UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
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| ý | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
| | For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 20142017 |
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| ¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
| | For the Transition Period from to |
Commission File No. 001-32260
Westlake Chemical Corporation
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
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| Delaware | | 76-0346924 |
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
2801 Post Oak Boulevard, Suite 600
Houston, Texas 77056
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(713) 960-9111
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: |
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| Title of each class | | Name of each exchange on which registered |
| Common Stock, $0.01 par value | | New York Stock Exchange, Inc. |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ¨ No ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:
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Large accelerated filer x | | Accelerated filer ¨ | | Non-accelerated filer ¨ | | Smaller reporting company ¨ |
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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No ý
The aggregate market value of the registrant's voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 20142017, the end of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based on a closing price on June 30, 20142017 of $83.76$66.21 on the New York Stock Exchange was approximately $3.4 billion.$2.4 billion.
There were 132,857,937129,419,805 shares (on a post-split basis) of the registrant's common stock outstanding as of February 18, 2015.14, 2018.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:
Certain information required by Part II and Part III of this Form 10-K is incorporated by reference from the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A with respect to the registrant's 20152018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 15, 2015.18, 2018.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA
Explanatory Note
References in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "report") to "we," "our," "us" or like terms refer to Westlake Chemical Corporation ("Westlake" or the "Company").
Cautionary Statements about Forward-Looking Statements
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides safe harbor provisions for forward-looking information. Certain of the statements contained in this Form 10-K are forward-looking statements. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this Form 10-K that address activities, events or developments that we expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as "believes," "intends," "may," "should," "could," "anticipates," "expected" or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategies or trends. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot give any assurances that these expectations will prove to be correct. Forward-looking statements relate to matters such as:
future operating rates, margins, cash flows and demand for our products;
industry market outlook, including the price of crude oil;
production capacities;
currency devaluation;
our ability to borrow additional funds under the Credit Agreement;
our ability to meet our liquidity needs;
our ability to meet debt obligations under our debt instruments;
our intended quarterly dividends;
future capacity additions and expansions in the industry;
timing, funding and results of capital projects, such as the expansion program at our Calvert City facility and the construction of the LACC plant;
pension plan obligations, funding requirements and investment policies;
compliance with present and future environmental regulations and costs associated with environmentally related penalties, capital expenditures, remedial actions and proceedings, including any new laws, regulations or treaties that may come into force to limit or control carbon dioxide and other GHG emissions or to address other issues of climate change;
effects of pending legal proceedings; and
timing of and amount of capital expenditures.
We have based these statements on assumptions and analyses in light of our experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors we believe were appropriate in the circumstances when the statements were made. Forward-looking statements by their nature involve substantial risks and uncertainties that could significantly impact expected results, and actual future results could differ materially from those described in such statements. While it is not possible to identify all factors, we continue to face many risks and uncertainties. Among the factors that could cause actual future results to differ materially are the risks and uncertainties discussed under "Risk Factors" and those described from time to time in our other filings with the SEC including, but not limited to, the following:
general economic and business conditions;
the cyclical nature of the chemical industry;
the availability, cost and volatility of raw materials and energy;
uncertainties associated with the United States, European and worldwide economies, including those due to political tensions and unrest in the Middle East, the Commonwealth of Independent States (including Ukraine) and elsewhere;
current and potential governmental regulatory actions in the United States and other countries and political unrest in other areas;
industry production capacity and operating rates;
the supply/demand balance for our products;
competitive products and pricing pressures;
instability in the credit and financial markets;
access to capital markets;
terrorist acts;
operating interruptions (including leaks, explosions, fires, weather-related incidents, mechanical failure, unscheduled downtime, labor difficulties, transportation interruptions, spills and releases and other environmental risks);
changes in laws or regulations;
technological developments;
foreign currency exchange risks;
our ability to implement our business strategies; and
creditworthiness of our customers.
Many of such factors are beyond our ability to control or predict. Any of the factors, or a combination of these factors, could materially affect our future results of operations and the ultimate accuracy of the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of our future performance, and our actual results and future developments may differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Management cautions against putting undue reliance on forward-looking statements or projecting any future results based on such statements or present or prior earnings levels. Every forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of the particular statement, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements.
Industry and Market Data
Industry and market data used throughout this Form 10-K were obtained through internal company research, surveys and studies conducted by unrelated third parties and publicly available industry and general publications, including information from IHS Chemical and Chemical Data, Inc.Markit (formerly IHS Chemical) ("IHS") . We have not independently verified market and industry data from external sources. While we believe internal company estimates are reliable and market definitions are appropriate, neither such estimates nor these definitions have been verified by any independent sources.
PRODUCTION CAPACITYProduction Capacity
Unless we state otherwise, annual production capacity estimates used throughout this Form 10-K represent rated capacity of the facilities at December 31, 20142017. We calculated rated capacity by estimating the number of days in a typical year that a production unit of a plant is expected to operate, after allowing for downtime for regular maintenance, and multiplying that number by an amount equal to the unit's optimal daily output based on the design feedstock mix. Because the rated capacity of a production unit is an estimated amount, actual production volumes may be more or less than the rated capacity.
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
The body of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States is commonly referred to as "GAAP." For this purpose, a non-GAAP financial measure is generally defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") as one that purports to measure historical or future financial performance, financial position or cash flows, but excludes or includes amounts that would not be so adjusted in the most comparable GAAP measures. In this report, we disclose so-called non-GAAP financial measures, primarily earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"). EBITDA is calculated as net income before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. The non-GAAP financial measures described in this Form 10-K are not substitutes for the GAAP measures of earnings and cash flow.
EBITDA is included in this Form 10-K because our management considers it an important supplemental measure of our performance and believes that it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in our industry, some of which present EBITDA when reporting their results. We regularly evaluate our performance as compared to other companies in our industry that have different financing and capital structures and/or tax rates by using EBITDA. In addition, we utilize EBITDA in evaluating acquisition targets. Management also believes that EBITDA is a useful tool for measuring our ability to meet our future debt service, capital expenditures and working capital requirements, and EBITDA is commonly used by us and our investors to measure our ability to service indebtedness. EBITDA is not a substitute for the GAAP measures of earnings or of cash flow and is not necessarily a measure of our ability to fund our cash needs. In addition, it should be noted that companies calculate EBITDA differently and, therefore, EBITDA as presented for us may not be comparable to EBITDA reported by other companies. EBITDA has material limitations as a performance measure because it excludes interest expense, depreciation and amortization, and income taxes.
PART I
Item 1. Business
General
We are a vertically integrated global manufacturer and marketer of basic chemicals, vinyls, polymers and fabricated building products. Our products include some of the most widely used chemicals in the world, which are fundamental to many diverse consumer and industrial markets, including flexible and rigid packaging, automotive products, coatings, water treatment, refrigerants, residential and commercial construction as well as other durable and non-durable goods. We operate in two principal operating segments, Olefins and Vinyls. We are highly integrated along our olefins product chain with significant downstream integration into polyethylene and styrene monomer. We are also an integrated global producer of vinyls with substantial downstream integration into polyvinyl chloride ("PVC") building products.
We began operations in 1986 after our first polyethylene plant, an Olefins segment business, near Lake Charles, Louisiana was acquired from Occidental Petroleum Corporation. We began our vinyls operations in 1990 with the acquisition of a vinyl chloride monomer ("VCM") plant in Calvert City, Kentucky from the Goodrich Corporation. In 1992, we commenced our Vinyls segmentsegment's building products operations after acquiring three PVC pipe plants. Since 1986, we have grown rapidly into an integrated global producer of petrochemicals, vinyls, polymers and building products. We achieved this growth by acquiring existing plants or constructing new plants and completing numerous capacity or production line expansions. We regularly consider acquisitions and other internal and external growth opportunities that would be consistent with, or complementary to, our overall business strategy.
We benefit from highly integrated production facilities that allow us to process raw materials into higher value-added chemicals and building products. As of February 18, 2015, we had 19.3 billion pounds per year of aggregate production capacity at 21 manufacturing sites in North America and Europe. We also have a 59% interest in a joint venture in China that operates a vinyls facility. In February 2015, we entered into an agreement to acquire an additional 35.7% interest in this joint venture. For more information, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Recent Developments."
Formation and Initial Public Offering of a Master Limited Partnership
In March 2014, we formed Westlake Chemical Partners LP ("Westlake Partners") to operate, acquire and develop ethylene production facilities and related assets. On August 4,Also in 2014, Westlake Partners completed an initial public offering of 12,937,500 common units (the "Westlake Partners IPO"). On September 29, 2017, Westlake Partners' assets consistPartners completed a secondary offering of 5,175,000 common units at a 10.6%price of $22.00 per unit and purchased an additional 5.0% newly-issued limited partner interest in Westlake Chemical OpCo LP ("OpCo"), for approximately $229 million resulting in an aggregate 18.3% limited partner interest in OpCo effective July 1, 2017. As of February 14, 2018, Westlake Partners' assets consist of an 18.3% limited partner interest in OpCo, as well as the general partner interest in OpCo. Prior to the Westlake Partners IPO, OpCo's assets were wholly ownedwholly-owned by us. OpCo's assets include (1) two ethylene production facilities at our olefins facility at our Lake Charles site; (2)site, one ethylene production facility at our Calvert City site;site and (3) a 200-mile common carrier ethylene pipeline that runs from Mont Belvieu, Texas to the Longview, Texas site, which includes our Longview polyethylene production facility. We retainedretain an 89.4%81.7% limited partner interest in OpCo, a 52.2%43.8% limited partner interest in Westlake Partners (common and subordinated(consisting of 14,122,230 common units), a general partner interest in Westlake Partners and incentive distribution rights. The operations of Westlake Partners are consolidated in our financial statements.
We are party to certain agreements with Westlake Partners and OpCo whereby, among other things, OpCo sells us 95% of the ethylene it produces on a cost-plus basis that is expected to generate a fixed margin per pound of $0.10. We use this ethylene in the production processes of both our Olefins and Vinyls segments. For more information, see "—Olefins Business" and "—Vinyls Business" below.
AcquisitionOn August 31, 2016, we completed the acquisition of Vinnolit Holdings GmbH
On July 31, 2014, we acquired German-based Vinnolit Holdings GmbHAxiall Corporation ("Axiall") for $33.00 per share in an all-cash transaction (the "Merger"), pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and itsPlan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement"), dated as of June 10, 2016, by and among Westlake, Axiall and Lagoon Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary companies ("Vinnolit"). Vinnolitof Westlake. Axiall is headquartered in Ismaning, Germanya manufacturer and is an integrated global leader in specialty PVC resins, VCMinternational marketer of chemicals and caustic soda,building products, with manufacturing sites in GermanyNorth America. As a result of the combination with Axiall, we are the third-largest global chlor-alkali producer and the United Kingdom.third-largest PVC producer in the world.
We benefit from highly integrated production facilities that allow us to process raw materials into higher value-added chemicals and building products. As of February 14, 2018, we (directly and through OpCo and our 95% and 60% owned Asian joint ventures) had approximately 40.7 billion pounds per year of aggregate production capacity at numerous manufacturing sites in North America, Europe and Asia.
Olefins Business
Products
Olefins are the basic building blocks used to create a wide variety of petrochemical products. We manufacture ethylene (through OpCo), polyethylene, styrene and associated co-products at our manufacturing facility in Lake Charles and polyethylene at our Longview facility. We have two ethylene plants, which are owned by OpCo, two polyethylene plants and one styrene monomer plant at our olefins facility at our Lake Charles site. We have three polyethylene plants and a specialty polyethylene wax plant
at our Longview site.
