our tax positions comply with applicable tax laws and that we have properly accounted for uncertain tax positions. We recognize tax benefits in our financial statements from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The amount we recognize is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon resolution. We evaluate uncertain tax positions on an ongoing basis and adjust the amount recognized in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of a tax audit or expiration of a statute of limitations. We believe the estimates and assumptions used to support our evaluation of uncertain tax positions are reasonable. However, final determination of historical tax liabilities, whether by settlement with tax authorities, judicial or administrative ruling or due to expiration of statutes of limitations, could be materially different from estimates reflected on our consolidated balance sheet and historical income tax provisions. The outcome of these final determinations could have a material effect on our provision for income taxes, net earnings or cash flows in the period in which the determination is made.


As a result of theSwiss and U.S. tax reform and the related SEC guidance, we included provisional estimates infinalized our consolidated financial statementsaccounting for some impacts of the new tax legislation. We were unable to make a reasonable estimate for other provisions of the legislation and did not include an estimate in our consolidated financial statements.based on guidance issued prior to 2019 year end. See Note 14,16, Income Taxes, for further discussion of the provisional amounts recorded related to Swiss and U.S. tax reform included in our financial statements, and a discussion of the items for which no estimate could be made, as well as additional information on our effective tax rate, current and deferred taxes, valuation allowances and unrecognized tax benefits.


Contingencies:

See Note 12,14, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements.


New Accounting Guidance:

See Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of new accounting standards.



Liquidity and Capital Resources


We believe that cash from operations, our revolving credit facilities, short-term borrowings and our authorized long-term financing will provide sufficient liquidity for our working capital needs, planned capital expenditures and future payments of our U.S. tax reform transition tax liability, contractual and benefit plan obligations, share repurchases transition tax liability on our historical accumulated foreign earnings due to the U.S. tax reform and payment of our anticipated quarterly dividends. We continue to utilize our commercial paper program, international credit lines and long-term debt issuances for regularour funding requirements. We also use intercompany loans with our international subsidiaries to improve financial flexibility. Overall, we do not expect any negative effects to our funding sources that would have a material effect on our liquidity.


Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities:

Operating activities provided net cash of $3,965 million in 2019, $3,948 million in 2018 and $2,593 million in 2017, $2,838 million2017. The increase in 2016net cash provided by operating activities in 2019 relative to 2018 was due primarily to higher earnings, increased distributions from equity method investments and $3,728 million in 2015.lower pension contributions, partially offset by increased working capital requirements including higher tax payments. Cash flows from operating activities were lowerhigher in 20172018 than 20162017 primarily due to increases inhigher cash flow from working capital, including higher tax andVAT-related payments in 2017 and lower operating cash flows from divested businesses, partially offset by higher net earnings andas well as lower pension contributions in 2017. Cash flows from operating activities were lower in 2016 than 2015 due to higher contributions to our pension benefit plans in 2016 and higher working capital cash improvements in 2015 than in 2016.

contributions.


Net Cash Provided by/(Used in)in Investing Activities:

Net cash used in investing activities was $960 million in 2019, $1,224 million in 2018 and $301 million in 2017 and $1,029 million in 2016 and net cash provided by investing activities was $2,649 million in 2015.2017. The decrease in net cash used in investing activities in 20172019 relative to 20162018 was primarily due to higher net proceeds received from divestituresless cash expended for acquisitions in 2017, no acquisition-related payments2019 than in 2017 as in 2016, and2018, lower capital expenditures and the 2019 cash proceeds from the divestiture of primarily our cheese business in 2017.the Middle East and Africa, partially offset by lower cash received as a result of the settlement and replacement of several net investment hedge derivative contracts and cash paid to settle our forward-starting interest rate swaps. The increase in net cash used in investing activities in 20162018 relative to 20152017 was primarily relates to $4.7 billion of proceeds, net of divested cash and transaction costs, from the contribution of our global coffee businesses to JDE, the divestiture of AGF and the cash receipt of $1.0 billion due to cash received in 2017 from proceeds from divestitures, cash expenditures in 2018 for an acquisition and higher capital expenditures in 2018, partially offset by cash received as a result of the settlement and replacement of currency exchange forward contracts related to our coffee business transactions in 2015.

several net investment hedge derivative contracts.


Capital expenditures were $925 million in 2019, $1,095 million in 2018 and $1,014 million in 2017, $1,224 million in 2016 and $1,514 million in 2015.2017. We continue to make capital expenditures primarily to modernize manufacturing facilities and support new product and productivity initiatives. We expect 20182020 capital expenditures to be up to $1.0$0.9 billion, including capital expenditures in connection with our 2014-2018 RestructuringSimplify to Grow Program. We expect to continue to fund these expenditures from operations.


Net Cash Used in Financing Activities:

Net cash used in financing activities was $2,787 million in 2019, $2,329 million in 2018 and $3,361 million in 2017, $1,862 million in 2016 and $5,883 million in 2015.2017. The increase in net cash used in financing activities in 20172019 relative to 20162018 was primarily due to lower net debt issuances of short-term and long-term debt as well as an increase inhigher dividends paid partlyin 2019, partially offset by lower Common Stock repurchases compared to the prior year.share repurchases. The decrease in net cash used in financing activities in 20162018 relative to 20152017 was primarily due to higher short-termnet debt issuances and $1.0 billion of lower share repurchases following the exceptional year of share repurchases using proceeds from the global coffee business transactions in 2015.

partially offset by higher dividends paid.


Debt:

From time to time we refinance long-term and short-term debt. Refer to Note 7,9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for details of our recent tender offers, debt issuances and maturities during 2016-2017.maturities. The nature and amount of our long-term and short-term debt and the proportionate amount of each varies as a result of current and expected business requirements, market conditions and other factors. Due to seasonality, in the first and second quarters of the year, our working capital requirements grow, increasing the need for short-term financing. The second half of the year typically generates higher cash flows. As such, we may issue commercial paper or secure other forms of financing throughout the year to meet short-term working capital or other financing needs.

During 2016, one


One of our subsidiaries, Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V. (“MIHN”), issued debt totaling $4.5 billion.has outstanding debt. Refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements. The operations held by MIHN generated approximately 74.5%73.0% (or $19.3$18.9 billion) of the $25.9 billion of consolidated net revenue during fiscal year 20172019 and represented approximately 75.5%87.2% (or $19.8$23.9 billion) of the $26.2$27.4 billion of net assets as of December 31, 2017.

2019.


On February 3, 2017,7, 2019, our Board of Directors approved a new $5$5.0 billion long-term financing authority to replace the prior $5.0 billion authority. As of December 31, 2017,2019, we had $4.7$1.8 billion of long-term financing authority remaining.



In the next 12 months, we expect $1.2approximately $1.5 billion of long-term debt will mature as follows: fr.250 million Swiss franc notes ($257 million as of December 31, 2017) in January 2018, $478$427 million in February 2018, £76 million sterling notes ($103 million as of December 31, 2017) in July 2018, and $3222020, $233 million in August 2018.March 2020, $750 million in May 2020 and $140 million in October 2020. We expect to fund these repayments with a combination of cash from operations, and theshort-term debt, including issuance of commercial paper orand long-term debt.


Our total debt was $17.7$18.4 billion at December 31, 20172019 and $17.2$18.4 billion at December 31, 2016.2018. Ourdebt-to-capitalization ratio was 0.40 at December 31, 20172019 and 0.410.42 at December 31, 2016.2018. At December 31, 2017,2019, the weighted-average term of our outstanding long-term debt was 6.25.8 years. Our average daily commercial borrowings were $4.1 billion in 2019, $4.5 billion in 2018 and $4.4 billion in 2017, $2.2 billion in 2016 and $2.2 billion in 2015.2017. We had $3.4$2.6 billion of commercial paper borrowings outstanding at December 31, 20172019 and $2.4$3.1 billion outstanding as of December 31, 2016.2018. We expect to continue to use commercial paper to finance various short and long-termshort-term financing needs and toneeds. We continue to comply with our long-term debt covenants. Refer to Note 7,9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for more information on our debt and debt covenants.


Commodity Trends


We regularly monitor worldwide supply, commodity cost and currency trends so we can cost-effectively secure ingredients, packaging and fuel required for production. During 2017,2019, the primary drivers of the increase in our aggregate commodity costs were higher currency-relatedcurrency exchange transaction costs on our commodity purchases andimported materials, as well as increased costs for packaging, energy, dairy, grains, cocoa and oils, partially offset by lower costs for sugar packaging and other raw materials.

nuts.


A number of external factors such as weather conditions, commodity market conditions, currency fluctuations and the effects of governmental agricultural or other programs affect the cost and availability of raw materials and agricultural materials used in our products. We address higher commodity costs and currency impacts primarily through hedging, higher pricing and manufacturing and overhead cost control. We use hedging techniques to limit the impact of fluctuations in the cost of our principal raw materials; however, we may not be able to fully hedge against commodity cost changes, such as dairy, where there is a limited ability to hedge, and our hedging strategies may not protect us from increases in specific raw material costs. Due to competitive or market conditions, planned trade or promotional incentives, fluctuations in currency exchange rates or other factors, our pricing actions may also lag commodity cost changes temporarily.


We expect price volatility and a slightly higher aggregate cost environment to continue in 2018.2020. While the costs of our principal raw materials fluctuate, we believe there will continue to be an adequate supply of the raw materials we use and that they will generally remain available from numerous sources.


Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Aggregate Contractual Obligations


We have no significantoff-balance sheet arrangements other than the contractual obligations discussed below.


Guarantees:

As discussed in Note 12,14, Commitments and Contingencies, we enter into third-party guarantees primarily to cover the long-term obligations of our vendors. As part of these transactions, we guarantee that third parties will make contractual payments or achieve performance measures. At December 31, 2017,2019, we had no material third-party guarantees recorded on our consolidated balance sheet.


Guarantees do not have, and we do not expect them to have, a material effect on our liquidity.



Aggregate Contractual Obligations:

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations at December 31, 2017.

2019.
                                                                                          
   Payments Due 
   Total   2018   2019-20   2021-22   2023 and
Thereafter
 
   (in millions) 

Debt(1)

  $14,196   $1,162   $3,545   $4,127   $5,362 

Interest expense(2)

   3,330    348    556    431    1,995 

Capital leases

   3    1    2         

Operating leases(3)

   920    245    352    169    154 

Purchase obligations: (4)

          

Inventory and production costs

   5,328    3,083    1,645    256    344 

Other

   831    694    130    6    1 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
   6,159    3,777    1,775    262    345 

U.S. tax reform transition liability(5)

   1,317    128    200    200    789 

Other long-term liabilities (6)

   423    21    135    65    202 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  $26,348   $5,682   $6,565   $5,254   $8,847 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 Payments Due
 Total 2020 2021-22 2023-24 2025 and Thereafter
 (in millions)
Debt (1)
$15,741
 $1,549
 $5,038
 $3,634
 $5,520
Interest expense (2)
3,253
 390
 658
 476
 1,729
Finance leases (3)
134
 38
 57
 24
 15
Operating leases652
 197
 248
 110
 97
Purchase obligations: (4)
         
Inventory and production costs4,613
 3,412
 652
 207
 342
Other1,151
 801
 221
 118
 11
 25,544

6,387

6,874

4,569

7,714
U.S. tax reform transition liability (5)
1,008
 93
 187
 362
 366
Multiemployer pension plan
   withdrawal liability (6)
515
 26
 53
 53
 383
Other long-term liabilities (7)
222
 16
 36
 41
 129
Total$27,289

$6,522

$7,150

$5,025

$8,592
(1)Amounts include the expected cash payments of our long-term debt, including the current portion and excluding capitalfinance leases, which are presented separately in the table above. The amounts also exclude $64$76 million of net unamortizednon-cash bond premiums, discounts, bank fees andmark-to-market adjustments related to our interest rate swaps recorded in total debt.
(2)Amounts represent the expected cash payments of our interest expense on our long-term debt. Interest calculated on our euro, British pound sterling and Swiss franc notesnon-U.S. dollar denominated debt was forecasted using currency exchange rates as of December 31, 2017. An insignificant amount of interest expense was excluded from the table for a portion of our othernon-U.S. debt obligations due to the complexities involved in forecasting expected interest payments.2019.
(3)Operating lease payments represent the minimum rental commitments undernon-cancelable operating leases.
Amounts exclude imputed interest on finance leases of $11 million.
(4)Purchase obligations for inventory and production costs (such as raw materials, indirect materials and supplies, packaging,co-manufacturing arrangements, storage and distribution) are commitments for projected needs to be utilized in the normal course of business. Other purchase obligations include commitments for marketing, advertising, capital expenditures, information technology and professional services. Arrangements are considered purchase obligations if a contract specifies all significant terms, including fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased, a pricing structure and approximate timing of the transaction. Most arrangements are cancelable without a significant penalty and with short notice (usually 30 days). Any amounts reflected on the consolidated balance sheet as accounts payable and accrued liabilities are excluded from the table above.
(5)
In connection with the U.S. tax reform, we currently estimate paying a total $1.3 billion transition tax liability through 2026. As of December 31, 2019, the amount outstanding was $1.0 billion. The amounts and timing of our tax payments are likely tomay change as a result of additional guidance expected to be issued in 2018.issued. See Note 14,16, Income Taxes, for additional information on the U.S. tax reform and its impact on our financial statements.
(6)
During 2018, we executed a complete withdrawal liability from our most individually significant multiemployer pension plan. On July 11, 2019, we received an undiscounted withdrawal liability assessment from the Fund totaling $526 million requiring pro-rata monthly payments over 20 years through 2039. See Note 11, Benefit Plans, for additional information on our multiemployer pension plan withdrawal liability.
(7)Other long-term liabilities in the table above include the long-term liabilities and any current portion of these obligations. We have included the estimated future benefit payments for our postretirement health care plans through December 31, 20272029 of $235$198 million. We are unable to reliably estimate the timing of the payments beyond 2027;2029; as such, they are excluded from the above table. There are also another $126$1 million of various other long-term liabilities that are expected to be paid over the next 5 years. In addition, the following long-term liabilities included on the consolidated balance sheet are excluded from the table above: accrued pension costs, unrecognized tax benefits, insurance accruals and other accruals. As of December 31, 2017,2019, our unrecognized tax benefit, including associated interest and penalties, classified as a long-term payable is $649$507 million. We currently expect to make approximately $289$246 million in contributions to our pension plans in 2018.2020.



Equity and Dividends


Stock Plans:

See Note 10,12, Stock Plans, to the consolidated financial statements for more information on our stock plans and grant activity during 2015-2017.

2017-2019.


Share Repurchases:

See Note 11,13, Capital Stock, to the consolidated financial statements for more information on our share repurchase program.


Between 2013 and 2017, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of a total of $13.7 billion of our Common Stock through December 31, 2018. On January 31, 2018, our Finance Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, approved an increase of $6.0 billion in the share repurchase program, raising the authorization to $19.7 billion of Common Stock repurchases, and extended the program through December 31, 2020. WeThrough December 31, 2019, we repurchased approximately $13$16.5 billion of shares ($2.21.5 billion in 2019, $2.0 billion in 2018, $2.2 billion in 2017, $2.6 billion in 2016, $3.6 billion in 2015, $1.9 billion in 2014 and $2.7 billion in 2013), at a weighted-average cost of $38.86$39.65 per share, through December 31, 2017.share. The number of shares that we ultimately repurchase under our share repurchase program may vary depending on numerous factors, including share price and other market conditions, our ongoing capital allocation planning, levels of cash and debt balances, other demands for cash, such as acquisition activity, general economic or business conditions and board and management discretion. Additionally, our share repurchase activity during any particular period may fluctuate. We may accelerate, suspend, delay or discontinue our share repurchase program at any time, without notice.


Dividends:

We paid dividends of $1,542 million in 2019, $1,359 million in 2018 and $1,198 million in 2017, $1,094 million in 2016 and $1,008 million in 2015.2017. On July 30, 2019, the Finance Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.285 per share of Class A Common Stock, an increase of 10 percent, which would be $1.14 per common share on an annualized basis. On July 25, 2018, the Finance Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.26 per share of Class A Common Stock, an increase of 18 percent, which would be $1.04 per common share on an annualized basis. On August 2, 2017, the Finance Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, approved a 16% increase in the quarterly dividend to $0.22 per common share or $0.88 per common share on an annualized basis. On July 19, 2016, our Board of Directors approved a 12% increase in the quarterly dividend to $0.19 per common share or $0.76 per common share on an annual basis. On July 23, 2015, our Board of Directors approved a 13% increase in the quarterly dividend to $0.17 per common share or $0.68 per common share on an annual basis. The declaration of dividends is subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and depends on various factors, including our net earnings, financial condition, cash requirements, future prospects and other factors that our Board of Directors deems relevant to its analysis and decision making.


For U.S. income tax purposes only, the Company has determined that 100% of the distributions paid to its shareholders in 20172019 are characterized as a qualified dividend paid from U.S. earnings and profits. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors for a full understanding of the tax consequences of the receipt of dividends.



Non-GAAP Financial Measures


We usenon-GAAP financial information and believe it is useful to investors as it provides additional information to facilitate comparisons of historical operating results, identify trends in our underlying operating results and provide additional insight and transparency on how we evaluate our business. We usenon-GAAP financial measures to budget, make operating and strategic decisions and evaluate our performance. We have detailed thenon-GAAP adjustments that we make in ournon-GAAP definitions below. The adjustments generally fall within the following categories: acquisition & divestiture activities, gains and losses on intangible asset sales andnon-cash impairments, major program restructuring activities, constant currency and related adjustments, major program financing and hedging activities and other major items affecting comparability of operating results. We believe thenon-GAAP measures should always be considered along with the related U.S. GAAP financial measures. We have provided the reconciliations between the GAAP andnon-GAAP financial measures below, and we also discuss our underlying GAAP results throughout ourManagement’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in this Form10-K.


Our primarynon-GAAP financial measures are listed below and reflect how we evaluate our current and prior-year operating results. As new events or circumstances arise, these definitions could change. When our definitions change, we provide the updated definitions and present the relatednon-GAAP historical results on a comparable basis(1).

“Organic Net Revenue” is defined as net revenues excluding the impacts of acquisitions, divestitures(2), our historical global coffee business(3), our historical Venezuelan operations, accounting calendar changes and currency rate fluctuations(4)(3). We also evaluate Organic Net Revenue growth from emerging markets and our Power Brands.developed markets.
Our emerging markets include our Latin America region in its entirety; the AMEA region, excluding Australia, New Zealand and Japan; and the following countries from the Europe region: Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Georgia, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, the Baltics and the East Adriatic countries. (OurOur developed markets include the entire North America region, the Europe region excluding the countries included in the emerging markets definition, and Australia, New Zealand and Japan from the AMEA region.)
Our Power Brands include some of our largest global and regional brands such asOreo,Chips Ahoy!, Ritz, TUC/Club Social andbelVita biscuits;Cadbury Dairy Milk, Milka andLacta chocolate;Tridentgum;Halls candy andTang powdered beverages.

“Adjusted Operating Income” is defined as operating income excluding the impacts of the 2012-2014 RestructuringSimplify to Grow Program(5) (4); the 2014-2018 Restructuring Program(5); Venezuela remeasurement and deconsolidation losses and historical operating results; gains or losses (includingnon-cash impairment charges) on goodwill and intangible assets; divestiture(2) or acquisition gains or losses and related divestiture (2), acquisition and integration and acquisition costs; the JDE coffee business transactionscosts(3) (2) gain and net incremental costs;; the operating results of divestitures(2); our historical global coffee business operating resultsremeasurement of net monetary position(3) (5);mark-to-market impacts from commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivative contracts(6); equity method investment earnings historically reported within operating income(7); benefitsimpact from resolution of tax matters(8) (7); CEO transition remuneration (8); impact from pension participation changes(9); Swiss tax reform impacts (10); and incremental expenses related to the 2017 malware incident. We also present “Adjusted Operating Income margin,” which is subject to the same adjustments as Adjusted Operating Income. We also evaluate growth in our Adjusted Operating Income on a constant currency basis(4) (3).

“Adjusted EPS” is defined as diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International from continuing operations excluding the impacts of the 2012-2014 Restructuring Program(5);items listed in the 2014-2018 Restructuring Program(5); Venezuela remeasurement and deconsolidation losses and historical operating results;Adjusted Operating Income definition as well as losses on debt extinguishment and related expenses; gains or losses (includingnon-cash impairment charges) on goodwill and intangible assets; divestiture(2) or acquisition gains or losses and related integration and acquisition costs; the JDE coffee business transactions(3) gain, transaction hedging gains or losses and net incremental costs; gain on equity method investment transactions; net earnings from divestitures(2);mark-to-market impacts from commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivative contracts(6); gains or losses on interest rate swaps no longer designated as accounting cash flow hedges due to changed financing and hedging plans; benefits from resolution of tax matters(8); CEO transition remuneration(9); incremental expenses related to the malware incidentplans and the U.S. and Swiss tax reform discrete impacts(10). Similarly, within Adjusted EPS, our equity method investment net earnings exclude our proportionate share of our investees’ unusual or infrequent items(11). We also evaluate growth in our Adjusted EPS on a constant currency basis(4)(3).


(1)When items no longer impact our current or future presentation ofnon-GAAP operating results, we remove these items from ournon-GAAP definitions. During 2017,2019, we added to thenon-GAAP definitions the exclusion of the impact from Swiss tax reform as described in footnote (10) below. During 2018, we added to the non-GAAP definitions the exclusion of: benefits from the resolution of tax mattersremeasurement gains or losses related to remeasuring net monetary assets or liabilities in Argentina (see footnote (8)(5) below), CEO transition remuneration and the impact from pension participation changes (see footnote (9) below), incremental expenses related to the malware incident (discussed underMalware Incident) and the U.S. tax reform discrete impacts (see footnote (10) below).
(2)
Divestitures include completed sales of businesses and exits of major product lines upon completion of a sale or licensing agreement. See Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions, for information on divestitures and acquisitions impacting the comparability of our results.
(3)We continue to have an ongoing interest in the legacy coffee business we deconsolidated in 2015 as part of the JDE coffee business transactions. For historical periods prior to the July 15, 2015 coffee business deconsolidation, we have reclassified any net revenue or operating income from the historical coffee business and included them where the coffee equity method investment earnings are presented within Adjusted EPS. As such, Organic Net Revenue and Adjusted Operating Income in all periods do not include the results of our legacy coffee businesses, which are shown within Adjusted EPS.
(4)(3)Constant currency operating results are calculated by dividing or multiplying, as appropriate, the current-period local currency operating results by the currency exchange rates used to translate the financial statements in the comparable prior-year period to determine what the current-period U.S. dollar operating results would have been if the currency exchange rate had not changed from the comparable prior-year period.

(5)
(4)Non-GAAP adjustments related to the 2014-2018 RestructuringSimplify to Grow Program reflect costs incurred that relate to the objectives of our program to transform our supply chain network and organizational structure. Costs that do not meet the program objectives are not reflected in thenon-GAAP adjustments. Refer to our Annual Report on Form10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 for more information on the 2012-2014 Restructuring Program.
(5)
During the third quarter of 2018, as we began to apply highly inflationary accounting for Argentina (refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies), we excluded the remeasurement gains or losses related to remeasuring net monetary assets or liabilities in Argentina to be consistent with our prior accounting for these remeasurement gains/losses for Venezuela when it was subject to highly inflationary accounting prior to 2016.
(6)During the third quarter of 2016, we began to exclude unrealized gains and losses(mark-to-market (mark-to-market impacts) from outstanding commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives from ournon-GAAP earnings measures until such time that the related exposures impact our operating results. Since we purchase commodity and forecasted currency transaction contracts to mitigate price volatility primarily for inventory requirements in future periods, we made this adjustment to remove the volatility of these future inventory purchases on current operating results to facilitate comparisons of our underlying operating performance across periods. We also discontinued designating commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives for hedge accounting treatment. To facilitate comparisons of our underlying operating results, we have recast all historicalnon-GAAP earnings measures to exclude themark-to-market impacts.
(7)Historically, we have recorded income from equity method investments within our operating income as these investments operated as extensions of our base business. Beginning in the third quarter of 2015, we began to record the earnings from our equity method investments inafter-tax equity method investment earnings outside of operating income following the deconsolidation of our coffee business. Refer to Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in our Annual Report on Form10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 for more information.
(8)During 2017, we recorded benefits from the reversal of tax liabilities in connection with the resolution of a Brazilian indirect tax matter and settlement ofpre-acquisition Cadbury tax matters.
See Note 12,14, Commitments and Contingencies—Contingencies – Tax Matters, for additional information.
(9)
(8)On November 20, 2017, Dirk Van de Put succeeded Irene Rosenfeld as CEO of Mondelēz International in advance of her retirement at the end of March 2018. In order to incent Mr. Van de Put to join us, we provided him compensation with a total combined target value of $42.5 million to make him whole for incentive awards he forfeited or grants that were not made to him when he left his former employer. The compensation we granted took the form of cash, deferred stock units, performance share units and stock options. In connection with Irene Rosenfeld’s retirement, we made her outstanding grants of performance share units for the 2016-2018 and 2017-2019 performance cycles eligible for continued vesting and approved a $0.5 million salary for her service as Chairman from January through March 2018. We refer to these elements of Mr. Van de Put’s and Ms. Rosenfeld’s compensation arrangements together as “CEO transition remuneration.” We are excluding amounts we expense as CEO transition remuneration from our 2017 and futurenon-GAAP results because those amounts are not part of our regular compensation program and are incremental to amounts we would have incurred as ongoing CEO compensation. As a result, in 2017, we excluded amounts expensed for the cash payment to Mr. Van de Put and partial vesting of his equity grants. In 2018, we expect to excludeexcluded amounts paid for Ms. Rosenfeld’s service as Chairman and partial vesting of Mr. Van de Put’s and Ms. Rosenfeld’s equity grants. In 2019, we excluded amounts related to the partial vesting of Mr. Van de Put’s equity grants.
(10)
(9)On December 22, 2017,
The impact from pension participation changes represents the United States enacted tax reform legislation that included a broad range of business tax provisions. As further detailedcharges incurred when employee groups are withdrawn from multiemployer pension plans and other changes in Note 14,Income Taxes, our accounting for the new legislation is not complete and we have made reasonable estimates for some tax provisions.employee group pension plan participation. We exclude the discrete U.S. tax reform impactsthese charges from our Adjusted EPS as theynon–GAAP results because those amounts do not reflect our ongoing tax obligations under U.S. tax reform.pension obligations. See Note 11, Benefit Plans, for more information on the multiemployer pension plan withdrawal.
(11)We have excluded our proportionate share of our equity method investees’ unusual or infrequent items such as acquisition and divestiture related costs, restructuring program costs and discrete U.S. tax reform impacts, in order to provide investors with a comparable view of our performance across periods. Although we have shareholder rights and board representation commensurate with our ownership interests in our equity method investees and review the underlying operating results and unusual or infrequent items with them each reporting period, we do not have direct control over their operations or resulting revenue and expenses. Our use of equity method investment net earnings on an adjusted basis is not intended to imply that we have any such control. Our GAAP “diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International from continuing operations” includes all of the investees’ unusual and infrequent items.

(10) We exclude the impact of the 2019 Swiss tax reform and 2017 U.S. tax reform. During the third quarter of 2019, Swiss Federal and Zurich Cantonal tax events drove our recognition of a Swiss tax reform net benefit to our results of operations. On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted tax reform legislation that included a broad range of business tax provisions. We exclude these tax reform impacts from our Adjusted EPS as they do not reflect our ongoing tax obligations under the new tax reforms. Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for more information on our current year estimated annual effective tax rate and U.S. and Swiss tax reform.
(11) We have excluded our proportionate share of our equity method investees’ unusual or infrequent items such as acquisition and divestiture related costs, restructuring program costs and discrete U.S. tax reform impacts, in order to provide investors with a comparable view of our performance across periods. Although we have shareholder rights and board representation commensurate with our ownership interests in our equity method investees and review the underlying operating results and unusual or infrequent items with them each reporting period, we do not have direct control over their operations or resulting revenue and expenses. Our use of equity method investment net earnings on an adjusted basis is not intended to imply that we have any such control. Our GAAP “diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International from continuing operations” includes all of the investees’ unusual and infrequent items.

We believe that the presentation of thesenon-GAAP financial measures, when considered together with our U.S. GAAP financial measures and the reconciliations to the corresponding U.S. GAAP financial measures, provides you with a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our business than could be obtained absent these disclosures. Becausenon-GAAP financial measures vary among companies, thenon-GAAP financial measures presented in this report may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Our use of thesenon-GAAP financial measures is not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for any U.S. GAAP financial measure. A limitation of thesenon-GAAP financial measures is they exclude items detailed below that have an impact on our U.S. GAAP reported results. The best way this limitation can be addressed is by evaluating ournon-GAAP financial measures in combination with our U.S. GAAP reported results and carefully evaluating the following tables that reconcile U.S. GAAP reported figures to thenon-GAAP financial measures in this Form10-K.



Organic Net Revenue:

Applying the definition of “Organic Net Revenue”, the adjustments made to “net revenues” (the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure) were to exclude the impact of currency, our historical Venezuelan operations, the adjustment for deconsolidating our historical coffee business, an accounting calendar change, acquisitions and divestitures. We believe that Organic Net Revenue reflects the underlying growth from the ongoing activities of our business and provides improved comparability of results. We also evaluate our Organic Net Revenue growth from emerging markets, and Power Brands, and these underlying measures are also reconciled to U.S. GAAP below.

                                                                                                            
   For the Year Ended December 31, 2017   For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 
   Emerging   Developed       Emerging   Developed     
   Markets   Markets   Total   Markets   Markets   Total 
   (in millions)   (in millions) 

Net Revenue

  $9,707   $16,189   $25,896   $9,357   $16,566   $25,923 

Impact of currency

   (19   (58   (77            

Impact of acquisitions

       (59   (59            

Impact of divestitures

       (270   (270   (10   (643   (653
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Organic Net Revenue

  $9,688   $15,802   $25,490   $9,347   $15,923   $25,270 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
   For the Year Ended December 31, 2017   For the Year Ended December 31, 2016(3) 
   Power   Non-Power       Power   Non-Power     
   Brands   Brands   Total   Brands   Brands   Total 
   (in millions)   (in millions) 

Net Revenue

  $18,913   $6,983   $25,896   $18,372   $7,551   $25,923 

Impact of currency

   (97   20    (77            

Impact of acquisitions

   (59       (59            

Impact of divestitures

       (270   (270       (653   (653
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Organic Net Revenue

  $18,757   $6,733   $25,490   $18,372   $6,898   $25,270 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
   For the Year Ended December 31, 2016   For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 
   Emerging   Developed       Emerging   Developed     
   Markets   Markets   Total   Markets   Markets   Total 
   (in millions)   (in millions) 

Net Revenue

  $9,357   $16,566   $25,923   $11,570   $18,066   $29,636 

Impact of currency

   895    338    1,233             

Historical Venezuelan operations(1)

               (1,217       (1,217

Historical coffee business(2)

               (442   (1,185   (1,627

Impact of accounting calendar change

                   (76   (76

Impact of acquisitions

   (71   (21   (92            

Impact of divestitures

   (10   (643   (653   (8   (687   (695
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Organic Net Revenue

  $10,171   $16,240   $26,411   $9,903   $16,118   $26,021 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 �� 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
   For the Year Ended December 31, 2016   For the Year Ended December 31, 2015(3) 
   Power   Non-Power       Power   Non-Power     
   Brands   Brands   Total   Brands   Brands   Total 
   (in millions)   (in millions) 

Net Revenue

  $18,372   $7,551   $25,923   $20,612   $9,024   $29,636 

Impact of currency

   856    377    1,233             

Historical Venezuelan operations(1)

               (823   (394   (1,217

Historical coffee business(2)

               (1,199   (428   (1,627

Impact of accounting calendar change

               (59   (17   (76

Impact of acquisitions

   (92       (92            

Impact of divestitures

       (653   (653       (695   (695
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Organic Net Revenue

  $19,136   $7,275   $26,411   $18,531   $7,490   $26,021 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(1)Includes the historical results of our Venezuelan subsidiaries prior to the December 31, 2015 deconsolidation. Refer to Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting: Venezuela,for more information.
(2)Includes our historical global coffee business prior to the July 2, 2015 JDE coffee business transactions. Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, and ournon-GAAP definitions appearing earlier in this section for more information.
(3)Each year we reevaluate our Power Brands and confirm the brands in which we will continue to make disproportionate investments. As such, we may make changes in our planned investments in primarily regional Power Brands following our annual review cycles. For 2017, we made limited changes to our list of regional Power Brands and as such, we reclassified 2016 and 2015 Power Brand net revenues on a basis consistent with the current list of Power Brands.

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
 
Emerging
Markets
 
Developed
Markets
 Total 
Emerging
Markets
 
Developed
Markets
 Total
 (in millions) (in millions)
Net Revenue$9,675
 $16,193
 $25,868
 $9,659
 $16,279
 $25,938
Impact of currency651
 503
 1,154
 
 
 
Impact of acquisitions
 (88) (88) 
 
 
Impact of divestitures(55) 
 (55) (126) 
 (126)
Organic Net Revenue$10,271
 $16,608
 $26,879
 $9,533
 $16,279
 $25,812
            
 For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 For the Year Ended December 31, 2017
 
Emerging
Markets
 
Developed
Markets
 Total 
Emerging
Markets
 
Developed
Markets
 Total
 (in millions) (in millions)
Net Revenue$9,659
 $16,279
 $25,938
 $9,707
 $16,189
 $25,896
Impact of currency604
 (261) 343
 
 
 
Impact of acquisitions
 (52) (52) 
 
 
Impact of divestitures(126) 
 (126) (132) (270) (402)
Organic Net Revenue$10,137
 $15,966
 $26,103
 $9,575
 $15,919
 $25,494



Adjusted Operating Income:

Applying the definition of “Adjusted Operating Income”, the adjustments made to “operating income” (the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure) were to exclude 2012-2014 Restructuring Program costs; 2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs;Simplify to Grow Program; intangible asset impairment charges related to intangible assets;charges; mark-to-market impacts from commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivative contracts; malware incident incremental expenses, related to the malware incident; acquisition integration costs; acquisition-related costs;acquisition and divestiture-related costs; the operating results ofincome from divestitures; net gain ongains from divestitures; gain on salethe remeasurement of intangible assets; benefitsnet monetary position; impact from pension participation changes; impact from the resolution of tax matters; CEO transition remuneration; Venezuela historical operating resultsremuneration and remeasurement and deconsolidation losses; the JDE coffee business transactions gain and net incremental costs; operating income from our historical coffee business and equity method investment earnings reclassified toafter-tax earnings in Q3 2015 in connection with the coffee business transactions.Swiss tax reform impact. We also present “Adjusted Operating Income margin,” which is subject to the same adjustments as Adjusted Operating Income, and evaluate Adjusted Operating Income on a constant currency basis. We believe these measures provide improved comparability of underlying operating results.

                                                                        
   For the Years Ended         
   December 31,         
   2017   2016   $ Change   % Change 
   (in millions)     

Operating Income

  $3,506   $2,569   $937    36.5% 

2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs(1)

   792    1,086    (294  

Intangible asset impairment charges(2)

   109    137    (28  

Mark-to-market losses from derivatives(3)

   96    94    2   

Malware incident incremental expenses

   84        84   

Acquisition integration costs(4)

   3    7    (4  

Acquisition-related costs(4)

       1    (1  

Divestiture-related costs(5)

   31    86    (55  

Operating income from divestiture(5)

   (61   (153   92   

Net gain on divestitures(5)

   (186   (9   (177  

Gain on sale of intangible assets(6)

       (15   15   

Benefits from resolution of tax matters(7)

   (209       (209  

CEO transition remuneration

   14        14   

Other/rounding

   (1   (1      
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Adjusted Operating Income

  $4,178   $3,802   $376    9.9% 

Currency translation

              
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency)

  $4,178   $3,802   $376    9.9% 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

                                                                        
   For the Years Ended         
   December 31,         
   2016   2015   $ Change   % Change 
   (in millions)     

Operating Income

  $2,569   $8,897   $(6,328   (71.1)% 

2012-2014 Restructuring Program costs(1)

       (4   4   

2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs(1)

   1,086    1,002    84   

Intangible asset impairment charges(2)

   137    71    66   

Mark-to-market losses/(gains) from derivatives(3)

   94    (56   150   

Acquisition integration costs(4)

   7    9    (2  

Acquisition-related costs(4)

   1    8    (7  

Divestiture-related costs(5)

   86        86   

Operating income from divestiture(5)

   (153   (182   29   

Net gain on divestiture(5)

   (9   (13   4   

Gain on sale of intangible assets(6)

   (15       (15  

Operating income from Venezuelan subsidiaries(8)

       (281   281   

Remeasurement of net monetary assets in Venezuela(8)

       11    (11  

Loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela(8)

       778    (778  

Costs associated with JDE coffee business transactions(9)

       278    (278  

Gain on the JDE coffee business transactions(9)

       (6,809   6,809   

Reclassification of historical coffee business operating income(10)

       (342   342   

Reclassification of equity method investment earnings(11)

       (51   51   

Other/rounding

   (1       (1  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Adjusted Operating Income

  $3,802   $3,316   $486    14.7% 

Impact of unfavorable currency

   171        171   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency)

  $3,973   $3,316   $657    19.8% 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 For the Years Ended
December 31,
    
 2019 2018 $ Change % Change
 (in millions)  
Operating Income$3,843
 $3,312
 $531
 16.0 %
Simplify to Grow Program (1)
442
 626
 (184)  
Intangible asset impairment charges (2)
57
 68
 (11)  
Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (3)
(91) (141) 50
  
Acquisition integration costs (4)

 3
 (3)  
Acquisition-related costs (5)
3
 13
 (10)  
Divestiture-related costs (5)
6
 (1) 7
  
Operating income from divestiture (5)
(9) (19) 10
  
Net gain on divestiture (5)
(44) 
 (44)  
Remeasurement of net monetary position (6)
(4) 11
 (15)  
Impact from pension participation changes (7)
(35) 423
 (458)  
Impact from resolution of tax matters (8)
85
 (15) 100
  
CEO transition remuneration (9)
9
 22
 (13)  
Swiss tax reform impact (10)
2
 
 2
  
Adjusted Operating Income$4,264
 $4,302
 $(38) (0.9)%
Unfavorable currency translation227
 
 227
  
Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency)$4,491
 $4,302
 $189
 4.4 %

 For the Years Ended
December 31,
    
 2018 2017 $ Change % Change
 (in millions)  
Operating Income$3,312
 $3,462
 $(150) (4.3)%
Simplify to Grow Program (1)
626
 777
 (151)  
Intangible asset impairment charges (2)
68
 109
 (41)  
Mark-to-market (gains)/losses from derivatives (3)
(141) 96
 (237)  
Malware incident incremental expenses
 84
 (84)  
Acquisition integration costs (4)
3
 3
 
  
Acquisition-related costs (5)
13
 
 13
  
Divestiture-related costs (5)
(1) 31
 (32)  
Operating income from divestitures (5)
(19) (92) 73
  
Net gain on divestitures (5)

 (186) 186
  
Remeasurement of net monetary position (6)
11
 
 11
  
Impact from pension participation changes (7)
423
 
 423
  
Impact from resolution of tax matters (8)
(15) (209) 194
  
CEO transition remuneration (9)
22
 14
 8
  
Other/rounding
 (1) 1
  
Adjusted Operating Income$4,302
 $4,088
 $214
 5.2 %
Unfavorable currency translation55
 
 55
  
Adjusted Operating Income (constant currency)$4,357

$4,088
 $269
 6.6 %
(1)
Refer to Note 8, Restructuring Program, for more information.
(2)
Refer to Note 6,2014-2018 Restructuring Program,for more information. Refer to the Annual Report onForm 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 for additional information in Note 6,Restructuring Programs.
(2)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, and Note 5,Goodwill and Intangible Assets,, for more information on trademark impairments.
(3)
Refer to Note 8,10, Financial Instruments, Note 16,18, Segment Reporting, andNon-GAAP Financial Measures appearing earlier insection at the end of this sectionitem for more information on thesethe unrealized losses/gainsgains/losses on commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivatives.
(4)
Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the acquisition of a biscuit business in Vietnam.
(5)
Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on prior-year divestitures, intangible asset sales and the 2017 salesJune 7, 2018 acquisition of a confectionery business in France, a grocery business in Australia and New Zealand, certain licenses ofKHC-owned brands used in our grocery business within our Europe region, sale of one of our equity method investments and sale of a confectionary business in Japan. Additionally, the 2016 amount includes a sale of a confectionery business in Costa Rica.Tate's Bake Shop.
(6)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the 2016 intangible asset sale in Finland.
(7)Refer to Note 12,Commitments and Contingencies – Tax Matters, for more information. Primarily includes the reversal of tax liabilities in connection with the resolution of a Brazilian indirect tax matter and settlement ofpre-acquisition Cadbury tax matters.
(8)Includes the historical results of our Venezuelan subsidiaries prior to the December 31, 2015 deconsolidation.
Refer to Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting: Venezuela,Accounting, for more information on the deconsolidation and remeasurement loss in 2015.our application of highly inflationary accounting for Argentina.
(9)
(7)
Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions11, Benefit Plans, for more information on the JDE coffee business transactions.information.
(10)Includes our historical global coffee business prior to the July 2, 2015 deconsolidation. We reclassified the results of our historical coffee business from Adjusted Operating Income and included them with equity method investment earnings in Adjusted EPS to facilitate comparisons of past and future coffee operating results.
(8)
Refer to Note 2,Divestitures14, Commitments and Acquisitions,andNon-GAAP Financial Measuresappearing later in this sectionContingencies – Tax Matters, for more information.
(11)Historically, we have recorded income from equity method investments within our operating income as these investments operated as extensions of our base business. Beginning in the third quarter of 2015, to align with the accounting for JDE earnings, we began to record the earnings from our equity method investments in equity method investment earnings outside of operating income. In periods prior to July 2, 2015, we have reclassified the equity method earnings from Adjusted Operating Income to evaluate our operating results on a consistent basis.

