UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20192022

or

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______________ to ________________

Commission File Number: 000-56004

ONDAS HOLDINGS INC.

(Exact name of Registrantregistrant as specified in its charter)

411 Waverley Oaks Road, Suite 114, Waltham, MA 02452

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number (888) 350-9994

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act:Common Stock, $0.0001 par value None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,”company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 28, 201930, 2022 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was approximately $186,585,000.$187,729,280. For purposes of this computation, all officers, directors, and 10% beneficial owners of the registrant are deemed to be affiliates. Such determination should not be deemed to be an admission that such officers, directors, or 10% beneficial owners are, in fact, affiliates of the registrant.

AsThe number of shares outstanding of the issuer’s common stock as of March 13, 2020, the registrant had 59,268,085 outstanding shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value.10, 2023 was 49,062,030.

ONDAS HOLDINGS INC.

INDEX TO ANNUAL REPORT ON FORMCAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

From time to time we make statements concerning our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events or performance and underlying assumptions and other statements that are not historical facts. These statements are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by these statements. Forward-looking statements may appear throughout this report, including without limitation, the following sections: Item 1 “Business,” Item 1A “Risk Factors,” and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. “Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “predicts,” “projects,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely result,” and similar expressions. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause our actual results to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include those discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and in particular, the risks discussed under the caption “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and those discussed in other documents we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019

We caution you that assumptions, beliefs, expectations, intentions, and projections about future events may and often do vary materially from actual results. Therefore, we cannot assure you that actual results will not differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. A summary of some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements, including forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, is provided below under “Risk Factor Summary.” These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, investments, or other strategic transactions we may make. You should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements.

Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of the particular statement, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by law.

TableRisk Factor Summary

Our business is subject to a number of Contentsrisks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of these principal risks include the following:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

iRisks Related to Regulatory Requirements

Risks Related to our Intellectual Property

Risks Related to our Financial Results

Risks Related to the Airobotics Transaction 

Risks Related to our Common Stock

PART I

Item 1. Business.

Corporate Overview of Ondas Holdings Inc.

Ondas Holdings Inc. (the “Company”) was originally incorporatedThis business description should be read in Nevada on December 22, 2014 under the name of Zev Ventures Incorporated. On September 28, 2018, we consummated a reverse acquisition transaction to acquire a privately-held company, Ondas Networks Inc.,conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and changed our name from “Zev Ventures Incorporated” to “Ondas Holdings Inc.” As a result, Ondas Networks Inc. (“Ondas Networks”) became our wholly owned subsidiary. We refer toaccompanying notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this transaction as the “Acquisition.” In connection with the closing of the Acquisition, we discontinued the prior business of Zev Ventures as a reseller of sporting and concert tickets and our sole business became that of Ondas Networks.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Formfor the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “Form 10-K”) reports our business and financial results on a consolidated basis and therefore, the, which are incorporated herein by this reference.

The use of the words “we,” “our,” the “Company” and “Ondas Holdings” meansin this Form 10-K refer to Ondas Holdings Inc. and its subsidiaries. Where necessary for clarification purposes,

Corporate Overview

Ondas Holdings Ondas Networks or Zev Ventures may be used independently.

Corporate OverviewInc. is a leading provider of private wireless, drone, and automated data solutions through its wholly owned subsidiaries Ondas Networks Inc. (“Ondas Networks”), American Robotics, Inc. (“American Robotics” or “AR”) and Airobotics, Ltd. (“Airobotics”).

Ondas Holdings acquired American Robotics, a leading developer of highly automated commercial drone systems on August 5, 2021.

Ondas Holdings acquired Airobotics, an Israeli-based developer of autonomous drone systems on January 23, 2023.

American Robotics and Airobotics are operated together, under a separate business unit called Ondas Autonomous Systems. Ondas Networks was originally incorporatedand Ondas Autonomous Systems together provide users in Delaware on February 16, 2006 under the name of Full Spectrum Inc. On August 10, 2018, the name was changed torail, energy, mining, agriculture, public safety and critical infrastructure and government markets with improved connectivity, data collection capabilities, and data collection and information processing capabilities. We operate Ondas Networks Inc.

and Ondas Networks’ wireless networking products are applicable to a wide rangeAutonomous Systems as separate business segments. See Note 1 and Note 2 of mission critical operations that require secure communications over large geographic areas. We providethe accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our segments.

Ondas Networks

Ondas Networks provides wireless connectivity solutions enabling mission-critical Industrial Internet applications and services. We refer to these applications as the Mission-Critical Internet of Things (MC-IoT)(“MC-IoT”). Our wireless networking products are applicable to a wide range of MC-IoT applications, which are most often located at the very edge of large industrial networks. These applications require secure, real-time connectivity with the ability to process large amounts of data at the edge of large industrial networks. Such applications are required in all of the major critical infrastructure markets, including rail, electric grids, drones, oil and gas, and public safety, homeland security and government, where secure, reliable and fast operational decisions are required in order to improve efficiency and ensure a high degree of safety and security.

We design, develop, manufacture, sell and support FullMAX, our multi-patented, state-of-the-art, point-to-multipoint,patented, Software Defined Radio (SDR)(“SDR”) platform for secure, licensed, private, wide-area broadband networks. Our customers install FullMAX systems in order to upgrade and expand their legacy wide-area network infrastructure. Our MC-IoT intellectual property has been adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (“IEEE”), the leading worldwide standards body in data networking protocols, and forms the core of the IEEE 802.16s standard. Because standards-based communications solutions are preferred by our mission-critical customers and ecosystem partners, we have taken a leadership position in IEEE as it relates to wireless networking for industrial markets. As such, management believes this standards-based approach supports the adoption of our technology across a burgeoning ecosystem of global partners and end markets.

Our software-based FullMAX platform is an important and timely upgrade solution for privately-owned and operated wireless wide-area networks, leveraging Internet Protocol-based communications to provide more reliability and data capacity for our mission-critical infrastructure customers. We believe industrial and critical infrastructure markets throughout the globe have reached an inflection point where legacy serial and analog based protocols and network transport systems no longer meet industry needs. In addition to offering enhanced data throughput, FullMAX is an intelligent networking platform enabling the adoption of sophisticated operating systems and equipment supporting next-generation MC-IoT applications over wide field areas. These new MC-IoT applications and related equipment require more processing power at the edge of large industrial networks and the efficient utilization of network capacity and scarce bandwidth resources which can be supported by the “Fog-computing” capability integrated in our end-to-end network platform. Fog-computing utilizes management software to enable edge compute processing and data and application prioritization in the field enabling our customers more reliable, real-time operating control of these new, intelligent MC-IoT equipment and applications at the edge.

Ondas Autonomous Systems

Our Ondas Autonomous Systems business unit designs, develops, and markets commercial drone solutions via the Optimus System™ and Scout System™ (the “Autonomous Drone Platforms”).

The Autonomous Drone Platforms are highly automated, AI-powered drone systems capable of continuous, remote operation and are marketed as “drone-in-a-box” turnkey data solution services. They are deployed for critical industrial and government applications where data and information collection and processing are required. These use cases include public safety, security and smart city deployments where routine, high-resolution automated emergency response, mapping, surveying, and inspection services are highly valued, in addition to industrial markets such as oil & gas, rail and ports which emphasize security and inspection solutions. The Autonomous Drone Platforms are typically provided to customers under a Data-as-a-Service (DaaS) business model, while some customers will choose to purchase FullMAXand own and operate an Optimus Systems™.

American Robotics and Airobotics have industry leading regulatory successes which include having the first drone system solutionsapproved by the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) for automated operation beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) without a human operator on-site.

In addition to deploy wide-area intelligent networks (WANs)the Autonomous Drone Platforms, we also offer a counter-drone system called the Raider™. The Raider was developed by Iron Drone and is deployed by government and enterprise customers to provide security and protect critical infrastructure, assets and people from the threat of hostile drones. Ondas Holdings acquired Iron Drone on March 6, 2023.

Autonomous Drone Platforms

We design, develop and manufacture autonomous drone systems, providing high-fidelity, ultra-high-resolution aerial data to enterprise and government customers. We currently prioritize the marketing of our Optimus System™ which provides customers with a turnkey data and information solution and the ability to continuously digitize, analyze, and monitor their assets and field operations in real-time or near real-time. We believe the market opportunity for smart grids, smart pipes, smart fieldsour Scout System™ remains significant. As we drive market adoption with the Optimus platform, we anticipate re-introducing the Scout platform including newly enhanced versions to help segment the market for different use cases and price points.

The Optimus System™ has been designed from the ground up as an end-to-end product capable of continuous unattended operations in the real world. Powered by innovations in robotics automation, machine vision, edge computing, and AI. Once installed in the field at customer locations, a fleet of connected Optimus Systems™, which are often deployed as networked drone infrastructure, which we refer to as Urban Drone Infrastructure, remains indefinitely positioned in an area of operation, automatically collecting and seamlessly delivering data and information regularly and reliably.

We market the Optimus System™ under a DaaS business model, whereby our drone platform aggregates customer data and provides the data analytics meeting customer requirements in return for an annual subscription fee. Some customers purchase Optimus Systems™ to own and operate themselves. We also engage distributors to assist in the sales and marketing of our Optimus System™ in geographic markets where its more cost effective to identify and service potential customers by engaging local third parties. These distribution agreements can include joint ventures, where Ondas Autonomous Systems will provide technical expertise to support the joint venture partner in the provision of aerial data services to customers.

The Optimus System™ consists of (i) Optimus™, a highly automated, AI-powered drone with advanced imaging payloads, (ii) the Airbase™, a ruggedized weatherproof base station for housing, battery swapping, battery charging, payload swapping, data processing, and cloud transfer, and (iii) Insightful™, a secure web portal and API which enables remote interaction with the system, data, and resulting analytics anywhere in the world. These major subsystems are connected via a host of supporting technologies. Airbase™ has internal robotic systems that enable the automated swapping of batteries and payloads. Automated battery swapping allows for 24/7 operation of Optimus as the Optimus drone can immediately be redeployed after returning to the dock for a battery swap. Similarly, the ability to autonomously swap sensors and advanced payloads without human intervention allows for the Optimus System™ to provide multiple applications and use cases from a single location.

American Robotics and Airobotics have industry leading regulatory successes which include having the first drone system approved by the FAA for automated operation BVLOS without a human operator or visual observer on-site. American Robotics’ FAA approvals were enabled by integrating a suite of proprietary technologies, including Detect-and-Avoid (“DAA”) and other missionproprietary intelligent safety systems into its autonomous drone platform, which we plan to integrate into the Optimus System™. Airobotics is in the advanced stages of receiving approval for Type Certification (“TC”) from the FAA for the Optimus UAV. TC approval will enable expanded operation for the Optimus System™ in the United States including flight operations in populated areas.

The Raider™

The Raider™ is a counter-drone system, which was designed and developed by Iron Drone, that we are marketing to government and enterprise customers who can utilize the system for security and the protection of critical networksinfrastructure, assets and people from the threat of hostile drones. A typical Raider™ deployment location would include sensitive locations such as borders, stadiums or schools, or near critical assets such as power plants and military bases, and for high profile locations such as amusement parks or where public events are held.

The Raider™ is designed to detect, track and intercept unauthorized, or hostile unmanned aircraft and is most often sold with three small UAVs that need internetare housed in a docking station. The Raider UAV has live video capability and a payload containing a net that can be deployed to intercept a hostile drone. Upon detection of an unauthorized drone, one or more Raider™ UAVs can be autonomously deployed at high speeds to track the unauthorized aircraft. If the unauthorized aircraft is deemed hostile, the Raider™ UAV can deploy the netting to physically intercept the aircraft. A parachute integrated with the netting allows the intercepted drone to safely fall to the ground for collection by our customer.

Partnership with Siemens

In April 2020, Ondas Networks entered into a strategic partnership with Siemens Mobility (“Siemens”), a worldwide leader in seamless, sustainable, reliable and secure transportation solutions for more than 160 years, to both market our FullMAX-based networking technology and services and to jointly develop wireless communications products for the North American Rail Industry based on Siemens’ Advanced Train Control System (“ATCS”) protocol connectivity. and our FullMAX MC-IoT platform.

We believe Siemens has both the sales and marketing reach and support to drive our technology to wide scale acceptance across the global rail market beginning with the North American Class I Railroad market. In the third quarter of 2021 we completed the development of our first jointly-developed product with Siemens – the dual-mode ATCS/MC-IoT radio systems. Siemens is now marketing and selling these proprietary systems under the brand name Airlink to our railroad customers. The dual-mode ATCS radio systems support Siemens’ extensive installed base of ATCS radios as well as offer Siemens’ customers the ability to support a host of new advanced rail applications utilizing our MC-IoT wireless system. These new applications, including Advanced Grade Crossing Activation and Monitoring, Wayside Inspection, Railcar Monitoring and next generation signaling and train control systems, are designed to increase railroad productivity, reduce costs and improve safety. In addition, Siemens markets and sells Ondas Networks’ standalone MC-IoT 802.16 products under the Siemens Airlink brand.

Our relationship with Siemens has expanded significantly since entering into the partnership both with (i) the wider marketing of our wireless technology platform and (ii) multiple additional joint-product programs. Siemens has expanded its marketing reach of Ondas Networks products with identified opportunities in North American Transit Rail as well as in European and Asian Rail markets. We believe our technology has broad potential in these large, newly targeted markets.

In November 2021, Siemens secured its first commercial 900 MHz rail order for a major Class I Railroad in the United States which was delivered in December 2021. In August 2022, we announced that we had secured an initial volume order from Siemens for the Class I Rail 900 MHz Network consisting of both ATCS compatible products along with Ondas’ catalog products. In September 2022, we received government authorization to sell ATCS radios in Canada.

Our Strategy

Our goal is to be a global leader in providing turnkey data solutions for industrial, public safety and government markets by offering i) secure wireless connectivity solutions enabling high-bandwidth, mission-critical Industrial Internet applications and services through Ondas Networks and ii) automated commercial drone services through Ondas Autonomous Systems.

The acquisition of Airobotics was a transformative event for Ondas. Our strategy will emphasize realizing the financial and strategic benefits of combining American Robotics and Airobotics under the Ondas Autonomous Systems business unit. We believe this combination will allow us to accelerate revenue generation and allow us to operate more cost efficiently. The revenue benefits come via expanded global sales and marketing which is significantly enhanced by introducing the Optimus System™ to the US market via our American Robotics customer and field operations staff. Cost efficiencies can be realized via these global sales efforts, elimination of redundant R&D efforts, and through the integration of our product development and engineering teams focused on a single product roadmap. 

The key elements of our growth strategy include the following: 

Our Business Model

Ondas Networks

We sell our FullMAX MC-IoT wireless products and services globally through a direct sales force and value-added sales partners to industrial and critical infrastructure providers including major rail operators, commercial and industrial drone operators, electric and gas utilities, water and wastewater utilities, oil and gas producers and pipeline operators, and for other critical infrastructure applications in areas such as public safety, homeland security and defense, and transportation. We continue to develop our value-added reseller relationships which today include a strategic partnership with Siemens for the development of new types of wireless connectivity for the North American Rail market as well as selected global markets in both Europe and Asia. We believe our Siemens’ partnership is indicative of the potential for additional Tier 1 partnerships in our other vertical markets including securing reseller relationships with major suppliers to the worldwide government and homeland security markets. To that end, in 2022, we expanded our relationship with Israel Aerospace Industries’ (IAI) Elta division to deliver wireless solutions for the Integrated Coastal Surveillance markets in the Caribbean and India.

In addition,executing our go-to-market strategy, we intend to monetize our software-based intellectual property and grow revenue and cash flow with embedded FullMAX software sales, Software-as-a-Service (“SaaS”) arrangements, IP royalties based on Ondas Networks software and through additional services provided to customers and ecosystem partners. Customers deploy our connectivity and Fog-computing platform in private networks that are designed for lifetimes of 10 – 15 years or even longer. Our FullMAX platform is software-defined and offers customers flexibility to expand capacity and evolve network utilization. Similarly, our ecosystem partners often integrate our FullMAX platformsoftware and wireless capability into their own long-lived equipment and systems which their customers purchase and deploy. As such, we believe our software solutions provide ongoing revenue opportunities related to both connectivity value and edge computing capability. Customers and ecosystem partners will beginrequire ongoing FullMAX system and security enhancements and for us to bedesign additional features which create opportunities for additional, recurring revenue and profit streams. Our monetization strategies include:

Systems sales: Our FullMAX deployments are typically large, mission-critical wide-area networks deployed and privately operated by our industrial and government customers. These end-to-end system deployments involve sales consisting of both base stations and edge radio end points with embedded FullMAX software and network management software and tools.

Software and hardware maintenance agreements: Our customers contract with us for extended software and hardware maintenance which provide them with critical ongoing support for their installed network. These SaaS contracts provide revenue to us in the second quarteryear following an initial installation. Software maintenance licenses entitle the customer to ongoing software and security upgrades as well as enabling the provision of 2020additional system features. Similarly, hardware maintenance programs provide customers extended equipment warranty terms for an installed network. These SaaS maintenance arrangements allow our customers to continue to maintain a modern, flexible and upgradeable network over a long period of time. These agreements may extend for multiple years given the long average life of the installed and growing network.

Licensing / Royalties: In certain system deployments, our ecosystem partners will choose to embed FullMAX software into their own hardware and software platforms providing us with an ongoing per device multi-year revenue stream. Licensing is an effective way for an ecosystem partner to jumpstart customer activity. Alternatively, a partner may choose to develop software based on our intellectual property generating royalty revenue.

Other Services: We provide commandancillary services directly related to the sale of our wireless communications products which include wireless network design, systems engineering, radio frequency planning, software configuration, product training, installation, and control connectivity solutionsonsite support. Furthermore, we also provide engineering and product development services to ecosystem partners who are interested in integrating their intelligent equipment with our FullMAX SDR platform and need our expertise to do so.

Ondas Autonomous Systems

Ondas Autonomous Systems markets its Optimus System™ drone platform via a direct sales force to enterprise and government customers. We focus on identifying and qualifying large, sophisticated customers with active drone programs who have the ability and intent to expand those programs and eventually deploy fleets of automated drones across their portfolio of assets. After initial customer qualification, contracting and the receipt of a purchase order, we ship and install the Optimus System™ on the customer premises. Our field service personnel remain on location for dronesa short period of time to ensure the programmed automated drone operations are meeting customer requirements.

Our Optimus System™ and unmanned aerial systems (UAS)the services provided via the autonomous drone platform can typically be acquired by customers under several arrangements ranging from Data-as-a-Service (“DaaS”) agreements to a full, outright sale of an Optimus System™.

TARGET INDUSTRIES AND APPLICATIONS

Airobotics is in the advanced stages of receiving approval for Type Certification (“TC”) from the FAA for the Optimus UAV. TC approval will enable expanded operation for the Optimus System™ in the United States including flight operations in populated areas. The significance of TC approval was highlighted by the FAA decision in April 21, 2021, to amend Part 107 rules which defined new conditions for Drone flights above people and enables night flight. The new regulations define four categories of Drones and clarify that small UAS (“sUAS”) such as the Optimus drone which are below a certain weight will be permitted to conduct flights above populated areas without receiving a specific certificate of Part 107 waiver for systems that have TC designations.

We also market The Raider™, the counter-drone system designed and developed by Iron Drone, a unit within Ondas Autonomous Systems. The Raider™ is targeted towards government and enterprise customers who can utilize the system for security and the protection of critical infrastructure, assets and people from the threat of hostile drones. The Raider™ was formally launched and available to customers in March 2022. We offer this product directly to customers and we intend to broaden the sales & marketing of the Raider™ with distribution through value-added resellers and partners in the future.

Our Products and Services

Ondas Networks

Ondas Networks has developed a next-generation radio platform specifically to meet the evolving data needs of large industrial and government customers and markets.  These markets are differentiated from consumer markets in that the customers assets are dispersed over very wide and remote geographies with specific challenges to installation, maintenance, and upgrades.  These challenges led us to design a new type of software-based radio platform capable of supporting a long useful life to the network hardware.  Instead of using low cost, off the shelf, dedicated communications chipsets (“ASICs”), we selected powerful programmable embedded general-purpose processors, DSPs, and FPGAs, all of which are software upgradable. Our software defined radio (“SDR”) architecture, with more than 12 years in development and supported by a team of over 50 software engineers, allows us to customize almost any aspect of the air interface protocol, the key components of which are patented and have been incorporated into new IEEE wireless standards. The ability to constantly improve customer networks and hosted software applications with flexible, over-the-air software upgrade helps create customer loyalty and creates high switching costs.

Our FullMAX SDR platform is designed to enable highly secure and reliable industrial-grade connectivity for truly mission-critical applications. An end-to-end FullMAX network consists of connected wireless base stations, fixed and mobile edge radios and supporting technology all enabled by critical software developed and owned by Ondas Networks. The Fog-computing capability integrated in our end-to-end FullMAX SDR platform is valued by our customers and ecosystem partners as they seek to leverage the value of MC-IoT applications for improved safety, efficiency, and profitability. Our IEEE 802.16s compliant equipment is designed to optimize the performance of unused or underutilized low frequency licensed radio spectrum and narrower channels. We do this through various patented software algorithms including via “spectrum harvesting” techniques which aggregate narrowband channels to create increased broadband network capacity. Our channel aggregation algorithms include the ability to aggregate hard to utilize, non-contiguous narrowband channels and are a hallmark feature of a FullMAX broadband system.

