UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20202022

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM                      TOFor the transition period from        to          

Commission file number: 001-38326

COHBAR, INC.

(Exact name of Registrantregistrant as specified in its charter)

1455 Adams Drive, Suite 2050

Menlo Park, CA 94025

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(650) 446-7888

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: N/A

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates as of the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (June 30, 2020)2022) was $50,525,285$14,064,722 based upon the last price of the Registrant’s common stock as reported on theThe Nasdaq Capital Market on such date. As of March 25, 2021,6, 2023, the registrant had outstanding 61,788,3252,906,926 shares of common stock.stock outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

The registrant has incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K portions of its Proxy Statement for its 20212023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.Stockholders. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.2022.

COHBAR, INC.

20202022 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT

Table of Contents

PART I

Forward-Looking Statements

This report,Annual Report on Form 10-K, including without limitation, the sections entitled “Business,” “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” containscontain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. For this purpose, any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical fact, including without limitation, statements regarding future events and our future results, that are based on our current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about our business, our results of operations, our future expenses and financing needs, the industry in which we operate and the beliefs and assumptions of our management. Wordsmanagement, may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. Without limiting the foregoing, words such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “could”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “expect”, “intend”, “plan”, “potential”, “continue”“may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “potential,” “continue,” “might,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “goal,” “project,” “strategy” and “future,” and similar expressions are intended to identify these forward-looking statements. Examples of such forward-looking statements include statements regarding:

These statements reflect our current beliefs and are based on information currently available to us. Forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties, including without limitation, those listed in the “Risk Factors” section. A number of factors could cause actual results to differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements including, but not limited to, changes in general economicmacroeconomic, geopolitical and market conditions and the risk factors disclosed under “Risk Factors”.Factors.” Although the forward-looking statements contained in this report are based upon what we believe to be reasonable assumptions, we cannot assure you that actual results will be consistent with these forward-looking statements. Investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are made as of the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update or revise them to reflect new events or circumstances, except as required by applicable law.

Item 1. Business

OVERVIEW

CohBar (“CohBar,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “its” or the “Company”) is a clinical stage biotechnology company focused onleveraging the researchpower of the mitochondria and development of mitochondria basedthe peptides encoded in its genome to develop potential breakthrough therapeutics (MBTs), an emerging class of drugs for the treatment oftargeting chronic and age-related diseases. Mitochondria based therapeutics originateOur novel approach is built on the key insights of the Company’s founders that certain mitochondrially encoded peptides produce effects that are not limited to local regulation within the mitochondria and may have important roles to play in critical systemic biological pathways. Many of these effects are quite distinct from the discovery by CohBar’s founderswhat has been thought of a novel groupas energy production and metabolism, involving diverse processes including inflammation, fibrosis and cell signaling.

Through our exploration of naturally occurring mitochondrial-derived peptides within the mitochondrial genome that regulate metabolism and cell death, and whose biological activity declines with age. To date, the Company has discovered more than 100 mitochondrial-derived peptides. CohBar’s efforts focus onits utility for the development of these peptides intonovel therapeutics, that offer the potential to addresswe have developed a world-renowned expertise in mitochondrial biology and a broad rangeintellectual property estate with 6 issued patents and approximately 30 pending patent applications. Our proprietary processes of diseases, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), obesity, fibrotic diseases including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) including COVID-19 associated ARDS, cancer, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The Company’s lead compound, CB4211, is in the Phase 1b stage of a Phase 1a/1b clinical trial for NASH and obesity. In addition, CohBar has four preclinical programs, including one in fibrotic diseases, one in ARDS and two in cancer.

We substantially expanded our preclinical pipeline in 2020. Our expanded pipeline greatly strengthens our belief that there are potentially multiple novel therapeutics that can be developed fromidentifying nucleic acid sequences encoding native peptides encoded in the mitochondrial genome.

 The application of MBTs originates from almost two decades of research by our founders, resulting in their discovery of agenome, developing and optimizing novel group of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) encoded within the mitochondrial genome. Someanalogs of these naturally occurring MDPs and their analogs have demonstrated a range of biological activity and therapeutic potential in research models across multiple diseases including NASH, obesity, cancer, fibrotic diseases including IPF, ARDS, T2D, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Many chronic and age-related diseases are associated with a decrease in number and function of mitochondria.

Mitochondrial dysfunction can result in decreased levels of mitochondrially encoded peptides, some of which are secreted and have been shown to regulate cellular, metabolic, immunologic and other key processes, ranging from energy homeostasis to cytoprotection. We believe MBTs, which are novel modified analogs of mitochondriallynatural mitochondrial derived peptides represent an entirely new frontier and an emerging new class of potential drugs for the treatment of chronic and age-related diseases.

We believe CohBar is the first mover in exploring the mitochondrial genome for therapeutically relevant peptides, and has developed a proprietary MBT technology platform, using cell-based assays and animal models of disease, to rapidly identify naturally occurring MDPs with promising biological activity. Once identified, we deploy powerful development techniques to improve the drug-like properties of our MBT candidates, enabling us to match the most biologically promising peptides to disease indications that have substantial unmet medical needs. Our ongoing research and development activities focus on discovery and development of novel improved MDP analogs that have the greatest therapeutic and commercial potential.

Our first clinical candidate, CB4211, is a potential treatment for NASH and obesity. It is a novel peptide initially developed from a MOTS-c MDP. In July 2018, we initiated a Phase 1a/1b clinical study of CB4211, which was designed to initially assess the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of CB4211 following single and multiple-ascending doses in healthy subjects.

In November 2019, the double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 1a stage was completed and the blinded safety and tolerability data supported advancement to the Phase 1b stage of the study.

In November 2019, we initiated recruitment for the Phase 1b stage, which is designed to assess the safety, tolerability and activity of CB4211 in obese subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Assessments will include changes in liver fat assessed by MRI-PDFF, body weight and biomarkers relevant to NASH and obesity. On March 30, 2020, we announced a delay in the completion of our Phase 1b study due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The delay was a result of a pause by some of our clinical research organization partners in all of their activities related to the study in response to COVID-19. On July 7, 2020, we announced the resumption of our Phase 1b study. In March 2021, we completed the enrollment for the Phase 1b clinical trial. Based on positive clinical results and additional funding from potential partnerships and general fundraising, we plan to initiate preparations for a Phase 2 study of CB4211 in 2021 and initiate a Phase 2 study in 2022.

Our internal discovery efforts have resulted in the identification of more than 100 previously unidentified peptides encoded within the mitochondrial genome. Many of these MDPs and their analogs have demonstrated various degrees of biological activity in cell based and/or animal models relevant to a wide range of diseases, such as NASH, obesity, fibrotic diseases, ARDS, cancer and T2D. Our research efforts have further identified and focused on certain of these MDPs and their analogs that have demonstrated the greatest therapeutic potential for treating indications related to those diseases. CohBar has four preclinical programs: CB5138 Analogs for IPF and other Fibrotic Diseases; CB5064 Analogs for ARDS, including COVID-19 Associated ARDS; CB5046 Analogs for Cancer and Other Disease Indications and MBT3 Analogs for Cancer Immunotherapy.

We Have a Seasoned Management and Drug Development Team

Our Chief Executive Officer, Steven Engle, has over two decades of experience leading public biotech companies in developing products for metabolic, inflammatory, autoimmune, and oncologic diseases. Mr. Engle served as Chairman and CEO of XOMA Corporation, a leader in the development of therapeutic antibodies, and of La Jolla Pharmaceutical Company, which discovered the biology of B cell tolerance and developed the first B cell toleragen candidate for lupus patients. Earlier, he helped to gain FDA approval and to launch Nicotrol for smoking cessation while Vice President of Marketing for Cygnus. He has been a board member of several biotechnology companies, and industry associations including Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO), BayBio Institute and Biocom.

Our research and development efforts are conducted under the leadership of our Chief Scientific Officer, Dr. Kenneth Cundy, former Chief Scientific Officer at Xenoport, Inc. and Senior Director of Biopharmaceutics at Gilead Sciences, Inc. Dr. Cundy is the co-inventor of several approved drugs, including tenofovir, an antiretroviral drug that is marketed globally in various combinations with other drugs for the treatment of HIV infection (Atripla®, Viread®, Complera®, Stribild®, Truvada®(“MDPs”), gabapentin enacarbil (Horizant®) for the treatment of RLS and post-herpetic neuralgia, and Nanocrystal® technology, employed in several other approved drugs. 

Our scientific team also includes the expertise of our founders who serve on our board of directors, Dr. Pinchas Cohen, Dean of the Davis School of Gerontology at the University of Southern California, Dr. Nir Barzilai, Professor of Medicine and Genetics and Director of the Institute for Aging Research at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, as well as developing and conducting proprietary screens to identify and characterize the activities of these peptides are referred to as our co-founders and advisors Dr. David Sinclair, Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School and Dr. John Amatruda, former Senior Vice President and Franchise Head for Diabetes and Obesity at Merck Research Laboratories.

 We have filed more than 65 patent applications with claims directed to both compositions comprising and methods of using our novel proprietary MDPs and their analogs.technology platform. We are the exclusive licensee from the Regents of the University of California and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of six issued U.S. Patents, three pending U.S. applications, five issued foreign patents, and four pending foreign applications. Our licensed patents and patent applications include claims that are directed to compositions comprising MDPs and their analogsexploring development and/or methods of their use inpartnership opportunities within the treatment of indicated diseases.Company’s peptide library and technology platform.

We believe that the proprietary capabilities of our technology platform, combined with our scientific expertise and intellectual property portfolio, provide a competitive advantage in our mission to treat chronic and age-related diseases through the advancement of MBTs as a new class of transformative drugs.

We believe our technology platform provides multiple opportunities for value creation. Our peptide optimization process is designed to discover numerous potential drug candidate opportunities. These drug candidates may be internally developed by CohBar or advanced through strategic partnerships with larger biopharmaceutical companies. Our strategy of capturing the most valuable MBT space by aggressively filing for broad intellectual property coverage is designed to secure CohBar’s leadership role in the field and protect our ability to create additional value in the future.

 We were formed as a limited liability company in the state of Delaware in 2007, and converted to a Delaware corporation in 2009. We completed our initial public offering of common stock in January 2015 and our common stock is listed for trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market (CWBR).

 Our corporate headquarters and laboratory are located in Menlo Park, California.

BUSINESS STRATEGY

Our strategic objective is to secure, maintain and exploit a leading scientific, commercial and intellectual property position in the arena of mitochondria based therapeutics, with best-in-class treatments for chronic and age-related diseases. The key elements of our strategy include:

OUR PIPELINE

Our research efforts arehave historically been focused on identifying, assessingutilizing our technology platform to identify, assess and optimizing newoptimize novel analogs of biologically active MDPsnative peptides found in the mitochondrial genome and advancing those candidates with the greatest therapeutic and commercial potential. Our pipeline includes a number of novel peptide analogs of MDPs in different stages of research evaluation as potential MBTs, and one MBT currently in clinical development.

CB4211

Our most advanced clinical candidate, CB4211, is a first-in-class therapeutic for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (“NASH”) and obesity. CB4211 demonstrated positive effects on reducing biomarkers of liver injury and improving metabolic homeostasis in a Phase 1a/1b clinical study in obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (“NAFLD”). CB4211 is a novel and improved analog of MOTS-c, a naturally occurring MDP. MOTS-c was discovered in 2012 by CohBar founder Dr. Pinchas Cohen and his academic collaborators and has been shown to play a significant role in the regulation of metabolism in animal models. Compared to other assets under development for the treatment of NASH, CB4211 has a unique mechanism of action, which we believe offers a differentiated approach to treating NASH and obesity, as well as the potential to exhibit an enhanced safety profile due to its natural origin. Furthermore, we believe the positive clinical data from our CB4211 trial is an important validation of our overall approach to drug discovery, serving as a proof point that novel analogs of peptides encoded in the mitochondrial genome can impact systemic biological pathways in humans.

In July 2018,August 2021, we announced the initiation of the Phase 1a stage of a double-blind, placebo-controlledreleased positive topline data from our Phase 1a/1b clinical study of our first lead MBT candidate, CB4211, for the potential treatment of NASH and obesity.CB4211. The Phase 1a stage of the clinical study iswas designed to initially assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of CB4211 following single and multiple-ascending doses in healthy subjects. The Phase 1b stage of the clinical study is an assessment of safety, tolerability and activitySubjects in obese subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Assessments will include changes in liver fat assessed by MRI-PDFF, body weight and biomarkers relevant to NASH and obesity.

In November 2018, we announced a temporary suspension of the Phase 1a stage of our Phase 1a/1b clinical study of CB4211 to addressexperienced mild, but persistent injection site reactions. These injection site reactions, which were generally seen as painless bumps at the injection site that can be felt under the skin, but in most cases would be otherwise undetectable. Based onskin. We modified the data accumulatedformulation for CB4211 partway through the Phase 1a study and expert review, we believe that some of the administered dose of CB4211 remained localized in the tissue at the injection site, thereby causing these bumps to occur. In May 2019, we received regulatory feedback on our plan to address this issue, and in June 2019, we resumed the trial. Since the study resumed, we havedid not observedobserve any persistent injection site bumps.

In November 2019, we announcedbumps with the completionmodified formulation. The subsequent Phase 1b stage was designed to assess the safety, tolerability, and activity of CB4211 in obese subjects with NAFLD. The study met its primary endpoint as CB4211 was well-tolerated and appeared safe with no serious adverse events. The evaluation of the exploratory endpoints in the Phase 1a1b portion of the clinical trial showed significant reductions from baseline in key biomarkers of liver damage, ALT and AST, and in glucose levels in the CB4211 group compared to placebo after four weeks of treatment, with a trend towards lower body weight.

We do not believe that the drug being well-tolerated, andformulation of CB4211 used in the commencement of the recruiting phase of the final Phase 1b stage of the study. On March 30, 2020,trial is suitable for further development. Efforts to develop an improved formulation have not been successful to date and there can be no assurances that we announced a delay in the completion of our Phase 1b study due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The delay was a result of a pause by some of our clinical research organization partners in all of their activities related to the study in response to COVID-19. On July 7, 2020, we announced the resumption of our Phase 1b study. In March 2021, we completed the enrollment for the Phase 1b clinical trial. While topline data is expected at the end of the second quarter of 2021, it is dependent upon a number of factors such as the last patient visit, and therefore, we cannot predict with certainty when such data will be available.

CB4211, discovered by CohBar, isable to develop such a novel, enhanced analog of MOTS-c, a naturally occurring mitochondrial peptide discovered by Dr. Pinchas Cohen and his academic collaborators in 2012. Their research in cell-based assays and animal models indicated that MOTS-c plays a significant role in the regulation of metabolism. Certain of the original MOTS-c studies were published in an article entitled “The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide, MOTS-c, Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis and Reduces Obesity and Insulin Resistance,” which appeared in the March 3, 2015 edition of the journal formulation.

Cell Metabolism.