The following table illustrates our production capacities at February 18, 201514, 2018 by principal product and the primary end uses of these materials:
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| Product | | Annual Capacity | | End Uses |
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Ethylene (1) | | 2,7402,990 |
| | Polyethylene, ethylene dichloride ("EDC"), styrene, ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol |
| Low-Density Polyethylene ("LDPE") | | 1,500 |
| | High clarity packaging, shrink films, laundry and dry cleaning bags, ice bags, frozen foods packaging, bakery bags, coated paper board, cup stock, paper folding cartons, lids, closures and general purpose molding |
Linear Low-Density Polyethylene ("LLDPE") | | 1,070 |
| | Heavy-duty films and bags, general purpose liners |
| Styrene | | 570 |
| | Consumer disposables, packaging material, appliances, paints and coatings, resins and building materials |
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| (1) | Production capacity owned by OpCo. |
Ethylene. Ethylene is the world's most widely used petrochemical in terms of volume. It is the key building block used to produce a large number of higher value-added chemicals including polyethylene, EDC, VCM and styrene. OpCo has the capacity to produce approximately 2.73.0 billion pounds of ethylene per year at our olefins facility at our Lake Charles site, and we have the capability to consume all of OpCo's production that we purchase at Lake Charles to produce polyethylene and styrene monomer in our Olefins business and to produce VCM and EDC in our Vinyls business. OpCo also produces ethylene for our Vinyls segment at our Calvert City site, and substantially all of the ethylene we purchase from OpCo at Calvert City is used internally in the production of VCM. For OpCo's annual ethylene production that is purchased by us for our Vinyls business, see "Business—Vinyls Business." In addition, we (through OpCo) produce ethylene co-products including chemical grade propylene, crude butadiene, pyrolysis gasoline and hydrogen. We (through OpCo) sell our entire output of these co-products to external customers. Prior to the Westlake Partners IPO, weOpCo completed the expansion of the Petro 2 ethylene unit at our Lake Charles site and its conversion to 100% ethane feedstock capability. OpCo currently plans toan upgrade and expand the capacity expansion of its Petro 1 ethylene unit at our Lake Charles site duringin the first halfthird quarter of 2016. The Petro 1 expansion project increased OpCo's ethylene capacity by approximately 250 million pounds annually.
Polyethylene. Polyethylene, the world's most widely consumed polymer, is used in the manufacture of a wide variety of film, coatings and molded product applications primarily used in packaging. Polyethylene is generally classified as either LDPE, LLDPE or high-density polyethylene ("HDPE"). The density correlates to the relative stiffness of the end-use products. The difference between LDPE and LLDPE is molecular, and products produced from LLDPE, in general, have higher strength properties than products produced from LDPE. LDPE exhibits better clarity and other physical properties and is used in end products such as bread bags, dry cleaning bags, food wraps, milk carton coatings and snack food packaging. LLDPE is used for higher film strength applications such as stretch film and heavy duty sacks. HDPE is used to manufacture products such as grocery, merchandise and trash bags, rigid plastic containers, plastic closures and pipe.
We are the largestleading producer of LDPE by capacity in North America and predominantly use the Americas based on capacity and, in 2014autoclave technology (versus tubular technology), which is capable of producing higher margin specialty polyethylene products. In 2017, our annual capacity of approximately 1.5 billion pounds was available in numerous formulations to meet the needs of our diverse customer base. We also have the capacity to produce approximately 1.1 billion pounds of LLDPE per year in various formulations. We produce LDPE and LLDPE at both Lake Charles and Longview.Longview facilities. Our Lake Charles and Longview facilities also have the capability to produce HDPE. We sell polyethylene to external customers as a final product in pellet form.
Styrene. Styrene is used to produce derivatives such as polystyrene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, unsaturated polyester and synthetic rubber. These derivatives are used in a number of applications including consumer disposables, food packaging, housewares, paints and coatings, building materials, tires and toys. We produce styrene at our Lake Charles plant, where we have the capacity to produce approximately 570 million pounds of styrene per year, all of which is sold to external customers.
Feedstocks
We are highly integrated along our olefins product chain. We through OpCo,(through OpCo) produce most of the ethylene required to produce our polyethylene VCM and styrene. Ethylene can be produced from either petroleum liquid feedstocks, such as naphtha, condensates and gas oils, or from natural gas liquid feedstocks, such as ethane, propane and butane. Both of OpCo's Lake Charles ethylene plants use ethane as the primary feedstock. Pursuant to a feedstock supply agreement between us and OpCo, OpCo receives ethane feedstock at our olefins facility at our Lake Charles site through several pipelines from a variety of suppliers in Texas and Louisiana. We own a 50% interest in a 104-mile natural gas liquids pipeline from Mont Belvieu to our Lake Charles site. OpCo owns a 200-mile ethylene pipeline that runs from Mont Belvieu to our Longview site.
In addition to ethylene supplied by OpCo, we also acquire ethylene from third parties in order to supply a portion of our ethylene requirements. We acquire butene and hexene to manufacture polyethylene and benzene to manufacture styrene. We receive butene and hexene at the Lake Charles site and hexene at the Longview site via rail car from several suppliers. We receive benzene via barges, ships and pipeline pursuant to short-term arrangements. We purchase butene and hexene pursuant to multi-year contracts, some of which are renewable for an additional term subject to either party to the contract notifying the other party that it does not wish to renew the contract. We purchase electricity for our Lake Charles facility under long-term industrial contracts.
Marketing, Sales and Distribution
We have an internal sales force that sells our products directly to our customers. Our polyethylene customers are some of the nation's largest producers of film and flexible packaging.
We and OpCo sell ethylene and ethylene co-products to external customers. OpCo's primary ethylene co-products are chemical grade propylene, crude butadiene, pyrolysis gasoline and hydrogen. Our and OpCo's sales are made under spot and long-term agreements.
We typically ship ethylene (through OpCo) and propylene via pipeline systems that connect OpCo's ethylene plants to numerous external customers. We also have storage agreements and exchange agreements that allow us and OpCo access to customers who are not directly connected to the pipeline system.system that we own. OpCo ships crude butadiene and pyrolysis gasoline by rail or truck. Additionally, we transport our polyethylene and styrene by rail or truck. Further, styrene can be transported by barge or ship.
No single customer accounted for 10% or more of net sales for the Olefins segment in 2014.2017.
Competition
The markets in which our Olefins business operates are highly competitive. We compete on the basis of customer service, product deliverability, quality, consistency, performance and price. Our competitors in the ethylene, polyethylene and styrene markets are typically some of the world's largest chemical companies, including Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, The Dow Chemical Company,DowDuPont Inc., ExxonMobil Chemical Company, INEOS Group Limited,Formosa Plastics Corporation, LyondellBasell Industries, N.V. and NOVA Chemicals Corporation.
Vinyls Business
Products
Principal products in our integrated Vinyls segment include PVC and PVC compounds, VCM, EDC, chlorine,chlor-alkali (chlorine and caustic sodasoda) and chlorinated derivative products and, through OpCo, ethylene. We also manufacture and sell building products fabricated from PVC, including siding, pipe, fittings, profiles, and foundation building products,trim, mouldings, fence and deck, anddecking products, window and door components.components and film and sheet products. We manage our integrated Vinyls production chain, from the basic chemicals to finished building products, to optimize product margins and capacity utilization. Our primary North American chemical manufacturing facilities are located in our Calvert City, Kentucky and Lake Charles, Plaquemine and Geismar, Louisiana sites. Our Calvert City site includes an ethylene plant, which is owned by OpCo, a chlor-alkali plant, a VCM plant and a PVC plant. Our Lake Charles site includes three chlor-alkali plants, two VCM plants, a chlorinated derivative products plant and cogeneration assets. Our Plaquemine site includes a chlor-alkali plant, a VCM plant, a PVC plant and a large diameter PVC pipe plant.cogeneration assets. Our Geismar site includes a chlor-alkali plant, an EDC plant, a VCM plant and a PVC plant.
As of February 18, 2015, we owned 12 building product We also produce chlorine, caustic soda, hydrogen and chlorinated derivative products at our Natrium, West Virginia, Longview, Washington and Beauharnois, Quebec facilities and a 59% interest in a joint venture in China that produces PVC resin building products and PVC compounds at several facilities in Mississippi. Our European chemical manufacturing facilities are located in Germany and the United Kingdom and include two chlor-alkali plants, two VCM plants and six PVC plants. Our Asian manufacturing facilities are located near Shanghai, in the People's Republic of China, and in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, through our 95% and 60% owned joint ventures, respectively, and include a PVC plant, a PVC film and sheet. Insheet plant, a chlor-alkali plant and a chlorinated derivative products plant. As of February 2015,14, 2018, we entered into an agreement to acquire an additional 35.7% interest in this joint venture. For more information, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Recent Developments." owned 24 building product facilities.
The following table illustrates our production capacities at February 18, 201514, 2018 by principal product and the end uses of these products:
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Product (1) | | Annual Capacity (2) | | End Uses |
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| Specialty PVC | | 1,100 |
| | Automotive sealants, cable sheathing, medical applications and other consumer applications |
| Commodity PVC | | 2,5206,030 |
| | Construction materials including pipe, siding, profiles for windows and doors, film and sheet for packaging and other consumer applications |
| VCM | | 3,3207,480 |
| | PVC |
| Chlorine | | 2,2007,140 |
| | VCM, organic/inorganic chemicals, bleach |
| Caustic Soda | | 2,4207,860 |
| | Pulp and paper, organic/inorganic chemicals, neutralization, alumina |
| Chlorinated Derivative Products | | 2,290 |
| | Coatings, flavorants, films, refrigerants, water treatment applications, chemicals and pharmaceutical production |
Ethylene (3) | | 630730 |
| | VCM |
| Building Products | | 1,2201,950 |
| | Pipe: water and sewer, plumbing, irrigation, conduit; fittings; profiles and foundation building products; window and door components; fence and deck componentscomponents; siding, trim and mouldings; film and sheet |
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| (1) | EDC, a VCM intermediate product, is not included in the table. |
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| (2) | AnnualIncludes capacity excludes total capacity of 145 million pounds of PVC filmrelated to our 95% and sheet, 300 million pounds of PVC resin and 33 million pounds of building products from the60% owned Asian joint venture in China (in which we have a 59% interest).ventures. |
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| (3) | Production capacity owned by OpCo. |
PVC.PVC and PVC Compounds. PVC, the world's third most widely used plastic, is an attractive alternative to traditional materials such as glass, metal, wood, concrete and other plastic materials because of its versatility, durability and cost-competitiveness. PVC is produced from VCM, which is, in turn, made from chlorine and ethylene. PVC compounds are highly customized formulations that offer specific end-use properties based on customer-determined manufacturing specifications. PVC compounds are made by combining PVC resin with various additives in order to make either rigid and impact-resistant or soft and flexible compounds. The various compounds are then fabricated into end-products through extrusion, calendering, injection-molding or blow-molding. Flexible PVC compounds are used for wire and cable insulation, medical films and packaging, flooring, wall coverings, automotive interior and exterior trims and packaging. Rigid extrusion PVC compounds are commonly used in window frames,and door profiles, vertical blinds and construction products, including pipe and siding. Injection-molding PVC compounds are used in specialty products such as computer housings and keyboards, appliance parts and bottles.
We are the third-largest PVC producer in the world. We have the capacity to produce 1.3approximately 6.0 billion pounds and600 million pounds of commodity PVC per year at our Calvert City facility and Geismar facility, respectively. In addition, we have the capacity to produce 1.1 billion pounds of specialty PVCcommodity and 620 million pounds of commodityspecialty PVC per year, respectively, at our European facilities.various facilities globally. We have the capacity to use a majoritysome of our North American-produced PVC internally in the production of our building products.products and PVC compounds. The remainder of our PVC, including the PVC produced at our European and Asian facilities, is sold to downstream fabricators and the international markets. In 2014, we completed the expansion of the existing PVC plant in Calvert City, which allowed us to take advantage of OpCo's increase in ethylene production at our Calvert City site and to provide additional PVC resin to meet the growing demands of our global customers. The expansion of the Calvert City PVC plant increased PVC resin capacity by approximately 200 million pounds annually.