(9) Refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures definition and related table notes.
(10) Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes, for more information on Swiss tax reform.





Adjusted EPS:

Applying the definition of “Adjusted EPS”(1), the adjustments made to “diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International” (the most comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure) were to exclude 2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs; impairment chargesthe impacts of the items listed in the Adjusted Operating Income tables above as well as gains/(losses) related to intangible assets;mark-to-market impacts from commodity and forecasted currency transaction derivative contracts; incremental expenses related to the malware incident; acquisition integration costs; divestiture-related costs; net earnings from divestitures;after-tax gains/losses on divestitures; gain on sale of intangible assets; benefits from the resolution of tax matters; CEO transition remuneration; losses on interest rate swaps no longer designated as accounting cash flow hedges due to changed financing and hedging plans; lossesswaps; loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses;extinguishment; U.S. tax reform discrete net tax benefit; Venezuela historical operating results and remeasurement and deconsolidation losses; the JDE coffee business transactions gain, hedging gains andimpact; net incremental costs; operating income from our historical coffee business; equity method investment earnings reclassified toafter-tax earnings in Q3 2015 in connection with the coffee business transactions; gaingains/(losses) on equity method investment transactions; and our proportionate share of unusual or infrequent items recorded by our JDE and Keurig equity method investees. We also evaluate Adjusted EPS on a constant currency basis. We believe Adjusted EPS provides improved comparability of underlying operating results.

                                                                        
   For the Years Ended         
   December 31,         
   2017   2016   $ Change   % Change 

Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International

  $1.91   $1.05   $0.86    81.9% 

2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs(2)

   0.39    0.51    (0.12  

Intangible asset impairment charges(2)

   0.05    0.06    (0.01  

Mark-to-market losses from derivatives(2)

   0.06    0.05    0.01   

Malware incident incremental expenses

   0.04        0.04   

Acquisition integration costs (2)

       0.01    (0.01  

Divestiture-related costs(2)

   0.02    0.05    (0.03  

Net earnings from divestitures(2)

   (0.03   (0.08   0.05   

Net gain on divestitures(2)

   (0.11       (0.11  

Gain on sale of intangible assets(2)

       (0.01   0.01   

Benefits from resolution of tax matters(2)

   (0.13       (0.13  

CEO transition remuneration

   0.01        0.01   

Loss related to interest rate swaps(3)

       0.04    (0.04  

Loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses(4)

       0.17    (0.17  

U.S. tax reform discrete net tax benefit(5)

   (0.04       (0.04  

Gain on equity method investment transactions(6)

   (0.02   (0.03   0.01   

Equity method investee acquisition-related
and other adjustments(7)

   (0.01   0.04    (0.05  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Adjusted EPS

  $2.14   $1.86   $0.28    15.1% 

Impact of favorable currency

   (0.01       (0.01  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Adjusted EPS (constant currency)

  $2.13   $1.86   $0.27    14.5% 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

                                                                        
   For the Years Ended         
   December 31,         
   2016   2015   $ Change   % Change 

Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International

  $1.05   $4.44   $(3.39   (76.4)% 

2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs(2)

   0.51    0.45    0.06   

Intangible asset impairment charges(2)

   0.06    0.03    0.03   

Mark-to-market losses/(gains) from  derivatives (2)

   0.05    (0.03   0.08   

Acquisition integration costs(2)

   0.01        0.01   

Net earnings from divestiture(2)

   (0.08   (0.07   (0.01  

Divestiture-related costs(2)

   0.05        0.05   

Net loss on divestiture(2)

       0.01    (0.01  

Gain on sale of intangible assets(2)

   (0.01       (0.01  

Net earnings from Venezuelan subsidiaries(8)

       (0.10   0.10   

Loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela(8)

       0.48    (0.48  

Remeasurement of net monetary assets in Venezuela(8)

       0.01    (0.01  

Gain on the JDE coffee business transactions(9)

       (4.05   4.05   

(Income)/costs associated with the JDE coffee business transactions(9)

       (0.01   0.01   

Loss related to interest rate swaps(3)

   0.04    0.01    0.03   

Loss on debt extinguishment and related
expenses(4)

   0.17    0.29    (0.12  

Gain on equity method investment transactions (6)

   (0.03       (0.03  

Equity method investee acquisition-related
and other adjustments(7)

   0.04    0.07    (0.03  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Adjusted EPS

  $1.86   $1.53   $0.33    21.6

Impact of unfavorable currency

   0.06        0.06   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Adjusted EPS (constant currency)

  $1.92   $1.53   $0.39    25.5
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   
 For the Years Ended
December 31,
    
 2019 2018 $ Change % Change
Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International$2.65
 $2.28
 $0.37
 16.2%
   Simplify to Grow Program (2)
0.24
 0.32
 (0.08)  
   Intangible asset impairment charges (2)
0.03
 0.03
 
  
   Mark-to-market gains from derivatives (2)
(0.05) (0.09) 0.04
  
   Acquisition-related costs (2)

 0.01
 (0.01)  
   Divestiture-related costs (2)
0.01
 
 0.01
  
   Net earnings from divestiture (2)
(0.01) (0.01) 
  
   Net gain on divestiture (2)
(0.03) 
 (0.03)  
   Remeasurement of net monetary position (2)

 0.01
 (0.01)  
   Impact from pension participation changes (2)
(0.02) 0.22
 (0.24)  
   Impact from resolution of tax matters (2)
0.05
 (0.01) 0.06
  
   CEO transition remuneration (2)
0.01
 0.01
 
  
   Net loss/(gain) related to interest rate swaps (3)
0.08
 (0.01) 0.09
  
   Loss on debt extinguishment (4)

 0.07
 (0.07)  
   Swiss tax reform net impacts (2)
(0.53) 
 (0.53)  
   U.S. tax reform discrete net tax expense (5)

 0.01
 (0.01)  
   Net loss/(gain) on equity method
investment transactions
(6)
0.01
 (0.39) 0.40
  
   Equity method investee acquisition-related
and other charges/(benefits)
(7)
0.03
 (0.03) 0.06
  
Adjusted EPS$2.47
 $2.42
 $0.05
 2.1%
   Unfavorable currency translation0.15
 
 0.15
  
Adjusted EPS (constant currency)$2.62
 $2.42
 $0.20
 8.3%


 For the Years Ended
December 31,
    
 2018 2017 $ Change % Change
Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International$2.28
 $1.85
 $0.43
 23.2%
   Simplify to Grow Program (2)
0.32
 0.39
 (0.07)  
   Intangible asset impairment charges (2)
0.03
 0.05
 (0.02)  
   Mark-to-market (gains)/losses from derivatives (2)
(0.09) 0.06
 (0.15)  
   Malware incident incremental expenses
 0.04
 (0.04)  
   Acquisition integration costs (2)

 
 
  
   Acquisition-related costs (2)
0.01
 
 0.01
  
   Divestiture-related costs (2)

 0.02
 (0.02)  
   Net earnings from divestitures (2)
(0.01) (0.05) 0.04
  
   Net gain on divestitures (2)

 (0.11) 0.11
  
Remeasurement of net monetary position (2)
0.01
 
 0.01
  
Impact from pension participation changes (2)
0.22
 
 0.22
  
   Impact from resolution of tax matters (2)
(0.01) (0.13) 0.12
  
   CEO transition remuneration (2)
0.01
 0.01
 
  
   Net gain related to interest rate swaps (3)
(0.01) 
 (0.01)  
   Loss on debt extinguishment (4)
0.07
 
 0.07
  
   U.S. tax reform discrete net tax expense/(benefit) (5)
0.01
 (0.03) 0.04
  
   Gains on equity method investment transactions (6)
(0.39) (0.02) (0.37)  
   Equity method investee acquisition-related
   and other charges/(benefits) (7)
(0.03) 0.04
 (0.07)  
Adjusted EPS$2.42
 $2.12
 $0.30
 14.2%
   Unfavorable currency translation0.03
 
 0.03
  
Adjusted EPS (constant currency)$2.45
 $2.12
 $0.33
 15.6%
(1)The tax expense/(benefit) of each of thepre-tax items excluded from our GAAP results was computed based on the facts and tax assumptions associated with each item, and such impacts have also been excluded from Adjusted EPS.
For the year ended December 31, 2019 taxes for the: Simplify to Grow Program were $(103) million, intangible asset impairment charges were $(14) million, mark-to-market gains from derivatives were $19 million, divestiture-related costs were zero, net earnings from divestiture were zero, net gain on divestiture were $3 million, impact from pension participation changes were $8 million, impact from resolution of tax matters were $(21) million, CEO transition remuneration were zero, net loss related to interest rate swaps were zero, Swiss tax reform were $(769) million, net loss on equity method investment transactions were $6 million and equity method investee and other charges/benefits were $(12) million.
2018 taxes for the: Simplify to Grow Program were $(156) million, intangible asset impairment charges were $(16) million, mark-to-market gains from derivatives were $10 million, acquisition-related costs were $(3) million, net earnings from divestiture were zero, impact from pension participation changes were $(108) million, impact from resolution of tax matters were $(6) million, CEO transition remuneration were $(5) million, net gain related to interest rate swaps were $2 million, loss on debt extinguishment were $(35) million, U.S. tax reform were $19 million, gain on equity method investment transaction were $192 million and equity method investee and other charges/benefits were $16 million.
2017 taxes for the: 2014-2018 RestructuringSimplify to Grow Program costs were $(190) million, intangible asset impairment charges were $(30) million, acquisition integrationmark-to-market losses from derivatives were $(6) million, malware incident incremental costs were zero,$(27) million, divestiture-related costs were $8 million, net earnings from divestitures were $16 million, net gain on divestitures were $7 million, impact from resolution of tax matters were $75 million, CEO transition remuneration were $(5) million, U.S. tax reform were $(44) million, gain on equity method investment transactions were $15 million net gain on divestitures were $7 million, net earnings on divestitures were $15 million, divestiture-related costs were $8 million, loss on debt extinguishment and related costs were $(4) million, malware incident incremental costs were $(27) million, benefits from resolution of tax matters were $75 million, equity method investee acquisition-related and other adjustmentscharges/benefits were $35 million, CEO transition remuneration were $(5) million,mark-to-market gains/(losses) from derivatives were $(6) million and U.S. tax reform were $(59) million.
For the year ended December 31, 2016, taxes for the: 2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs were $(288) million, intangible asset impairment charges were $(37) million, gain on sale of intangible assets were $3 million, acquisition integration costs were zero, net earnings from divestitures were $40 million, divestiture-related costs were $(15) million, loss on debt extinguishment and related costs were $(163) million, loss related to interest rate swaps were $(36) million andmark-to-market gains/(losses) from derivatives were $(11) million.
For the year ended December 31, 2015, taxes for the: 2014-2018 Restructuring Program costs were $(262) million, income/costs associated with the JDE coffee business transactions were $145 million, net earnings from Venezuelan subsidiaries were $107 million, gain on the JDE coffee business transactions were $183 million, intangible asset impairment charges were $(13) million, net earnings from divestitures were $80 million, loss on debt extinguishment and related costs were $(275) million, loss related to interest rate swaps were $(13) million andmark-to-market gains/(losses) from derivatives were $15$(10) million.
(2)
See theAdjusted Operating Incometable above and the related footnotes for more information.
(3)
Refer to Note 8,10, Financial Instruments, for information on interest rate swaps no longer designated as cash flow hedges.
(4)
Refer to Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for more information on our interest rate swaps, which we no longer designate as cash flow hedges during the first quarter of 2016 due to changes in financing and hedging plans.losses on debt extinguishment.
(4)
(5)
Refer to Note 7, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, for more information on our loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses in connection with our debt discharge.
(5)Refer to Note 14,16, Income Taxes, for more information on the impact of the U.S. tax reform.
(6)
Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, 7, Equity Method Investments, for more information on the KDP transaction in 2018, the 2017 sale of an interest in one of our equity method investments and the 2016 acquisition of an interest in Keurig.
(7)Includes our proportionate share of unusual or infrequent items, such as acquisition and divestiture-related costs, restructuring program costs and discrete U.S. tax reform impacts recorded by our JDE and Keurig equity method investees.
(8)Includes the historical results of our Venezuelan subsidiaries prior to the December 31, 2015 deconsolidation. Refer to Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting: Venezuela, for more information on the deconsolidation and remeasurement loss in 2015.
(9)Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for more information on the JDE coffee business transactions. Net gains of $436 million in 2015 on the currency hedges related to the JDE coffee business transactions were recorded in interest and other expense, net and are included in (income)/costs associated with the JDE coffee business transactions of $(0.01) in the table above.


Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.


As we operate globally, we are primarily exposed to currency exchange rate, commodity price and interest rate market risks. We monitor and manage these exposures as part of our overall risk management program. Our risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to reduce the potentially adverse effects that the volatility of these markets may have on our operating results. We principally utilize derivative instruments to reduce significant, unanticipated earnings fluctuations that may arise from volatility in currency exchange rates, commodity prices and interest rates. For additional information on our derivative activity and the types of derivative instruments we use to hedge our currency exchange, commodity price and interest rate exposures, see Note 8,1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 10, Financial Instruments.


Many of ournon-U.S. subsidiaries operate in functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates create volatility in our reported results as we translate the balance sheets, operating results and cash flows of these subsidiaries into the U.S. dollar for consolidated reporting purposes. The translation ofnon-U.S. dollar denominated balance sheets and statements of earnings of our subsidiaries into the U.S. dollar for consolidated reporting generally results in a cumulative translation adjustment to other comprehensive income within equity. A stronger U.S. dollar relative to other functional currencies adversely affects our consolidated earnings and net assets while a weaker U.S. dollar benefits our consolidated earnings and net assets. While we hedge significant forecasted currency exchange transactions as well as certain net assets ofnon-U.S. operations and other currency impacts, we cannot fully predict or eliminate volatility arising from changes in currency exchange rates on our consolidated financial results. SeeConsolidated Results of Operations andResults of Operations by Reportable Segment underDiscussion and Analysis of Historical Results for currency exchange effects on our financial results. For additional information on the impact of currency policies, recent currency devaluations the deconsolidation of our Venezuelan operation and the historical remeasurement of our Venezuelan net monetary assetshighly inflationary accounting on our financial condition and results of operations, also see Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting.


We also continually monitor the market for commodities that we use in our products. Input costs may fluctuate widely due to international demand, weather conditions, government policy and regulation and unforeseen conditions. To manage input cost volatility, we enter into forward purchase agreements and other derivative financial instruments. We also pursue productivity and cost saving measures and take pricing actions when necessary to mitigate the impact of higher input costs on earnings.


We regularly evaluate our variable and fixed-rate debt as well as current and expected interest rates in the markets in which we raise capital. Our primary exposures include movements in U.S. Treasury rates, corporate credit spreads, commercial paper rates as well as limited debt tied to London Interbank Offered Rates (“LIBOR”), Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”). The Financial Conduct Authority in the United Kingdom plans to phase out LIBOR by the end of 2021. We do not anticipate a significant impact to our financial position from the planned phase out of LIBOR given our current mix of variable and commercial paper rates.fixed-rate debt. We periodically use interest rate swaps and forward interest rate contracts to achieve a desired proportion of variable versus fixed ratefixed-rate debt based on current and projected market conditions. Our weighted-average interest rate on our total debt was 2.1% as of December 31, 2017, down from 2.2% as of December 31, 2016.

There were no significant changes2019, down from 2.3% as of December 31, 2018, primarily due to lower interest rates on commercial paper borrowings.


Beginning in the types of2018, we entered into new investment hedge derivative instruments we usecontracts, specifically, cross-currency interest rate swaps and forwards, to hedge certain investments in our exposures between

December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2017.non-U.S. operations against movements in exchange rates. See Note 8,10, Financial Instruments, for more information on 2017 and 2018our derivative activity.


Value at Risk:


We use a value at risk (“VAR”) computation to estimate: 1) the potentialone-day loss in the fair value of our interest rate-sensitive financial instruments; and 2) the potentialone-day loss inpre-tax earnings of our currency and commodityprice-sensitive derivative financial instruments. The VAR analysis was done separately for our currency exchange, fixed income and commodity risk portfolios as of each quarter end during the periods presented below. The instruments included in the VAR computation were currency exchange forwards and options for currency exchange risk, debt and swaps for interest rate risk, and commodity forwards, futures and options for commodity risk. Excluded from the computation were anticipated transactions, currency trade payables and receivables, and net investments innon-U.S. subsidiaries, which the above-mentioned instruments are intended to hedge.



The VAR model assumes normal market conditions, a 95% confidence interval and aone-day holding period. A parametric delta-gamma approximation technique was used to determine the expected return distribution in interest rates, currencies and commodity prices for the purpose of calculating the fixed income, currency exchange and commodity VAR, respectively. The parameters used for estimating the expected return distributions were determined by observing interest rate, currency exchange and commodity price movements over the prior quarter for the calculation of VAR amounts at December 31, 20172019 and 2016,2018, and over each of the four prior quarters for the calculation of average VAR amounts during each year. The values of currency and commodity options do not change on aone-to-one basis with the underlying currency or commodity and were valued accordingly in the VAR computation.


As of December 31, 20172019 and December 31, 2016,2018, the estimated potentialone-day loss in fair value of our interest rate-sensitive instruments, primarily debt, and the estimated potentialone-day loss inpre-tax earnings from our currency and commodity instruments, as calculated in the VAR model, were:

                                                                                                        
   Pre-Tax Earnings Impact   Fair Value Impact 
   At 12/31/17   Average   High   Low   At 12/31/17   Average   High   Low 
   (in millions) 

Instruments sensitive to:

                

Interest rates

           $    31    $    45    $    55    $    31 

Foreign currency rates

   $    15    $    16    $    22    $    11         

Commodity prices

   14    17    24    14         
   Pre-Tax Earnings Impact   Fair Value Impact 
   At 12/31/16   Average   High   Low   At  12/31/16   Average   High   Low 
   (in millions) 

Instruments sensitive to:

                

Interest rates

           $    62    $    62    $    91    $    45 

Foreign currency rates

   $    10    $    18    $    26    $    10         

Commodity prices

   16    12    16    10         

 Pre-Tax Earnings Impact Fair Value Impact
 At 12/31/19 Average High Low At 12/31/19 Average High Low
 (in millions)
Instruments sensitive to:               
Interest rates        $86
 $70
 $97
 $49
Foreign currency rates$15
 $19
 $25
 $15
        
Commodity prices11
 13
 14
 11
        
 Pre-Tax Earnings Impact Fair Value Impact
 At 12/31/18 Average High Low At 12/31/18 Average High Low
 (in millions)
Instruments sensitive to:               
Interest rates        $35
 $33
 $36
 $27
Foreign currency rates$19
 $30
 $39
 $19
        
Commodity prices15
 16
 17
 15
        

This VAR computation is a risk analysis tool designed to statistically estimate the maximum expected daily loss, under the specified confidence interval and assuming normal market conditions, from adverse movements in interest rates, currency exchange rates and commodity prices. The computation does not represent actual losses in fair value or earnings we will incur, nor does it consider the effect of favorable changes in market rates. We cannot predict actual future movements in market rates and do not present these VAR results to be indicative of future movements in market rates or to be representative of any actual impact that future changes in market rates may have on our future financial results.


Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Mondelēz International, Inc.

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Mondelēz International, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 20172019 and 2016,2018, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive earnings, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017,2019, including the related notes and financial statement schedule for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2019, based on criteria established inInternal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20172019 and 2016,2018, and the results of theirits operations and theirits cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20172019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2019, based on criteria established inInternal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019.
Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”)(PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.



Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.


Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to theconsolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidatedfinancial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Non-Amortizable Intangible Assets Impairment Assessment

As described in Notes 1 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated non-amortizable intangible assets balance was $17.3 billion as of December 31, 2019, and an impairment charge of $57 million was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2019. Annually, management assesses non-amortizable intangible assets, which principally consist of brand names, for impairment by performing a qualitative review and assessing events and circumstances that could affect the fair value or carrying value of the non-amortizable intangible assets. If significant potential impairment risk exists for a specific asset, management quantitatively tests the asset for impairment by comparing its estimated fair value with its carrying value. Management estimates fair value for each asset using several accepted valuation methods, including relief of royalty, excess earnings and excess margin, that utilize estimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, royalty rates and discount rates.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the non-amortizable intangible assets impairment assessment is a critical audit matter are there was significant judgment by management when developing the fair value measurement of the non-amortizable intangible assets. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures to evaluate management’s fair value estimates and significant assumptions, including estimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, royalty rates, and discount rates. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the non-amortizable intangible assets impairment assessment, including controls over the determination of the fair values of the Company’s non-amortizable intangible assets as part of the annual impairment assessment. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate; evaluating the appropriateness of the valuation methods; testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the valuation methods; and evaluating the significant assumptions used by management, including the estimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, royalty rates, and discount rates. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to estimates of future sales and earnings growth rates involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the

current and past performance of the non-amortizable intangible assets, (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data, and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the Company’s valuation methods and certain significant assumptions, including the royalty rates and discount rates.

/s/ PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LLP


Chicago, Illinois

February 9, 2018

PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LLP has7, 2020


We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2001.


Mondelēz International, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Earnings

For the Years Ended December 31

(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)

                                                      
   2017   2016   2015 

Net revenues

  $25,896   $25,923   $29,636 

Cost of sales

   15,831    15,795    18,124 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Gross profit

   10,065    10,128    11,512 

Selling, general and administrative expenses

   5,911    6,540    7,577 

Asset impairment and exit costs

   656    852    901 

Net gain on divestitures

   (186   (9   (6,822

Loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela

           778 

Amortization of intangibles

   178    176    181 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Operating income

   3,506    2,569    8,897 

Interest and other expense, net

   382    1,115    1,013 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Earnings before income taxes

   3,124    1,454    7,884 

Provision for income taxes

   (688   (129   (593

Gain on equity method investment transactions

   40    43     

Equity method investment net earnings

   460    301     
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net earnings

   2,936    1,669    7,291 

Noncontrolling interest earnings

   (14   (10   (24
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International

  $2,922   $1,659   $7,267 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Per share data:

      

Basic earnings per share attributable to Mondelēz International

  $1.93   $1.07   $4.49 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Diluted earnings per share attributable to Mondelēz International

  $1.91   $1.05   $4.44 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Dividends declared

  $0.82   $0.72   $0.64 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 2019 2018 2017
Net revenues$25,868
 $25,938
 $25,896
Cost of sales15,531
 15,586
 15,862
   Gross profit10,337

10,352

10,034
Selling, general and administrative expenses6,136
 6,475
 5,938
Asset impairment and exit costs228
 389
 642
Net gains on divestitures(44) 
 (186)
Amortization of intangibles174
 176
 178
   Operating income3,843

3,312

3,462
Benefit plan non-service income(60) (50) (44)
Interest and other expense, net456
 520
 382
   Earnings before income taxes3,447

2,842

3,124
Provision for income taxes(2) (773) (666)
Net (loss)/gain on equity method investment transactions(2) 778
 40
Equity method investment net earnings442
 548
 344
   Net earnings3,885

3,395

2,842
Noncontrolling interest earnings(15) (14) (14)
   Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International$3,870

$3,381

$2,828
Per share data:     
   Basic earnings per share attributable to Mondelēz International$2.68
 $2.30
 $1.87
   Diluted earnings per share attributable to Mondelēz International$2.65
 $2.28
 $1.85
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.


Mondelēz International, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings

For the Years Ended December 31

(in millions of U.S. dollars)

                                                      
   2017   2016   2015 

Net earnings

  $2,936   $1,669   $7,291 

Other comprehensive earnings/(losses), net of tax:

      

Currency translation adjustment

   1,201    (925   (2,990

Pension and other benefit plans

   (57   (153   340 

Derivative cash flow hedges

   8    (75   (44
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total other comprehensive earnings/(losses)

   1,152    (1,153   (2,694

Comprehensive earnings

   4,088    516    4,597 

less: Comprehensive earnings/(losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests

   42    (7   (2
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Comprehensive earnings attributable to Mondelēz International

  $4,046   $523   $4,599 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 2019 2018 2017
Net earnings$3,885
 $3,395
 $2,842
Other comprehensive earnings/(losses), net of tax:     
   Currency translation adjustment299
 (865) 1,198
   Pension and other benefit plans116
 284
 (57)
   Derivative cash flow hedges(45) (54) 8
Total other comprehensive earnings/(losses)370
 (635) 1,149
Comprehensive earnings4,255

2,760

3,991
   less: Comprehensive earnings/(losses) attributable to
            noncontrolling interests
13
 12
 42
Comprehensive earnings attributable to Mondelēz International$4,242

$2,748

$3,949
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.


Mondelēz International, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets, as of December 31

(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share data)

                                    
   2017   2016 

ASSETS

    

Cash and cash equivalents

  $761   $1,741 

Trade receivables (net of allowances of $50 at December 31, 2017
and $58 at December 31, 2016)

   2,691    2,611 

Other receivables (net of allowances of $98 at December 31, 2017
and $93 at December 31, 2016)

   835    859 

Inventories, net

   2,557    2,469 

Other current assets

   676    800 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total current assets

   7,520    8,480 

Property, plant and equipment, net

   8,677    8,229 

Goodwill

   21,085    20,276 

Intangible assets, net

   18,639    18,101 

Prepaid pension assets

   158    159 

Deferred income taxes

   319    358 

Equity method investments

   6,345    5,585 

Other assets

   366    350 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

TOTAL ASSETS

  $63,109   $61,538 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

LIABILITIES

    

Short-term borrowings

  $3,517   $2,531 

Current portion of long-term debt

   1,163    1,451 

Accounts payable

   5,705    5,318 

Accrued marketing

   1,728    1,745 

Accrued employment costs

   721    736 

Other current liabilities

   2,959    2,636 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total current liabilities

   15,793    14,417 

Long-term debt

   12,972    13,217 

Deferred income taxes

   3,376    4,721 

Accrued pension costs

   1,669    2,014 

Accrued postretirement health care costs

   419    382 

Other liabilities

   2,689    1,572 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

TOTAL LIABILITIES

   36,918    36,323 

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 12)

    

EQUITY

    

Common Stock, no par value (5,000,000,000 shares authorized and
1,996,537,778 shares issued at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016)

        

Additionalpaid-in capital

   31,915    31,847 

Retained earnings

   22,749    21,149 

Accumulated other comprehensive losses

   (9,998   (11,122

Treasury stock, at cost (508,401,694 shares at December 31, 2017 and
468,172,237 shares at December 31, 2016)

   (18,555   (16,713
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total Mondelēz International Shareholders’ Equity

   26,111    25,161 

Noncontrolling interest

   80    54 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

TOTAL EQUITY

   26,191    25,215 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

  $63,109   $61,538 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 2019 2018
ASSETS   
   Cash and cash equivalents$1,291
 $1,100
   Trade receivables (net of allowances of $35 at December 31, 2019
      and $40 at December 31, 2018)
2,212
 2,262
   Other receivables (net of allowances of $44 at December 31, 2019
      and $47 at December 31, 2018)
715
 744
   Inventories, net2,546
 2,592
   Other current assets866
 906
      Total current assets7,630

7,604
   Property, plant and equipment, net8,733
 8,482
   Operating lease right of use assets568
 
   Goodwill20,848
 20,725
   Intangible assets, net17,957
 18,002
   Prepaid pension assets516
 132
   Deferred income taxes726
 255
   Equity method investments7,212
 7,123
   Other assets359
 406
      TOTAL ASSETS$64,549

$62,729
LIABILITIES   
   Short-term borrowings$2,638
 $3,192
   Current portion of long-term debt1,581
 2,648
   Accounts payable5,853
 5,794
   Accrued marketing1,836
 1,756
   Accrued employment costs769
 701
   Other current liabilities2,645
 2,646
      Total current liabilities15,322

16,737
   Long-term debt14,207
 12,532
   Long-term operating lease liabilities403
 
   Deferred income taxes3,338
 3,552
   Accrued pension costs1,190
 1,221
   Accrued postretirement health care costs387
 351
   Other liabilities2,351
 2,623
      TOTAL LIABILITIES37,198

37,016
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 14)

 

EQUITY   
   Common Stock, no par value (5,000,000,000 shares authorized and
      1,996,537,778 shares issued at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018)

 
   Additional paid-in capital32,019
 31,961
   Retained earnings26,653
 24,491
   Accumulated other comprehensive losses(10,258) (10,630)
   Treasury stock, at cost (561,531,524 shares at December 31, 2019 and
      545,537,923 shares at December 31, 2018)
(21,139) (20,185)
      Total Mondelēz International Shareholders’ Equity27,275

25,637
   Noncontrolling interest76
 76
      TOTAL EQUITY27,351

25,713
            TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY$64,549

$62,729
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.


Mondelēz International, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Equity

(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)

                                                                                                                              
  Mondelēz International Shareholders’ Equity       
           Accumulated          
           Other          
     Additional     Comprehensive          
  Common  Paid-in  Retained  Earnings/  Treasury  Noncontrolling  Total 
  Stock  Capital  Earnings  (Losses)  Stock  Interest  Equity 

Balances at January 1, 2015

 $  $31,651  $14,529  $(7,318 $(11,112 $103  $27,853 

Comprehensive earnings/(losses):

       

Net earnings

        7,267         24   7,291 

Other comprehensive earnings/(losses), net of income taxes

           (2,668     (26  (2,694

Exercise of stock options and
issuance of other stock awards

     109   (70     272      311 

Common Stock repurchased

              (3,622     (3,622

Cash dividends declared
($0.64 per share)

        (1,026           (1,026

Dividends paid on noncontrolling interest and other activities

                 (13  (13
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Balances at December 31, 2015

 $  $31,760  $20,700  $(9,986 $(14,462 $88  $28,100 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Comprehensive earnings/(losses):

       

Net earnings

        1,659         10   1,669 

Other comprehensive earnings/(losses), net of income taxes

           (1,136     (17  (1,153

Exercise of stock options and
issuance of other stock awards

     87   (94     350      343 

Common Stock repurchased

              (2,601     (2,601

Cash dividends declared
($0.72 per share)

        (1,116           (1,116

Dividends paid on noncontrolling interest and other activities

                 (27  (27
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Balances at December 31, 2016

 $  $31,847  $21,149  $(11,122 $(16,713 $54  $25,215 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Comprehensive earnings/(losses):

       

Net earnings

        2,922         14   2,936 

Other comprehensive earnings/(losses), net of income taxes

           1,124      28   1,152 

Exercise of stock options and
issuance of other stock awards

     68   (83     360      345 

Common Stock repurchased

              (2,202     (2,202

Cash dividends declared
($0.82 per share)

        (1,239           (1,239

Dividends paid on noncontrolling interest and other activities

                 (16  (16
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

Balances at December 31, 2017

 $  $31,915  $22,749  $(9,998 $(18,555 $80  $26,191 
 

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

 Mondelēz International Shareholders’ Equity    
 
Common
Stock
 
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 
Retained
Earnings
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Earnings/
(Losses)
 
Treasury
Stock
 
Non-controlling
Interest
 
Total
Equity
Balances at January 1, 2017$
 $31,847
 $21,125
 $(11,118) $(16,713) $54
 $25,195
Comprehensive earnings/(losses):             
   Net earnings
 
 2,828
 
 
 14
 2,842
   Other comprehensive earnings/
      (losses), net of income taxes

 
 
 1,121
 
 28
 1,149
Exercise of stock options and
   issuance of other stock awards

 68
 (83) 
 360
 
 345
   Common Stock repurchased
 
 
 
 (2,202) 
 (2,202)
Cash dividends declared
   ($0.82 per share)

 
 (1,239) 
 
 
 (1,239)
Dividends paid on noncontrolling
   interest and other activities

 
 
 
 
 (16) (16)
Balances at December 31, 2017$
 $31,915
 $22,631
 $(9,997) $(18,555) $80
 $26,074
Comprehensive earnings/(losses):             
   Net earnings
 
 3,381
 
 
 14
 3,395
   Other comprehensive earnings/
      (losses), net of income taxes

 
 
 (633) 
 (2) (635)
Exercise of stock options and
   issuance of other stock awards

 46
 (118) 
 364
 
 292
Common Stock repurchased
 
 
 
 (1,994) 
 (1,994)
Cash dividends declared
   ($0.96 per share)

 
 (1,409) 
 
 
 (1,409)
Dividends paid on noncontrolling
   interest and other activities

 
 6
 
 
 (16) (10)
Balances at December 31, 2018$
 $31,961
 $24,491
 $(10,630) $(20,185) $76
 $25,713
Comprehensive earnings/(losses):             
   Net earnings
 
 3,870
 
 
 15
 3,885
   Other comprehensive earnings/
      (losses), net of income taxes

 
 
 372
 
 (2) 370
Exercise of stock options and
   issuance of other stock awards

 58
 (132) 
 545
 
 471
Common Stock repurchased
 
 
 
 (1,499) 
 (1,499)
Cash dividends declared
   ($1.09 per share)

 
 (1,576) 
 
 
 (1,576)
Dividends paid on noncontrolling
   interest and other activities

 
 
 
 
 (13) (13)
Balances at December 31, 2019$
 $32,019
 $26,653
 $(10,258) $(21,139) $76
 $27,351
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.


Mondelēz International, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

For the Years Ended December 31

(in millions of U.S. dollars)

                                                      
   2017   2016   2015 

CASH PROVIDED BY/(USED IN) OPERATING ACTIVITIES

      

Net earnings

  $2,936   $1,669   $7,291 

Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to operating cash flows:

      

Depreciation and amortization

   816    823    894 

Stock-based compensation expense

   137    140    136 

U.S. tax reform transition tax

   1,317         

Deferred income tax benefit

   (1,206   (141   (30

Asset impairments and accelerated depreciation

   334    446    345 

Loss on early extinguishment of debt

   11    428    748 

Loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela

           778 

Gains on divestitures and JDE coffee business transactions

   (186   (9   (6,822

JDE coffee business transactions currency-related net gains

           (436

Gain on equity method investment transactions

   (40   (43    

Equity method investment net earnings

   (460   (301   (56

Distributions from equity method investments

   152    75    58 

Othernon-cash items, net

   (225   (43   199 

Change in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:

      

Receivables, net

   (24   31    44 

Inventories, net

   (18   62    (49

Accounts payable

   5    409    659 

Other current assets

   14    (176   28 

Other current liabilities

   (637   60    152 

Change in pension and postretirement assets and liabilities, net

   (333   (592   (211
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net cash provided by operating activities

   2,593    2,838    3,728 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

CASH PROVIDED BY/(USED IN) INVESTING ACTIVITIES

      

Capital expenditures

   (1,014   (1,224   (1,514

Proceeds from JDE coffee business transactions
currency hedge settlements

           1,050 

Acquisitions, net of cash received

       (246   (527

Proceeds from divestitures, net of disbursements

   604    303    4,735 

Reduction of cash due to Venezuela deconsolidation

           (611

Capital contribution to JDE

           (544

Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment and other assets

   109    138    60 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net cash (used in)/provided by investing activities

   (301   (1,029   2,649 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

CASH PROVIDED BY/(USED IN) FINANCING ACTIVITIES

      

Issuances of commercial paper, maturities greater than 90 days

   1,808    1,540    613 

Repayments of commercial paper, maturities greater than 90 days

   (1,911   (1,031   (710

Net issuances/(repayments) of other short-term borrowings

   1,027    1,741    (931

Long-term debt proceeds

   350    5,640    4,624 

Long-term debt repaid

   (1,470   (6,186   (4,975

Repurchase of Common Stock

   (2,174   (2,601   (3,622

Dividends paid

   (1,198   (1,094   (1,008

Other

   207    129    126 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net cash used in financing activities

   (3,361   (1,862   (5,883
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents

   89    (76   (255
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Cash and cash equivalents:

      

(Decrease)/increase

   (980   (129   239 

Balance at beginning of period

   1,741    1,870    1,631 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at end of period

  $761   $1,741   $1,870 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Cash paid:

      

Interest

  $398   $630   $747 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Income taxes

  $848   $527   $745 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 2019 2018 2017
CASH PROVIDED BY/(USED IN) OPERATING ACTIVITIES     
   Net earnings$3,885
 $3,395
 $2,842
   Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to operating cash flows:     
      Depreciation and amortization1,047
 811
 816
      Stock-based compensation expense135
 128
 137
      U.S. tax reform transition tax/(benefit)5
 (38) 1,317
      Deferred income tax (benefit)/provision(631) 233
 (1,228)
      Asset impairments and accelerated depreciation109
 141
 334
      Loss on early extinguishment of debt
 140
 11
      Net gain on divestitures(44) 
 (186)
      Net loss/(gain) on equity method investment transactions2
 (778) (40)
      Equity method investment net earnings(442) (548) (344)
      Distributions from equity method investments250
 180
 152
      Other non-cash items, net97
 381
 (225)
      Change in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:     
            Receivables, net124
 257
 (24)
            Inventories, net31
 (204) (18)
            Accounts payable4
 236
 5
            Other current assets(77) (25) 14
            Other current liabilities(362) (136) (637)
      Change in pension and postretirement assets and liabilities, net(168) (225) (333)
         Net cash provided by operating activities3,965

3,948

2,593
CASH PROVIDED BY/(USED IN) INVESTING ACTIVITIES     
   Capital expenditures(925) (1,095) (1,014)
   Acquisitions, net of cash received(284) (528) 
   Proceeds from divestitures, net of disbursements167
 1
 604
   Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment and other82
 398
 109
         Net cash used in investing activities(960)
(1,224)
(301)
CASH PROVIDED BY/(USED IN) FINANCING ACTIVITIES     
   Issuances of commercial paper, maturities greater than 90 days1,306
 3,981
 1,808
   Repayments of commercial paper, maturities greater than 90 days(2,367) (2,856) (1,911)
   Net issuances/(repayments) of other short-term borrowings524
 (1,413) 1,027
   Long-term debt proceeds3,136
 2,948
 350
   Long-term debt repayments(2,677) (1,821) (1,470)
   Repurchases of Common Stock(1,480) (2,020) (2,174)
   Dividends paid(1,542) (1,359) (1,198)
   Other313
 211
 207
         Net cash used in financing activities(2,787) (2,329) (3,361)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and
   restricted cash
10
 (56) 89
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash:     
   Increase/(decrease)228
 339
 (980)
   Balance at beginning of period1,100
 761
 1,741
   Balance at end of period$1,328
 $1,100
 $761
Cash paid:     
   Interest$486
 $491
 $398
   Income taxes$981
 $864
 $848

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.