CB5138 Analogs

In preclinical studies conducted by CohBar, CB4211 demonstrated significant therapeutic

Our CB5138 Analogs are potential for the treatment of NASH, showing improvements in triglyceride levels, as well as favorable effects on liver enzyme markers associated with NAFLD and NASH. CB4211 also demonstrated significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity, demonstrating significantly greater weight loss together with more selective reduction of fat mass versus lean mass in comparison to a market-leading obesity drug in DIO mice. The therapeutic effects of CB4211 have been further evaluated in the well-established Stelic Animal Model (STAM™) of NASH. In this model, treatment with CB4211 resulted in a significant reduction of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score, or NAS, a composite measure of steatosis (fat accumulation), inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning (cellular injury). Data from these studies were presented at the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD) 2017 Liver Meeting® in October, 2017.

In addition to the therapeutic potential indicated by the preclinical models described above, data were presented at the 2018 American Diabetes Association meeting providing in vitro evidence that CB4211 inhibits adipocyte lipolysis, a process that is foundational in the development of liver steatosis, through an insulin-dependent mechanism. These data provide a potential mechanistic explanation for previous observations in vivo, including efficacy of CB4211 in animal models of NASH, and anti-steatotic effects on livers of mice on a high fat diet, where a corresponding reduction in circulating fat and biomarkers of liver damage was also observed. The activity of CB4211 appears to involve sensitizing insulin action on the insulin receptor.

Research Programs

Our research activities are focused on discovering, developing and prioritizing MDP analogs for development as potential MBTs. Our criteria include examining MDP analogs with the greatest commercial and therapeutic potential, the most suitable development and clinical resources, and the broadest intellectual property protection and exploitation opportunities.

We have substantially expanded our preclinical pipeline in the last year. This expanded pipeline greatly strengthens our belief that there are potentially multiple novelfirst-in-class therapeutics that can be developed from peptides encoded in the mitochondrial genome.

CohBar Discovered MDPs and Analogs

Our discovery efforts have resulted in the identification of more than 100 previously unidentified peptides encoded within the mitochondrial genome. Many of these MDPs and their analogs have demonstrated various degrees of biological activity in cell based and/or animal models relevant to a wide range of diseases, such as NASH, obesity, fibrotic diseases including IPF, ARDS, cancer, T2D, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Our research efforts have further identified and focused on certain of these MDPs and their analogs that have demonstrated greatest therapeutic potential for treating indications related to those diseases.

CB5138 Analogs for IPF and other Fibrotic Diseases:Our discovery efforts have identified CB5138 Analogs, a family of novel peptides with potential for use as treatments for fibrotic diseases. In co-cultures of human lung cells, CB5138-1 decreased the expression of key fibrosis biomarkers, including alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA), and collagen types I and III. CB5138-1 also decreased the transformation of healthy lung cells into fibrotic cells after induction by TGF-beta1, resulting in reduced production of the fibrotic components αSMA and pro-collagen I alpha 1. In vivo, CB5138-1 decreased lung fibrosis and inflammation in both the prophylactic mouse model of IPF, initiating treatment with the peptide immediately after fibrosis induction by bleomycin, and in the therapeutic mouse model of IPF, starting peptide treatment one week after induction. In addition, using the more exacting therapeutic model of IPF, two new analogs of CB5138 (CB5138-2 and CB5138-3) significantly reduced lung fibrosis assessed by the Ashcroft Score, reduced inflammation, and decreased fibrosis-related changes in lung weight, collagen deposition in lung tissue, and collagen secretion into lung fluid. In addition, we have demonstrated that a CB5138 Analog has enhanced effects when combined with nintedanib, the leading treatment for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), suggesting potential utility for combination therapy in IPF. In the first quarter of 2021, we identified CB5138-3 as the lead clinical candidate in this program and our goal is to initiate IND-enabling activities with the potential to file an IND in 2022.

CB5064 Analogs for COVID-19 Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and ARDS:Our internal discovery efforts have identified CB5064 Analogs, a family of peptides that are agonists of the apelin receptor with potential for use as therapeutics for COVID-19 associated ARDS and ARDS in general. In May 2020, we initiated testing of CB5064 Analogs in preclinical models of ARDS. In the preclinical studies, acute lung injury was induced in mice by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial toxin that produces similar symptoms to other causes of ARDS, including fluid accumulation and cytokine secretion. A single dose of CB5064 Analog was administered one hour prior to the LPS exposure, and effects on lung weight and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured at 4 hours after LPS exposure. Treatment with CB5064 Analogs reduced fluid accumulation in the lungs and a corresponding broad reduction in levels of key pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted into the lung fluid, when compared to treatment with a placebo control. We previously demonstrated the beneficial effects of this novel family of peptides on glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and weight loss in an obese mouse model of T2D, as presented at the American Diabetes Association in 2019. In January 2021, we signed a Non-Clinical Evaluation Agreement (NCEA) with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) initiating a collaboration to evaluate the potential of CB5064 Analogs for the treatment of COVID-19 associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). In parallel with the work being conducted by NIAID, we are currently performing the required studies in this program to select a candidate. Based on successful outcomes of those studies and additional funding, we will nominate a clinical candidate followed by initiation of pre-IND work in 2021, with the longer-term goal of initiating a Phase 1 study.

CB5046 Analogs for Cancer and Other Disease Indications: Our internal discovery efforts have identified CB5046 Analogs, a family of novel potent and selective peptide inhibitors of CXCR4, a key chemokine receptor involved in tumor growth, metastasis and avoidance of immune surveillance that is overexpressed in 75% of human tumors. CXCR4 is also involved in localization of healthy stem cells and in certain genetic diseases. We have demonstrated positive effects of one of the CB5046 Analogs when administered in combination with chemotherapy in an animal model of aggressive melanoma. We are screening multiple peptide analogs for in vitro activity and plan to explore the potential for use initially in stem cell mobilization and hematologic cancers.

MBT3 Analogs for Cancer Immunotherapy: Our discovery efforts identified a novel peptide family, MBT3 Analogs. We have demonstrated the enhanced killing of cancer cells by human immune cells in the presence of an MBT3 Analog, and plan to further explore the therapeutic potential of this analog family for treatment of cancer, subject to resource availability and the requirements of our more-advanced programs.

CohBar Licensed MDPs and Analogs

SHLP Analogs: Our founders and their academic collaborators discovered several MDPs encoded within the mitochondrial genome; we refer to these as small humanin-like peptides, or SHLPs. In cancer treatment models in cell culture and in mice, SHLP-6 demonstrated suppression of cancer progression via mechanisms involving both suppression of tumor angiogenesis (blood vessel development) and induction of apoptosis (cancer cell death). There is also in vivo research evidence to suggest that SHLP-2 has protective effects against neuronal toxicity.

Humanin Analogs: Our founders and others have demonstrated the protective effects of the humanin MDP in various animal models of age-related diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, myocardial and cerebral ischemia and T2D. Humanin levels in humans have been shown to decline with age, and elevated levels of humanin together with lower incidence of age-related diseases have been observed in centenarians as well as their offspring. 

All of our pipeline peptides, except for CB4211, our first clinical candidate and CB5138-3, our second clinical candidate, are in various stages of research. There is no guarantee that any additional MDP analog will be advanced to clinical development, or that the activity demonstrated in preclinical research models will be shown in human testing.

OUR TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM

Our proprietary technology platform is designed to rapidly identify therapeutically relevant peptides encoded within the mitochondrial genome, to evaluate their biological activity, and to develop these peptides into novel refined MBTs that have the potential to treat diseases with major unmet medical needs. We use a broad range of proprietary activity screens to assess the therapeutic potential of our novel peptides and to prioritize our development opportunities. Some of our novel peptides have demonstrated promising biological effectssignificant anti-fibrotic properties in a variety of preclinical models. Recent results suggest that these effects may be mediated through impacts on the Wnt/Frizzled pathway, which is known to play an important role in vitro and/orfibrosis. In 2021, we nominated CB5138-3 as our second clinical candidates based on its efficacy in vivomouse models of age-related diseases. We are prioritizing the research andidiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; however, in December 2022, we announced suspension of further Investigational New Drug (“IND”) enabling activities for this peptide due to challenges in identifying a suitable formulation for clinical development. Any future development of our novel peptides by assessing their activity in a variety of areas such as metabolic regulation, oxidative stress, cellular energy levels, cell proliferation, cell death, cellular protection, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, body weight regulation, regulation of body fat, insulin sensitivity, regulation of glucose, glucose tolerance, liver function, regulation of fibrotic processes, immunomodulatory effects, tumor growth, etc.other CB5138 Analogs may face similar formulation challenges.

Disease FocusRecent Developments

Our research and development focus is on chronic diseases. Our research to date suggests multiple potential therapeutic disease indications for some of our pipeline MDPs. While we believe our current and future MBT drug candidates we identify would initially be advanced against one of the following diseasesWe have retained Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. as a primary indication, it is possiblefinancial advisor to assist the Company in exploring strategic alternatives. Potential strategic alternatives that we may determine to advancebe explored or evaluated as part of this process include a drug candidate for treatmentmerger, business combination, investment into the Company, asset sale or other strategic transaction. Our board of directors has not set a different disease as a primary indication. We may determine to advance any future drug candidate against an alternative primary disease indication if, for example, additional data suggests greater therapeutic potentialtimetable for the drug candidate against the alternative indication,conclusion of this review, nor has it made any definitive decisions related to taking any further actions or we determinepotential strategic options at this time or at all. There can be no assurance that the development, approval or commercialization pathway may be more favorable for a drug candidate targeted against the alternative indication.

NAFLD and NASH – Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the build-up of extra fat in liver cells that is not due to alcohol consumption and tends to develop in people who are overweight or obese or have diabetes, high cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a more severe form of NAFLD characterized by swelling of the liver that eventually may lead to scarring (cirrhosis) and over time to liver cancer or liver failure. NAFLD affects between 30-40% of the U.S. adult population while as many as 12% of U.S. adults may have NASH. Currently, there are no FDA approved treatments for NAFLD/NASH.

Obesity –– Obesity is now recognized as the most prevalent metabolic disease world-wide, reaching epidemic proportions in both developed and developing countries and affecting all age groups.  More than one-third of the U.S. adult population, and over 45% of U.S. age groups between 45 and 75, have obesity.  The prevalence of class III, or morbid, obesity (body mass index ≥40) has increased dramatically in several countries and currently affects approximately 8% of adults in the U.S., with an estimated increase of 130% over the next two decades. It is expected that by 2030 approximately 50% of the U.S. adult populationthis process will be obese and one in four will have severe obesity. Obesity is a major risk factor for age-related diseases such as heart disease, stroke, T2D and certain types of cancer.

Fibrotic Diseases – Fibrosis describes the formation of fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue as a reparative response to an injury or damage. “Scarring” occurs when fibrosis develops in response to injury. Fibrotic diseases include diseases that result in fibrosis,any such as lung or pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, skin fibrosis, systemic sclerosistransaction and others.the Company does not intend to disclose additional details unless and until it has entered into a specific transaction. See also “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Strategic Alternative Process and Potential Strategic Transaction.”

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome - ARDS can be triggered by viral or bacterial pneumonia, sepsis, trauma or other events and represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality. There is a high unmet need for a safe and effective treatment of ARDS due to its high mortality rate and lack of effective drug treatments, affecting three million patients annually. ARDS also prolongs hospital stays and requires convalescence in the hospital and rehabilitation. An effective therapy would reduce time on ventilators and in the ICU, reduce mortality, and improve quality of life.

Cancer – Cancer is a generic term for a large group of diseases that can affect any part of the body. One defining feature of cancer is the rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries, and which can then invade adjoining parts of the body and spread to other organs. This process is referred to as metastasis. Metastases are a major cause of death from cancer. Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy and other treatments are used to destroy cancer cells. The goal of cancer drugs is to cure the disease or, when a cure is not possible, to prolong life or improve quality of life for patients with incurable cancer.

Other Potential Disease Indications for MBTs

Previous preclinical studies have demonstrated potential utility of certain MDPs or their analogs in models of the following disease indications:

Neurodegenerative disease – In the brain, neurons connect and communicate at synapses, where tiny bursts of chemicals called neurotransmitters carry information from one cell to another. Alzheimer’s, a neurodegenerative disease, disrupts this process and eventually destroys synapses and kills neurons, damaging the brain’s communication network. There is no cure, and medications on the market today treat only the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and do not have the ability to stop its onset or its progression. There is an urgent and unmet need for both a disease-modifying drug for Alzheimer’s disease as well as for better symptomatic treatments.

Cardiovascular – Heart disease is a leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States. Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease commonly referred to as a “hardening” or furring of the arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple atheromatous plaques within the arteries. This process is the major underlying risk for developing myocardial infarction (heart attack) as those plaques will either narrow the vessel or rupture the vessel, preventing blood flow in the coronary artery to parts of the heart muscle. Cholesterol lowering drugs are considered the main preventive approach to treat atherosclerosis, however these drugs are estimated to prevent only one-third of incidences of myocardial infarction, and there is significant unmet need for additional therapeutic options.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus – T2D is a chronic disease characterized by a relative deficiency in insulin production and secretion by the pancreas and an inability of the body to respond to insulin normally, i.e. insulin resistance. Hyperglycemia, or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body’s systems, especially the nerves, kidneys, eyes and blood vessels.

COMPETITION

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary products. While we believe that our scientific knowledge, technology, and research and development experience provide us with competitive advantages, we face potential competition from many different sources, including major pharmaceutical, specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions and governmental agencies, and public and private research institutions. Many of our competitors may have significantly greater financial resources and capabilities for research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. 

There are no approved therapies for the treatment of NAFLD and NASH, but numerous therapies are in development for NASH. These potential therapies are varied in modality and mechanism of action and may provide significant competition, if approved, for any of our product candidates for which we obtain market approval. Competitive products or therapies for NASH that are in development may become available and provide efficacy, safety, convenience and other benefits that could provide significant competition for any of our product candidates for which we obtain market approval.

If a CohBar MBT is developed and approved for the treatment of patients with obesity, it may compete with products currently approved for obesity, such as Saxenda, Contrave, phentermine (Adipex) and other sympathomimetic amines approved for short term use (a few weeks) such as benzphetamine (Didex), diethyoproprion (Tenuate) and phendimetrazine (Bontril), Xenical and Alli, and Qsymia, as well as several investigational therapies that are currently being studied for the treatment of obesity. The list of investigational therapies, while not exhaustive, includes such potential therapies as CB1-receptor-antagonists, 5-HT receptor agonists, SGLT-2 antagonists, GLP-1 agonists, Adenylate Cyclase 3 activators, GLP1 and GIP co-agonists, GLP1, Glucagon co-agonists and activin II receptor antibodies, plus other centrally acting drugs, triple agonists, other gut hormone derived drugs, amylin mimetics such as davalintide, dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists,  peptide YY, leptin analogues such as combination pramlintide-metreleptin, and other products such as the methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitors, the lipase inhibitor, cetilistat, the triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, tesofensine, fibroblast growth factor 21 and anti-obesity vaccines against ghrelin, somatostatin, and adenovirus36.  