VCM. VCM is used to produce PVC, solvents and PVC-related products. We use ethylene and chlorine to produce VCM. We have the capacity to produce 1.3approximately 6.0 billion pounds and 1.5 billion pounds of VCM per year at our Calvert City facility, 550 million pounds per year at our Geismar facilityNorth American and 1.5 billion pounds per year at our European facilities. Substantially allfacilities, respectively. The majority of our VCM is used internally in our PVC operations. VCM not used internally is sold to other vinyl resins producers in domestic and international markets.
Chlorine and Caustic Soda. We combine salt and electricity to produce chlorine and caustic soda, commonly referred to as chlor-alkali, at our Lake Charles, Plaquemine, Natrium, Calvert City, Geismar, Beauharnois, Longview, Gendorf, Germany and Knapsack, Germany and Kaohsiung facilities. We are the third-largest chlor-alkali producer in the world. We use our chlorine production in our VCM and EDCchlorinated derivative products plants. We currently have the capacity to supply all of our chlorine requirements internally. Any remaining chlorine is sold into the North American merchant chlorine market. Our caustic soda is sold to external customers who use it for, among other things, the production of pulp and paper, organic and inorganic chemicals and alumina.
Chlorinated Derivative Products. Our chlorinated derivative products include ethyl chloride, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, tri-ethane® solvents, VersaTRANS® solvents, calcium hypochlorite, hydrochloric acid ("HCL") and pelletized caustic soda ("PELS"). We have the capacity to produce approximately 2.3 billion pounds of chlorinated derivative products per year, primarily at our Lake Charles, Natrium, Beauharnois and Longview facilities. The majority of our chlorinated derivative products are sold to external customers who use these products for, among other things, refrigerants, water treatment applications, chemicals and pharmaceutical production, food processing, steel pickling, solvent and cleaning chemicals and natural gas and oil production.
Ethylene. We use the ethylene we purchase that is produced by OpCo at Calvert City to produce VCM. OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant has the capacity to produce approximately 40%20% of the ethylene required for our total VCM production. We obtain the remainder of the ethylene we need for our Vinyls business from OpCo's Lake Charles plantplants and from third party purchases. In April 2014, we completed a feedstock conversion and ethylene expansion project at OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant. With the completion of this project, OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant now utilizes relatively low-cost ethane feedstock and increased its capacity by approximately 180 million pounds annually. This expansion and feedstock conversion project
enables us, through OpCo, to enhance our vinyl chain integrationintegration. In January 2016, OpCo announced an expansion project to increase the ethylene capacity of its ethylene plant at our Calvert City facility. The expansion was completed in 2017 and, leverage relatively low-cost ethane being developed in the Marcellus shale area.along with other initiatives, increased ethylene capacity by approximately 100 million pounds annually.
Building Products. Products made from PVC are used in construction materials ranging from water and sewer systems to home and commercial applications for siding, trim, mouldings, fence, deck, window and door systems. Our building products consist of two primary product groups: (i) exterior products, which includes siding, trim, mouldings, window profiles, fence and decking products; and (ii) PVC pipe, specialty PVC pipe and fittings. We manufacture and market exterior products under the Royal Building Products®, Celect Cellular Exteriors by Royal®, Zuri Premium Decking by Royal®, Royal S4S Trim Board® and Exterior Portfolio® brand names. We manufacture and market specialty pipe and fittings, water, sewer, irrigation and conduit pipe products under the "NorthNorth American Pipe" Pipe® and Royal Building Products® brand names. We manufacture film and specialty pipe, fittings, profilessheet at our Shanghai facility for both Asian and foundation building products under the "North American Specialty Products" brand. We also manufacture and market PVC fence, decking, windows and door profiles under the "Westech Building Products" brand.global markets. All of our building products are sold to external customers. Predominantly all of the PVC we require for our building products is produced internally. We purchase the remainder of our PVC requirements at market prices. The combined capacity of our 1224 building products plants is 1.2approximately 2.0 billion pounds per year.
China Joint Venture. We own a 59% interest in Suzhou Huasu Plastics Co., Ltd., a joint venture based near Shanghai, China. Our joint venture partners are a local Chinese chemical company and a subsidiary of INEOS. In 1995, this joint venture constructed and began operating a PVC film plant that has a current annual capacity of 145 million pounds of PVC film. In 1999, the joint venture constructed and began operating a PVC resin plant that has an annual capacity of 300 million pounds of PVC resin. In 2008, the joint venture began producing building products with an annual capacity of 33 million pounds of product. In February 2015, we entered into an agreement to acquire an additional 35.7% interest in this joint venture. For more information, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Recent Developments."
Feedstocks
We are highly integrated along our vinyls production chain. We produce most of the North American ethylene required by our Calvert City and Geismar facilities (through OpCo), and most of the VCM and all of the chlorine used in our Vinyls business. With the 2014 completion of the feedstock conversion and ethylene expansion project, ethylene. Ethylene produced at OpCo's Calvert City facility currently utilizes relatively low-cost ethane feedstock. We purchase the remainder of the ethylene required for our other North American and European facilities from a number of sources under various contracts. We have access to, and partially own, an ethylene pipeline in Germany. We have long-term leases on salt domes, from which we supply our salt brine requirements by pipeline, close to our Lake Charles chlor-alkali plant. The salt requirements for our Plaquemine and Natrium chlor-alkali plants are supplied internally from our salt domes. We purchase the salt required for our other chlor-alkali plants pursuant to long-term contracts. Electricity and steam for one of our Lake Charles facilities are produced by both on-site cogeneration units and through a toll arrangement with RS Cogen, LLC ("RS Cogen"), a joint venture in which we own a 50% interest. RS Cogen operates a process steam, natural gas-fired cogeneration facility adjacent to the site. Electricity and steam for the Plaquemine facility is supplied internally by our on-site cogeneration unit. A portion of our Natrium facility's electricity requirements is produced by our on-site generation unit, and the remainder purchased under an industrial contract. We purchase electricity for our remaining North American and European facilities under long-term industrial contracts. We purchase VCM for our Asian PVC plant on a contract and spot basis.
Our Calvert CityNorth American and GeismarAsian facilities supply predominantly all of the PVC required for our building products plants. We may also purchase PVC at market prices, if needed. The remaining feedstocks for building products include pigments, fillers, stabilizers and stabilizers,other ingredients, which we purchase under short-term contracts based on prevailing market prices.
Marketing, Sales and Distribution
We have a dedicated sales force for our business, organized by product line and region. In addition, we rely on distributors to market products to smaller customers. We use some of our North American-produced PVC internally in the production of our building products and PVC compounds. The remainder of our PVC, including the PVC produced at our European and Asian facilities, is sold to downstream fabricators and the international markets. We have the capacity to use alla majority of our chlorine internally to produce VCM and EDC, most of which, in turn, is used to produce PVC. We also use our chlorine internally to produce chlorinated derivative products. We sell the remainder of our chlorine and substantially all of our caustic soda production to external customers. We have the capacity to use aThe majority of our North American-produced PVC internally inproducts are shipped from production facilities directly to the customer via pipeline, truck, rail, barge and/or ship. The remaining products are shipped from production of our building products. The remainder of our PVC, including the PVC produced at our European facilities isto third party chemical terminals and warehouses until being sold to downstream fabricators and the international markets.customers.
We are the second largest manufacturer of PVC pipe by capacity in the United States. We sell a majority of our siding, trim and mouldings products, PVC pipe, specialty PVC pipe and fittings, and film and sheet products through a combination of manufacturer's representatives and our internal sales force. We use an internal sales force to market and manufacturer's representatives. In Canada, we operate 19 company-owned distribution branches that sell our fence, windowvinyl siding and door profiles.accessories and trim and mouldings products, as well as pipe and fittings. We also engage in advertising programs primarily directed at trade professionals that are also one of the largest manufacturers of PVC fence components by capacityintended to develop awareness and interest in the United States.our products. In addition, we display our building products at trade shows.
No single customer accounted for 10% or more of net sales for the Vinyls segment in 2014.2017.
Competition
The markets in which our Vinyls business operates are highly competitive. Competition in the vinyls market is based on product availability, product performance, customer service and price. We compete in the vinyls market with other producers including Formosa Plastics Corporation, Axiall Corporation, Oxy Chem, LP, Shintech, Inc., Olin Corporation, Mexichem, S.A.B. de C.V., INEOSINOVYN ChlorVinyls Limited, VYNOVA Group Limited,and Kem One SAS and Solvay S.A.Group SAS.
Competition in the building products market is based on on-time delivery, product quality, product innovation, customer service, product consistency and price. We compete in the building products market with other producers and fabricators including Diamond Plastics Corporation, JM Eagle, Ply Gem Holdings, Inc., CertainTeed Corporation, IPEX Inc., Associated Materials LLC and JM Eagle.CPG International, LLC.
Environmental and Other Regulation
As is common in our industry, obtaining, producing and distributing many of our products involves the use, storage, transportation and disposal of large quantities of toxic and hazardous materials, and our manufacturing operations require the generation and disposal of large quantities of hazardous wastes. We are subject to extensive, evolving and increasingly stringent international, national, state and local environmental laws, regulations and directives, which address, among other things, the following:
emissions to the air;
discharges to land or to surface and subsurface waters;
other releases into the environment;
remediation of contaminated sites;
generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste materials; and
maintenance of safe conditions in the workplace.
Wewe are subject to environmental laws and regulations that can impose civilrelated to the use, storage, handling, generation, transportation, emission, discharge, disposal and criminal sanctionsremediation of, and that may require usexposure to, mitigatehazardous and non-hazardous substances and wastes in all of the effects of contamination caused by the releasecountries in which we do business. National, state or disposal of hazardous substances into the environment. Under one law, the U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,provincial and Liability Act ("CERCLA"), an owner or operator of property may be held strictly liable for remediating contamination without regard to whether that person caused the contamination,local standards regulating air, water and without regard to whether the practices that resulted in the contamination were legal at the time they occurred. Because severalland quality affect substantially all of our production sites have a history of industrial use, it is impossible to predict precisely what effect these legal requirements will have on us.
The Federal Clean Air Act. The Clean Air Act ("CAA") and its implementing regulations, as well asmanufacturing locations around the corresponding stateworld. Compliance with such laws and regulations impose permitting requirements and emission control requirements relating to specific air pollutants, as well as the requirement for certain facilities to maintain a risk management program to help prevent accidental releases of certain substances. Air quality standards promulgated pursuant to the CAA may require the installation of new or additional emission control equipment or changes in facility operations. If new controls or changes to operations are needed, the costs could be significant. In addition, failure to comply with the requirements of the CAA, its implementing regulations, and permits issued under the CAA, could result in fines, penalties or other sanctions.
Release Reporting. The release of hazardous substances or extremely hazardous substances into the environment is subject to release reporting requirements under federal and state environmental laws, including the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act. If we fail to properly report a release, or if the release violates the law or our permits, it could cause us to become the subject of a governmental enforcement action or third-party claims, which could result in significant liability.
Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act ("CWA") and analogous state laws impose restrictions and strict controls with respect to the discharge of pollutants, including spills and leaks of oil and other substances, into waters of the U.S. Federal and state regulatory agencies can impose administrative, civil and criminal penalties for non-compliance with discharge permits or noncompliance with other requirements of the CWA and analogous state laws and regulations.