The critical software algorithms powering our end-to-end FullMAX wireless SDR platform and related Fog-computing architecture have been developed by and are owned by Ondas Networks. FullMAX is an intelligent networking system which integrates core network management systems with edge computing resources including computing hardware and MC-IoT software applications. In the MC-IoT Fog enabled by FullMAX, base stations are enabled with a highly configurable Quality of Service algorithms which coordinate the data traffic within the Fog for both the edge radio and the resident MC-IoT applications. The intelligent base stations control and manage all network resources including our edge remotes; dynamically allocating bandwidth, prioritizing data packets and managing edge applications. The intelligent software-managed base stations determine whether to process data at the edge, distribute data traffic across the Fog to other edge remote radios or to transport information to the corporate Cloud. Our Edge remotes have embedded compute capability and are able to host MC-IoT applications including those from third party vendors via virtualized software systems managed in docker / container architectures and can also manage data from intelligent equipment or sensor networks that interface with the edge remotes in the field. Our software-managed edge remotes offer security via authentication, multi-layer encryption and virtual software firewalls which are requirements for mission-critical data networks.

We are dedicated to promoting standards-based wireless connectivity solutions for our customers. Our FullMAX platform is compliant with the mission critical wireless Industrial Internet IEEE 802.16s. The specifications in the IEEE 802.16s standard are primarily based on our FullMAX technology, and many of our customers and industrial partners actively supported our technology during the IEEE standards-making process. In January 2020, a new working group was launched by the IEEE to establish IEEE 802.16t, a further evolution of this wireless standard. The IEEE 802.16t working group includes industry-leading trade organizations such as the Association of American Railroads (“AAR”), MxV Rail (“MxV Rail”), the Utilities Technology Council (UTC) and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), as well as representation from world-leading transportation and oil and gas companies. We expect our technology to remain a prominent feature of this evolving standard.

Ondas Autonomous Systems

We believe thatprovide our customers with turnkey data and information solutions designed to meet their unique requirements in the published standardfield. We do this via our internally developed Optimus System™, a highly automated commercial drone platform which provides customers with the ability to continuously digitize, analyze, and monitor their assets and field operations in real-time or near real-time.

The Optimus System™ has been instrumentaldesigned from the ground up as an end-to-end product capable of continuous unattended operations in broadening the appealreal world. The Optimus System™ consists of (i) Optimus™, a highly automated, AI-powered drone with advanced imaging payloads (ii) the Airbase^TM, a ruggedized weatherproof base station for housing, data processing, and cloud transfer, and (iii) Insightful^TM, a secure web portal and API which enables remote interaction with the system, data, and resulting analytics anywhere in the world. These major subsystems are connected via a host of supporting technologies. Using advanced robotic techniques, the Airbase^TM has functionality that enables the automated swapping of batteries and payloads. Automated battery swapping allows for 24/7 operation of Optimus™ as the Optimus drone can immediately be redeployed after returning to the dock for a battery swap. Similarly, the ability to autonomously swap sensors and advanced payloads without human intervention allows for the Optimus System™ to provide multiple applications and use cases from a single location.

When deployed in smart city applications, the Optimus System™ is designed to operate as a network of smart drones linked to an urban control center and will function as a municipal infrastructure providing a variety of automated data solutions. The primary function of the deployed Urban Drone Infrastructure is to shorten response times of security and rescue forces to emergency situations, supporting law enforcement and homeland security activities, and streamlining diverse services provided by the municipality for the public’s benefit. The Company is also examining drone parcel delivery and other smart city applications to be provided by the infrastructure.

In these deployments, customers establish permanent infrastructure which rely on fleets of automated drones that do not require on the ground human intervention to operate. The drones are able to operate as a task force that can simultaneously collect and provide critical information for a variety of customer requirements. The Airobotics drone infrastructure is specifically designed for urban environments and strategic facilities that require immediate security, monitoring and emergency response. Each system within the infrastructure framework includes a smart Airbase enabling automated battery changes enabling 24/7 operations, along with the automated loading and installation of sensors appropriate for each specified mission. Each system covers a perimeter up to 80 square kilometers surrounding an Airbase. Drone flights can be tasked to carry specific sensors, enabling every drone in the system to execute diverse tasks. The drones can be activated for complex longer-term operations. Flights are overseen by remote operators in a command-and-control center.

In certain geographic markets we will partner with a distributor to support the marketing and provision of aerial data services provided by an Optimus System™. These distributors typically have unique local knowledge and can more cost effectively target customers for Urban Drone Infrastructure deployment. In some instances, we will form joint ventures with distributors to provide aerial data services to government and enterprise customers. These joint ventures typically include agreements to purchase Optimus Systems™ and are arranged so that Ondas Autonomous Systems and our partner can share in the revenue and profitability in the provision of aerial data services.

The Raider™ is a counter-drone system, which was designed and developed by Iron Drone, that we are marketing to government and enterprise customers who can utilize the system for security and the protection of critical infrastructure, assets and people from the threat of hostile drones. A typical Raider™ deployment location would include sensitive locations such as borders, stadiums or schools, or near critical assets such as power plants and military bases, and for high profile locations such as amusement parks or where public events are held.

The Raider™ is designed to detect, track and intercept unauthorized, or hostile unmanned aircraft and is most often sold with three small UAVs that are housed in a docking station. The Raider UAV has live video capability and a payload containing a net that can be deployed to intercept a hostile drone. Upon detection of an unauthorized drone, one or more Raider™ UAVs can be autonomously deployed at high speeds to track the unauthorized aircraft. If the unauthorized aircraft is deemed hostile, the Raider™ UAV can deploy the netting to physically intercept the aircraft. A parachute integrated with the netting allows the intercepted drone to safely fall to the ground for collection by our customer.

The Market for Our Products and Services

We have targeted the North American freight rail operators for the initial adoption of our FullMAX platform. These rail operators currently operate legacy communications systems utilizing serial-based narrowband wireless technologies for voice and data communications. These legacy wireless networks have limited data capacity and are unable to support the adoption of new, intelligent train control and management systems. In addition to data capacity challenges, rail operators need to reliably cover the vast and often remotely located rail track and related infrastructure which extends nationwide. The rail operators require a next-generation, robust broadband system with significantly increased data throughput capacity and flexibility to adopt new applications. We believe a transition to integrated Fog-computing wireless communications systems will enable the rail operators to drive more intelligence to the edge of their operating environments enabling real time automation and better operator control of many critical operating systems related to train control, crossing safety, train and track integrity and drone operations. This upgrade cycle is being driven by a recent key event which occurred in August 2020 in which the Class 1 rail systems in the U.S. were awarded new nationwide “greenfield” wideband radio spectrum by the Federal Communications Committee (“FCC”). As part of the award, the rail operators are required by 2025, to vacate a series of legacy narrowband channels. The completion of this multiyear negotiation between the FCC and other licensed users is projected to generate a major network upgrade cycle for the rail industry which will support enhanced safety and improved efficiency and profitability of train operations.

The North American Rail Network is vast in scale, consisting of 140,000 miles of track, 25,000 locomotives, and 1.6 million railcars. Within this large footprint, we believe there are 200,000 highway crossings, with at least 65,000 of the crossings equipped with electronic systems today, a number which is expected to increase in the coming years. The Class I railroads currently operate four separate private wireless networks in support of train operations. Those networks are deployed using spectrum in the 160 MHz, 220 MHz, 450 MHz and 900 MHz bands. We believe a significant portion of the communications infrastructure has been in operation for more than 20 years and now requires a technological upgrade to support new applications and increased capacity requirements. Our FullMAX MC-IoT platform globally across alloffers an excellent migration path for these applications. The Class I Railroads value the ability of our frequency agnostic SDR architecture to enable a substantial data capacity increase utilizing the railroad’s existing wireless infrastructure and dedicated FCC licensed radio frequencies, as well as the flexibility to adapt to and take advantage of future changes in spectrum availability, as well as future business and operational requirements. Based upon management estimates, we believe the addressable market for the four private North American Railroad networks is approximately $1.3 billion. We believe the 900 MHz network will be the first network upgrade to adopt our FullMAX technology and we estimate that the market size for the 900 MHz network is approximately $450 million.

Additional Critical Markets 

We have launched additional initiatives to take our MC-IoT connectivity and ecosystem partnering strategy into other critical infrastructure markets. SinceIn June 2022, we announced the publishingfirst successful installation of IEEE 802.16sour technology into an Integrated Coastal Surveillance System (ICSS) in November 2017, there has beenthe Caribbean with a significant increase in interest from customers in end markets including oilglobal defense contractor. In the fourth quarter of 2022, we received and gas, water and wastewater, transportation and homeland security, as well asdelivered on a new ICSS order for the command and control of industrial drones.defense contractor to be deployed in India. We believe we are currently the only supplier able to offer IEEE 802.16s compliant systems and are actively working with customers and industry partners to help develop and support a multi-vendor MC-IoT industry ecosystem forexpect additional orders from this standard.

Our FullMAX system of wireless base stations, fixed and mobile remote radios and supporting technology is designed to enable highly secure and reliable industrial-grade connectivity for truly mission-critical applications. The target customers for our products operate in critical infrastructure sectors of the global economy. Private wireless networks are typically the preferred choice of these large industrial customers with business operations spanning large field areas. Private networks provide enhanced protection against cyber terrorism, as well as natural and man-made disasters, and the abilitydefense vendor for the operator to maintain and control their desired quality of service. Our IEEE 802.16s compliant equipment is designed to optimize performance of unused or underutilized low frequency licensed radio spectrum and narrower channels. A FullMAX wireless network is significantly less expensive to build compared to traditional LTE and 5G networks given its ability to optimize the performance of lower cost radio spectrums (non-traditional LTE and 5G bands) and provide much greater coverage. In many of our industrial end markets, the adoption of low-cost edge computing and increased penetration of “smart machinery” and sensors is driving demand for next-generation networks for IoT applications such as those powered by FullMAX.

Our FullMAX platform has been selected by a customer to be the connectivity backbone for the deployment of a nationwide wireless network for operators of UAS. This network will be designed to enable the command and control of industrial and commercial drones. The unique air interface protocol and narrow channel capability of FullMAX offers significant valueICSS application in the command and control function required to safely and economically operate many drones on a single network. Upon commercialization, we expect our FullMAX platform to be scalable to simultaneously manage hundreds of drones per tower site flying beyond visual line of site (BVLOS) missions throughout the U.S. airspace. We expect our FullMAX platform to be shipped and deployed by the UAS customer in the second quarter of 2020, providing coverage over the entire U.S. airspace from the high-powered, terrestrial base stations.

In addition to selling our FullMAX solutions for dedicated private wide area networks, we offer mission-critical wireless services to industrial customers and municipalities in the form of a Managed Private Network in select regions. In June 2019, we acquired 2 MHz of licensed spectrum in the 700 MHz band for the State of Alaska, the Gulf of Mexico and multiple counties bordering the Gulf. We are now offering mission-critical wireless connectivity and secured initial customers in these regions, which consist of 900,000 square miles of surface area. In addition, we have demonstration networks in the New York metropolitan area and in Northern California in association with a nationwide spectrum owner in the 200 MHz band. Collectively, these 200 MHz demonstration networks cover tens of thousands of square miles in some of the nation’s most strategic economic areas.

Target Customers

The target customers for our products operate in critical infrastructure sectors of the global economy. Private wireless networks are typically the preferred choice of these large industrial customers with business operations spanning large field areas. Private networks provide enhanced protection against cyber terrorism, as well as natural and man-made disasters, and the ability for the operator to maintain and control their desired quality of service. The existing public carrier networks based on LTE and 5G technology are designed for mobile consumer usage and are not architected for MC-IoT applications. Wi-Fi-based IoT offerings have similar shortcomings related to security, availability, and reliability, which are likewise unacceptable for mission-critical functions.

Our FullMAX technology offers a next-generation upgrade path for existing private networks currently managed by our industrial customers. These networks will typically be deployed on the existing tower and backhaul infrastructure owned by our customers thereby reducing incremental infrastructure costs. We offer much faster data throughput and more efficient radio frequency utilization relative to existing private networks that are based largely on legacy, proprietary technologies. We believe the IEEE 802.16s standard, and its next iteration as 802.16t, are important catalysts for the MC-IoT upgrade cycle as our critical infrastructure customers increasingly prefer standards-based technology. Standards-based solutions offer a deeper ecosystem of suppliers resulting in more price and service competition and lower costs. The standard is relevant for all critical infrastructure providers with operations covering large field areas making the market potential sizeable enough to attract a deep ecosystem of hardware and software solutions providers along with ancillary service organizations to support our customers.

2023. We believe our FullMAX powered WANs servetechnology’s licensed frequency flexibility, reliability, and long communications range over ocean surfaces, is broadening the scale of our technology in this emerging market for homeland security.

Ondas Autonomous Systems

The total addressable market (“TAM”) for commercial drone applications is also large – measuring over $100 billion in size, according to management estimates and independent third-party research. For the vast majority of commercial drone applications, full automation is required to make economic sense. The time and cost requirements of human pilots are too high endfor the demanding and monotonous routines that must be performed to extract value. Ondas Autonomous Systems’ drone platforms target the majority of “drone-in-a-box”-applicable commercial, public safety and defense markets.

Based upon management estimates, we believe the value chain as comparedmarket size for the Smart City applications for the Optimus System™ to mass-market, low-powered, narrowband solutions such as LoRa, Sigfox and NB-IoT technologies which are being offered by public carriers. Our customers require wide-area coverage with broadband speeds and low latency performance for operating environments managedbe over large field areas, which we can provide cost effectively.$15 billion.

Customer Activity

We launchedAccording to a business expansion planreport by GrandView Research published in 20182020, Counter-UAS markets are estimated to leverage our world-class, standards-based FullMAX platform and penetrate the large, fast-growing critical infrastructure end markets we target. We grew our dedicated sales resources to broaden our marketing efforts beyond the electric utility sector, which had historically been our primary end market. Since the second halfhave a market size of 2018, we have significantly increased customer engagementover $10 billion in the transportation, oil and gas, security and UAS end markets. We expect that our qualified customer pipeline will increase throughout 2020. size.

A potential customer is includedreport from PWC in our qualified pipeline after the potential customer expresses interest in our products and we have confirmed2016 stated that the potentialmarket size for the commercial drone sector was in excess of $125 billion. PWC segmented the commercial market into three primary categories, Industrial, Agricultural, and Defense. We estimate the collective TAM for the Optimus System™ and anticipated derivative products within these three target markets to be $114 billion. For each market, the core automation technology is similar, but the product is optimized for that set of use cases. Primary differences include payload as well as the user interface (“UI”) and user experience (“UX”) and analytics packages within Insightful™.

Customer Activity

Ondas Networks

The majority of Ondas Networks customer activity has an application for which our FullMAX platform would be well-suited.

We received and fulfilled purchase orders in 2019 for multiple pilot programsbeen with Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and CSX Corporation, two North Americanthe Class I1 freight railroad operators.operators and Siemens in North America. There are seven Class I freight railroad operatorsrailroads in North America, all of which run multiple, frequency-specific networks for different applications. Our FullMAX platform has the flexibility to operate in all of these frequency bands and will allow these customers the opportunity to better utilize their radio spectrum and add more high-value, data-intensive applications to their operations. Ondas Networks has completed multiple, ongoing testing and pilot programs with BNSF Railway and CSX Corporation, two North American Class I freight railroad operators in connection with the system validation performed on behalf of the Association of American Railroads’ (AAR) Wireless Communications Committee (WCC). Our initial field workfocus with these rail customers has been for applications related to train control applications and related safety systems in the 900 MHz frequency band.band where the FCC has recently awarded our railroad customers new radio spectrum.

In August 2022, we received our first commercial volume order for the 900 MHz network from Siemens. We also delivered a Rail Lab (the “dot16 Rail Lab”) to MxV Rail, a subsidiary of the AAR, in September 2022. The dot16 Rail Lab is hosting multiple Class 1 freight rail operators where they will perform on going network design and configuration related to optimizing the performance of our IEEE 802.16 complaint systems in connection with wide-scale field deployment. We expect the commercial rollout of the 900 MHz to accelerate with the Class 1 freight rail operators throughout 2023 with multiple rail customers providing purchase orders and deploying our software-defined network. We expect a 900 MHz network upgrade cycle across multipleall Class I railroadsrailroad systems over the next few years in order to comply with FCC license requirements and meet business needs related to safety and profitability.

As of December 31, 2022, Ondas Networks was active with six of the Class 1 Rails in North America and with one of the largest railroads in the world, Indian Railways, for a multi-year delivery program of locomotive radios for on-board telemetry applications. Also in 2022, we received our first order for 160 MHz radios, a bridge to the next major rail network in North America, which we believe will be upgraded to our FullMAXFullMAX™ platform.

Ondas Autonomous Systems

Our Optimus System™ addresses a wide number of applications and use cases across enterprise, industrial, and government end markets. The platform has significant potential to replace the legacy network equipment in this band.been extensively tested both internally and externally with customers for reliability, safety, and performance. We are also currently lab testing with railreceived purchase orders from two customers in the 160 MHz land mobile radio (LMR) network,UAE in December 2022, which is whererepresented our initial orders for commercial deployment as Urban Drone Infrastructure fleets. The initial purchase order was received for a UAE government entity with plans to primarily use the Class I railroads run their critical voicesystem for public safety and homeland security applications. Our activity with the freight railroads has led to similar network opportunities amongst Class II railroad operators. We expect additional purchase orders from Class I and Class II railroads in 2020.

We entered the UAS market in late 2019 when we receivedalso announced a purchase order for base stationsfrom Abu Dhabi-based SkyGo Transport of Goods L.L.C. (“SkyGo”). Airobotics and remote radios fromSkyGo have also signed a Term Sheet agreeing to enter into a joint venture (the “SkyGo JV”) to provide aerial drone services to municipal and government customers focused on Smart City use cases.

Customer interest in our aerial data services has grown significantly since receiving these initial fleet orders and that is reflected in a growing customer planningpipeline. The initial two customers have indicated plans to deploy a nationwide network forapproximately 50 systems in the commandUAE by 2025 and controlwe believe demand could grow further. In addition, moving customers from proof-of-concept deployments to Urban Drone Infrastructure fleet deployments has validated the performance and value of commercial drones. Ourour Optimus System™, which has helped both accelerate our marketing activity with existing customers and generated new customer intendsinterest to offer managed services for drone fleet management across this network. After this initial deployment, we will work closely withhelp expand the customer and ecosystem partners to fully commercialize an end-to-end system designed to develop an FAA-compliant UAS navigation system.pipeline. We expect additional purchase ordersinterest in 2020 for work relatedour Optimus System ™ to additional system engineeringgrow significantly as awareness builds which will expand our customer pipeline.

We expect to expand customer activity in the United States as American Robotics introduces Optimus to its existing customers and for equipment from end userexpands marketing to new customers.

We initiated field trials with large electric utility and In the United States, we are qualifying our oil and gas customers for marketing programs, and we plan to expand marketing to other industrial and government markets. 

We launched our Raider™ counter-drone system in 2019.March 2023 and began seeking customer orders at the same time. We have seen significant interest in the Raider™ For potential customers and partners and on March 10, 2023 we announced that the Dubai Police has signed an MOU which expressed their intent to purchase a certain number of units of the Raider™. We expect to expand pilot programs throughout 2020 so as to secure a significant reference customer in these important end markets. We continued to support customers in the security sector in 2019 through deployment of a network supporting a maritime border security installation on a Caribbean island for a leading Israeli defense electronics vendor. This security system installation, integrated with a FullMAX network, can be replicated by our customers for other projects globally. We expectreceive additional purchase orders from this, and other defense electronics vendors, in 2020.

In addition to selling our FullMAX solutions for dedicated private wide area networks, we intend to offer mission-critical wireless services to industrial customers and municipalities in the form of a Managed Private Network in select regions. In June 2019, we acquired 2 MHz of licensed spectrum in the 700 MHz band for the State of Alaska, the Gulf of Mexico and multiple counties bordering the Gulf. We are now offering mission-critical wireless connectivity and secured initial customers in these regions, which consist of 900,000 square miles of surface area. In Alaska, we established mission-critical wireless service covering Anchorage and Fairbanks North Star, Alaska’s two most populated boroughs with more than half the State’s approximate 740,000 population. We deployed system trials with Alaska Railroad Corporation in the Wasilla/Cottonwood region for mission-critical wayside connectivity, and in the Kenai Peninsula, Homer Electric Association successfully trialed our FullMAX system for SCADA connectivity to portions of the electric grid. In the Gulf of Mexico region, we established service and coverage in coastal counties including Cameron Parish in Louisiana, and Victoria, Calhoun and Jefferson Counties in Texas. Customers in Victoria and Calhoun Counties include Internet service provider TISD, Inc. In Jefferson County, we are planning trials with a Class I rail customer for wayside connectivity and other mission-critical applications. In Cameron Parish, we entered into a service agreement with Louisiana Radio Communications to provide wireless service to Lake Charles marine pilot boats in the Gulf of Mexico, which require real time tide and weather information to navigate vessels to port. We are currently negotiating to obtain additional tower assets along and in the Gulf of Mexico to establish mission-critical IoT services for fixed rig and mobile vessel connectivity.