If a CohBar MBT is developed and approved for treatment of patients with NASH, it may compete with several investigational therapies that are currently being studied for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH including, for example, FXR activators, PXR activators, ACC1/2 inhibitors, PPAR-α, -γ and -δ activators, SREBP2/MIR-33a inhibitors, DGAT1 or 2 inhibitors, CCR2/5 antagonists, TRbeta agonists, uncouplers, GLP1 agonists and dual and triple incretin agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, FGF19 and 21 analogs, galectin 3 antagonists, CXCR3 antagonists and numerous other potential therapeutics.

If a CohBar MBT is developed and approved for the treatment of patients with a fibrotic disease, it would compete with all approved therapies for the disease it is approved to treat. Since the specific fibrotic disease that these investigational therapies might be approved to treat is unknown, and approved therapies for fibrotic diseases are often studied in other types of fibrotic disease for which the sponsor may seek approval, they would theoretically compete with any pharmaceutical agent that is approved to treat fibrotic disease. Both new and existing drugs are being studied for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. If these investigational indications were approved, they could also compete with an MBT developed and approved for the treatment of the fibrotic disease.

If a CohBar MBT is developed and approved for treatment of patients with IPF, it would compete with drugs that are approved to treat IPF, including nintedanib (Ofev) and Pirfenidone (Esbriet). In addition, there are several classes of investigational drugs being studied to treat IPF, and if these investigational therapies were approved, they would also compete with an MBT developed and approved for IPF.

If a CohBar MBT is developed and approved for the treatment of patients with cancer, it would compete with all approved therapies for the cancer it is approved to treat. Since the specific cancer that these investigational therapies might be approved to treat is unknown, and approved therapies for cancer are often studied in multiple other cancers for which the sponsor may seek approval, they would theoretically compete with any pharmaceutical agent that is approved to treat cancer. Both new and existing drugs are being studied for the treatment of cancer, and if these investigational indications were approved, they could also compete with an MBT developed and approved for the treatment of cancer.

If a CohBar MBT is developed and approved for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease or other neurodegenerative diseases, it would compete with all approved therapies to treat Alzheimer’s disease including donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), memantine (Namenda), rivastigmine (Exelon) and tacrine (Cognex). In addition, there are several investigational drugs being studied to treat Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases that, if approved, would also compete with an MBT developed and approved for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases.

If a CohBar MBT is developed and approved for treatment of patients with T2DM, it would compete with several classes of drugs for T2DM that are approved to improve glucose control, including sulfonylureas, glinides, PPAR gamma agonists, biguanides including metformin, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, DPP IV inhibitors, GLP1 agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, bromocriptine and insulin. Insulin sensitizing agents approved to treat T2D are the PPAR gamma agonists pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. Some of the agents approved to treat T2DM are not generic, are oral once-daily pills and are effective in lowering glucose and A1C. Drugs approved for obesity as well as surgical management of obesity and approved and investigational devices used in GI tract may also be used to treat T2D. In addition, there are several investigational drugs being studied to treat T2D, and if these investigational therapies were approved, they would also compete with an MBT developed and approved for T2D.

FINANCING

Our business strategy and plans for research and development of our MDPs and MBT candidates includes periodic infusion of new capital to our Company. We may seek to obtain funding for our business through partnership agreements with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies or through the issuance and sale of debt or equity securities in capital raising transactions.

PARTNERING

We believe our technology platform provides multiple opportunities for value creation. Our multiplexed peptide optimization process is designed to discover numerous potential drug candidate opportunities with near term value. These drug candidates can be internally developed by CohBar or advanced through strategic partnerships with larger biopharmaceutical companies. At the same time, our strategy of capturing the most valuable MBT space by aggressively filing for broad intellectual property coverage is designed to secure CohBar’s leadership role in the field and protect our ability to create additional value in the future.

EMPLOYEES AND HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES

As of March 25, 2021,December 31, 2022, we had 12ten employees, elevennine full-time and one part-time. In addition to our employees, our founders consult directly with our employees and scientific staff from time to time to advance our research programs. Our founders provide advisory services in the areas of peptide research, genetics, aging and age-related diseases, drug discovery, development and commercialization, and other areas relevant to our business. Additionally, from time to time we engage otherhave engaged subject-matter experts on a consulting basis in specific areas of our research and development efforts. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We have not experienced any work stoppages and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.

Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining incentivizing and integratingincentivizing our existing and additional employees. The principal purposes of our equity incentive plans are to attract, retain and motivate selected employees, consultants and directors through the granting of stock-based compensation awards and cash-based performance bonus awards.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Research and development activities arehave historically been central to our business model. Our research programs includehave included activities related to discovery of novel MDPs, investigational research to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of certain discovered MDPsnatural sequences in researchin vitro and preclinical studies, and engineering novel, improved analogs of certain discovered MDPsnatural sequences with characteristics suitable for further development as potential MBT drug candidates and advancing our identified MBT candidatecandidates through clinical studies. Depending on factors of capability, cost, efficiency and intellectual property rights, we conducthave conducted various aspects of our research programs either independently at our laboratory facility. We also outsource some research and development activities pursuant tofacility or under contractual arrangements with CROs or under collaborative arrangements with academic institutions.third party contract research organizations (“CROs”).

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Patents

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for our novel biological discoveries and therapeutic methods, to operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others and to prevent others from infringing our proprietary rights. We seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other methods, licensing and/or filing patent applications related to our proprietary technology, inventions and improvements that are important to the development and implementation of our business.

Our intellectual property and patent strategy is focused on our MDPs their analogs and our MBT candidates.novel analogs of these natural peptides. Our strategy is generally to seek patent protection in the United States and, where applicable, in those international jurisdictions we identify as holding significant potential market opportunity for any drug we may develop and in which patent protection is available. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation and potential in-licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our proprietary position. With respect to new biologically active MDPs that we identify within the mitochondrial genome, we typically file provisional patent applications and seek composition of mattercomposition-of-matter and method of treatmentmethod-of-treatment patents for our MDPs, and/or their novel analogs, and prospective MBTsnovel drug candidates as well as methods of use based on research and preclinical evaluation of therapeutic potential. We intend to file non-provisional patent applications for those MDPs and analogs within our pipeline based on further assessment of their therapeutic and commercial potential, as well as strategic and competitive considerations. We believe that the opportunity to engineer analogs or create combination therapies will afford us the opportunity to strengthen IP protection for our drug development candidates as they advance through our development pipeline and to broaden our IP protection internationally.

As of December 31, 2020, CohBar has filed more than 652022, we are the owners of 6 issued patents and approximately 30 pending patent applications, including 8 international Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) applications, with claims predominantly directed to both composition of matter and methods of use of novel proprietary MDPMDPs and their novel analogs. Our patent applications include filings in the United States, Europe and a number of other foreign countries, with projected expiration dates ranging from 2037 to 2041. Additionally, we are the exclusive worldwide licensee from the Regents of the University of California (the Regents)“Regents”) of twelve15 issued patents that will expire between 2028 and 2034, along2034. However, following the termination of one of our licenses with six pending patent applications. Other licensed intellectual property is described below.the Regents on April 6, 2023, the Company will be exclusive licensee of 11 issued patents worldwide.

Terms for individual patents extend for varying periods of time generally depending on the date of filing of the patent application and the legal term of patents in the countries in which they are obtained. Generally, patents issued from applications filed in the United States are effective for twenty years from the earliest non-provisional filing date. In addition, in certain instances, a patent term can be extended to recapture a portion of the term effectively lost as a result of the FDA regulatory review period; however, the restoration period cannot be longer than five years and the total patent term, including the restoration period, must not exceed fourteen years following FDA approval. The duration of foreign patents varies in accordance with provisions of applicable local law, but typically is also twenty years from the earliest international filing date. In certain instances, extension of patent term due to regulatory approval activities is available in foreign countries.

National and international patent laws concerning peptide therapeutics remain highly unsettled. Policies regarding the patent eligibility or breadth of claims allowed in such patents are currently in flux in the United States and other countries. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries can diminish our ability to protect our inventions and enforce our intellectual property rights. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth or enforceability of claims that may be granted in our patents or in third-party patents. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries arebiopharmaceutical industry is characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our drugs and technology will depend on our success in obtaining effective claims and enforcing those claims once granted. We do not know whether any of the patent applications that we may file or license from third parties will result in the issuance of any patents. The issued patents that we own, license, or may license or own in the future, may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with sufficient protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar technology. Furthermore, our competitors may be able to independently develop and commercialize similar drugs or duplicate our technology, business model or strategy without infringing our patents. Because of the extensive time required for clinical development and regulatory review of a drug we may develop, it is possible that, before any of our drugs can be commercialized, any related patent may expire or remain in force for only a short period following commercialization, thereby reducing any advantage of any such patent.

Summaries of our owned and licensed patent positions are described below.

CohBar Owned IP

As of December 31, 2020, CohBar has filed more than 65 patent applications, including applications relating to CB4211, CB5138 Analogs and other CohBar-identified MDPs and Analogs.

MOTS-c Analog Patent Coverage

CohBar has filed over 20 U.S. and foreign patent applications, including in Europe and Asia, directed to novel refined analogs of MOTS-c with improved properties, including claims directed to composition of matter and methods of use as well as to formulations containing these peptides. These applications also cover our lead product candidate CB4211. If issued, these patents would expire in 2037 and 2039.

CB5138 Analog Patent Coverage

CohBar has filed an international PCT application covering a CohBar-identified MDP (CB5138) and novel, improved analogs, including claims directed to composition of matter and methods of use, with a projected expiration date of 2040.

Other CohBar Identified MDPs and Analog Coverage

CohBar has also filed more than 45 patent applications that cover additional CohBar-identified MDPs and their novel, improved analogs, including claims directed to composition of matter and methods of use, with expiration dates of 2040 and 2041. A number of these filings relate to our programs and, in particular, MBT programs, including CB5064 analogs, and CB5046 analogs. The applications also include 8 international PCT applications. We intend to file additional non-provisional patent applications for MDPs and analogs within our pipeline based on further assessments of their therapeutic and commercial potential, as well as strategic and competitive considerations.

CohBar Licensed IP

SHLP-2 and SHLP-6 Patent Coverage

We are the exclusive licensee from the Regents to intellectual property for SHLP-2 and SHLP-6 and their analogs. This intellectual property includes an issued U.S. patent and pending application with a term expiring in 2029.

Humanin and Humanin Analogs Patent Coverage

We are the exclusive licensee from the Regents and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University of two U.S. issued patents covering humanin and humanin analogs for treatment of disease which expire in 2028 and 2029.

Trade Secrets

In addition to patents, we relyhave relied upon unpatented trade secrets and know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our proprietary information, in part, using confidentiality agreements with our commercial partners, collaborators, employees and consultants and invention assignment agreements with our employees. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of the invention assignment agreements, to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed through a relationship with a third party. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our commercial partners, collaborators, employees and consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.

Trademarks

We consider COHBAR^TM® to be our common law trademark and are pursuing registration inhas been registered by the United States Patent & Trademark Office.

In-licenses

MOTS-c Exclusive License

On August 6, 2013, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with the Regents of the University of California (the “Regents”) to obtain worldwide, exclusive rights under patent filings and other intellectual property rights in inventions developed by Dr. Cohen and academic collaborators at the University of California, Los Angeles. The intellectual property includes the U.S. and foreign patents and patent applications described above under “MOTS-c Patent Coverage”.

We agreed to pay the Regents specified development milestone payments aggregating up to $765,000 for the first product sold under the license. Milestone payments for additional products developed and sold under the license are reduced by 50%. We are also required to pay annual maintenance fees to the licensors. Aggregate maintenance fees for the first three years following execution of the agreement were $7,500. Thereafter, we are required to pay maintenance fees of $5,000 annually until the first sale of a licensed product. In addition, we are required to pay the Regents royalties equal to 2% of our worldwide net sales of drugs, therapies or other products developed from claims covered by the licensed patent, subject to a minimum royalty payment of $75,000 annually, beginning after the first commercial sale of a licensed product. We are required to pay the Regents royalties ranging from 8% of worldwide sublicense sales of covered products (if the sublicense is entered after commencement of Phase II clinical trials) to 12% of worldwide sublicense sales (if the sublicense is entered prior to commencement of Phase I clinical trials). The agreement also requires us to meet certain diligence and development milestones, including filing of an Investigational New Drug (IND) Application for a product covered by the agreement on or before the seventh anniversary of the agreement date.

Under the agreement, the license rights granted to us are subject to any rights the U.S. Government may have in such licensed rights due to its sponsorship of research that led to the creation of the licensed rights. The agreement also provides that if the Regents become aware of a third-party’s interest in exploiting the licensed technologies in a field that we are not actively pursuing, then we may be obligated either to issue a sublicense for use in the unexploited field to the third-party on substantially similar terms or to actively pursue the unexploited field subject to appropriate diligence milestones. The agreement terminates upon the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights. We may terminate the agreement at any time by giving the Regents advance written notice. The agreement may also be terminated by the Regents in the event of our continuing material breach after notice of such breach and the opportunity to cure.

Humanin and SHLPs Exclusive License

On November 30, 2011, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with the Regents and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University to obtain worldwide, exclusive rights under patent filings and other intellectual property rights in inventions developed by Drs. Cohen and Barzilai and their academic collaborators. The intellectual property includes the U.S. patents and patent applications described above under “Humanin and Humanin Analogs Patent Coverage” and “SHLP-2 and SHLP-6 Patent Coverage”.

We agreed to pay the licensors specified development milestone payments aggregating up to $765,000 for the first product sold under the license. Milestone payments for additional products developed and sold under the license are reduced by 50%. We are also required to pay annual maintenance fees to the licensors. Aggregate maintenance fees for the first five years following execution of the agreement were $80,000. Thereafter, we are required to pay maintenance fees of $50,000 annually until the first sale of a licensed product. In addition, we are required to pay the licensors royalties equal to 2% of our worldwide net sales of drugs, therapies or other products developed from claims covered by the licensed patents, subject to a minimum royalty payment of $75,000 annually, beginning after the first commercial sale of a licensed product. We are required to pay royalties ranging from 8% of worldwide sublicense sales of covered products (if the sublicense is entered after commencement of Phase II clinical trials) to 12% of worldwide sublicense sales (if the sublicense is entered prior to commencement of Phase I clinical trials). The agreement also requires us to meet certain diligence and development milestones, including filing of an IND for a product covered by the agreement on or before the seventh anniversary of the agreement date.