Mondelēz International, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business:

Mondelēz International, Inc. was incorporated in 2000 in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Mondelēz International, Inc., through its subsidiaries (collectively “Mondelēz International,” “we,” “us” and “our”), sells food and beverage products to consumers in approximately 160over 150 countries.

Principles of Consolidation:

The consolidated financial statements include Mondelēz International, Inc. as well as our wholly owned and majority owned subsidiaries.subsidiaries, except our Venezuelan subsidiaries which were deconsolidated in 2015. All intercompany transactions are eliminated. The noncontrolling interest represents the noncontrolling investors’ interests in the results of subsidiaries that we control and consolidate. Through December 31, 2015, the operating results of our Venezuelan subsidiaries are included in our consolidated financial statements. As of the close of the fourth quarter of 2015, we deconsolidated our Venezuelan operations from our consolidated financial statements and recognized a loss on deconsolidation. SeeCurrency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting:Venezuela below for more information.

We account for investments inover which we exercise significant influence under the equity method of accounting. On July 2, 2015, we contributed our global coffee businesses to a new company, Jacobs Douwe Egberts (“JDE”), in which we now hold an equity interest (collectively, the “JDE coffee business transactions”). Historically, our coffee businesses and the income from equity method investments were recorded within our operating income as these businesses were part of our base business. While we retain an ongoing interest in coffee through equity method investments including JDE, Keurig Green Mountain Inc. (“Keurig”) and Dongsuh Foods Corporation (“DSF”), and we have significant influence with our equity method investments, we do not control these operations directly. As such, in the third quarter of 2015, we began to recognize equity method investment earnings, consisting primarily of investments in coffee businesses, outside of operating income and segment income. For periods prior to the third quarter of 2015, our historical coffee business and equity method investment earnings were included within our operating income and segment income. (For the six months ended December 31, 2015,after-tax equity method investment net earnings were less than $1 million on a combined basis and thus are not shown on our consolidated statement of earnings for this period.) Please see Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions – JDE Coffee Business Transactions,Keurig Transaction andPlanned Keurig DrPepper Transaction, and Note 16,Segment Reporting, for more information on these transactions.

We use the cost method of accounting for investments inInvestments over which we do not exercisehave significant influence or control.control are not material and are carried at cost as there is no readily determinable fair value for the equity interests. Under the cost method of accounting, earnings are recognized to the extent cash is received.

Use of Estimates:

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), which require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect a number of amounts in our consolidated financial statements. Significant accounting policy elections, estimates and assumptions include, among others, pension and benefit plan assumptions, valuation assumptions of goodwill and intangible assets, useful lives of long-lived assets, restructuring program liabilities, marketing program accruals, insurance and self-insurance reserves and income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable. If actual amounts differ from estimates, we include the revisions in our consolidated results of operations in the period the actual amounts become known. Historically, the aggregate differences, if any, between our estimates and actual amounts in any year have not had a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Segment Change:

On October 1, 2016, we integrated our Eastern Europe, Middle East, and Africa (“EEMEA”) operating segment into our Europe and Asia Pacific operating segments to further leverage and optimize the operating scale built within the Europe and Asia Pacific regions. Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Belarus, Georgia and Kazakhstan were combined within our Europe region, while the remaining Middle East and African countries were combined within our Asia Pacific region to form a new Asia, Middle East and Africa (“AMEA”) operating segment. We have reflected the segment change as if it had occurred in all periods presented.

As of October 1, 2016, our


Our operations and management structure wereare organized into four reportable4 operating segments:

Latin America
AMEA
Europe
North America

See Note 16,18, Segment Reporting, for additional information on our segments.

Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting:

We translate the results of operations of our subsidiaries from multiple currencies using average exchange rates during each period and translate balance sheet accounts using exchange rates at the end of each period. We record currency translation adjustments as a component of equity (except for highly inflationary currencies) and realized exchange gains and losses on transactions in earnings.

Highly inflationary accounting is triggered when a country’s three-year cumulative inflation rate exceeds 100%. It requires the remeasurement of financial statements of subsidiaries in the country, from the functional currency of the subsidiary to our U.S. dollar reporting currency, with currency remeasurement gains or losses recorded in earnings. In 2017, none of our consolidated subsidiaries were accounted for asAs discussed below, beginning on July 1, 2018, we began to apply highly inflationary economies.

accounting for our operations in Argentina. We continue to closely monitor

Argentina. During the second quarter of 2018, primarily based on published estimates which indicated that Argentina's three-year cumulative inflation and the potential for the economy to becomerate exceeded 100%, we concluded that Argentina became a highly inflationary economy for accounting purposes. As of December 31, 2017, the Argentinian economy was not designated asJuly 1, 2018, we began to apply highly inflationary accounting for our Argentinean subsidiaries and we continuedchanged their functional currency from the Argentinean peso to record currency translation adjustments within equitythe U.S. dollar. On July 1, 2018, both monetary and realizednon-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in Argentinean pesos were remeasured into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate as of the balance sheet date, with remeasurement and other transaction gains and losses on transactionsrecorded in net earnings. As of December 31, 2019, our Argentinean operations had less than $1 million of Argentinean peso denominated net monetary liabilities. Our ArgentinianArgentinean operations contributed $601$382 million, or 2.3%1.5% of consolidated net revenues in 2017. The2019. We recorded a remeasurement gain of

$4 million in 2019 and a remeasurement loss of $11 million in 2018 within selling, general and administrative expenses related to the revaluation of the Argentinean peso denominated net monetary liabilitiesposition over these periods.

Brexit. In 2019, we generated 8.6% of our Argentinian operations as ofnet revenues in the United Kingdom. On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom began the withdrawal process from the European Union under the European and U.K. Parliament approved Withdrawal Agreement. During a transition period currently scheduled to end on December 31, 2017 were2020, the United Kingdom will effectively remain in the E.U.’s customs union and single market while a trade deal with the European Union is negotiated. The deadline for extending the transition period ends on June 30, 2020. If the transition period is not material.

Ukraine. Basedextended, on inflation data published byDecember 31, 2020, the National Bank of Ukraine, Ukraine’s three-year cumulative inflation rate dropped and remained below 100% byUnited Kingdom will either exit the end of 2017. As such, Ukraine is no longer highly inflationary andEuropean Union without a trade deal or will begin a new trade relationship with the European Union. During the transition period, we continue to record currency translation adjustments within equity and realized exchange gains and lossestake protective measures in response to the potential impacts on transactions in earnings. Our Ukrainian operations contributed $73 million, or 0.3%, of consolidated net revenues in 2017. The net monetary assets of our Ukrainian operations as of December 31, 2017 were not material.

Venezuela.From January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2015, we accounted for the results of our Venezuelan subsidiaries usingoperations and financial condition. Following the Brexit vote in June 2016, there was significant volatility in the global stock markets and currency exchange rates. The value of the British pound sterling relative to the U.S. dollar asdeclined significantly and negatively affected our translated results reported in U.S. dollars. If the functional currency as prescribed by U.S. GAAP for highly inflationary economies.

Effective asultimate terms of the closeUnited Kingdom’s separation from the European Union negatively impact the U.K. economy or result in disruptions to sales or our supply chain, the impact to our results of the 2015 fiscal year, we concluded that we no longer met the accounting criteria for consolidation of our Venezuelan subsidiaries due to a loss of control over our Venezuelan operations and an other-than-temporary lack of currency exchangeability. The economic and regulatory environmentfinancial condition could be material. We have taken measures to increase our resources in Venezuela and the progressively limited access to dollars to import goods through the use of any of the available currency mechanisms impairedcustomer service & logistics together with increasing our ability to operate and control our Venezuelan businesses. As a result of these factors, we concluded that we no longer met the criteria for the consolidation of our Venezuelan subsidiaries.

As of the close of the 2015 fiscal year, we deconsolidated and changed to the cost method of accounting for our Venezuelan operations. We recorded a $778 millionpre-tax loss on December 31, 2015 as we reduced the value of our cost method investment in Venezuela and all Venezuelan receivables held by our other subsidiaries to realizable fair value, resulting in full impairment. The recorded loss also included historical cumulative translation adjustments related to our Venezuelan operations that had previously been recorded in accumulated other comprehensive losses within equity. The fair value of our investments in our Venezuelan subsidiaries was estimated based on discounted cash flow projections of current and expected operating losses in the foreseeable future and our ability to operate the business on a sustainable basis. Our fair value estimate included U.S. dollar exchange and discount rate assumptions that reflected the inflation and economic uncertainty in Venezuela.

For 2015, the operating results of our Venezuela operations were included in our consolidated statements of earnings. During this time, we recognized a number of currency-related remeasurement losses resulting from devaluations of the Venezuela bolivar exchange rates we historically used to source U.S. dollars for purchasesinventory levels of imported raw materials, packaging and otherfinished goods in the United Kingdom to help us manage through the Brexit transition and services. The following table sets forth the 2015 remeasurement losses, the deconsolidation loss and historical operating results and financial position of our Venezuelan subsidiaries for the period presented:

inherent risks.

                  
   For the Year Ended
December 31,  2015
 
   (in millions) 

Net revenues

  $1,217 

Operating income (excluding remeasurement and deconsolidation loss)

   266 

Remeasurement loss in Q1 2015: 11.50 to 12.00 bolivars to the U.S. dollar

   (11

Loss on deconsolidation

   (778
   As of
December 31, 2015 (1)
 
   (in millions) 

Cash

  $611 

Net monetary assets

   405 

Net assets

   658 

(1)Represents the financial position of our Venezuelan subsidiaries on December 31, 2015 prior to deconsolidation.

Beginning in 2016, we no longer included net revenues, earnings or net assets of our Venezuelan subsidiaries within our consolidated financial statements. Under the cost method of accounting, earnings are only recognized to the extent cash is received. Given the current and ongoing difficult economic, regulatory and business environment in Venezuela, there continues to be significant uncertainty related to our operations in Venezuela. In early 2018, the profitability and cash flows of our local operations significantly deteriorated following the issuance of new government price controls. We are engaging with authorities on the pricing restrictions, however, if the situation is not resolved, it could significantly impede our ability to continue to operate in Venezuela.

Other Countries.Since we sell our products in approximately 160over 150 countries and have operations in overapproximately 80 countries, we monitor economic and currency-related risks and seek to take protective measures in response to these exposures. Some of the countries in which we do business have recently experienced periods of significant economic uncertainty and exchange rate volatility, including Brazil, China, Mexico, Russia, United Kingdom (Brexit),Ukraine, Turkey, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa and South Africa.Pakistan. We continue to monitor operations, currencies and net monetary exposures in these countries. At this time, we do not anticipate athat these countries are at risk to our operating results from changing toof becoming highly inflationary accounting in these countries.

economies.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Cash Equivalents:

Restricted Cash:

Cash and cash equivalents include demand deposits with banks and all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.

As of December 31, 2019, we also had $37 million of restricted cash recorded within other current assets. Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash was $1,328 million as of December 31, 2019.

Transfers of Financial Assets:

We account for transfers of financial assets, such as uncommitted revolvingnon-recourse accounts receivable factoring arrangements, when we have surrendered control over the related assets. Determining whether control has transferred requires an evaluation of relevant legal considerations, an assessment of the nature and extent of our continuing involvement with the assets transferred and any other relevant considerations. We use receivable factoring arrangements periodically when circumstances are favorable to manage liquidity. We have anonrecourse factoring arrangement with a major global bank for a maximum combined capacity of $1.0 billion. Under the program,arrangements in which we may sell eligible short-term trade receivables primarily to the bankbanks in exchange for cash. We may then continue to collect the receivables sold, acting solely as a collecting agent on behalf of the bank.banks. The outstanding principal amount of receivables under this arrangementthese arrangements amounted to $804$760 million as of December 31, 2017, $6442019, $819 million as of December 31, 20162018 and $570$843 million as of December 31, 2015.2017. The incremental costcosts of factoring receivables under this arrangement were no more than $6approximately $10 million or less in each of the years presented. The proceeds from the sales of receivables are included in cash from operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Accounting Calendar Change:

In connection with moving toward a common consolidation date across the Company, in the first quarter of 2015, we changed the consolidation date for our North America segment from the last Saturday of each period to the last calendar day of each period. The change had a favorable impact of $76 million on net revenues and $36 million on operating income in 2015. As a result of this change, each of our operating subsidiaries now reports results as of the last calendar day of the period.


Inventories:

We valuerecord our inventory using the average cost method. We alsomethod and record inventory allowances for overstock and obsolete inventories due to ingredient and packaging changes.

inventory.


Long-Lived Assets:

Property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost and depreciated by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Machinery and equipment are depreciated over periods ranging from 3 to 20 years and buildings and building improvements over periods up to 40 years.

We review long-lived assets, including amortizable intangible assets, for realizability on an ongoing basis. Changes in depreciation, generally accelerated depreciation, are determined and recorded when estimates of the remaining

useful lives or residual values of long-term assets change. We also review for impairment when conditions exist that indicate the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. In those circumstances, we perform undiscounted operating cash flow analyses to determine if an impairment exists. When testing for asset impairment, we group assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which cash flows are separately identifiable. Any impairment loss is calculated as the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its estimated fair value. Fair value is estimated based on the discounted cash flows for the asset group over the remaining useful life or based on the expected cash proceeds for the asset less costs of disposal. Any significant impairment losses would be recorded within asset impairment and exit costs in the consolidated statements of earnings.


Leases:
We determine whether a contract is or contains a lease at contract inception. On January 1, 2019, we began to record operating leases on our consolidated balance sheet. We elected not to recognize right-of-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities for short-term operating leases with terms of 12 months or less. Long-term operating lease ROU assets and long-term operating lease liabilities are presented separately and operating lease liabilities payable in the next twelve months are recorded in other current liabilities. Finance lease ROU assets continue to be presented in property, plant and equipment and the related finance lease liabilities continue to be presented in the current portion of long-term debt and long-term debt.
Lease ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets are recognized at commencement date at the value of the lease liability, adjusted for any prepayments, lease incentives received and initial direct costs incurred. Lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. The non-recurring fair value measurement is classified as Level 3 as no fair value inputs are observable. As the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable in most of our leases, we use our country-specific incremental borrowing rate based on the lease term using information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Many of our leases contain non-lease components (e.g. product costs, common-area or other maintenance costs) that relate to the lease components of the agreement. Non-lease components and the lease components to which they relate are accounted for as a single lease component as we have elected to combine lease and non-lease components for all classes of underlying assets.
Amortization of ROU lease assets is calculated on a straight-line basis over the lease term with the expense recorded in cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses depending on the nature of the leased item. Interest expense is recorded over the lease term and is recorded in interest expense (based on a front-loaded interest expense pattern) for finance leases and is recorded in cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses (on a straight-line basis) for operating leases. All operating lease cash payments and interest on finance leases are recorded within cash flows from operating activities and all finance lease principal payments are recorded within cash flows from financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
Software Costs:

We capitalize certain computer software and software development costs incurred in connection with developing or obtaining computer software for internal use. Capitalized software costs are included in property, plant and equipment and amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the software, which do not exceed seven years.

Goodwill andNon-Amortizable Intangible Assets:

We have historically annually testedtest goodwill andnon-amortizable intangible assets for impairment as of October 1. In 2017, we voluntarily changed theon an annual impairment assessment date from October 1 tobasis on July 1. We believe this measurement date, which represents a change in the method of applying an accounting principle, is preferable because it better aligns with our strategic business planning process and financial forecasts, which are key components of the annual impairment tests. The change in the measurement date did not delay, accelerate or prevent an impairment charge. Each quarter, we have evaluated goodwill and intangible asset impairment risks and recognized any related impairments to date. As such, the change in the annual test date was applied on July 1, 2017.

We assess goodwill impairment risk throughout the year by performing a qualitative review of entity-specific, industry, market and general economic factors affecting our goodwill reporting units. We review our operating segment and reporting unit structure for goodwill testing annually or as significant changes in the organization occur. Annually, we may perform qualitative testing, or depending on factors such as prior-year test results, current year developments, current risk evaluations and other practical considerations, we may elect to do quantitative testing instead. In our quantitative testing, we compare a reporting unit’s estimated fair value with its carrying value. We estimate a reporting unit’s fair value using a discounted cash flow method that incorporates planned growth rates, market-based discount rates and estimates of residual value. This year, for our Europe and North America reporting units, we used a market-based, weighted-average cost of capital of 7.2%5.9% to discount the projected cash flows of those operations. For our Latin America and AMEA reporting units, we used a risk-rated discount rate of 10.2%8.9%. Estimating the fair value of individual reporting units requires us to make assumptions and estimates regarding our future


plans, industry and economic conditions, and our actual results and conditions may differ over time. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s net assets exceeds its fair value, we would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value.

Annually we assessnon-amortizable intangible assets for impairment by performing a qualitative review and assessing events and circumstances that could affect the fair value or carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets. If significant potential impairment risk exists for a specific asset, we quantitatively test it for impairment by comparing its estimated fair value with its carrying value. We determine estimated fair value using plannedestimates of future sales, earnings growth rates, market-based discountroyalty rates and estimates of royaltydiscount rates. If the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value, we consider the asset impaired and reduce its carrying value to the estimated fair value. We amortize definite-lived intangible assets over their estimated useful lives and evaluate them for impairment as we do other long-lived assets.


Insurance and Self-Insurance:

We use a combination of insurance and self-insurance for a number of risks, including workers’ compensation, general liability, automobile liability, product liability and our obligation for employee healthcare benefits. We estimate the liabilities associated with these risks on an undiscounted basis by evaluating and making judgments about historical claims experience and other actuarial assumptions and the estimated impact on future results.

Revenue Recognition:

We predominantly sell food and beverage products across several product categories and in all regions as disclosed in Note 16,18, Segment Reporting. We recognize revenue when control over the products transfers to our customers, which generally occurs upon delivery or shipment of the products. A small percentage of our net revenues relates to the licensing of our intellectual property, predominantly brand and trade names, and we record these revenues when earned within the period of the license term. We account for product shipping, handling and insurance as fulfillment activities with revenues for these activities recorded within net revenue and costs recorded within cost of sales. Any taxes collected on behalf of government authorities are excluded from net revenues. A small percentage of our net revenues relates to the licensing of our intellectual property, predominantly brand and trade names, and we record these revenues over the license term.

Revenues are recorded net of trade and sales incentives and estimated product returns. Known or expected pricing or revenue adjustments, such as trade discounts, rebates or returns, are estimated at the time of sale. We base these estimates of expected amounts principally on historical utilization and redemption rates. Estimates that affect revenue, such as trade incentives and product returns, are monitored and adjusted each period until the incentives or product returns are realized.

Key sales terms, such as pricing and quantities ordered, are established on a very frequent basis such that most customer arrangements and related incentives have a one year or shorter duration. As such, we do not capitalize contract inception costs and we capitalize product fulfillment costs in accordance with U.S. GAAP and our inventory policies. We generally do not have any significant unbilled receivables at the end of anya period. Deferred revenues are not material and primarily include customer advance payments typically collected a few days before product delivery, at which time deferred revenues are reclassified and recorded as net revenues. We generally do not receive noncash consideration for the sale of goods nor do we grant payment financing terms greater than one year.

Marketing, Advertising and Research and Development:

We promote our products with marketing and advertising programs. These programs include, but are not limited to, cooperative advertising,in-store displays and consumer marketing promotions. For interim reporting purposes, advertising, and consumer promotion and marketing research expenses are charged to operations as a percentage of volume, based on estimated sales volume and estimated program spending. We do not defer costs on ouryear-end consolidated balance sheet and all marketing and advertising costs are recorded as an expense in the year incurred. Advertising expense was $1,208 million in 2019, $1,173 million in 2018 and $1,248 million in 2017, $1,396 million in 2016 and $1,542 million in 2015.2017. We expense product research and development costs as incurred. Research and development expense was $351 million in 2019, $362 million in 2018 and $366 million in 2017, $376 million in 2016 and $409 million in 2015.2017. We record marketing and advertising as well as research and development expenses within selling, general and administrative expenses.

Stock-based Compensation:

Stock-based compensation awarded to employees andnon-employee directors is valued at fair value on the grant date. We record stock-based compensation expense over the vesting period, generally three years. Forfeitures are estimated on the grant date for all of our stock-based compensation awards.


Employee Benefit Plans:

We provide a range of benefits to our current and retired employees. These includeemployees including pension benefits, defined contribution plan benefits, postretirement health care benefits and postemployment primarily severance-related benefits depending upon jurisdiction, tenure, job level and other factors. Locallocal statutory requirements, govern many of the benefit plans we provide around the world. Local government plans generally cover health care benefits for retirees outside the United States, Canadaemployee tenure and United Kingdom. Our U.S., Canadian and U.K. subsidiaries provide health care andservice requirements as well as other benefits to most retired employees. Our postemployment benefit plans provide primarily severance benefits for eligible salaried and certain hourly employees.factors. The cost for these plans is recognized in earnings primarily over the working life of the covered employee.


Financial Instruments:

We use financial instruments to manage our currency exchange rate, commodity price and interest rate risks. We monitor and manage these exposures as part of our overall risk management program, which focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to reduce the potentially adverse effects that the volatility of these markets may have on our operating results. A principal objective of our risk management strategies is to reduce significant, unanticipated earnings fluctuations that may arise from volatility in currency exchange rates, commodity prices and interest rates, principally through the use of derivative instruments.

We use a combination of primarily currency forward contracts, futures, options and swaps; commodity forward contracts, futures and options; and interest rate swaps to manage our exposure to cash flow variability, protect the value of our existing currency assets and liabilities and protect the value of our debt. See Note 8,10, Financial Instruments, for more information on the types of derivative instruments we use.

We record derivative financial instruments on a gross basis and at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets within other current assets or other current liabilities due to their relatively short-term duration. Cash flows fromrelated to the settlement of derivative instruments designated as net investment hedges of foreign operations are classified in the consolidated statements of cash flows based onwithin investing activities. All other cash flows related to derivative instruments that are designated, and those that are economic hedges, are classified in the naturesame line item as the cash flows of the related hedged item, which is generally within operating activities. Cash flows related to the settlement of all other free-standing derivative instrument.instruments are classified within investing activities. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated as a cash flow hedge, to the extent that the hedge is effective, are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) and reclassified to earnings when the hedged item affects earnings. Changes in fair value of economic hedges and the ineffective portion of all hedges are recognized in current period earnings. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated as a fair value hedge, along with the changes in the fair value of the related hedged asset or liability, are recorded in earnings in the same period. We usenon-U.S. dollar denominated debt to hedge a portion of our net investment innon-U.S. operations against adverse movements in exchange rates, with currencyrates. Currency movements related to theour non-U.S. debt and our net investment andinvestments in non-U.S. operations, as well as the related deferred taxes, are recorded within currency translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses).

In order to qualify for hedge accounting, a specified level of hedging effectiveness between the derivative instrument and the item being hedged must exist at inception and throughout the hedged period. We must also formally document the nature of and relationship between the derivative and the hedged item, as well as our risk management objectives, strategies for undertaking the hedge transaction and method of assessing hedge effectiveness. Additionally, for a hedge of a forecasted transaction, the significant characteristics and expected term of the forecasted transaction must be specifically identified, and it must be probable that the forecasted transaction will occur. If it is no longer probable that the hedged forecasted transaction will occur, we would recognize the gain or loss related to the derivative in earnings.

When we use derivatives, we are exposed to credit and market risks. Credit risk exists when a counterparty to a derivative contract might fail to fulfill its performance obligations under the contract. We reduce our credit risk by entering into transactions with counterparties with high quality, investment grade credit ratings, limiting the amount of exposure with each counterparty and monitoring the financial condition of our counterparties. We also maintain a policy of requiring that all significant,non-exchange traded derivative contracts with a duration of one year or longer are governed by an International Swaps and Derivatives Association master agreement. Market risk exists when the value of a derivative or other financial instrument might be adversely affected by changes in market conditions and commodity prices, currency exchange rates or interest rates. We manage derivative market risk by limiting the types of derivative instruments and derivative strategies we use and the degree of market risk that we plan to hedge through the use of derivative instruments.

Commodity derivatives. We are exposed to price risk related to forecasted purchases of certain commodities that we primarily use as raw materials. We enter into commodity forward contracts primarily for wheat, sugar and other sweeteners, soybean and vegetable oils and cocoa. Commodity forward contracts generally are not subject to the

accounting requirements for derivative instruments and hedging activities under the normal purchases exception. We also use commodity futures and options to hedge the price of certain input costs, including cocoa, energy costs, sugar and other sweeteners, wheat, packaging, dairy, corn, and soybean and vegetable oils. We also sell commodity futures to unprice future purchase commitments, and we occasionally use related futures to cross-hedge a commodity exposure. We are not a party to leveraged derivatives and, by policy, do not use financial instruments for speculative purposes. During the third quarter of 2016, we discontinued designating commodity derivatives for hedge accounting treatment. Any unrealized gains or losses(mark-to-market impacts) and realized gains or losses are recorded in earnings.    


Currency exchange derivatives. We use various financial instruments to mitigate our exposure to changes in exchange rates from third-party and intercompany current and forecasted transactions. These instruments may include currency exchange forward contracts, futures, options and swaps. Based on the size and location of our businesses, we use these instruments to hedge our exposure to certain currencies, including the euro, pound sterling, Swiss franc, Canadian dollar and Mexican peso. During the third quarter of 2016, we discontinued designating currency exchange derivatives for hedge accounting treatment. Any unrealized gains or losses(mark-to-market (mark-to-market impacts) and realized gains or losses are recorded in earnings (see Note 8,10, Financial Instruments, for additional information).    

Interest rate cash flow and fair value hedges. We manage interest rate volatility by modifying the pricing or maturity characteristics of certain liabilities so that the net impact on expense is not, on a material basis, adversely affected by movements in interest rates. As a result of interest rate fluctuations, hedged fixed-rate liabilities appreciate or depreciate in market value. We expect the effect of this unrealized appreciation or depreciation to be substantially offset by our gains or losses on the derivative instruments that are linked to these hedged liabilities. We use derivative instruments, including interest rate swaps that have indices related to the pricing of specific liabilities as part of our interest rate risk management strategy. As a matter of policy, we do not use highly leveraged derivative instruments for interest rate risk management. We use interest rate swaps to economically convert a portion of our fixed-rate debt into variable-rate debt. Under the interest rate swap contracts, we agree with other parties to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed-rate and floating-rate interest amounts, which is calculated based on an agreed-upon notional amount. We use interest rate swaps to hedge the variability of interest payment cash flows on a portion of our future debt obligations. We also execute cross-currency interest rate swaps to hedge interest payments on newly issued debt denominated in a different currency than the functional currency of the borrowing entity. Substantially all of these derivative instruments are highly effective and qualify for hedge accounting treatment.

Hedges of net investments innon-U.S. operations. We have numerous investments outside the United States. The net assets of these subsidiaries are exposed to changes and volatility in currency exchange rates. We use local currency denominated debt to hedge ournon-U.S. net investments against adverse movements in exchange rates. We designated our euro, pound sterling, and Swiss franc denominatedand Canadian dollar-denominated borrowings as a net investment hedge of a portion of our overall Europeaninternational operations. The gains and losses on our net investment in these designated Europeaninternational operations are economically offset by losses and gains on our euro, pound sterling, and Swiss franc denominatedand Canadian dollar-denominated borrowings. The change in the debt’s value, net of deferred taxes, is recorded in the currency translation adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses).

Additionally, beginning in the first quarter of 2018, we entered into cross-currency interest rate swaps and forwards to hedge certain investments in our non-U.S. operations against movements in exchange rates. The after-tax gain/(loss) on these net investment hedge contracts is recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment section of other comprehensive income and the pre-tax impacts of the cash flows from these contracts are reported as other investing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows.
Income Taxes:

Our provision for income taxes includes amounts payable or refundable for the current year, the effects of deferred taxes and impacts from uncertain tax positions. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of our assets and liabilities, operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply in the years in which those differences are expected to reverse.

The realization of certain deferred tax assets is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income in the appropriate jurisdiction prior to the expiration of the carryforward periods. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. When assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider any carryback potential, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences (including liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits), future taxable income and tax planning strategies.


We recognize tax benefits in our financial statements from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position. The amount we recognize is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon resolution. Future changes related to the expected resolution of uncertain tax positions could affect tax expense in the period when the change occurs.


We monitor for changes in tax laws and reflect the impacts of tax law changes in the period of enactment. In responseWhen there is refinement to the United States tax reform legislation enacted on December 22, 2017 (“U.S. tax reform”), the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) issued guidance that allows us to record provisional amountslaw changes in subsequent periods, we account for the impacts of U.S. tax reform ifnew guidance in the full accounting cannot be completed before we file our 2017 financial statements. For provisions of the tax law where we are unable to make a reasonable estimate of the impact, the guidance allows us to continue to apply the historical tax provisions in computing our income tax liability and deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017. The guidance also allows us to finalize accounting for the U.S. tax reform changes within one year of the December 22,2017 enactment date. See Note 14,Income Taxes, for additional information on how we recorded the impacts of the U.S. tax reform.

period when it becomes known.

New Accounting Pronouncements:

In August 2017,December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”("FASB") issued an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”("ASU") that removes certain exceptions in accounting for income taxes, improves consistency in application and clarifies existing guidance. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect this ASU to simplifyhave a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In October 2018, the applicationFASB issued an ASU that permits the use of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") Overnight Index Swap ("OIS") Rate as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes. We adopted the new standard on January 1, 2019 and increasethere was no material impact to our consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

In August 2018, the transparency of hedge results. The updated standard changes how companies can assessFASB issued an ASU that aligns the effectiveness of their hedging relationships. For cash flow and net investment hedgesrequirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs for internal-use software. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt this ASU as of January 1, 2020 and we do not expect this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the adoption date,FASB issued an ASU that modifies the ASU requires a modified retrospective transition approach. Presentation and disclosure requirements related tofor employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. The ASU is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt this ASU are required prospectively.as of December 31, 2020. The new standard will impact our year-end disclosures only and is not expected to have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt this ASU as of January 1, 2020. The new standard will impact our disclosures and is not expected to have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that requires entities to record share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from non-employees at fair value as of adoption date. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We intend to early adopt this standard in the first quarter of 2018 and we do not expect it to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements, including the cumulative-effect adjustment required upon adoption.

In May 2017, the FASB issued an ASU to clarify when changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as modifications. The ASU is applied prospectively to awards that are modified on or after the adoption date. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. We will adoptadopted the standard onas of January 1, 20182019 and we do not expect athere was no material impact to our consolidated financial statements.

statements upon adoption.


In March 2017,February 2018, the FASB issued an ASU that permits entities to amend the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held atelect a premium, shortening the period to the earliest call date instead of the maturity date. The standard does not impact securities held at a discount as the discount continues to be amortized to maturity. The ASU is applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directlyreclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings asfor stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 enactment of the beginning of the period of adoption.U.S. tax reform legislation. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We will adoptdid not elect to reclassify these stranded tax effects from U.S. tax reform when we adopted this ASU in the standard on January 1,first quarter of 2019. We doAs such, this ASU did not expecthave a material impact toon our consolidated financial statements.

Our policy is to release stranded tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income under the portfolio method rather than on an individual item by item basis.


In MarchJuly 2017, the FASB issued an ASU to improve the presentation of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost. The standard requires employers to disaggregate the service cost component from the other components of net benefit cost and disclose the amount and location where the net benefit cost is recorded in the income statement or capitalized in assets. The standard is to be applied on a retrospective basisfinancial instruments that allows for the change in presentation inexclusion of a down round feature when evaluating whether or not the income statement and prospectively for the change in presentation on the balance sheet.instrument or embedded feature requires derivative classification. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017,2018, with early adoption permitted. We will adoptadopted the standard onas of January 1, 2018. We will reclassify net benefit costs other than service costs below operating income, with2019 and there was no impact to our net earnings. For information on our service cost and other components of net periodic benefit cost for pension, postretirement benefit and postemployment plans, see Note 9,Benefit Plans.

In January 2017, the FASB issued an ASU that clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist companies with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions or disposals of assets or businesses. The definition of a business may affect many areas of accounting including acquisitions, disposals, goodwill and consolidation. The ASU is applied on a prospective basis and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt this standard on January 1, 2018 and we do not expect a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.

statements upon adoption.


In NovemberJune 2016, the FASB issued an ASU thaton the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. This ASU requires entities to measure the change in restricted cash or cash equivalents to be included with other changes in cash and cash equivalents in the statementimpairment of cash flows. Thecertain financial instruments, including trade receivables, based on

expected losses rather than incurred losses. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017,2019, with early adoption permitted.permitted for financial statement periods beginning after December 15, 2018. We will adopt this standard onASU as of January 1, 20182020 and we do not expect this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated statements of cash flows.

In October 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that requires the recognition of tax consequences of intercompany asset transfers other than inventory when the transfer occurs and removes the exception to postpone recognition until the asset has been sold to an outside party. The standard is to be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt this standard on January 1, 2018 and we do not expect a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued an ASU to provide guidance on eight specific cash flow classification issues and reduce diversity in practice in how some cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt this standard on January 1, 2018 and we do not expect a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued an ASU on lease accounting.accounting to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring the recognition of Right of Use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The ASU revises existing U.S. GAAP and outlines a new model for lessors and lessees to use in accounting for lease contracts. The guidance requires lessees to recognize aright-of-use ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases, with the exception of short-term leases. In the statement of earnings, lessees will classify leases as either operating (resulting in straight-line expense) or financing (resulting in a front-loaded expense pattern).financing. In July 2018, the FASB issued an ASU which allows for an alternative transition approach, which will not require adjustments to comparative prior-period amounts. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We anticipate adoptingadopted the new standard on January 1, 2019. We continueelected to make progress in our due diligenceapply the package of practical expedients that allowed us not to reassess the lease classification and assessinitial direct costs for expired or existing leases or whether expired or existing contracts contain leases. We elected not to separate non-lease components from lease components and to account for both as a single lease component by class of the underlying asset. The impact of adopting the new standard across our operationsincluded the initial recognition as of January 1, 2019, of $710 million of lease related assets and $730 million of lease related liabilities on our consolidated financial statements, which will consist primarilybalance sheet. The transition method we elected for adoption a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of recording lease assets and liabilities on our balance sheet for our operating leases.

In January 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that provides updated guidance for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial assets and liabilities. The standard requires that equity investments (other than those accounted for under equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) be measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in net income. The standard also impacts financial liabilities under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. We will adopt this standard on January 1, 2018 and we do2019, which was not expect a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued an ASU on revenue recognition from contracts with customers. The ASU outlines a new, single comprehensive model for companies to use in accounting for revenue. The core principle is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of control over promised goods or services to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for the goods or services. The ASU also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows from customer contracts, including significant judgments made in recognizing revenue. In 2016 and 2017, the FASB issued several ASUs that clarified principal versus agent (gross versus net) revenue presentation considerations, confirmed the accounting for certain prepaid stored-value products and clarified the guidance for identifying performance obligations within a contract, the accounting for licenses and partial sales of nonfinancial assets. The FASB also issued two ASUs providing technical corrections, narrow scope exceptions and practical expedients to clarify and improve the implementation of the new revenue recognition guidance. The revenue guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted as of the original effective date (annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016). The ASU may be applied retrospectively to historical periods presented or as a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the date of adoption. We adopted the new standard on January 1, 2018 on a full retrospective basis. There was no material financial impact from adopting the new revenue standards.

material.

Note 2. Divestitures and Acquisitions

JDE Coffee Business Transactions:


On July 2, 2015,16, 2019, we acquired a majority interest in a U.S. refrigerated nutrition bar company, Perfect Snacks, within our North America segment for $284 million cash paid, net of cash received, and expanded our position in broader snacking. We are working to complete the valuation work and have recorded a preliminary purchase price allocation of $31 million to definite-lived intangible assets, $107 million to indefinite-lived intangible assets, $150 million to goodwill, $1 million to property, plant and equipment, $12 million to inventory, $8 million to accounts receivable, $13 million to current liabilities, $3 million to deferred tax liabilities and $9 million to other liabilities. The acquisition added incremental net revenues of $53 million and an immaterial amount of incremental operating income in 2019.

On May 28, 2019, we completed transactions to combine our wholly owned coffee businesses with thosethe sale of D.E Master Blenders 1753 B.V. (“DEMB”) to create a new company, JDE. Through March 7, 2016, we held a 43.5% interest in JDE. Following the March 7, 2016 exchange of a portionmost of our investmentcheese business in JDE for an interest in Keurig,the Middle East and Africa to Arla Foods of Denmark. In 2019, we held a 26.5% equity interest in JDE. (See discussion underKeurig Transactionbelow.) The remaining 73.5% equity interest in JDE was held by a subsidiaryreceived cash proceeds of Acorn Holdings B.V. (“AHBV,” owner$161 million and divested $19 million of DEMB prior to July 2, 2015). Following the transactions

discussed underJDE Stock-Based Compensation Arrangementsbelow, ascurrent assets and $96 million of December 31, 2017, we hold a 26.5% voting interest, a 26.4% ownership interest and a 26.2% profit and dividend sharing interest in JDE. We recorded JDE equity earnings of $129 million in 2017 and $100 million in 2016 and equity losses of $58 million in 2015.non-current assets. We also recorded $49paid $2 million of cash dividends received duringtransaction costs and recorded a net pre-tax gain of $44 million on the first quarter of 2017.