Waste Management. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA") and analogous state laws establish stringent requirements for the generation, handling, storage, transportation, and disposal of hazardous wastes. At facilities where hazardous wastes have been spilled, released into the environment, or disposed, these laws may require costly investigations, studies, and response actions, possibly including removal and re-disposal of any such wastes. RCRA also establishes extensive recordkeeping, reporting and permitting requirements. We generate large quantities of hazardous wastes in connection with our operations, and could incur significant liabilities under RCRA and similar laws for any mismanagement or other improper or unauthorized handling of such wastes.
European Regulations. Under the Industrial Emission Directive ("IED"), European Union member state governments are expected to adopt rules and implement environmental permitting programs relating to air, water and waste for industrial facilities. In this context, concepts such as BAT ("best available technique") are being explored. Future implementation of these concepts may result in technical modifications to our European facilities. In addition, under the Environmental Liability Directive, European Union member states can require the remediation of soil and groundwater contamination in certain circumstances, under the "polluter pays principle." We are unable to predict the impact these requirements and concepts may have on our future costs of compliance.
Contract Disputes with Goodrich and PolyOne. In connection with the 1990 and 1997 acquisitions of the Goodrich Corporation ("Goodrich") chemical manufacturing facility in Calvert City, Goodrich agreed to indemnify us for any liabilities
related to preexisting contamination at the site. For our part, we agreed to indemnify Goodrich for post-closing contamination caused by our operations. The soil and groundwater at the site, which does not include our nearby PVC facility, had been extensively contaminated under Goodrich's operations. In 1993, Goodrich spun off the predecessor of PolyOne Corporation ("PolyOne"), and that predecessor assumed Goodrich's indemnification obligations relating to preexisting contamination.
In 2003, litigation arose among us, Goodrich and PolyOne with respect to the allocation of the cost of remediating contamination at the site. The parties settled this litigation in December 2007, and the case was dismissed. In the settlement the parties agreed that, among other things: (1) PolyOne would pay 100% of the costs (with specified exceptions), net of recoveries or credits from third parties, incurred with respect to environmental issues at the Calvert City site from August 1, 2007 forward; (2) either we or PolyOne might, from time to time in the future (but not more than once every five years), institute an arbitration proceeding to adjust that percentage; and (3) we and PolyOne would negotiate a new environmental remediation utilities and services agreement to cover our provision to, or on behalf of, PolyOne of certain environmental remediation services at the site. The current environmental remediation activities at the Calvert City site do not have a specified termination date but are expected to last for the foreseeable future. The costs incurred by us that have been invoiced to PolyOne to provide the environmental remediation services were $2.8 million and $3.3 million in 2014 and 2013, respectively. By letter dated March 16, 2010, PolyOne notified us that it was initiating an arbitration proceeding under the settlement agreement. In this proceeding, PolyOne seeks to readjust the percentage allocation of costs and to recover approximately $1.4 million from us in reimbursement of previously paid remediation costs. The arbitration is currently stayed.
State Administrative Proceedings. There are several administrative proceedings in Kentucky involving us, Goodrich and PolyOne related to the same manufacturing site in Calvert City. In 2003, the Kentucky Environmental and Public Protection Cabinet (the "Cabinet") re-issued Goodrich's RCRA permit which requires Goodrich to remediate contamination at the Calvert City manufacturing site. Both Goodrich and PolyOne challenged various terms of the permit in an attempt to shift Goodrich's clean-up obligations under the permit to us. We intervened in the proceedings. The Cabinet has suspended all corrective action under the RCRA permit in deference to a remedial investigation and feasibility study ("RIFS") being conducted, under the auspices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"), pursuant to an Administrative Settlement Agreement ("AOC"), which became effective on December 9, 2009. See "Federal Administrative Proceedings" below. The proceedings have been postponed. Periodic status conferences will be held to evaluate whether additional proceedings will be required.
Federal Administrative Proceedings. In May 2009, the Cabinet sent a letter to the EPA requesting the EPA's assistance in addressing contamination at the Calvert City site under CERCLA. In its response to the Cabinet also in May 2009, the EPA stated that it concurred with the Cabinet's request and would incorporate work previously conducted under the Cabinet's RCRA authority into the EPA's cleanup efforts under CERCLA. Since 1983, the EPA has been addressing contamination at an abandoned landfill adjacent to our plant which had been operated by Goodrich and which was being remediated pursuant to CERCLA. The EPA has directed Goodrich and PolyOne to conduct additional investigation activities at the landfill and at our plant. In June 2009, the EPA notified us that we may have potential liability under section 107(a) of CERCLA at our plant site. Liability under section 107(a) of CERCLA is strict and joint and several. The EPA also identified Goodrich and PolyOne, among others, as potentially responsible parties at the plant site. We negotiated, in conjunction with the other potentially responsible parties, an AOC and an order to conduct a RIFS. On July 12, 2013, the parties submitted separate draft RIFS reports to the EPA. The EPA has hired a contractor to complete the remedial investigation report.
Monetary Relief. Except as noted above, with respect to the settlement of the contract litigation among us, Goodrich and PolyOne, none of the court, the Cabinet nor the EPA has established any allocation of the costs of remediation among the various parties that are involved in the judicial and administrative proceedings discussed above. At this time, we are not able to estimate the loss or reasonable possible loss, if any, on our financial statements that could result from the resolution of these proceedings. Any cash expenditures that we might incur in the future with respect to the remediation of contamination at the site would likely be spread out over an extended period. As a result, we believe it is unlikely that any remediation costs allocable to us will be material in terms of expenditures made in any individual reporting period.
Potential Flare Modifications. For several years, the EPA has been conducting an enforcement initiative against petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants with respect to emissions from flares. A number of companies have entered into consent agreements with the EPA requiring both modifications to reduce flare emissions and the installation of additional equipment to better track flare operations and emissions. On April 21, 2014, we received a Clean Air Act Section 114 Information Request from the EPA which sought information regarding flares at the Calvert City and Lake Charles facilities. The EPA has informed us that the information provided leads the EPA to believe that some of the flares are out of compliance with applicable standards. The EPA has demanded that we conduct additional flare sampling and provide supplemental information. We are currently in negotiations with the EPA regarding these demands. The EPA has indicated that it is seeking a consent decree that would obligate us to take corrective actions relating to the alleged noncompliance. We have not agreed that any flares are out of compliance or that any corrective actions are warranted. Depending on the outcome of our negotiations
with the EPA, additional controls on emissions from our flares may be required and these could result in increasedwill continue to require capital expenditures and increase operating costs.
Louisiana Notice of Violations. The Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality ("LDEQ") has issued notices of violations ("NOVs") regarding our assets for various air compliance issues. We are working with LDEQ to settle these claims, and a global settlement of all claims is being discussed. Such global settlement may result in a total civil penalty in excess of $100,000.
Greenhouse Gases. Various jurisdictions have considered or adopted laws and regulations on greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions, with the general aim of reducing such emissions. The EPA currently requires certain industrial facilities to report their GHG emissions, and to obtain permits with stringent control requirements before constructing or modifying new facilities with significant GHG emissions. In the European Union, the Emissions Trading Scheme obligates certain emitters to obtain GHG emission allowances to comply with a cap and trade system for GHG emissions. As our chemical manufacturing processes result in GHG emissions, these and other GHG laws and regulations could affect our costs of doing business.
Chemical Safety. Assessments under government programs on chemical safety could adversely affect our business by increasing our costs of production and reducing demand for our products, through new requirements on the production, handling, labeling or use of those chemicals. For example, in the European Union, the Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals ("REACH") is designed to identify the intrinsic properties of chemical substances, assess hazards and risks of the substances, and identify and implement risk management measures to protect humans and the environment. In the United States, the National Toxicology Program seeks to identify and select for study chemicals and other substances to evaluate potential human health hazards.
General.It is our policy to comply with all environmental, health and safety requirements and to provide safe and environmentally sound workplaces for our employees. In some cases, compliance can be achieved only by incurring capital expenditures. In 2014,2017, we made capital expenditures of $16.8$15 million related to environmental compliance. We estimate that we will make capital expenditures of approximately $13.0$42 million in 20152018 and $14.6$42 million in 2016,2019, respectively, related to environmental compliance. CapitalThe expected 2018 and 2019 capital expenditures are relatively higher than the amounts we have spent related to environmental compliance have been relatively higher in 2014recent years in large part due to EPA regulations such as the PVC maximum achievable control technology ("MACT") rules and increasingly stringent requirements associated with environmental permits. We expect to incur further capital expenditures related to Environmental Protection Agency (the "EPA") regulations and requirements with respect to the PVC MACT rules and other EPA regulations in 2015 and 2016.Axiall chlor-alkali sites. The remainder of the 20152018 and 20162019 estimated amountsexpenditures are related to equipment replacement and upgrades. We anticipate that stringent environmental regulations will continue to be imposed on us and the industry in general. Although we cannot predict with certainty future expenditures, management believes that our current spending trends will continue.
It is difficultFrom time to estimate the future coststime, we receive notices or inquiries from government entities regarding alleged violations of environmental protectionlaws and remediation becauseregulations pertaining to, among other things, the disposal, emission and storage of many uncertainties,chemical substances, including uncertainties abouthazardous wastes. Item 103 of the statusSEC's Regulation S-K requires disclosure of laws, regulationscertain environmental matters when a governmental authority is a party to the proceedings and informationthe proceedings involve potential monetary sanctions, unless we reasonably believe such sanctions would not exceed $100,000.
During September 2010, our vinyls facilities in north Lake Charles and Plaquemine each received a Consolidated Compliance Order and Notice of Potential Penalty, alleging violations of various requirements of those facilities' air permits, based largely on self-reported permit deviations related to individual locationsrecord-keeping violations. We have been negotiating a possible global settlement of these and sitesseveral other matters with Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality. We believe the resolution of these matters may require the payment of a monetary sanction in excess of $100,000.
For several years, the EPA has been conducting an enforcement initiative against petroleum refineries and our abilitypetrochemical plants with respect to rely on third partiesemissions from flares. On April 21, 2014, we received a Clean Air Act Section 114 Information Request from the EPA which sought information regarding flares at the Calvert City, Kentucky facility and certain Lake Charles facilities. The EPA has informed us that the information provided leads the EPA to carrybelieve that some of the flares are out such remediation. Subjectof compliance with applicable standards. The EPA has indicated that it is seeking a consent decree that would obligate us to take corrective actions relating to the foregoing, but taking into consideration our experience regarding environmentalalleged noncompliance. We believe the resolution of these matters may require the payment of a similar naturemonetary sanction in excess of $100,000.
Regional offices of the EPA have investigated, and facts currently known,in some cases inspected, our compliance with Risk Management Program requirements under the Clean Air Act at our Calvert City, Kentucky; Natrium, West Virginia and except forGeismar, Louisiana facilities. We believe the outcomeresolution of pending litigationthese matters may require the payment of a monetary sanction in excess of $100,000.
In October 2017, the Enforcement Division of Kentucky Department of Environmental Protection ("KDEP") indicated that it intended to proceed with enforcement on two Notices of Violation ("NOVs") received by our Calvert City, Kentucky facility in December 2016 and regulatory proceedings, which we cannot predict, but which couldMay 2017. The NOVs allege violations of state and federal air requirements in connection with the operation of the olefins unit at the facility. We have engaged in negotiations with KDEP to resolve these alleged violations. We believe the resolution of these matters may require the payment of a material adverse effect on us, wemonetary sanction in excess of $100,000.