We also operate demonstration networks in the New York metropolitan area and in Northern California in association with a nationwide spectrum owner in the 200 MHz band. We have deployed, with this spectrum owner, a FullMAX-powered network along the east coast covering the I-95 corridor reaching from eastern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey and the New York metropolitan network northward up to the Boston metropolitan area. Collectively, these networks cover tens of thousands of square miles in some of the nation’s most strategic economic areas. We are working with this spectrum owner and a partner to develop marketing and network expansion opportunities to provide mission-critical wireless service to customers in the 200 MHz band. When fully deployed and operational, this managed service will be priced on a monthly usage basis for customers.

We believe China offers us attractive long-term business potential. In December 2018, we established a China-based subsidiary located in Chengdu, to market our products in China by targeting critical infrastructure industries. We explored the establishment of supply chain management and manufacturing operations for both local customers and for export. We expected to secure lower component costs via the further development of our supply chain in Asia for high volume production and planned to develop internal capabilities for product assembly and testing. However, in the fourth quarter of 2019, we revised our business strategy and withdrew our direct marketing and manufacturing efforts in China after determining that our customers, in particular those customers operating in the U.S., including electric utility and rail sectors, strongly preferred that our products be manufactured outside of China. Consequently, we are in the process of dissolving our China-affiliated subsidiaries. We believe that we can still efficiently reach our target customers in China during 2020 through the use of value-added resellers and other business partners with established marketing and field support operations in China.

The Market for our Products

Our FullMAX system of base stations, fixed and mobile remote radios and supporting technology is designed to enable highly secure and reliable Industrial-grade connectivity for truly mission-critical applications. We offer a range of products with different options for narrowband and broadband applications. Our SDR platforms offer unmatched flexibility with respect to the radio frequencies in which they operate (ranging from 70 MHz to 6 GHz) and channel size configurations (ranging from 12.5 KHz to 10 MHz).

The global end markets for our MC-IoT solutions are established, large, and we believe, poised to grow rapidly given the key role connectivity will play in next generation IoT-type applications. Firms like Cisco Systems, Inc. and Gartner, Inc. forecast that there will be billions of connected IoT devices installed by year end 2020; many of them will be deployed for industrial applications. Dell’Oro Group, Inc. estimates that Wide Area IoT spending, including low power WAN deployments with which we compete, will reach $33.0 billion for carriers and infrastructure vendors by 2022, growing approximately 2.5xs from 2017. Ondas Networks is leveraging its industry expertise and FullMAX technology to develop an enhanced range of products to capitalize on this expanding opportunity with the goal of becoming the leading supplier of private cellular network products. In many of our industrial end markets, we believe the adoption of low-cost edge computing and increased penetration of “smart machinery” is driving demand for next-generation networks for IoT applications such as those powered by FullMAX.

According to research firm MarketsandMarkets, worldwide spending on communications by the electric utility sector should grow over 15% per year and is expected to reach $15.4 billion annually by 2021. This growth is being driven by distributed and renewable power generation projects and regulatory requirements for secure and reliable power generation and distribution as the industry deals with aging infrastructure. Market forecasts for oil and gas producers, water and wastewater utilities, homeland security, transportation and other critical infrastructure segments are similarly large. For example, MarketsandMarkets forecasts that spending on oilfield communications will reach $4.5 billion by 2022, which would represent an annual growth of 7.9% from today. In addition, the US Railroad sector is expected to spend over $10.0 billion in aggregate by 2020 to fully implement Positive Train Control (PTC) functions as required by federal regulations according to the American Association of Railroads.

Our innovative, standards-based FullMAX system offers UAS operators and users a high-performing, cost-effective solution for reliable command and control of drones. The end market opportunity for UAS network solutions is large and rapidly growing. According to analysts at Barclays Capital, the global drone market, including consumer, commercial and military drones, is forecast to exceed $100 billion by 2024, with commercial drone sales rising 10-fold from $4 billion to nearly $40 billion in 2019. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) raised its forecast in 2019 and now expects over 450,000 commercial drones flying in the U.S. by 2022, a four-fold increase from 2017. The command and control capability offered by our FullMAX platform will be a key enabler driving the growth of the UAS market. Industrial UAS applications offer significant value to our core critical infrastructure markets and the economy at large, which supports the growth outlook for this market. In addition to broad use by government agencies and agriculture markets, utilities, railroads, and oil and gas industries are actively evaluating, or are in the process of incorporating, the extensive use of drones into their business operations. These critical infrastructure sectors can realize substantial savings and improved reliability in operations from deploying drones to monitor and inspect their remote infrastructure and assets.

Our Products and Services

Our FullMAX Base Station and Remote radios are deployed by our customers to create wide-area wireless communication networks. A FullMAX network provides end-to-end IP connectivity, allowing critical infrastructure providers to extend their secure corporate networks into the far reaches of their service territories.

Our FullMAX SDR platform:

FullMAX radios can operate at high transmit power (up to 100 watts) at both the Base Station and Remote sites providing fixed and mobile data connectivity up to 30 miles from the tower site. This results in up to 2,800 square miles of coverage from a single FullMAX tower compared with the 28 square miles typically supported by other 4G technologies and three square miles by 5G technologies. This dramatically reduces the infrastructure cost of building and operating a private cellular network. For example, to cover a territory of over 10,000 square miles may require only four FullMAX towers compared with more than 350 typical 4G towers, depending on the topography of the region.

We also provide a variety of services associated with the sale of our FullMAX products including network design, RF planning, product training and spectrum consulting. We provide customers with technical support, extended hardware warranties, and software.

FullMAX Network Architecture

Our Growth Strategy

Our goal is to be a global leader in providing wireless connectivity solutions enabling mission-critical Industrial Internet applications and services. We intend to leverage our FullMAX technology and the IEEE 802.16s standard to achieve this goal. We plan to go “Deep and Wide” in the marketing of our connectivity solutions into global critical infrastructure end markets. Our strategy is to deeply penetrate our traditional end markets, including electric utilities while continuing the expansion of our distribution and support capabilities into new vertical end markets such as we have recently doneexpand marketing channels in the oil and gas, transportation, security, and UAS sectors.

The key elements of our growth strategy include the following:

2023.

Sales and Marketing

We generate sales leads and new customers through direct sales efforts, third party resellers, customer referrals, consultant referrals, trade show attendance, general marketing efforts and public relations.

After basic qualification of the prospect, the typical sales process starts with the customer supplying us with key information regarding their network assets including the location of their existing radio tower sites and the remote locations where they require data connectivity. We use this information to generate radio frequency coverage maps based on our FullMAX technology. This information is formatted into a proposal which is then reviewed with the customer to determine the suitability of our solution. The next step typically involves a customer paid onsite lab evaluation of our products during which the customer tests for basic functionality, security and application compatibility. This is typically followed by a live, real world outdoor test in which the customer purchases additional equipment to communicate with a representative number of utility infrastructure control points.

Following the successful evaluation of the FullMAX product in a pilot network, the customer may choose, or be required, to complete a Request for Proposal (RFP) or Request for Quotation (RFQ) process to address the requirements of their entire network. We have participated in many such processes and have developed an extensive library of material and processes for responding effectively and efficiently in a timely manner.

If we are selected, we typically enter into contract negotiations with the customer based on our standard terms and condition of sale, software licensing agreement and warranty policy. The customer then generates a purchase order and we commence fulfillment of the order. Many purchase orders allow for or require phased delivery of products over several months or years.

Many of our customers are conservative in their decision-making process. Sales cycles for new customers can vary from one to three years depending on the complexity of the customer’s network, whether the customer is subject to state regulations, and annual budget cycles. We believe that the sales cycle will shorten as we build our market presence with successful FullMAX deployments which will serve as reference customers and as the IEEE 802.16s multi-vendor ecosystem develops.

Manufacturing, Availability and Dependence upon Suppliers

We designOndas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems utilize outsourced manufacturing partners in the building of product to fulfill customer orders. Utilizing contract manufacturers allows us to focus on designing, developing and selling our products. Furthermore, outsourced manufacturing allows us to leverage the economies of scale and expertise of specialized outsourced manufacturers, reduce manufacturing and supply chain risk and distribution costs.

Ondas Networks designs the printed circuit boards and enclosures for our radios and maintainmaintains the bill of materials for all of the products we manufacturer. A Bill of Materials (BOM)(“BOM”) is a list of the raw materials, sub-assemblies, intermediate assemblies, sub-components, parts and the quantities of each needed to manufacture anthe end product. The physical manufacturing of FullMAX circuit boards is outsourced to best-in-class industrial contract manufacturers. The contract manufacturer is responsible for sourcing the majority of components in the BOM, assembling the components onto the printed circuit boards and then delivering the final boards to us. Once at our facility, the boards are tested, then placed into enclosures and programmed with the appropriate software. The radios are then configured according to the requirement of the network and run through system level tests before being packaged and shipped to the customer.

We have elected to outsource manufacturing in order to allow us to focus on designing, developing and selling our products. Furthermore, outsourced manufacturing allows us to leverage the economies of scale and expertise of specialized outsourced manufacturers, reduce manufacturing and supply chain risk and distribution costs. We maintain Ondas Networks maintains multiple contract manufacturers, both domestically and internationally, to ensure competitive pricing and to reduce the risk from a single manufacturer.

Customer Support

Ondas Autonomous Systems designs the Optimus System™ and specifies all components of the BOM including the raw materials, sub-assemblies, intermediate assemblies, sub-components, parts and the quantities of each needed to manufacture the end product. These assemblies incorporate a combination of custom-developed components and COTS components. The building of an Optimus System™ is outsourced to best-in-class contract manufacturers for fabrication and assembly. We supply our customers with installation manuals, user guidesutilize different contract manufacturers for the Optimus™ drone and system documentation as well as onsite training customized to their specific needs. We are also capable of supporting installation and commissioning services either internally or, for extensive projects, through subcontracted third-party specialists.

We provide remote supportAirbase™. Once complete, the contract manufacturers deliver the finished products to our customers including radio configuration assistance, hardwarefacility where software is loaded, and software troubleshooting, software updatessystem-level quality assurance is performed before being packaged and software enhancements. The original purchase price of all FullMAX radios includes a one-year hardware warranty and software maintenance plan. After one year, in ordershipped to continue their hardware warranty and software maintenance, the customer enters into an Annual Support Agreement with us, the cost of which is based on the total value of our products deployed — typically ranging from 10-15% of the current selling price.

Product Development

We retain a dedicated team of software and hardware engineers that are responsiblelocation for developing and maintaining various aspects of our FullMAX technology. The core technology is based on state-of-the-art digital signal processing (DSP) chipsets, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and general-purpose processors. In wireless nomenclature, this concept is referred to as software defined radio (SDR) technology.

We believe FullMAX is one of the most flexible SDRs for private WANs on the market today. It can be viewed in contrast to most other commercial wireless technologies (e.g. LTE, Wi-Fi, etc.) which are based on dedicated communications chipsets with very limited flexibility. We have purposely designed the technologyinstallation. Ondas Autonomous Systems works with a wide rangeselect group of flexibility given the currentcontract manufacturers and evolving requirementshas access to a large number of industrial field area data networks. Specifically, there is the need to accommodate legacy protocols that predate Internet Protocol (IP) and Ethernet while also supporting some of the most advanced protocols in the world including multiprotocol label switching (MPLS). Our flexible hardware and software radio architecture ensures we can support the entire range of protocols as our customers evolve their networks and applications.

Our SDR technology also provides our customers with unmatched flexibility with respect to radio spectrum frequency bands and channel sizes. Our FullMAX radios work in frequency bands ranging from 70 MHz to 6 GHz and in channel sizes from 12.5 kHz to 10 MHz. This flexibility allows our customers to repurpose their existing underutilized spectrum assets or access new licensed radio spectrum at a lower cost.

FullMAX radios have three major software components: (i) general embedded Linux-based software, (ii) DSP software, and (iii) FPGA software. FullMAX Base Stations and Remote radios have distinct software packages which combine these three components. Also, different computer software tools are used to develop the source code for each of the components. Hardware design and development is completed using standard computerized hardware design tools.

other comparable contract manufacturers. 

Our product design process begins with detailed requirements supplied from current and prospective customers. These inputs then flow into our development roadmap, which is divided into six, 12 and 36-month plans. A majority of our ongoing development is software related which includes the following development process: (i) requirements specification, (ii) high level design, (iii) detailed design, (iv) coding, (v) unit test, (vi) integration tests, (vii) lab verification tests, and (viii) outdoor deployment verification.

FullMAX is currently available on: (1) our Venus hardware platform with transmit power up to four watts; (2) our Jupiter hardware platform with enhanced processing power combined with two (2) four-watt power amplifiers; and (3) our Mars hardware platform with our highest transmit power radio up to 100 watts. The Jupiter and Mars platforms are targeted toward customer Base Station applications. The Venus platform is deployed in the field in both remote radio and Base Station applications.

Our new ruggedized outdoor platform, Neptune, is at an advanced stage of development and will be produced based on customer demand. Neptune has the same functionality as the Venus platform but is designed to be IP65 compliant for outdoor operation and to sustain extreme shock and vibration according to the U.S. military standard MIL STD-810.

Our FullMAX technology is currently a single-tier (Tier 1) point-to-multi-point broadband wireless system. Our FullMAX topology evolution includes the development of our Mercury product, a low-cost end point designed for licensed MC-IoT communication in either a first tier or second tier networks installation. The Venus platform is used as the concentrator of the second tier. In a two-tier topology, the Tier 2 system will be aggregated via a Tier 1 Remote Station. The Tier 2 network elements are now available for customer deployments.

Research & Development

Our ability to develop state-of-the-art and cost-effective solutions relative to our competitors can only be achieved through our continued research and development efforts. Our

Ondas Networks research and development activities are headed by Menashe Shahar, our Chief Technology Officer, based in our Sunnyvale, California headquarters. Mr. Shahar is a co-founder of the CompanyOndas Networks and has over 30 years of telecommunications system development experience, including the design and implementation of broadband wireless data systems for top tier system integrators and service providers including WorldCom, Nortel and ADC. Mr. Shahar has been awarded multiple patents in the data communications industry and has been an active participant in major wireless standardization activities including IEEE 802.16. In addition to internal research and development efforts, we also engage third party consultants to assist us in our research and development activities.

Ondas Autonomous Systems research and development activities are headed by Meir Kliner, President of Ondas Autonomous Systems and CEO and Founder of Airobotics who is based in Petah Tikva, Israel. Mr. Kliner has led the development of the Optimus System™ since 2014 and has expertise that represents a synthesis of years of managerial experience combined with command of drone product design. Mr. Kliner’s background includes key roles in developing diverse aerial systems, ranging from recreational to military applications and has founded several businesses, including Light and Strong, a premier manufacturer of composites for aerial platforms in the drone industry. Mr. Kliner is supported by a development team based in both Petah Tikva, Israel and Waltham, Massachusetts.

Ondas Holdings development activities are guided by Vijay Somandepalli, VP of Technical Strategy at Ondas Holdings and the Chief Technology Officer of American Robotics, based in our Waltham, Massachusetts headquarters. Dr. Somandepalli is a co-founder of American Robotics and has extensive experience in the fields of robotics, drones, energy storage, and aerospace engineering. Prior to founding American Robotics, Dr. Somandepalli was a Managing Engineer and senior consultant for over a decade at Exponent, a large national engineering and scientific consulting firm, where he advised in many industries, including oil & gas, solar, hydroelectric, coal, infrastructure, automotive, aviation, and telecom. Dr. Somandepalli holds a Ph.D. and Master’s in Mechanical Engineering from Stanford University, a B.Tech in Aerospace Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, and is a Licensed Professional Engineer (PE).

Our research and development team works closely with our customer support team and incorporates feedback from our customers into our product development plans to improve our products and address emerging market requirements.

Our research and development expenses were $5,416,425approximately $24,044,000 and $3,076,502approximately $5,801,000 for the years ended December 31, 20192022 and 2018,2021, respectively.

Intellectual Property

We rely primarily on patent, trademark and trade secret laws to protect our proprietary technologies and intellectual property. As of this filing, wethe Ondas Networks segment held a total of sixseven issued patents in the U.S., seventwo international issued patents, four pending patent applications in the U.S., and oneeleven international pending patent application. OurThe Ondas Networks segment’s patents expire between 20302028 and 2037,2040, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. Our intellectual property centers around creating and maintaining robust, private, highly secure, broadband industrial wireless networks using our FullMAX radio technology for our mission critical customers’ networks. We view ourthe Ondas Networks segment’s patents as a key strategic advantage as the markets for industrial wireless connectivity grows and as these industries move to standardized solutions and will enable us to earn licensing fees and/or royalties for the use of our patents.

The Ondas Autonomous Systems segment relies primarily on patent, trademark and trade secret laws to protect our proprietary technologies and intellectual property. As of this filing, the Ondas Autonomous Systems segment held a total of six issued patents in the U.S., ten international issued patents, six pending patent applications in the U.S., and eleven international pending patent application. The Ondas Autonomous Systems segment’s patents expire between 2036 and 2042, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. The Ondas Autonomous Systems segment’s intellectual property incorporates internally developed software and hardware design incorporating machine and computer vision and was developed with artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques. This intellectual property is critical to the development of end-to-end systems which reliably enable the automated operation of drones in real-world environments.

We have a policy of requiring our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers and parties with which we do business to enter into confidentiality, non-disclosure (“NDAs”) and assignment of invention agreements before disclosure of any of our confidential or proprietary information.

Seasonality

We do not believe that the industry in which we competeOndas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems competes is subject to seasonal sales fluctuation; however, we do recognize that a typical sales cycle for new customers may take from one to three years depending on the complexity of their network and whether the customer is subject to state regulations and/or annual budget cycles.fluctuation.

Dependence on a Single Customer

Because we have only recently invested in our customer service and support organization, a small number of customers have accounted for a substantial amount of our revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2019, three customers2022, one customer accounted for approximately $144,000, $115,000 and $56,000$1,893,000 of our revenue, or approximately 45%, 36% and 18%, respectively.89%. During the year ended December 31, 2018,2021, two customers accounted for approximately $145,000$1,204,000 and $32,000$1,599,000 of our revenue, or approximately 76%41% and 17%55%, respectively. No other customers provided more than 10% of our revenue during 2019 and 2018.

Competition

Ondas Networks

We compete with alternatives to wireless technology, public cellular data networks and private wireless networking products from other manufactures. We believe that each of these competing solutions has core weaknesses when compared to FullMAX, as described below.

Public cellular data networks:

Non-wireless technologies:

Other private wireless products:

Alternate technologies:

Alternate technologies:

Public cellularOndas Autonomous Systems

We compete with other drone OEMs providing a variety of solutions for inspection, security, asset tracking and other applications. We compete on many dimensions with system performance being differentiated by the level of autonomous operation, ease of use, reliability, safety, and government regulations. Further, leading automated data networks:solution providers must provide diverse payload capabilities for data collection, along with robust, advanced analytics programs that are specific for each industry served.

Other private wireless products:

Governmental Regulations

Our operations are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations including: (i) authorization from the FCC for operation in various licensed frequency bands; (ii) FAA regulations and approvals unique to the operation of commercial or industrial drones; (iii) customers’ licenses from the FCC; (iv) licensing, permitting and inspection requirements applicable to contractors, electricians and engineers; (v) regulations relating to worker safety and environmental protection; (vi) permitting and inspection requirements applicable to construction projects; (vii) wage and hour regulations; (viii) regulations relating to transportation of equipment and materials, including licensing and permitting requirements; (ix) building and electrical codes; and (x) special bidding, procurement and other requirements on government projects. 

We believe we have all the licenses materially required to conduct our operations, and we are in substantial compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. The operation of our manufactured products by our customers (network providers and service providers) in the U.S. or in foreign jurisdictions in a manner not in compliance with local law could result in fines, business disruption, or harm to our reputation. The changes to regulatory and technological requirements may also alter our product offerings, impacting our market share and business.  Failure to comply with applicable regulations could result in substantial fines or revocation of our operating licenses or could give rise to termination or cancellation rights under our contracts or disqualify us from future bidding opportunities.

Environmental Regulation

Our operations are subject to extensive, and frequently changing, federal, state and local environmental laws and substantial related regulation by government agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency. Among other matters, these regulatory authorities impose requirements that regulate the operation, handling, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials; protect the health and safety of workers; and require us to obtain and maintain licenses and permits in connection with our operations. This extensive regulatory framework imposes significant compliance burdens and risks on us. Notwithstanding these burdens, we believe that we are in material compliance with all federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations governing our operations.

There has been no material adverse effect to our consolidated financial statements nor competitive positions as a result of these environmental regulations.