The considerationsale.


On June 7, 2018, we received in the JDE coffee business transactions completed on July 2, 2015 consisted of3.8 billion of cash ($4.2 billion as of July 2, 2015),acquired a 43.5% equity interest in JDEU.S. premium biscuit company, Tate’s Bake Shop, within our North America segment and $794 million in receivables (related to sales price adjustments and tax formation cost payments). During the third quarter of 2015, we also recorded $283 million of cash and receivables from JDE related to reimbursement of costs that we incurred in separatingextended our coffee businesses. The cash and equity consideration we received at closing reflects our retaining our interest in our Korea-based joint venture, DSF.premium biscuit offering. During the second quarter of 2015,2018, we also completedpaid $528 million, net of cash received, and during the salesecond quarter of our interest in a Japanese coffee joint venture, Ajinomoto General Foods, Inc. (“AGF”). In lieu of contributing our interest in2019, we finalized the AGF joint venturepurchase price at $527 million. The purchase price allocation included $45 million to JDE, we contributeddefinite-lived intangible assets, $205 million to indefinite-lived intangible assets, $297 million to goodwill, $16 million to property, plant and equipment, $5 million to inventory, $9 million to accounts receivable, $7 million to current liabilities and $43 million to deferred tax liabilities. Through the net cash proceeds from this sale as partone-year anniversary of the overall JDE coffee business transactions.

On July 5, 2016, we receivedacquisition, Tate's added incremental net revenues of $35 million and an expected cash paymentimmaterial amount of $275 million from JDE to settle the receivable related to tax formation costs that were part of the initial sales price.

In connection with the contribution of our global coffee businesses to JDE on July 2, 2015, we recorded a finalpre-tax gain of $6.8 billion (or $6.6 billionafter-tax) in 2015 after final adjustments described below. As previously reported, we deconsolidated net assets totaling $2.9 billion and reduced accumulated other comprehensive losses for the transfer of coffee business-related pension obligations by $90 million. We also recorded approximately $1.0 billion ofpre-tax net gains related to hedging the expected cash proceeds from the transactions as described further below. During the fourth quarter of 2015, we and JDE concluded negotiations of a sales price adjustment and completed the valuation of our investment in JDE. Primarily due to the negotiated resolution of the sales price adjustment in the fourth quarter of 2015, we recorded a $313 million reduction in thepre-tax gain on the coffee transaction, reducing the $7.1 billion estimated gain in the third quarter of 2015 to the $6.8 billion final gain for 2015. As part of our sales price negotiations, we retained the right to collect future cash payments if certain estimated pension liabilities are realized over an agreed amount in the future. As such, we may recognize additional income related to this negotiated term in the future.

The final value of our 43.5% investment in JDE on July 2, 2015 was4.1 billion ($4.5 billion as of July 2, 2015). The fair value of the JDE investment was determined using both income-based and market-based valuation techniques. The discounted cash flow analysis reflected growth, discount and tax rates and other assumptions reflecting the underlying combined businesses and countries in which the combined coffee businesses operate. The fair value of the JDE investment also included the fair values of theCarte Noire andMerrild businesses, which JDE agreed to divest to comply with the conditioned approval by the European Commission related to the JDE coffee business transactions. As of the end of the first quarter of 2016, these businesses were sold by JDE. As the July 2, 2015 fair values for these businesses were recorded by JDE at their pending sales values, we did not record any gain or loss on the sales of these businesses in our share of JDE’s earnings.

In 2014 and 2015, in connection with the expected receipt of cash in euros at the time of closing, we entered into a number of consecutive currency exchange forward contracts to lock in an equivalent expected value in U.S. dollars as of the date the JDE coffee business transactions were first announced in May 2014. Cumulatively, we realized aggregate net gains and received cash of approximately $1.0 billion on these hedging contracts that increased the cash we received in connection with the JDE coffee business transactions from $4.2 billion in cash consideration received to $5.2 billion. In connection with these currency contracts and the transfer of the sale proceeds to our subsidiaries that deconsolidated net assets and shares, we recognized a net gain of $436 million in 2015 within interest and other expense, net.

We also incurred incremental expenses related to readying our global coffee businesses for the transactions that totaled $278 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Of these total expenses, $123 million was recorded within asset impairment and exit costs in 2015 and the remainder was recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses of primarily our Europe segment, as well as within general corporate expenses.

JDE Capital Increase:

On December 18, 2015, AHBV and we agreed to provide JDE additional capital to pay down some of its debt with lenders. Our pro rata share of the capital increase was499 million ($544 million as of December 18, 2015) and was made in return for a pro rata number of additional shares in JDE such that our ownership in JDE did not change following the capital increase. To fund our share of the capital increase, we contributed460 million ($501 million) of JDE receivables and made a39 million ($43 million) cash payment.

JDE Stock-Based Compensation Arrangements:

On June 30, 2016, we entered into agreements with AHBV and its affiliates to establish a new stock-based compensation arrangement tied to the issuance of JDE equity compensation awards to JDE employees. This arrangement replaced a temporary equity compensation program tied to the issuance of AHBV equity compensation to JDE employees. New Class C, D and E JDE shares were authorized and issued for investments made by, and vested stock-based compensation awards granted to, JDE employees. Under these arrangements, share ownership dilution from the JDE Class C, D and E shareholders is limited to 2%. We retained our 26.5% voting rights and have a slightly lower portion of JDE’s profits and dividends than our shareholder ownership interest as certain employee shareholders receive a slightly larger share. Upon execution of the agreements and the creation of the Class C, D and E JDE shares, as a percentage of the total JDE issued shares, our Class B shares decreased from 26.5% to 26.4% and AHBV’s Class A shares decreased from 73.5% to 73.22%, while the Class C, D and E shares, held by AHBV and its affiliates until the JDE employee awards vest, comprised 0.38% of JDE’s shares. Additional Class C shares are available to be issued when planned long-term incentive plan (“JDE LTIP”) awards vest, generally over the next five years. When the JDE Class C shares are issued in connection with the vested JDE LTIP awards, the Class A and B relative ownership interests will decrease. Based on estimated achievement and forfeiture assumptions, we do not expect our JDE ownership interest to decrease below 26.27%.

JDE Tax Matter Resolution:

On July 19, 2016, the Supreme Court of Spain reached a final resolution on a challenged JDE tax position held by a predecessor DEMB company that resulted in an unfavorable tax expense of114 million. As a result, our share of JDE’s equity earnings during the third quarter of 2016 was negatively affected by30 million ($34 million).

Keurig Transaction:

On March 3, 2016, a subsidiary of AHBV completed a $13.9 billion acquisition of all of the outstanding common stock of Keurig through a merger transaction. On March 7, 2016, we exchanged with a subsidiary of AHBV a portion of our equity interest in JDE with a carrying value of1.7 billion (approximately $2.0 billion as of March 7, 2016) for an interest in Keurig with a fair value of $2.0 billion based on the merger consideration per share for Keurig. We recorded the difference between the fair value of Keurig and our basis in JDE shares as a $43 million gain on the equity method investment exchange in March 2016. Immediately following the exchange, our ownership interest in JDE was 26.5% and our interest in Keurig was 24.2%. Both AHBV and we hold our investments in Keurig through a combination of equity and interests in a shareholder loan, withpro-rata ownership of each. Our initial $2.0 billion investment in Keurig includes a $1.6 billion Keurig equity interest and a $0.4 billion shareholder loan receivable, which are reported on a combined basis within equity method investments on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017. The shareholder loan has a 5.5% interest rate and is payable at the end of a seven-year term on February 27, 2023. We recorded Keurig equity earnings of $208 million in 2017 (of which, approximately $119 million relates to the provisional tax benefit Keurig recorded as a result of U.S. tax reform), and $77 million in 2016. We recorded shareholder loan interest of $24 million in 2017 and $20 million in 2016. Additionally, we received shareholder loan interest payments of $30 million in 2017 and $14 million in 2016 and dividends of $14 million in 2017 and $4 million in 2016.

Planned Keurig Dr Pepper Transaction:

On January 29, 2018, we announced that we would exchange our ownership interest in Keurig for equity in Keurig Dr Pepper, which is contingent upon the successful completion of a planned merger of Keurig with Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc. Following the close of the merger inmid-2018, we expect our ownership in Keurig Dr Pepper to be13-14%. We expect to account for this new investment under the equity method as we have for Keurig, resulting in our recognizing our share of their earnings within our earnings and our share of their dividends within our cash flows. We will have the right to nominate two directors to the board of Keurig Dr Pepper and will have certain governance rights over Keurig Dr Pepper following the transaction.

Summary Financial Information for Equity Method Investments:

Summarized financial information for JDE, Keurig, DSF and our other equity method investments is reflected below.

operating income.
                                                      
       As of December 31, 
       2017   2016 
       (in millions) 

Current assets

    $4,732   $4,458 

Noncurrent assets

     38,282    35,089 
    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total assets

    $43,014   $39,547 

Current liabilities

    $5,822   $4,148 

Noncurrent liabilities

     15,424    16,472 
    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total liabilities

    $21,246   $20,620 

Equity attributable to shareowners of investees

    $21,685   $18,868 

Equity attributable to noncontrolling interests

     83    59 
    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total net equity of investees

    $21,768   $18,927 

Mondelēz International ownership interests

     24-50%    24-50% 
    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Mondelēz International share of investee net equity(1)

    $5,905   $5,145 

Keurig shareholder loan

     440    440 
    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Equity method investments

    $6,345   $5,585 
    

 

 

   

 

 

 
   For the Years Ended December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015 
   (in millions) 

Net revenues

  $12,781   $10,923   $4,993 

Gross profit

   4,891    4,219    1,551 

Income from continuing operations

   1,604    839    96 

Net income

   1,604    839    97 

Net income attributable to investees

  $1,594   $838   $97 

Mondelēz International ownership interests

   24%-50%    24%-50%    40%-50% 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Mondelēz International share of investee net income

  $436   $281   $56 

Keurig shareholder loan interest income

   24    20     
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Equity method investment net earnings(2)

  $460   $301   $56 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(1)Includes approximately $360 million of basis differences between the U.S. GAAP accounting basis for our equity method investments and the U.S. GAAP accounting basis of our investees’ equity.
(2)Historically, we have recorded income from equity method investments within our operating income as these investments operated as extensions of our base business. Beginning in the third quarter of 2015, to align with the accounting for JDE earnings, we began to record the earnings from our equity method investments inafter-tax equity method investment earnings outside of operating income. For the six months ended December 31, 2015,after-tax equity method investment net earnings were less than $1 million on a combined basis. Earnings from equity method investments recorded within segment operating income were $56 million for the six months ended July 2, 2015. See Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Principles of Consolidation,for additional information.

Other Divestitures and Acquisitions:

On December 28, 2017, we completed the sale of a confectionery business in Japan. We received cash proceeds of ¥2.8 billion Japanese Yen ($24 million as of December 28, 2017) and recorded an immaterialpre-tax loss on the divestiture within our AMEA segment.

On October 2, 2017, we completed the sale of one of our equity method investments and received cash proceeds of $65 million. We recorded apre-tax gain of $40 million within the gain on equity method investment transactions and $15 million of tax expense.


In connection with the 2012spin-off of Kraft Foods Group, Inc. (now a part of The Kraft Heinz Company (“KHC”)), Kraft Foods Group and we each granted the other various licenses to use certain trademarks in connection with particular product categories in specified jurisdictions. On August 17, 2017, we entered into two2 agreements with KHC to terminate the licenses of certainKHC-owned brands used in our grocery business within our Europe region and to transfer to KHC inventory and certain other assets. On August 17, 2017, the first transaction closed and we received cash proceeds of9 €9 million ($11 million as of August 17, 2017) and on October 23, 2017, the second transaction closed and we received cash proceeds of2 €2 million ($3 million as of October 23, 2017). The gain on both transactions combined was immaterial.


On July 4, 2017, we completed the sale of most of our grocery business in Australia and New Zealand to Bega Cheese Limited for $456 million Australian dollars ($347 million as of July 4, 2017). We divested $27 million of current assets, $135 million ofnon-current assets and $4 million of current liabilities based on the July 4, 2017 exchange rate. We recorded apre-tax gain of $247 million Australian dollars ($187 million as of July 4, 2017) on the sale. We also recorded divestiture-related costs of $2 million and a foreign currency hedge loss of $3 million during 2017. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a $3 million inventory-related working capital adjustment, increasing thepre-tax gain to $190 million in 2017.


On April 28, 2017, we completed the sale of several manufacturing facilities in France and the sale or license of several local confectionery brands. We received cash of approximately157 €157 million ($169 million as of April 28, 2017), net of cash divested with the businesses. On April 28, 2017, we divested $44 million of current assets, $155 million ofnon-current assets, $8 million of current liabilities and $22 million ofnon-current liabilities based on the April 28, 2017 exchange rate. We recorded a $3 million loss on the sale and divestiture-related costs of $27 million in 2017 and $84 million in 2016. These divestiture-related costs were recorded within cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses primarily within our Europe segment. In prior periods, we recorded a $5 million impairment charge in May 2016 for a candy trademark to reduce the overall net assets to the estimated net sales proceeds after transaction costs. On March 31, 2016, we recorded a $14 million impairment charge for another gum & candy trademark as a portion of its carrying value would not be recoverable based on future cash flows expected under a planned license agreement with the buyer.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, we also completed the following sale transactions:

On December 31, 2016, we completed the sale of a chocolate factory in Belgium. In connection with this transaction, we recorded apre-tax loss of65 million ($68 million as of December 31, 2016), within asset impairment and exit costs in our Europe segment. The loss includes a fixed asset impairment charge of30 million ($31 million as of December 31, 2016), a loss on disposal of22 million ($23 million as of December 31, 2016) and incremental expenses we incurred and accrued of13 million ($14 million as of December 31, 2016) related to selling the factory.
On December 1, 2016, we completed the sale of a confectionery business in Costa Rica represented by a local brand. The sales price was $28 million and we recorded apre-tax gain of $9 million within gains on divestiture within our Latin America segment. We divested approximately $11 million of property, plant and equipment, $4 million of goodwill and $2 million of inventory. In connection with this transaction, we incurred $2 million of transaction costs and accrued expenses.
On August 26, 2016, we recorded a $7 million gain for the sale of a U.S.-owned biscuit trademark. The gain was recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses in 2016.
On May 2, 2016, we completed the sale of certain local biscuit brands in Finland as part of our strategic decisions to exit select small and local brands and shift investment towards our Power Brands. The sales price was14 million ($16 million as of May 2, 2016) and we recorded apre-tax gain of $6 million ($5 million after tax) within selling, general and administrative expenses of our Europe segment in the year ended December 31, 2016. We divested $8 million of indefinite-lived intangible assets and less than $1 million of other assets. We received cash proceeds of12 million ($14 million as of May 2, 2016) upon closing and another2 million ($2 million as of October 31, 2016) of consideration following the completion of post-closing requirements. The additional $2 million of consideration increased thepre-tax gain to $8 million ($6 million after tax) through December 31, 2016.

On November 2, 2016, we purchased from Burton’s Biscuit Company certain intangibles, which included the license to manufacture, market and sell Cadbury-branded biscuits in additional key markets around the world, including in the United Kingdom, France, Ireland, North America and Saudi Arabia. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination. Total cash paid for the acquired assets was £199 million ($245 million as of November 2, 2016). During the third quarter of 2017, we completed the valuation work and finalized the purchase price allocation of $66 million to definite-lived intangible assets, $173 million to goodwill, $2 million to property, plant and equipment and $4 million to inventory, reflecting a November 2, 2016 exchange rate. The acquisition added incremental net revenues of $59 million in 2017 and $16 million in 2016 and added incremental operating income of $8 million in 2017 and $1 million in 2016.

During the third quarter of 2016, we completed the acquisition of a Vietnamese biscuit operation within our AMEA segment. On July 15, 2015, we acquired an 80% interest in the biscuit operation and on August 22, 2016, we acquired the remaining 20% interest. Total cash paid for the biscuit operation, intellectual property,non-compete and consulting agreements less purchase price adjustments was 12,404 billion Vietnamese dong ($569 million using applicable exchange rates on July 15, 2015, November 27, 2015 and August 22, 2016). On August 22, 2016, in connection with acquiring the remaining 20% interest in the biscuit operation, escrowed funds of $70 million were released and we retained an agreed $20 million related to two outstanding acquisition-related matters. We subsequently released $5 million in 2016 and $9 million in 2017 to the sellers and expect to pay $4 million within five years as remaining indemnified obligations are resolved. On August 22, 2016, we also made a final payment of 759 billion Vietnamese dong ($35 million as of August 22, 2016) for thenon-compete and consulting agreements. Thenon-compete and consulting agreements were recorded as prepaid contracts within other current andnon-current assets and will be amortized into net earnings over the term of the agreements. During the third quarter of 2016, we also finalized the valuation and purchase price allocation of the acquired net assets of the business, which included $10 million of inventory, $49 million of property, plant and equipment, $86 million of intangible assets, $385 million of goodwill and $31 million of other net liabilities. In periods following the initial July 15, 2015 first closing date, the allocation of the net asset fair values had an immaterial impact on our operating results. The acquisition added incremental net revenues of $71 million in 2016 and $121 million in 2015 and added incremental operating income of $5 million in 2016 and $21 million in 2015. Within selling, general and administrative expenses, we recorded integration costs of $7 million in 2016 and $9 million in 2015 and acquisition costs of $7 million in 2015.

Sales of Property:

On November 9, 2016, we completed the sale of a manufacturing plant in Russia and recorded total expenses of $12 million, including a related fixed asset impairment charge of $4 million within asset impairments and exit costs. The sale of the land, buildings and equipment generated cash proceeds of $6 million.

In 2016, we also sold property within our North America segment and from our centrally held corporate assets. In the third quarter of 2016, we sold property in North America that generated cash proceeds of $10 million and apre-tax gain of $6 million and we sold a corporate aircraft hangar that generated cash proceeds of $3 million and apre-tax gain of $1 million. In the second quarter of 2016, we also sold property within our North America segment and from our centrally held corporate assets. The North America sale generated cash proceeds of $40 million and apre-tax gain of $33 million. The corporate aircraft sale generated cash proceeds of $20 million and apre-tax gain of $6 million. The gains were recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses and cash proceeds were recorded in cash flows from other investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2016.

Note 3. Inventories


Inventories consisted of the following:

                                    
  As of December 31, 
  2017   2016 As of December 31,
  (in millions) 2019 2018
(in millions)

Raw materials

  $711   $722 $707
 $726

Finished product

   1,975    1,865 1,953
 1,987
  

 

   

 

 2,660

2,713
   2,686    2,587 

Inventory reserves

   (129   (118(114) (121)
  

 

   

 

 

Inventories, net

  $2,557   $2,469 $2,546

$2,592
  

 

   

 

 



Note 4. Property, Plant and Equipment


Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following:

                                    
  As of December 31, 
  2017   2016 As of December 31,
  (in millions) 2019 2018
(in millions)

Land and land improvements

  $458   $471 $422
 $424

Buildings and building improvements

   2,979    2,801 3,140
 2,984

Machinery and equipment

   11,195    10,302 11,295
 10,943

Construction in progress

   1,048    1,113 680
 894
  

 

   

 

 15,537
 15,245
   15,680    14,687 

Accumulated depreciation

   (7,003   (6,458(6,804) (6,763)
  

 

   

 

 

Property, plant and equipment, net

  $8,677   $8,229 $8,733
 $8,482
  

 

   

 

 



Capital expenditures as presented on the statement of cash flow were $1.0$0.9 billion, $1.2$1.1 billion and $1.5$1.0 billion for the years ending December 31, 2017, 20162019, 2018 and 20152017 and excluded $357$334 million, $343$331 million and $322$357 million for accrued capital expenditures not yet paid.


In connection with our restructuring program, we recordednon-cash property, plant and equipment write-downs (including accelerated depreciation and asset impairments) of $50 million in 2019, $59 million in 2018 and $206 million in 2017 $301 million in 2016 and $264 million in 2015 (see Note 6,2014-2018 8, Restructuring Program). These charges related to property, plant and equipment

were recorded in the consolidated statements of earnings within asset impairment and exit costs and in the segment results as follows:

                                                      
  For the Years Ended December 31, 
  2017   2016   2015 For the Years Ended December 31,
  (in millions) 2019 2018 2017
(in millions)

Latin America

  $36   $22   $46 $
 $25
 $36

AMEA

   81    44    88 (2) 5
 81

Europe

   58    122    65 46
 15
 58

North America

   30    111    65 5
 13
 30

Corporate

   1    2     1
 1
 1
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Non-cash property, plant and equipment write-downs

  $206   $301   $264 $50
 $59
 $206
  

 

   

 

   

 

 


Note 5. Leases

We have operating and finance leases for manufacturing and distribution facilities, vehicles, equipment and office space. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 to 10 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 6 years. We assume the majority of our termination options will not be exercised when determining the lease term of our leases. We do not include significant restrictions or covenants in our lease agreements, and residual value guarantees are generally not included within our operating leases, with the exception of some fleet leases. Some of our leasing arrangements require variable payments that are dependent on usage or output or may vary for other reasons, such as product costs, insurance and tax payments. These variable payment leases are not included in our recorded lease assets and liabilities and are expensed as incurred. Certain leases are tied to a variable index or rate and are included in our lease assets and liabilities based on the indices or rates as of lease commencement.

The components of lease costs were as follows:
 For the Year Ended December 31, 2019
 (in millions)
Operating lease cost$222
  
Finance lease cost: 
Amortization of right-of-use assets29
Interest on lease liabilities4
  
Short-term lease cost39
Variable lease cost474
  
Sublease income(6)
  
Total lease cost$762

Rent expenses under prior lease accounting rules (ASC 840) recorded in continuing operations were $260 million in 2018 and $284 million in 2017.


Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:
 For the Year Ended December 31, 2019
 (in millions)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: 
Operating cash flows from operating leases$(234)
Operating cash flows from finance leases(4)
Financing cash flows from finance leases(27)
  
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: 
Operating leases$95
Finance leases99


Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:
 As of December 31, 2019
 (in millions)
Operating Leases: 
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net of amortization$568
  
Other current liabilities$178
Long-term operating lease liabilities403
Total operating lease liabilities$581
  
Finance Leases: 
Finance leases, net of amortization (within property, plant & equipment)$122
  
Current portion of long-term debt$32
Long-term debt91
Total finance lease liabilities$123
  
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term 
Operating leases5.2 years
Finance leases4.6 years
  
Weighted Average Discount Rate 
Operating leases3.5%
Finance leases3.7%


In 2020, we expect to record a $45 million operating lease liability for a 15 year lease that has not yet commenced.


Future lease payments under non-cancelable leases under the new lease accounting rules (ASC 842) that went into effect on January 1, 2019 were as follows:
 As of December 31, 2019
 Operating Leases Finance Leases
 (in millions)
Year Ending December 31:   
2020$197
 $38
2021146
 34
2022102
 23
202368
 15
202442
 9
Thereafter97
 15
Total future undiscounted lease payments$652
 $134
Less imputed interest(71) (11)
Total reported lease liability$581
 $123


As of December 31, 2018, minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable operating leases under prior lease accounting rules (ASC 840) were (in millions):
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total
$208
 $165
 $114
 $79
 $57
 $157
 $780


Note 5.6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets


Goodwill by reportable operating segment was:

                                    
   As of December 31, 
   2017   2016 
   (in millions) 

Latin America

  $901   $897 

AMEA

   3,371    3,324 

Europe

   7,880    7,170 

North America

   8,933    8,885 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Goodwill

  $21,085   $20,276 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 As of December 31,
 2019 2018
 (in millions)
Latin America$818
 $823
AMEA3,151
 3,210
Europe7,523
 7,519
North America9,356
 9,173
Goodwill$20,848
 $20,725


Intangible assets consisted of the following:

                                    
   As of December 31, 
   2017   2016 
   (in millions) 

Non-amortizable intangible assets

  $17,671   $17,004 

Amortizable intangible assets

   2,386    2,315 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
   20,057    19,319 

Accumulated amortization

   (1,418   (1,218
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Intangible assets, net

  $18,639   $18,101 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 As of December 31,
 2019 2018
 (in millions)
Non-amortizable intangible assets$17,296
 $17,201
Amortizable intangible assets2,374
 2,328
 19,670
 19,529
Accumulated amortization(1,713) (1,527)
Intangible assets, net$17,957
 $18,002


Non-amortizable intangible assets consist principally of brand names purchased through our acquisitions of Nabisco Holdings Corp., the Spanish and Portuguese operations of United Biscuits, the globalLU biscuit business of Groupe Danone S.A. and Cadbury Limited. Amortizable intangible assets consist primarily of trademarks, customer-related intangibles, process technology, licenses andnon-compete agreements.



Amortization expense for intangible assets was $174 million in 2019, $176 million in 2018 and $178 million in 2017, $176 million in 2016 and $181 million in 2015.2017. For the next five years, we estimate annual amortization expense of approximately $175 million for the next three yearsyear, approximately $90 million in year two and approximately $85 million in years four andthree to five, reflecting December 31, 20172019 exchange rates.


Changes in goodwill and intangible assets consisted of:

                                                                        
   2017   2016 
   Goodwill   Intangible
Assets, at cost
   Goodwill   Intangible
Assets, at cost
 
   (in millions) 

Balance at January 1

  $20,276   $19,319   $20,664   $19,847 

Changes due to:

        

Currency

   909    954    (464   (540

Divestitures

   (114   (100   (4   (8

Acquisitions

   15    (7   80    158 

Asset impairments

       (109       (137

Other

   (1           (1
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31

  $21,085   $20,057   $20,276   $19,319 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 2019 2018
 Goodwill 
Intangible
Assets, at cost
 Goodwill 
Intangible
Assets, at cost
 (in millions)
Balance at January 1$20,725
 $19,529
 $21,085
 $20,057
Changes due to:       
Currency17
 60
 (658) (710)
Divestitures(43) 
 
 
Acquisitions149
 138
 298
 250
Asset impairments
 (57) 
 (68)
Balance at December 31$20,848
 $19,670
 $20,725
 $19,529


Changes to goodwill and intangibles were:

Divestitures – During 2017, in connection with the divestituresecond quarter of several manufacturing facilities, primarily in France,2019, we divested $23 million of goodwill and $62 million of amortizable andnon-amortizable intangible assets. In 2017, we also completed a salethe net assets of most of our grocerycheese business in Australiathe Middle East and New Zealand and divested $86 millionAfrica to Arla Foods of related goodwill. Furthermore, we completedDenmark resulting in a salegoodwill decrease of a confectionery business in Japan and divested $5 million of goodwill and $24 million of definite lived intangible assets. Finally, we divested $14 million of definite lived intangible asset as part of our sale of one of our equity method investments. During 2016, we divested $4 million of goodwill related to the sale of a confectionery business in Costa Rica and we sold $8 million ofnon-amortizable intangible assets in Finland.$43 million. See Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for additional information.
Acquisitions – During 2017,In connection with the acquisition of a majority interest in Perfect Snacks during the third quarter of 2019, we recorded a $15preliminary purchase price allocation of $150 million adjustment to goodwill and a $7$138 million adjustment to indefinite lived assets in connection with finalizingintangible assets. In the valuation andsecond quarter of 2019, we also finalized the purchase price allocation for the Burton’s Biscuit Company purchase completed2018 acquisition of Tate's Bake Shop, resulting in the fourth quarter of 2016. In connection with the completion of the purchase of a Vietnam biscuit operation in 2016,$1 million adjustment to goodwill. During 2018, we finalized therecorded a preliminary purchase price allocation of the consideration paid$298 million to the net assets acquiredgoodwill and recorded $25$250 million of amortizable intangible assets and $61 million ofnon-amortizableto intangible assets related to acquired trademarks and customer-related intangible assets. A preliminary goodwill balance was recordedthe acquisition of Tate's Bake Shop in 2015 and subsequently adjusted by $76 million to $385 million in 2016 to reflect finalized intangible asset and other asset fair valuations.the second quarter of 2018. See Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, for additional information.

Asset impairments – We recorded $109
Asset impairments – As further discussed below, we recorded $57 million of intangible asset impairments in 2017, $137 million in 2016 and $83 million in 2015. Charges related to our annual testing ofnon-amortizable intangible assets were $70 million in 2017, $98 million in 2016 and $71 million in 2015. During 2017, we also recorded a $38 million intangible asset impairment charge resulting from a category decline and lower than expected product growth related to a gum trademark in our North America segment and a $1 million intangible asset impairment charge related to a transaction. In 2016, we also recorded $20 million of impairment charges within our Europe segment related to the planned sale of a confectionery business in France (see Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions – Other Divestitures and Acquisitions, for additional information) and we also recorded $19 million of charges in our Europe, North America and AMEA segments resulting from the discontinuation of four biscuit products and one candy product. In 2015, we recorded $12 million of impairment charges within the loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela related to a biscuit trademark.

We have historically annually tested goodwill andnon-amortizable intangible assets for impairment as of October 1. This year, we voluntarily changed the annual impairment assessment date from October 1 to July 1. We believe this measurement date, which represents a change in the method of applying an accounting principle, is preferable because it better aligns with our strategic business planning process and financial forecasts, which are key components of the annual impairment tests. The change in the measurement date did not delay, accelerate or prevent an impairment charge. Each quarter, we have evaluated goodwill and intangible asset impairment risksimpairments in 2019 and recognized any related impairments to date. As such, the change$68 million in the annual test date was applied on July 1, 2017.

2018.

In 2017, 20162019, 2018 and 2015,2017, there were no0 goodwill impairments and each of our reporting units had sufficient fair value in excess of its carrying value. While all reporting units passed our annual impairment testing, if planned business performance expectations are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then the estimated fair values of a reporting unit or reporting units might decline and lead to a goodwill impairment in the future.

During our 20172019 annual testing ofnon-amortizable intangible assets, we recorded $70$57 million of impairment charges in the third quarter related to five trademarks.9 brands. We recorded charges related to gum, chocolate, biscuits and candy brands of $39 million in Europe, $15 million in AMEA and $3 million in Latin America. We also noted thirteenidentified 14 brands, including the five9 impaired trademarks, with $963$635 million of aggregate book value as of December 31, 20172019 that each had a fair value in excess of book value of 10% or less. We believe our current plans for each of these brands will allow them to continue to not be impaired, but if the product linebrand earnings expectations are not met or specific valuation factors outside of our control, such as discount rates, change significantly, then a brand or brands could become impaired in the future.

In 2018, we recorded $68 million of impairment charges for gum, chocolate, biscuits and candy brands of $45 million in Europe, $14 million in North America and $9 million in AMEA. In 2017, we recorded $109 million of impairment charges, of which $70 million related to annual testing impairment charges for candy and gum brands of $52 million in AMEA, $11 million in Europe, $5 million in Latin America and $2 million in North America. During 2017, we also recorded a $38 million intangible asset impairment charge resulting from a category decline and lower than expected product growth related to a gum brand in our North America segment and a $1 million intangible asset impairment charge related to a transaction.




Note 6. 2014-20187. Equity Method Investments
Our investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting totaled $7,212 million as of December 31, 2019 and $7,123 million as of December 31, 2018. In both years, our largest equity method investments were in Jacobs Douwe Egberts (“JDE”) and Keurig Green Mountain, Inc. ("Keurig") prior to July 9, 2018 and Keurig Dr Pepper Inc. (NYSE: "KDP”) subsequent to July 9, 2018.
JDE:
As of December 31, 2019, we held a 26.5% voting interest, a 26.4% ownership interest and a 26.3% profit and dividend sharing interest in JDE. We recorded JDE equity earnings of $195 million in 2019, $230 million in 2018 (which includes a deferred tax benefit from a Dutch tax rate reduction) and $129 million in 2017. We also recorded $73 million of cash dividends received in both 2019 and 2018 and $49 million of cash dividends received in 2017.
JDE / Keurig Exchange:
On March 7, 2016, we exchanged a portion of our JDE equity interest for a new equity interest in Keurig. As a result of the exchange, we recorded the difference between the $2.0 billion fair value of Keurig and our basis in the exchanged JDE shares as a gain of $43 million. In the second quarter of 2019, we determined an adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive losses related to our JDE investment was required, which reduced our previously reported gain by $29 million. We recorded the adjustment as a loss on equity method transactions.

Keurig Dr Pepper Transaction:
On July 9, 2018, Keurig closed on its definitive merger agreement with Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., and formed KDP, a publicly traded company. Following the close of the transaction, our 24.2% investment in Keurig together with our shareholder loan receivable became a 13.8% investment in KDP. During 2018, we recorded a net pre-tax gain of $778 million (or $586 million after-tax).

We hold 2 director positions on the KDP board as well as additional governance rights. As we continue to have significant influence, we continue to account for our investment in KDP under the equity method, resulting in recognizing our share of their earnings within our earnings and our share of their dividends within our cash flows.

In connection with this transaction, we changed our accounting principle during the third quarter of 2018 to reflect our share of Keurig's historical and KDP's ongoing earnings on a one-quarter lag basis while we continue to record dividends when cash is received. We determined a lag was preferable as it enables us to continue to report our quarterly and annual results on a timely basis and to record our share of KDP’s ongoing results once KDP has publicly reported its results. The change was retrospectively applied to all prior periods presented.

As of December 31, 2019, we held a 13.6% ownership interest in KDP valued at approximately $5.5 billion (based on KDP's closing stock price), which exceeded the carrying value of our KDP investment. Our KDP ownership interest could change over time due to stock-based compensation arrangements or other KDP transactions. During the first quarter of 2019, due to the impact of a KDP acquisition that decreased our ownership interest from 13.8% to 13.6%, we recognized a $23 million pre-tax gain.

Keurig and KDP equity earnings, as adjusted for the one-quarter lag basis, totaled $160 million in 2019, $213 million in 2018 (includes a deferred tax benefit Keurig recorded as a result of U.S. tax reform) and $92 million in 2017. Within equity method investment net earnings, we also recorded shareholder loan interest income of $12 million in 2018 and $24 million in 2017. We received shareholder loan interest payments of $12 million in 2018 and $30 million in 2017 and dividends of $115 million in 2019, $34 million in 2018 and $14 million in 2017.

Other Equity Method Investment transactions:
On October 2, 2017, we completed the sale of one of our equity method investments and received cash proceeds of $65 million. We recorded a pre-tax gain of $40 million within the gain on equity method investment transactions and $15 million of tax expense. During the second quarter of 2019, we recorded an additional pre-tax gain of $4 million related to the sale and release of indemnity-related funds previously held in escrow that were released.


Summary Financial Information for Equity Method Investments:
Summarized financial information related to our equity method investments is reflected below.

   As of December 31,
   2019 2018
   (in millions)
Current assets  $5,650
��$5,695
Noncurrent assets  69,232
 69,445
Total assets  $74,882
 $75,140
Current liabilities  $10,037
 $9,434
Noncurrent liabilities  27,642
 29,296
Total liabilities  $37,679
 $38,730
Equity attributable to shareowners of investees  $37,170
 $36,365
Equity attributable to noncontrolling interests  33
 46
Total net equity of investees  $37,203
 $36,411
Mondelēz International ownership interests  13-50%
 13-50%
Equity method investments (1)
  $7,212
 $7,123
 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions)
Net revenues$19,410
 $14,185
 $12,824
Gross profit9,733
 6,076
 4,913
Income from continuing operations1,991
 1,980
 1,118
Net income1,991
 1,980
 1,118
Net income attributable to investees$1,981
 $1,970
 $1,115
Mondelēz International ownership interests13-50%
 13-50%
 24-50%
Mondelēz International share of investee net income$442
 $536
 $320
Keurig shareholder loan interest income
 12
 24
Equity method investment net earnings$442
 $548
 $344

(1)Includes a basis difference of approximately $330 million as of December 31, 2019 and $340 million as of December 31, 2018 between the U.S. GAAP accounting basis for our equity method investments and the U.S. GAAP accounting basis of our investees’ equity.

Note 8. Restructuring Program


On May 6, 2014, our Board of Directors approved a $3.5 billion 2014-2018 restructuring program and up to $2.2 billion of capital expenditures. On August 31, 2016, our Board of Directors approved a $600 million reallocation between restructuring program cash costs and capital expenditures so that now the $5.7 billion program consistsconsisted of approximately $4.1 billion of restructuring program costs ($3.1 billion cash costs and $1$1.0 billionnon-cash costs) and up to $1.6 billion of capital expenditures. On September 6, 2018, our Board of Directors approved an extension of the restructuring program through 2022, an increase of $1.3 billion in the program charges and an increase of $700 million in capital expenditures. The total $7.7 billion program now consists of $5.4 billion of program charges ($4.1 billion of cash costs and $1.3 billion of non-cash costs) and total capital expenditures of $2.3 billion to be incurred over the life of the program. The current restructuring program, as increased and extended by these actions, is now called the Simplify to Grow Program.

The primary objective of the 2014-2018 RestructuringSimplify to Grow Program is to reduce our operating cost structure in both our supply chain and overhead costs. The program is intended primarily to covercovers severance as well as asset disposals and other manufacturing-relatedmanufacturing and procurement-related one-time costs. Since inception, we have incurred total restructuring and related implementation charges of $3.3$4.3 billion related to the 2014-2018 RestructuringSimplify to Grow Program. We expect to incur the full $4.1 billion of program charges byyear-end 2018.

2022.



Restructuring Costs:

We recorded restructuring charges of $535 million in 2017, $714 million in 2016 and $711 million in 2015 within asset impairment and exit costs.

The 2014-2018 RestructuringSimplify to Grow Program liability activity for the years ended December 31, 20172019 and 20162018 was:

                                                      
   Severance         
   and related   Asset     
   costs   Write-downs   Total 
   (in millions) 

Liability balance, January 1, 2016

  $395   $   $395 

Charges

   402    312    714 

Cash spent

   (315       (315

Non-cash settlements/adjustments

   (9   (312   (321

Currency

   (9       (9
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Liability balance, December 31, 2016

  $464   $   $464 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Charges

   323    212    535 

Cash spent

   (347       (347

Non-cash settlements/adjustments

   (3   (212   (215

Currency

   27        27 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Liability balance, December 31, 2017

  $464   $   $464 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 
Severance
and related
costs
 
Asset
Write-downs
 Total
 (in millions)
Liability Balance, January 1, 2018$464
 $
 $464
Charges (1)
253
 63
 316
Cash spent(310) 
 (310)
Non-cash settlements/adjustments(4) (63) (67)
Currency(30) 
 (30)
Liability Balance, December 31, 2018$373

$

$373
Charges (1)
125
 51
 176
Cash spent(162) 
 (162)
Non-cash settlements/adjustments (2)
(31) (51) (82)
Currency(4) 
 (4)
Liability Balance, December 31, 2019$301

$

$301


(1)Includes settlement losses of $5 million in 2019 and $5 million in 2018 recorded within benefit plan non-service income on our consolidated statements of earnings.
(2)We adopted the new lease accounting ASU as of January 1, 2019. The ASU requires recording onerous lease liabilities netted with right of use assets. Therefore, during the first quarter of 2019, we reclassified onerous lease liabilities that totaled $23 million as of March 31, 2019, from accrued liabilities and other accrued liabilities to operating lease right of use assets.