We do not believe that capital expenditures and remedial actions to comply with existing laws governing environmental protectionthe resolution of any or all of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our businessfinancial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Also see our discussion of our environmental matters contained in Item 1A, "Risk Factors" below, Item 3, "Legal Proceedings" below and Note 20 to our consolidated financial results.statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Employees
As of December 31, 20142017, we had approximately 3,5508,800 employees in the following areas:
|
| | | |
| Category | | Number |
| Olefins segment | | 800820 |
|
| Vinyls segment | | 2,6007,610 |
|
| Corporate and other | | 150370 |
|
Approximately 28%32% of our employees are represented by labor unions, and all of these union employees are working under collective bargaining agreements. In the United States, approximately 10% of our employees are represented by labor unions and are working under collective bargaining agreements that will expire in 2019. In Europe, weat various times through 2022. We have multiple collective bargaining agreements in Europe, Canada and the United States, with varying expiration years, covering different groups of our work force. There have beenwere no strikes, lockouts, or lockouts,work stoppages in 2017 and we have not experienced any work stoppages throughout our history. We believe that our relationship with our employees and unions is open and positive.
Technology
Historically, our technology strategy has been to selectively acquire licenses from third-parties, andas well as develop our own proprietary technology. Our selection process incorporates many factors, including the cost of the technology, the ability to meet our customers' requirements, raw material and energy consumption rates, product quality, capital costs, maintenance requirements and reliability. Most of the technology licensed from third-party providers is perpetual and has been paid in full. We own a patent portfolio ofan intellectual property portfolio developed by afrom focused research in both process and process technology development group.product technology. After acquiring or developing a technology, we devote considerable effort to effectively employ the technology and further its development, with a viewfocus towards continuous improvement of our competitive position.positions.
Conversely, we have selectively granted licenses to our patented Energx® technology for LLDPE production and for proprietary LDPE reactor mixing technology. We have also through Vinnolit prior to its acquisition, granted several licenses in the past onfor EDC/VCM technology, including the direct chlorination process and catalyst, and S-PVC (Suspension PVC for thermoplastic process) process and technology.
Segment and Geographic Information
Information regarding sales, income from operations and assets attributable to our Olefins and Vinyls segments, and geographical information is presented in Note 21 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Available Information
Our Web site address is www.westlake.com. We make our Web site content available for information purposes only. It should not be relied upon for investment purposes, nor is it incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K. We make available on this Web site under "Investor Relations/SEC Filings," free of charge, our proxy statements, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those materials as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file those materials with, or furnish those materials to, the SEC. The SEC also maintains a Web site at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements and other information regarding SEC registrants, including us.
We intend to satisfy the requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K to disclose any amendments to our Code of Ethics and any waiver from a provision of our Code of Ethics by posting such information on our Web site at www.westlake.com under "Investor Relations/Corporate Governance."
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Cyclicality in the petrochemical industry has in the past, and may in the future, result in reduced operating margins or operating losses.
Our historical operating results reflect the cyclical and volatile nature of the petrochemical industry. The industry is mature and capital intensive. Margins in this industry are sensitive to supply and demand balances both domestically and internationally, which historically have been cyclical. The cycles are generally characterized by periods of tight supply, leading to high operating rates and margins, followed by periods of oversupply primarily resulting from excess new capacity additions, leading to reduced operating rates and lower margins.
Moreover, profitability in the petrochemical industry is affected by the worldwide level of demand along with vigorous price competition which may intensify due to, among other things, new industry capacity. In general, weak economic conditions either in the United States, Europe or the rest of the world tend to reduce demand and put pressure on margins. It is not possible to predict accurately the supply and demand balances, market conditions and other factors that will affect industry operating margins in the future.
New olefins capacity additions in Asia, the Middle East and North America, a number of which have been announced in recent years, may lead to periods of over-supply and lower profitability. As a result, our Olefins segment operating margins may be negatively impacted.
PVC industry operating rates dropped from peak levels in the second half of 2006 to lower levels in 2014. In addition, continuedContinued slow recovery in the U.S. construction markets and budgetary constraints in municipal spending have contributed to lower North American demand for our vinyls products. Likewise, European industry production capacities currently exceed demand in the region, largely due to the weak economic environment in Europe. Looking forward, our Vinyls segment operating rates and margins may continue to be negatively impacted by the slow recovery of the U.S. construction markets and the European economy.
We sell commodity products in highly competitive markets and face significant competition and price pressure.
We sell our products in highly competitive markets. Due to the commodity nature of many of our products, competition in these markets is based primarily on price and to a lesser extent on performance, product quality, product deliverability and customer service. As a result, we generally are not able to protect our market position for these products by product differentiation and may not be able to pass on cost increases to our customers. Accordingly, increases in raw material and other costs may not necessarily correlate with changes in prices for these products, either in the direction of the price change or in magnitude. Specifically, timing differences in pricing between raw material prices, which may change daily, and contract product prices, which in many cases are negotiated monthly or less often, sometimes with an additional lag in effective dates for increases, have had and may continue to have a negative effect on profitability. Significant volatility in raw material costs tends to place pressure on product margins as sales price increases could lag behind raw material cost increases. Conversely, when raw material costs decrease, customers could seek relief in the form of lower sales prices.
Volatility in costs of raw materials and energy may result in increased operating expenses and adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow.flows.
Significant variations in the costs and availability of raw materials and energy may negatively affect our results of operations. These costs have risen significantly in the past due primarily to oil and natural gas cost increases. We purchase significant amounts of ethane feedstock, natural gas, ethylene and salt to produce several basic chemicals. We also purchase significant amounts of electricity to supply the energy required in our production processes. The cost of these raw materials and energy, in the aggregate, represents a substantial portion of our operating expenses. The prices of raw materials and energy generally follow price trends of, and vary with market conditions for, crude oil and natural gas, which are highly volatile and cyclical. Changes to regulatory policies applicable to the German energy sector for industrial users may also contributehave contributed to higher prices for industrial users of energy in the future. Our results of operations have been and could in the future be significantly affected by increases in these costs.
Price increases increase our working capital needs and, accordingly, can adversely affect our liquidity and cash flow.flows. In addition, because we utilize the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method of inventory accounting, during periods of falling raw material prices and declining sales prices, our results of operations for a particular reporting period could be negatively impacted as the lower sales prices would be reflected in operating income more quickly than the corresponding drop in feedstock costs. We use derivative instruments in an attempt to reduce price volatility risk on some feedstock commodities. In the future, we may decide not to hedge any of our raw material costs or any hedges we enter into may not have successful results. Also, our hedging activities involve credit risk associated with our hedging counterparties, and a deterioration in the financial markets could adversely affect our hedging counterparties and their abilities to fulfill their obligations to us.
Lower prices of crude oil, such as those experienced insince the second halfthird quarter of 2014 may leadand continuing through 2017 (as of December 31, 2017, approximately 44% lower than their 2014 peak levels), have led to a reduction in the recent cost advantage for natural gas liquids-based ethylene crackers in North America, such as ours, as compared to naphtha-based ethylene crackers that use crude oil derivatives. As a result, our margins and cash flowflows have been and may continue to be negatively impacted. This impact could be magnified to the extent crude oil prices drop even further and depending on how long prices remain at these levels. Lower crude oil and natural gas prices could lead to a reduction in hydraulic fracturing in the United States, which could reduce the availability of feedstock and increase prices of feedstock for our operations. Higher natural gas prices could also adversely affect our ability to export products that we produce in the United States outside of the United States. In addition to the impact that this has on our exports from the United States, reduced competitiveness of U.S. producers also has in the past increased the availability of chemicals in North America, as U.S. production that would otherwise have been sold overseas was instead offered for sale domestically, resulting in excess supply and lower prices in North America. We could also face the threat of imported products from countries that have a cost advantage. Additionally, the export of natural gas liquids from the United States or greater restrictions on hydraulic fracturing could restrict the availability of our raw materials in the United States, thereby increasing our costs.
External factors beyond our control can cause fluctuations in demand for our products and in our prices and margins, which may negatively affect our results of operations and cash flow.flows.
External factors beyond our control can cause volatility in raw material prices, demand for our products, product prices and volumes and deterioration in operating margins. These factors can also magnify the impact of economic cycles on our business and results of operations. Examples of external factors include:
general economic conditions, including in the United States, Europe and Europe;Asia;
new capacity additions in North America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East;
the level of business activity in the industries that use our products;
competitor action;
technological innovations;
currency fluctuations;
10increases in interest rates;
international events and circumstances;
war, sabotage, terrorism and civil unrest;
governmental regulation, including in the United States, Europe and Europe;Asia;
severe weather and natural disasters; and
credit worthiness of customers and vendors.
We believe that events in the Middle East have had a particular influence on demand, prices and margins in the past and may continue to do so in the future. Recently, events in the Commonwealth of Independent States, particularly the political crisis in Ukraine and the devaluation of the Russian ruble, have had a negative influence on demand, prices and margins in Europe. In addition, a
A number of our products are highly dependent on durable goods markets, such as housing and construction, which are themselves particularly cyclical. The significant weakening ofweakness in the U.S. residential housing market since 2006 and continued economic weakness in Europe has had an adverse effect on demand and margins for our products. If the global economy worsens in general, or the U.S. residential housing market or the European economy worsens in particular, demand for our products and our incomeresults of operations and cash flowflows could be adversely affected to an even greater degree.affected.
We may reduce production at or idle a facility for an extended period of time or exit a business because of high raw material prices, an oversupply of a particular product and/or a lack of demand for that particular product, which makes production uneconomical. Temporary outages sometimes last for several quarters or, in certain cases, longer and cause us to incur costs, including the expenses of maintaining and restarting these facilities. Factors such as increases in raw material costs or lower demand in the future may cause us to further reduce operating rates, idle facilities or exit uncompetitive businesses.
Hostilities in the Middle East, the Commonwealth of Independent States (including Ukraine) or elsewhere or the occurrence, or threat of occurrence, of terrorist attacks could adversely affect the economies of the United States, Europe and other developed countries. A lower level of economic activity could result in a decline in demand for our products, which could adversely affect our net sales and margins and limit our future growth prospects. Volatility in prices for crude oil and natural gas could also result in increased feedstock costs. Furthermore, sustained lower prices of crude oil, such as the prices experienced insince the second halfthird quarter of 2014 and continuing through 2017, have led and may continue to lead to lower margins in the United States. In addition, these risks could cause increased instability in the financial and insurance markets and could adversely affect our ability to access capital and to obtain insurance coverage that we consider adequate or is otherwise required by our contracts with third parties.
We operate internationally and are subject to related risks, including exchange rate fluctuations, exchange controls, political risk and other risks relating to international operations.
We operate internationally and are subject to the risks of doing business on a global basis. These risks include, but are not limited to, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, currency devaluations, imposition of trade barriers (which could, among other things, negatively impact our ability to export our products outside of the U.S.), imposition of tariffs and duties, restrictions on the transfer of funds, changes in law and regulatory requirements, involvement in judicial proceedings in unfavorable jurisdictions, economic instability and disruptions, political unrest and epidemics. If the U.S. administration makes certain changes to its foreign trade policies, such changes could lead to imposition of additional trade barriers and tariffs on us in foreign jurisdictions. Our operating results could be negatively affected by any of these risks.
A deterioration in global economic conditions may have a negative impact on our business and financial condition.