Under the agreement, the license rights granted to us are subject to any rights the U.S. Government may have in such licensed rights due to its sponsorship of research that led to the creation of the licensed rights. The agreement terminates upon the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights. We may terminate the agreement at any time by giving the Regents advance written notice. The agreement may be modified or terminated on a product by product basis by the Regents if we materially fail to meet certain diligence requirements and development milestones. The agreement may also be terminated by the Regents in the event of our continuing material breach after notice of such breach and the opportunity to cure. In October 2020, the Regents accepted our payment for an additional year of license maintenance.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND OTHER REGULATORY MATTERS

Government Regulation

The preclinical studies and clinical testing, manufacture, labeling, storage, record keeping, advertising, promotion, export, marketing and sales, among other things, of our therapeutic candidates and future products, are subject to extensive regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries. In the United States, pharmaceutical products are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the “FDCA”) and other laws. Biologics are subject to regulation by the FDA under the FDCA, the Public Health Service Act, and related regulations, and other federal, state and local statutes and regulations. Biological products include, among other things, viruses, therapeutic serums, vaccines and most protein products. Product development and approval within these regulatory frameworks takes a number of years and involves the expenditure of substantial resources.

Regulatory approval will be required in all major markets in which we, or our licensees, seek to test our products in development.any future products. At a minimum, such approval requires evaluation of data relating to quality, safety and efficacy of a product for its proposed use. The specific types of data required and the regulations relating to these data differ depending on the territory, the drug involved, the proposed indication and the stage of development.

In general, new chemical entities are tested in animal models to determine whether the product is reasonably safe for initial human testing. Additional preclinical testing continues during the clinical development stage. Clinical trials for new products are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap. Phase 1 trials typically involve the initial introduction of the pharmaceutical into healthy human volunteers and focus on testing for safety, dosage tolerance, metabolism, distribution, excretion and clinical pharmacology. In the case of serious or life-threatening diseases, such as cancer, initial Phase 1 trials are often conducted in patients directly, with preliminary exploration of potential efficacy. Phase 2 trials involve clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug for a particular disease indication or indications in patients with the disease or condition under study and to determine appropriate dosages and dose regimens and the common short-term side effects and risks associated with the drug. Phase 2 trials are typically closely monitored and conducted in a relatively small number of patients, usually involving no more than several hundred subjects. Phase 3 trials are generally expanded, well-controlled clinical trials. They are performed after preliminary evidence suggesting effectiveness, as well as the appropriate dose and dose ranges of the drug, have been obtained, and are intended to gather the additional information about effectiveness and safety that is needed to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug and to provide an adequate basis for physicianproduct labeling.

In the United States, specific research and preclinical data, chemical data and a proposed clinical study protocol, as described above, must be submitted to the FDA as part of an Investigational New Drug application, or IND, which, unless the FDA objects, will become effective 30 days following receipt by the FDA. Phase 1 trials may commence only after the IND application becomes effective. Following completion of Phase 1 trials, further submissions to regulatory authorities are necessary in relation to Phase 2 and 3 trials to update the existing IND. Authorities may require additional data before allowing the trials to commence and could demand discontinuation of studies at any time if there are significant safety issues. In addition to regulatory review, a clinical trial involving human subjects has to be approved by an independent body. The exact composition and responsibilities of this body differ from country to country. In the United States, for example, each clinical trial is conducted under the auspices of an Institutional Review Board for any institution at which the clinical trial is conducted. This board considers among other factors, the design of the clinical trial, ethical factors, the safety of the human subjects and the possible liability risk for the institution.

Information generated in this process is susceptible to varying interpretations that could delay, limit, or prevent regulatory approval at any stage of the approval process. Failure to demonstrate adequately the quality, safety and efficacy of a therapeutic drug under development would delay or prevent regulatory approval of the product.

In order to gain marketing approval, we must submit a new drug application, or NDA, for review by the FDA. The NDA must include a substantial amount of data and other information concerning safety and effectiveness of the drug compound from laboratory, animal and clinical testing, as well as data and information on manufacturing, product stability, and proposed product labeling.

There can be no assurance that if clinical trials are completed that we or any future collaborative partners will submit an NDA or similar applications outside of the United States for required authorizations to manufacture or market potential products, or that any such applications will be reviewed or approved in a timely manner. Approval of an NDA, if granted at all, can take several months to several years, and the approval process can be affected by a number of factors. Additional studies or clinical trials may be requested during the review and may delay marketing approval and involve unbudgeted costs. Regulatory authorities may conduct inspections of relevant facilities and review manufacturing procedures, operating systems and personnel qualifications. In addition to obtaining approval for each product, in many cases each drug manufacturing facility must be approved. Further, inspections may occur over the life of the product. An inspection of the clinical investigation sites by a competent authority may be required as part of the regulatory approval procedure. As a condition of marketing approval, the regulatory agency may require post-marketing surveillance to monitor adverse effects, or other additional studies as deemed appropriate. After approval for the initial disease indication, further clinical studies are usually necessary to gain approval for additional indications. The terms of any approval, including labeling content, may be more restrictive than expected and could affect product marketability.

Holders of an approved NDA are required to report certain adverse reactions and production problems, if any, to the FDA, and to comply with certain requirements concerning advertising and promotional labeling for their products. Moreover, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to current good manufacturing practices (“cGMP”) after approval, and the FDA periodically inspects manufacturing facilities to assess cGMP compliance. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMP and other aspects of regulatory compliance. We expect to continue to rely upon third-party manufacturers to produce commercial supplies of any products which are approved for marketing. We cannot be sure that those manufacturers will remain in compliance with applicable regulations, or that future FDA inspections will not identify compliance issues at the facilities of our contract manufacturers that may disrupt production or distribution, or require substantial resources to correct.

Any of our future products approved by the FDA will likely be purchased principally by patients through a pharmacy benefit plan or by pharmacies that typically bill various third-party payers, such as governmental programs (e.g., Medicare and Medicaid), private insurance plans and managed care plans, for the pharmaceuticals provided to patients. The ability of customers to obtain appropriate reimbursement for the products they purchase is crucial to the success of new drug and biologic products. The availability of reimbursement affects which products customers purchase and the prices they are willing to pay. Reimbursement varies from country to country and can significantly impact the acceptance of new products. Even if we were to develop a promising new product, we may find limited demand for the product unless reimbursement approval is obtained from private and governmental third-party payers.

If the FDA approves any of our future products and reimbursement for those products is approved by any federal or state healthcare programs, then we will be subject to federal and state laws, such as the Federal False Claims Act, state false claims acts, the illegal remuneration provisions of the Social Security Act, and federal and state anti-kickback laws that govern financial and other arrangements among drug manufacturers and developers and the physicians and other practitioners or facilities that purchase or prescribe products. Among other things, these laws prohibit kickbacks, bribes and rebates, as well as other direct and indirect payments that are intended to induce the use or prescription of medical products or services payable by any federal or state healthcare program, and prohibit presenting a false or misleading claim for payment under a federal or state program. Possible sanctions for violation of any of these restrictions or prohibitions include loss of eligibility to participate in federal and state reimbursement programs and civil and criminal penalties. If we fail to comply, even inadvertently, with any of these requirements, we could be required to alter our operations, enter into corporate integrity, deferred prosecution or similar agreements with state or federal government agencies, and could become subject to significant civil and criminal penalties.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market and trades under the symbol “CWBR.” Our principal executive offices are located at 1455 Adams Drive, Suite 2050, Menlo Park, California 94025, and our telephone number is (650) 446-7888. The internet address of our corporate website is http://www.cohbar.com.

We file annual reports, quarterly reports, current reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Our filings with the SEC, including any amendments to our filings, are available free of charge on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and on our website under the “Investors” tab as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.

The contents of our corporate website are not incorporated into, or otherwise to be regarded as part of, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Summary of Risk Factors

An investmentInvesting in our common stock involves various risks, and prospective investors are urged tosignificant risks. You should carefully consider the matters discussedrisks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our audited financial statements and related notes, and other filings we have made and make in the section titled “Risk Factors” prior to making an investment infuture with the Securities and Exchange Commission. If any of the following risks are realized, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In such case, the trading price of our common stock. Thesestock would likely decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Below is a summary of some of the risks include, but are not limited to, the following:we face:

CohBar operates

We operate in an environment that involves a number of risks and uncertainties. The risks and uncertainties described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks and uncertainties that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that presently are not considered material or are not known to us, and therefore are not mentioned herein, may impair our business operations. If any of the risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K actually occur, our business, operating results and financial position could be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Strategic Alternative Process and Potential Strategic Transaction

We may not be successful in identifying and implementing any strategic alternatives, including a potential merger, business combination, investment into the Company, asset sale or other strategic transaction, and any such strategic transaction that we may consummate in the future could have negative consequences.

On November 17, 2022, we announced our retention of Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. as a financial advisor to assist us in exploring strategic alternatives. Potential strategic alternatives that may be explored or evaluated as part of this process include a merger, business combination, investment into the Company, asset sale or other strategic transaction. Our board of directors has not set a timetable for the conclusion of this review, nor has it made any definitive decisions related to taking any further actions or potential strategic options at this time or at all.

The process of continuing to evaluate these strategic alternatives may be very costly, time-consuming and complex and we have incurred, and may in the future incur, significant costs related to this continued evaluation, such as legal and accounting fees and expenses and other related charges. We may also incur additional unanticipated expenses in connection with this process. A considerable portion of these costs will be incurred regardless of whether any such course of action is implemented or transaction is completed. Any such expenses will decrease the remaining cash available for use in our business.

Potential counterparties in a strategic transaction involving our Company may place minimal or no value on our assets. Further, the development and any potential commercialization of our product candidates will require substantial additional cash to fund the costs associated with conducting the necessary preclinical and clinical testing and obtaining regulatory approval. Consequently, any potential counterparty in a strategic transaction involving our Company may choose not to spend additional resources and continue to utilize the Company’s peptide library and technology platform and may attribute little or no value, in such a transaction, to those product assets.

There can be no assurance that any particular course of action, business arrangement or transaction, or series of transactions, will be pursued, successfully consummated, lead to increased stockholder value, or achieve the anticipated results. If we are unable to consummate a strategic transaction, our board of directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation.

If we are successful in completing a strategic alternative, we may be exposed to other operational and financial risks.

Although there can be no assurance that a strategic alternative will result from the process we have undertaken to identify and evaluate strategic alternatives, the negotiation and consummation of any such transaction will require significant time on the part of our management, and the diversion of management’s attention may disrupt our business.

The negotiation and consummation of any such transaction may also require more time or greater cash resources than we anticipate and expose us to other operational and financial risks, including:

Any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and prospects.

Our ability to consummate a strategic alternative depends on our ability to retain our employees required to consummate such transaction.

Our ability to consummate a strategic alternative depends upon our ability to retain our employees required to consummate such a transaction, the loss of whose services may adversely impact the ability to consummate such transaction. If we are unable to successfully retain these employees, we are at risk of a disruption to our exploration and consummation of a strategic alternative as well as business operations.

We may become involved in securities litigation that could divert management’s attention and harm the Company’s business, and insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover all costs and damages.

In the past, securities litigation has often followed certain significant business transactions, such as the sale of a company or announcement of any other strategic transaction, or the announcement of negative events, such as negative results from clinical trials. We may be exposed to such litigation even if no wrongdoing occurred. Litigation is usually expensive and diverts management’s attention and resources, which could adversely affect our business and cash resources and our ability to consummate a potential strategic alternative or the ultimate value our stockholders receive in any such transaction.

If we decide to dissolve and liquidate our Company, the amount of cash that may be available for distribution to our stockholders is uncertain.

If our board of directors decides to pursue a dissolution and liquidation of our Company, the amount of cash that may be available for distribution to our stockholders is uncertain. This amount will depend on the resolution of our financial commitments and contingent liabilities and the timing of the decision to liquidate. Our financial commitments and contingent liabilities include: (i) personnel costs, including severance; (ii) contractual obligations to vendors and clinical study sites; and (iii) non-cancelable lease obligations.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

We will need additional funding and may be unable to raise additional capital when needed, which would force us to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development activities.

Our operations to date have consumed substantial amounts of cash, and we expect our capital and operating expenditures to continue to increase in the next few years. We may not be able to generate significant revenues for several years, if at all. Until we can generate significant revenues, if ever, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through equity or debt financing, and/or through any future development collaborations with commercial partners. We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. We have no committed source of additional capital and, in light of our current market capitalization, it may be more difficult to raise the amount of capital needed to support planned development of our product candidates. In addition, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has led to, and may continue to create, global economic disruption, uncertainty and volatility in the global financial markets. These effects may make it increasingly difficult to raise additional capital. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may be required to significantly delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate one or more of our research and development activities. If we are unable to secure additional capital, a Phase 2 clinical trial of CB4211 will be delayed or discontinued. We could also be required to seek collaborators for our product candidate at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available or relinquish or license on unfavorable terms our rights to such product candidates.

The outbreak of the novel strain of coronavirus,SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, could adversely impact our business, including our clinical trials and preclinical studies.

Public health crises such as pandemics or similar outbreaks could adversely impact our business.  In response to the global COVID-19 pandemic, we have modified our business practices by restricting nonessential travel, implementing a partial work from home policy for our employees and instituting new safety protocols for our lab to enable essential on-site work to continue. We continue to monitor the impact of COVID-19 on ongoing activities at our external research and development partner sites.

Timely enrollment in our clinical trials is dependent upon global clinical trial sites, which may be adversely affected by global health matters, such as pandemics. We are currently conducting a clinical trial for our lead product candidate in the United States, which is currently, and may continue to be, affected by COVID-19. For example, enrollment for our CB4211 Phase 1b study was delayed due to suspension of study activities at some of our clinical sites. Although enrollment resumed, we have experienced delays and withdrawals in enrollment due to COVID-19. These and any additional delays in our CB4211 Phase 1b study could increase our development costs, delay or prevent the availability of topline data expected to be available from the trial, delay our product development and regulatory submission process, result in the termination of the trial or make it difficult to raise additional capital.

As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, or similar pandemics, we may experience disruptions that could severely impact our business, clinical trials and preclinical studies, including:

In addition, the trading prices for our common stock and other biopharmaceutical companies have been highly volatile as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting impact on economic activity. As a result, we may face difficulties raising capital through sales of our common stock or other equity-linked securities, and any such sales may be on unfavorable terms to us and potentially dilutive to existing stockholders.

The extent to which the pandemic may impact our business, clinical trials and preclinical studies will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the duration of the pandemic, the impact of vaccinations, travel restrictions and actions to contain the virus or treat its impact, such as social distancing and quarantines or lock-downs in the United States and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and treat the disease.

We have had a history of losses and no revenue.

We have generated substantial accumulated losses since our inception. We have not generated any revenues from our operations to date and do not expect to generate any revenue in the near future. As a result, our management expects the business to continue to experience negative cash flow for the foreseeable future. We can offer no assurance that we will ever operate profitably or that we will generate positive cash flow in the future.

Until we can generate significant revenues, if ever, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through equity or debt financing.financing or one or more strategic alternatives (as discussed above). We will need to raise additional funds, and such funds may not be available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise funds on acceptable terms, we may not be able to execute our business plan, take advantage of future opportunities, or respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated requirements. This may seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. In the event we are not able to continue operations, investors will likely suffer a complete loss of their investments in our securities.