We spent $347recorded restructuring charges of $176 million in 2019, $316 million in 2018 and $535 million in 2017 within asset impairment and $315exit costs and benefit plan non-service income. We spent $162 million in 20162019 and $310 million in 2018 in cash severance and related costs. We also recognizednon-cash pension settlement losses (See Note 9,11, Benefit Plans),non-cash asset write-downs (including accelerated depreciation and asset impairments) and othernon-cash adjustments (including a transfer of onerous lease liabilities to operating lease ROU assets during the first quarter of 2019) totaling $215$82 million in 20172019 and $321$67 million in 2016.2018. At December 31, 2017, $4122019, $275 million of our net restructuring liability was recorded within other current liabilities and $52$26 million was recorded within other long-term liabilities.


Implementation Costs:

Implementation costs are directly attributable to restructuring activities; however, they do not qualify for special accounting treatment as exit or disposal activities. We believe the disclosure of implementation costs provides readers of our financial statements with more information on the total costs of our 2014-2018 RestructuringSimplify to Grow Program. Implementation costs primarily relate to reorganizing our operations and facilities in connection with our supply chain reinvention program and other identified productivity and cost saving initiatives. The costs include incremental expenses related to the closure of facilities, costs to terminate certain contracts and the simplification of our information systems. Within our continuing results of operations, we recorded implementation costs of $272 million in 2019, $315 million in 2018 and $257 million in 2017, $372 million in 2016 and $291 million in 2015.2017. We recorded these costs within cost of sales and general corporate expense within selling, general and administrative expenses.



Restructuring and Implementation Costs in Operating Income:

During 2017, 20162019, 2018 and 2015,2017, and since inception of the 2014-2018 RestructuringSimplify to Grow Program, we recorded the following restructuring and implementation costs within segment operating income by segment (as revised to reflect our current segment structure) as follows:

                                                                                                
   Latin           North         
  America   AMEA   Europe   America (1)   Corporate (2)   Total 
   (in millions) 

For the Year Ended December 31, 2017

            

Restructuring Costs

  $93   $141   $195   $94   $12   $535 

Implementation Costs

   43    43    68    58    45    257 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  $136   $184   $263   $152   $57   $792 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

For the Year Ended December 31, 2016

            

Restructuring Costs

  $111   $96   $310   $183   $14   $714 

Implementation Costs

   54    48    88    121    61    372 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  $165   $144   $398   $304   $75   $1,086 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

For the Year Ended December 31, 2015

            

Restructuring Costs

  $145   $181   $243   $114   $28   $711 

Implementation Costs

   39    26    78    69    79    291 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  $184   $207   $321   $183   $107   $1,002 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total Project 2014-2017(3)

            

Restructuring Costs

  $430   $448   $844   $448   $64   $2,234 

Implementation Costs

   152    129    272    253    221    1,027 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  $582   $577   $1,116   $701   $285   $3,261 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

and earnings before income taxes:
 
Latin
America
 AMEA Europe 
North
America (1)
 
Corporate (2)
 Total
 (in millions)
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2019
           
Restructuring Costs$24
 $18
 $105
 $16
 $13
 $176
Implementation Costs50
 38
 103
 52
 29
 272
Total$74

$56

$208

$68

$42

$448
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2018
           
Restructuring Costs$63
 $69
 $132
 $32
 $20
 $316
Implementation Costs67
 39
 73
 79
 57
 315
Total$130
 $108

$205

$111

$77

$631
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2017
           
Restructuring Costs$93
 $140
 $195
 $84
 $23
 $535
Implementation Costs43
 43
 68
 58
 45
 257
Total$136

$183

$263

$142

$68

$792
Total Project (3)
           
Restructuring Costs$517
 $535
 $1,076
 $469
 $129
 $2,726
Implementation Costs269
 206
 448
 384
 307
 1,614
Total$786

$741

$1,524

$853

$436

$4,340
(1)During 2017 and 2016,2017-2019, our North America region implementation costs included incremental costs that we incurred related to renegotiating collective bargaining agreements that expired at the end ofin February 2016 for eight U.S. facilities and related to executing business continuity plans for the North America business.
(2)Includes adjustmentBenefit plan non-service income amounts associated with restructuring program activities that are no longer recorded in segment operating income are included in the Corporate column in the table above for all periods presented. The Corporate column also includes minor adjustments for pension settlement losses and rounding.
(3)Includes all charges recorded since program inception on May 6, 2014 through December 31, 2017.2019.

Note 7.9. Debt and Borrowing Arrangements

Short-Term Borrowings:

Our short-term borrowings and related weighted-average interest rates consisted of:

                                                                        
   As of December 31, 
   2017  2016 
   Amount   Weighted-  Amount   Weighted- 
   Outstanding   Average Rate  Outstanding   Average Rate 
   (in millions)      (in millions)     

Commercial paper

  $3,410    1.7 $2,371    1.0

Bank loans

   107    11.5  160    10.6
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

Total short-term borrowings

  $3,517    $2,531   
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 As of December 31,
 2019 2018
 
Amount
Outstanding
 
Weighted-
Average Rate
 
Amount
Outstanding
 
Weighted-
Average Rate
 (in millions)   (in millions)  
Commercial paper$2,581
 2.0% $3,054
 2.9%
Bank loans57
 5.2% 138
 10.5%
Total short-term borrowings$2,638
   $3,192
  


As of December 31, 2017,2019, commercial paper issued and outstanding had between 2 and 7552 days remaining to maturity. Commercial paper borrowings increaseddecreased since the 20162018 year-end primarily as a result of issuances to finance the payment ofrepayments from operating cash flow and proceeds from long-term debt maturities, dividend paymentsissuances net of repayments, partially offset by increased borrowings for shareholder dividends and share repurchases during the year.

Bank loans include borrowings onrepurchases.



Some of our international subsidiaries maintain primarily uncommitted credit lines maintained by some of our international subsidiaries to meet short-term working capital needs. Collectively, these credit lines amounted to $2.0$1.7 billion at December 31, 20172019 and $1.8 billion at December 31, 2016.2018. Borrowings on these lines were $107$57 million at December 31, 20172019 and $160$138 million at December 31, 2016.

2018.


Borrowing Arrangements:

On March 1, 2017,September 13, 2019, Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V. ("MIHN"), a wholly owned Dutch subsidiary of Mondelēz International, Inc., entered into a term loan agreement pursuant to which MIHN may incur up to $500 million of term loans with a three-year term and $500 million of term loans with a five-year term. Proceeds from the term loan may be used for general corporate purposes, including repayment of debt. On October 25, 2019, we fully drew on the term loans and received proceeds of $1.0 billion. We also entered into cross-currency swaps, serving as cash flow hedges, so that the U.S. dollar-denominated debt payments will effectively be paid in euros over the life of the debt.

On February 27, 2019, to supplement our commercial paper program, we entered into a $1.5 billion revolving credit agreement for a364-day senior unsecured credit facility that is scheduled to expire on February 28, 2018.26, 2020. The agreement replaces our previous credit agreement that matured on February 27, 2019 and includes the same terms and conditions as our existing $4.5 billion multi-year credit facility discussed below. As of December 31, 2017, no2019, 0 amounts were drawn on the facility.

We also maintain


On February 27, 2019, we entered into a $4.5 billion multi-year senior unsecured revolving credit facility for general corporate purposes, including working capital needs, and to support our commercial paper program. On October 14, 2016, theThis agreement replaced our $4.5 billion amended and restated five-year revolving credit agreement, which wasdated as of October 14, 2016. The revolving credit agreement is scheduled to expire on October 11, 2018, was extended through October 11, 2021.February 27, 2024. The revolving credit agreement includes a covenant that we maintain a minimum shareholders’shareholders' equity of at least $24.6 billion, excluding accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) and, the cumulative effects of any changes in accounting principles.principles and earnings/(losses) recognized in connection with the ongoing application of any mark-to-market accounting for pensions and other retirement plans. At December 31, 2017,2019, we complied with this covenant as our shareholders’shareholders' equity, as defined by the covenant, was $36.1$37.5 billion. The revolving credit facility agreement also contains customary representations, covenants and events of default. There are no credit rating triggers, provisions or other financial covenants that could require us to post collateral as security. As of December 31, 2017, no2019, 0 amounts were drawn on the facility.


On April 2, 2018, in connection with the tender offer described below, we entered into a $2.0 billion revolving credit agreement for a 364-day senior unsecured credit facility that was due to expire on April 1, 2019. The agreement included the same terms and conditions as our existing $4.5 billion multi-year credit facility discussed above. On April 17, 2018, we borrowed $714 million on this facility to fund the debt tender described below and availability under the facility was reduced to match the borrowed amount. On May 7, 2018, we repaid the $714 million from the net proceeds received from the May 2018 $2.5 billion long-term debt issuance and terminated this credit facility.



Long-Term Debt:

Our long-term debt consisted of (interest rates are as of December 31, 2017)2019):

   As of December 31, 
   2017   2016 
   (in millions) 

U.S. dollar notes, 1.385% to 7.000% (weighted-average effective rate 3.414%),
due through 2040

  $8,327   $8,812 

Euro notes, 1.000% to 2.375% (weighted-average effective rate 1.930%),
due through 2035

   3,653    3,980 

Pound sterling notes, 3.875% to 7.250% (weighted-average effective rate 4.441%),
due through 2045

   456    418 

Swiss franc notes, 0.050% to 1.125% (weighted-average effective rate 0.627%),
due through 2025

   1,694    1,449 

Capital leases and other obligations

   5    9 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   14,135    14,668 

Less current portion oflong-term debt

   (1,163   (1,451
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Long-term debt

  $12,972   $13,217 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 As of December 31,
 2019 2018
 (in millions)
U.S. dollar notes, 0.163% to 7.000% (weighted-average effective rate 3.107%),
   due through 2048
$9,442
 $9,492
Euro notes, 0.875% to 2.375% (weighted-average effective rate 1.696%),
   due through 2035
3,968
 3,492
Pound sterling notes, 3.875% to 4.500% (weighted-average effective rate 4.151%),
   due through 2045
346
 333
Swiss franc notes, 0.050% to 1.125% (weighted-average effective rate 0.703%),
   due through 2025
1,449
 1,424
Canadian dollar notes, 3.250% (effective rate 3.320%),
   due through 2025
460
 437
Finance leases and other obligations123
 2
Total15,788
 15,180
Less current portion of long-term debt(1,581) (2,648)
Long-term debt$14,207
 $12,532


Deferred debt issuance costs of $33 million as of December 31, 20172019 and $40$32 million as of December 31, 20162018 are netted against the related debt in the table above. Deferred financing costs related to our revolving credit facility are classified in long-term other assets and were immaterial for all periods presented.


As of December 31, 2017,2019, aggregate maturities of our debt and capitalfinance leases based on stated contractual maturities, excluding unamortizednon-cash bond premiums, discounts, bank fees andmark-to-market adjustments of $(64)$(76) million and imputed interest on finance leases of $(11) million, were (in millions):

2018

  

2019

  

2020

  

2021

  

2022

  

Thereafter

  

Total

$1,163  $2,651  $896  $3,373  $754  $5,362  $14,199

2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Thereafter Total
$1,587 $3,356 $1,739 $1,824 $1,834 $5,535 $15,875


On April 12, 2017, we discharged $488October 28, 2019, $1.75 billion of our 1.625% MIHN notes and $500 million of our 6.500% U.S. dollar-denominated debt. We paid $504 million, representing principal as well as past and future interest accruals from February 2017 through the August 2017 maturity date. We recorded an $11 million loss on debt extinguishment within interest expense and a $5 million reduction in accrued interest.

On March 30, 2017,fr.175 million (approximately $175 million) of our 0.000% Swiss franc-denominatedfloating rate MIHN notes matured. The notes and accrued interest to date were paid with net proceeds from thefr.350 million Swiss franc-denominated term loans drawn on October 25, 2019 and U.S. dollar-denominated notes issued by MIHN on March 13, 2017.

September 19, 2019.


On March 13, 2017, we launched an offering offr.350October 2, 2019, MIHN issued €500 million of Swiss franc-denominated0.875% euro-denominated notes or $349 million in U.S. dollars as of March 31, 2017, consisting of:

fr.225 million (or $224 million) of 0.050% fixed rate notes that mature on March 30, 2020
fr.125 million (or $125 million) of 0.617% fixed rate notes that mature on September 30, 2024

On March 30, 2017, weguaranteed by Mondelēz International, Inc. that mature on October 1, 2031. We received net proceeds offr.349€491 million (or $349$538 million) of proceeds, net of discounts and associated financing costs of $11 million, which will be amortized into interest expense over the life of the loans. The proceeds were earmarked for general corporate purposes, including repayment of debt.


On September 19, 2019, MIHN issued $1.0 billion of U.S. dollar-denominated notes guaranteed by Mondelēz International, Inc. and consisting of $500 million 2.125% notes that mature on September 19, 2022 and $500 million 2.25% notes that mature on September 19, 2024. We received $997 million of proceeds, net of discounts and associated financing costs. The proceeds were earmarked for general corporate purposes, including repayment of debt. We recorded approximately $4 million of deferred financing costs and discounts, which will be amortized into interest expense over the life of the notes. In connection with this debt issuance, we entered into cross-currency swaps, serving as cash flow hedges, so that the U.S. dollar-denominated debt payments will effectively be paid in euros over the life of the debt.

On February 13, 2019, we issued $600 million of 3.625% U.S. dollar-denominated notes that are scheduled to mature February 13, 2026. We received $595 million of net proceeds that were used for general corporate purposes.

to repay outstanding commercial paper borrowings and other debt. We recorded approximately $5 million of discounts and deferred financing costs, which will be amortized into interest expense over the life of the notes.



On January 26, 2017,750February 1, 2019, $400 million (approximately $801 million) of our 1.125% euro-denominatedU.S. dollar variable rate notes matured. The notes and accrued interest to date were paid with the issuance of commercial paper and cash on hand.


On December 16, 2016, we redeemed $850August 23, 2018, $280 million of 2.250% fixed rateour 6.125% U.S. dollar notes maturingmatured. The notes and accrued interest to date were paid with the issuance of commercial paper and cash on February 1, 2019,hand.

On July 18, 2018, £76 million (or $99 million) of our 7.25% pound sterling notes matured. The notes and accrued interest to date were paid with the issuance of commercial paper and cash on hand.

On May 3, 2018, we issued $2.5 billion of U.S. dollar-denominated, fixed-rate notes consisting of:
$750 million of 3.000% notes that mature in May 2020
$750 million of 3.625% notes that mature in May 2023
$700 million of 4.125% notes that mature in May 2028
$300 million of 4.625% notes that mature in May 2048
On May 7, 2018, we received net proceeds of $2.48 billion that were issued on January 16, 2014. The notes were redeemed at a redemption cost equalused to $866 million, plus accruedrepay amounts outstanding under our revolving credit agreement facility and unpaid interestfor other general corporate purposes, including the repayment of $7 million. In connection with this redemption, during the three months ended December 31, 2016, we recorded a $19 million loss on debt extinguishment within interestoutstanding commercial paper borrowings and other debt. We recorded approximately $22 million of discounts and deferred financing costs net of various fees associated for the bond transaction and underwriter fee reimbursement, which will be amortized into interest expense net.

over the life of the notes.


On October 31, 2016,April 17, 2018, we completed a cash tender offer and retired $3.18 billion$570 million of the long-term U.S. dollar euro and British pound sterling-denominated notes. debt consisting of:
$241 million of our 6.500% notes due in February 2040
$97.6 million of our 5.375% notes due in February 2020
$75.8 million of our 6.500% notes due in November 2031
$72.1 million of our 6.875% notes due in February 2038
$42.6 million of our 6.125% notes due in August 2018
$29.3 million of our 6.875% notes due in January 2039
$11.7 million of our 7.000% notes due in August 2037
We financed the repurchase of the notes, including the payment of accrued interest and other costs incurred, from net proceeds receivedthe $2.0 billion revolving credit agreement entered into on October 28, 2016 from the $3.75 billion note issuance and the term loans described below. In connection with retiring this debt, during the three months ended December 31, 2016, weApril 2, 2018. We recorded a $409 million loss on debt extinguishment of $140 million within interest and other expense, net related to the amount we paid to retire the debt in excess of its carrying value and from recognizing unamortized premiumsdiscounts, deferred financing and deferred financingother cash costs in earnings at the time of the debt extinguishment. Cash costs related to tendering the debt are included in long-term debt repayments in the consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2016. We also recognized $1 million in interest income related to the partial settlement of fair value hedges due to the tender.

2018.


On October 19, 2016, Mondelez International Holdings Netherlands B.V. (“MIHN”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Mondelēz International, Inc.,March 2, 2018, we launched an offering of $3.75 billion of notes, guaranteed by Mondelēz International, Inc. The $1.75 billion of 1.625% notes and the $500C$600 million of floating rate3.250% Canadian-dollar denominated notes willthat mature on October 28, 2019 and the $1.5 billion of 2.0% notes will mature on October 28, 2021.March 7, 2025. On October 28, 2016,March 7, 2018, we received C$595 million (or $461 million) of proceeds, net of discounts and associated financing costs, of $3.73 billion. Proceeds from the notes issuance were used for general corporate purposes, includingunderwriting fees, to grant loans or make distributions to Mondelēz International, Inc. or its subsidiaries to fund the October 2016 cash tender offer and near-term debt maturities. We recorded approximately $20 million of deferred financing costs and discounts, which will be amortized into interest expense over the life of the notes. We entered into cross-currency swaps, serving as cash flow hedges, so that the U.S. dollar-denominated debt payments will effectively be paid in euros over the life of the debt.

On October 14, 2016, MIHN executed a $1.5 billion bank term loan facility. The loan facility consists of two $750 million loans, one with a three-year maturity and the other with a five-year maturity. The term loans can be drawn at any time for 60 days after signing. On October 25, 2016, we gave notice of our intent to fully draw on the loan with a five-year maturity, and funding occurred on October 28, 2016. Proceeds from the $750 million term loan may be used for general corporate purposes, including funding of the tender offer or other debt. On October 25, 2016, we also gave notice of our intent to terminate the $750 million loan with the three-year maturity.

On February 9, 2016, $1,750 million of our 4.125% U.S. dollar notes matured. The notes and accrued interest to date were paid with net proceeds from thefr.400 million Swiss franc-denominated notes issued on January 26, 2016 and the700 million euro-denominated notes issued on January 21, 2016, as well as cash on hand and the issuance of commercial paper. As we refinanced $1,150 million of the matured notes with net proceeds from the long-term debt issued in January 2016, we reflected this amount within long-term debt as of December 31, 2015.

On January 26, 2016, we issuedfr.400 million of Swiss franc-denominated notes, or $399 million in U.S. dollars locked in with a forward currency contract on January 12, 2016, consisting of:

fr.250 million (or $249 million) of 0.080% fixed rate notes that mature on January 26, 2018
fr.150 million (or $150 million) of 0.650% fixed rate notes that mature on July 26, 2022

We received proceeds, net of premiums and deferred financing costs, of $398 million that were used to partially fund the February 2016 note maturity and for other general corporate purposes. We recorded approximately $1 million of premiums and deferred financing costs, which will be amortized into interest expense over the life of the notes.

On January 21, 2016, we issued700 million of euro-denominated 1.625% notes, or $760 million in U.S. dollars locked in with a forward currency contract on January 13, 2016. The euro-denominated notes will mature on January 20, 2023. We received proceeds, net of discounts and deferred financing costs, of $752 million that were used to partially fund the February 2016 note maturity and for other general corporate purposes. We recorded approximately $8$4 million of discounts and deferred financing costs, which will be amortized into interest expense over the life of the notes.


On February 1, 2018, $478 million of our 6.125% U.S. dollar notes matured. The notes and accrued interest to date were paid with the issuance of commercial paper and cash on hand.

On January 26, 2018, fr.250 million (or $260 million) of our 0.080% Swiss franc notes matured. The notes and accrued interest to date were paid with the issuance of commercial paper and cash on hand.

Our weighted-average interest rate on our total debt was 2.2% as of December 31, 2019, 2.3% as of December 31, 2018 and 2.1% as of December 31, 2017, 2.2% as of December 31, 2016 and 3.7% as of December 31, 2015.

2017.


Fair Value of Our Debt:

The fair value of our short-term borrowings at December 31, 20172019 and December 31, 20162018 reflects current market interest rates and approximates the amounts we have recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of our long-term debt was determined using quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 valuation data) for the publicly traded debt obligations. At December 31, 2017,2019, the aggregate fair value of our total debt was $18,354$19,388 million and its carrying value was $17,652$18,426 million. At December 31, 2016,2018, the aggregate fair value of our total debt was $17,882$18,650 million and its carrying value was $17,199$18,372 million.



Interest and Other Expense, net:

Interest and other expense, net within our results of continuing operations consisted of:

                                                      
   For the Years Ended December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015 
   (in millions) 

Interest expense, debt

  $396   $515   $609 

Loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses

   11    427    753 

JDE coffee business transactions currency-related net  gains

           (436

Loss related to interest rate swaps

       97    34 

Other (income)/expense, net

   (25   76    53 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Interest and other expense, net

  $382   $1,115   $1,013 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions)
Interest expense, debt$484
 $462
 $396
Loss on debt extinguishment and related expenses
 140
 11
Loss/(gain) related to interest rate swaps111
 (10) 
Other (income)/expense, net(139) (72) (25)
Interest and other expense, net$456
 $520
 $382


See Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, and Note 8,10, Financial Instrumentsfor information on the currency exchange forward contracts associated with the JDE coffee business transactions. See Note 8,Financial Instruments, for information on the gain/loss related to U.S. dollar interest rate swaps no longer designated as accounting cash flow hedges during 20162019 and 2015. Also see2018 and for information on amounts in other income related to our net investment hedge derivative contracts and the amounts excluded from hedge effectiveness of $133 million in 2019 and $120 million in 2018. See Note 12,14, Commitments and Contingencies, for information on the $59 million of other income recorded in 2017 in connection with the resolution of a Brazilian indirect tax matter and the reversal of related accrued interest.


Note 8.10. Financial Instruments


Fair Value of Derivative Instruments:

Derivative instruments were recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets as follows:

                                                                        
  As of December 31, 
  2017   2016 
  Asset   Liability   Asset   Liability As of December 31,
  Derivatives   Derivatives   Derivatives   Derivatives 2019 2018
  (in millions) 
Asset
Derivatives
 
Liability
Derivatives
 
Asset
Derivatives
 
Liability
Derivatives
(in millions)

Derivatives designated as
accounting hedges:

               

Currency exchange contracts

  $   $   $19   $8 

Commodity contracts

           17    22 

Interest rate contracts

   15    509    108    19 $19
 $190
 $17
 $355
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 
  $15   $509   $144   $49 
Net investment hedge derivative contracts (1)
312
 65
 337
 28
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 $331
 $255
 $354
 $383

Derivatives not designated as
accounting hedges:

               

Currency exchange contracts

  $65   $76   $29   $43 $67
 $50
 $72
 $37

Commodity contracts

   84    229    112    167 201
 120
 191
 210

Interest rate contracts

   15    11    27    19 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 
  $164   $316   $168   $229 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 $268
 $170
 $263
 $247

Total fair value

  $179   $825   $312   $278 $599
 $425
 $617
 $630
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 



(1)
Net investment hedge contracts consist of cross-currency interest rate swaps and forward contracts. We also designate some of our non-U.S. dollar denominated debt to hedge a portion of our net investments in our non-U.S. operations. This debt is not reflected in the table above, but is included in long-term debt discussed in Note 9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements. Both net investment hedge derivative contracts and non-U.S. dollar denominated debt acting as net investment hedges are also disclosed in the Derivative Volume table and the Hedges of Net Investments in International Operations section appearing later in this footnote.

Derivatives designated as accounting hedges above include cash flow and fair valuenet investment hedge derivative contracts. Our currency exchange and commodity derivative contracts are economic hedges and derivativesthat are not designated as accounting hedges include economic hedges.Non-U.S. dollar denominated debt, designated as a hedge of our net investments innon-U.S. operations, is not reflected in the table above, but is included in long-term debt summarized in Note 7,Debt and Borrowing Arrangements. We record derivative assets and liabilities on a gross basis on our consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of our asset derivatives is recorded within other current assets and the fair value of our liability derivatives is recorded within other current liabilities.



The fair values (asset/(liability)) of our derivative instruments were determined using:

                                                                        
  As of December 31, 2017 
      Quoted Prices in         
      Active Markets   Significant   Significant 
  Total   for Identical   Other Observable   Unobservable 
  Fair Value of Net   Assets   Inputs   Inputs 
  Asset/(Liability)   (Level 1)   (Level 2)   (Level 3) As of December 31, 2019
  (in millions) 
Total
Fair Value of Net
Asset/(Liability)
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
(in millions)

Currency exchange contracts

  $(11  $   $(11  $ $17
 $
 $17
 $

Commodity contracts

   (145   (138   (7    81
 27
 54
 

Interest rate contracts

   (490       (490    (171) 
 (171) 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 
Net investment hedge contracts247
 
 247
 

Total derivatives

  $(646  $(138  $(508  $ $174
 $27
 $147
 $
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 
  As of December 31, 2016 
      Quoted Prices in         
      Active Markets   Significant   Significant 
  Total   for Identical   Other Observable   Unobservable 
  Fair Value of Net   Assets   Inputs   Inputs 
  Asset/(Liability)   (Level 1)   (Level 2)   (Level 3) 
  (in millions) 

Currency exchange contracts

  $(3  $   $(3  $ 

Commodity contracts

   (60   (86   26     

Interest rate contracts

   97        97     
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total derivatives

  $34   $(86  $120   $ 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 


 As of December 31, 2018
 Total
Fair Value of Net
Asset/(Liability)
 Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 Significant
Other Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 (in millions)
Currency exchange contracts$35
 $
 $35
 $
Commodity contracts(19) (1) (18) 
Interest rate contracts(338) 
 (338) 
Net investment hedge contracts309
 
 309
 
Total derivatives$(13) $(1) $(12) $


Level 1 financial assets and liabilities consist of exchange-traded commodity futures and listed options. The fair value of these instruments is determined based on quoted market prices on commodity exchanges. Our exchange-traded derivatives are generally subject to master netting arrangements that permit net settlement of transactions with the same counterparty when certain criteria are met, such as in the event of default. We also are required to maintain cash margin accounts in connection with funding the settlement of our open positions, and the margin requirements generally fluctuate daily based on market conditions. We have recorded margin deposits related to our exchange-traded derivatives of $171 million as of December 31, 2017 and $133 million as of December 31, 2016 within other current assets. Based on our net asset or liability positions with individual counterparties, in the event of default and immediate net settlement of all of our open positions, for derivatives we have in a net asset position, our counterparties would owe us a total of $34 million as of December 31, 2017 and $48 million as of December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2017, we have no Level 1 derivatives in a net liability position, and as of December 31, 2016 we would have owed $2 million for derivatives in a net liability position.


Level 2 financial assets and liabilities consist primarily ofover-the-counter (“OTC”) currency exchange forwards, options and swaps; commodity forwards and options; and interest rate swaps. Our currency exchange contracts are valued using an income approach based on observable market forward rates less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount. Commodity derivatives are valued using an income approach based on the observable market commodity index prices less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount or based on pricing models that rely on market observable inputs such as commodity prices. Our calculation of the fair value of interest rate swaps is derived from a discounted cash flow analysis based on the terms of the contract and the observable market interest rate curve. Our calculation of the fair value of financial instruments takes into consideration the risk of nonperformance, including counterparty credit risk. Our OTC derivative transactions are governed by International Swap Dealers Association agreements and other standard industry contracts. Under these agreements, we do not post nor require collateral from our counterparties. The majority of our commodity and currency exchange OTC derivativesderivative contracts do not have a legal right ofset-off. In connection with our OTC derivatives that could benet-settled in the event of default, assuming all parties were to fail to comply with the terms of the agreements, for Level 2 derivatives we have in a net liability position, we would owe $523 million as of December 31, 2017 and $40 million as of December 31, 2016, and for Level 2 derivatives we have in a net asset position, our counterparties would owe us a total of $26 million as of December 31, 2017 and $162 million as of December 31, 2016. We manage the credit risk in connection with these and all our derivatives by entering into transactions with counterparties with investment grade credit ratings, limiting the amount of exposure with each counterparty and monitoring the financial condition of our counterparties.



Derivative Volume:

The netgross notional values of our derivative instruments were:

                                    
   Notional Amount 
   As of December 31, 
   2017   2016 
   (in millions) 

Currency exchange contracts:

    

Intercompany loans and forecasted interest payments

  $    7,089   $    3,343 

Forecasted transactions

   2,213    1,452 

Commodity contracts

   1,204    837 

Interest rate contracts

   6,532    6,365 

Net investment hedge – euro notes

   3,679    4,012 

Net investment hedge – pound sterling notes

   459    419 

Net investment hedge – Swiss franc notes

   1,694    1,447 

 Notional Amount
 As of December 31,
 2019 2018
 (in millions)
Currency exchange contracts:   
Intercompany loans and forecasted interest payments$2,474
 $3,239
Forecasted transactions3,993
 2,396
Commodity contracts(1)
7,238
 6,706
Interest rate contracts5,250
 8,679
Net investment hedges:   
Net investment hedge derivative contracts6,864
 6,678
Non-U.S. dollar debt designated as net investment hedges   
Euro notes3,436
 3,514
British pound sterling notes349
 336
Swiss franc notes1,448
 1,424
Canadian dollar notes462
 440


(1)During the fourth quarter of 2019, we changed how we report our commodity contract notional values from a net to a gross basis in line with how we report our other instruments. We have recast 2018 to be consistent with current year presentation.

Cash Flow Hedges:

Cash flow hedge activity, net of taxes, within accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) included:

                                                      
  For the Years Ended December 31, 
  2017   2016   2015 For the Years Ended December 31,
  (in millions) 2019 2018 2017
(in millions)

Accumulated (loss)/gain at beginning of period

  $(121  $(45  $(2$(167) $(113) $(121)

Transfer of realized (gains)/losses in fair value to earnings

   27    53     154
 (9) 27

Unrealized gain/(loss) in fair value

   (19   (129   (43(199) (45) (19)
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Accumulated (loss)/gain at end of period

  $(113  $(121  $(45$(212) $(167) $(113)
  

 

   

 

   

 

 



After-tax gains/(losses) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into net earnings were:

                                                      
   For the Years Ended December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015 
   (in millions) 

Currency exchange contracts – forecasted transactions

  $(3  $(1  $83 

Commodity contracts

   (24   (4   (52

Interest rate contracts

       (48   (31
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  $(27  $(53  $ 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions)
Currency exchange contracts – forecasted transactions$
 $
 $(3)
Commodity contracts
 
 (24)
Interest rate contracts(154) 9
 
Total$(154) $9
 $(27)

Within interest and other expense, net, we recognized a loss of $111 million in 2019 and a gain of $10 million in 2018 related to certain forward-starting interest rate swaps for which the planned timing and currency of the related forecasted debt was changed. During the second quarter of 2019, we also recognized a loss of $12 million related to the net loss on equity method investment transactions noted in Note 7, Equity Method Investments - JDE / Keurig Exchange.

After-tax gains/(losses) recognized in other comprehensive earnings/(losses) were:

                                                      
   For the Years Ended December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015 
   (in millions) 

Currency exchange contracts – forecasted transactions

  $(38  $8   $40 

Commodity contracts

   7    (34   (35

Interest rate contracts

   12    (103   (48
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  $(19  $(129  $(43
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions)
Currency exchange contracts – forecasted transactions$3
 $
 $(38)
Commodity contracts
 
 7
Interest rate contracts(202) (45) 12
Total$(199) $(45) $(19)


Cash flow hedge ineffectiveness was not material for all periods presented.

Within interest and other expense, net, we recordedpre-tax losses of $97 million in the first quarter of 2016 and $34 million in the first quarter of 2015 related to amounts excluded from effectiveness testing. These amounts relate to interest rate swaps no longer designated as cash flow hedges due to changes in financing plans. Due to lower overall costs and our decision to hedge a greater portion of our net investments in operations that use currencies other than the U.S. dollar as their functional currencies, we changed our plans to issue U.S. dollar-denominated debt and instead issued euro and Swiss franc-denominated notes in 2016 and euro, British pound sterling and Swiss franc-denominated notes in 2015. Amounts excluded from effectiveness testing were not material for all other periods presented.


We recordpre-tax (i) gains or losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into earnings, (ii) gains or losses on ineffectiveness and (iii) gains or losses on amounts excluded from effectiveness testing in:

cost of sales for commodity contracts;
cost of sales for currency exchange contracts related to forecasted transactions;
cost of sales for commodity contracts; and
interest and other expense, net for interest rate contracts and currency exchange contracts related to intercompany loans.


Based on current market conditions, we would expect to transfer unrealized losses of $1$15 million (net of taxes) for interest rate cash flow hedges to earnings during the next 12 months.


Cash Flow Hedge Coverage:

As of December 31, 2017,2019, our longest dated cash flow hedges arewere interest rate swaps that hedge forecasted interest rate payments over the next 54 years and 109 months.

Fair Value Hedges:

Pre-tax gains/(losses) due to changes in fair value of our interest rate swaps and related hedged long-term debt were recorded in interest and other expense, net:

                                                      
   For the Years Ended December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015 
   (in millions) 

Derivatives

  $(4  $(6  $(1

Borrowings

   4    6    1 

Fair value hedge ineffectiveness and amounts excluded from effectiveness testing were not material for all periods presented.

Economic Hedges:

Pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded in net earnings for economic hedges were:

                                                                        
   For the Years Ended December 31,   Recognized 
   2017   2016   2015   in Earnings 
   (in millions)     

Currency exchange contracts:

        

Intercompany loans and
forecasted interest payments

  $13   $21   $29    
Interest and other
expense, net
 
 

Forecasted transactions

   (37   (76   29    Cost of sales 

Forecasted transactions

   (2   11    435    

Interest and other

expense, net


 

Forecasted transactions

   3    7    (12   

Selling, general
and administrative
expenses
 
 
 

Commodity contracts

   (218   (101   (38   Cost of sales 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Total

  $(241  $(138  $443   
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

In connection with the coffee business transactions, we entered into a number of consecutive euro to U.S. dollar currency exchange forward contracts in 2015 to lock in an equivalent expected value in U.S. dollars. Themark-to-market gains and losses on the derivatives were recorded in earnings. We recorded net gains of $436 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 within interest and other expense, net in connection with the forward contracts and the transferring of proceeds to our subsidiaries where coffee net assets and shares were deconsolidated. The currency hedge and related gains and losses were recorded within interest and other expense, net. See Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions — JDE Coffee Business Transactions, for additional information.

Hedges of Net Investments in International Operations:

Net investment hedge ("NIH") derivative contracts:
We enter into cross-currency interest rate swaps and forwards to hedge certain investments in our non-U.S. operations against movements in exchange rates. As of December 31, 2019, the aggregate notional value of these NIH derivative contracts was $6.9 billion and their impact on other comprehensive earnings and net earnings during the years presented below were as follows:
 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions)
After-tax gain/(loss) on NIH contracts(1)
$(6) $191
 $

(1)Amounts recorded for unsettled and settled NIH derivative contracts are recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment within other comprehensive earnings. The cash flows from the settled contracts are reported within other investing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows.
 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions)
Amounts excluded from the assessment of
   hedge effectiveness(1)
$133
 $120
 $

(1)We elected to record changes in the fair value of amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness in net earnings within interest and other expense, net.




Non-U.S. dollar debt designated as net investment hedges:
After-tax gains/(losses) related to hedges of net investments in international operations in the form of euro, British pound sterling, Swiss franc and Swiss franc-denominatedCanadian dollar-denominated debt were:

                                                                        
               Location of
   For the Years Ended December 31,   Gain/(Loss)
   2017   2016   2015   Recognized in AOCI
   (in millions)    

Euro notes

  $(323  $73   $268   Currency

Pound sterling notes

   (26   148    42   Translation

Swiss franc notes

   (49   12    9   Adjustment

Through February 8, 2018, we entered into cross-currency interest rate swapswere recorded within the cumulative translation adjustment section of other comprehensive income and forwards with an aggregate notional value of $3.2 billion to hedge ournon-U.S.were:

 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions)
Euro notes$60
 $126
 $(323)
British pound sterling notes(10) 19
 (26)
Swiss franc notes(19) 7
 (49)
Canadian notes(17) 17
 


Economic Hedges:
Pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded in net investments against adverse movements in exchange rates. We designated these swaps and forwards as net investmentearnings for economic hedges related to our operations in our Europe and AMEA regions.

were:

 For the Years Ended December 31, 
Recognized
in Earnings
 2019 2018 2017 
 (in millions)  
Currency exchange contracts:       
   Intercompany loans and
      forecasted interest payments
$100
 $98
 $13
 
Interest and other
expense, net
   Forecasted transactions17
 103
 (37) Cost of sales
   Forecasted transactions(3) (4) (2) 
Interest and other
expense, net
   Forecasted transactions(8) (3) 3
 
Selling, general
and administrative
expenses
Commodity contracts67
 40
 (218) Cost of sales
Total$173
 $234
 $(241)  



Note 9.11. Benefit Plans


Pension Plans

Obligations and Funded Status:

The projected benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status of our pension plans were:

                                                                        
  U.S. Plans   Non-U.S. Plans 
  2017   2016   2017   2016 U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans
  (in millions) 2019 2018 2019 2018
(in millions)

Projected benefit obligation at January 1

  $1,614   $1,566   $9,814   $9,547 $1,511
 $1,762
 $9,578
 $10,852

Service cost

   46    57    156    147 38
 43
 122
 146

Interest cost

   62    61    199    229 60
 61
 202
 199

Benefits paid

   (32   (32   (471   (425(40) (29) (424) (462)

Settlements paid

   (111   (91        (73) (118) (1) (2)

Actuarial losses

   179    52    180    1,284 

Divestiture

           (14   (5
Actuarial (gains)/losses251
 (208) 761
 (640)

Currency

           976    (979
 
 207
 (528)

Other

   4    1    12    16 1
 
 13
 13
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Projected benefit obligation at December 31

   1,762    1,614    10,852    9,814 1,748
 1,511
 10,458
 9,578
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Fair value of plan assets at January 1

   1,620    1,247    7,926    7,721 1,510
 1,717
 8,465
 9,327

Actual return on plan assets

   217    118    592    1,079 334
 (99) 1,211
 (243)

Contributions

   23    378    482    419 8
 39
 261
 323

Benefits paid

   (32   (32   (471   (425(40) (29) (424) (462)

Settlements paid

   (111   (91        (73) (118) (1) (2)

Divestiture

               (4

Currency

           798    (863
 
 246
 (478)

Other

               (1
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Fair value of plan assets at December 31

   1,717    1,620    9,327    7,926 1,739
 1,510
 9,758
 8,465
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Net pension (liabilities)/assets at December 31

  $(45  $6   $(1,525  $(1,888$(9) $(1) $(700) $(1,113)
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 



The accumulated benefit obligation, which represents benefits earned to the measurement date, for U.S. pension plans was $1,715$1,741 million at December 31, 20172019 and $1,540$1,488 million at December 31, 2016 for the U.S. pension plans.2018. The accumulated benefit obligation for thenon-U.S. pension plans was $10,610$10,236 million at December 31, 20172019 and $9,531$9,374 million at December 31, 2016.