A deterioration in global economic conditions including continued economic weakness in Europe, may have a negative impact on our business and our financial condition. Our ability to access the capital markets may be severely restricted at a time when we would like, or need, to access such markets, which could have an impact on our flexibility to react to changing economic and business conditions. In addition, the availability of additional financing at cost effective interest rates cannot be assured. A deterioration in global economic conditions including continued economic weakness in Europe, could have an impact on the lenders under our revolving credit facility or on our customers and suppliers, causing them to fail to meet their obligations to us. Additionally, a deterioration in global economic conditions could result in reduced demand for our products, which would have a negative impact on our revenues and profits. Further, reduced levels of accounts receivables and inventory may affect our credit facility borrowing base. Our credit facility allows us to borrow up to (1) 85% of the net amount of eligible accounts receivable, plus (2) the lesser of (a) 70% of the value of the lower of cost or market of eligible inventory, or (b) 85% of the appraised net orderly liquidation value of all eligible inventory, plus (3) 100% of cash held in an account with the agent under the credit facility and subject to a control agreement with the agent, minus (4) such reserves as the agent may establish. Europe's economic recovery has been slow relative to the United States. If Europe does not experience a meaningful economic recovery, it may have a continued negative effect on our European business.
Our inability to compete successfully may reduce our operating profits.
The petrochemical industry is highly competitive. Historically, there have been a number of mergers, acquisitions, spin-offs and joint ventures in the industry. This restructuring activity has resulted in fewer but more competitive producers, many of which are larger than we are and have greater financial resources than we do. Among our competitors are some of the world's largest chemical companies and chemical industry joint ventures. Competition within the petrochemical industry and in the manufacturing of building products is affected by a variety of factors, including:
product price;
balance of product supply/demand;
material, technology and process innovation;
technical support and customer service;
quality;
reliability of raw material and utility supply;
availability of potential substitute materials; and
product performance.
Changes in the competitive environment could have a material adverse effect on our business and our operations. These changes could include:
the emergence of new domestic and international competitors;
the rate of capacity additions by competitors;
changes in customer base due to mergers;
the intensification of price competition in our markets;
the introduction of new or substitute products by competitors; and
the technological innovations of competitors.
Our production facilities process some volatile and hazardous materials that subject us to operating risks that could adversely affect our operating results.
We have four chemical manufacturing sites in the United States, Europe and six chemical manufacturing sites in Europe.Asia. Our operations are subject to the usual hazards associated with chemical and plastics manufacturing and the related use, storage, transportation and disposal of feedstocks, products and wastes, including:
pipeline leaks and ruptures;
explosions;
fires;
severe weather and natural disasters;
mechanical failure;
unscheduled downtime;
labor difficulties;
transportation interruptions;
transportation accidents involving our chemical products;
remediation complications;
chemical spills;
discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances or gases;
storage tank leaks;
other environmental risks;
sabotage;
terrorist attacks; and
political unrest.
According to some experts, global climate change could result in heightened hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico and other weather and natural disaster hazards worldwide. If this materializes, severe weather and natural disaster hazards could pose an even greater risk for our facilities, particularly those in Louisiana.
All these hazards can cause personal injury and loss of life, catastrophic damage to or destruction of property and equipment and environmental damage, and may result in a suspension of operations and the imposition of civil or criminal penalties. We could become subject to environmental claims brought by governmental entities or third parties. A loss or
shutdown over an extended period of operations at any one of our chemical manufacturing facilities would have a material adverse effect on us. We maintain property, business interruption and casualty insurance that we believe is in accordance with customary industry practices, but we cannot be fully insured against all potential hazards incident to our business, including losses resulting from war risks or terrorist acts. As a result of market conditions, premiums and deductibles for certain insurance policies can increase substantially and, in some instances, certain insurance may become unavailable or available only for reduced amounts of coverage. If we were to incur a significant liability for which we were not fully insured, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial position.condition, results of operations or cash flows.
We are exposed to significant losses from products liability, personal injury and other claims relating to the products we manufacture. Additionally, individuals currently seek, and likely will continue to seek, damages for alleged personal injury or property damage due to alleged exposure to chemicals at our facilities or to chemicals otherwise owned, controlled or manufactured by us. We are also subject to present and future claims with respect to workplace exposure, workers' compensation and other matters. Any such claims, whether with or without merit, could be time consuming, expensive to defend and could divert management's attention and resources. We maintain and expect to continue to maintain insurance for products liability, workplace exposure, workers' compensation and other claims, but the amount and scope of such insurance may not be adequate or available to cover a claim that is successfully asserted against us. In addition, such insurance could become more expensive and difficult to maintain and may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all. The results of any future litigation or claims are inherently unpredictable, but such outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
We rely on a limited number of outside suppliers for specified feedstocks and services.
We obtain a significant portion of our raw materials from a few key suppliers. If any of these suppliers is unable to meet its obligations under any present or future supply agreements, we may be forced to pay higher prices to obtain the necessary raw materials. Any interruption of supply or any price increase of raw materials could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. A vendor may choose, subject to existing contracts, to modify its relationship due to general economic concerns or concerns relating to the vendor or us, at any time. Any significant change in the terms that we have with our key suppliers, or any significant additional requirements from our suppliers that we provide them additional security in the form of prepayments or with letters of credits, could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
We rely heavily on third party transportation, which subjects us to risks and costs that we cannot control. Such risks and costs may materially adversely affect our operations.
We rely heavily on railroads, barges, trucks and other shipping companies to transport raw materials to the manufacturing facilities used by our businesses and to ship finished products to customers. These transport operations are subject to various hazards and risks, including extreme weather conditions, work stoppages and operating hazards (including pipeline leaks and ruptures and storage tank leaks), as well as interstate transportation regulations. In addition, the methods of transportation we utilize, including shipping chlorine and other chemicals by railroad, may be subject to additional, more stringent and more costly regulations in the future. If we are delayed or unable to ship finished products or unable to obtain raw materials as a result of any such new regulations or public policy changes related to transportation safety, or these transportation companies fail to operate properly, or if there were significant changes in the cost of these services due to new or additional regulations, or otherwise, we may not be able to arrange efficient alternatives and timely means to obtain raw materials or ship goods, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We may pursue acquisitions, dispositions and joint ventures andand/or other transactions that may impact our results of operations and financial condition.
We seek opportunities to maximize efficiency and create stockholder value through various transactions. These transactions may include various domestic and international business combinations, purchases or sales of assets or contractual arrangements or joint ventures that are intended to result in the realization of synergies, the creation of efficiencies or the generation of cash to reduce debt. In this regard, we regularly consider acquisition opportunities that would be consistent or complementary to our existing business strategies. To the extent permitted under our credit facility, the indenture governing our senior notes and other debt agreements, some of these transactions may be financed by additional borrowings by us. Although we would pursue these transactions because we expect them to yield longer-term benefits if the efficiencies and synergies we expect are realized, they could adversely affect our results of operations in the short term because of the costs associated with such transactions and because they may divert management's attention from existing business operations. Other transactions may advance future cash flows from some of our businesses, thereby yielding increased short-term liquidity, but consequently resulting in lower cash flows from these operations over the longer term. These transactions may not yield the business benefits, synergies or financial benefits anticipated by management. Integration of other acquired operations can lead to restructuring charges or other costs. We may have difficulties integrating the operations of other acquired businesses, including the operations of Vinnolit and new acquisitions.businesses.
Our operations and assets are subject to extensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations.
We use large quantities of hazardous substances and generate large quantities of hazardous wastes and emissions in our manufacturing operations. Due to the large quantities of hazardous substances and wastes, our industry is highly regulated and monitored by various environmental regulatory authorities.authorities such as the EPA and the European Union, which promulgates the Industrial Emission Directive ("IED"). As such, we are subject to extensive international, national, state and local laws, regulations and directives pertaining to pollution and protection of the environment, health and safety, which govern, among other things, emissions to the air, discharges onto land or waters, the maintenance of safe conditions in the workplace, the remediation of contaminated sites, and the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste materials. Some of these laws, regulations and directives are subject to varying and conflicting interpretations. Many of these laws, regulations and directives provide for substantial fines and potential criminal sanctions for violations and require the installation of costly pollution control equipment or operational changes to limit pollution emissions or reduce the likelihood or impact of hazardous substance releases, whether permitted or not. For example, all of our petrochemical facilities in the United States and Europe may require improvements to comply with certain changes in process safety management requirements.
New laws, rules and regulations as well as changes to laws, rules and regulations may also affect us. For example, on April 17, 2012, the EPA promulgated MACTmaximum achievable control technology ("MACT") standards for major sources and generally available control technology ("GACT") standards for area sources of PVC production. The rule sets emission limits and work practice standards for total organic air toxics and for three specific air toxics: vinyl chloride, chlorinated di-benzo dioxins and furans ("CD/DF"), and hydrogen chloride and includes requirements to demonstrate initial and continuous compliance with the emission standards. ThisSimilarly, the Toxic Substances Control Act ("TSCA") imposes reporting, record-keeping and testing requirements, and restrictions relating to the production, handling, and use of chemical substances. The TSCA reform legislation enacted in June 2016 expanded the EPA's authority to review and regulate new and existing chemicals. In June 2017, the EPA issued three rules that implement the TSCA reform legislation. One rule establishes the EPA's process and criteria for identifying high priority chemicals for risk evaluation. Another rule sets the EPA's approach for determining whether these high priority chemicals present an unreasonable risk to health or otherthe environment. These two rules are currently the subject of legal challenges by environmental groups. The third rule requires industry reporting of chemicals manufactured or processed in the United States over the past 10 years. These rules or future new, amended or proposed laws or rules may result in an increase in regulations, which could increase our costs or reduce our production, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flow.flows. In addition, we cannot accurately predict future developments, such as increasingly strict environmental and safety laws or regulations, and inspection and enforcement policies, as well as resulting higher compliance costs, which might affect the handling, manufacture, use, emission, disposal or remediation of products, other materials or hazardous and non-hazardous waste, and we cannot predict with certainty the extent of our future liabilities and costs under environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These liabilities and costs may be material.
In March 2011, the EPA proposed amendments to the emission standards for hazardous air pollutants for mercury emissions from mercury cell chlor-alkali plants. These proposed amendments would require improvements in work practices to reduce fugitive mercury emissions. We operate a mercury cell production unit at our Natrium facility. We cannot predict the timing or content of the final regulation, or its ultimate cost to, or impact on us.
Our operations produce GHGgreenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions, which have been the subject of increased scrutiny and regulation. In 2005,December 2015, the Kyoto Protocol toUnited States joined the 1992international community at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris, France. The resulting Paris Agreement calls for the parties to undertake "ambitious efforts" to limit the average global temperature and to conserve and enhance sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases. The United States signed the Paris Agreement in April 2016, and the Paris Agreement went into effect in November 2016. However, in June 2017, the Trump Administration announced that the United States intends to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the Paris Agreement, the earliest date the United States can effectively withdraw is November 2020. The United States' adherence to the exit process and/or the terms on which establishesthe United States may reenter the Paris Agreement or a binding set of emission targets for GHG emissions, became binding on the countries that had ratified it. International discussionsseparately negotiated agreement are underway to develop a treaty to replace the Kyoto Protocol after its expiration in 2020.unclear at this time. Legislation to regulate GHG emissions has also been introduced in the United States Congress, and there has been a wide-ranging policy debate regarding the impact of these gases and possible means for their regulation. Some of the proposals would require industries to meet stringent new
standards that would require substantial reductions in carbon emissions. Those reductions could be costly and difficult to implement.
Various jurisdictions have considered or adopted laws and regulations on GHG emissions, with the general aim of reducing such emissions. The EPA currently requires certain industrial facilities to report their GHG emissions, and to obtain permits with stringent control requirements before constructing or modifying new facilities with significant GHG emissions. In the European Union, the Emissions Trading Scheme obligates certain emitters to obtain GHG emission allowances to comply with a cap and trade system for GHG emissions. In addition, the European Union has committed to reduce domestic GHG emissions by at least 40% below the 1990 level by 2030. As our chemical manufacturing processes result in GHG emissions, these and other GHG laws and regulations could affect our costs of doing business.