Employees

As of March 13, 2020,10, 2023, we have 21116 full-time employees, including 40 in the Ondas Networks segment and one part-time employee.76 in the Ondas Autonomous Systems segment. In addition, we have consulting agreements with 17 consultants for manufacturing, supply chain, documentation, engineering, regulatory, IT, and business development support. Additionally, from time to time, we may hire temporary employees. We also utilize contractors to manufacture components, for certain research and development and for system deployment functions. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement and we are unaware of any union organizing efforts. We have never experienced a major work stoppage, strike or dispute. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

Subsidiaries

Corporate Information

We have two wholly owned subsidiaries,

Ondas Holdings Inc. was originally incorporated in Nevada on December 22, 2014, under the name Zev Ventures Incorporated. On September 28, 2018, we acquired Ondas Networks Inc., a Delaware corporation, which ischanged our operating company,name to Ondas Holdings Inc., and discontinued the prior business of Zev Ventures Incorporated. On August 5, 2021, Ondas Holdings Inc. acquired American Robotics, Inc., a Delaware Corporation. See Note 5 – Goodwill and Business Acquisitions of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the American Robotics acquisition. On January 23, 2023, Ondas Holdings Inc. acquired Airobotics Ltd., an Israeli corporation. See Note 16 - Subsequent Events of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the Airobotics acquisition. On February 14, 2023, the Company formed Ondas Autonomous Systems, a new business unit to manage the combined drone operations of American Robotics and Airobotics.

As a result of the acquisitions described above, Ondas Networks, American Robotics and Airobotics became our wholly owned subsidiaries. Also, we had one wholly owned subsidiary, FS Partners (Cayman) Limited, a Cayman Islands limited liability company. We have twocompany, and one majority owned subsidiaries,subsidiary, Full Spectrum Holding Limited, a Cayman Islands limited liability company, and Ondas Network Limited, a company registered to do business in China. Full Spectrum Holding Limited owns 100% of Ondas Network Limited, a company registered to do business in China.company. Both FS Partners (Cayman) Limited and Full Spectrum Holding Limited were formed for the purposehave been dissolved as of beginning operationsJanuary 4, 2023.

Ondas Holdings’ corporate headquarters are located in China. As described above, we revised our business strategy and are in the process of dissolving our China-affiliated subsidiaries. Once this process is complete, we will have only one wholly owned subsidiary,Waltham, Massachusetts. Ondas Networks Inc.

Corporate Information

We are a Nevada corporation. Our corporate headquartershas offices and operationfacilities in Sunnyvale, California, American Robotics’ offices and facilities are located at 165 Gibraltar Court, Sunnyvale, CA 94089. Our telephone number is (888) 350-9994in Waltham, Massachusetts and our fax number is (408) 300-5750. We maintain a website at http://www.ondas.com.Marlborough, Massachusetts, and Airobotics’ offices and facilities are located in Petah Tikva, Israel.

Available Information

Our annual reportsInternet website is www.ondas.com. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reportsQuarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, current reportsCurrent Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to such reports filed or furnished pursuant to sectionSections 13(a) orand 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as well as section 16 reports on Form 3, 4, or 5,amended (the “Exchange Act”) are available, free of charge, onunder the Investors tab of our website at http://www.ondas.com as soon as it is reasonably practicable after they are filedwe electronically file such material with, or furnishedfurnish it to, the SEC. Additionally, the SEC maintains a website located at www.sec.gov that contains the information we file or furnish electronically with the SEC. Our Code of Business Conduct and the charters for the Audit Committee, the Compensation Committee and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of our Board of Directors (“Board”) are also available on our website. The Code of Business Conduct and charters are also available in print to any shareholder upon request without charge. Requests for such documents should be directed to Eric Brock, Chief Executive Officer, at 165 Gibraltar Court, Sunnyvale, CA 94089. Our Internet website and the information contained on it or connected to it are not part of, or incorporated by, reference into this Form 10-K. Our filings with the SEC are also available on the SEC’s website athttp://www.sec.gov.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before you invest in our common stock, you should carefully consider the following risks, as well as general economic and business risks, and all of the other information contained in this Form 10-K. Any of the following risks could harm our business, operating results and financial condition and cause the trading price of our common stock to decline, which would cause you to lose all or part of your investment. When determining whether to invest, you should also refer to the other information contained in this Form 10-K including our financial statements and the related notes thereto.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception and cannot assure you that we will ever achieve or sustain profitability.

Since our inception, we have incurred significant net losses. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $154 million and $80 million, respectively. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through sales of our equity securities and debt financings.financing.

To implement our business strategy we need to, among other things, continue to attract and retain talented officers, employees, contractors and other service providers, complete the development of our low cost Mercury end points, further develop an ecosystem for the IEEE 802.16s wireless standard, manage new ecosystem partnerships and OEM relationships, establish high volume manufacturing (outsourced), and establish new distribution channels including those in international markets. We have never been profitable and do not expect to be profitable in the foreseeable future. We expect our operating expenses to increase significantly as we pursue these objectives.our growth strategy, including expending substantial resources for research, development and marketing. The extent of our future operating losses and the timing of profitability are highly uncertain, and we expect to continue incurring significant expenses and operating losses over the next several years. Any additional operating losses may have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and the price of our common stock, and we cannot assure you that we will ever be able to achieve profitability.

Even if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase such profitability.profitability. Additionally, our costs may increase in future periods and we may expend substantial financial and other resources on, among things, sales and marketing, the hiring of additional officers, employees, contractors and other service providers, and general administration, which may include a significant increase in legal and accounting expenses related to public company compliance, continued compliance and various regulations applicable to our business or arising from the growth and maturity of our company.company. Our failure to become and remain profitable would depress the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our development efforts, obtain regulatory approvals, diversify our product and service offerings or continue our operations,, and may cause the price of our common stock to decline.decline.

While we have historically worked with electrical utilities, we are currently expanding into new vertical end markets such as water utilities, oil and gas and transportation, in which we have limited prior operating history. Failure to establish ourselves in these new markets can have a material adverse effect on our business prospects.

We have historically worked with and geared our product offerings to the requirementsThe adoption of the electrical utilities and other suppliers of electrical power. We have in the past few years expanded our product design and development efforts to address the needs of other mission critical infrastructures, such as water utilities, oil and gas production and transportation. Achieving market acceptance in these new markets, of which no assurance can be provided, is critical to our success, and accordingly, failure to establish ourselves in these new markets may materially adversely affect our business or operating results. While we believe that the adoption of industry standards should facilitate our entry into these new markets, no assurance can be provided that our product and service offerings will be adopted or accepted.

The IEEE 802.16s wireless broadband standard is newly published and adoption of this standard by customers in our target critical infrastructure sectors is uncertain.

The IEEE 802.16s wireless broadband standard was published in October 2017. In addition, we are currently the only manufacturer of IEEE 802.16s compliant equipment. The benefit of the standard to buyers of our equipment are greater when there exists a large, deep market in terms of the number of customers. A large market benefits from the scale provided such that many vendors can compete on service, price and quality of solution driving improved value for customers. If a large end market doesn’tdoes not develop and customers don’tdo not see the related benefits from the standard, we may not be able to grow our business. However,

Our growth depends in part on the success of our strategic partnerships with third parties such as Siemens Mobility, who are also customers, as well as on our ability to establish a broad range of additional ecosystem partner and customer relationships with leading global industrial vendors.

In order to grow our business, we believe that it is too earlydepend on partnerships with market leading technology and industrial companies such as Siemens Mobility, who are also customers of Ondas Networks in order to accurately gaugeaccelerate the adoption of our wireless technology. If we are unsuccessful in maintaining our partnership and customer relationships with third parties, including Siemens Mobility, or if our partnerships do not provide us the anticipated benefits, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenue could be impaired and our operating results may suffer. In addition, adoption of our FullMAX wireless platform and Optimus System™ requires us to establish additional ecosystem relationships with leading global industrial vendors and customers. Even if we are successful in executing these partnerships and integrating with additional ecosystem vendors, we cannot assure you that these partnerships and relationships will result in increased adoption of our technology or increased revenue.

If the commercial UAS markets do not experience significant growth, if we cannot expand our customer base or if our products and services do not achieve broad acceptance, then we may not be able to achieve our anticipated level of growth.

We cannot accurately predict the future growth rates or sizes of the markets for our products and services. Demand for our products and services may not increase, or may decrease, either generally or in specific markets, for particular types of products and services or during particular time periods. We believe the market for commercial UAS is nascent and the expansion of the market for our products and services in particular, depends on a number of factors, including the following:

Even if commercial UAS gain wide market acceptance, our products and services may not adequately address market requirements and may not continue to gain market acceptance. If these types of systems generally, or our products and services specifically, do not gain wide market acceptance, then we may not be able to achieve our anticipated level of growth and our revenue and results of operations would decline.

Negative customer perception regarding the commercial UAS industry or the Company’s automated data solutions could have a material adverse effect on the demand for the Company’s products and the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company.

The Company believes the commercial UAS industry is highly dependent upon customer perception regarding the safety, efficacy, and quality of the commercial UAS system deployed. Customer perception of these products can be significantly influenced by our target markets of this new evolving standardscientific research or findings, regulatory investigations, litigation, media attention, and thereother publicity. There can be no assurancesassurance that this technology standardfuture scientific research, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention, or other research findings or publicity will be widely adopted by our target customers.favorable to the UAS market. Future research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity that are perceived as less favorable than, or that question, earlier research reports, findings or publicity could have a material adverse effect on the demand for the Company’s products and the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company. The dependence upon customer perceptions means that adverse scientific research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity, whether or not accurate or with merit, could have a material adverse effect on the Company, the demand for the Company’s products, and the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company.

Failure to manage our planned growth could place a significant strain on our resources.

Our ability to successfully implement our business plan requires an effective plan for managing our future growth. We plan to increase the scope of our operations. Current and future expansion efforts will be expensive and may significantly strain our managerial and other resources and ability to manage working capital. To manage future growth effectively, we must manage expanded operations, integrate new personnel and maintain and enhance our financial and accounting systems and controls. If we do not manage growth properly, it could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations and make it difficult for us to satisfy our debt obligations.

We may be unsuccessful in achieving our organic growth strategies, which could limit our revenue growth or financial performance. Our ability to generate organic growth will be affected by our ability to, among other things:

Many of the factors affecting our ability to generate organic growth may be beyond our control, and we cannot be certain that our strategies for achieving internal growth will be attempted, realized or successful.

Our growth depends in part on the success of our strategic partnerships with third parties.

In order to grow our business, we depend on partnerships with market leading technology companies to accelerate the adoption of our wireless technology. If we are unsuccessful in maintaining our partnerships with third parties, or if our partnerships do not provide us the anticipated benefits, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenue could be impaired and our operating results may suffer. Even if we are successful, we cannot assure you that these partnerships will result in increased adoption of our technology or increased revenue.

If we fail to retain our existing customers and consumers or do not acquire new customers or consumers in a cost-effective manner, our revenue may decrease and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be harmed.

We believe that our success is dependent on our ability to continue identifying and anticipating the needs of our customers, and consumers, to retain our existing customers and consumers and to add new customers and consumers.customers. For example, we launched aour business expansion plan in 2018is designed to leverage our FullMAX platform and penetrate the large, critical infrastructure end markets we targetwith our wireless and grewUAS driven data solutions and have expanded our dedicated sales resources and field personnel to broaden our marketing and field support efforts into new industries and sectors. As a result, we have significantly increased customer engagement in the transportation, oil and gas, security and UAS end markets with Ondas Networks and wein the industrial, public safety and government markets with Ondas Autonomous Systems. We expect that our qualified customer pipeline will increase throughout 2020.in other additional strategic end markets. However, as we become larger through organic growth, the growth rates for consumercustomer engagement, project volume and average spend per customer may slow, even if we continue to add consumers and customers on an absolute basis. In addition, the costs associated with customer and consumer retention may be substantially lower than costs associated with the acquisition of new customers or consumers.customers. Therefore, our failure to retain existing customers, or consumers, even if such losses are offset by an increase in revenue resulting from the acquisition of new customers, or consumers, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Additionally, while a key part of our business strategy is to add customers and consumers in our existing geographic markets, we mayexpect to expand our operations into new geographic markets. In doing so, we may incur losses or otherwise fail to enter new markets successfully. Our expansion into new markets may place us in unfamiliar and competitive environments and involve various risks, including the need to invest significant resources and the possibility that returns on such investments will not be achieved for several years or at all.

The Company faces uncertainty and adverse changes in the economy.

Adverse changes in the economy could negatively impact the Company’s business. Future economic distress may result in a decrease in demand for the Company’s products, which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s operating results and financial condition. Uncertainty and adverse changes in the economy could also increase costs associated with developing and publishing products, increase the cost and decrease the availability of sources of financing, and increase the Company’s exposure to material losses from bad debts, any of which could have a material adverse impact on the financial condition and operating results of the Company.

Any outbreak or worsening of an outbreak of contagious diseases, or other adverse public health developments, could have a material and adverse effect on our business operations, financial condition and results of operations.

Any outbreak or worsening of an outbreak of contagious diseases, or other adverse public health developments, could have a material and adverse effect on our business operations, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) was identified in Wuhan, China, and has subsequently spread to other regions of the world, and has resulted in increased travel restrictions, business disruptions and emergency quarantine measures across the world including the United States. The Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations were impacted from the COVID-19 pandemic during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 as follows:

The Company expects its business, financial condition and results of operations will be impacted from the COVID-19 pandemic during 2023, primarily due to supply chain disruptions due to pandemic-related plant and port shutdowns, transportation delays, government actions and other factors, which may be beyond our control. The global shortage of certain components such as semiconductor chips, strains on production or extraction of raw materials, cost inflation, and labor and equipment shortages, could escalate in future quarters. Labor shortages have led and may continue to lead to difficult conditions for hiring and retention of employees, and increased labor costs. Further, the COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing and remains an unknown risk for the foreseeable future. The extent to which the coronavirus may impact our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the coronavirus. As a result, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate the full extent of the impact from the COVID-19 pandemic on its future business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if the Company were to experience any new impact to its operations or incur additional unanticipated costs and expenses as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, such operational delays and unanticipated costs and expenses there could be a further adverse impact on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations during 2023.

We have significant dependence on a small number of customers, and the loss of such customers or a decrease in business conducted with such customers could materially harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Because we have only recently invested in our customer service and support organization, a small number of customers have accounted for a substantial amount of our revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2019, three customers2022, one customer accounted for approximately $144,000, $115,000 and $56,000$1,893,000 of our revenue, or approximately 45%, 36% and 18%, respectively.89%. During the year ended December 31, 2018,2021, two customers accounted for approximately $145,000$1,204,000 and $32,000$1,599,000 of our revenue, or 76%approximately 41% and 17%55%, respectively. No other customers provided more than 10% of our revenue during 2019 and 2018. The loss of either of these customersthe 2022 customer or a decrease in the business conducted with such customers could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Project performance delays or difficulties, including those caused by third parties, or certain contractual obligations may result in additional costs to us, reductions in revenues or the payment of liquidated damages.

Many projects involve challenging engineering, construction or installation phases that may occur over extended time periods. We may encounter difficulties as a result of delays or changes in designs, engineering information or materials provided by our customer or a third party, delays or difficulties in equipment and material delivery, schedule changes, delays from our customer’s failure to timely obtain permits or meet other regulatory requirements including the securing of necessary FCC certifications or FAA approvals, weather-related delays and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, that impact our ability to complete the project in accordance with the original delivery schedule. In addition, we contract with third-party subcontractors to assist us with the completion of contracts. Any delay or failure by suppliers or by subcontractors in the completion of their portion of the project may be beyond our control and may result in delays in the overall progress of the project or may cause us to incur additional costs, or both. Delays and additional costs may be substantial, and, in some cases, we may be required to compensate the customer for such delays. Delays may also disrupt the final completion of our contracts as well as the corresponding recognition of revenues and expenses therefrom. In certain circumstances, we guarantee project completion by a scheduled acceptance date or achievement of certain acceptance and performance testing levels; failure to meet any of our guarantees, schedules or performance requirements could also result in additional costs or penalties to us, including obligations to pay liquidated damages, and such amounts could exceed expected project profit. In extreme cases, the above-mentioned factors could cause project cancellations, and we may be unable to replace such projects with similar projects or at all. Such delays or cancellations may impact our reputation, brand or relationships with customers, adversely affecting our ability to secure new contracts.

Our contractors may fail to satisfy their obligations to us or other parties, or we may be unable to maintain these relationships, either of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on third party contractors to complete manufacturing, certain research and development and deployment functions. There is a risk that we may have disputes with contractors arising from, among other things, the quality and timeliness of work performed by the contractor, customer concerns about the contractor or our failure to extend existing task orders or issue new task orders. In addition, if any of our contractors fail to deliver on a timely basis the agreed-upon supplies and/or perform the agreed-upon services, then our ability to fulfill our obligations may be jeopardized. In addition, the absence of qualified contractors with whom we have a satisfactory relationship could adversely affect the quality of our service and our ability to perform under some of our contracts. Any of these factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Material delays or defaults in customer payments could leave us unable to cover expenditures related to such customer’s projects, including the payment of our subcontractors.

Because of the nature of most of our contracts, we commit resources to projects prior to receiving payments from our customers in amounts sufficient to cover expenditures as they are incurred. In certain cases, these expenditures include paying our contractors and purchasing parts. If a customer defaults in making its payments on a project or projects to which we have devoted significant resources, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Certain of our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers may work on projects that are inherently dangerous, and a failure to maintain a safe worksite could result in significant losses.

Certain of our project sites can place our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers and others, including third parties, in difficult or dangerous environments, and may involve difficult and hard to reach terrain, high elevation, or locations near large or complex equipment, moving vehicles, high voltage or other safety hazards or dangerous processes. Safety is a primary focus of our business and maintaining a good reputation for safety is critical to our business. Many of our customers require that we meet certain safety criteria to be eligible to bid on contracts. We maintain programs with the primary purpose of implementing effective health, safety and environmental procedures throughout our company. Maintaining such programs involves variable costs which may increase as governmental, regulatory and industry safety standards evolve, and any increase in such costs may materially affect or business, financial condition or results of operations. Further, if we fail to implement appropriate safety procedures or if our procedures fail, our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers, including third parties, may suffer injuries. Failure to comply with such procedures, client contracts or applicable regulations, or the occurrence of such injuries, could subject us to material losses and liability and may adversely impact our ability to obtain projects in the future or to hire and retain talented officers, employees, contractors and other services providers, therefore materially adversely affecting our business, financial condition or results of operations.operations.

Warranty claims resulting from our services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We generally warrant our manufactured products, including hardware and software, for a period of one year from the date of receipt of the product by the customer. After the first year, the customer can pay for extended hardware warranty and software maintenance and upgrades on an annual basis in advance. While costs that we have incurred historically under our warranty obligations have not been material, the costs associated with such warranties, including any warranty related legal proceedings, are variable and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We rely onOur products are subject to a lengthy sales cycle and our management teamcustomers may cancel or change their product plans after we have expended substantial time and need additional personnelresources in the design of their products.

Many of our customers are conservative in their decision-making process. Sales cycles for new customers can vary from one to grow our business, and the loss of one or more key officers, employees, contractors and other service providers or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We depend, in part,three years depending on the performancecomplexity of Eric Brock, our Chief Executive Officer, Stewart Kantor, our Presidentthe customer’s network, whether the customer is subject to state regulations, and Chief Financial Officer, and Menashe Shahar, the Chief Technology Officer of Ondas Networks, to operate and grow our business. The loss of any of Messrs. Brock, Kantor or Shahar could negatively impact our ability to execute our business strategies. Although we have entered into employment agreements with Messrs. Brock, Kantor and Shahar, we may be unable to retain them or replace any of them if we lose their services for any reason.

Our future success will also depend on our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled management, product development, operations, sales, technical and other personnel in the United States and abroad. Even in today’s economic climate, competition for these types of personnel is intense, particularly in the Silicon Valley, where our headquarters are located. All of our employees, contractors and other service providers in the United States work for us on an at-will basis. Given theannual budget cycles. During this lengthy sales cycles with utilities and deployment periods ofcycle, our networking platform and solutions, the loss of key personnelpotential customers may cancel or change their product plans. Customers may also discontinue products incorporating our devices at any time could adversely affector they may choose to replace our products with lower cost semiconductors. In addition, we are working with leading customers in our target markets to define our future products. If customers cancel, reduce or delay product orders from us, or choose not to release products that incorporate our devices after we have spent substantial time and resources developing products or assisting customers with their product design, our revenue levels may be less than anticipated and our business, results of operations and financial condition or results of operations.

Our ability to provide bid bonds, performance bonds or letters of credit is limited and could negatively affect our ability to bid on or enter into significant long-term agreements.

We have in the past been, and may in the future be required to provide bid bonds or performance bonds to secure our performance under customer contracts or, in some cases, as a pre-requisite to submit a bid on a potential project. Our ability to obtain such bonds primarily depends upon our capitalization, working capital, past performance, management expertise, reputation, brand and external factors beyond our control, including the overall capacity of the surety market and general and regional economic and regulatory conditions. Surety companies consider those factors in relation to the amount of our tangible net worth and other underwriting standards that may change from time to time. Surety companies may require that we collateralize a percentage of the bond with our cash or other form of credit enhancement. Events that affect surety markets generally may result in bonding becoming more difficult to obtain in the future, or being available only at a significantly greater cost. In addition, some of our utility customers also require collateral guarantees in the form of letters of credit to secure performance or to fund possible damages as the result of an event of default under our contracts with them. If we enter into significant long-term agreements that require the issuance of letters of credit, our liquidity could be negatively impacted. Our inability to obtain adequate bonding or letters of credit and, as a result, to bid or enter into significant long-term agreements, could have a material adverse effect on our future revenues and business prospects.