We are an early-stage biotechnology company and may never be able to successfully develop marketable products or generate any revenue. We have a very limited relevant operating history upon which an evaluation of our performance and prospects can be made. There is no assurance that our future operations will result in profits. If we cannot generate sufficient revenues, we may suspend or cease operations.

We are an early-stage company. Our operations to date have been limited to organizing and staffing our Company, business planning, raising capital, identifying MDPs for further research, developing our intellectual property portfolio, performing research on identified MDPs and advancing our lead MBTnovel analogs and progressing our most advanced drug candidate into and through clinical studies. We have not generated any revenues to date. All of our MBTsnovel peptide analogs are in the concept, research or early clinical stages. We have not been able to identify suitable formulations for our CB4211 or CB5138-3 product candidates and there can be no assurances that we will be able to develop suitable formulations for any future product candidates. Moreover, we cannot be certain that ourany research and development efforts that we may undertake in the future will be successful or, if successful, that our MBTsnovel peptide analogs will ever be approved by the FDA. Typically, it takes 10-12 years to develop one new medicine from the time it is discovered to when it is available for treating patients, and longer timeframes are not uncommon. Even if approved, our products may not generate commercial revenues. We have no relevant operating history upon which an evaluation of our performance and prospects can be made. We are subject to all of the business risks associated with a new enterprise, including, but not limited to, risks of unforeseen capital requirements, evaluating and implementing a strategic alternative (as discussed above), failure of potential drug candidates either in research, preclinical testing or in clinical trials, and failure to establish business relationships and competitive advantages against other companies. If we fail to become profitable, we may be forced to suspend or cease operations.

If we fail to demonstrate efficacy or safety in ourany future research and clinical trials, our future business prospects, financial condition and operating results will be materially adversely affected.

The success of ourany future research and development efforts will greatly depend on our ability to demonstrate efficacy of MBTsour novel peptide analogs in non-clinical studies, as well as in clinical trials. Non-clinical studies involve testing potential MBTsdrug candidates in appropriate non-human disease models to demonstrate efficacy and safety. Regulatory agencies evaluate these data carefully before they will approve clinical testing in humans. If certain non-clinical data reveals potential safety issues or the results are inconsistent with an expectation of the potential drug’s efficacy in humans, the program may be discontinued or the regulatory agencies may require additional testing before allowing human clinical trials. This additional testing will increase program expenses and extend timelines. We may decide to suspend further testing on our potential drugs if, in the judgment of our management and advisors, the non-clinical test results do not support further development. For example, in December 2022, we announced that we had suspended further IND-enabling activities for our CB5138-3 product candidate due to challenges in identifying a suitable formulation for clinical development.

Moreover, success in future research, preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and we cannot be sure that the results of later clinical trials will replicate the results of prior clinical trials and non-clinical testing. TheAny future clinical trial process may fail to demonstrate that our potential drug candidates are safe for humans and effective for indicated uses. This failure would cause us to abandon a drug candidate and may delay development of other potential drug candidates. Any delay in, or termination of, ourfuture non-clinical testing or clinical trials will delay the filing of anany future investigational new drug application and new drug application with the FDA or the equivalent applications with pharmaceutical regulatory authorities outside the United States and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize ourany potential drugs and generate product revenues. In addition, our Phase 1a/1b trial of CB4211, our most advanced drug candidate, involved, and we expect that ourany future early clinical trials that we may conduct will involve, small patient populations. Because of thethese small sample size,sizes, the results of these early clinical trials, including the topline data from our CB4211 Phase 1a/1b trial, may not be indicative of future results.

Risks Related to Discovery, Development and Commercialization

If our current and any future clinical trials are delayed, suspended or terminated, we may be unable to develop ourfuture product candidates on a timely basis, which would adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approvals, increase our development costs and delay or prevent commercialization of any approved products.

We cannot predict whether we will encounter problems with our ongoing, planned or any future clinical trials that will cause regulatory agencies, institutional review boards, or us to suspend or delay a trial. For example,We have experienced delays in November 2018, the Company announced the temporary suspension of theboth our CB4211 and CB5138-3 programs. Our Phase 11a/1b clinical trial for CB4211 our lead MBT candidate,was suspended in November 2018 in order to address injection site reactions, and we resumed the trial in June 2019. In November 2019, we announced the completion of the Phase 1a portion of the clinical trial and the commencement of the recruiting phase of the final Phase 1b stage of the study. However,was delayed again in March 2020 we announced a delay in the completiondue to impacts of our Phase 1b study for NASH and obesity. The delays were caused by a pause by some of our clinical research organization partners in all of their activities related to the study in response to developments relating to the COVID-19 pandemic. We announcedOur planned IND filing for our CB5138-3 product candidate was delayed from the resumptionsecond half of our Phase 1b study in July 2020. In response to a routine annual development safety update report (the “DSUR”) we submitted2022 to the FDA on August 6, 2020,second half of 2023 due to the FDA requested additional details regardingobservation of injection site reaction safety data presentedreactions in our preclinical toxicology studies. Ultimately, our efforts to mitigate these injection site reactions by improving the DSUR. The additional information was provided to the FDA. FDA’s review of such information could resultformulation for this product candidate were unsuccessful and in the delay or suspension of our Phase 1b study to address any concerns. December 2022, we announced that we had suspended further IND-enabling activities for this peptide.

Clinical trials and clinical data collection protocols can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including:

In addition, a future clinical trial or development program may be suspended or terminated by us, institutional review boards, the FDA or other responsible bodies due to a number of factors, including:

If the results of our future clinical trials are not available when we expect or if we encounter any delay in the analysis of data from our future clinical trials, we may be unable to conduct additional clinical trials on the schedule we anticipate. Many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of future clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of a future product candidate. Any delays in completing a clinical trial could increase our development costs, delay or prevent the availability of topline data expected to be available from the trial, delay our product development and regulatory submission process or make it difficult to raise additional capital.

If we do not achieve ourany future projected development goals in the time frames we announce and expect, the commercialization of ourany such future products may be delayed and, as a result, our stock price may decline.

From time to time, we estimatehave estimated the timing of the anticipated accomplishment of various scientific, clinical, regulatory and other product development goals, which we sometimes refer to as milestones. These milestones may include the commencement or completion of scientific studies and clinical trials and the submission of regulatory filings. From time to time, we have publicly announced and may in the future publicly announce the expected timing of some of these milestones. All of these milestones arehave been and will be based on numerous assumptions, including timely performance by our CROs and other vendors, positive clinical and preclinical results, the addition of a corporate partnerour ability to develop commercially viable formulations for the CB4211 program,our product candidates, and sufficient funding from partnering and general fundraising. The actual timing of these milestones can varyhave varied dramatically compared to our estimates, in some cases for reasons beyond our control. For example, we initially projected that we would have topline results from our 1a/1b clinical trial for CB4211 trial in early 2019. The trial was substantially delayed and we did not release topline results for this study until August of 2021. For our CB5138-3 product candidate, we initially projected that we would file an IND for this program in the second half of 2022. We later revised this estimate to the second half of 2023 and, in December 2022, we announced the suspension of IND-enabling activities for this program due to challenges in identifying a suitable formulation for clinical development. The delays in each of these programs resulted in declines in our stock price. If we do notfail to meet thesefuture milestones as publicly announced, or at all, our revenue may be lower than expected, the commercialization of our products may be delayed or never achieved and, as a result, our stock price may decline.

Our future success depends on key members of our management and scientific teams and our ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.team.

Recruiting and retaining qualified senior management and scientific, clinical, and operations management and personnel will be critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions.

We are highly dependent on our key management and scientific teams,team, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and Chief Scientific Officer who are all employed “at will,” meaning they may terminate the employment relationship at any time. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of the key members of our team. We have in the past and may in the future continue to experience changes in our executive management team resulting from the departure of executives or subsequent hiring of new executives. The loss of the services of any of these personsour Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer could impede the achievementour ongoing exploration of our research, development and commercialization objectives.strategic alternatives, as discussed above.

Our consultants and advisors, including our founders, may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us. Our founders, Dr. Pinchas Cohen and Dr. Nir Barzilai, are members of our board of directors and provide oversight and guidance on scientific, research and development topics in that capacity. In addition, we rely on other consultants and advisors from time to time, including drug discovery and development advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development strategy. Agreements with these advisors typically may be terminated by either party, for any reason, on relatively short notice.

We may seek to establish development and commercialization collaborations, and, if we are not able to establish them on commercially reasonable terms, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans.

Our potential future drug development programs and the potential commercialization of our future drug candidates will require substantial additional cash to fund expenses. We may decide to collaborate with pharmaceutical or biotechnologybiopharmaceutical companies in connection with the development or commercialization of our potential future drug candidates.

We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Whether we reach a definitive collaboration agreement will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. Those factors may include the expected efficacy, safety and tolerability of the subject product candidate, the design or results of clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, the potential market for the subject product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential reimbursement rates for such product candidates, the potential of competing products, the strength of our data supporting the mechanism of action of the subject product candidate, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of technology, which can exist if there is a challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the challenge, and industry and market conditions generally. The collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar disease indications on which to collaborate, and whether such alternative collaboration project could be more attractive than one with us for our product candidate.

There are a limited number of large pharmaceuticalbiopharmaceutical companies with whom we could potentially collaborate, and collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. We may not be able to negotiate collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms or at all. If we are unable to do so, we may have to curtail the development of the product candidate for which we are seeking to collaborate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund future development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to further develop ourfuture product candidates or bring them to market and generate product revenue.

We may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover potential drug development candidates.

A key element of our strategy ishas been to identify and test MDPs and novel analogs that play a role in cellular processes underlying our targeted disease indications. A significant portion of the research that we are conducting involves emerging scientific knowledge and drug discovery methods. Our drug discovery efforts may not be successful in identifying MBTsnovel peptide analogs that are useful in treating disease. Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential drug development candidates, yet fail to yield candidates for preclinical and clinical developmentdevelopment. For example, in December 2022, we announced that we had suspended further IND-enabling activities for our CB5138-3 product candidate due to challenges in identifying a suitable formulation for clinical development. Similarly, we have not been able to identify a formulation for CB4211 that would be suitable to move it forward to the next stage of clinical development. There are a number of reasons why any future research efforts may not yield appropriate development candidates, including:

Research programsWe have not been successful to date in our efforts to develop commercially viable formulations for our product candidates.

Our product candidates are comprised of novel peptide analogs. We expect that our product candidates will need to be delivered via subcutaneous injection and may cause local injection site reactions (“ISRs”), which is a common finding in peptide therapeutic product candidates. While not necessarily adverse to patients’ health, ISRs could substantially limit the commercial appeal of our product candidates, and we may decide or be required to perform additional preclinical studies or to halt or delay further clinical development of our product candidates. To date, we have not been able to identify newsuitable formulations for our CB4211 or CB5138-3 product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources. We may choose to focus our efforts and resources on a potential product candidatecandidates. It is possible that ultimately proves to be unsuccessful. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates that we may identify will also result in ISRs. Our approach to address these ISRs is to develop novel formulations that decrease or for other disease indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to timely capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities.eliminate these reactions. If we are unable to advance our lead MBT candidate through clinical development orsuccessfully develop such formulations, we may decide to abandon those drug candidates as we have done with CB5138-3. Any efforts to identify other MBTsalternate drug candidates that are suitable for preclinicaldo not cause ISRs would take additional time and clinical development, we willexpense and may not be able to obtain product revenues in future periods, which likely would result in significant harm to our financial position and negatively affect our ability to continue our operations.successful.

Our future research and development plans will require substantial additional future funding which could impact our operational and financial condition. Without the required additional funds, we will likely cease operations.

It will take several years before we are able to develop potentially marketable products, if at all. Our future research and development plans will require substantial additional capital to:

Our future operating and capital needs will depend on many factors, including:

We base our outlook regarding the need for funds on many uncertain variables. Such uncertainties include the initiation and success of ourany future research and development initiatives, regulatory approvals, the timing of events outside our direct control such as negotiations with potential strategic partners, and other factors. Any of these uncertain events can significantly change our cash requirements as they determine such one-time events as the receipt or payment of major milestones and other payments.

Additional funds will be required to support our operations, and if we are unable to obtain them on favorable terms or at all, we may be required to cease or reduce furtherfuture research and development of our drug product programs, sell or abandon some or all of our intellectual property, merge with another entity or cease operations.

Even if we are able to develop ourfuture potential drugs,drug candidates, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval, or if approved, we may not be able to generate significant revenues or successfully commercialize our products, which will adversely affect our financial results and financial condition, and we will have to delay or terminate some or all of our research and development plans, which may force us to cease operations.

All of our future potential drug candidates will require extensive additional research and development, including preclinical testing and clinical trials, as well as regulatory approvals, before we can market them. We cannot predict if or when any future potential drug candidate we intend to develop will be approved for marketing. There are many reasons that we may fail in our efforts to develop our future potential drug candidates. These include:

If we fail to develop ourfuture potential drug candidates, our financial results and financial condition will be adversely affected, we will have to delay or terminate some or all of our research and development plans and may be forced to cease operations.

Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties

If we do not maintain the support of qualified scientific collaborators, our revenue, growth and profitability will likely be limited, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

We will need to maintain our existing relationships with leading scientists and/or establish new relationships with scientific collaborators. We believe that such relationships are pivotal to establishing products using our technologies as a standard of care for various disease indications. There is no assurance that our founders, scientific advisors or research partners will continue to work with us or that we will be able to attract additional research partners. If we are not able to establish scientific relationships to assist in ourfuture research and development, we may not be able to successfully develop our potential drug candidates.candidates in the future. If this happens, our business will be adversely affected.

We expect to rely on third parties to conduct ourany future clinical trials and some aspects of ourany future research and preclinical testing. These third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials, research or preclinical testing.

We currentlyexpect to rely on third parties to conduct some aspects of our future research and expect to continue to rely on third parties to conduct additional aspects of our future research and preclinical testing, as well as any future clinical trials. Any of these third parties may terminate their engagements with us at any time. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements, it would delay our future product research and development activities.

Our reliance on these third parties for future research and development activities will reduce our control over these activities but will not relieve us of our responsibilities. For example, we will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with standards, commonly referred to as Good Clinical Practices, for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. We also are required to register ongoing clinical trials and post the results of completed clinical trials on a government-sponsored database, ClinicalTrials.gov, within certain timeframes. Failure to do so can result in fines, adverse publicity and civil and criminal sanctions.

Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for our future drug candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our medicines. For example, we experienced delays in receiving the data from our third-party CRO conducting our CB4211 Phase 1b study, which delayed our analysis and release of topline data.

We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely on other third parties to store and distribute drug supplies for our future clinical trials. Any performance failure on the part of our distributors could delay clinical development or marketing approval of our future drug candidates or commercialization of ourany future products, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue.

We contract with third parties for the manufacture of our peptide materials for research and preclinical testing and expect to continue to do so for any future product candidate advanced to clinical trials and commercialization. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of our research peptide materials, product candidates or medicines, or that such supply will not be available to us at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent or impair our research, development or commercialization efforts.