2018.


Salaried andnon-union hourly employees hired after January 1, 2009 in the U.S. and after January 1, 2011 in Canada (or earlier for certain legacy Cadbury employees) are no longer eligible to participate in the defined benefit pension plans. These employees are given an enhanced Company contribution to ourBenefit accruals for salaried and non-union hourly employee defined contribution plans. For those salaried andnon-union hourly employees who are currently participating in the defined benefit pension plansparticipants in the U.S. and Canada defined benefit accruals will ceasepension plans ceased on December 31, 2019.

These employees instead receive Company contributions to the employee defined contribution plans.


The combined U.S. andnon-U.S. pension plans resulted in a net pension liability of $1,570$709 million at December 31, 20172019 and $1,882$1,114 million at December 31, 2016.2018. We recognized these amounts in our consolidated balance sheets as follows:

                                    
  As of December 31, 
  2017   2016 As of December 31,
  (in millions) 2019 2018
(in millions)

Prepaid pension assets

  $158   $159 $516
 $132

Other current liabilities

   (59   (27(35) (25)

Accrued pension costs

   (1,669   (2,014(1,190) (1,221)
  

 

   

 

 $(709) $(1,114)
  $(1,570  $(1,882
  

 

   

 

 




Certain of our U.S. andnon-U.S. plans are underfunded with an accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets. For these plans, the projected benefit obligations, accumulated benefit obligations and the fair value of plan assets were:

                                                                        
  U.S. Plans   Non-U.S. Plans 
  As of December 31,   As of December 31, U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans
  2017   2016   2017   2016 As of December 31, As of December 31,
  (in millions) 2019 2018 2019 2018
(in millions)

Projected benefit obligation

  $94   $96   $9,345   $8,386 $55
 $52
 $3,613
 $3,343

Accumulated benefit obligation

   90    88    9,138    8,168 55
 50
 3,447
 3,194

Fair value of plan assets

   2    2    7,709    6,451 2
 2
 2,443
 2,169



We used the following weighted-average assumptions to determine our benefit obligations under the pension plans:

                                                                        
  U.S. Plans   Non-U.S. Plans 
  As of December 31,   As of December 31, 
  2017   2016   2017   2016 U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans
  (in millions) As of December 31, As of December 31,
2019 2018 2019 2018

Discount rate

      3.68%       4.19%       2.20%    2.31% 3.44% 4.40% 1.74% 2.45%

Expected rate of return on plan assets

   5.50%    6.25%    4.90%    5.14% 5.00% 5.75% 4.20% 4.80%

Rate of compensation increase

   4.00%    4.00%    3.31%    3.29% 4.00% 4.00% 3.17% 3.31%



Year-end discount rates for our U.S., Canadian, Eurozone and U.K. plans were developed from a model portfolio of high quality, fixed-income debt instruments with durations that match the expected future cash flows of the benefit obligations.Year-end discount rates for our remainingnon-U.S. plans were developed from local bond indices that match local benefit obligations as closely as possible. Changes in our discount rates were primarily the result of changes in bond yields year-over-year. We determine our expected rate of return on plan assets from the plan assets’ historical long-term investment performance, current asset allocation and estimates of future long-term returns by asset class.

At


For the end of 2015,periods presented, we changed the approach used to measure service and interest costs for pension benefits. For 2015, we measured service and interest costs utilizing a single weighted-average discount rate derived from the yield curve used to measure the plan obligations. For 2016, we measured service and interest costs by applying the specific spot rates along thata yield curve used to measure plan obligations to the plans’ liability cash flows. We believe the newthis approach providedprovides a more precise measurement of service and interest costs by aligning the timing of the plans’ liability cash flows to the corresponding spot rates on the yield curve. The impact of this change was a decrease in net periodic pension cost of approximately $64 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. This change did not affect the measurement of our plan obligations. We accounted for this change as a change in accounting estimate and, accordingly, accounted for it on a prospective basis.


Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost:

Net periodic pension cost consisted of the following:

                                                                                    
   U.S. Plans   Non-U.S. Plans 
   For the Years Ended December 31,   For the Years Ended December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015   2017   2016   2015 
   (in millions) 

Service cost

  $46   $57   $64   $156   $147   $188 

Interest cost

   62    61    67    199    229    307 

Expected return on plan assets

   (101   (97   (93   (434   (418   (478

Amortization:

            

Net loss from experience differences

   37    42    43    167    120    141 

Prior service cost/(benefit)(1)

   2    2    2    (3   (3   15 

Settlement losses and other expenses(2)

   35    30    19    6    6    2 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net periodic pension cost

  $81   $95   $102   $91   $81   $175 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans
 For the Years Ended December 31, For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions)
Service cost$38
 $43
 $46
 $122
 $146
 $156
Interest cost60
 61
 62
 202
 199
 199
Expected return on plan assets(88) (88) (101) (404) (448) (434)
Amortization:           
Net loss from experience differences30
 32
 37
 148
 163
 167
Prior service cost/(benefit)1
 2
 2
 (6) (2) (3)
Settlement losses and other expenses (1)
16
 35
 35
 (3) 5
 6
Net periodic pension cost$57
 $85
 $81
 $59
 $63
 $91
(1)For the year ended December 31, 2015, amortization of prior service cost includes $17 million of pension curtailment losses related to employees who transitioned to JDE upon the contribution of our global coffee business. Refer to Note 2, Divestitures and Acquisitions – JDE Coffee Business Transactions, for more information.

(2)
Settlement losses includeof $5 million in 2019, $5 million in 2018 and $11 million for the year ended December 31,in 2017 $15 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and $9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 of pension settlement losses for employees who electedlump-sum paymentswere incurred in connection with our 2014-2018 Simplify to Grow Program. See Note 8, Restructuring Program. Retired employees who electedlump-sum payments resulted in netProgram, for more information. Net settlement losses of $12 million for our U.S. plans and settlement gains of $4 million for our non-U.S. plans in 2019, and settlement losses of $31 million for our U.S. plans and $4 million for our non-U.S. plans in 2018 and $21 million for our U.S. plans and $6 million for ournon-U.S. plans in 2017 $15 million for our U.S. plans and $6 million for ournon-U.S. plans in 2016 and $10 million for our U.S. plans and $2 million for ournon-U.S. plans in 2015. See Note 6,2014-2018Restructuring Program, for more information.related to lump-sum payment elections made by retired employees.


For the U.S. plans, we determine the expected return on plan assets component of net periodic benefit cost using a calculated market return value that recognizes the cost over a four year period. For ournon-U.S. plans, we utilize a similar approach with varying cost recognition periods for some plans, and with others, we determine the expected return on plan assets based on asset fair values as of the measurement date.


As of December 31, 2017,2019, for the combined U.S. andnon-U.S. pension plans, we expected to amortize from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into net periodic pension cost during 2018:

2020:
an estimated $209$133 million of net loss from experience differences; and
less than $1an estimated $6 million of estimated prior service credit.


We used the followingweighted-average assumptions to determine our net periodic pension cost:

                                                                                                            
 U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans 
 For the Years Ended December 31, For the Years Ended December 31, U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans
 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 For the Years Ended December 31, For the Years Ended December 31,
2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017
Discount rate  4.19%   4.50%   4.20%   2.31%   3.11%   2.99% 4.40% 3.68% 4.19% 2.45% 2.20% 2.31%

Expected rate of return
on plan assets

  6.25%   6.75%   7.25%   5.14%   5.87%   5.96% 5.75% 5.50% 6.25% 4.80% 4.90% 5.14%

Rate of compensation increase

  4.00%   4.00%   4.00%   3.29%   3.18%   3.26% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 3.31% 3.31% 3.29%



Plan Assets:

The fair value of pension plan assets was determined using the following fair value measurements:

                                                                        
   As of December 31, 2017 
       Quoted Prices   Significant     
       in Active Markets   Other   Significant 
       for Identical   Observable   Unobservable 
   Total Fair   Assets   Inputs   Inputs 

Asset Category

  Value   (Level 1)   (Level 2)   (Level 3) 
   (in millions) 

U.S. equity securities

  $2   $2   $   $ 

Non-U.S. equity securities

   5    5         

Pooled funds - equity securities

   2,340    848    1,492     
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total equity securities

   2,347    855    1,492     

Government bonds

   3,237    34    3,203     

Pooled funds - fixed-income securities

   602    449    153     

Corporate bonds and other
fixed-income securities

   2,102    133    1,179    790 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total fixed-income securities

   5,941    616    4,535    790 

Real estate

   156    120    13    23 

Private equity

   2            2 

Cash

   86    66    20     

Other

   2    1        1 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total assets in the fair value hierarchy

  $8,534   $1,658   $6,060   $816 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Investments measured at net asset value

   2,439       
  

 

 

       

Total investments at fair value

  $10,973       
  

 

 

       

                                                                        
  As of December 31, 2016 
      Quoted Prices   Significant     
      in Active Markets   Other   Significant 
      for Identical   Observable   Unobservable 
  Total Fair   Assets   Inputs   Inputs  As of December 31, 2019

Asset Category

  Value   (Level 1)   (Level 2)   (Level 3)  
Total Fair
Value
 
Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
  (in millions)  (in millions)

U.S. equity securities

  $1   $1   $   $  $2
 $2
 $
 $

Non-U.S. equity securities

   427    427          2
 2
 
 

Pooled funds - equity securities

   1,524    286    1,235    3  2,186
 890
 1,296
 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total equity securities

   1,952    714    1,235    3  2,190
 894
 1,296
 

Government bonds

   3,009    37    2,972      3,328
 53
 3,275
 

Pooled funds - fixed-income securities

   756    103    618    35  575
 417
 158
 

Corporate bonds and other
fixed-income securities

   852    357    (43   538  2,727
 66
 825
 1,836
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total fixed-income securities

   4,617    497    3,547    573  6,630
 536
 4,258
 1,836

Real estate

   170    98    50    22  186
 124
 
 62

Private equity

   2            2  3
 
 
 3

Cash

   73    72    1      122
 117
 5
 

Other

   3    1        2  2
 1
 
 1
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total assets in the fair value hierarchy

  $6,817   $1,382   $4,833   $602  $9,133
 $1,672
 $5,559
 $1,902
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Investments measured at net asset value

   2,667        2,297
      
  

 

       

Total investments at fair value

  $9,484        $11,430
      
  

 

       


  As of December 31, 2018
Asset Category Total Fair
Value
 Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
  (in millions)
U.S. equity securities $2
 $2
 $
 $
Non-U.S. equity securities 5
 5
 
 
Pooled funds - equity securities 1,951
 743
 1,208
 
Total equity securities 1,958
 750
 1,208
 
Government bonds 3,156
 62
 3,094
 
Pooled funds - fixed-income securities 573
 429
 144
 
Corporate bonds and other
   fixed-income securities
 2,050
 87
 931
 1,032
Total fixed-income securities 5,779
 578
 4,169
 1,032
Real estate 130
 108
 
 22
Private equity 2
 
 
 2
Cash 44
 32
 12
 
Other 2
 1
 
 1
Total assets in the fair value hierarchy $7,915
 $1,469
 $5,389
 $1,057
Investments measured at net asset value 1,993
      
Total investments at fair value $9,908
      


We excluded plan assets of $71$67 million at December 31, 20172019 and $62 million at December 31, 20162018 from the above tables related to certain insurance contracts as they are reported at contract value, in accordance with authoritative guidance.


Fair value measurements:

Level 1 – includes primarily U.S andnon-U.S. equity securities and government bonds valued using quoted prices in active markets.
Level 2 – includes primarily pooled funds, including assets in real estate pooled funds, valued using net asset values of participation units held in common collective trusts, as reported by the managers of the trusts and as supported by the unit prices of actual purchase and sale transactions. Level 2 plan assets also include corporate bonds and other fixed-income securities, valued using independent observable market inputs, such as matrix pricing, yield curves and indices.
Level 3 – includes investments valued using unobservable inputs that reflect the plans’ assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets, based on the best information available.
Fair value estimates for pooled funds are calculated by the investment advisor when reliable quotations or pricing services are not readily available for certain underlying securities. The estimated value is based on either cost or last sale price for most of the securities valued in this fashion.
Fair value estimates for private equity investments are calculated by the general partners using the market approach to estimate the fair value of private investments. The market approach utilizes prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions, type of security, degree of liquidity, restrictions on the disposition, latest round of financing data, company financial statements, relevant valuation multiples and discounted cash flow analyses.
Fair value estimates for private debt placements are calculated using standardized valuation methods, including but not limited to income-based techniques such as discounted cash flow projections or market-based techniques utilizing public and private transaction multiples as comparables.
Fair value estimates for real estate investments are calculated by the investment managers using the present value of future cash flows expected to be received from the investments, based on valuation methodologies such as appraisals, local market conditions, and current and projected operating performance.
Fair value estimates for certain fixed-income securities such as insurance contractsthat are buy-in annuity policies are calculated on a replacement policy value basis by discounting the projected cash flows of the plan members using a discount rate based on the future streamrisk-free rates and adjustments for estimated levels of benefit payments discounted using prevailing interest rates based on the valuation date.insurer pricing.
Net asset value – primarily includes equity funds, fixed income funds, real estate funds, hedge funds and private equity investments for which net asset values are normally used.


Changes in our Level 3 plan assets, which are recorded in other comprehensive earnings/(losses), included:

                                                                                                            

Asset Category

  January 1,
2017
Balance
   Net Realized
and Unrealized
Gains/
(Losses)
   Net Purchases,
Issuances and
Settlements
   Net Transfers
Into/(Out of)
Level 3
   Currency
Impact
   December 31,
2017
Balance
 
  (in millions) 

Non-U.S. equity

  $3   $   $   $(3  $   $ 

Pooled funds-
fixed-income securities

   35        (16   (21   2     

Corporate bond and other
fixed-income securities

   538    10    182        60    790 

Real estate

   22    1                23 

Private equity and other

   4            (1       3 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total Level 3 investments

  $602   $11   $166   $(25  $62   $816 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Asset Category

  January 1,
2016
Balance
   Net Realized
and Unrealized
Gains/
(Losses)
   Net Purchases,
Issuances and
Settlements
   Net Transfers
Into/(Out of)
Level 3
   Currency
Impact
   December 31,
2016
Balance
  January 1,
2019
Balance
 
Net Realized
and Unrealized
Gains/
(Losses)
 
Net Purchases,
Issuances and
Settlements
 
Net Transfers
Into/(Out of)
Level 3
 
Currency
Impact
 December 31,
2019
Balance
  (in millions)  (in millions)

Non-U.S. equity

  $   $   $   $3   $   $3 

Pooled funds-
fixed-income securities

   26    6    15    (7   (5   35 

Corporate bond and other
fixed-income securities

   665    21    (41       (107   538  $1,032
 $8
 $727
 $
 $69
 $1,836

Real estate

   230        (184   (3   (21   22  22
 36
 3
 
 1
 62

Private equity and other

   3            1        4  3
 1
 
 
 
 4
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total Level 3 investments

  $924   $27   $(210  $(6  $(133  $602  $1,057
 $45
 $730
 $
 $70
 $1,902
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

             
Asset Category January 1,
2018
Balance
 
Net Realized
and Unrealized
Gains/
(Losses)
 
Net Purchases,
Issuances and
Settlements
 
Net Transfers
Into/(Out of)
Level 3
 
Currency
Impact
 December 31,
2018
Balance
 (in millions)
Corporate bond and other
fixed-income securities
 $790
 $62
 $236
 $
 $(56) $1,032
Real estate 23
 1
 (1) 
 (1) 22
Private equity and other 3
 
 
 
 
 3
Total Level 3 investments $816
 $63
 $235
 $
 $(57) $1,057


The increasesincrease in Level 3 pension plan investments during 2017 were2019 was primarily due to netadditional purchases of a buy-in annuity and other fixed income securities, and the increase in 2018 was primarily due to additional purchases of corporate bondsbond and other fixed income securities, which includes private debt placements, and the effects of currency. The decreases in Level 3 pension plan investments during 2016 were primarily due to net settlements in real estate funds and the effects of currency.

placements.


The percentage of fair value of pension plan assets was:

                                                                        
  U.S. Plans   Non-U.S. Plans  U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans
  As of December 31,   As of December 31,  As of December 31, As of December 31,

Asset Category

  2017   2016   2017   2016  2019 2018 2019 2018

Equity securities

   15%    33%    28%    29%  15% 15% 26% 26%

Fixed-income securities

   85%    63%    60%    57%  85% 85% 54% 59%

Real estate

       4%    6%    5%  
 
 6% 6%

Hedge funds

           4%    6%  
 
 1% 2%

Private equity

           1%    2% 
Buy-in annuity policies 
 
 12% 6%

Cash

           1%    1%  
 
 1% 1%
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total

   100%    100%    100%    100%  100% 100% 100% 100%
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 



For our U.S. plans, our investment strategy is to reduce the risk of underfunded plans in part through appropriate asset allocation within our plan assets. We attempt to maintain our target asset allocation by rebalancing between asset classes as we make contributions and monthly benefit payments. The strategy involves using indexed U.S. equity and international equity securities and actively managed U.S. investment grade fixed-income securities (which constitute 95% or more of fixed-income securities) with smaller allocations to high yield fixed-income securities.


For ournon-U.S. plans, the investment strategy is subject to local regulations and the asset/liability profiles of the plans in each individual country. In aggregate, the asset allocation targets of ournon-U.S. plans are broadly characterized as a mix of approximately 32%25% equity securities, (including investments in real estate), approximately 66%57% fixed-income securities, 12% buy-in annuity policies and approximately 2% for other types of securities. Our investment strategy for our largestnon-U.S. plan, which comprises 63% of ournon-U.S. pension assets, is designed to balance risk and return by diversifying across a wide range of return-seeking and liability matching assets, invested in a range of both active and passive mandates. We target an allocation of approximately 23% in equity securities, 20% credit, and 57% liability matching assets. The strategy uses indexed global developed equities, actively managed global investment grade and alternative credit,6% real estate and other liability matching assets including abuy-in annuity policy.

estate.


Employer Contributions:

In 2017,2019, we contributed $23$8 million to our U.S. pension plans and $470$248 million to ournon-U.S. pension plans. Thenon-U.S. amount included anon-recurring $250 million contribution made in connection with a new funding agreement for a Company plan in the United Kingdom. In addition, employees contributed $12$13 million to ournon-U.S. plans. We make contributions to our pension plans in accordance with local funding arrangements and statutory minimum funding requirements. Discretionary contributions are made to the extent that they are tax deductible and do not generate an excise tax liability.


In 2018,2020, we estimate that our pension contributions will be $39$16 million to our U.S. plans and $250$230 million to ournon-U.S. plans based on current tax laws. Our actual contributions may be different due to many factors, including changes in tax and other benefit laws, significant differences between expected and actual pension asset performance or interest rates.


Future Benefit Payments:

The estimated future benefit payments from our pension plans at December 31, 20172019 were (in millions):

                                                                                                            
  2018   2019   2020   2021   2022   2023-2027 
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025-2029
U.S. Plans  $120   $83   $89   $93   $93   $498 $167
 $102
 $105
 $105
 $108
 $513
Non-U.S. Plans   375    375    387    409    409    2,196 380
 376
 385
 395
 403
 2,126



Multiemployer Pension Plans:

In accordance with obligations we have under collective bargaining agreements, we made contributions to multiemployer pension plans of $5 million in 2019, $17 million in 2018 and $26 million in 2017. In 2017, $25 million in 2016 and $31 million in 2015. There are risks of participating in multiemployer pension plans that are different from single employer plans. Contributions made by a participating employer are not segregated to be used to provide benefits for participants related to that participating employer. If a participating employer stops contributing to the plan, the unfunded vested obligations of the plan are borne by the remaining participating employers.

The only individually significant multiemployer plan we participate in as of December 31, 2017 iscontributed to was the Bakery and Confectionery Union and Industry International Pension Fund (the “Fund”)“Fund;” Employer Identification Number 52-6118572). Our contributionsobligation to contribute to the Fund exceeded 5%arose with respect to 8 collective bargaining agreements covering most of total contributionsour employees represented by the Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco and Grain Millers Union. All of those collective bargaining agreements expired in 2016 and we continued to contribute to the Fund for fiscal years 2017, 2016 and 2015.through December 2018. Our contributions to the Fund were $12 million in 2018 and $22 million in 2017, $21 million in 2016 and $27 million in 2015.2017. Our contributions to other multiemployer pension plans that were not individually significant were $4$5 million in 2017, $42019, $5 million in 20162018 and $4 million in 2015.2017. Our contributions are based on our contribution rates under our collective bargaining agreements, the number of our eligible employees and Fund surcharges.

Expiration Date
PensionFIP / RPof Collective-
EIN / PensionProtection ActStatus Pending /SurchargeBargaining

Pension Fund

Plan NumberZone StatusImplementedImposedAgreements
Bakery and Confectionery Union and
Industry International Pension Fund
526118572RedImplementedYes2/29/2016

Effective January 1, 2012,


In 2018, we executed a complete withdrawal from the Fund’s zone status changedFund and recorded a $429 million estimated withdrawal liability. On July 11, 2019, we received an undiscounted withdrawal liability assessment from the Fund totaling $526 million requiring pro-rata monthly payments over 20 years and we recorded a $35 million final adjustment to “Red”. As a resultreduce our withdrawal liability as of this certification, beginning in July 2012, we were charged a 10% surcharge on our contribution rates. The Fund subsequently adopted a rehabilitation plan on November 7, 2012 that required contribution increases and reductions to benefit provisions.June 30, 2019. We began making monthly payments during the third quarter of 2019. As of August 28, 2016,December 31, 2019, the 10% surchargeremaining discounted withdrawal liability was no longer applicable$391 million, with $14 million recorded in other current liabilities and we were required to pay higher contributions under the Fund’s rehabilitation plan. Although our collective bargaining agreements with the Fund expired during 2016 and while we continue to renegotiate the agreements, we continue to make contributions to the Fund.

$377 million recorded in long-term other liabilities.


Other Costs:

We sponsor and contribute to employee defined contribution plans. These plans cover eligible salaried,non-union and union employees. Our contributions and costs are determined by the matching of employee contributions, as defined by the plans. Amounts charged to expense in continuing operations for defined contribution plans totaled $72 million in 2019, $57 million in 2018 and $43 million in 2017, $44 million in 2016 and $45 million in 2015.

2017.


Postretirement Benefit Plans

Obligations:

Our postretirement health care plans are not funded. The changes in and the amount of the accrued benefit obligation were:

                                    
  As of December 31, 
  2017   2016 As of December 31,
  (in millions) 2019 2018
(in millions)

Accrued benefit obligation at January 1

  $394   $511 $366
 $435

Service cost

   7    12 5
 6

Interest cost

   15    20 15
 15

Benefits paid

   (15   (14(16) (19)

Plan amendments(1)

       (149

Currency

   8    3 5
 (11)

Assumption changes

   30    34 34
 (39)

Actuarial losses/(gains)

   (4   (23(6) (21)
  

 

   

 

 

Accrued benefit obligation at December 31

  $435   $394 $403
 $366
  

 

   

 

 

(1)Plan amendments in 2016 included a change in eligibility requirements related to medical and life insurance benefits and a change in benefits for Medicare-eligible participants.



The current portion of our accrued postretirement benefit obligation of $16 million at December 31, 20172019 and $12$15 million at December 31, 20162018 was included in other current liabilities.


We used the followingweighted-average assumptions to determine our postretirement benefit obligations:

                                                                        
  U.S. Plans   Non-U.S. Plans 
  As of December 31,   As of December 31, U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans
  2017   2016   2017   2016 As of December 31, As of December 31,
2019 2018 2019 2018

Discount rate

   3.66%    4.14%    4.24%    4.55% 3.41% 4.37% 3.86% 4.40%

Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year

   6.25%    6.50%    5.56%    5.50% 6.00% 6.25% 5.42% 5.44%

Ultimate trend rate

   4.81%    5.00%    5.56%    5.68% 5.00% 5.00% 5.42% 5.44%

Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate

   2024    2020    2018    2018 2024
 2024
 2019
 2018



Year-end discount rates for our U.S., Canadian and U.K. plans were developed from a model portfolio of high quality,fixed-income debt instruments with durations that match the expected future cash flows of the benefit obligations.Year-end discount rates for our remainingnon-U.S. plans were developed from local bond indices that match local benefit obligations as closely as possible. Changes in our discount rates were primarily the result of changes in bond yields year-over-year. Our expected health care cost trend rate is based on historical costs.

At


For the end of 2015,periods presented, we changed the approach used to measure service and interest costs for other postretirement benefits. For 2015, we measured service and interest costs utilizing a single weighted-average discount rate derived from the yield curve used to measure the plan obligations. For 2016, we measured service and interest costsbenefits by applying the specific spot rates along thata yield curve used to measure plan obligations to the plans’ liability cash flows. We believe the newthis approach providedprovides a more precisegood measurement of service and interest costs by aligning the timing of the plans’ liability cash flows to the corresponding spot

rates on the yield curve. The impact of this change was a decrease in net periodic postretirement cost of approximately $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. This change does not affect the measurement of our plan obligations. We accounted for this change as a change in accounting estimate and, accordingly, accounted for it on a prospective basis.


Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant impact on the amounts reported for the health care plans. Aone-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects:

                                                      
     As of December 31, 2017 
     One-Percentage-Point As of December 31, 2019
     Increase   Decrease One-Percentage-Point
     (in millions) Increase Decrease
(in millions)

Effect on postretirement benefit obligation

   $49   $(40$39
 $(33)

Effect on annual service and interest cost

    3    (23
 (2)



Components of Net Periodic Postretirement Health Care Costs:

Net periodic postretirement health care costs consisted of the following:

                                                      
  For the Years Ended December 31, 
  2017   2016   2015 For the Years Ended December 31,
  (in millions) 2019 2018 2017
(in millions)

Service cost

  $7   $12   $15 $5
 $6
 $7

Interest cost

   15    20    22 15
 14
 15

Amortization:

           

Net loss from experience differences

   14    10    13 6
 15
 14

Prior service credit(1)

   (40   (20   (7(38) (39) (40)
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Net periodic postretirement health care costs

  $(4  $22   $43 
  

 

   

 

   

 

 
Net periodic postretirement health care costs/(benefit)$(12) $(4) $(4)

(1)In the fourth quarter of 2016, the prior service credit included aone-time $9 million curtailment gain related to a change in the eligibility requirement resulting in ongoing amortization of $10 million. In 2017, we continue to amortize prior service credit and recorded $40 million on a full year basis.



As of December 31, 2017,2019, we expected to amortize from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) intopre-tax net periodic postretirement health care costs during 2018:

2020:
an estimated $18$10 million of net loss from experience differences, and
an estimated $39$30 million of prior service credit.



We used the followingweighted-average assumptions to determine our net periodic postretirement health care cost:

                                                                                                            
  U.S. Plans  Non-U.S. Plans
  For the Years Ended December 31,  For the Years Ended December 31,U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans
  2017  2016  2015  2017  2016  2015For the Years Ended December 31, For the Years Ended December 31,
2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017

Discount rate

  4.14%  4.60%  4.20%  4.55%  4.77%  4.52%4.37% 3.66% 4.14% 4.40% 4.24% 4.55%

Health care cost trend rate

  6.50%  6.50%  6.50%  5.50%  5.50%  5.18%6.25% 6.25% 6.50% 5.44% 5.56% 5.50%



Future Benefit Payments:

Our estimated future benefit payments for our postretirement health care plans at December 31, 20172019 were (in millions):

                                                                                                            
  2018   2019   2020   2021   2022   2023-2027 
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025-2029

U.S. Plans

  $11   $12   $13  ��$15   $16   $85 $11
 $12
 $13
 $14
 $15
 $74

Non-U.S. Plans

     5        5        6        6        6      55 5
 5
 5
 6
 6
 32



Other Costs:

We made contributions to multiemployer medical plans totaling $20 million in 2019, $19 million in 2018 and $18 million in 2017, $19 million in 2016 and $20 million in 2015.2017. These plans provide medical benefits to active employees and retirees under certain collective bargaining agreements.


Postemployment Benefit Plans

Obligations:

Our postemployment plans are primarily not funded. The changes in and the amount of the accrued benefit obligation at December 31, 20172019 and 20162018 were:

                                    
  As of December 31, 
  2017   2016 As of December 31,
  (in millions) 2019 2018
(in millions)

Accrued benefit obligation at January 1

  $71   $95 $74
 $76

Service cost

   5    7 6
 6

Interest cost

   4    6 5
 4

Benefits paid

   (6   (9(9) (7)

Assumption changes

       (213
 (1)

Actuarial losses/(gains)

   2    (7(13) (4)
  

 

   

 

 

Accrued benefit obligation at December 31

  $76   $71 $66
 $74
  

 

   

 

 



The accrued benefit obligation was determined using a weighted-average discount rate of 6.5%5.3% in 20172019 and 6.2%6.7% in 2016,2018, an assumed weighted-average ultimate annual turnover rate of 0.3% in 20172019 and 2016,2018, assumed compensation cost increases of 4.0% in 20172019 and 20162018 and assumed benefits as defined in the respective plans.


Postemployment costs arising from actions that offer employees benefits in excess of those specified in the respective plans are charged to expense when incurred.



Components of Net Periodic Postemployment Costs:

Net periodic postemployment costs consisted of the following:

                                                      
  For the Years Ended December 31, 
  2017   2016   2015 For the Years Ended December 31,
  (in millions) 2019 2018 2017
(in millions)

Service cost

  $5   $7   $7 $6
 $6
 $5

Interest cost

   4    6    5 5
 4
 4

Amortization of net gains

   (3   (1    (4) (3) (3)
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Net periodic postemployment costs

  $6   $12   $12 $7
 $7
 $6
  

 

   

 

   

 

 



As of December 31, 2017,2019, the estimated net gain for the postemployment benefit plans that we expectedexpect to amortize from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) into net periodic postemployment costs during 2018 was2020 is approximately $3$4 million.


Note 10.12. Stock Plans


Under our Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), we are authorized through May 21, 2024 to issue a maximum of 243.7 million shares of our Common Stock to employees andnon-employee directors. As of December 31, 2017,2019, there were 67.256.2 million shares available to be granted under the Plan.


Stock Options:

Stock options (including stock appreciation rights) are granted at an exercise price equal to the market value of the underlying stock on the grant date, generally become exercisable in three3 annual installments beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date and have a maximum term of ten years.


We account for our employee stock options under the fair value method of accounting using a Black-Scholes methodology or a Lattice Model to measure stock option expense at the date of grant. The fair value of the stock options at the date of grant is amortized to expense over the vesting period. We recorded compensation expense related to stock options held by our employees of $50$38 million in 2017, $572019, $43 million in 20162018 and $50 million in 20152017 in our results from continuing operations. The deferred tax benefit recorded related to this compensation expense was $8 million in 2019, $7 million in 2018 and $12 million in 2017, $15 million in 2016 and $13 million in 2015.2017. The unamortized compensation expense related to our employee stock options was $44$35 million at December 31, 20172019 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.2 years.


Our weighted-average Black-Scholes and Lattice Model fair value assumptions were:

                                                                                          
   Risk-Free
Interest Rate
  Expected Life   Expected
Volatility
  Expected
Dividend Yield
  Fair Value
at Grant Date
 

2017

   2.04  6 years    22.75  1.74 $8.57 

2016

   1.40  6 years    23.11  1.61 $7.86 

2015

   1.70  6 years    18.51  1.61 $6.12 
 
Risk-Free
Interest Rate
 Expected Life 
Expected
Volatility
 
Expected
Dividend Yield
 
Fair Value
at Grant Date
20192.46% 5 years 19.96% 2.37% $7.83
20182.68% 5 years 20.96% 2.02% $8.30
20172.04% 6 years 22.75% 1.74% $8.57



The risk-free interest rate represents the constant maturity U.S. government treasuries rate with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the options. The expected life is the period over which our employees are expected to hold their options. Volatility reflects historical movements in our stock price for a period commensurate with the expected life of the options. The dividend yield reflects the dividend yield in place at the time of the historical grants.



Stock option activity is reflected below:

                                                                        
       Weighted-         
       Average   Average     
       Exercise or   Remaining   Aggregate 
   Shares Subject   Grant Price   Contractual   Intrinsic 
   to Option   Per Share   Term   Value 

Balance at January 1, 2015

   56,431,551   $24.19     $685 million 
  

 

 

       

Annual grant to eligible employees

   8,899,530    36.94     

Additional options issued

   901,340    35.84     
  

 

 

       

Total options granted

   9,800,870    36.84     

Options exercised(1)

   (6,444,515   22.94     $108 million 

Options cancelled

   (2,753,798   32.35     
  

 

 

       

Balance at December 31, 2015

   57,034,108    26.12     $1,068 million 
  

 

 

       

Annual grant to eligible employees

   7,517,290    39.70     

Additional options issued

   115,800    42.26     
  

 

 

       

Total options granted

   7,633,090    39.74     

Options exercised(1)

   (8,883,101   24.09     $174 million 

Options cancelled

   (2,182,485   35.23     
  

 

 

       

Balance at December 31, 2016

   53,601,612    28.02     $874 million 
  

 

 

       

Annual grant to eligible employees

   6,012,140    43.20     

Additional options issued

   162,880    42.54     
  

 

 

       

Total options granted

   6,175,020    43.18     

Options exercised(1)

   (9,431,009   26.17     $170 million 

Options cancelled

   (1,910,968   38.10     
  

 

 

       

Balance at December 31, 2017

   48,434,655    29.92    5 years   $626 million 
  

 

 

       

Exercisable at December 31, 2017

   37,240,858    26.58    4 years   $604 million 
  

 

 

       

 
Shares Subject
to Option
 
Weighted-
Average
Exercise or
Grant Price
Per Share
 
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
Balance at January 1, 201753,601,612
 $28.02
   $874 million
Annual grant to eligible employees6,012,140
 43.20
    
Additional options issued162,880
 42.54
    
Total options granted6,175,020
 43.18
    
Options exercised (1)
(9,431,009) 26.17
   $170 million
Options cancelled(1,910,968) 38.10
    
Balance at December 31, 201748,434,655
 29.92
   $626 million
Annual grant to eligible employees5,666,530
 43.51
    
Additional options issued168,306
 31.40
    
Total options granted5,834,836
 43.16
    
Options exercised (1)
(9,333,271) 25.16
   $170 million
Options cancelled(1,117,390) 42.93
    
Balance at December 31, 201843,818,830
 32.36
   $371 million
Annual grant to eligible employees4,793,570
 47.72
    
Additional options issued68,420
 50.82
    
Total options granted4,861,990
 47.76
    
Options exercised (1)
(13,668,354) 27.53
   $306 million
Options cancelled(1,156,518) 42.22
    
Balance at December 31, 201933,855,948
 36.19
 5 years $640 million
Exercisable at December 31, 201925,121,711
 32.89
 4 years $557 million
(1)Cash received from options exercised was $369 million in 2019, $231 million in 2018 and $257 million in 2017, $221 million in 2016 and $148 million in 2015.2017. The actual tax benefit realized and recorded in the provision for income taxes for the tax deductions from the option exercises totaled $40 million in 2019, $21 million in 2018 and $31 million in 2017, $31 million in 2016 and $58 million in 2015.2017.


Deferred Stock Units, Performance Share Units and Restricted Stock:

Historically we have made grants of deferred stock units, performance share units and restricted stock. Beginning in 2016, we only grant deferred stock units and performance share units and no longer grant restricted stock. We may grant shares of deferredDeferred stock units granted to eligible employees giving them, inhave most instances, all of theshareholder rights, of shareholders, except that they may not sell, assign, pledge or otherwise encumber the shares and our deferred stock units do not have voting rights until vested. Shares of deferred stock units are subject to forfeiture if certain employment conditions are not met. Deferred stock units generally vest on the third anniversary of the grant date. Performance share units granted under our 2005 Plan vest based on varying performance, market and service conditions. The unvested performance share units have no voting rights and do not pay dividends. Dividend equivalents accumulated over the vesting period are paid only after the performance share units vest.


The fair value of the deferred stock units, performance share units and restricted stock at the date of grant is amortized to earnings over the vesting period. The fair value of our deferred stock units and restricted stock is measured at the market price of our Common Stock on the grant date. Performance share unit awards generally have targets tied to both performance and market-based conditions. For market condition components, market volatility and other factors are taken into consideration in determining the grant date fair value and the related compensation expense is recognized regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied, provided that the requisite service has been provided. For performance condition components, we estimate the probability that the performance conditions will be achieved each quarter and adjust compensation expenses accordingly. The grant date fair value of performance share units is determined based on the Monte Carlo simulation model for the market-based total shareholder return component and the market price of our Common Stock on the grant date for performance-based components. The number of performance share units that ultimately vest ranges from0-200 percent of the number granted, based on the achievement of the performance and market-based components.

We recorded compensation expense related to deferred stock units, performance share units and restricted stock of $97 million in 2019, $85 million in 2018 and $87 million in 2017 $83 million in 2016 and $86 million in 2015 in our results from continuing operations. The deferred tax benefit recorded related to this compensation expense was $16 million in 2019, $12 million in 2018 and $23 million in 2017, $22 million in 2016 and $24 million in 2015.2017. The unamortized compensation expense related to our deferred stock units, performance share units and restricted stock was $138$106 million at December 31, 20172019 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.81.5 years.