Under the IED, European Union member state governments are expected to adopt rules and implement environmental permitting programs relating to air, water and waste for industrial facilities. In this context, concepts such as BATthe "best available technique" are being explored. Future implementation of these concepts may result in technical modifications in our European facilities. In addition, under the Environmental Liability Directive, European Union member states can require the remediation of soil and groundwater contamination in certain circumstances, under the "polluter pays principle." We are unable to predict the impact these requirements and concepts may have on our future costs of compliance.
We also may face liability for alleged personal injury or property damage due to exposure to chemicals or other hazardous substances at our facilities or to chemicals that we otherwise manufacture, handle or own. Although these types of claims have not historically had a material impact on our operations, a significant increase in the success of these types of claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flow.flows.
Environmental laws may have a significant effect on the nature and scope of, and responsibility for, cleanup of contamination at our current and former operating facilities, the costs of transportation and storage of raw materials and finished products, the costs of reducing emissions and the costs of the storage and disposal of wastewater. CERCLA,The U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ("CERCLA"), similar state laws and certain European directives impose joint and several liability for the costs of remedial investigations and actions on the entities that generated waste, arranged for disposal of the wastes, transported to or selected the disposal sites and the past and present owners and operators of such sites. All such potentially responsible parties (or any one of them, including us) may be required to bear all of such costs regardless of fault, legality of the original disposal or ownership of the disposal site. In addition, CERCLA, similar state laws and certain European directives could impose liability for damages to natural resources caused by contamination.
Although we seek to take preventive action, our operations are inherently subject to accidental spills, discharges or other releases of hazardous substances that may make us liable to governmental entities or private parties. This may involve contamination associated with our current and former facilities, facilities to which we sent wastes or by-products for treatment or disposal and other contamination. Accidental discharges may occur in the future, future action may be taken in connection with past discharges, governmental agencies may assess damages or penalties against us in connection with any past or future contamination, or third parties may assert claims against us for damages allegedly arising out of any past or future contamination. In addition, we may be liable for existing contamination related to certain of our facilities for which, in some cases, we believe third parties are liable in the event such third parties fail to perform their obligations. For further discussion of such existing contamination, see Item 1, "Business—Environmental and Other Regulation."
Capital projects are subject to risks, including delays and cost overruns, which could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
We have announced capital expansion plans for our Lake Charles facility.facilities. Expansion projects may be subject to delays or cost overruns, including delays or cost overruns resulting from any one or more of the following:
unexpectedly long delivery times for, or shortages of, key equipment, parts or materials;
shortages of skilled labor and other personnel necessary to perform the work;
delays and performance issues;
failures or delays of third-party equipment vendors or service providers;
unforeseen increases in the cost of equipment, labor and raw materials;
work stoppages and other labor disputes;
unanticipated actual or purported change orders;
disputes with contractors and suppliers;
design and engineering problems;
latent damages or deterioration to equipment and machinery in excess of engineering estimates and assumptions;
financial or other difficulties of our contractors and suppliers;
sabotage;
terrorist attacks;
interference from adverse weather conditions; and
difficulties in obtaining necessary permits or in meeting permit conditions.
Significant cost overruns or delays could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, actual capital expenditures for these projects could materially exceed our planned capital expenditures.
Our level of debt could adversely affect our ability to operate our business.
As of December 31, 2014, we had total outstanding debt of $764.0 million,2017, our indebtedness, including the current portion, totaled $3.8 billion, and our debt represented approximately 19%42% of our total capitalization. Our annual interest expense for 20142017 was $37.4$159 million, net of interest capitalized of $7.1$4 million. Our level of debt and the limitations imposed on us by our existing or future debt agreements could have significant consequences on our business and future prospects, including the following:
a portion of our cash flowflows from operations will be dedicated to the payment of interest and principal on our debt and will not be available for other purposes, including the payment of dividends;purposes;
we may not be able to obtain necessary financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements or other purposes;
our less leveraged competitors could have a competitive advantage because they have greater flexibility to utilize their cash flowflows to improve their operations;
we may be exposed to risks inherent in interest rate fluctuations because some of our borrowings are at variable rates of interest, which would result in higher interest expense in the event of increases in interest rates;
we could be vulnerable in the event of a downturn in our business that would leave us less able to take advantage of significant business opportunities and to react to changes in our business and in market or industry conditions; and
should we pursue additional expansions of existing assets or acquisition of third party assets, we may not be able to obtain additional liquidity at cost effective interest rates.
These factors could be magnified or accelerated to the extent we were to finance future acquisitions with significant amounts of debt.
To service our indebtedness and fund our capital requirements, we will require a significant amount of cash. Our ability to generate cash depends on many factors beyond our control.
Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness and to fund planned capital expenditures and pay cash dividends will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future, including any distributions that we may receive from Westlake Partners. This is subject to general economic, financial, currency, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control.
Our business may not generate sufficient cash flowflows from operations, we may not receive sufficient distributions from Westlake Partners, and currently anticipated cost savings and operating improvements may not be realized on schedule and future borrowings may not be available to us under our credit facility in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our indebtedness or to fund our other liquidity needs.schedule. We also generate revenues denominated in currencies other than that of our indebtedness and may have difficulty converting those revenues into the currency of our indebtedness. We may need to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness on or before maturity. In addition, we may not be able to refinance any of our indebtedness, including our credit facility and our senior notes, on commercially reasonable terms or at all. All of these factors could be magnified if we were to finance any future acquisitions with significant amounts of debt.
Our credit facilityThe Credit Agreement and the indenture governing certain of our senior notes impose significant operating and financial restrictions, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities and taking some actions.
Our credit facilityThe Credit Agreement and the indenture governing certain of our senior notes impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us. These restrictions limit our ability to:
pay dividends on, redeem or repurchase our capital stock;
make investments and other restricted payments;
incur additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock;
create liens;
permit dividend or other payment restrictions on our restricted subsidiaries;
sell all or substantially all of our assets or consolidate or merge with or into other companies;
engage in transactions with affiliates; and
engage in sale-leaseback transactions.
These limitations are subject to a number of important qualifications and exceptions. However, the effectiveness of many of these restrictions in the indenture governing certain of our senior notes is currently suspended under the indenture because our seniorthose notes are currently rated investment grade by at least two nationally recognized credit rating agencies.
Our credit facility The Credit Agreement also requires us to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio or maintain a specified amount of availability under the credit facility to avoid certain restrictions. quarterly total leverage ratio.
These covenants may adversely affect our ability to finance future business opportunities or acquisitions. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default in respect of the related debt. If a default occurred, the relevant lenders could elect to declare the debt, together with accrued interest and other fees, to be immediately due and payable and proceed against any collateral securing that debt.payable. In addition, any acceleration of debt under our credit facilitythe Credit Agreement will constitute a default under some of our other debt, including the indentureindentures governing our senior notes.
Our participation in joint ventures and similar arrangements exposes us to a number of risks, including risks of shared control.
We are party to several joint ventures and similar arrangements, including an investment, together with Lotte Chemical USA Corporation ("Lotte"), in a joint venture to build an ethylene facility, LACC, LLC ("LACC"). Our participation in joint ventures and similar arrangements, by their nature, requires us to share control with unaffiliated third parties. In particular, with respect to our investment in LACC, we are a 10% holder and, therefore, our partner Lotte will have primary control over operations, including management of the contractors responsible for constructing the ethylene facility. If there are differences in views among joint venture participants in how to operate a joint venture that result in delayed decisions or the failure to make decisions, or our joint venture partners do not fulfill their obligations, the affected joint venture may not be able to operate according to its business plan and fulfill its obligations. In that case, we may be required to write down the value of our investment in a joint venture, increase the level of financial or other commitments to the joint venture or, if we have contractual agreements with the joint venture, our operations may be materially adversely affected. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
LACC may incur additional costs or delays in the construction of the LACC ethylene facility.
We have a commitment to contribute up to $225 million toward the construction of the LACC ethylene facility, which equates to approximately 10% of the equity in LACC. If there are cost overruns, our investment could be diluted below 10% if we do not make additional contributions to maintain our ownership position. The construction of the LACC ethylene facility without delays or significant cost overruns is subject to substantial risks, including:
shortages and inconsistent quality of equipment, materials, and labor;
labor costs and productivity;
work stoppages;
contractor or supplier delay or non-performance under construction or other agreements or non-performance by other major participants in construction projects;
delays in or failure to receive necessary permits, approvals, tax credits, and other regulatory authorizations;
delays associated with start-up activities, including major equipment failure, system integration, and operations, and/or unforeseen engineering problems;
changes in project design or scope;
impacts of new and existing laws and regulations, including environmental laws and regulations;
the outcome of legal challenges to projects, including legal challenges to regulatory approvals;
failure to construct in accordance with licensing requirements;
continued public and policymaker support for such projects;
adverse weather conditions or natural disasters;
sabotage;
terrorist attacks;
environmental and geological conditions;
delays or increased costs to interconnect facilities; and
other unanticipated cost increases.
Regulations concerning the transportation of hazardous chemicals and the security of chemical manufacturing facilities could result in higher operating costs.
Targets such as chemical manufacturing facilities may be at greater risk of terrorist attacks than other targets. As a result, the chemical industry responded to the issues surrounding the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 by implementing initiatives relating to the security of chemicals industry facilities and the transportation of hazardous chemicals. Simultaneously, local, state, national and international governments put into effect a regulatory process that led to new regulations impacting the security of chemical plant locations and the transportation of hazardous chemicals. Our business or our customers' businesses could be adversely affected because of the cost of complying with these regulations.
A change in tax laws, treaties or regulations, or their interpretation or application, could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.
We are subject to changes in applicable tax laws, treaties or regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate. A material change in these tax laws, treaties or regulations, or their interpretation or application, could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.
We may have difficulties integrating the operations of future acquired businesses, including the operations of Vinnolit.businesses.
If we are unable to integrate or to successfully manage the Vinnolit operations and other businesses that we have acquired or that we may acquire in the future, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. We may not be able to realize the operating efficiencies, synergies, cost savings or other benefits expected from the acquisitions for a number of reasons, including the following:
we may fail to integrate the businesses we acquire into a cohesive, efficient enterprise;
our resources, including management resources, are limited and may be strained if we engage in a large acquisition or significant number of acquisitions, and acquisitions may divert our management's attention from initiating or carrying out programs to save costs or enhance revenues; and
our failure to retain key employees and contracts of the businesses we acquire.
Future acquisitions could lead to significant restructuring or other changes. Prior to the Vinnolit acquisition, we did not have any operations in Europe. We may face additional difficulties integrating the Vinnolit business since it is a new area of operations for us.
Regulations related to "conflict minerals" could adversely impact our business.
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 ("Dodd-Frank Act") contains provisions to improve transparency and accountability concerning the supply of certain minerals, known as conflict minerals, originating from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries (collectively, the "Covered Countries"). The term "conflict minerals" encompasses tantalum, tin, tungsten (and their ores) and gold.
In August 2012, pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the SEC adopted new annual disclosure and reporting requirements applicable to any company that files periodic public reports with the SEC, if any conflicts minerals are necessary to the functionality or production of a product manufactured, or contracted to be manufactured, by that company. These new annual reporting requirements require companies to describe reasonable country of origin inquiries, due diligence measures and the results of those activities and related determinations.
Because we have a highly complex, multi-layered supply chain, we may incur significant costs to comply with these requirements. In addition, the implementation of procedures to comply with these requirements could adversely affect the sourcing, supply and pricing of materials, including components, used in our products. Our suppliers (or suppliers to our suppliers) may not be able or willing to provide all requested information or to take other steps necessary to ensure that no
conflict minerals financing or benefiting armed groups are included in materials or components supplied to us for our manufacturing purposes. Also, we may encounter challenges to satisfy customers that may require all of the components of products purchased by them to be certified as conflict free. If we are not able to meet customer certification requirements, customers may choose to disqualify us as a supplier. In addition, since the applicability of the new conflict minerals requirements is limited to companies that file periodic reports with the SEC, not all of our competitors will need to comply with these requirements unless they are imposed by customers. As a result, those competitors may have cost and other advantages over us.