Substantially all our current products depend on the availability and are subject to the use of licensed radio frequencies regulated by the FCC in the United States.

Substantially all of our current hardware products are designed to communicate wirelessly via licensed radio frequencies and therefore depend on the availability of adequate radio spectrum in order to operate. It is possible that the FCC or the U.S. Congress could adopt additional regulations or policies which are, or may change or modify current regulations or policies so that they are, harmful to our business or incompatible with our current or future product offerings, as well as products currently installed in the field. Additional regulations or policies or changes or modifications to current regulations or policies may require modification or replacement of our products, including products currently installed in the field, at significant, or even prohibitive, cost to us, and may require changes or modifications to, or termination of, ongoing or planned projects. Any of these developments could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition or results of operations.

affected.

Our marketing efforts depend significantly on our ability to receive positive references from our existing customers.

Our marketing efforts depend significantly on our ability to call on our current and past customers to provide positive references to new, potential customers. A material portion of our current pipeline activity is concentrated in the transportation and aviation sectors as well as in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Given our limited number of customers, the loss or dissatisfaction of any customer could substantially harm our brand and reputation, inhibit the market acceptance of our products and services, and impair our ability to attract new utility customers and maintain existing utility customers. Further, as we expand into new vertical and geographic end markets, such as oil and gas and transportation, references from existing customers could be similarly important. Any of these consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If our products contain defects or otherwise fail to perform as expected, we could be liable for damages and incur unanticipated warranty, recall and other related expenses, our reputation could be damaged, we could lose market share and, as a result, our financial condition or results of operations could suffer.

Our products arerely on complex avionics, sensors, user-friendly interfaces and tightly integrated, electromechanical designs to accomplish their missions. Our products may contain defects or experience failures due to any number of issues in design, materials, manufacture, deployment and/or use. If any of our products contain a defect, compatibility or interoperability issue or other error, we may have to devote significant time and resources to find and correct the issue. Such efforts could divert the attention of our management team and other relevant personnel from other important tasks. A product recall or a significant number of product returns could:could (i) be expensive; (ii) damage our reputation and relationships with utilities and other third-party vendors; (iii) result in the loss of business to competitors; and (iv) result in litigation against us. Costs associated with field replacement labor, hardware replacement, re-integration with third-party products, handling charges, correcting defects, errors and bugs, or other issues could be significant and could materially harm our financial results.

As a manufacturer of UAV products, and with aircraft and aviation sector companies under increased scrutiny, claims could be brought against us if use or misuse of one of our UAV products causes, or merely appears to have caused, personal injury or death. In addition, defects in our products may lead to other potential life, health and property risks. Any claims against us, regardless of their merit, could severely harm our financial condition, strain our management and other resources.

The existence of any defects, errors, or failures in our products or the misuse of our products could also lead to product liability claims or lawsuits against us. A defect, error or failure in one of our products could result in injury, death or property damage and significantly damage our reputation and support for our products in general. We anticipate this risk will grow as our products begin to be used in U.S. domestic airspace and urban areas.

Although we maintain insurance policies, we cannot provide assurance that this insurance will be adequate to protect us from all material judgments and expenses related to potential future claims or that these levels of insurance will be available in the future at economical prices or at all. A successful product liability claim could result in substantial cost to us. Even if we are fully insured as it relates to a claim, the claim could nevertheless diminish our brand and divert management’s attention and resources, which could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Estimated future product warranty claims are based on the expected number of field failures over the warranty commitment period, the term of the product warranty period, and the costs for repair, replacement and other associated costs. Our warranty obligations are affected by product failure rates, claims levels, material usage and product re-integration and handling costs.

Because our products are relatively new and we do not yet have the benefit of long-term experience observing products’ performance in the field, our estimates of a product’s lifespan and incidence of claims may be inaccurate. Should actual product failure rates, claims levels, material usage, product re-integration and handling costs, defects, errors, bugs or other issues differ from the original estimates, we could end up incurring materially higher warranty or recall expenses than we anticipate.

To dateOur Optimus System™ makes use of lithium-ion battery cells, which, if not appropriately managed and controlled, have occasionally been observed to catch fire or vent smoke and flames. If such events occur with our products, we could face liability associated with our warranty, for damage or injury, adverse publicity and a potential safety recall, any of which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

The battery packs in our Optimus™ drone use lithium-ion cells, which have eliminatedbeen used for years in laptop computers and cell phones. On occasion, if not appropriately managed and controlled, lithium-ion cells can rapidly release the energy they contain by venting smoke and flames in a manner that can ignite nearby materials. Highly publicized incidents of laptop computers and cell phones bursting into flames have focused consumer attention on the safety of these cells. These events also have raised questions about the suitability of these lithium-ion cells for automotive applications. There can be no assurance that a field failure of our battery packs will not occur, which would damage the vehicle or limitedlead to personal injury or death and may subject us to lawsuits. Furthermore, there is some risk of electrocution if individuals who attempt to repair battery packs on our vehicles do not follow applicable maintenance and repair protocols. Any such damage or injury would likely lead to adverse publicity and potentially a safety recall. Any such adverse publicity could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Due to the extentvolatile and flammable nature of liquidated damagescertain components of our products and equipment, fires or explosions may disrupt our business or cause significant injuries, which could adversely affect our financial results.

The development and manufacture of certain of our products involves the handling of a variety of explosive and flammable materials as well as high power equipment. From time to time, these activities may result in incidents that could cause us to temporarily shut down or otherwise disrupt some manufacturing processes, causing production delays and resulting in liability for workplace injuries and/or consequentialfatalities. We have safety and loss prevention programs that require detailed reviews of process changes and new operations, along with routine safety audits of operations involving explosive materials, to mitigate such incidents, as well as a variety of insurance policies, however our insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all claims and losses from our agreements with customers. It is possible that werelated to such incidents. We may not be able to achieve thisexperience such incidents in the future, which could expose us to significant liabilities.result in production delays or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Our technology, products and services have only been developed in the last several years and we have had only limited opportunities to deploy and assess their performance in the field at full scale.

The current generation of our radio hardwareFullMAX and software hasOptimus System™ technology platforms have only been developed in the last several years and is continuingwill continue to evolve. Deploying and operating our technology is a complex endeavor and, until recently, had been done primarily by a small number of customers and primarily in the electric utility industry.customers. As the size, complexity and scope of our deployments grow we have been able to test product performance at a greater scale and in a variety of new geographic settings and environmental conditions. As the number, size and complexity of our deployments grow and we deploy FullMAX systemsour technology platforms for new applications in new critical infrastructure industries, beyond electric utilities, we may encounter unforeseen operational, technical and other challenges, some of which could cause significant delays, trigger contractual penalties, result in unanticipated expenses, and/or damage to our reputation, each of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to respond to evolving technological changes, our products and services could become obsolete or less competitive.

Our industry isWe operate in highly competitive andindustries characterized by new and rapidly evolving technologies, standards, regulations, customer requirements, as well as frequent product introductions and revisions. Accordingly, our operating results depend upon our ability to develop and introduce new products and services, our ability to reduce production costs of our existing products. The process of developing new technologies and products is complex, and if we are unable to develop enhancements to, and new features for, our existing products and services or acceptable new products and services that keep pace with technological developments or industry standards, our products may become obsolete, less marketable and less competitive and our business,, financial condition or results of operations could be significantly harmed.

We depend on our ability to develop new products and to enhance and sustain the quality of existing products.

Our growth and future success will depend, in part, on our ability to continue to design and manufacture new competitive products and to enhance and sustain the quality and marketability of our existing products. As such, we have made, and expect to continue to make, substantial investments in technology development. In the future, we may not have the necessary capital, or access to capital on acceptable terms, to fund necessary levels of research and development. Even with adequate capital resources, we may nonetheless experience unforeseen problems in the development or performance of our technologies or products. In addition, we may not meet our product development schedules and, even if we do, we may not develop new products fast enough to provide sufficient differentiation from our competitors’ products, which may be more successful.

We expect to incur substantial research and development costs and devote significant resources to identifying and commercializing new products and services, which could significantly reduce our customers operateprofitability and may never result in a highly regulated business environmentrevenue to us.

Our future growth depends on penetrating new markets, adapting existing products to new applications and changes in regulation could imposenew environments, and introducing new products and services that achieve market acceptance. We plan to incur substantial research and development costs on us or makeas part of our products less economical.

Ourefforts to design, develop and commercialize new products and services and enhance existing products. For example, we will incur research and development costs to improve the functionality of our utility customers are subjectacoustic DAA solution configuration in certain environments, in addition to federal, state, localintegrating new payloads to broaden the functionality of our Optimus System™. Further, our research and foreign laws and regulations. Laws and regulations applicable to usdevelopment programs may not produce successful results, and our products govern, among other things, the manner in which our products communicate, and the environmental impact and electrical reliability of our products. Additionally, our critical infrastructure customers are often regulated by national, state and/or local bodies, including public utility commissions, the Department of Energy, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the FCC, Federal Rail Association and other bodies. Prospective utility customers may be required to gain approval from any or all of these organizations prior to implementing ournew products and services including specific permissions related to the cost recovery of these systems. Regulatory agencies may impose special requirements for implementation and operation of our products. We may incur material costsnot achieve market acceptance, create additional revenue or liabilities in complying with government regulations applicable to us or our utility customers. In addition, potentially significant expenditures could be required in order to comply with evolving regulations and requirements that may be adopted or imposed on us or our utility customers in the future. Such costs could make our products less economical and could impact our utility customers’ willingness to adopt our products,become profitable, which could materially and adversely affect our revenue, results of operations and financial condition.

Furthermore, changes in the underlying regulatory conditions that affect critical infrastructure industries could have a potentially adverse effect on our customers’ interest or ability to implement our technologies. Many regulatory jurisdictions have implemented rules that provide financial incentives for the implementation of energy efficiency and demand response technologies, often by providing rebates or through the restructuring of utility rates. If these programs were to cease, or if they were restructured in a manner inconsistent with the capabilities enabled by our products and services,harm our business, prospects, financial conditionresults and results of operations could be significantly harmed.

liquidity.

If our products do not interoperate with our customers’ other systems, the purchase or deployment of our products and services may be delayed or cancelled.

Our products are designed to interface with our customers’ other systems, each of which may have different specifications and utilize multiple protocol standards and products from other vendors. Our products will be required to interoperate with many or all of these products as well as future products in order to meet our customers’ requirements. If we find errors in the existing software or defects in the hardware used in our utility customers’ systems, we may need to modify our products or services to fix or overcome these errors so that our products will interoperate with the existing software and hardware, which could be costly and negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, if our products and services do not interoperate with our customers’ systems, customers may seek to hold us liable, demand for our products could be adversely affected or orders for our products could be delayed or cancelled. This could hurt our operating results, damage our reputation or brand, and seriously harm our prospects, business, financial condition or results of operations.

The Company operates in a competitive market.

The Company faces competition and new competitors will continue to emerge throughout the world. Services offered by the Company’s competitors may take a larger share of customer spending than anticipated, which could cause revenue generated from the Company’s products and services to fall below expectations. It is expected that competition in these markets will intensify. If competitors of the Company develop and market more successful products or services, offer competitive products or services at lower price points, or if the Company does not produce consistently high-quality and well-received products and services, revenues, margins, and profitability of the Company will decline.

The Company’s ability to compete effectively will depend on, among other things, the Company’s pricing of services and equipment, quality of customer service and field support, development of new and enhanced products and services in response to customer demands and changing technology, reach and quality of sales and distribution channels and capital resources. Competition could lead to a reduction in the rate at which the Company adds new customers, a decrease in the size of the Company’s market share and a decline in its customers.

We rely on our management team and need additional personnel to grow our business, and the loss of one or more key officers, employees, contractors and other service providers or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We depend, in part, on the performance of Eric Brock, our Chief Executive Officer, Derek Reisfield, our Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary, Reese Mozer, our President. Stewart Kantor and Menashe Shahar, the President and Chief Technology Officer of Ondas Networks, respectively, and Meir Kliner and Yishay Curelaru, the President and Chief Financial Officer of Ondas Autonomous Systems, respectively, to operate and grow our business. The loss of any of Messrs. Brock, Reisfield, Mozer, Kantor, Shahar, Kliner or Curelaru could negatively impact our ability to execute our business strategies. Although we have entered into employment agreements with Messrs. Brock, Reisfield, Mozer, Kantor and Shahar, we may be unable to retain them or replace any of them if we lose their services for any reason.

Our future success will also depend on our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled management, product development, operations, sales, technical and other personnel in the United States and abroad. Even in today’s economic climate, competition for these types of personnel is intense, particularly in Silicon Valley. All of our employees, contractors and other service providers in the United States work for us on an at-will basis. Given the lengthy sales cycles with utilities and deployment periods of our networking platform and solutions, the loss of key personnel at any time could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Cyberattacks through security vulnerabilities could lead to disruption of business, reduced revenue, increased costs, liability claims, or harm to our reputation or competitive position.

Security vulnerabilities may arise from our hardware, software, employees, contractors or policies we have deployed, which may result in external parties gaining access to our networks, datacenters, cloud datacenters, corporate computers, manufacturing systems, and or access to accounts we have at our suppliers, vendors, and customers. They may gain access to our data or our users’ or customers’ data or attack the networks causing denial of service or attempt to hold our data or systems in ransom. The vulnerability could be caused by inadequate account security practices such as failure to timely remove employee access when terminated. To mitigate these security issues, we have implemented measures throughout our organization, including firewalls, backups, encryption, employee information technology policies and user account policies. However, there can be no assurance these measures will be sufficient to avoid cyberattacks. If any of these types of security breaches were to occur and we were unable to protect sensitive data, our relationships with our business partners and customers could be materially damaged, our reputation could be materially harmed, and we could be exposed to a risk of litigation and possible significant liability.

Further, if we fail to adequately maintain our infrastructure, we may have outages and data loss. Excessive outages may affect our ability to timely and efficiently deliver products to customers or develop new products and solutions. Such disruptions and data loss may adversely impact our ability to fulfill orders, patent our intellectual property or protect our source code, and interrupt other processes. Delayed sales or lost customers resulting from these disruptions could adversely affect our financial results, stock price and reputation.

Unauthorized use or disclosure of, or access to, any personal information maintained by us or on our behalf, whether through breach of our systems, breach of the systems of our suppliers or vendors by an unauthorized party, or through employee or contractor error, theft or misuse, or otherwise, could harm our business. If any such unauthorized use or disclosure of, or access to, such personal information was to occur, our operations could be seriously disrupted, and we could be subject to demands, claims and litigation by private parties, and investigations, related actions, and penalties by regulatory authorities. In addition, we could incur significant costs in notifying affected persons and entities and otherwise complying with the multitude of foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the unauthorized access to, or use or disclosure of, personal information. Finally, any perceived or actual unauthorized access to, or use or disclosure of, such information could harm our reputation, substantially impair our ability to attract and retain customers and have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We do not control certain aspects of the manufacture of our product, including the supply of key components used to build our products and we also depend on a limited number of manufacturers.manufacturing process.

Our future success will depend significantly on the availability of key components, and our ability to manufacture our products timely and cost-effectively, in sufficient volumes, and in accordance with quality standards. Our reliance on a small number of manufacturers reduces our control over the manufacturing process, exposing us to risks, including reduced control over quality assurance, product costs and product supply including delays in transportation and delivery. Any manufacturing disruption by our usual manufacturers could impair our ability to fulfill orders. We may be unable to manage our relationships with our usual manufacturers effectively as they may experience delays, disruptions, capacity constraints or quality control problems in their manufacturing operations or otherwise fail to meet our future requirements for timely delivery. Similarly, to the extent that our usual manufacturers procure materials on our behalf, we may not benefit from any warranties received by our usual manufacturers from the suppliers or otherwise have recourse against the original supplier of the materials or even the manufacturer. In such circumstances, if the original supplier were to provide us or our usual manufacturers with faulty materials, we might not be able to recover the costs of such materials or be compensated for any damages that arise as a result of the inclusion of the faulty components in our products.

One or more of our usual manufacturers may suffer an interruption in its business, or experience delays, disruptions or quality control problems in its manufacturing operations, or seek to terminate its relationship with us, or we may choose to change or add additional manufacturers for other reasons. Additionally, we do not have long-term supply agreements with our usual manufacturers. As a result, we may be unable to renew or extend our agreement on terms favorable to us, if at all. Although the manufacturing services required to manufacture and assemble our products may be readily available from a number of established manufacturers, it may be risky, time consuming and costly to qualify and implement new manufacturer relationships.

Any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If critical components or raw materials used to manufacture our products or used in our development programs become scarce or unavailable, then we may incur delays in manufacturing and delivery of our products and in completing our development programs, which could damage our business.

In order to produce our Optimus System™ and related safety systems, we obtain certain hardware components, as well as subsystems and systems from a limited group of suppliers, some of which are sole source suppliers. We do not have long-term agreements with any of these suppliers that obligate them to continue to sell components, subsystems, systems or products to us. Our reliance on these suppliers involves significant risks and uncertainties, including whether our suppliers will provide an adequate supply of required components, subsystems, or systems of sufficient quality, will increase prices for the components, subsystems or systems and will perform their obligations on a timely basis.

We may seek

In addition, certain raw materials and components used in the manufacture of our products and in our development programs, are periodically subject to growsupply shortages, and our business through acquisitionsis subject to the risk of complementary companies,price increases and periodic delays in delivery. Particularly, the market for electronic components is experiencing increased demand and a global shortage of semiconductors, creating substantial uncertainty regarding our suppliers’ continued production of key components for our products. If any additional shortages occur and we are unable to obtain components from third party suppliers in the quantities and of the quality that we require, on a timely basis and at acceptable prices, then we may not be able to timely complete development programs or deliver our products serviceson a timely or technologies,cost effective basis to our customers, which could cause customers to terminate their contracts with us, increase our costs and the failure to manage acquisitions, or the failure to integrate them with our existing business, couldseriously harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, if any of our suppliers become financially unstable, or otherwise unable or unwilling to provide us with raw materials or components, then we may have to find new suppliers. It may take several months to locate alternative suppliers, if required, or to redesign our products to accommodate components from different suppliers. We may experience significant delays in manufacturing and shipping our products to customers and incur additional development, manufacturing and other costs to establish alternative sources of supply if we lose any of these sources or are required to redesign our products. We cannot predict if we will be able to obtain replacement components within the time frames that we require at an affordable cost, if at all. In particular, governmental measures responsive to the global COVID-19 pandemic have disrupted manufacturing and some supply chains, including our supply chain, which has had, and is expected to continue to have, a significant impact, both direct and indirect, on businesses and commerce worldwide. Although we have not yet seen significant delays from our suppliers and we keep stock of all our raw materials and other product components with long lead times to assist in the event that our supply chain is disrupted, if the COVID-19 outbreak continues and results in a prolonged period of commercial and/or governmental restrictions, this may impact our ability to obtain certain raw materials and certain components used in the manufacture of our products and in our development programs.

We currently do not have long-term supply contracts with guaranteed pricing which exposes us to fluctuations in component, materials and equipment prices. Substantial increases in these prices would increase our operating costs and could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

FromBecause we currently do not have long-term supply contracts with guaranteed pricing, we are subject to fluctuations in the prices of the raw materials, parts and components and equipment we use in the production of our Optimus System™. Substantial increases in the prices for such raw materials, components and equipment would increase our operating costs and could reduce our margins if we cannot recoup the increased costs through increased prices. Any attempts to increase prices of our automated data solutions in response to increased costs could be viewed negatively by our customers and could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We may pursue additional strategic transactions in the future, which could be difficult to implement, disrupt our business or change our business profile significantly.

We intend to consider additional potential strategic transactions, which could involve acquisitions of businesses or assets, joint ventures or investments in businesses, products or technologies that expand, complement or otherwise relate to our current or future business. We may also consider, from time to time, opportunities to engage in joint ventures or other business collaborations with third parties to address particular market segments. Should our relationships fail to materialize into significant agreements, or should we fail to work efficiently with these companies, we may considerlose sales and marketing opportunities and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

These activities, if successful, create risks such as, among others: (i) the need to acquire other companies,integrate and manage the businesses and products services or technologies that may enhanceacquired with our product platform or technology, expand the breadthown business and products; (ii) additional demands on our resources, systems, procedures and controls; (iii) disruption of our marketsongoing business; (iv) potential unknown or customer base,unquantifiable liabilities associated with the target company; and (v) diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns. Moreover, these transactions could involve: (a) substantial investment of funds or advance our business strategies. Potential acquisitions involve numerous risks, including:

We have no current commitmentsfinancings by issuance of debt or equity securities; (b) substantial investment with respect to technology transfers and operational integration; and (c) the acquisition or disposition of product lines or businesses. Also, such activities could result in one-time charges and expenses and have the potential to either dilute the interests of our existing shareholders or result in the issuance of, or assumption of debt. Such acquisitions, investments, joint ventures or other business collaborations may involve significant commitments of financial and other resources. Any such activities may not be successful in generating revenue, income or other returns, and any acquisition. We doresources we committed to such activities will not knowbe available to us for other purposes. Moreover, if we will be ableare unable to identify acquisitions we deem suitable, whether we will be able to successfully complete any such acquisitionsaccess the capital markets on favorableacceptable terms or at all, or whether we willmay not be able to successfully integrate any acquired companies, products, servicesconsummate acquisitions, or technologies.may have to do so on the basis of a less than optimal capital structure. Our potential inability to identify and complete suchtake advantage of growth opportunities or address risks associated with acquisitions or investments in businesses may negatively affect our operating results.