Our performance share unit, deferred stock unit and restricted stock activity is reflected below:

                                                                        
          Weighted-Average   Weighted-Average 
  Number       Fair Value   Aggregate 
Number
of Shares
 Grant Date 
Weighted-Average
Fair Value
Per Share (4)
 
Weighted-Average
Aggregate
Fair Value (3)
  of Shares   Grant Date   Per Share (4)   Fair Value (4) 

Balance at January 1, 2015

   10,582,640     $28.86   
  

 

       

Annual grant to eligible employees:

     Feb. 18, 2015     

Performance share units

   1,598,290      38.81   

Restricted stock

   386,910      36.94   

Deferred stock units

   866,640      36.94   

Additional shares granted(1)

   1,087,322    Various    36.00   
  

 

       

Total shares granted

   3,939,162      37.44   $147 million 

Vested(2)

   (3,905,745     24.66   $96 million 

Forfeited(2)

   (1,197,841     32.63   
  

 

       

Balance at December 31, 2015

   9,418,216      33.71   
  

 

       
Balance at January 1, 20177,593,627
   $36.90
  

Annual grant to eligible employees:

     Feb. 22, 2016       Feb. 16, 2017    

Performance share units

   1,406,500      34.35   1,087,010
 43.14
  

Deferred stock units

   1,040,790      39.70   845,550
 43.20
  

Additional shares granted(3)

   864,851    Various    32.90   
  

 

       
Additional shares granted (1)
1,537,763
 Various 42.22
  

Total shares granted

   3,312,141      35.65   $118 million 3,470,323
 42.75
 $148 million

Vested(2)

   (3,992,902     28.15   $112 million 
Vested (2) (3)
(2,622,807) 35.78
 $94 million

Forfeited(2)

   (1,143,828     37.58   (771,438) 38.69
  
  

 

       

Balance at December 31, 2016

   7,593,627      36.90   
  

 

       
Balance at December 31, 20177,669,705
 39.74
  

Annual grant to eligible employees:

     Feb. 16, 2017       Feb. 22, 2018    

Performance share units

   1,087,010      43.14   1,048,770
 51.23
  

Deferred stock units

   845,550      43.20   788,310
 43.51
  

Additional shares granted(3)

   1,537,763    Various    42.22   
  

 

       
Additional shares granted (1)
446,752
 Various 41.78
  

Total shares granted

   3,470,323      42.75   $148 million 2,283,832
 46.72
 $107 million

Vested(2)

   (2,622,807     35.78   $94 million 
Vested (2) (3)
(2,511,992) 38.91
 $98 million

Forfeited(2)

   (771,438     38.69   (882,535) 42.00
  
  

 

       

Balance at December 31, 2017

   7,669,705      39.74   
  

 

       
Balance at December 31, 20186,559,010
 42.19
  
Annual grant to eligible employees:  Feb. 22, 2019    
Performance share units891,210
 57.91
  
Deferred stock units666,880
 47.72
  
Additional shares granted (1)
205,073
 Various 54.81
  
Total shares granted1,763,163
 53.69
 $95 million
Vested (3)
(2,007,848) 37.81
 $76 million
Forfeited(652,380) 45.88
  
Balance at December 31, 20195,661,945
 46.90
  



(1)Includes performance share units, deferred stock units and restricted stock.
(2)Includes performance share units, deferred stock units and restricted stock. The actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from the shares vested totaled $7 million in 2017, $18 million in 2016 and $18 million in 2015.
(3)(1)Includes performance share units and deferred stock units.
(2)Includes performance share units, deferred stock units and historically granted restricted stock.
(3)The actual tax benefit/(expense) realized and recorded in the provision for income taxes for the tax deductions from the shares vested totaled $2 million in 2019, $3 million in 2018 and $7 million in 2017.
(4)Performance share units reflectThe grant date fair values. Prior-year weighted averagevalue of performance share units is determined based on the Monte Carlo simulation model for the market-based total shareholder return component and the closing market price of the Company’s stock on the grant date for performance-based components. The Monte Carlo simulation model incorporates the probability of achieving the total shareholder return market condition. Compensation expense is recognized using the grant date fair value per sharevalues regardless of whether the market condition is achieved, so long as the requisite service has been revised.provided.



Note 11.13. Capital Stock


Our amended and restated articles of incorporation authorize 5.0 billion shares of Class A common stock (“Common Stock”) and 500 million shares of preferred stock. There were no preferred shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2017, 20162019, 2018 and 2015.2017. Shares of Common Stock issued, in treasury and outstanding were:

                                                      
           Shares 
  Shares Issued   Treasury Shares   Outstanding 

Balance at January 1, 2015

   1,996,537,778    (332,896,779   1,663,640,999 

Shares repurchased

       (91,875,878   (91,875,878

Exercise of stock options and issuance of
other stock awards

       8,268,033    8,268,033 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2015

   1,996,537,778    (416,504,624   1,580,033,154 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Shares repurchased

       (61,972,713   (61,972,713

Exercise of stock options and issuance of
other stock awards

       10,305,100    10,305,100 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2016

   1,996,537,778    (468,172,237   1,528,365,541 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Shares repurchased

       (50,598,902   (50,598,902

Exercise of stock options and issuance of
other stock awards

       10,369,445    10,369,445 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2017

   1,996,537,778    (508,401,694   1,488,136,084 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
  Shares Issued Treasury Shares 
Shares
Outstanding
Balance at January 1, 2017 1,996,537,778
 (468,172,237) 1,528,365,541
Shares repurchased 
 (50,598,902) (50,598,902)
Exercise of stock options and issuance of
   other stock awards
 
 10,369,445
 10,369,445
Balance at December 31, 2017 1,996,537,778
 (508,401,694) 1,488,136,084
Shares repurchased 
 (47,258,884) (47,258,884)
Exercise of stock options and issuance of
   other stock awards
 
 10,122,655
 10,122,655
Balance at December 31, 2018 1,996,537,778
 (545,537,923) 1,450,999,855
Shares repurchased 
 (30,902,465) (30,902,465)
Exercise of stock options and issuance of
   other stock awards
 
 14,908,864
 14,908,864
Balance at December 31, 2019 1,996,537,778
 (561,531,524) 1,435,006,254



Stock plan awards to employees andnon-employee directors are issued from treasury shares. At December 31, 2017, 1232019, 96 million shares of Common Stock held in treasury were reserved for stock options and other stock awards.


Share Repurchase Program:

Between 2013 and 2017, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of a total of $13.7 billion of our Common Stock through December 31, 2018. On January 31, 2018, our Finance Committee, with authorization delegated from our Board of Directors, approved an increase of $6.0 billion in the share repurchase program, raising the authorization to $19.7 billion of Common Stock repurchases, and extended the program through December 31, 2020.2020. Repurchases under the program are determined by management and are wholly discretionary. Prior to January 1, 2017,2019, we had repurchased approximately $10.8$15.0 billion of Common Stock pursuant to this authorization. During 2017,2019, we repurchased approximately 50.630.9 million shares of Common Stock at an average cost of $43.51$48.51 per share, or an aggregate cost of approximately $2.2$1.5 billion, all of which was paid during the period except for approximately $28$19 million settled in January 2018.2020. All share repurchases were funded through available cash and commercial paper issuances. As of December 31, 2017,2019, we have approximately $0.6$3.2 billion in remaining share repurchase capacity. As of January 31, 2018, subsequent to approximately $0.1 billion of share repurchases in January, our remaining share repurchase capacity was $6.5 billion.


Note 12.14. Commitments and Contingencies


Legal Proceedings:

We routinely are subject toinvolved in legal proceedings, claims and governmental inspections or investigations incidental to("Legal Matters") arising in the ordinary course of our business, including those specified below.

business.


In February 2013 and March 2014, Cadbury India Limited (now known as Mondelez India Foods Private Limited), a subsidiary of Mondelēz International, and other parties received show cause notices from the Indian Central Excise Authority (the “Excise Authority”) calling upon the parties to demonstrate why the Excise Authority should not collect a total of 3.7 billion Indian rupees ($5952 million as of December 31, 2017)2019) ("Period 1") of unpaid excise tax and an equivalent amount of penalties, as well as interest, related to production at the same Indian facility. We contested these demands for unpaid excise taxes, penalties and interest. Onon March 27, 2015, after several hearings, the Commissioner of the Excise Authority (the "Commissioner") issued an order denying the excise exemption that we claimed for the Indian facility and confirming the Excise Authority’s demands for total taxes and penalties in the amount of 5.8 billion Indian rupees ($91 million as of December 31, 2017).Period 1. We have appealed this order. In addition, theorder in June 2015. The Excise Authority issued additional show cause notices in February 2015, December 2015 and October 2017 on the same issue but covering theadditional periods January to October 2014, November 2014 to September 2015 and October 2015 tothrough June 2017 respectively.("Period 2"). These 3 notices added a total of 4.9 billion Indian rupees ($7768 million as of December 31, 2017)2019) of allegedly unpaid excise taxes as well assubject to penalties to be determined up to an equivalent amount equivalent toplus accrued interest. We contested these demands, and on May 25, 2019, the Commissioner issued an order denying the excise exemption that we claimed by the Excise Authority plus interest.for Period 2. We appealed this order in August 2019. With the implementation of the new Goods and Services Tax ("GST") in India in July 2017, we will not receive any furtherstopped receiving show

cause notices for additional amounts on this issue. WeBeginning in the fall of 2019, the government of India made available an amnesty to resolve legacy tax issues following the GST implementation. Under the amnesty, upon payment of 50% of the principal demand for cases pending adjudication or appeal as of June 30, 2019 and 60% of the principal demand for cases where the appeal was filed after June 30, 2019, the government would waive the remainder of the principal demand as well as any penalties imposed and interest, and it would also grant immunity from prosecution. Although we continue to believe that theour decision to claim the excise tax benefit was valid, in December 2019, we filed for the amnesty and accrued a total of 4.6 billion Indian rupees ($65 million as of December 31, 2019) in selling, general and administrative expenses for this matter. In January 2020, we made the related payments under the amnesty. This matter is validnow resolved, and we are continuingthe resolution was not material to contest the show cause notices through the administrative and judicial process.

In our business or financial condition.


On April 2013, the staff of1, 2015, the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”("CFTC") advised us and Kraft Foods Group that it was investigating activities related to the trading of December 2011 wheat futures contracts that occurred prior to theSpin-Off of Kraft Foods Group. We cooperated with the staff in its investigation. On April 1, 2015, the CFTC filed a complaint against Kraft Foods Group and Mondelēz Global LLC (“Mondelēz Global”) in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (the "District Court"), Eastern Division (the “CFTC action”). following its investigation of activities related to the trading of December 2011 wheat futures contracts that occurred prior to the spin-off of Kraft Foods Group. The complaint alleges that Kraft Foods Group and Mondelēz Global (1) manipulated or attempted to manipulate the wheat markets during the fall of 2011; (2) violated position limit levels for wheat futures and (3) engaged innon-competitive trades by trading both sides ofexchange-for-physical Chicago Board of Trade wheat contracts. The CFTC seeks civil monetary penalties of either triple the monetary gain for each violation of the Commodity Exchange Act (the “Act”) or $1 million for each violation of Section 6(c)(1), 6(c)(3) or 9(a)(2) of the Act and $140,000 for each additional violation of the Act, plus post-judgment interest; an order of permanent injunction prohibiting Kraft Foods Group and Mondelēz Global from violating specified provisions of the Act; disgorgement of profits; and costs and fees. In December 2015,On August 15, 2019, the court deniedDistrict Court approved a settlement agreement between the CFTC and Mondelēz GlobalGlobal. The terms of the settlement, which are available in the District Court’s docket, had an immaterial impact on our financial position, results of operations and Kraft Foods Group’s motion to dismisscash flows. On October 23, 2019, following a ruling by the CFTC’s claimsUnited States Court of market manipulationAppeals for the Seventh Circuit (the "Seventh Circuit") regarding Mondelēz Global's allegations that the CFTC and attempted manipulation,its Commissioners violated certain terms of the settlement agreement and the parties are now in discovery. CFTC's argument that the Commissioners were not bound by the terms of the settlement agreement, the District Court vacated the settlement agreement and reinstated all pending motions that the District Court had previously mooted as a result of the settlement.Additionally, several class action complaints were filed against Kraft Foods Group and Mondelēz Global in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois by investors in wheat futures and options on behalf of themselves and others similarly situated. The complaints make similar allegations as those made in the CFTC action, and seekthe plaintiffs are seeking class action certification; an unspecified amount formonetary damages, interest and unjust enrichment; costs and fees; and injunctive, declaratory and other unspecified relief. In June 2015, these suits were consolidated in the Northern District Court. On January 3, 2020, the District Court granted plaintiffs' request to certify a class. On January 17, 2020, we filed a petition for an interlocutory appeal of Illinois. In June 2016, the court denied Mondelēz Global and Kraft Foods Group’s motionDistrict Court's class certification decision to dismiss, and the parties are now in discovery.Seventh Circuit. It is not possible to predict the outcome of these matters; however, based on our Separation and Distribution Agreement with Kraft Foods Group dated as of September 27, 2012, we expect to bear any monetary penalties or other payments in connection with the CFTC action.

Although the CFTC action and the class action complaints involve the same alleged conduct, a resolution or decision with respect to one of the matters may not be dispositive as to the outcome of the other matter.


In November 2019, the European Commission informed us that it has initiated an investigation into our alleged infringement of European Union competition law through certain practices restricting cross-border trade within the European Economic Area. We are cooperating with the investigation. The fact that an investigation has been initiated does not mean that the European Commission has concluded that there is an infringement. It is not possible to predict how long the investigation will take or the ultimate outcome of this matter.

On August 21, 2018, the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (“VDEQ”) issued a Notice of Violation (“NOV”) to Mondelēz Global. In the NOV, the VDEQ alleges that in our Richmond bakery, one operating line did not have the proper minimum temperature on its pollution control equipment and that the bakery failed to provide certain observation and training records. The VDEQ indicated that the alleged violations may lead to a fine and/or injunctive relief. We are working with the VDEQ to reach a resolution of this matter, and we do not expect this matter to have a material effect on our financial results.

We are a party to various legal proceedings, including disputes, litigation and regulatory matters, incidental to our business, including those noted above in this section. We record provisions in the consolidated financial statements for pending litigation when we determine that an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. For matters that are reasonably possible to result in an unfavorable outcome,

management is unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss or such amounts have been determined to be immaterial. At present we believe that the ultimate outcome of these proceedings, individually and in the aggregate, will not materially harm our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, legal proceedings and government investigations are subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings or other events could occur. Unfavorable resolutions could involve substantial monetary damages. In addition, in matters for which conduct remedies are sought, unfavorable resolutions could include an injunction or other order prohibiting us from selling one or more products at all or in particular ways, precluding particular business practices or requiring other remedies. An unfavorable outcome might result in a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations or financial position.


Third-Party Guarantees:

We enter into third-party guarantees primarily to cover long-term obligations of our vendors. As part of these transactions, we guarantee that third parties will make contractual payments or achieve performance measures. At December 31, 2017,2019, we had no material third-party guarantees recorded on our consolidated balance sheet.


Tax Matters:

We are a party to various tax matter proceedings incidental to our business. These proceedings are subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable outcomes could subject us to additional tax liabilities and could materially adversely impact our business, results of operations or financial position.

During the fourth quarter of 2019, we resolved several indirect tax matters and recorded $85 million of net indirect tax expenses within selling, general and administrative expenses. These amounts primarily include the matter resolved under the tax amnesty described above under “Legal Proceedings.”

A tax indemnification matter related to our 2007 acquisition of the LU biscuit business was closed during the quarter ended June 30, 2018. The closure had no impact on net earnings, however, it did result in a $15 million tax benefit that was fully offset by an $11 million expense in selling, general and administrative expenses and a $4 million expense in interest and other expense, net.

During the first quarter of 2017, the Brazilian Supreme Court (the “Court”) ruled against the Brazilian tax authorities in a leading case related to the computation of certain indirect taxes. The Court ruled that the indirect tax base should not include a value-added tax known as “ICMS”. By removing the ICMS from the tax base, the Court effectively eliminated a “tax on a tax.” In lower courts, our Brazilian subsidiaries filed lawsuits to recover amounts paid and to discontinue subsequent payments related to the “tax on a tax.” Our Brazilian subsidiaries received injunctions against making payments for the “tax on a tax” in 2008 and since that time until December 2016, had accrued this portion of the tax each quarter in the event that the tax was reaffirmed by the Brazilian courts. On September 30, 2017, based on legal advice and the publication of the Court’s decision related to this case, we determined that the likelihood that the increased tax base would be reinstated and assessed against us was remote. Accordingly, we reversed our accrual of 667 million Brazilian reais, or $212 million as of September 30, 2017, of which $153 million was recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses and $59 million was recorded within interest and other expense, net. In connection with the Court's 2017 decision, the Brazilian tax authority filed a motion seeking clarification and adjustment of the terms of enforcement and that motion is still to be decided. We continue to monitor developments in this matter and currently do not expect a material future impact on our financial statements. During the fourth quarter of 2018, in one of our lower court cases, the Brazilian Federal Court of Appeals ruled in our favor against the Brazilian tax authority, allowing one of our Brazil subsidiaries to recover amounts previously paid. As a result, we recorded a net benefit in selling, general and administrative expenses of $26 million.

As part of our 2010 Cadbury acquisition, we became the responsible party for tax matters under a February 2, 2006 dated Deed of Tax Covenant between the Cadbury Schweppes PLC and related entities (“Schweppes”) and Black Lion Beverages and related entities. The tax matters included an ongoing transfer pricing case with the Spanish tax authorities related to the Schweppes businesses Cadbury divested prior to our acquisition of Cadbury. During the first quarter of 2017, the Spanish Supreme Court decided the case in our favor. As a result of the final ruling, during the first quarter of 2017, we recorded a favorable earnings impact of $46 million in selling, general and administrative expenses and $12 million in interest and other expense, net, for a totalpre-tax impact of $58 million due to thenon-cash reversal of Cadbury-related accrued liabilities related to this matter. In 2017, weWe recorded additional incomea total of $4 million of income over the third and fourth quarters of 2017 in connection with the related to bank guarantee releases within selling, general and administrative expenses and interest and other expense, net.

During the first quarter of 2017, the Brazilian Supreme Court (the “Court”) ruled against the Brazilian tax authorities in a leading case related to the computation of certain indirect taxes. The Court ruled that the indirect tax base should not include a value-added tax known as “ICMS”. By removing the ICMS from the tax base, the Court effectively eliminated a “tax on a tax.” Our Brazilian subsidiary had received an injunction against making payments for the “tax on a tax” in 2008 and since that time until December 2016, had accrued this portion of the tax each quarter in the event that the tax was reaffirmed by the Brazilian courts. On September 30, 2017, based on legal advice and the publication of the Court’s decision related to this case, we determined that the likelihood that the increased tax base would be reinstated and assessed against us was remote. Accordingly, we reversed our accrual of 667 million Brazilian reais, or $212 million as of September 30, 2017, of which, $153 million was recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses and $59 million was recorded within interest and other expense, net. The Brazilian tax authority is seeking potential clarification or adjustment of the terms of enforcement with the Court. We continue to monitor developments in this matter and currently do not expect a material future impact on our financial statements.

Leases:

Rental expenses recorded in continuing operations were $284 million in 2017, $317 million in 2016 and $331 million in 2015. As of December 31, 2017, minimum rental commitments undernon-cancelable operating leases in effect atyear-end were (in millions):

releases.
                                                                                                            

2018

  2019   2020   2021   2022   Thereafter   Total 

$            245

  $202   $150   $102   $67   $154   $920 



Note 13.15. Reclassifications from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income


The following table summarizes the changes in the accumulated balances of each component of accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) attributable to Mondelēz International. Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive earnings/(losses) to net earnings (net of tax) were net losses of $279 million in 2019, $169 million in 2018 and $174 million in 2017, $250 million in 2016 and $350 million in 2015.

2017.
                                                      
   For the Years Ended December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015 
   (in millions) 

Currency Translation Adjustments:

      

Balance at beginning of period

  $(8,914  $(8,006  $(5,042

Currency translation adjustments

   987    (847   (2,905

Reclassification to earnings related to:

      

Venezuela deconsolidation

           99 

Equity method investment transactions

       57     

Tax (expense)/benefit

   214    (135   (184
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Other comprehensive earnings/(losses)

   1,201    (925   (2,990

Less: (earnings)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

   (28   17    26 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at end of period

   (7,741   (8,914   (8,006
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Pension and Other Benefit Plans:

      

Balance at beginning of period

  $(2,087  $(1,934  $(2,274

Net actuarial gain/(loss) arising during period

   (71   (491   (60

Tax (expense)/benefit on net actuarial gain/(loss)

   50    70    3 

Losses/(gains) reclassified into net earnings:

      

Amortization of experience losses and
prior service costs(1)

   174    150    207 

Settlement losses(1)

   38    36    111 

Venezuela deconsolidation

           2 

Tax (expense)/benefit on reclassifications (2)

   (65   (46   (69

Currency impact

   (183   128    146 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Other comprehensive earnings/(losses)

   (57   (153   340 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at end of period

   (2,144   (2,087   (1,934
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Derivative Cash Flow Hedges:

      

Balance at beginning of period

  $(121  $(46  $(2

Net derivative gains/(losses)

   (17   (151   (75

Tax (expense)/benefit on net derivative gain/(loss)

   9    20    30 

Losses/(gains) reclassified into net earnings:

      

Currency exchange contracts -
forecasted transactions(3)

   4    3    (90

Commodity contracts(3)

   29    9    64 

Interest rate contracts(4)

       83    47 

Tax (expense)/benefit on reclassifications (2)

   (6   (42   (21

Currency impact

   (11   3    1 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Other comprehensive earnings/(losses)

   8    (75   (44
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at end of period

   (113   (121   (46
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Accumulated other comprehensive income attributable
to Mondelēz International:

      

Balance at beginning of period

  $(11,122  $(9,986  $(7,318

Total other comprehensive earnings/(losses)

   1,152    (1,153   (2,694

Less: (earnings)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

   (28   17    26 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Other comprehensive earnings/(losses)
attributable to Mondelēz International

   1,124    (1,136   (2,668
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Balance at end of period

  $(9,998  $(11,122  $(9,986
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions)
Currency Translation Adjustments:     
Balance at beginning of period$(8,603) $(7,740) $(8,910)
Currency translation adjustments250
 (698) 984
Reclassification to earnings related to:     
Equity method investment transactions
 6
 
Tax (expense)/benefit49
 (173) 214
Other comprehensive earnings/(losses)299
 (865) 1,198
Less: other comprehensive (earnings)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests2
 2
 (28)
Balance at end of period(8,302) (8,603) (7,740)
Pension and Other Benefit Plans:     
Balance at beginning of period$(1,860) $(2,144) $(2,087)
Net actuarial gain/(loss) arising during period(10) 36
 (71)
Tax (expense)/benefit on net actuarial gain/(loss)20
 (16) 50
Losses/(gains) reclassified into net earnings:     
Amortization of experience losses and prior service costs (1)
137
 168
 174
Settlement losses and other expenses (1)
30
 40
 38
Tax expense/(benefit) on reclassifications (2)
(42) (36) (65)
Currency impact(19) 92
 (183)
Other comprehensive earnings/(losses)116
 284
 (57)
Balance at end of period(1,744) (1,860) (2,144)
Derivative Cash Flow Hedges:     
Balance at beginning of period$(167) $(113) $(121)
Net derivative gains/(losses)(224) (58) (17)
Tax (expense)/benefit on net derivative gain/(loss)19
 6
 9
Losses/(gains) reclassified into net earnings:     
Currency exchange contracts - forecasted transactions (3)

 
 4
Commodity contracts (3)

 
 29
Interest rate contracts (4)
155
 (11) 
Tax expense/(benefit) on reclassifications (2)
(1) 2
 (6)
Currency impact6
 7
 (11)
Other comprehensive earnings/(losses)(45) (54) 8
Balance at end of period(212) (167) (113)
Accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to
   Mondelēz International:
     
Balance at beginning of period$(10,630) $(9,997) $(11,118)
Total other comprehensive earnings/(losses)370
 (635) 1,149
Less: other comprehensive (earnings)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests2
 2
 (28)
Other comprehensive earnings/(losses)
   attributable to Mondelēz International
372
 (633) 1,121
Balance at end of period$(10,258) $(10,630) $(9,997)


(1)These reclassified losses are included in the components of net periodic benefit costs disclosed in Note 9,11, Benefit Plans,. Settlement losses include the transfer of coffee business-related pension obligations in the amount of $90 million in 2015. and net loss on equity method investment transactions.
(2)Taxes reclassified to earnings are recorded within the provision for income taxes.
(3)These reclassified gains or losses are recorded within cost of sales.
(4)These reclassified losses are recorded within interest and other expense, net.net and net loss on equity method investment transactions.


Note 14.16. Income Taxes


On August 6, 2019, Switzerland published changes to its Federal tax law in the Official Federal Collection of Laws. On September 27, 2019, the Zurich Canton published their decision on the September 1, 2019 Zurich Canton public vote regarding the Cantonal changes associated with the Swiss Federal tax law change. The intent of these tax law changes was to replace certain preferential tax regimes with a new set of internationally accepted measures that are hereafter referred to as "Swiss tax reform". Based on these Federal/Cantonal events, our position is the enactment of Swiss tax reform for U.S. GAAP purposes was met as of September 30, 2019, and we recorded the impacts in the third quarter 2019. The net impact was a benefit of $767 million, which consisted of a $769 million reduction in deferred tax expense from an allowed step-up of intangible assets for tax purposes (recorded net of valuation allowance) and remeasurement of our deferred tax balances, partially offset by a $2 million indirect tax impact in selling, general and administrative expenses. The future rate impacts of these Swiss tax reform law changes are effective starting January 1, 2020. We will continue to monitor Swiss tax reform for any additional interpretative guidance that could result in changes to the amounts we have recorded.

On December 22, 2017, new U.S. tax reform legislation ("U.S. tax reform") was enacted that included a broad range of complex provisions impacting the taxation of businesses. Certain impacts of the new legislation would have generally requirerequired accounting to be completed in the period of enactment,and incorporated into our 2017 year-end financial statements, however in response to the complexities of this new legislation, the SEC issued guidance to provide companies with relief. Specifically, when the initial accounting for items under the new legislation is incomplete, the guidance allows us to recognize provisional amounts when reasonable estimates can be made or to continue to apply the prior tax law if a reasonable estimate of the impact cannot be made. The SEC has provided up to aone-year window for companies to finalize the accounting for the impacts of this new legislation and we anticipate finalizing our accounting during 2018.

Whilelegislation. We finalized our accounting for the new provisions during the fourth quarter of 2018. U.S. tax legislation is not complete, we have made reasonable estimates for some provisions and recognizedreform resulted in a $59 million discrete net tax benefit in our 2017 financial statements. This net benefit is primarily comprised of a $1,311 million provisional deferred tax benefit from revaluing our net U.S. deferred tax liabilities to reflect the new U.S. corporate tax rate as well as an additional $61 million provisional deferred tax benefit related to changes in our indefinite reinvestment assertion, partially offset by a $1,317 million provisional charge for the estimated transition tax.

In general, thetotal transition tax isliability of $1,284 million ($1,279 million as a result of December 31, 2018 and $5 million of 2019 related updates) based on the deemed repatriation imposed by the new legislation that results in the taxation of our accumulated foreign earnings and profits, (“E&P”) atwhich will be paid in installments through 2026, and a 15.5% rate on liquid assets (i.e. cash and other specified assets) and 8% on the remaining unremitted foreign E&P, both net of foreign tax credits. At this time, we have not yet gathered, prepared and analyzed the necessary informationrelated change in sufficient detail to complete the complex calculations necessary to finalize the amount of our transition tax. We believe that our provisional calculations result in a reasonable estimate of the transition tax and related foreign tax credit, and as such have included those amounts in ouryear-end income tax provision. We do not believe that it is more likely than not that we will realize the benefit of the estimated excess foreign tax credit carryforward created by the deemed repatriation and have thus recognized a full valuation allowance against this deferred tax asset. As we complete the analysis of accumulated foreign E&P and related foreign taxes paid on an entity by entity basis and finalize the amounts held in cash or other specified assets, we will update our provisional estimate of the transition tax and related foreign tax credit, including any excess credit carryforward and the corresponding valuation allowance.

Our estimate of the deferred tax benefit due to the revaluation of our net U.S. deferred tax liabilities is also a provisional amount under the SEC’s guidance. Due to the newly enacted U.S. tax rate change, timing differences that are estimated balances as of the date of enactment andyear-end will result in changes to our estimate of the deferred rate change when those estimates are finalized with the filing of the 2017 income tax return. This is a result of the different federal income tax rates in effect for 2017 (35%) and 2018 (21%). Since many of theyear-end deferred tax balances include estimates of events that have not yet occurred such as payments expected to be made during 2018 but which are deductible on the 2017 tax return, these amounts cannot yet be known to finalize the impact of the tax rate change.

As a result of U.S. tax reform, we have changed our indefinite reinvestment assertion for most companies owned directly by our U.S. subsidiaries,subsidiaries. In addition, the legislation reduced the U.S. federal tax rate from 35% to 21% and as such, we may need to accrue deferred taxes. As of year end, we have calculated the impact to accrue the deferred tax assets related to two entities where the deferred tax benefits are now expected to be realized in the foreseeable future. However, we do not have the necessary information gathered, prepared and analyzed to make a reasonable estimate of the impact of any remaining outside basis differences inherent in the rest of our foreign subsidiaries. We will gather the information necessary and compute the outside basis differences for those subsidiaries where we are no longer indefinitely reinvested and record any new deferred taxes as reasonable estimates are available. We estimate that the unremitted earnings as of December 31, 2017 in those subsidiaries where we expect to continue to be indefinitely reinvested is approximately $2 billion. It is impracticable for us to determine the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liabilities on these indefinitely reinvested earnings. Future tax law changes or changes in the needs of our non-U.S. subsidiaries could require us to recognize deferred tax liabilities on a portion, or all, of our accumulated earnings that were previously expected to be indefinitely reinvested.

The legislation also establishesestablished various new provisions, that will affect our 2018 results, including but not limited to, a reduction in the U.S. corporate tax rate on domestic operations; the creation of a new minimum tax called the base erosion anti-abuse tax (BEAT); a new provision that taxes U.S. allocated expenses (e.g. interest and general administrative expenses) as well as currently taxes certain income from foreign operations (Global IntangibleLow-Tax Income, or “GILTI”); a general elimination of U.S. federal income taxes on dividends from foreign subsidiaries; a new limitation on deductible interest expense; the repeal of the domestic manufacturing deduction; and limitations on the deductibility of certain employee compensation.

While the new legislation generally eliminates U.S. federal income tax on dividends from foreign subsidiaries going forward, certain income earned by certain subsidiaries must be included currently in our U.S. taxable income under the new GILTI inclusion rules (as a result of U.S. expense allocation rules). Because of the complexity of the new GILTI tax rules, we are continuing to evaluate this provision of the legislation and the application of U.S. GAAP. Under U.S. GAAP, we are allowed to make an accounting policy election and either treat taxes due from GILTI as a current-period expense when they are incurred or factor such amounts into our measurement of deferred taxes. Our selection of an accounting policy with respect to the new GILTI rules will depend in part on analyzing our global income to determine whether we expect to have future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI, and if so, what the impact is expected to be. We have not yet computed a reasonable estimate of the effect of this provision, and therefore, we have not made a policy decision regarding whether to record deferred taxes related to GILTI nor have we made any adjustments related to GILTI tax in ouryear-end financial statements.



Earnings/(losses) from continuing operations before income taxes and the provision for income taxes consisted of:

                                                      
  For the Years Ended December 31, For the Years Ended December 31,
  2017   2016   2015 2019 2018 2017
  (in millions) (in millions)

Earnings/(losses) from continuing operations
before income taxes:

           

United States

  $354   $(364  $43 $751
 $(170) $354

Outside United States

   2,770    1,818    7,841 2,696
 3,012
 2,770
  

 

   

 

   

 

 $3,447
 $2,842
 $3,124

Total

  $3,124   $1,454   $7,884 
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Provision for income taxes:

           

United States federal:

           

Current

  $1,322   $(227  $(90$145
 $(34) $1,322

Deferred

   (1,256   141    136 97
 171
 (1,274)
  

 

   

 

   

 

 242
 137
 48
   66    (86   46 

State and local:

           

Current

   33    7    6 29
 23
 32

Deferred

   33    8    (345
 61
 30
  

 

   

 

   

 

 
   66    15    3 
  

 

   

 

   

 

 74
 84
 62

Total United States

   132    (71   49 316
 221
 110
  

 

   

 

   

 

      

Outside United States:

           

Current

   541    490    707 459
 552
 541

Deferred

   15    (290   (163(773) 
 15
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total outside United States

   556    200    544 (314) 552
 556
  

 

   

 

   

 

      

Total provision for income taxes

  $688   $129   $593 $2
 $773
 $666
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

We recorded anout-of-period adjustment of $14 million net expense in 2015 that had an immaterial impact on the annual provision for income taxes.



The effective income tax rate onpre-tax earnings differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate as follows:
 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
U.S. federal statutory rate21.0 % 21.0 % 35.0 %
Increase/(decrease) resulting from:     
State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefit1.3 % 0.4 % 0.8 %
Foreign rate differences0.2 % (1.9)% (10.8)%
Changes in judgment on realizability of deferred tax assets(0.3)% (0.4)% 3.2 %
Reversal of other tax accruals no longer required(3.0)% (1.8)% (1.7)%
Tax accrual on investment in Keurig (including tax impact of the
   gain from the KDP transaction)
0.8 % 8.4 % 1.2 %
Excess tax benefits from equity compensation(1.2)% (0.8)% (1.2)%
Tax legislation (non-U.S. and non-Swiss tax reform)0.4 % 0.3 % (2.6)%
Swiss tax reform(22.3)% 
  %
U.S. tax reform - deferred benefit from tax rate change
 
 (41.5)%
U.S. tax reform - transition tax0.1 % (1.3)% 42.2 %
U.S. tax reform - changes in indefinite reinvestment assertion
 2.1 % (2.0)%
Foreign tax provisions under TCJA (GILTI, FDII and BEAT)(1)
2.5 % 1.1 % 
Other0.6 % 0.1 % (1.3)%
Effective tax rate0.1 % 27.2 % 21.3 %


(1)The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("TCJA") established the Global Intangible Low-Tax Income ("GILTI") provision, which taxes U.S. allocated expenses and certain income from foreign operations; the Foreign-Derived Intangible Income ("FDII")

provision, which allows a deduction against certain types of US taxable income resulting in a lower effective US tax rate on such income; and the Base Erosion Anti-abuse Tax ("BEAT"), which is a new minimum tax based on cross-border service payments by U.S. entities.

Our 2019 effective tax rate of 0.1% was significantly impacted by the $769 million net deferred tax benefit related to Swiss tax reform in the third quarter of 2019. Excluding this impact, our 2019 effective tax rate was 22.4%, which reflects unfavorable provisions from U.S. tax reform and taxes on earnings from equity method investments (these earnings are reported separately on our consolidated statements of earnings and not within earnings before income taxes), largely offset by favorable impacts from the mix of pre-tax income in various non-U.S. jurisdictions and discrete net tax benefits of $176 million. The discrete net tax benefits were primarily driven by a $128 million net benefit from the release of liabilities for uncertain tax positions due to expirations of statutes of limitations and audit settlements in several jurisdictions.

Our 2018 effective tax rate of 27.2% was unfavorably impacted by net tax expenses from $128 million of discrete one-time events as well as unfavorable provisions within the following reasons:

new U.S. tax reform legislation and taxes on earnings from equity method investments (these earnings are reported separately on our consolidated statements of earnings and not within earnings before income taxes), partially offset by the favorable mix of pre-tax income in various non-U.S. tax jurisdictions as well as the reduction in the U.S. federal tax rate. The discrete net tax expenses included a $192 million deferred tax expense related to a $778 million gain on the KDP transaction reported as a gain on equity method investment as well as $19 million expense from the final updates to the provisional impacts from U.S. tax reform reported as of 2017 year-end, partially offset by an $81 million benefit from favorable audit settlements and statutes of limitations in various jurisdictions.
                                                      
   For the Years Ended December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015 

U.S. federal statutory rate

   35.0%    35.0%    35.0% 

Increase/(decrease) resulting from:

      

State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefit
excluding IRS audit impacts

   0.8%    0.8%    (0.1)% 

Foreign rate differences

   (10.8)%    (18.6)%    (2.5)% 

Changes in judgment on realizability of deferred tax assets

   3.2%    –        –     

Reversal of other tax accruals no longer required

   (1.7)%    (7.7)%    (1.4)% 

Tax accrual on investment in Keurig

   2.7%    2.3%    –     

Excess tax benefits from equity compensation

   (1.2)%    –        –     

Tax legislation(non-U.S. tax reform)

   (2.7)%    (4.0)%    (0.5)% 

U.S. tax reform - deferred benefit from tax rate change

   (42.0)%    –        –     

U.S. tax reform - transition tax

   42.2%    –        –     

U.S. tax reform - changes in indefinite reinvestment assertion

   (2.0)%    –        –     

Gains on coffee business transactions and divestitures

   –        –        (26.9)% 

Business sales

   (0.9)%    –        –     

Loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela

   –        –        3.5% 

Non-deductible expenses

   0.4%    0.9%    0.3% 

Other

   (1.0)%    0.2%    0.1% 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Effective tax rate

   22.0%    8.9%    7.5% 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Our 2017 effective tax rate of 22.0%21.3% was favorably impacted by the mix ofpre-tax income in variousnon-U.S. tax jurisdictions and net tax benefits from $117$97 million of discreteone-time events, partially offset by an increase in domestic earnings taxed at the higher pre-U.S. tax reform rate of 35% as compared to the prior year.well as taxes on earnings from equity method investments (these earnings are reported separately on our consolidated statements of earnings and not within earnings before income taxes). The discrete net tax benefits included the provisional net impact from U.S. tax reform discussed previously, favorable audit settlements and statutes of limitations in various jurisdictions, and the net reduction of our French and Belgian deferred tax liabilities resulting from tax legislation enacted during 2017 that reduced the corporate income tax rates in each country, partially offset by the addition of a valuation allowance in one of our Chinese entities.

Our 2016 effective tax rate of 8.9% was favorably impacted by the mix ofpre-tax income in variousnon-U.S. tax jurisdictions and net tax benefits from $161 million of discreteone-time events. The discrete net tax benefits related to favorable audit settlements and statutes of limitations in various jurisdictions and the net reduction of our U.K. and French deferred tax liabilities resulting from tax legislation enacted during 2016 that reduced the corporate income tax rates in each country.

Our 2015 effective tax rate of 7.5% was favorably impacted by theone-time third quarter sale of our coffee business that resulted in apre-tax gain of $6,809 million and $184 million of related tax expense, as well as $27 million of tax costs incurred to remit proceeds up from lower-tier foreign subsidiaries to allow cash to be redeployed within our retained foreign operations. The benefit of the third quarter transaction was partially offset by the tax costs associated with the sale of our interest in AGF in the first half of the year and the impact of deconsolidating our Venezuelan operations on December 31, 2015. Excluding the impacts of these transactions, our effective tax rate would have been 17.8%, reflecting favorable impacts from the mix ofpre-tax income in variousnon-U.S. tax jurisdictions and net tax benefits from $119 million of discreteone-time events. The remaining discreteone-time events primarily related to favorable tax audit settlements and expirations of statutes of limitations in several jurisdictions and the net reduction of U.K. deferred tax liabilities resulting from tax legislation enacted during 2015 that reduced the U.K. corporate income tax rate.