We may be unable to establish any agreements with third-party manufacturers or to do so on acceptable terms. Even if we are able to establish agreements with third-party manufacturers, reliance on third-party manufacturers entails additional risks, including:

Third-party manufacturers may not be able to comply with current good manufacturing practices, regulations or similar regulatory requirements outside the United States. Our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in us being subject to sanctions, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or medicines, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our medicines and harm our business and results of operations.

Any drug candidate that we may develop may compete with other drug candidates and products for access to manufacturing facilities. There are a limited number of manufacturers that operate under cGMP regulations and that might be capable of manufacturing for us.

Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of our investigational materials or future product candidates or medicines may adversely affect our future profit margins and our ability to commercialize any medicines that receive marketing approval on a timely and competitive basis.

Risks Related to Product Development and Regulatory Approval

We

Even if we are successful in developing future drug candidates, we may not be able to develop drug candidates, market or generate sales of oursuch future products to the extent anticipated. Our business may fail, and investors could lose all of their investment in our Company.

Assuming that we are successful in developing ourany future potential drug candidates and receiving regulatory clearances to market our potential products, our ability to successfully penetrate the market and generate sales of thosesuch future products may be limited by a number of factors, including the following:

If any of these occur, our business could be adversely affected.

Interim and preliminary or topline data from our future clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may publish interim topline or preliminary data from our future clinical trials. Interim data from future clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Preliminary or topline data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary or topline data we previously published. As a result, interim and preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Adverse differences between interim or preliminary or topline data and final data could significantly harm our reputation and business prospects.

Any future product candidate we are able to develop and commercialize would compete in the marketplace with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future. These competitive therapies may be more effective, safer, better tolerated, less costly, more easily administered or offer other advantages over any product we seek to market.

Although there are no currently approved therapies for the treatment of NAFLD and NASH, there are numerous therapies in development, including those in clinical trials that are more advanced than ours. Additionally, thereThere are numerous therapies currently marketed to treat IPF, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and other diseases for which our future potential product candidates may be indicated. For example, if we develop an approved treatment for T2D, it would compete with several classes of drugs for T2D that are approved to improve glucose control. These include the insulin sensitizers pioglitazone (Actos) and rosiglitazone (Avandia), which are administered as oral once daily pills, and metformin, which is sometimes called an insulin sensitizer and is available as a generic once daily formulation. If we develop an approved treatment for Alzheimer’s disease, it would compete with approved therapies such as donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), memantine (Namenda), rivastigmine (Exelon) and tacrine (Cognex). These therapies are varied in their design, therapeutic application and mechanism of action and may provide significant competition for any of our future product candidates for which we obtain market approval. New products may also become available that provide efficacy, safety, tolerability, convenience and other benefits that are not provided by currently marketed therapies. As a result, they may provide significant competition for any of our future product candidates for which we obtain market approval. Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, better tolerated, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more conveniently administered (i.e., are administered via methods other than subcutaneous injection) or stored or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market. In addition, our ability to compete may be affected in many cases by insurers’ or other third-party payers’ reimbursement polices seeking to encourage the use of existing products whichthat are generic or are otherwise less expensive to provide.

We expect to expand our drug development and regulatory capabilities, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.

We expect to experience significant growth in the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of drug development and commercialization and regulatory affairs. To manage our anticipated future growth, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. We expect that if our drug candidates continue to progress into and in development, we may require significant additional investment in personnel, management systems and resources, particularly in the build out of our clinical and commercial capabilities. Over the next several years, we may experience significant growth in the number of our employees and the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of drug development, regulatory affairs and sales and marketing. Due to our limited financial resources and our limited operating history, we may not be able to effectively manage the expected expansion of our operations. The physical expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert our management and business development resources. Any inability to manage growth could delay the execution of our business plans or disrupt our operations.

The use of any of our future products in clinical trials, and the results of those trials, may expose us to liability claims, which may cost us significant amounts of money to defend against or pay out, causing our business to suffer.

The nature of our business exposes us to potential liability risks inherent in the testing, manufacturing and marketing of our potential products. Our leading product candidate, CB4211, is currently in clinical trials, and ifIf any of our future drug candidates enter intoare used in clinical trials, or if any of our future drug candidates become marketed products, they could potentially harm people or allegedly harm people, possibly subjecting us to costly and damaging product liability claims. Some of the patients who participate in clinical trials are already ill when they enter a trial or may intentionally or unintentionally fail to meet the exclusion criteria. The waivers we obtain may not be enforceable and may not protect us from liability or the costs of product liability litigation. Although we obtained product liability insurance, which we believe is adequate, we are subject to the risk that our insurance will not be sufficient to cover claims. We anticipate that we will need to increase our insurance coverage if we successfully commercialize any product candidate. The insurance costs along with the defense or payment of liabilities above the amount of coverage could cost us significant amounts of money and management distraction from other elements of the business, decrease demand for any product candidates that we may develop, injure our reputation and attract significant negative media attention, and lead to the withdrawal of clinical trial participants, causing our business to suffer. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

Compliance with laws and regulations pertaining to the privacy and security of health information may be time consuming, difficult and costly, particularly in light of increased focus on privacy issues in countries around the world, including the United States and the EU.

We are subject to various domestic and international privacy and security regulations. The confidentiality, collection, use and disclosure of personal data, including clinical trial patient-specific information, are subject to governmental regulation generally in the country that the personal data were collected or used. In the United States, we are subject, or expect to be subject, to various state and federal privacy and data security regulations, including but not limited to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009. HIPAA mandates, among other things, the adoption of uniform standards for the electronic exchange of information in common health care transactions, as well as standards relating to the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information, which require the adoption of administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect such information. In the EU, personal data includes any information that relates to an identified or identifiable natural person with health information carrying additional obligations, including obtaining the explicit consent from the individual for collection, use or disclosure of the information. In addition, the protection of and cross-border transfers of such data out of the EU has become more stringent with the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation which came into effect in May 2018. Furthermore, the legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve, and there has been an increasing amount of focus on privacy and data protection issues. The United States and the EU and its member states continue to issue new privacy and data protection rules and regulations that relate to personal data and health information. Compliance with these laws may be time consuming, difficult and costly. If we fail to comply with applicable laws, regulations or duties relating to the use, privacy or security of personal data, we could be subject to the imposition of significant civil and criminal penalties, be forced to alter our business practices and suffer reputational harm.

We may not be able to obtain agreement with regulatory authorities regarding an acceptable development plan for our future product candidates, the outcome of our future clinical trials may not be favorable or, even if favorable, regulatory authorities may not find the results of our future clinical trials to be sufficient for marketing approval.

In the United States, the FDA generally requires two adequate and well-controlled pivotal clinical trials to approve a new drug application (“NDA”). Furthermore, for full approval of an NDA, the FDA requires a demonstration of efficacy based on a clinical benefit endpoint. The FDA may grant accelerated approval based on a surrogate endpoint reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. Even if any future pivotal clinical trials for a specific indication were to achieve their primary endpoints and may be reasonably believed by us to be likely to predict clinical benefit, the FDA may not accept the results of such trials or approve our future product candidates on an accelerated basis, or at all. It is also possible that the FDA may refuse to accept for filing and review any regulatory application we submit for regulatory approval in the United States. Even if our regulatory application is accepted for review, there may be delays in the FDA’s review process and the FDA may determine that such regulatory application does not contain adequate clinical or other data or support the approval of our future product candidate. In such a case, the FDA may issue a complete response letter that may require that we conduct and/or complete additional clinical trials and preclinical studies or provide additional information or data before it will reconsider an application for approval. Any such requirements may be substantial, expensive and time-consuming, and there is no guarantee that we will continue to pursue such application or that the FDA will ultimately decide that any such application supports the approval of our future product candidate. Furthermore, the FDA may also refer any regulatory application to an advisory committee for review and recommendation as to whether, and under what conditions, the application should be approved. While the FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions. Delay or failure to obtain, or unexpected costs in obtaining, the regulatory approval necessary to bring a potential product to market could decrease our ability to generate sufficient revenue to maintain our business.

The regulatory approval process is lengthy, expensive and uncertain, and we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval for our future product candidates under applicable regulatory requirements. The denial or delay of any such approval would delay commercialization of our future product candidates and adversely impact our ability to generate revenue, our business and our results of operations.

The development, research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, selling, import, export, marketing, promotion and distribution of drug products are subject to extensive and evolving regulation by federal, state and local governmental authorities in the United States, principally the FDA, and by foreign regulatory authorities, which regulations differ from country to country. Neither we nor any future collaborator is permitted to market any of our product candidates in the United States until we receive regulatory approval of an NDA from the FDA.

Obtaining regulatory approval of an NDA can be a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process. Prior to obtaining approval to commercialize our future product candidate in the United States or abroad, we or our collaborators must demonstrate with substantial evidence from well-controlled clinical trials, and to the satisfaction of the FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities, that such product candidates are safe and effective for their intended uses. The number of nonclinical studies and clinical trials that will be required for regulatory approval varies depending on the product candidate, the disease or condition that the product candidate is designed to address, and the regulations applicable to any particular product candidate.

Results from nonclinical studies and clinical trials can be interpreted in different ways. Even if we believe the nonclinical or clinical data for our future product candidates are promising, such data may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. Administering product candidates to humans may produce undesirable side effects, which could interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and result in the FDA or other regulatory authorities denying approval of a product candidate for any or all indications. The FDA may also require us to conduct additional studies or trials for our product candidates either prior to or post-approval, such as additional clinical pharmacology studies or safety or efficacy studies or trials, or it may object to elements of our clinical development program such as the primary endpoints or the number of subjects in our clinical trials.

The FDA or any foreign regulatory bodies can delay, limit or deny approval of our product candidates or require us to conduct additional nonclinical or clinical testing or abandon a program for many reasons, including:

Of the large number of drugs in development, only a small percentage successfully complete the FDA or other regulatory approval processes and are commercialized. The lengthy development and approval process as well as the unpredictability of future clinical trial results may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval to market our future product candidates, which would significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Any future product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval will be subject to extensive post-marketing regulatory requirements and could be subject to post-marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market, and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our future product candidates, when and if any of them are approved.

Our future product candidates and the activities associated with their development and potential commercialization, including their testing, manufacturing, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA and other U.S. and international regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements, requirements relating to manufacturing, including current cGMPs,cGMP, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, including periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities and requirements regarding the distribution of samples to providers and recordkeeping.

The FDA may also impose requirements for costly post-marketing studies or clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of any approved product. The FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs and biologics to ensure drugs and biologics are marketed only for the approved disease indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. The FDA imposes stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding use of their products. If we promote our future product candidates in a manner inconsistent with FDA-approved labeling or otherwise not in compliance with FDA regulations, we may be subject to enforcement action. Violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act relating to the promotion of prescription drugs may lead to investigations alleging violations of federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, as well as state consumer protection laws and similar laws in international jurisdictions.

In addition, later discovery of previously unknown adverse events or other problems with our future product candidates, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may yield various results, including:

Non-compliance with European requirements regarding safety monitoring or pharmacovigilance, and with requirements related to the development of products for the pediatric population, can also result in significant financial penalties. Similarly, failure to comply with the EU’s requirements regarding the protection of personal information can also lead to significant penalties and sanctions.

The patent positions of biopharmaceutical products are complex and uncertain, and we may not be able to protect our patented or other intellectual property. If we cannot protect this property, we may be prevented from using it, or our competitors may use it, and our business could suffer significant harm. Also, the time and money we spend on acquiring and enforcing patents and other intellectual property will reduce the time and money we have available for our research and development, possibly resulting in a slow down or cessation of our research and development.business.

We own or exclusively license patents and patent applications related to our MDPs and potential MBTs and we anticipate continuing to develop our intellectual property portfolio.drug candidates comprised of novel analogs. However, neither patents nor patent applications ensure the protection of our intellectual property for a number of reasons, including the following:

It is also unclear whether our trade secrets are adequately protected. While we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, our employees or consultants may unintentionally or willfully disclose our information to competitors. Enforcing a claim that someone illegally obtained and is using our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets. Our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how. We may also support and collaborate in research conducted by government organizations, hospitals, universities or other educational institutions. These research partners may be unable or unwilling to grant us exclusive rights to technology or products derived from these collaborations prior to entering into the relationship.

If we do not obtain required intellectual property rights, we could encounter delays in ourany future drug development efforts while we attempt to design around other patents or even be prohibited from developing, manufacturing or selling potential drug candidates requiring these rights or licenses. There is also a risk that disputes may arise as to the rights to technology or potential drug candidates developed in collaboration with other parties.

General Risk Factors

If we fail to establish and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, which could harm our operating results, investors’ views of us and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal controls for financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures and that we furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment needs to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting that results in more than a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act also generally requires an attestation from our independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, for as long as we are not an accelerated filer or large accelerated filer, we intend to take advantage of the exemption permitting us not to comply with the independent registered public accounting firm attestation requirement.

Our compliance with Section 404 will require us to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue taking steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that we will not be able to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404. If we identify one or more material weaknesses, it could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our consolidated financial statements. In addition, if we are not able to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”).

As we continue to grow, we expect to hire additional personnel and may utilize external temporary resources to implement, document and modify policies and procedures to maintain effective internal controls. However, it is possible that we may identify deficiencies and weaknesses in our internal controls. If material weaknesses or deficiencies in our internal controls exist and go undetected or unremediated,unremedied, our consolidated financial statements could contain material misstatements that, when discovered in the future, could cause us to fail to meet our future reporting obligations and cause the price of our common stock to decline.

Significant disruptions of information technology systems or security breaches could adversely affect our business.

We are increasingly dependent upon information technology systems, infrastructure and data to operate our business. In the ordinary course of business, we collect, store and transmit large amounts of confidential information (including, among other things, trade secrets or other intellectual property, proprietary business information and personal information). It is critical that we do so in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such confidential information. We also have outsourced elements of our operations to third parties, and as a result we have managed, and may in the future continue to manage, a number of third-party vendors who may or could have access to our confidential information. Attacks on information technology systems are increasing in their frequency, levels of persistence, sophistication and intensity, and they are being conducted by increasingly sophisticated and organized groups and individuals with a wide range of motives and expertise. The size and complexity of our information technology systems, and those of third-party vendors with whom we contract, and the large amounts of confidential information potentially stored on those systems, make such systems vulnerable to service interruptions or to security breaches from inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees, third-party vendors, and/or business partners, or from cyber-attacks by malicious third parties. Cyber-attacks could include the deployment of harmful malware, ransomware, denial-of-service attacks, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability and threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information.

Significant disruptions of our information technology systems, or those of our third-party vendors, or security breaches could adversely affect our business operations and/or result in the loss, misappropriation and/or unauthorized access, use or disclosure of, or the prevention of access to, confidential information, including, among other things, trade secrets or other intellectual property, proprietary business information and personal information, and could result in financial, legal, business and reputational harm to us.