Additionally, any impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets acquired in an acquisition or in an investment, or charges to earnings associated with any acquisition or investment activity, may materially reduce our earnings. Future acquisitions or joint ventures may not result in their anticipated benefits, and we may not be able to properly integrate any acquired products, technologies or technologies effectivelybusinesses with our existing products and operations or successfully combine personnel and cultures. Failure to do so could deprive us of the intended benefits of those acquisitions.

If the Company is required to write down goodwill and other intangible assets, the Company’s financial condition and results could be negatively affected.

Goodwill impairment arises when there is deterioration in the capabilities of acquired assets to generate cash flows, and the fair value of the goodwill dips below its book value. The Company is required to review its goodwill for impairment at least annually. Events that may trigger goodwill impairment include deterioration in economic conditions, increased competition, loss of key personnel, and regulatory action. Should any of these occur, an impairment of goodwill could have a negative effect on the assets of the Company.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company engaged a third-party service provider to carry out a valuation of the American Robotics entity. Using a discounted cash flow analysis and revised forecasts for revenue and cash flows that are lower than the previous valuation, it was determined that the fair value of the entity was lower than the carrying value as of December 31, 2022, and an impairment of $19,419,600 was recognized in operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ending December 31, 2022. See Note 5 – Goodwill and Business Acquisition of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the impairment of goodwill.

War, terrorism, and other acts of violence may affect the markets in which we operate, our clients and our product and service delivery.

Our business may be adversely affected by regional or global instability, disruption or destruction, regardless of cause, including war, terrorism, riot, civil insurrection or social unrest. For example, the significant military action against Ukraine launched by Russia may affect the markets in which we operate. Such events may cause clients to delay their decisions on spending for the products and services provided by us and give rise to sudden significant changes in regional and global economic conditions and cycles. These events pose risks which could materially adversely affect our business, financial conditionresults.

We may not be able to secure adequate insurance policies, or secure insurance policies at reasonable prices.

We maintain general liability insurance, aviation flight testing insurance, aircraft liability coverage, directors and officers insurance, and other insurance policies and we believe our level of coverage is customary in the industry and adequate to protect against claims. However, there can be no assurance that it will be sufficient to cover potential claims or that present levels of coverage will be available in the future at reasonable cost. Further, we expect our insurance needs and costs to increase as we grow our commercial operations and expand into new markets and its uncertain if such insurance will be available on commercially reasonable terms.

The Company will be affected by operational risks and may not be adequately insured for certain risks.

The Company will be affected by a number of operational risks and the Company may not be adequately insured for certain risks, including: labor disputes; catastrophic accidents; fires; blockades or other acts of social activism; changes in the regulatory environment; impact of non-compliance with laws and regulations; natural phenomena, such as inclement weather conditions, floods, earthquakes and ground movements. There is no assurance that the foregoing risks and hazards will not result in damage to, or destruction of, the Company’s technologies, personal injury or death, environmental damage, adverse impacts on the Company’s operation, costs, monetary losses, potential legal liability and adverse governmental action, any of which could have an adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, earnings and financial condition. Furthermore, the unmanned aerial systems industry lacks a formative insurance market. As a result, the Company may be subject to or affected by liability or sustain loss for certain risks and hazards against which the Company cannot insure or which the Company may elect not to insure because of the cost. This lack of insurance coverage could have an adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, earnings, results of operations.operations and financial condition.

Litigation may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

From time to time in the normal course of our business operations, we may become subject to litigation that may result in liability material to our financial condition as a whole or may negatively affect our operating results if changes to our business operations are required. The cost to defend such litigation may be significant and may require a significant diversion of our resources,, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to successfully defend against any such litigation regardless of particular merits.merits. There also may be adverse publicity associated with litigation that could negatively affect customer perception of our business, regardless of whether the allegations are valid or whether we are ultimately found liable. Insurance may not be available on favorable terms, at all, or in sufficient amounts to cover any liabilities with respect to these or other matters. A judgment or other liability in excess of our insurance coverage for any claims could adversely affect our business, financial condition and the results of our operations.

Our cash could be adversely affected if the financial institutions in which we hold our cash fail.

Any outbreakThe Company maintains domestic cash deposits in Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured banks. The domestic bank deposit balances may exceed the FDIC insurance limits. Also, in the foreign markets we serve, we also maintain cash deposits in foreign banks, some of contagious diseases,which are not insured or partially insured by the FDIC or other similar agency. These balances could be impacted if one or more of the financial institutions in which we deposit monies fails or is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets. For example, on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank failed and was taken into receivership by the FDIC. The Company held $361,813 in excess of federally insured limits with Silicon Valley Bank as of March 10, 2023. However, on March 12, 2023, the federal government announced they will back all customer deposits at Silicon Valley Bank.

Risks Related to Regulatory Requirements

We and our customers operate in a highly regulated business environment and changes in regulation could impose costs on us or make our products less economical.

Our products and services and our utility customers are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations. Laws and regulations applicable to us and our products govern, among other things, the manner in which our products communicate, and the environmental impact and electrical reliability of our products. Additionally, our critical infrastructure customers are often regulated by national, state and/or local bodies, including public health developments,utility commissions, the Department of Energy, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Federal Aviation Administration, the FCC, Federal Rail Association, Israeli Defense Export Controls Agency of the Ministry of Defense and other bodies. Prospective customers may be required to gain approval from any or all of these organizations prior to implementing our products and services, including specific permissions related to the cost recovery of these systems. Regulatory agencies may impose special requirements for implementation and operation of our products, which may result in unforeseen delays. We may incur material costs or liabilities in complying with government regulations applicable to us or our utility customers. In addition, potentially significant expenditures could be required in order to comply with evolving regulations and requirements that may be adopted or imposed on us or our utility customers in the future. Such costs could make our products less economical and could impact our utility customers’ willingness to adopt our products, which could materially and adversely affect our revenue, results of operations and financial condition.

Furthermore, changes in the underlying regulatory conditions that affect critical infrastructure industries could have a material andpotentially adverse effect on our business operations,customers’ interest or ability to implement our technologies. Many regulatory jurisdictions have implemented rules that provide financial condition and resultsincentives for the implementation of operations.

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and has since spread to a number of other countries, including the United States. Any outbreak of contagious diseases, or other adverse public health developments, could have a material and adverse effect on our business operations. For example, the coronavirus may impact the global economy or negatively affect various aspects of our business, including our workforceenergy efficiency and demand forresponse technologies, often by providing rebates or through the restructuring of utility rates. If these programs were to cease, or if they were restructured in a manner inconsistent with the capabilities enabled by our products and services. An impact to our workforce could impact our ability to deliver our products and services, to our customers and make it more difficult to meet our expectations and obligations. The extent to which the coronavirus may impact our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the coronavirus. A health epidemic or other outbreak could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.operations could be significantly harmed.

Failure to obtain necessary regulatory approvals from the FAA or other governmental agencies, or limitations put on the use of small UAS in response to public privacy and other concerns, may prevent us from expanding the sales of our drone solutions to industrial and government customers in the United States.

The regulation of small UAS for commercial use in the United States is undergoing substantial change and the ultimate treatment is uncertain.

On February 14, 2012, the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 was enacted, establishing various deadlines for the FAA to allow expanded use of small UAS for both public and commercial applications. On June 21, 2016, the FAA released its final rules regarding the routine use of certain small UAS (under 55 pounds) in the U.S. National Airspace System pursuant to the act (the “Part 107 Rules”). The Part 107 Rules, which became effective in August 2016, provided safety regulations for small UAS conducting non-recreational operations and contain various limitations and restrictions for such operations, including a requirement that operators keep UAS within visual-line-of-sight and prohibiting flights over unprotected people on the ground who are not directly participating in the operation of the UAS. On December 28, 2020, the FAA announced final rules requiring remote identification of drones and allowing operators of small drones to fly over people and at night under certain conditions. On June 8, 2021, the FAA announced the formation of an Aviation Rulemaking Committee (“ARC”) to develop new rules to further define regulations for the operations of UAS Beyond Visual Line-of-Site (“BVLOS”). The timing of additional rulemaking is uncertain as is the outcome of the still developing regulatory environment related to the operation of small UAS.

We cannot assure you that any final rules enacted in furtherance of the FAA’s announced proposals will result in the expanded use of our drones and drone solutions by commercial and industrial entities. In addition, there exists public concern regarding the privacy and other implications of U.S. commercial use of small UAS. This concern has included calls to develop explicit written policies and procedures establishing usage limitations. We cannot assure you that the response from regulatory agencies, customers and privacy advocates to these concerns will not delay or restrict the adoption of small UAS by the commercial use markets.

Substantially all our current products depend on the availability and are subject to the use of licensed radio frequencies regulated by the FCC in the United States.

Substantially all of our current wireless networking products are designed to communicate wirelessly via licensed radio frequencies and therefore depend on the availability of adequate radio spectrum in order to operate. It is possible that the FCC or the U.S. Congress could adopt additional regulations or policies which are or may change or modify current regulations or policies so that they are, harmful to our business or incompatible with our current or future product offerings, as well as products currently installed in the field. Additional regulations or policies or changes or modifications to current regulations or policies may require modification or replacement of our products, including products currently installed in the field, at significant, or even prohibitive, cost to us, and may require changes or modifications to, or termination of, ongoing or planned projects. Any of these developments could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition or results of operations.

As a manufacturer of commercial UAS, we are subject to various government regulations, restrictions and requirements, and may be subject to additional regulations in the future, violation of which could subject us to sanctions or otherwise harm, restrict or add costs to our business.

As a manufacturer of consumer products, we are subject to significant government regulations, restrictions and requirements, including, in the United States, those issued under the Consumer Products Safety Act, as well as those issued under product safety and consumer protection statutes in our international markets. Failure to comply with any applicable product safety or consumer protection regulation could result in sanctions that could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Governments and regulatory agencies in the markets where we manufacture and sell products may enact additional regulations relating to product safety and consumer protection in the future and may also increase the penalties for failure to comply with product safety and consumer protection regulations. In addition, one or more of our customers might require changes in our products, such as the non-use of certain materials, in the future. Complying with any such additional regulations or requirements could impose increased costs on our business. Similarly, increased penalties for non-compliance could subject us to greater expenses in the event any of our products were found to not comply with such regulations. Such increased costs or penalties could harm our business.

Our business is subject to federal, state and international laws regarding data protection, privacy, and information security, as well as confidentiality obligations under various agreements, and our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could damage our reputation, expose us to litigation risk and adversely affect our business and operating results.

In connection with our business, we receive, collect, process and retain certain sensitive and confidential customer information. As a result, we are subject to increasingly rigorous federal, state and international laws regarding privacy and data protection. Personal privacy, data protection and information security are significant issues in the United States and the other jurisdictions where we offer our products and services. The regulatory framework for privacy and security issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Our handling of data is subject to a variety of laws and regulations, including regulation by various government agencies, including the United States Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) and various state, local and foreign bodies and agencies. We also execute confidentiality agreements with various parties under which we are required to protect their confidential information.

The United States federal and various state and foreign governments have adopted or proposed limitations on the collection, distribution, use and storage of personal information of individuals, including end-customers and employees. In the United States, the FTC and many state attorneys general are applying federal and state consumer protection laws to the online collection, use and dissemination of data. Additionally, many foreign countries and governmental bodies, and other jurisdictions in which we operate or conduct our business, have laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of personal information obtained from their residents or by businesses operating within their jurisdiction. These laws and regulations often are more restrictive than those in the United States. Such laws and regulations may require companies to implement new privacy and security policies, permit individuals to access, correct and delete personal information stored or maintained by such companies, inform individuals of security breaches that affect their personal information, and, in some cases, obtain individuals’ consent to use personal information for certain purposes.

We also expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and information security in the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions, and we cannot yet determine the impact of such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, which became effective in 2020, provides new data privacy rights for consumers and new operational requirements for companies. Additionally, we expect that existing laws, regulations and standards may be interpreted differently in the future. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the regulatory framework for the future of personal data transfers from the European Union to the United States with regulations such as the recently adopted General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which imposes more stringent E.U. data protection requirements, provides an enforcement authority, and imposes large penalties for noncompliance. Future laws, regulations, standards and other obligations, including the adoption of the GDPR, as well as changes in the interpretation of existing laws, regulations, standards and other obligations could impair our ability to collect, use or disclose information relating to individuals, which could decrease demand for our products, require us to restrict our business operations, increase our costs and impair our ability to maintain and grow our customer base and increase our revenue.

Although we are working to comply with those federal, state and foreign laws and regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations that apply to us, such laws, regulations, standards and obligations are evolving and may be modified, interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another, other requirements or legal obligations, our practices or the features of our products. As such, we cannot assure ongoing compliance with all such laws or regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations, and our efforts to do so may cause us to incur significant costs or require changes to our business practices, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with federal, state or foreign laws or regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations, or any actual or suspected security incident, whether or not resulting in unauthorized access to, or acquisition, release or transfer of personal information or other data, may result in governmental enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity and could cause our customers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business. Any inability to adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales, and adversely affect our business and operating results.

We are subject to numerous legal and regulatory regimes, and we could be harmed by changes to, or the interpretation or the application of, the laws and regulations of each of the jurisdictions in which it operates.

In addition to the United States, Airobotics operates in Israel, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates. The international scope of Airobotics’ business requires us to comply with a wide range of national and local laws and regulations, which may in certain cases diverge from or even conflict with each other.

With the geographic expansion of our business, and that of our subsidiaries, into new markets, we have become subject to additional and changing legal, regulatory, tax, licensing, and compliance requirements and industry standards.

In countries where we operate, legislators and regulatory authorities may introduce new interpretations of existing laws and regulations or introduce new legislation or regulations concerning our business. Changes in government regulation of or successful challenges to the business model used by us in certain markets may require us to change our existing business models and operations. Any additional regulatory scrutiny or changes in legal requirements may impose significant compliance costs and make it uneconomical for us to continue to operate in all of the current markets or to expand in accordance with our strategy, particularly if regulations or their interpretations vary greatly or conflict between different operating countries. This may negatively impact our revenue and profitability by preventing our business from reaching sufficient scale in particular markets or having to change our business model or incur additional costs, which would adversely impact business. Our inability, or perceived inability, to comply with existing or new compliance obligations, could lead to regulatory scrutiny, which could result in administrative or enforcement action, such as fines, penalties, and/or enforceable undertakings and adversely affect our business.

We may become subject to increasing global trade laws and regulations.

We may become subject to increasing global trade laws and regulations, including economic sanctions, export controls, and import laws. Failure to comply with global trade laws and regulations can result in penalties and reputational harm. Our international sales efforts expose us to increased risk under these laws and regulations, and increasing and evolving global trade laws could impact our business.

We are subject to Israeli regulations, restrictions and requirements which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Restrictions imposed on us by the Government of Israel, as a result of strategic ties and treaties with foreign countries, limit our activities and access to certain countries, in a manner that may restrict and even prevent in certain situations our operations in certain countries and affect its results.

Risks Related to our Intellectual Property

Our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology is uncertain.

We rely primarily on patent, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements, to protect our proprietary technologies and intellectual property. As of this filing, wethe Ondas Networks segment held a total of sixseven issued patents in the U.S., seventwo issued international patents, four patent pending applications in the U.S., and oneeleven international pending patent application. OurThe Ondas Networks segment patents expire between 20302028 and 2037,2040, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. As of this filing, the Ondas Autonomous Systems segment held a total of six issued patents in the U.S., ten issued international patents, six patent pending applications in the U.S., and eleven international pending patent applications. The Ondas Autonomous Systems segment patents expire between 2036 and 2042, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. Our intellectual property incorporates internally developed software and hardware design incorporating machine and computer vision and was developed with artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques. This intellectual property is critical to the development of end-to-end systems which reliably enable the automated operation of drones in real-world environments.

We have applied for patent protection relating to certain existing and proposed products and processes. Currently, several of our issued U.S. patents as well as various pending U.S. and foreign patent applications relate to our FullMAX systems and are therefore important to the functionality of our products. If we fail to timely file a patent application in any jurisdiction, we may be precluded from doing so at a later date. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that any of our patent applications will be approved in a timely manner or at all. The rights granted to us under our patents, and the rights we are seeking to have granted in our pending patent applications, may not be meaningful or provide us with any commercial advantage. In addition, those rights could be opposed, contested or circumvented by our competitors, or be declared invalid or unenforceable in judicial or administrative proceedings. The failure of our patents to adequately protect our technology might make it easier or cheaper for our competitors to offer the same or similar products or technologies. Even if we are successful in receiving patent protection for certain products and processes, our competitors may be able to design around our patents or develop products that provide outcomes which are comparable or superior to ours without infringing on our intellectual property rights. Due to differences between foreign and U.S. patent laws, our patented intellectual property rights may not receive the same degree of protection in foreign countries as they would in the United States. Even if patents are granted outside the U.S., effective enforcement in those countries may not be available without significant cost and time expense or at all.all.

We rely on our trademarks and trade names to distinguish our products from the products of our competitors. Third-partiesThird parties may challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition, and could require us to devote additional resources to marketing new brands. Further, we cannot assure you that competitors will not infringe upon our trademarks, or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks.

We also rely on trade secrets, know-how and technology, which are not protectable by patents, to maintain our competitive position. We try to protect this information by entering into confidentiality agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements with our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers regarding our intellectual property and proprietary technology. In the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of those agreements, we may not be provided with meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our commercial partners, collaborators, officers, employees, contractors and other service providers use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in the related or resulting know-how and inventions. If any of our trade secrets, know-how or other technologies not protected by a patent were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

If a competitor infringes upon one of our patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights, enforcing those patents, trademarks and other rights may be costly, difficult and time consuming. Patent law relating to the scope of claims in the industry in which we operate is subject to rapid change and constant evolution and, consequently, patent positions in our industry can be uncertain. Even if successful, litigation to defend our patents and trademarks against challenges or to enforce our intellectual property rights could be expensive and time consuming and could divert management’s attention from managing our business. Moreover, we may not have sufficient resources or desire to defend our patents or trademarks against challenges or to enforce our intellectual property rights. Litigation also puts our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Additionally, we may provoke third-partiesthird parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially valuable. The occurrence of any of these events may harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our business may suffer if it is alleged or found that our products infringe the intellectual property rights of others.

Our industry isindustries are characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and by litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Moreover, in recent years, individuals and groups have purchased patents and other intellectual property assets for the purpose of making claims of infringement in order to extract settlements from companies like ours. To date we have received no claims with respect to our infringement of intellectual property or patents but, in the future, third parties may claim that we are infringing upon their patents or other intellectual property rights. In addition, we may be or may become contractually obligated to indemnify our utility customers or other third parties that use or resell our products in the event our products are alleged to infringe a third-party’s intellectual property rights. Responding to such claims, regardless of their merit, can be time consuming, costly to defend in litigation, divert management’s attention and resources, damage our reputation and brand, and cause us to incur significant expenses. Even if we are indemnified against such costs, the indemnifying party may be unable to uphold its contractual obligations. Further, claims of intellectual property infringement might require us to redesign affected products, delay affected product offerings, enter into costly settlement or license agreements or pay costly damage awards or face a temporary or permanent injunction prohibiting us from marketing, selling or distributing the affected products. If we cannot or do not license the alleged infringed technology on reasonable terms or at all, or substitute similar technology from another source, our revenue and earnings could be adversely impacted. Additionally, our utility customers may not purchase our products if they are concerned that our products infringe third-party intellectual property rights. This could reduce the market opportunity for the sale of our products and services. The occurrence of any of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information, the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected.

In addition to patented technology, we rely on our unpatented technology, trade secrets and know-how. We generally seek to protect this information by confidentiality, non-disclosure and assignment of invention agreements with our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers and with parties with which we do business. These agreements may be breached, which breach may result in the misappropriation of such information, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use or reverse engineering of our technology.

Moreover, our trade secrets may be disclosed to or otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors. To the extent that our officers, employees, contractors, other service providers, or other third parties with whom we do business use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. If, for any of the above reasons, our intellectual property is disclosed or misappropriated, it would harm our ability to protect our rights and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We use open sourceopen-source software in our products and services that may subject our products and services to general release or require us to re-engineer our products and services, which may cause harm to our business.