The tax


Tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to deferred income tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following:

of:
                                    
  As of December 31, 
  2017   2016 As of December 31,
  (in millions) 2019 2018
(in millions)

Deferred income tax assets:

       

Accrued postretirement and postemployment benefits

  $191   $214 $150
 $147

Accrued pension costs

   313    370 272
 349

Other employee benefits

   155    237 160
 147

Accrued expenses

   269    379 287
 283

Loss carryforwards

   773    619 589
 707

Tax credit carryforwards

   370    —   729
 747

Other

   342    331 438
 302
  

 

   

 

 

Total deferred income tax assets

   2,413    2,150 2,625
 2,682
  

 

   

 

 

Valuation allowance

   (853   (310(1,243) (1,153)
  

 

   

 

 

Net deferred income tax assets

  $1,560   $1,840 $1,382
 $1,529
  

 

   

 

 

Deferred income tax liabilities:

       

Intangible assets

  $(3,977  $(5,174
Intangible assets, including impact from Swiss tax reform$(2,772) $(3,861)

Property, plant and equipment

   (452   (557(663) (473)

Other

   (188   (472(559) (492)
  

 

   

 

 

Total deferred income tax liabilities

   (4,617   (6,203(3,994) (4,826)
  

 

   

 

 

Net deferred income tax liabilities

  $(3,057  $(4,363$(2,612) $(3,297)
  

 

   

 

 



Our significant valuation allowances are in the U.S., Mexico, ChinaSwitzerland and Ireland.China. The U.S. valuation allowance relates to excess foreign tax credits generated by the deemed repatriation under U.S. tax reform.reform while the Swiss valuation allowance brings the allowed step-up of intangible assets recorded under Swiss tax reform to the amount more likely than not to be realized. The valuation allowance in China results from a change in judgment asrelates to the realizabilitycharacter-specific deferred tax assets of one of our Chinese entity’s deferred tax assets. The Mexico and Ireland valuation allowances relate to loss carryforwards where we do not currently expect to generate gains of the proper character to utilize the carryforwards in the future.

entities.


At December 31, 2017,2019, the Company haspre-tax loss carryforwards of $4,060$3,491 million, of which $1,105$691 million will expire at various dates between 20182020 and 20372039 and the remaining $2,955$2,800 million can be carried forward indefinitely.


The unremitted earnings as of December 31, 2019 in those subsidiaries where we continue to be indefinitely reinvested is approximately $1.6 billion. We currently have not recognized approximately $75 million of deferred tax liabilities related to those unremitted earnings. Future tax law changes or changes in the needs of our non-U.S. subsidiaries could require us to recognize deferred tax liabilities on a portion, or all, of our accumulated earnings that are currently indefinitely reinvested.


The changes in our unrecognized tax benefits were:

                                                      
  For the Years Ended December 31, 
  2017   2016   2015 For the Years Ended December 31,
  (in millions) 2019 2018 2017
(in millions)

January 1

  $610   $756   $852 $516
 $579
 $610

Increases from positions taken during prior periods

   33    18    34 27
 36
 33

Decreases from positions taken during prior periods

   (93   (123   (74(35) (43) (93)

Increases from positions taken during the current period

   64    90    84 50
 57
 64

Decreases relating to settlements with taxing authorities

   (54   (75   (13(64) (45) (54)

Reductions resulting from the lapse of the applicable
statute of limitations

   (29   (43   (41(64) (31) (29)

Currency/other

   48    (13   (86(4) (37) 48
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

December 31

  $579   $610   $756 $426
 $516
 $579
  

 

   

 

   

 

 



As of January 1, 2017,2019, our unrecognized tax benefits were $610$516 million. If we had recognized all of these benefits, the net impact on our income tax provision would have been $549$463 million. Our unrecognized tax benefits were $579$426 million at December 31, 2017,2019, and if we had recognized all of these benefits, the net impact on our income tax provision would have been $524$364 million. Within the next 12 months, our unrecognized tax benefits could increase by approximately $40$30 million due to unfavorable audit developments or decrease by approximately $150$140 million due to audit settlements and the expiration of statutes of limitations in various jurisdictions. We include accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in our tax provision. We had accrued interest and penalties of $189$180 million as of January 1, 20172019 and $212$170 million as of December 31, 2017.2019. Our 20172019 provision for income taxes included $26$5 million benefit for interest and penalties.


Our income tax filings are regularly examined by federal, state andnon-U.S. tax authorities. Our 2013-2015 U.S. federal, income tax filings are currently under examination by the IRS. U.S. state andnon-U.S. jurisdictions have statutes of limitations generally ranging from three to five years; however, these statutes are often extended by mutual agreement with the tax authorities. YearsThe earliest year still open to examination by U.S. federal and state tax authorities is 2016 and years still open to examination by non-U.S. tax authorities in major jurisdictions include (earliest open tax year in parentheses): Brazil (2012)(2014), China (2007)(2009), France (2014)(2015), India (2005), Italy (2012)Russia (2013) and the United Kingdom (2015)Switzerland (2014).


Note 15.17. Earnings Perper Share


Basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) were calculated as follows:

                                                      
  For the Years Ended December 31, 
  2017   2016   2015 For the Years Ended December 31,
  (in millions, except per share data) 2019 2018 2017
(in millions, except per share data)

Net earnings

  $2,936   $1,669   $7,291 $3,885
 $3,395
 $2,842

Noncontrolling interest (earnings)

   (14   (10   (24
  

 

   

 

   

 

 
Noncontrolling interest earnings(15) (14) (14)

Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International

  $2,922   $1,659   $7,267 $3,870
 $3,381
 $2,828
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Weighted-average shares for basic EPS

   1,513    1,556    1,618 1,445
 1,472
 1,513

Plus incremental shares from assumed conversions of
stock options and long-term incentive plan shares

   18    17    19 13
 14
 18
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Weighted-average shares for diluted EPS

   1,531    1,573    1,637 1,458
 1,486
 1,531
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Basic earnings per share attributable to
Mondelēz International

  $1.93   $1.07   $4.49 $2.68
 $2.30
 $1.87
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Diluted earnings per share attributable to
Mondelēz International

  $1.91   $1.05   $4.44 $2.65
 $2.28
 $1.85
  

 

   

 

   

 

 



We exclude antidilutive Mondelēz International stock options from our calculation of weighted-average shares for diluted EPS. We excluded antidilutive stock options and long-term incentive plan shares of 5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, 11.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, 7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.

2017.


Note 16.18. Segment Reporting


We manufacture and market primarily snack food products, including biscuits (cookies, crackers and salted snacks), chocolate, gum & candy and various cheese & grocery products, as well as powdered beverage products.

We manage our global business and report operating results through geographic units.

Our operations and management structure are organized into four reportable operating segments:

Latin America
AMEA
Europe
North America

On October 1, 2016, we integrated our EEMEA operating segment into our Europe and Asia Pacific operating segments to further leverage and optimize the operating scale built within the Europe and Asia Pacific regions. Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Belarus, Georgia and Kazakhstan were combined within our Europe operating segment, while the remaining Middle East and African countries were combined within our Asia Pacific region to form the AMEA operating segment. We have reflected the segment change as if it had occurred in all periods presented.

We manage our operations by region to leverage regional operating scale, manage different and changing business environments more effectively and pursue growth opportunities as they arise inacross our key markets. Our regional management teams have responsibility for the business, product categories and financial results in the regions.

Historically, we have recorded income from equity method investments within our


Our operations and management structure are organized into 4 operating income as these investments were part of our base business. Beginning in the third quarter of 2015, to align with the accounting for our new coffee equity method investment in JDE, we began to record the earnings from our equity method investments in equity method investment earnings outside of segment operating income. For the six months ended December 31, 2015,after-tax equity method investment net earnings were less than $1 million on a combined basis. Earnings from equity method investments through July 2, 2015 recorded within segment operating income were $52 million in segments:
Latin America
AMEA and $4 million in North America. See Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Principles of Consolidation,and Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions,for additional information.

In 2015, we also began to report stock-based compensation for our corporate employees within general corporate expenses that were reported within our

Europe
North America region. We reclassified $32 million of corporate stock-based compensation expense in 2015 from the North America segment to general corporate expenses.


We use segment operating income to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. We believe it is appropriate to disclose this measure to help investors analyze segment performance and trends. Segment operating income excludes unrealized gains and losses on hedging activities (which are a component of cost of sales), general corporate expenses (which are a component of selling, general and administrative expenses), amortization of intangibles, gains and losses on divestitures loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela and acquisition-related costs (which are a component of selling, general and administrative expenses) in all periods presented. We exclude these items from segment operating income in order to provide better transparency of our segment operating results. Furthermore, we centrally manage benefit plan non-service income and interest and other expense, net. Accordingly, we do not present these items by segment because they are excluded from the segment profitability measure that management reviews.


Our segment net revenues and earnings, reflecting our current segment structure for all periods presented, were:

                                                      
  For the Years Ended December 31, 
  2017   2016   2015 For the Years Ended December 31,
  (in millions) 2019 2018 2017
(in millions)

Net revenues:

           

Latin America(1)

  $3,566   $3,392   $4,988 $3,018
 $3,202
 $3,566

AMEA(2)

   5,739    5,816    6,002 5,770
 5,729
 5,739

Europe(2)

   9,794    9,755    11,672 9,972
 10,122
 9,794

North America

   6,797    6,960    6,974 7,108
 6,885
 6,797
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Net revenues

  $25,896   $25,923   $29,636 $25,868
 $25,938
 $25,896
  

 

   

 

   

 

 


Earnings before income taxes:     
Operating income:     
Latin America$341
 $410
 $564
AMEA691
 702
 514
Europe1,732
 1,734
 1,610
North America1,451
 849
 1,144
Unrealized gains/(losses) on hedging activities
(mark-to-market impacts)
91
 141
 (96)
General corporate expenses(330) (335) (282)
Amortization of intangibles(174) (176) (178)
Net gains on divestitures44
 
 186
Acquisition-related costs(3) (13) 
Operating income3,843
 3,312
 3,462
Benefit plan non-service income (1)
60
 50
 44
Interest and other expense, net(456) (520) (382)
Earnings before income taxes$3,447
 $2,842
 $3,124


(1)Net revenuesDuring the first quarter of $1,217 million for 2015 from2018, in connection with adopting a new pension cost classification accounting standard, we reclassified certain of our Venezuelan subsidiaries are included inbenefit plan component costs other than service costs out of operating income into a new line item, benefit plan non-service income, on our consolidated financial statements. Beginning in 2016,statements of earnings. As such, we account forhave recast our Venezuelan subsidiaries using the cost method of accountinghistorical operating income and segment operating income to reflect this reclassification, which had no longer includeimpact to earnings before income taxes or net revenues of our Venezuelan subsidiaries within our consolidated financial statements. Refer to Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Currency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting: Venezuela,for more information.earnings.
(2)On July 2, 2015, we contributed our global coffee businesses primarily from our Europe and AMEA segments. Net revenues of our global coffee business were $1,561 million in Europe and $66 million in AMEA for the year ended December 31, 2015. Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions – JDE Coffee Business Transactions, for more information.

                                                      
   For the Years Ended December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015 
   (in millions) 

Earnings before income taxes:

      

Operating income:

      

Latin America

  $565   $271   $485 

AMEA

   516    506    389 

Europe

   1,680    1,267    1,350 

North America

   1,120    1,078    1,105 

Unrealized (losses)/gains on hedging activities
(mark-to-market impacts)

   (96   (94   96 

General corporate expenses

   (287   (291   (383

Amortization of intangibles

   (178   (176   (181

Net gain on divestitures

   186    9    6,822 

Loss on deconsolidation of Venezuela

           (778

Acquisition-related costs

       (1   (8
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Operating income

   3,506    2,569    8,897 

Interest and other expense, net

   (382   (1,115   (1,013
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Earnings before income taxes

  $3,124   $1,454   $7,884 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

No single customer accounted for 10% or more of our net revenues from continuing operations in 2017.2019. Our five largest customers accounted for 15.6%17.0% and our ten largest customers accounted for 21.4%23.2% of net revenues from continuing operations in 2017.

2019.


Items impacting our segment operating results are discussed in Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, including the Venezuela deconsolidation and currency devaluation, Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, Note 4,Property, Plant and Equipment,Note 5,6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets,Note 6,2014-2018 8, Restructuring Program, and Note 12,14, Commitments and Contingencies. Also see Note 7,9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, and Note 8,10, Financial Instruments, for more information on our interest and other expense, net for each period.


Total assets, depreciation expense and capital expenditures by segment, reflecting our current segment structure for all periods presented, were:

                                                      
   For the Years Ended December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015 
   (in millions)
 

Total assets:

      

Latin America

  $4,948   $5,156   $4,673 

AMEA

   9,883    10,031    10,460 

Europe

   21,611    19,934    21,026 

North America

   20,709    20,694    21,175 

Equity method investments

   6,345    5,585    5,387 

Unallocated assets and adjustments(1)

   (387   138    122 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total assets

  $63,109   $61,538   $62,843 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions)
Total assets:     
Latin America (1)
$4,716
 $4,699
 $4,948
AMEA (1)
9,740
 9,571
 9,883
Europe (1)
20,354
 19,426
 21,611
North America (1)
21,637
 21,015
 20,709
Equity method investments7,212
 7,123
 6,193
Unallocated assets and adjustments (2)
890
 895
 (387)
Total assets$64,549
 $62,729
 $62,957

(1)Segment assets do not reflect outstanding intercompany asset balances as intercompany accounts have been eliminated at a segment level.
(2)Unallocated assets consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, deferred income taxes, centrally held property, plant and equipment, prepaid pension assets and derivative financial instrument balances. Final adjustments for jurisdictional netting of deferred tax assets and liabilities is done at a consolidated level.

                                                      
   For the Years Ended December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015 
   (in millions)
 

Depreciation expense:

      

Latin America

  $107   $92   $94 

AMEA

   157    161    155 

Europe

   239    253    299 

North America

   135    141    165 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total depreciation expense

  $638   $647   $713 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

                                                      
  For the Years Ended December 31, 
  2017   2016   2015 For the Years Ended December 31,
  (in millions)
 2019 2018 2017
(in millions)

Capital expenditures:

      
Depreciation expense (1):
     

Latin America

  $226   $321   $354 $105
 $97
 $107

AMEA

   280    349    381 164
 159
 157

Europe

   278    294    517 238
 248
 239

North America

   230    260    262 138
 131
 135
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total capital expenditures

  $1,014   $1,224   $1,514 
  

 

   

 

   

 

 
Total depreciation expense$645
 $635
 $638


(1)Includes depreciation expense related to owned property, plant and equipment. Does not include amortization of intangible assets or leased assets. Refer to the consolidated statement of cash flows for 2019 for total depreciation and amortization expenses.


 For the Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions)
Capital expenditures:     
Latin America$197
 $261
 $226
AMEA244
 277
 280
Europe297
 326
 278
North America187
 231
 230
Total capital expenditures$925
 $1,095
 $1,014


Geographic data for net revenues (recognized in the countries where products are sold) and long-lived assets, excluding deferred tax, goodwill, intangible assets and equity method investments, were:

                                             ��        
  For the Years Ended December 31, 
  2017   2016   2015 For the Years Ended December 31,
  (in millions) 2019 2018 2017
(in millions)

Net revenues:

           

United States

  $6,275   $6,329   $6,302 $6,625
 $6,401
 $6,275

Other

   19,621    19,594    23,334 19,243
 19,537
 19,621
  

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total net revenues

  $25,896   $25,923   $29,636 $25,868
 $25,938
 $25,896
  

 

   

 

   

 

 


                                                      
   As of December 31, 
   2017   2016   2015 
   (in millions) 

Long-lived assets:

      

United States

  $1,468   $1,508   $1,551 

Other

   7,733    7,229    7,238 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total long-lived assets

  $9,201   $8,737   $8,789 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 As of December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 (in millions)
Long-lived assets:     
United States$1,806
 $1,481
 $1,468
Other8,370
 7,539
 7,733
Total long-lived assets$10,176
 $9,020
 $9,201


No individual country within Other exceeded 10% of our net revenues or long-lived assets for all periods presented.



Net revenues by product category, reflecting our current segment structure for all periods presented, were:

                                                                                          
   For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 
   Latin
America(1)
   AMEA   Europe   North
America
   Total(1) 
   (in millions) 

Biscuits

  $779   $1,634   $2,880   $5,479   $10,772 

Chocolate

   862    2,011    4,933    293    8,099 

Gum & Candy

   919    919    775    1,025    3,638 

Beverages

   665    569    121        1,355 

Cheese & Grocery

   341    606    1,085        2,032 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total net revenues

  $3,566   $5,739   $9,794   $6,797   $25,896 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

                                                                                          
  For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 
  Latin
America(1)
   AMEA   Europe   North
America
   Total(1) For the Year Ended December 31, 2019
  (in millions) Latin
America
 AMEA Europe 
North
America
 Total
(in millions)

Biscuits

  $734   $1,588   $2,703   $5,565   $10,590 $708
 $1,844
 $2,998
 $5,888
 $11,438

Chocolate

   743    1,901    4,840    255    7,739 710
 2,082
 5,119
 247
 8,158

Gum & Candy

   938    953    916    1,140    3,947 823
 861
 698
 973
 3,355

Beverages

   657    611    177        1,445 452
 546
 97
 
 1,095

Cheese & Grocery

   320    763    1,119        2,202 325
 437
 1,060
 
 1,822
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

Total net revenues

  $3,392   $5,816   $9,755   $6,960   $25,923 $3,018
 $5,770
 $9,972
 $7,108
 $25,868
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

                                                                                          
   For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 
   Latin
America(1)
   AMEA   Europe(3)   North
America
   Total(1) 
   (in millions) 

Biscuits

  $1,605   $1,539   $2,680   $5,569   $11,393 

Chocolate

   840    1,928    5,050    256    8,074 

Gum & Candy

   1,091    1,003    1,015    1,149    4,258 

Beverages(2)

   767    730    1,763        3,260 

Cheese & Grocery

   685    802    1,164        2,651 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total net revenues

  $4,988   $6,002   $11,672   $6,974   $29,636 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(1)In 2015, our consolidated net revenues included Venezuela net revenues of $763 million in biscuits, $340 million in cheese & grocery, $66 million in gum & candy and $48 million in beverages. Following the deconsolidation of our Venezuela operations at the end of 2015, our 2016 and 2017 consolidated net revenues no longer include the net revenues of our Venezuelan subsidiaries. Refer to Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesCurrency Translation and Highly Inflationary Accounting: Venezuela, for more information.
(2)On July 2, 2015, we contributed our global coffee businesses primarily from our Europe and AMEA segment beverage categories. Net revenues of our global coffee business were $1,561 million in Europe and $66 million in AMEA for the year ended December 31, 2015. Refer to Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions – JDE Coffee Business Transactions, for more information.
(3)During 2016, we realigned some of our products across product categories primarily within our Europe segment and as such, we reclassified the product category net revenues on a basis consistent with the 2016 presentation.

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
 Latin
America
 AMEA Europe 
North
America
 Total
 (in millions)
Biscuits$727
 $1,724
 $3,127
 $5,607
 $11,185
Chocolate747
 2,080
 5,083
 267
 8,177
Gum & Candy865
 879
 736
 1,011
 3,491
Beverages533
 553
 98
 
 1,184
Cheese & Grocery330
 493
 1,078
 
 1,901
Total net revenues$3,202
 $5,729
 $10,122
 $6,885
 $25,938
 For the Year Ended December 31, 2017
 Latin
America
 AMEA Europe 
North
America
 Total
 (in millions)
Biscuits$779
 $1,637
 $2,944
 $5,479
 $10,839
Chocolate862
 2,008
 4,869
 293
 8,032
Gum & Candy919
 919
 775
 1,025
 3,638
Beverages665
 569
 121
 
 1,355
Cheese & Grocery341
 606
 1,085
 
 2,032
Total net revenues$3,566
 $5,739
 $9,794
 $6,797
 $25,896



Note 17.19. Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)


Our summarized operating results by quarter are detailed below.

                                                                        
   2017 Quarters 
   First   Second   Third   Fourth 
   (in millions, except per share data) 

Net revenues

  $6,414   $5,986   $6,530   $6,966 

Gross profit

   2,525    2,324    2,552    2,664 

Provision for income taxes

   (154   (84   (272   (178

Gain on equity method investment transactions

               40 

Equity method investment net earnings

   66    67    103    224 

Net earnings(1)

  $633   $500   $993   $810 

Noncontrolling interest

   (3   (2   (1   (8
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International

  $630   $498   $992   $802 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Weighted-average shares for basic EPS

   1,529    1,519    1,507    1,497 

Plus incremental shares from assumed conversions of
stock options and long-term incentive plan shares

   21    20    17    16 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Weighted-average shares for diluted EPS

   1,550    1,539    1,524    1,513 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Per share data:

        

Basic EPS attributable to Mondelēz International:

  $0.41   $0.33   $0.66   $0.54 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International:

  $0.41   $0.32   $0.65   $0.53 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Dividends declared

  $0.19   $0.19   $0.22   $0.22 

Market price - high

  $45.48   $47.23   $44.48   $43.98 

             - low

  $41.30   $42.92   $40.04   $39.19 

                                                                        
   2016 Quarters 
   First   Second   Third   Fourth 
   (in millions, except per share data) 

Net revenues

  $6,455   $6,302   $6,396   $6,770 

Gross profit

   2,535    2,516    2,488    2,589 

Provision for income taxes

   (49   (118   (40   78 

Gain on equity method investment transactions

   43             

Equity method investment net earnings

   85    102    31    83 

Net earnings(1)

  $557   $471   $548   $93 

Noncontrolling interest

   (3   (7        
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International

  $554   $464   $548   $93 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Weighted-average shares for basic EPS

   1,569    1,557    1,557    1,540 

Plus incremental shares from assumed conversions of
stock options and long-term incentive plan shares

   18    19    19    19 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Weighted-average shares for diluted EPS

   1,587    1,576    1,576    1,559 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Per share data:

        

Basic EPS attributable to Mondelēz International:

  $0.35   $0.30   $0.35   $0.06 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International:

  $0.35   $0.29   $0.35   $0.06 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Dividends declared

  $0.17   $0.17   $0.19   $0.19 

Market price - high

  $44.45   $45.75   $46.36   $46.40 

             - low

  $35.88   $39.53   $41.96   $40.50 

 2019 Quarters
 First Second Third Fourth
 (in millions, except per share data)
Net revenues$6,538
 $6,062
 $6,355
 $6,913
Gross profit2,593
 2,469
 2,516
 2,759
(Provision)/benefit for income taxes (1)
(189) (216) 633
 (230)
Gain/(loss) on equity method investment transactions23
 (25) 
 
Equity method investment net earnings113
 113
 111
 105
Net earnings920
 808
 1,428
 729
Noncontrolling interest(6) (1) (5) (3)
Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International$914
 $807
 $1,423
 $726
Weighted-average shares for basic EPS1,449
 1,445
 1,445
 1,441
Plus incremental shares from assumed conversions of
   stock options and long-term incentive plan shares
12
 13
 13
 12
Weighted-average shares for diluted EPS1,461
 1,458
 1,458
 1,453
Per share data:       
Basic EPS attributable to Mondelēz International:$0.63
 $0.56
 $0.98
 $0.50
Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International:$0.63
 $0.55
 $0.98
 $0.50
Dividends declared$0.26
 $0.26
 $0.285
 $0.285
 2018 Quarters
 First Second Third Fourth
 (in millions, except per share data)
Net revenues$6,765
 $6,112
 $6,288
 $6,773
Gross profit2,849
 2,540
 2,414
 2,549
Provision for income taxes(337) (15) (310) (111)
Gain on equity method investment transactions
 
 757
 21
Equity method investment net earnings232
 87
 80
 149
Net earnings1,052
 320
 1,197
 826
Noncontrolling interest(6) (2) (3) (3)
Net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International$1,046
 $318
 $1,194
 $823
Weighted-average shares for basic EPS1,489
 1,475
 1,466
 1,457
Plus incremental shares from assumed conversions of
   stock options and long-term incentive plan shares
16
 13
 14
 13
Weighted-average shares for diluted EPS1,505
 1,488
 1,480
 1,470
Per share data:       
Basic EPS attributable to Mondelēz International:$0.70
 $0.22
 $0.81
 $0.56
Diluted EPS attributable to Mondelēz International:$0.70
 $0.21
 $0.81
 $0.56
Dividends declared$0.22
 $0.22
 $0.26
 $0.26

(1)See
The third quarter of 2019 was significantly impacted by the following table$769 million net deferred tax benefit related to Swiss tax reform. Refer to Note 16, Income Taxes for significant items that affected the comparability of earnings each quarter.more information.


Basic and diluted EPS are computed independently for each of the periods presented. Accordingly, the sum of the quarterly EPS amounts may not equal the total for the year.


During 20172019 and 2016,2018, we recorded the followingpre-tax (charges)/gainsbenefits in earnings from continuing operations:

                                                                        
  2017 Quarters 
  First   Second   Third   Fourth 
  (in millions) 

Asset impairment and exit costs

  $(166  $(187  $(183  $(120

Net gain on divestitures

       (3   187    2 

Divestiture-related costs

   (19   (9   2    (8

Loss on early extinguishment of
debt and related expenses

       (11        

Benefits from the resolution of tax matters

   58        215    8 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 
  $(127  $(210  $221   $(118
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 
  2016 Quarters 
  First   Second   Third   Fourth 2019 Quarters
  (in millions) First Second Third Fourth
(in millions)

Asset impairment and exit costs

  $(154  $(166  $(190  $(342$(20) $(15) $(134) $(59)

Divestiture-related costs

       (84       (21
 (11) 4
 
Net gain on divestiture
 41
 3
 
Impact from pension participation changes
 35
 (3) (3)
Impact from the resolution of tax matters
 
 
 (85)

Loss related to interest rate swaps

   (97            
 
 (111) 

Loss on early extinguishment of
debt and related expenses

               (427
Net gain/(loss) on equity method investment
transactions
23
 (25) 
 
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 $4
 $25
 $(241) $(147)
  $(251  $(250  $(190  $(771
  

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 


 2018 Quarters
 First Second Third Fourth
 (in millions)
Asset impairment and exit costs$(54) $(111) $(125) $(99)
Divestiture-related costs3
 
 
 (2)
Impact from pension participation changes
 (409) (3) (17)
Impact from the resolution of tax matters
 (15) 
 26
Gain/(loss) related to interest rate swaps14
 (5) 1
 
Loss on early extinguishment of
   debt and related expenses

 (140) 
 
Gain on equity method investment transaction
 
 757
 21
 $(37) $(680) $630
 $(71)


Items impacting our operating results are discussed in Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, including the Venezuela deconsolidation and currency devaluations, Note 2,Divestitures and Acquisitions, Note 5,6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Note 6,2014-2018 7, Equity Method Investments, Note 8, Restructuring Program,and Note 7,9, Debt and Borrowing Arrangements, Note 10, Financial Instruments, Note 11, Benefit Plans and Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies – Tax Matters.



Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.


None.


Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.


Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures


We have established disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management, together with our CEO and CFO, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2017.2019. Based on this evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2017.

2019.


Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting


Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined inRules 13a-15(f) and15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our CEO and CFO, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the Company’s Board of Directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those written policies and procedures that:

pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets;
provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
provide reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with management and director authorization; and
provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.


Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.


Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017.2019. Management based this assessment on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described inInternal Control Integrated Framework(2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”).


Based on this assessment, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2017,2019, based on the criteria inInternal Control Integrated Framework issued by the COSO.


PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2019, as stated in their report that appears under Item 8.


February 9, 2018

7, 2020



Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting


Management, together with our CEO and CFO, evaluated the changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2017. During the fourth quarter of 2017, due to the malware incident, we continued to add supplemental information technology and internal controls over financial reporting. Additionally, we continued to work with outsourced partners to further simplify and standardize processes and focus on scalable, transactional processes across all regions.2019. We continued to transition some of our transactional data processing as well as financialrefine information technology security measures and employee services for a number of countries across Europe and AMEA to three outsourced partners and/or internal service centers. Pursuant to our service agreements, the controls previously established around these accounting functions will be maintained by our outsourced partners or by us, and they are subject to management’s internal control testing.business process controls. There were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2017,2019, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.


Item 9B. Other Information.


None.



PART III


Item 10.   Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.


Information required by this Item 10 is included under the heading “Executive Officers of the Registrant”“Information about our Executive Officers” in Part I, Item 1 of this Form10-K, as well as under the headings “Election of Directors,” “Corporate Governance – Governance Guidelines,” “Corporate Governance – Codes of Conduct,” “Board Committees and Membership – Audit Committee” and “Ownership of Equity Securities –if applicable, "Delinquent Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance”Reports" in our definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be held on May 16, 201813, 2020 (“20182020 Proxy Statement”). All of this information from the 20182020 Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.


The information on our web site is not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part of this Annual Report or incorporated into any other filings we make with the SEC.


Item 11.   Executive Compensation.


Information required by this Item 11 is included under the headings “Board Committees and Membership – Human Resources and Compensation Committee,” “Compensation ofNon-Employee Directors,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation Tables” andTables,” “Human Resources and Compensation Committee Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2017”2019” and "CEO Pay Ratio" in our 20182020 Proxy Statement. All of this information is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.


Item 12.   Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.


The number of shares to be issued upon exercise or vesting of grants issued under, and the number of shares remaining available for future issuance under, our equity compensation plans at December 31, 20172019 were:


Equity Compensation Plan Information

                                                      
           Number of Securities 
          Remaining Available for 
  Number of Securities to       Future Issuance under 
  be Issued Upon Exercise   Weighted Average   Equity Compensation 
  of Outstanding   Exercise Price of   Plans (excluding 
   Options, Warrants   Outstanding Options,   securities reflected 
   and Rights (1)   Warrants and Rights (2)   in column (a)) (3) 
   (a)   (b)   (c) 

Equity compensation plans
approved by security holders

   55,850,812   $29.92    67,170,082 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 
Number of Securities to
be Issued Upon Exercise
of Outstanding
Options, Warrants
and Rights (1)
 
Weighted Average
Exercise Price of
Outstanding Options,
Warrants and Rights (2)
 
Number of Securities
Remaining Available for
Future Issuance under
Equity Compensation
Plans (excluding
securities reflected
in column (a)) (3)
 (a) (b) (c)
Equity compensation plans
approved by security holders
39,498,687
 $36.19
 56,200,802
(1)Includes outstanding options, deferred stock units and performance share units and excludes restricted stock.
(2)Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options only.
(3)Shares available for grant under our Amended and Restated 2005 Performance Incentive Plan.


Information related to the security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is included in our 20182020 Proxy Statement under the heading “Ownership of Equity Securities” and is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.


Item 13.   Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.


Information required by this Item 13 is included under the headings “Corporate Governance – Director Independence” and “Corporate Governance – Review of Transactions with Related Persons” in our 20182020 Proxy Statement. All of this information is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.


Item 14.   Principal Accountant Fees and Services.


Information required by this Item 14 is included under the heading “Board Committees and Membership – Audit Committee” in our 20182020 Proxy Statement. All of this information is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.


PART IV


Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

(a)
(a)Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules

Page

61

63

64

65

66

67

68


Schedules other than those listed above have been omitted either because such schedules are not required or are not applicable.

(b)
(b)The following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report:

2.1
    2.1
 
2.2
    2.2
 
2.3
    2.3
 
2.4
    2.4
 
    2.5Master Ownership and License Agreement Regarding Trademarks and Related Intellectual Property, by and between Kraft Foods Global Brands LLC and Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC., dated as of September 27, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report onForm 8-K filed with the SEC on October 1, 2012).*
2.5
    2.6
 
2.6
    2.7
 
2.7
    2.8
 

2.8
    3.1
 
3.1
3.2
    3.2
 
4.1


    4.14.2
 The Registrant agrees to furnish to the SEC upon request copies of any instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of the Registrant and its consolidated subsidiaries that does not exceed 10 percent of the total assets of the Registrant and its consolidated subsidiaries.
4.3
    4.2
 
4.4
    4.3
 
4.5
    4.4
 
4.6
    4.5
 
4.7
4.8
  10.1
 
4.9
10.1
10.2
  10.2
 
10.3
  10.3
 
10.4
  10.4
 
10.5
10.6
  10.5
 
10.7
  10.6
 

  10.710.8
 

10.9
  10.8
 
10.10
  10.9
 
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
  10.10
 
10.15
  10.11
 
10.16
  10.12
 
10.17
10.18
10.19
  10.13
 
10.20
10.21
  10.14Mondelēz International, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, restated as of October  2, 2012Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.910.13 to the Registrant’s Annual Report onForm 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2013)9, 2018).+
10.22
  10.15
 
10.23
10.24
10.25


  10.1610.26
 
10.27
  10.17
 
10.28
10.29
  10.18
 
10.30
  10.19
 
10.31
  10.20
 
10.32
  10.21
 
10.33
  10.22
 

10.34
  10.23
 
10.35
  10.24
 
10.36
  10.25
 
10.37
10.38
10.39
  10.26
 
10.40
  10.27
 
10.41
  10.28
 
10.42
  10.29
 
  10.30Offer of Employment Letter, between Mondelēz Global LLC and Roberto de Oliveira Marques, dated February  20, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form10-Q filed with the SEC on April 30, 2015).+
  10.31Offer of Employment Letter, between Mondelēz Global LLC and Glen Walter, dated October 15, 2017.2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 9, 2018).+
10.43


  10.3210.44
 
10.45
10.46
10.47
  10.33
 
10.48
  10.34
 
10.49
10.50
  10.35
 
10.51
10.52
10.53
10.54
10.55
  10.36
 
10.56
  10.37
 
18.1
  12.1
 
21.1
  21.1
 

23.1
  23.1
 
31.1
  31.1
 
31.2
  31.2
 
32.1
  32.1
 
101
101.1
 The following materials from Mondelēz International’s Annual Report on Form10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017,2019, formatted in XBRL (eXtensibleiXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Earnings, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings, (iii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


104
The cover page from Mondelēz International’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101).
  *Upon request, Mondelēz International, Inc. agrees to furnish to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, on a supplemental basis, a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to such agreement.

 ***Portions of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment and have been separately filed with the SEC.

  +Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.


Item 16. Form10-K Summary

Not applicable.


None.

SIGNATURES


Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

MONDELĒZ INTERNATIONAL, INC.
By: 

/s/  BRIAN T. GLADDEN

LUCA ZARAMELLA
 (Brian T. GladdenLuca Zaramella
 Executive Vice President
 and Chief Financial Officer
(Duly Authorized Officer)


Date: February 9, 2018

7, 2020


Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

Signature

  

Title

 

Date

/s/    DIRK VAN DE PUT

Director, Chairman and
Chief Executive Officer
February 7, 2020
(Dirk Van de Put)

Director and
Chief Executive Officer

February 9, 2018

/s/    BRIAN T. GLADDEN        

(Brian T. Gladden)

Executive Vice President and

Chief Financial Officer

February 9, 2018

/s/    NELSON URDANETA        

(Nelson Urdaneta)

Vice President,

Corporate Controller and

Chief Accounting Officer

February 9, 2018

/s/    IRENE B. ROSENFELD        

Chairman of the Board of Directors

February 9, 2018
(Irene B. Rosenfeld)  
/s/    LUCA ZARAMELLA
Executive Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer
February 7, 2020

(Luca Zaramella)

/s/    NELSON URDANETA
Senior Vice President,
Corporate Controller and
Chief Accounting Officer
February 7, 2020
(Nelson Urdaneta)
/s/    LEWIS W.K. BOOTH

(Lewis W.K. Booth)

  

Director

 February 9, 20187, 2020
(Lewis W.K. Booth)

/s/    CHARLES E. BUNCH

(Charles E. Bunch)

  

Director

 February 9, 20187, 2020
(Charles E. Bunch)

/s/    DEBRA A. CREW

DirectorFebruary 7, 2020
(Debra A. Crew)
/s/    LOIS D. JULIBER

(Lois D. Juliber)

  

Director

 February 9, 20187, 2020
(Lois D. Juliber)

/s/    MARK D. KETCHUM

(Mark D. Ketchum)

  

Director

 February 9, 20187, 2020
(Mark D. Ketchum)

/s/    PETER W. MAY

DirectorFebruary 7, 2020
(Peter W. May)
/s/    JORGE S. MESQUITA

(Jorge S. Mesquita)

  

Director

 February 9, 20187, 2020
(Jorge S. Mesquita)

/s/    JOSEPH NEUBAUER

(Joseph Neubauer)

  

Director

 February 9, 20187, 2020

/s/    NELSON PELTZ        

(Nelson Peltz)

Joseph Neubauer)
 

Director

February 9, 2018

/s/    FREDRIC G. REYNOLDS

(Fredric G. Reynolds)

  

Director

 February 9, 20187, 2020
(Fredric G. Reynolds)

/s/    CHRISTIANA S. SHI

(Christiana S. Shi)

  

Director

 February 9, 20187, 2020
(Christiana S. Shi)

/s/    PATRICK T. SIEWERT

(Patrick T. Siewert)

  

Director

 February 9, 20187, 2020
(Patrick T. Siewert)

/s/  JEAN-FRANÇOIS M. L. VAN BOXMEER

DirectorFebruary 7, 2020
(Jean-François M. L. van Boxmeer)

 

Director

 February 9, 2018



Mondelēz International, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 20162019, 2018 and 2015

2017

(in millions)

                                                                                          

Col. A

  Col. B   Col. C   Col. D   Col. E 
       Additions         
   Balance at   Charged to   Charged to       Balance at 
   Beginning   Costs and   Other       End of 

Description

  of Period   Expenses   Accounts   Deductions   Period 
           (a)   (b)     

2017:

          

Allowance for trade receivables

  $58   $21   $(8  $21   $50 

Allowance for other current receivables

   93    6    6    7    98 

Allowance for long-term receivables

   20    (1   3    1    21 

Allowance for deferred taxes

   310    549    25    31    853 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
  $481   $575   $26   $60   $1,022 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

2016:

          

Allowance for trade receivables

  $54   $18   $(1  $13   $58 

Allowance for other current receivables

   109    (2   (13   1    93 

Allowance for long-term receivables

   16    1    3        20 

Allowance for deferred taxes

   303    67    (28   32    310 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
  $482   $84   $(39  $46   $481 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

2015:

          

Allowance for trade receivables

  $66   $14   $(11  $15   $54 

Allowance for other current receivables

   91    12    7    1    109 

Allowance for long-term receivables

   14    5    (3       16 

Allowance for deferred taxes

   345    46    (35   53    303 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
  $516   $77   $(42  $69   $482 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Col. A Col. B Col. C Col. D Col. E
    Additions    
Description Balance at Beginning of Period Charged to Costs and Expenses Charged to Other Accounts Deductions Balance at End of Period
      (a) (b)  
2019:          
Allowance for trade receivables $40
 $2
 $(4) $3
 $35
Allowance for other current receivables 47
 (1) 1
 3
 44
Allowance for long-term receivables 24
 
 
 10
 14
Allowance for deferred taxes 1,153
 349
 1
 260
 1,243
  $1,264
 $350
 $(2) $276
 $1,336
2018:          
Allowance for trade receivables $50
 $3
 $(6) $7
 $40
Allowance for other current receivables 98
 (10) (24) 17
 47
Allowance for long-term receivables 21
 
 3
 
 24
Allowance for deferred taxes 853
 409
 4
 113
 1,153
  $1,022
 $402
 $(23) $137
 $1,264
2017:          
Allowance for trade receivables $58
 $21
 $(8) $21
 $50
Allowance for other current receivables 93
 6
 6
 7
 98
Allowance for long-term receivables 20
 (1) 3
 1
 21
Allowance for deferred taxes 310
 549
 25
 31
 853
  $481
 $575
 $26
 $60
 $1,022

Notes:

(a)Primarily related to divestitures, acquisitions and currency translation.
(b)Represents charges for which allowances were created.



S-1