Any failure or perceived failure by us or any third-party collaborators, service providers, contractors or consultants to comply with our privacy, confidentiality, data security or similar obligations to third parties, or any data security incidents or other security breaches that result in the unauthorized access, release or transfer of sensitive information, including personally identifiable information, may result in governmental investigations, enforcement actions, regulatory fines, litigation or public statements against us, could cause third parties to lose trust in us or could result in claims by third parties asserting that we have breached our privacy, confidentiality, data security or similar obligations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition or results of operations. Moreover, data security incidents and other security breaches can be difficult to detect, and any delay in identifying them may lead to increased harm. While we have implemented data security measures intended to protect our information technology systems and infrastructure, there can be no assurance that such measures will successfully prevent service interruptions or data security incidents.

Public health crises such as pandemics or similar outbreaks could adversely impact our business.

Public health crises such as pandemics or similar outbreaks could adversely impact our business. 

The trading prices for our common stock and other biopharmaceutical companies have been highly volatile as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting impact on the macroeconomic environment, including rising interest rates, inflation and recessionary fears. Future public health crises, including pandemics or similar outbreaks such as COVID-19, may adversely impact our business, strategy and financial condition. The extent to which any public health crises impacts our business, strategy or financial condition will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the emergence of novel variants, the impact of vaccinations and vaccination rates, travel restrictions and actions to contain new outbreaks or resurgences or treat its impact, such as social distancing and quarantines or lock-downs in the United States and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and treat resurgences or novel variants.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If any of the analysts who may cover us change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our stock price would likely decline. If any analysts who may cover us were to cease coverage of our Company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

The price of our common stock may be volatile and fluctuate substantially, which could result in substantial losses for holders of our common stock.

The market price of our common stock mayhas been and is likely to continue to be highly volatile.

The stock market in general, and the market for biotechnology companies in particular has experienced extreme volatility that can be unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. The market price for our common stock has been characterizedmay be influenced by significantmany factors, including:

If we are not able to comply with the applicable continued listing requirements or standards of Nasdaq, our common stock could be delisted.

Our common stock is currently listed on Nasdaq. To maintain this listing, we must satisfy continued listing requirements and standards. There can be no assurances that we will be able to comply with the applicable listing requirements and standards. For example, in November 2021, we received a notice from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department notifying us that for 30 consecutive trading days, the bid price volatility when comparedof our common stock had closed below the minimum $1.00 per share requirement. In accordance with Nasdaq’s listing rules, we were afforded a grace period of 180 calendar days, or until May 9, 2022, to more established issuers,regain compliance with the bid price requirement. In order to regain compliance, the bid price of our common stock had to close at a price of at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive trading days.

On May 10, 2022, Nasdaq notified us that we had not regained compliance by May 9, 2022, but that Nasdaq had granted us an additional 180 day period to regain compliance because we met the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other applicable Nasdaq listing requirements (other than the minimum closing bid price requirement) and we expectprovided written notice to Nasdaq of our intention to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period, by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. On September 23, 2022, we executed a reverse stock split of our common stock at a ratio of 1-for-30. In response to their non-compliance notification on May 10, 2022, and as a result of the reverse stock split, we received notification from The Nasdaq Stock Market Listing Qualifications Staff on October 7, 2022, that we were in compliance with its minimum bid price requirement and the matter was closed.

If our common stock is delisted from Nasdaq and is not eligible for quotation or listing on another market or exchange, including as a result of our failure to meet the bid price requirement, trading of our shares of common stock could be conducted only in the over-the-counter market or on an electronic bulletin board established for unlisted securities. In such event, it will continuewould likely become more difficult to dispose of, or obtain accurate price quotations for, shares of our common stock.

Our business could be so fornegatively affected as a result of significant stockholders or potential stockholders attempting to effect changes or acquire control over the foreseeable future. TheCompany, which could cause us to incur significant expense, hinder execution of our business strategy and impact the trading value of our securities.

Our stockholders may from time-to-time attempt to effect changes, engage in proxy solicitations or advance stockholder proposals. Responding to proxy contests and other actions by activist shareholders can be costly and time-consuming, disrupting our operations and diverting the attention of our board of directors and senior management from the pursuit of business strategies. Any of these impacts could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results. Further, the market price of our common stock, is likelywhich has been trading below book value, could be subject to be volatile for a number of reasons. First, our common stock is likely to be sporadically and/or thinly traded. As a consequence of this lack of liquidity, the trading of relatively small quantities of common stock by our stockholders may disproportionately influence the price of the common stock in either direction. The price of the common stock could, for example, decline precipitously if even a relatively small number of shares are sold on the market without commensurate demand, as compared to a market for shares of an established issuer which could better absorb those sales without adverse impact on its share price. Second, we are a speculative investment due to our lack of profits to date and substantial uncertainty regarding our ability to develop and commercialize a drug product from our new or existing technologies. As a consequence of this enhanced risk, more risk-adverse investors may, under the fear of losing all or most of their investment in the event of negative news or lack of progress, be more inclined to sell their shares on the market more quickly and at greater discounts than would be the case with the shares of an established issuer. We cannot make any predictions or projections as to what the prevailing market price for our common stock will be at any time or as to what effect the sale of common stock or the availability of common stock for sale at any time will have on the prevailing market price.

Our management owns, and could acquire, a significant percentage of our outstanding common stock. If the ownership of our common stock continues to be highly concentrated in management, it may prevent other stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions.

As of December 31, 2020, our executive officers and directors own, as a group, approximately 22% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Additionally, our executive officers and directors own, as a group, options and warrants exercisable for approximately 10% of our outstanding common stock, assuming exercise of such options and warrants. As a result, our management could exert significant influence over matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of our board of directors, the approval of mergers and other extraordinary transactions, as well as the terms of any of these transactions. This concentration of ownership could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in our controlfluctuation or otherwise discouraging a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of us, which could in turn have an adverse effect onbe adversely affected by the fair market value of our Companyevents, risks and our common stock. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other stockholders.uncertainties described above.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and require us to disclose information that is helpful to competitors, make us more attractive to potential litigants and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, and applicable Canadian securities rules and regulations. Despite recent reforms made possible by the JOBS Act, compliance with these rules and regulations creates significant legal and financial compliance costs and makes some activities difficult, time-consuming or costly. The Exchange Act and applicable Canadian provincial securities legislation require, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and operating results.

Additionally, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the related rules and regulations of the SEC and the Nasdaq Capital Market require us to implement particular corporate governance practices and adhere to a variety of reporting requirements and complex accounting rules. Among other things, we are subject to rules regarding the independence of the members of our board of directors and committees of the board and their experience in finance and accounting matters, rules regarding the diversity of our board of directors and certain of our executive officers are required to provide certifications in connection with our quarterly and annual reports filed with the SEC. The perceived personal risk associated with these rules may deter qualified individuals from accepting these positions. Accordingly, we may be unable to attract and retain qualified officers and directors. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified officers and directors, our business and our ability to maintain the listing of our shares of common stock on the Nasdaq or another stock exchange could be adversely affected.

Changes in U.S. federal income and other tax laws could adversely affect us.

New U.S. legislation or regulations whichthat could affect our tax burden could be enacted by the U.S. government. We cannot predict the timing or extent of such tax-related developments whichthat could have a negative impact on our financial results. Additionally, we use our best judgment in attempting to quantify and reserve for these tax obligations. However, a challenge by a taxing authority, our ability to utilize tax benefits such as carryforwards or tax credits, or a deviation from other tax-related assumptions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

Unfavorable global economicmacroeconomic conditions and geopolitical uncertainty could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy, such as the inflationary environment and recessionary fears, in the global financial markets.markets and due to geopolitical uncertainty, such as the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and rising tensions between China and Taiwan. For example, the global financial crisis caused extreme volatility and disruptions in the capital and credit markets and the recent and ongoing armed conflict in Ukraine had similar impacts on the global financial markets. A severe or prolonged economic downturn, such as a global financial crisis, could result in a variety of risks to our business, including, weakened demand for our product candidates and our weakened ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. A weak or declining economy could also strain our future suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruptions. Any of the foregoing could harm our business, and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the current economicmacroeconomic climate, geopolitical uncertainty and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

We or the future third parties upon whom we may depend may be adversely affected by natural disasters, and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster.

Natural disasters could severely disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. For example, our corporate headquarters are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, which has experienced both severe earthquakes and the effects of wildfires. We do not carry earthquake insurance. In addition, the long-term effects of climate change on general economic conditions and the biopharmaceutical industry in particular are unclear, and may heighten or intensify existing risk of natural disasters. If aan earthquake, wildfire, other natural disaster, power outage or other event occurred that prevented us from using all or a significant portion of our headquarters, that damaged critical infrastructure or that otherwise disrupted operations, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time. The disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place may prove inadequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our employees, directors, and potential future principal investigators, CROs and consultants may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees, directors, and potential future principal investigators, consultants and commercial partners. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional failures to comply with the regulations of FDA and non-U.S. regulators, provide accurate information to the FDA and non-U.S. regulators, comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Such misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical studies, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a code of ethics, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee or director misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

We are a party to a lease agreement for laboratory space leased on a month-to month basis that is part of a shared facility in Menlo Park, California. In September 2020,2022, we renewed our lease for office space in Fairfield, New Jersey for an additional year at the same annual cost of $13,080 per annum.

Rent expense amounted to $403,449 and $350,979 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings, and to our knowledge none is threatened. There can be no assurance that future legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business or otherwise will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market for our Common Stock

Our common stock has been trading on theThe Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “CWBR” since December 15, 2017.

Holders of Common Stock

As of March 25, 2021,6, 2023, there were 61,788,325,2.9 million shares of our common stock outstanding held by approximately 4410 holders of record. A substantially greater number of holders of our common stock are “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares of record are held by banks, brokers, and approximately 8,319 beneficial shareholders.other financial institutions.

Dividends

We have not declared or paid a cash dividend on our capital stock and do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future. All dividends are subject to the approval of our board of directors. Any future determinations to pay dividends on our capital stock would depend on our results of operations, our financial condition and liquidity requirements, restrictions that may be imposed by applicable laws or our contracts, and any other factors that our board of directors in its sole discretion may consider relevant in declaring a dividend.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

None.

None.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

See Item 12 for Equity Compensation Plan Information.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

During the year ended December 31, 2020, we completed a private offering (the “Private Offering”) with certain promissory note holders converting outstanding amounts due under our 8% Unsecured Promissory Notes (the “Notes”) due in 2021 and 2022. We converted Notes totaling an aggregate of $3,847,018 in principal and interest and issued 3,154,115 units at a price of $1.22 per unit. Each unit consists of one share of the Company’s common stock and one warrant to purchase 0.75 of one share of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $1.44 per share. Each warrant can be exercised at any time on or after June 18, 2021 and on or prior to June 18, 2026.

None.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data[Reserved]

Not applicable.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

We are a clinical stage biotechnology company leveraging the power of the mitochondria and a leaderthe peptides encoded in the research and development of mitochondria basedits genome to develop potential breakthrough therapeutics (MBTs), an emerging class of drugs with the potential to treat a wide range oftargeting chronic and age-related diseases, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), obesity, fibrotic diseases including IPF, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) including COVID-19 associated ARDS, cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Our portfolionovel approach is built on the key insights of programs has substantially expanded from two to five programs in the last year. This expanded pipeline greatly strengthens our belief that there are multiple therapeutic peptides that can be realized from the mitochondrial genome.

MBTs originate from almost two decades of research by our founders resulting in their discovery of a novel group of mitochondrial-derivedthat certain mitochondrially encoded peptides (MDPs) encodedproduce effects that are not limited to local regulation within the mitochondrial genome. Somemitochondria and may have important roles to play in critical systemic biological pathways. Many of these naturally occurring MDPs and their analogs have demonstrated a rangeeffects are quite distinct from what has traditionally been thought of biological activity and therapeutic potential in research models across multiple chronic and age-related diseases.as mitochondrial function.

We are focused on buildingThrough our organization, enhancing our scientific and management teams and their capabilities, planning and strategy, raising capital and the research and developmentexploration of our MDPs. Our research efforts have focused on discovering and evaluating our MDPs for potential development as MBT drug candidates.

Our efforts have resulted in the identification of more than 100 previously unidentified peptides encoded within the mitochondrial genome and generated over 1,000 analogs. Manyits utility for the development of novel therapeutics, we have developed a world-renowned expertise in mitochondrial biology and a broad intellectual property estate with 6 issued patents and approximately 30 pending patent applications. Our proprietary processes of identifying nucleic acid sequences encoding native peptides in the mitochondrial genome, developing and optimizing novel analogs of these MDPsnatural mitochondrial derived peptides (“MDPs”), as well as developing and their analogs have demonstrated various degreesconducting proprietary screens to identify and characterize the activities of biological activity in cell basedthese peptides are referred to as our technology platform. We are exploring development and/or animal models relevant to a wide range of diseases, such as NASH, obesity, fibrotic diseases, ARDS, cancer,partnership opportunities within the Company’s peptide library and other diseases.

Clinical Program: Our first clinical candidate, CB4211, is a potential treatment for NASH and obesity. It is a novel peptide initially developed from a MOTS-c MDP. In July 2018, we initiated a Phase 1a/1b clinical study of CB4211. In November 2019, the double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 1a stage was completed and the blinded safety and tolerability data supported advancement to the Phase 1b stage of the study. The study was designed to initially assess the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of CB4211 following single and multiple-ascending doses in healthy subjects. In November 2019, we initiated recruitment for the Phase 1b stage which is designed to assess the safety, tolerability and activity of CB4211 in obese subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Assessments will include changes in liver fat assessed by MRI-PDFF, body weight and biomarkers relevant to NASH and obesity. On March 30, 2020, we announced a delay in the completion of our Phase 1b study due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The delay was a result of a pause by some of our clinical research organization partners in all of their activities related to the study in response to COVID-19. On July 7, 2020, we announced the resumption of our Phase 1b study. In March 2021, we completed the enrollment for the Phase 1b clinical trial. While topline data is expected at the end of the second quarter of 2021, it is dependent upon a number of factors such as the last patient visit, and therefore, we cannot predict with certainty when such data will be available. Based on positive clinical results and additional funding from potential partnerships and general fundraising, we plan to initiate preparations for a Phase 2 study of CB4211 in 2021 and initiate a Phase 2 study in 2022.

Preclinical Programs: Our preclinical pipeline has substantially expanded from two to four programs in the last year, including one for IPF and other fibrotic diseases, one for COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome and two for cancer. Our research efforts have further identified and focused on certain MDPs and their analogs that have demonstrated therapeutic potential for treating indications related to those diseases in preclinical models.technology platform.

WeHistorically, we have financed our operations primarily with proceeds from sales of our equity securities, including our initial public offering, private placements of our securities, a debt offering, public sales of our securities and the exercise of outstanding warrants and stock options. Since our inception through December 31, 2020,2022, our operations have been funded with an aggregate of approximately $76.5$97.3 million from the sale and issuance of equity instruments and debt.debt, including the proceeds from the exercise of warrants and stock options.