We use open sourceopen-source software in connection with our products and services. From time to time, companies that incorporate open sourceopen-source software into their products have faced claims challenging the ownership of open sourceopen-source software and/or compliance with open source license terms. Therefore, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open sourceopen-source software or noncompliance with open sourceopen-source licensing terms. Some open sourceopen-source software licenses require users who distribute open sourceopen-source software as part of their software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software and/or make available any derivative works of the open sourceopen-source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost. While we monitor the use of open source software in our products and services and try to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require us to disclose the source code to the related product or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open source agreement, such use could inadvertently occur and we may be required to release our proprietary source code, pay damages for breach of contract, re-engineer our products, discontinue the sale of our products in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis or take other remedial action that may divert resources away from our development efforts, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

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Risks Related to our Financial Results and Need for Financing

We will need to generate significant sales to achieve profitable operations.

We intend to increase our operating expenses substantially in connection with the planned expansion of our business, establishment of our sales and marketing infrastructure, our ongoing research and development activities, and the commensurate development of our management and administrative functions,, but there is no guarantee that we will succeed in these endeavors.endeavors. We will need to generate significant sales to achieve profitability, and we might not be able to do so. Even if we do generate significant sales, we might not be able to achieve, sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. If our sales grow more slowly than we expect, or if our operating expenses exceed our expectations, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our future profitability may be dependent upon achieving cost reductions and projected economies of scale from increasing manufacturing quantities of our products. Failing to achieve such reductions in manufacturing costs and projected economies of scale could materially adversely affect our business.

We maydo not know whether or when we will be able to generate sufficient cashdevelop efficient, low-cost manufacturing capabilities and processes that will enable us to manufacture (or contract for the manufacture of) these products in commercial quantities while meeting the volume, speed, quality, price, engineering, design and production standards required to successfully market our products. Our failure to develop such manufacturing processes and capabilities in locations that can efficiently service our indebtedness, which currently consists of the secured loans with Steward Capital.

We currently have issued secured notes to Steward Capital in the aggregate principal amount of $10 million, pursuant to term loans under a Loan and Security Agreement, as amended, that mature September 19, 2020, or the Steward Capital Loan and Security Agreement. At December 31, 2019, the accrued interest on the secured loans was $438,000. In addition, we must pay $550,000 to Steward Capital at maturity for end-of-loan and loan extension fees. Our obligations under the Steward Capital Loan and Security Agreement are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of our assets. The Steward Capital Loan and Security Agreement also contains certain restrictive covenants that limit our ability to incur additional indebtedness and liens, merge with other companies or consummate certain changes of control, acquire other companies, engage in new lines of business, make certain investments, pay dividends, transfer or dispose of assets, amend certain material agreements or enter into various specified transactions, as well as financial reporting requirements. We were in compliance with the affirmative and restrictive covenants as of December 31, 2019 and as of the date of this filing. We may also enter into other debt agreements in the future which may contain similar or more restrictive terms.

Our ability to make the scheduled payment to Steward Capital depends on numerous factors, including the amount of our cash reserves and our actual and projected financial and operating performance. These amounts and our performance are subject to certain financial and business factors, as well as prevailing economic and competitive conditions, some of which may be beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will maintain a level of cash reserves or cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the Steward Capital secured loans when due. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligation to Steward Capital, we may be forced sell assets or operations, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We cannot assure you that we would be able to take any of these actions, or that these actions would permit us to meet our scheduled obligation to Steward Capital. Failure to comply with the conditions of the Steward Capital Loan and Security Agreementmarkets could result in an event of default, which could result in an acceleration of amounts due under the Steward Capital Loan and Security Agreement. We may not have sufficient funds or may be unable to arrange for additional financing to repay our indebtedness and Steward Capital could seek to enforce security interests in the collateral securing such indebtedness, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Our future profitability is, in part, dependent upon achieving increased savings from volume purchases of raw materials and component parts, achieving acceptable manufacturing yield and capitalizing on machinery efficiencies. We expect our suppliers to experience a sharp increase in demand for their products. As a result, we may not have reliable access to supplies that we require or be able to purchase such materials or components at cost effective prices. There is no assurance that we will ever be in a position to realize any material, labor and machinery cost reductions associated with higher purchasing power and higher production levels. Failure to achieve these cost reductions could adversely impact our business and financial results.

If business growth falls short of expectations, we do notmay need to obtain additional capital to fund our growth, operations, and obligations, our growthobligations.

We may be limited.

We will require additional capital to fund our growth, operations, and obligations.obligations if our growth plan falls short or takes more time than we anticipate. As our business has grown, we have managed periods of tight liquidity by accessing capital from our stockholders and their affiliates. Our capital requirements will depend on several factors, including:

We may seek additional funds through equity or debt offerings and/or borrowings under additional notes payable, lines of credit or other sources. We do not know whether additional financing will be available on commercially acceptable terms or at all, when needed. For example, increases in interest rates could negatively impact the costs of seeking additional funds through debt offerings and/or borrowings. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on commercially acceptable terms, our ability to fund our operations, support the growth of our business or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly delayed or limited, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our revenue is not predictable and recognition of a significant portion of it will be deferred into future periods.

Once a customer decides to move forward with a large-scale deployment of our products and services, the timing of and our ability to recognize related revenue will depend on several factors, some of which may not be under our control. These factors include shipment schedules that may be delayed or subject to modification, the rate at which our utility customers choose to deploy our products in their network, customer acceptance of all or any part of our products and services, our contractual commitments to provide new or enhanced functionality at some point in the future, other contractual provisions such as liquidated damages, our suppliers’ ability to provide an adequate supply of components, the requirement to obtain regulatory approval, and our ability to deliver quality products according to expected schedules. In light of these factors, the application of complex revenue recognition rules to our products and services has required us to defer, and in the future will likely continue to require us to defer, a significant amount of revenue until undetermined future periods. It may be difficult to predict the amount of revenue that we will recognize in any given period and amounts recognized may fluctuate significantly from one period to the next.

Risks RelatedFollowing the completion of the acquisition of Airobotics, our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates has increased.

Airobotics conducts a significant portion of its operations outside of the United States, which also operate in their respective local currencies, the most significant of which are currently the Israeli New Shekel, the Singapore Dollar and the Emirati Dirham. Therefore, following the completion of the acquisition of Airobotics, our Common Stock

Our ability to continueinternational operations accounts for a more significant portion of our overall operations requires that we raise additional capitalthan they previously did and our operations could be curtailed if we are unableexposure to obtain the additional funding as or when needed on terms acceptable to us or at all. As a result,fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates has increase. Because our registered public accounting firm has included an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern in its report on our audited financial statements includedcontinue to be presented in this Form 10-K.

Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability requires us to successfully market and secure purchase orders for our products from customers currently identified in our sales pipeline and to new customers as well. We alsoU.S. dollars, the local currencies of Airobotics will be required to efficiently manufacturer and deliver equipment on those purchase orders. These activities, including our planned research and development efforts, will require significant uses of working capital through the end of 2020 and beyond. Based on our current operating plans, we believe that our existing cashtranslated into U.S. dollars at the time of this filing will only be sufficient to meetapplicable exchange rates for inclusion in our anticipated operating needs through March 2020 (seeNOTE 1 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, for further detail). We currently do not have sufficient funds to repay our debt to Steward Capital due at maturity on September 19, 2020 and must secure additional equity or debt capital in order to repay this obligation. Atthereby increasing the present time we have no commitments for any such funding and no assurance can be provided that we will be able to raise the needed funds on commercially acceptable terms or at all. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern through March 13, 2021. The financial information contained in these financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. This financial information and these financial statements do not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

foreign exchange translation risk.

We will need to raise additional financing to continue operations beyond March 2020. We will require additional funding to continue operations and realize our business objectives in the future. If we are unable to continue as a going concern in the future, we may be unable to meet our obligations under the Steward Capital secured loans, which could result in an acceleration of our obligations to repay all amounts owed thereunder, and we may be forced to liquidate our assets. In such a scenario, the values we receive for our assets in liquidation or dissolution could be significantly lower than the values reflected in our financial statements.

We previously identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. Ifreporting associated with the inadequate review of stock-based compensation issued in connection with the acquisition of American Robotics, which has since been remediated, and we are not able to remediatemay identify material weaknesses in the future.

We previously reported a material weakness and otherwise maintain an effective system ofin our internal control over financial reporting for the reliabilityyear ended December 31, 2021, associated with the inadequate review of our financial reporting, investor confidencestock-based compensation issued in us andconnection with the valueacquisition of our Common Stock could be adversely affected.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls.American Robotics. A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely basis.

In connection with this annual report forAs discussed in section entitled “Controls and Procedures,” we took a number of measures to remediate the year endedmaterial weakness described above, and based on these measures, management has tested the internal control activities and found them to be effective and has concluded that the material weakness described above has been remediated as of December 31, 2019,2022. However, if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control occur in the future, it may adversely affect our ability to report our financial condition and results of operations in a timely and accurate manner. Although we identified a material weaknesscontinually review and evaluate internal control systems to allow management to report on the sufficiency of our internal control over financial reporting, we cannot assure you that we will not discover additional weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting related to lack of segregation of duties and accounting resources. Accordingly,reporting. If we identify one or more new material weaknesses, we may not assert that our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have certifiedinternal controls are effective. If we cannot assert that based on their knowledge, the consolidated financial statements, and other financial information included in this Form 10-K, fairly present in all material respects our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows as of, and for, the periods presented in this Form 10-K.

If our steps are insufficient to successfully remediate the material weakness and otherwise establish and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, the reliability of our financial reporting, investor confidence in us and the value of our Common Stock could be materially and adversely affected. Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary foreffective, investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock and possibly impact our ability to obtain future financing on acceptable terms. Additionally, our management’s attention has been, and may further be, diverted from the operation of our business as a result of the time and attention required to address the remediation of any material weakness in our internal controls.

Risks Related to the Airobotics Transaction

Our business relationships, those of Airobotics or the combined company may be subject to disruption due to uncertainty associated with the acquisition of Airobotics (the “Airobotics Transaction”).

Parties with which we or Airobotics do business may experience uncertainty associated with the Airobotics Transaction, including with respect to current or future business relationships with us, Airobotics, or the combined company. Our and Airobotics’ business relationships may be subject to provide reliabledisruption, as customers, distributors, suppliers, vendors, and timelyothers may seek to receive confirmation that their existing business relationships with us or Airobotics, as the case may be, will not be adversely impacted as a result of the Airobotics Transaction or attempt to negotiate changes in existing business relationships or consider entering into business relationships with parties other than us, Airobotics, or the combined company as a result of the Airobotics Transaction. Any of these other disruptions could have a material adverse effect on our or Airobotics’ business, financial condition, or results of operations or on the business, financial condition, or results of operations of the combined company and could also have an adverse effect on our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the Airobotics Transaction.

If we are unable to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting following completion of the Airobotics Transaction, we may fail to prevent or detect material misstatements in our financial statements, in which case investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and togetherthe market price of our securities may decline.

We and Airobotics historically maintained separate internal control over financial reporting with adequate disclosuredifferent financial reporting processes and different process control software. We are in the process of integrating our internal control over financial reporting with that of Airobotics. We may encounter difficulties and unanticipated issues in combining our respective accounting systems due to the complexity of the financial reporting processes. We may also identify errors or misstatements that could require audit adjustments. If we are unable to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting following completion of the Airobotics Transaction, we may fail to prevent or detect material misstatements in our financial statements, in which case investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our securities may decline.

Airobotics may have liabilities that are not known, probable or estimable at this time.

After the Airobotics Transaction, Airobotics is subject to certain past, current, and future liabilities. There could be unasserted claims or assessments against or affecting Airobotics, including the failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations. In addition, there may be liabilities of Airobotics that are neither probable nor estimable at this time that may become probable or estimable in the future, including indemnification requests received from customers of Airobotics relating to claims of infringement or misappropriation of third party intellectual property or other proprietary rights, tax liabilities arising in connection with ongoing or future tax audits and liabilities in connection with other past, current and future legal claims and litigation. Any such liabilities, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our financial results. We may learn additional information about Airobotics that adversely affects us, such as unknown, unasserted, or contingent liabilities and issues relating to compliance with applicable laws or infringement or misappropriation of third-party intellectual property or other proprietary rights.

Ondas may experience difficulties integrating Airobotics’ business.

Achieving the anticipated benefits of the Airobotics Transaction will depend in significant part upon whether Ondas and successfully integrates Airobotics and American Robotics in the Ondas Autonomous Systems in an efficient and effective manner. The actual integration and operations of the Ondas Autonomous Systems may result in additional and unforeseen expenses, and the anticipated benefits of the integration plan may not be realized. The companies may not be able to accomplish the integration process smoothly, successfully or on a timely basis. The necessity of coordinating geographically separated organizations, systems of controls, and procedures, are designedfacilities and addressing possible differences in business backgrounds, corporate cultures and management philosophies may increase the difficulties of integration. The companies operate numerous systems and controls, including those involving management information, purchasing, accounting and finance, sales, billing, employee benefits, payroll, and regulatory compliance. The integration of operations following the Airobotics Transaction will require the dedication of significant management and external resources, which may temporarily distract management’s attention from the day-to-day business of the combined company and be costly. Employee uncertainty and lack of focus during the integration process may also disrupt the business of the combined company. Any inability of management to reasonably detectsuccessfully and prevent fraud. Any failuretimely integrate the operations of the two companies could have a material adverse effect on the business and results of operations of the combined company.

The combined company may not fully realize the anticipated benefits of the Airobotics Transaction within the timing anticipated or at all.

Ondas and Airobotics entered into the Agreement of Merger, dated August 4, 2022, because each company believes that the Airobotics Transaction will be beneficial to implement required neweach of Ondas and Airobotics primarily as a result of the anticipated benefits resulting from the combined company’s operations. The companies may not be able to achieve the anticipated long-term strategic benefits of the Airobotics Transaction. An inability to realize the full extent of, or improved controls, or difficultiesany of, the anticipated benefits of the Airobotics Transaction, as well as any delays that may be encountered in their implementationthe integration process, which may delay the timing of such benefits, could causehave an adverse effect on the business and results of operations of the combined company, and may affect the value of Ondas common stock after the completion of the Airobotics Transaction.

The Airobotics Transaction involved substantial costs.

We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, a number of non-recurring costs associated with the Airobotics Transaction. The substantial majority of the non-recurring expenses will consist of transaction and regulatory costs related to the Airobotics Transaction. We will also incur transaction fees and costs related to formulating and implementing integration plans, including system consolidation costs and employment-related costs. We continue to assess the magnitude of these costs, and additional unanticipated costs may be incurred from the Airobotics Transaction and integration. Although we anticipate that the elimination of duplicative costs and the realization of other efficiencies and synergies related to the integration should allow us to failoffset integration-related costs over time, this net benefit may not be achieved in the near term, or at all.

Risks Related to meet our reporting obligations.

Common Stock

We have limited trading activity and as a result, the price of our common stock might fluctuate significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The limited trading activity and resulting volatility in the market price of our common stock may prevent you from being able to sell your shares of our common stock at or above the price you paid for your shares. The trading price of our common stock may be volatile and subject to wide price fluctuations in response to various factors, including, but not limited to:

Our common stock is listed on Nasdaq and the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”) under the symbol “ONDS.”    The first trading day of the Company’s shares on TASE was January 26, 2023. There can be no assurance that trading of our common stock on such market will be sustained. In the event that our common stock is not listed on Nasdaq or TASE, or if we do not sustain such listing, our common stock could be quoted only on the OTC Markets. Under such circumstances, you may find it significantly more difficult to trade, or to obtain accurate quotations for our common stock and our common stock may become substantially less attractive to certain purchasers, such as financial institutions, hedge funds, and other similar investors.

These and other factors might cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate unpredictably and substantially, which may negatively affect the liquidity of our common stock. In addition, in recent years, the stock market has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has had a significant impact on the market price of securities issued by many companies across many industries, including our industry. The changes frequently appear to occur without regard to the operating performance of the affected companies. Accordingly, the price of our common stock could fluctuate based upon factors that have little or nothing to do with our company, and these fluctuations could materially reduce our stock price.

Securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the overall market and in the market price of a company’s securities. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs, divert our management’s attention and resources, and harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

We are an “emerging growth company” and, as a result of the reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, our common stock may be less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act and we intend to take advantage of some of the exemptions from reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including:

We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) December 31, 2021, (2) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, (3) the last day of the fiscal year in which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeded $700.0 million as of the last business day of the second fiscal quarter of such fiscal year or (4) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

Under Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

Concentration of ownership of our common stock among our existing executive officers, directors and principal stockholders may prevent new investors from influencing significant corporate decisions.

Our executive officers, directors and current beneficial owners of 5% or more of our common stock and their respective affiliates, in the aggregate, beneficially own approximately 42.8%15.6% of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2019,March 10, 2023, and as of the date of this filing.  As a result, these persons, acting together, would be able to significantly influence all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors, any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other significant corporate transactions.

Some of these persons or entities may have interests different than yours. For example, they may be more interested in selling our company to an acquirer than other investors, or they may want us to pursue strategies that deviate from the interests of other stockholders.

We may issue more shares to raise additional capital, which may result in substantial dilution.

Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation authorize the issuance of a maximum of 350,000,000116,666,667 shares of common stock. Any additional financings effected by us may result in the issuance of additional securities without stockholder approval and the substantial dilution in the percentage of common stock held by our then existing stockholders. Moreover,In order to raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of our common stock issued in any such transactionor other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock at prices that may be valued on an arbitraryhigher or non-arm’s-length basis by our management, resultinglower than the price per share in an additional reductionthis offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the percentagefuture could have rights superior to purchases in this offering or other existing stockholders. Also, we have reserved 6,000,000 shares of common stock held by our current stockholders. Our Board hasfor issuance pursuant to future awards under the power to issue any or all2021 Stock Incentive Plan. As of such authorized but unissuedDecember 31, 2022, the number of securities remaining available for future issuance under the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan is 3,927,140 shares without stockholder approval. To the extent thatof common stock. The issuance of such additional shares of common stock, are issued in connection with a financing, dilution toor securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, may cause the interestsprice of our stockholders will occur and the rights of the holder of common stock might be materially and adversely affected.

to decline. Additionally, if all or a substantial portion of these shares are resold into the public markets then the trading price of our common stock may decline.

Our Board may issue and fix the terms of shares of our preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could adversely affect the voting power of holders of our common stock or any change in control of our Company.

Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation authorize the issuance of up to 10,000,0005,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share, with such designation rights and preferences as may be determined from time to time by our Board. Our Board is empowered, without the need to obtain stockholder approval, to issue shares of preferred stock with dividend, liquidation, conversion, voting or other rights which could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of our common stock. In the event of such issuances, the preferred stock could be used, under certain circumstances, as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control of our company.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business,, which research and reports are not and would not be subject to our control.control. We currently do not have and may never obtain research coverage by securities analysts, and industry analysts that currently cover us may cease to do so. If no securities analysts commence coverage of our company, or if industry analysts cease coverage of our company, the trading price for our stock could be materially and adversely impacted. In the event we obtain securities analyst coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price may be materially and adversely impacted.impacted. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock nor are we under any obligation to declare or pay such cash dividends. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund our operations and the development and growth of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Our future ability to pay cash dividends on our capital stock may be limited by any future debt instruments or preferred securities. As a result, you may only receive a return on your investment in our common stock if the market price of our common stock increases to a price above the price you paid for them and you sell such shares.

We expect to incur increased costs and demands upon management as a result of being a public company.

As a public company, we expect to incur significant legal, accounting, and other costs, which we anticipate could be up to $1 million annually, and such costs may increase over time. These additional costs could negatively affect our financial results. In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including regulations implemented by the SEC and the stock exchange on which we may list our common stock, may increase legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying and sometimes unclear interpretations and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities, which may harm our business, financial condition or results of operations. If, notwithstanding our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards, we fail to comply, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business, financial condition and results of operation may be harmed.

Failure to comply with these rules might also make it more difficult for us to obtain some types of insurance, including, without limitation, director and officer liability insurance, and we might be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain or maintain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these events could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our Board, on committees of our Board or as members of senior or executive management.

shares.

A significant portion of our total outstanding shares are restricted from immediate resale but may be sold into the market in the future. This could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. If our stockholders sell, or the market perceives that our stockholders intend to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly.

Of the 50,463,732 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding after the closing of the Acquisition, 8,948,500 shares are freely tradable without restriction by stockholders who are not our affiliates and 41,515,232 shares are “restricted securities” as defined in Rule 144. The 25,463,732 restricted shares issued to the former Ondas Networks stockholders are also subject to the terms of a lock up agreement entered into in connection with the Acquisition by each of the former Ondas stockholders, which lock up agreement was subsequently amended, under which these restricted shares cannot be sold until September 28, 2020.

In addition, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3, which was declared effective by the SEC on December 12, 2019, covering the resale of 8,684,353 shares of common stock and 4,630,739 shares of common stock underlying warrants held by selling stockholders (“Investor Warrants”) who participated in a private equity offering during the third and fourth quarter 2019. Pursuant to the registration statement on Form S-3, these selling stockholders may resell all or a portion of the 8,684,353 shares of common stock, and all or a portion of the 4,630,739 shares of common stock underlying the Investor Warrants after the Investor Warrants are exercised by the holders.

In addition, in the future, we intend to file one or more registration statements on Form S-8 registering the issuance of approximately 10,000,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under our 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. Shares registered under these registration statements on Form S-8 will be available for sale in the public market subject to vesting arrangements and exercise of options and the restrictions of Rule 144 in the case of our affiliates.

You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings.

In order to raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock at prices that may not be the same as the price in this offering. We may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price that is less than the price paid by investors in this offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. The price at which we sell additional shares of our common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price paid by investors in this offering. Also, we have reserved 10,000,000 shares of common stock for issuance pursuant to future awards under the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. The issuance of such additional shares of common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, may cause the price of our common stock to decline. Additionally, if all or a substantial portion of these shares are resold into the public markets then the trading price of our common stock may decline.

Our shares of common stock are subject to the penny stock rules.

The SEC has adopted rules that regulate broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in penny stocks. Penny stocks are generally equity securities with a price of less than $5.00, other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or authorized for quotation on certain automated quotation systems, provided that current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system. If the price per share of our common stock continues to be is less than $5.00, our common stock will continue to be deemed a penny stock. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, before a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document containing specified information. In addition, the penny stock rules require that before effecting any transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, a broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive (i) the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement; (ii) a written agreement to transactions involving penny stocks; and (iii) a signed and dated copy of a written suitability statement. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for our common stock, and therefore stockholders may have difficulty selling their shares.

Certain provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and Nevada law make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us and make a takeover more difficult to complete, even if such a transaction were in the stockholders’ best interest.

Certain provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and Nevada law make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us and make a takeover more difficult to complete, even if such a transaction were in the stockholders’ interest. For example, Nevada law provides that approval of two-thirds of the stockholders is required to remove a director, which may make it more difficult for a third-party to gain control of the Company. This concentration of ownership limits the power to exercise control by our minority stockholders.

Our bylaws designate the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County of the State of Nevada as the sole and exclusive forum for certain actions, which could limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with the Company and its directors, officers, or other employees and may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims.

Unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County of the State of Nevada (the “Court”) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any stockholder (including a beneficial owner) to bring (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any Director, officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against the Company, any director or the Company’s officers or employees arising pursuant to any provision of the NRS, Chapters 78 or 92A of the NRS or our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation or our Bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against the Company, any director or the Company’s officers or employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine. However, each of these clauses (i) through (iv) will not apply to any claim (x) as to which the Court determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of the Court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of the Court within ten (10) days following such determination), (y) for which the Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction, or (z) which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than the Court, including pursuant to Section 27 of the Exchange Act, which provides for exclusive federal jurisdiction over suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), provides for concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder, and as such the exclusive jurisdiction clauses set forth above would not apply to such suits.

Risks Related to our Acquisition by Zev Ventures Incorporated

We may be subject to unknown risks as a result of our completed acquisition by Zev Ventures Incorporated.

Before the Acquisition, Zev Ventures conducted a business related to the resale to the public of sporting event and concert tickets purchased in bulk in advance from leading ticket vendors and reselling them at the price actually commanded by the market. In connection with the Acquisition, we discontinued this business. Even though we and our advisers conducted a due diligence investigation of Zev Ventures prior to committing to the Acquisition, there may be unknown liabilities, or liabilities that were known but believed to be immaterial, related to the business of Zev Ventures that may become material liabilities we are subject to in the future. If we are subject to material liability as a result of the conduct of Zev Ventures we may have limited recourse for such liabilities, which could have a material impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and stock price.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2. Properties.

Our corporate headquarters for Ondas Holdings is located at 411 Waverley Oaks Road, Suite 114, Waltham, MA 02452.

 Our offices and operational headquartersfacilities for Ondas Networks isare located at 165 Gibraltar Court in Sunnyvale, CA.CA (the Property”). On October 30, 2018, Ondas Networkswe entered into a sublease with Texas Instruments Sunnyvale Incorporated for the sublet of these corporate and operational headquarters,the Property, representing approximately 21,982 square feet. The sublease expiresexpired on February 28, 2021 and we have no optionwas extended to renew or extendMarch 31, 2021 under the sublease under its terms. We paysame terms which included a base rent of approximately $28,577 per month plus additional monthly fees to cover operating expenses, certain legal fees, and personal property taxes associated with the premises. Upon execution of the sublease, we delivered a security deposit to be held in trust equal to one month’s base rent.

Our headquarters were previously located at 687 N. Pastoria Avenuerent, which was applied to the balance of our sublease obligation in Sunnyvale, California.March 2021. On November 11, 2013,January 22, 2021, we entered into a three-year24-month lease agreementwith the owner and landlord of the Property (the “2021 Lease”), wherein the base rate is $45,000 per month and including a security deposit in the amount of $90,000. The 2021 Lease is effective April 1, 2021 through March 31, 2023. The Company is in the process of renewing this lease.

Our offices and facilities for American Robotics are located at 53 Brigham St, Unit 4, Marlborough, MA, representing approximately 10,450 square feet (the “Marlborough Lease”). On August 5, 2021, the Company acquired American Robotics and the Marlborough Lease, wherein the base rate is $15,469 per month, with an annual increase of 3% through January 2024, with a security deposit of $24,166. On August 19, 2021, American Robotics amended their lease to reduce their space. The Amendment reduced their annual base rent to $8,802 per month, with an annual increase of 3% through January 2024.

On October 8, 2021, American Robotics entered into an 86-month operating lease for space at 411 Waverley Oaks Road, Suite 114, Waltham, MA, representing approximately 18,000 square feet. The lease commenced on March 1, 2022 and terminates on April 30, 2029, wherein the base rate is $39,375 per month, increasing 3% annually, with a security deposit in the amount of $104,040. In conjunction with this new lease, American Robotics leased a short-term temporary space at 411 Waverley Oaks Road, Suite 118, Waltham, MA, representing approximately 6,000 square feet at $8,500 per month, until their primary space was available on June 1, 2022.

Our offices and facilities for Airobotics are located at 8 Modi’in St, Petah Tikva, Israel, representing approximately 13,240 square feet and an adjacent yard with an area of office spaceapproximately 9,690 square feet which expired onAirobotics leases according to three different lease agreements. Each agreement is with respect to different sections of the entire leased area and are in effect through December 31, 2017. On October 16, 2017, we extended the lease agreement for an additional three years expiring December 31, 2020 (“2018 Extension”) for an aggregate monthly lease payment of approximately $12,600. On January 24, 2020, we entered into a Sublease agreement with a third party (the “Sublessee”)2023, February 28, 2024, and November 30, 2024 wherein the Sublessee will occupy the premises for the remainderbase rate of the term of the 2018 Extension and will make payments totaling $106,323 ($9,666entire leased area is approximately $20,500 per month) for the remaining 11 months.month.

We had a combined office and laboratory facility for approximately 15,200 square feet in China, located in the capital city of Sichuan province. On June 15, 2018, effective June 1, 2018, Ondas Networks entered into a five-year lease agreement expiring May 31, 2023, with a base monthly lease payment ranging from approximately $9,200 to $9,700 US. Upon execution of the lease, the first three months were free and we paid $28,000 US in advance for the second three months. The base monthly lease payment for the period from June 1, 2018 through April 30, 2020 was approximately $9,200 US. The base monthly lease payment for the period from May 1, 2020 through May 31, 2023 was approximately $9,700 US. We also paid a monthly management fee of approximately $1,800 US. In connection with our process of dissolving our China-affiliated subsidiaries, on December 20, 2019, we entered into a lease termination agreement (“Termination Agreement”) wherein the five-year lease agreement was terminated, we agreed to vacate no later than December 31, 2019, and we agreed to transfer leasehold improvements to the landlord, pay the current quarterly rent of approximately $13,675 US, forfeit 1.5 months of our prepaid deposit, and pay other miscellaneous fees of approximately $4,000 US. As outlined in the Termination Agreement, we vacated the premises by December 31, 2019, transferred leasehold improvements to the landlord, and paid all rental and other fees due.

We believe that our offices and facilities are sufficient for our current needs.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties and an adverse result in these, or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. We are not currently involved in any legal proceeding or investigation by a governmental agency that we believe will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or operating results.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our common stock originally traded on OTC Markets, the OTC Pink (Current Information) tier of OTC Markets Group, Inc. under the trading symbol “ZVVT” on a very limited basis. On October 5, 2018, the trading symbol changed to “ONDS.” On December 19, 2018, our common stock was uplisted to the OTCQB under the symbol “ONDS”. On December 4, 2020, our common stock was uplisted to the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “ONDS” where it continues to trade on a very limited basis. On January 26, 2023, our common stock began trading on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”) and was dual listed on both Nasdaq and TASE.

Stockholders

As of March 10, 2020,7, 2023, there were 27298 stockholders of record.

Dividends

We have never declared nor paid any cash dividends to stockholders. We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future, and currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund our operations and the development and growth of our business. The declaration of any future cash dividend, if any, would be at the discretion of our Board (subject to limitations imposed under applicable Nevada law) and would depend upon our earnings, if any, our capital requirements and financial position, our general economic conditions, and other pertinent conditions.

Unregistered Sales of Securities

None other than those previously disclosed in a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or in a Current Report on Form 8-K.during the year ended December 31, 2022

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

None during the quarter ended December 31, 2019.2022.

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 229.10(f)(1) and are not required to provide information under Item 301(c).

6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

General

You should read the following discussion and analysis in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes to those financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Statement“Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Information.Statements.” Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements.

Overview

On September 28, 2018, we consummatedOndas Holdings is a reverse acquisition transaction to acquire a privately-held company, Ondas Networks Inc.,leading provider of private wireless, drone, and changed our name from “Zev Ventures Incorporated” to “Ondas Holdings Inc.” As a result,automated data solutions through its wholly owned subsidiaries Ondas Networks Inc. (“Ondas Networks”) became, American Robotics, Inc. (“American Robotics” or “AR”) and Airobotics, Ltd. (“Airobotics”). American Robotics and Airobotics are operated together, under a separate business unit called Ondas Autonomous Systems. Ondas Holdings acquired American Robotics, a leading developer of highly automated commercial drone systems on August 5, 2021. Ondas Holdings acquired Airobotics, an Israeli-based developer of autonomous drone systems on January 23, 2023. American Robotics and Airobotics are operated together, under a separate business unit called Ondas Autonomous Systems. Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems together provide users in rail, energy, mining, agriculture, public safety and critical infrastructure and government markets with improved connectivity, data collection capabilities, and data collection and information processing capabilities. We operate Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems as separate business segments, and the following is a discussion of each segment. See Note 1 and Note 2 of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our wholly owned subsidiary.segments.

Ondas Networks Segment

Ondas Networks provides wireless connectivity solutions enabling mission-critical Industrial Internet applications and services. We refer to this transactionthese applications as the “Acquisition.” In connectionMission-Critical Internet of Things (“MC-IoT”). Our wireless networking products are applicable to a wide range of MC-IoT applications, which are most often located at the very edge of large industrial networks. These applications require secure, real-time connectivity with the closingability to process large amounts of data at the edge of large industrial networks. Such applications are required in all of the Acquisition, we discontinued the prior businessmajor critical infrastructure markets, including rail, electric grids, drones, oil and gas, and public safety, homeland security and government, where secure, reliable and fast operational decisions are required in order to improve efficiency and ensure a high degree of Zev Ventures as a reseller of sportingsafety and concert tickets and our sole business became that of Ondas Networks.security.

We design, develop, manufacture, sell and support FullMAX, our multi-patented wireless radio systemspatented, Software Defined Radio (“SDR”) platform for secure, wide area mission-critical field arealicensed, private, wide-area broadband networks. This radioOur customers install FullMAX systems in order to upgrade and expand their legacy wide-area network provides point-to-multipoint, non-lineinfrastructure. Our MC-IoT intellectual property has been adopted by the Institute of sight connectivity for industrial wireless networks. Since its inception on February 26, 2006, Ondas Networks has devoted its efforts principally to researchElectrical and developmentElectronics Engineers (“IEEE”), the leading worldwide standards body in data networking protocols, and forms the commercializationcore of our FullMAX wireless technology platform. We helped create the IEEE 802.16s standard. Because standards-based communications solutions are preferred by our mission-critical customers and ecosystem partners, we have taken a leadership position in IEEE as it relates to wireless broadband standard,networking for industrial markets. As such, management believes this standards-based approach supports the adoption of our technology across a burgeoning ecosystem of global partners and end markets.

Our software-based FullMAX platform is an important and timely upgrade solution for privately-owned and operated wireless wide-area networks, leveraging Internet Protocol-based communications to provide more reliability and data capacity for our mission-critical infrastructure customers. We believe industrial and critical infrastructure markets throughout the globe have reached an inflection point where legacy serial and analog based protocols and network transport systems no longer meet industry needs. In addition to offering enhanced data throughput, FullMAX is an intelligent networking platform enabling the adoption of sophisticated operating systems and equipment supporting next-generation MC-IoT applications over wide field areas. These new MC-IoT applications and related equipment require more processing power at the edge of large industrial networks and the efficient utilization of network capacity and scarce bandwidth resources which can be supported by the “Fog-computing” capability integrated in our end-to-end network platform. Fog-computing utilizes management software to enable edge compute processing and data and application prioritization in the field enabling our customers more reliable, real-time operating control of these new, intelligent MC-IoT equipment and applications at the edge.

Our Partnership with Siemens Mobility

In April 2020, Ondas Networks entered into a strategic partnership with Siemens Mobility (“Siemens”), a worldwide leader in seamless, sustainable, reliable and secure transportation solutions for more than 160 years, to both market our FullMAX-based networking technology and services and to jointly develop wireless communications products for the North American Rail Industry based on Siemens’ Advanced Train Control System (“ATCS”) protocol and our FullMAX MC-IoT platform.

We believe Siemens has both the sales and marketing reach and support to drive our technology to wide scale acceptance across the global rail market beginning with the North American Class I Railroad market. In the third quarter of 2021 we completed the development of our first jointly-developed product with Siemens – the dual-mode ATCS/MC-IoT radio systems. Siemens is now marketing and selling these proprietary systems under the brand name Airlink to our railroad customers. The dual-mode ATCS radio systems support Siemens’ extensive installed base of ATCS radios as well as offer Siemens’ customers the ability to support a host of new advanced rail applications utilizing our MC-IoT wireless system. These new applications, including Advanced Grade Crossing Activation and Monitoring, Wayside Inspection, Railcar Monitoring and next generation signaling and train control systems, are designed to increase railroad productivity, reduce costs and improve safety. In addition, Siemens markets and sells Ondas Networks’ standalone MC-IoT 802.16 products under the Siemens Airlink brand.

Our relationship with Siemens has expanded significantly since entering into the partnership both with (i) the wider marketing of our wireless technology platform and (ii) multiple additional joint-product programs. Siemens has expanded its marketing reach of Ondas Networks products with identified opportunities in North American Transit Rail as well as in European and Asian Rail markets. We believe our technology has broad potential in these large, newly targeted markets.

In November 2021, Siemens secured its first commercial 900 MHz rail order for a major Class I Railroad in the United States which was publisheddelivered in December 2021. In August 2022, we announced that we had secured an initial volume order from Siemens for the Class I Rail 900 MHz Network consisting of both ATCS compatible products along with Ondas’ catalog products. In September 2022, we received government authorization to sell ATCS radios in Canada.

Additional Critical Markets

We have launched additional initiatives to take our MC-IoT connectivity and ecosystem partnering strategy into other critical infrastructure markets. In June 2022, we announced the first successful installation of our technology into an Integrated Coastal Surveillance System (ICSS) in the Caribbean with a global defense contractor. In the fourth quarter of 2017. 2022, we received and delivered on a new ICSS order for the defense contractor to be deployed in India. We expect additional orders from this defense vendor for the ICSS application in 2023. We believe our FullMAX technology’s licensed frequency flexibility, reliability, and long communications range over ocean surfaces, is broadening the scale of our technology in this emerging market for homeland security.

Ondas Autonomous Systems Segment

Our Ondas Autonomous Systems business unit designs, develops, and markets commercial drone solutions via the Optimus System™ and Scout System™ (the “Autonomous Drone Platforms”).

The Autonomous Drone Platforms are highly automated, AI-powered drone systems capable of continuous, remote operation and are marketed as “drone-in-a-box” turnkey data solution services. They are deployed for critical industrial and government applications where data and information collection and processing are required. These use cases include public safety, security and smart city deployments where routine, high-resolution automated emergency response, mapping, surveying, and inspection services are highly valued, in addition to industrial markets such as oil & gas, rail and ports which emphasize security and inspection solutions. The Autonomous Drone Platforms are typically provided to customers under a Data-as-a-Service (DaaS) business model, while some customers will choose to purchase and own and operate an Optimus Systems™.

American Robotics and Airobotics have industry leading regulatory successes which include having the first drone system approved by the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) for automated operation beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) without a human operator on-site.

In 2018,addition to the Autonomous Drone Platforms, we initiatedalso offer a counter-drone system called the Raider™. The Raider™ was developed by Iron Drone and is deployed by government and enterprise customers to provide security and protect critical infrastructure, assets and people from the threat of hostile drones. Ondas Holdings acquired Iron Drone on March 6, 2023.

Autonomous Drone Platforms

We design, develop and manufacture autonomous drone systems, providing high-fidelity, ultra-high-resolution aerial data to enterprise and government customers. We currently prioritize the marketing of our Optimus System™ which provides customers with a turnkey data and information solution and the ability to continuously digitize, analyze, and monitor their assets and field operations in real-time or near real-time. We believe the market opportunity for our Scout System™ remains significant. As we drive market adoption with the Optimus platform, we anticipate re-introducing the Scout platform including newly enhanced versions to help segment the market for different use cases and price points.

The Optimus System™ has been designed from the ground up as an end-to-end product capable of continuous unattended operations in the real world. Powered by innovations in robotics automation, machine vision, edge computing, and AI. Once installed in the field at customer locations, a fleet of connected Optimus Systems™, which are often deployed as networked drone infrastructure, which we refer to as Urban Drone Infrastructure, remains indefinitely positioned in an area of operation, automatically collecting and seamlessly delivering data and information regularly and reliably.

We market the Optimus System™ under a DaaS business expansion plan designedmodel, whereby our drone platform aggregates customer data and provides the data analytics meeting customer requirements in return for an annual subscription fee. Some customers purchase Optimus Systems™ to investown and operate themselves. We also engage distributors to assist in ourthe sales and marketing of our Optimus System™ in geographic markets where its more cost effective to identify and customerservice potential customers by engaging local third parties. These distribution agreements can include joint ventures, where Ondas Autonomous Systems will provide technical expertise to support capabilitiesthe joint venture partner in orderthe provision of aerial data services to build our customer base.customers.

We

The Optimus System™ consists of (i) Optimus™, a highly automated, AI-powered drone with advanced imaging payloads, (ii) the Airbase™, a ruggedized weatherproof base station for housing, battery swapping, battery charging, payload swapping, data processing, and cloud transfer, and (iii) Insightful™, a secure web portal and API which enables remote interaction with the system, data, and resulting analytics anywhere in the world. These major subsystems are connected via a host of supporting technologies. Airbase™ has internal robotic systems that enable the automated swapping of batteries and payloads. Automated battery swapping allows for 24/7 operation of Optimus as the Optimus drone can immediately be redeployed after returning to the dock for a battery swap. Similarly, the ability to autonomously swap sensors and advanced payloads without human intervention allows for the Optimus System to provide multiple applications and use cases from a single location.

American Robotics and Airobotics have incurred significantindustry leading regulatory successes which include having the first drone system approved by the FAA for automated operation BVLOS without a human operator or visual observer on-site. American Robotics’ FAA approvals were enabled by integrating a suite of proprietary technologies, including Detect-and-Avoid (“DAA”) and other proprietary intelligent safety systems into its autonomous drone platform, which we plan to integrate into the Optimus System™. Airobotics is in the advanced stages of receiving approval for Type Certification (“TC”) from the FAA for the Optimus UAV. TC approval will enable expanded operation for the Optimus System™ in the United States including flight operations in populated areas.

The Raider™

The Raider™ is a counter-drone system, which was designed and developed by Iron Drone, that we are marketing to government and enterprise customers who can utilize the system for security and the protection of critical infrastructure, assets and people from the threat of hostile drones. A typical Raider™ deployment location would include sensitive locations such as borders, stadiums or schools, or near critical assets such as power plants and military bases, and for high profile locations such as amusement parks or where public events are held.

The Raider™ is designed to detect, track and intercept unauthorized, or hostile unmanned aircraft and is most often sold with three small UAVs that are housed in a docking station. The Raider UAV has live video capability and a payload containing a net losses since inception. Asthat can be deployed to intercept a hostile drone. Upon detection of an unauthorized drone, one or more Raider™ UAVs can be autonomously deployed at high speeds to track the unauthorized aircraft. If the unauthorized aircraft is deemed hostile, the Raider™ UAV can deploy the netting to physically intercept the aircraft. A parachute integrated with the netting allows the intercepted drone to safely fall to the ground for collection by our customer.