Since inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our net losses were $16.3$12.2 million and $13.0$15.5 million for the years ended December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively. We incurred $5.2$1.8 million and $3.2$2.7 million in non-cash expenses during the years ended December 31, 20202022 and 2019, respectively. Our net losses excluding non-cash expenses were $11.1 million and $9.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019,2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2020,2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $69.3$96.9 million. We expectDependent upon our ultimate determination of whether or not to continue to incurpursue any potential strategic alternative selected by the Company, significant expenses and operating losses over the next several years.years may continue to occur. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and from year to year. Although we anticipate incurring increasing expenses

Recent Developments

We have retained Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. as we advance CB4211 througha financial advisor to assist the clinic andCompany in exploring strategic alternatives. Potential strategic alternatives that may be explored or evaluated as we conduct preclinical developmentpart of ourthis process include a merger, business combination, investment into the Company, asset sale or other research peptides,strategic transaction. Our board of directors has not set a timetable for the extentconclusion of that increase is uncertainthis review, nor has it made any definitive decisions related to taking any further actions or potential strategic options at this time or at all. There can be no assurance that this process will result in any such transaction and subjectthe Company does not intend to change duedisclose additional details unless and until it has entered into a specific transaction. See also “Risk Factors—Risks Related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemicStrategic Alternative Process and other factors.Potential Strategic Transaction”.

Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The extent of the impact of COVID-19 on our operational and financial performance will depend on certain developments, including the duration of the outbreak, impact on our preclinical and clinical studies including patient enrollment and retention, employee or industry events, and effect on our suppliers, service providers and manufacturers, all of which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. The COVID-19 pandemic and its adverse effects are prevalent in the locations where we, our CROs, suppliers or third-party business partners conduct business and, as a result, we may experience more pronounced disruptions in our operations, liquidity, supply chain, facilities, and clinical trials. With respect to our clinical trials, we have experienced delays due to our clinical sites closing down during the pandemic, we have experienced delays in enrollment due to those closures and weather-related events in the state where our clinical sites are located. We may in the future experience more significant delays in enrollment, participant dosing, distribution of clinical trial materials, study monitoring and data analysis that could materially adversely impact our business, results of operations and overall financial performance in future periods. Specifically, we may experience impact from restrictions on travel and in-person meetings, delays in site activations and enrollment of clinical trials, prioritization of hospital resources toward pandemic effort, delays in review by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory agencies, and disruptions in our supply chain for our product candidates. As of the filing date of this Form 10-K, the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may impact our financial condition, results of operations or guidance is uncertain. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic will not be fully reflected in our results of operations and overall financial performance until future periods. See the section titled “Risk Factors” for further discussion of the possible impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business.

Financial Operations Review

Revenue

To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the near future. In the future, we will seek to generate revenue from product sales, either directly or under any future licensing, development or similar relationship with a strategic partner.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for our research activities, including our drug discovery efforts, and the development of our product candidates, which include:

We record all research and development expenses as incurred. We expect our research and development expenses to increase in the year ending December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, as we incur additional costs related to our clinical activities and for discovery, evaluation and optimization of other MDPs as potential MBT drug candidates.

Our Research Programs

Our research and development programs includehave historically included activities in support of the clinical development of our lead MBT candidatemost advanced program, CB4211, as well as the operation of our platform technology related to the discovery and development of new MBTs,novel therapeutics, evaluation of newly discovered MDPs,natural sequences, design of novel improved analogs, evaluation of their therapeutic potential and optimization of their characteristics as potential MBT drug development candidates. Depending on factors of capability, cost, efficiency and intellectual property rights, we conducthave conducted our research programs at our laboratory facility, or externally, pursuant to contractual arrangements with CROs or under collaborative arrangements with academic institutions.

The success of our research programs and the timing of those programs and the possible development of research peptides into drug candidates is highly uncertain. As such, at this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing or estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete research and development of a commercial drug. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, we will receive material net cash inflows from our operations. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing medicines, including the uncertainty of:

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of any of our product candidates would significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate.

Research and development activities arehave historically been central to our business model. Most of ourmodel and have primarily focused on potential MBT drug candidates are in early stages of investigational research. Candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect research and development costs to increase fordecrease in the foreseeable futurenext several quarters due to the recent suspension of our CB5138-3 program and as our product candidate development programs progress. However,we evaluate potential strategic alternatives. As such, we do not believe that it is possible at this time to accurately project total program-specific expenses through commercialization.our research and development costs. There are numerous factors associated with the successful commercialization of any of oura product candidates,candidate, including future trial design, and various regulatory requirements and future commercial and regulatory factors beyond our control, many of which cannot be determined with accuracy at this time based on our stage of development. Additionally, future commercial and regulatory factors beyond our control may impact our clinical development programs and plans.time.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel in executive, finance and administrative functions. Other significant costs include legal fees relating to patent and corporate matters and fees for accounting and consulting services and directors’ and officers’ insurance. We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the year ending December 31, 2021 as we plan2023, including with respect to expandcosts associated with our business.evaluation of potential strategic alternatives.

Results of Operations

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented. The year-to-year comparison of financial results is not necessarily indicative of financial results to be achieved in future periods.periods, particularly in light of our decisions to suspend IND-enabling work on pre-clinical candidate CB5138-3 and to explore strategic alternatives.

Comparison of Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 20202022 and 20192021

Operating Expenses

Research and development expenses were $6.9$5.9 million in the year ended December 31, 20202022 compared to $6.6$7.7 million in the prior year, a $0.3$1.8 million increase, or 5%.23% decrease. The increasedecrease in research and development expenses in the year ended December 31, 2020,2022, was primarily due to an increasea decrease of $1.0 million in clinical trial related costs due to the conclusion of $0.9 million related tothe trial and the timing of those expenses. This increase was partially offset byexpenses and a decrease of $0.3approximately $0.8 million in stock-based compensation as prior year grants became fully expensed duringassociated with our research programs focused on continuing the current year period and a $0.2 million decrease in lab supply purchases related to the slow down experienced during the current year period from the COVID-19 pandemic.development of our peptides.

General and administrative expenses were $6.3$6.5 million in the year ended December 31, 20202022 compared to $6.0$7.7 million in the prior year, a $0.3$1.3 million increase, or 5%.16% decrease. The increasedecrease in general and administrative expenses was due to a $0.2lower compensation costs of approximately $1.1 million increase in insurance costsprimarily related to higher D&O premiumslower stock-based compensation costs of $0.7 million due to the amount recognized in the prior year related to the departure of our former CEO and $0.1$0.4 million in legal feesone-time charges incurred in the previous year related to an increase in compliance related matters during the current year period.departure of our former CEO.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2020,2022, we had $21.0$15.7 million in cash, cash equivalents and investments. As of December 31, 2019,2021, we had $12.6$26.2 million in cash and cash equivalents. We maintain our cash in a checking and a savings account on deposit with a banking institution in the United States. Our cash equivalent balance as of December 31, 20202022 and 20192021 included $0$3.9 million and $9.5$0.7 million, respectively, of U.S. Treasury Bills that had maturity dates of less than three months at the date of purchase. As of December 31, 2020,2022, we had working capital and stockholders’ equity of $18.4$15.2 million and $18.5$15.3 million, respectively, and we incurred a net loss of $16.3$12.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. As2022. 

In November 2021, we completed an underwritten public offering of December 31, 2019,our securities (the “2021 Public Offering”) pursuant to which we had working capitalsold 20.8 million shares of our common stock and stockholders’ equitywarrants to purchase 0.7 million shares of $10.9common stock for proceeds of $13.8 million, net of commissions and $8.1 million, respectively,professional fees of approximately $1.2 million. The warrants issued in the 2021 Public Offering were immediately exercisable and incurredhave a net lossterm of $13.0 million.five years and a per share exercise price of $21.60.

On May 27, 2020, we entered into an At-the-Market Offering Sales Agreement (“ATM”) with Virtu Americas, LLC, as sales agent, pursuant to which we may sell shares of common stock with an aggregate offering price of up to $20,000,000. As of$20 million. During the year ended December 31, 2020,2022, we had sold 2,350,06723.4 thousand shares of our common stock under the ATM program for proceeds of $4,308,352,$0.2 million, net of commissions and professional fees of $214,456.

In August 2020, we completed an underwritten public offering of our securities (the “Public Offering”) pursuant to whichcommissions. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold 12,300,00055.2 thousand shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase 10,608,750 shares of common stockunder the ATM program for proceeds of $13,655,531,$2.9 million, net of commissions and incurred professional fees of $1,368,919. The warrants issuedapproximately $21,000. As of December 31, 2022, we had $5.0 million available in our ATM program but are limited in the Public Offering were immediately exercisable and have a termamount we can utilize due to restrictions under the “baby shelf rule” limitations of five years and a per share exercise price of $1.44.our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on January 22, 2021 Baby Shelf Rules.

As reflected in the financial statements, we had an accumulated deficit as of December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, as well as recurring losses and negative cash flows from operating activities from inception. These factors raiseraised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year from the issuance of these financial statements. However, based on current budget assumptions, projected cash burn and our latitude to manage that cash burn, the cash and investments on hand as of December 31, 20202022 and fundinga planned decrease in our research and development expenses due to the suspension of approximately $1 million received from equity exercises subsequent to December 31, 2020,the IND-enabling work for pre-clinical candidate CB5138-3 and a focus on evaluating potential strategic alternatives, we believe that we have sufficient capital to meet our operating expenses and obligations for the next twelve months from the date of this filing.  However, if unanticipated difficulties or circumstances arise and, depending on the ultimate outcome of our evaluation of strategic alternatives, we may require additional capital sooner to support our operations. If we are unable to raise additional capital whenever necessary, we may be forced to further decelerate or curtail our research and development activities and/or other operations until such time as additional capital becomes available. Such limitation of our activities would allow us to slow our rate of spendingavailable, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company and extend our use of cash until additional capital is raised.its financial statements. There can be no assurance that such a plan would be successful. There is no assurance that additional financing will be available when needed or that we will be able to obtain such financing on reasonable terms.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the years ended December 31, 20202022 and 20192021 was $9.8$10.4 million and $10.1$14.4 million, respectively. Cash used in operationsoperating activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 was2022 primarily due toreflected our net loss of $16.3$12.2 million, which was partially offset by non-cash items of$1.7 million in stock based-compensation depreciation and amortization of the debt discount totaling $5.2 million.expenses. Cash used in operationsoperating activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 was2021 primarily due toreflected our net loss of $13.0$15.5 million which wasand a $0.9 million decrease in accrued liabilities due to the timing of those expenses partially offset by non-cash items$2.5 million of stock based-compensation, depreciation and amortization of the debt discount totaling $3.2 million.based-compensation.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $11.5 million and net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 20202021 was $18.2 million and$3.1 million. The net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $16.3 million.2022 primarily reflected the timing of the purchases and maturities of our investments. The cash used in investing activities was due tofor the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily reflected the timing of the purchases and maturities of our investments in certificates of deposit and treasury bills as compared to the timing of the maturities of those investments. The cash provided by investing activities was due to the timing of the purchases of our investments in certificates of deposit and treasury bills as compared to the timing of the maturities of those investments and the purchases of property and equipment we made during year ended December 31, 2019.

45

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $0.1 million, and primarily reflected the repayment of a promissory note having a principal balance of $0.4 million, which was partially offset by proceeds from the Company’s ATM and ESPP programs, which totaled $0.2 million. Net cash provided by financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $18.3 million and $0.6 million, respectively. Cash provided by financing activities in the year ended December 31, 20202021 was due to$19.7 million, and primarily reflected net proceeds of $13,655,531 and $4,308,352received$13.8 million from our underwritten public and At-the-Market offering, respectively, and the exercise of stock options and warrants. Cash provided by financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2019 was due to proceeds$2.9 million from our ATM program, $2.1 million from the exercise of warrants and $1.2 million from the exercise of employee stock options totaling $0.6 million.options.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Operating Leases

We are a party to a lease agreement for laboratory space leased on a month-to month basis that is part of a shared facility in Menlo Park, California. In September 2020,2022, we renewed our lease for office space in Fairfield, New Jersey for an additional year at the same annual cost of $13,080 per annum.

Rent expense amounted to $403,449 and $350,979 for$0.4 million in each of the years ended December 31, 20202022 and 2019, respectively.2021.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 3 “Summary of Significant Account Policies – Recent Accounting Pronouncements” to our Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2020,2022, for a summary of the relevant recent accounting pronouncements.

Other recent accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements upon adoption.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP)(“U.S. GAAP”). U.S. GAAP requires us to make certain estimates and judgments that can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the dates of the financial statements, the disclosure of contingencies as of the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the periods presented. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. If actual results or events differ materially from those contemplated by us in making these estimates, our reported financial condition and results of operations for future periods could be materially affected. See the section entitled “Risk Factors” above for certain matters that may affect our future financial condition or results of operations. An accounting policy is deemed to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are uncertain at the time the estimate is made, if different estimates reasonably could have been used, or if the changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur could materially impact the financial statements. Our management has discussed the development, selection and disclosure of these estimates with the audit committee of our board of directors.

The following critical accounting estimates reflect significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements:

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

We measure the fair value of financial assets and liabilities based on the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. We utilize three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

The carrying amounts of cash, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and debt approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

Share-based Payments

We account for share-based payments using the fair value method. For employees and directors, the fair value of the award is measured on the grant date. For non-employees, fair value is generally measured based on the fair value of the services provided or the fair value of the common stock on the measurement date, whichever is more readily determinable. We have historically granted stock options at exercise prices no less than the fair market value as determined by the board of directors, with input from management.

See Note 3 “Summary of Significant Account Policies – Share-Based Payment”Payments” to our Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 20202022 and 2019 regarding2021 for the specific assumptions used with respect to stock-based compensation for the periods presented.

Valuation of Deferred Tax Assets

We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of items that have been included or excluded in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the difference between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their respective financial reporting amounts (“temporary differences”) at enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. 

The benefit of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns are recognized in the financial statements if such positions are more likely than not of being sustained. We have evaluated and concluded that there were no material uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in the Company’s financial statements as of December 31, 20202022 and 2019.2021. The Company does not expect any significant changes in the unrecognized tax benefits within twelve months of the reporting date.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Not applicable.

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information requested by this item pursuant to Item 305(e) of Regulation S-K.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

CohBar, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of CohBar, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, the related statements of operations, changesStatements of Changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2020,2022 and 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2020,2022 and 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits.audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

Critical Audit Matters

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

/s/ Marcum llp

Marcum llp

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 20142014.

New York, NY

March 30, 20219, 2023

CohBar, Inc.

Balance Sheets

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statementsstatements.

CohBar, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Operations

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statementsstatements.

CohBar, Inc.

Statements of Changes in Stockholders’Stockholders' Equity

For the Years Ended December 31, 20202022 and 20192021