Our operations could be adversely affected by labor relations.
The vast majority of our employees in Europe, and some of our employees in the United States,North America, are represented by labor unions and works councils. Our operations particularly in Europe, may be adversely affected by strikes, work stoppages and other labor disputes.
We have unfundedcertain material pension plan liabilitiesand other postretirement employment benefit ("OPEB") obligations. Future funding obligations related to these obligations could restrict cash available for our European operations.operations, capital expenditures or other requirements or require us to borrow additional funds.
As a result of the Vinnolit acquisition, weWe have certain non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans covering current and former employees associated with our European operations that we have not funded and are not obligated to fund under applicable law. In addition, we assumed certain U.S. and non-U.S. tax-qualified and non-tax-qualified pension obligations, as well as OPEB obligations, in connection with the Merger. The non-tax-qualified pension liabilities and OPEB obligations to provide retiree health benefits assumed as a result of the Merger are unfunded. As of December 31, 2014,2017, the projected benefit obligation under thesefor our pension and OPEB plans were approximately $949 million and $76 million, respectively. The fair value of pension investment assets was $668 million as of December 31, 2017. The total underfunded status of the pension obligations calculated on a projected benefit obligation basis as of December 31, 2017 was approximately $122.7$281 million, including the Westlake Salaried Plan, which was underfunded by approximately $120 million on an individual plan basis.
The unfunded OPEB obligations as of December 31, 2017 were approximately $76 million. We will require future operating cash flowflows to fund theseour pension plan liabilities.and OPEB obligations, which could restrict available cash for our operations, capital expenditures and other requirements. We may also not generate sufficient cash to satisfy these obligations.obligations, which could require us to seek funding from other sources, including through additional borrowings, which could materially increase our outstanding debt or debt service requirements.
If our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or other intangible assets become impaired in the future, we may be required to record non-cash charges to earnings, which could be significant.
Under GAAP, we review goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Other intangible assets are reviewed if events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. The process of impairment testing for our goodwill and intangible assets involves a number of judgments and estimates made by management including the fair values of assets and liabilities, future cash flows, our interpretation of current economic indicators and market conditions, overall economic conditions and our strategic operational plans with regards to our business units. If the judgments and estimates used in our analysis are not realized or change due to external factors, then actual results may not be consistent with these judgments and estimates, and our goodwill and intangible assets may become impaired in future periods. If our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or other intangible assets are determined to be impaired in the future, we may be required to record non-cash charges to earnings during the period in which the impairment is determined, which could be significant and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
The trading price of our common stock may negatively impact us.
Volatility in the capital and credit markets may cause downward pressure on stock prices and credit availability. The market value of our common stock is a factor in determining whether our goodwill is impaired. If the market value of our common stock declines significantly, it may result in an impairment of goodwill. A decline in the market value of our common stock could also negatively impact us in other ways, including makingmake it more difficult for us to raise any equity capital.
The conversion of Axiall's Enterprise Resource Planning ("ERP") information systems to Westlake's ERP information systems may negatively impact our operations.
We are highly dependent on our information systems infrastructure in order to process orders, track inventory, ship products in a timely manner, prepare invoices to our customers, maintain regulatory compliance and otherwise carry on our business in the ordinary course. Because Axiall had its own ERP information systems, we currently operate on multiple ERP information systems, which complicates our processing, reporting and analysis of business transactions and other information. Since we must process and reconcile our information from multiple systems, the chance of errors is increased, and we may incur significant additional costs related thereto. Inconsistencies in the information from multiple ERP systems could adversely impact our ability to manage our business efficiently and may result in heightened risk to our ability to maintain our books and records and comply with regulatory requirements. We expect to transition the Axiall systems to Westlake's ERP systems. The transition involves numerous risks, including:
diversion of management's attention away from normal daily business operations;
delays and cost overruns;
loss of or delays in accessing data;
increased demand on our operations support personnel;
initial dependence on unfamiliar systems while training personnel to use new systems; and
increased operating expenses resulting from training, conversion and transition support activities.
Any of the foregoing could result in a material increase in information technology compliance or other related costs and could materially negatively impact our operations. In addition, any failures in the transition to Westlake's ERP system could delay and/or impede our ability to order materials and services, manufacture products, fill and ship customer orders, invoice customers, generate management reports and timely prepare consolidated financial statements and maintain appropriate internal control over financial reporting, and thus, could unfavorably impact our operations and regulatory compliance in a significant manner.
Failure to adequately protect critical data and technology systems could materially affect our operations.
Information technology system failures, network disruptions and breaches of data security could disrupt our operations by causing delays or cancellation of customer orders, impede the manufacture or shipment of products or cause standard business processes to become ineffective, resulting in the unintentional disclosure of information or damage to our reputation. While we have taken steps to address these concerns by implementing network security and internal control measures, there can be no assurance that a system failure, network disruption or data security breach will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flow.flows.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange and interest rates could affect our consolidated financial results.
We earn revenues, pay expenses, own assets and incur liabilities in countries using currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Because our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, we must translate revenues and expenses into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rate during each reporting period, as well as assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the end of each reporting period. Therefore, increases or decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar against other major currencies will affect our net revenues, operating income and the value of balance sheet items denominated in foreign currencies. Because of the geographic diversity of our operations, weaknesses in various currencies might occur in one or many of such currencies over time. From time to time, we may use derivative financial instruments to further reduce our net exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations. However, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, such as the recent strengthening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies, including, in particular, the Canadian dollar, could nevertheless materially adversely affect our financial results.
In addition, we are exposed to volatility in interest rates. When appropriate, we may use derivative financial instruments to reduce our exposure to interest rate risks. However, our financial risk management program may not be successful in reducing the risks inherent in exposures to interest rate fluctuations.
Our property insurance has only partial coverage for acts of terrorism and, in the event of terrorist attack, we could lose net sales and our facilities.
As a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and other events, our insurance carriers created certain exclusions for losses from terrorism from our property insurance policies. While separate terrorism insurance coverage is available, premiums for full coverage are very expensive, especially for chemical facilities, and the policies are subject to high deductibles. Available terrorism coverage typically excludes coverage for losses from acts of war and from acts of foreign governments as well as nuclear, biological and chemical attacks. We have determined that it is not economically prudent to obtain full terrorism insurance, especially given the significant risks that are not covered by such insurance. Where feasible we have secured some limited terrorism insurance coverage on our property where insurers have included it in their overall programs. In the event of a terrorist attack impacting one or more of our facilities, we could lose the net sales from the facilities and the facilities themselves, and could become liable for any contamination or for personal or property damage due to exposure to hazardous materials caused by any catastrophic release that may result from a terrorist attack.
Despite the fact that Westlake Partners is organized as a limited partnership under Delaware law, it would be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes unless it satisfies a "qualifying income" requirement (the "Qualifying Income
Exception") under Section 7704 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). Failure to meet the Qualifying Income Exception would cause Westlake Partners to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Prior to its initial public offering, Westlake Partners requested and obtained a favorable private letter ruling from the IRS to the effect that, based on facts presented in the private letter ruling request, income from the production, transportation, storage and marketing of ethylene and its co-products constitutes "qualifying income" within the meaning of Section 7704 of the Code. Failure to meet the Qualifying Income Exception or a change in current law could cause Westlake Partners to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise subject Westlake Partners to taxation as an entity.
We will be controlled by our principal stockholder and its affiliates as long as they own a majority of our common stock, and our other stockholders will be unable to affect the outcome of stockholder voting during that time. Our interests may conflict with those of the principal stockholder and its affiliates, and we may not be able to resolve these conflicts on terms possible in arms-length transactions.
As long as TTWF LP (the "principal stockholder") and its affiliates (the "principal stockholder affiliates") own a majority of our outstanding common stock, they will be able to exert significant control over us, and our other stockholders, by themselves, will not be able to affect the outcome of any stockholder vote. As a result, the principal stockholder, subject to any fiduciary duty owed to our minority stockholders under Delaware law, will be able to control all matters affecting us (some of which may present conflicts of interest), including:
the composition of our boardBoard of directorsDirectors and, through the board,Board, any determination with respect to our business direction and policies, including the appointment and removal of officers and the determination of compensation;
any determinations with respect to mergers or other business combinations or the acquisition or disposition of assets;
our financing decisions, capital raising activities and the payment of dividends; and
amendments to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws.
The principal stockholder will be permitted to transfer a controlling interest in us without being required to offer our other stockholders the ability to participate or realize a premium for their shares of common stock. A sale of a controlling interest to a third party may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and our business and results of operations because the change in control may result in a change of management decisions and business policy. Because we have elected not to be subject to Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, the principal stockholder may find it easier to sell its controlling interest to a third party than if we had not so elected.
In addition to any conflicts of interest that arise in the foregoing areas, our interests may conflict with those of the principal stockholder affiliates in a number of other areas, including:
business opportunities that may be presented to the principal stockholder affiliates and to our officers and directors associated with the principal stockholder affiliates, and competition between the principal stockholder affiliates and us within the same lines of business;
the solicitation and hiring of employees from each other; and
agreements with the principal stockholder affiliates relating to corporate services that may be material to our business.
We may not be able to resolve any potential conflicts with the principal stockholder affiliates, and even if we do, the resolution may be less favorable than if we were dealing with an unaffiliated party, particularly if the conflicts are resolved while we are controlled by the principal stockholder affiliates. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the principal stockholder affiliates have no duty to refrain from engaging in activities or lines of business similar to ours and that the principal stockholder affiliates will not be liable to us or our stockholders for failing to present specified corporate opportunities to us.
Cautionary Statements about Forward Looking Statements
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides safe harbor provisions for forward-looking information. Certain of the statements contained in this Form 10-K are forward-looking statements. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this Form 10-K that address activities, events or developments that we expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as "believes," "intends," "may," "should," "could," "anticipates," "expected" or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategies or trends. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot give any assurances that these expectations will prove to be correct. Forward-looking statements relate to matters such as:
future operating rates, margins, cash flow and demand for our products;
industry market outlook, including the price of crude oil;
production capacities;
currency devaluation;
our ability to borrow additional funds under our credit facility;
our ability to meet our liquidity needs;
our ability to meet debt obligations under our debt instruments;
our intended quarterly dividends;
future capacity additions and expansions in the industry;
timing, funding and results of capital projects, such as the expansion program at our Lake Charles facility;
results of acquisitions, such as the Vinnolit acquisition;
health of our customer base;
pension plan obligations, funding requirements and investment policies;
compliance with present and future environmental regulations and costs associated with environmentally related penalties, capital expenditures, remedial actions and proceedings, including any new laws, regulations or treaties that may come into force to limit or control carbon dioxide and other GHG emissions or to address other issues of climate change;
effects of pending legal proceedings; and
timing of and amount of capital expenditures.
We have based these statements on assumptions and analyses in light of our experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors we believe were appropriate in the circumstances when the statements were made. Forward-looking statements by their nature involve substantial risks and uncertainties that could significantly impact expected results, and actual future results could differ materially from those described in such statements. While it is not possible to identify all factors, we continue to face many risks and uncertainties. Among the factors that could cause actual future results to differ materially are the risks and uncertainties discussed under "Risk Factors" and those described from time to time in our other filings with the SEC including, but not limited to, the following:
general economic and business conditions;
the cyclical nature of the chemical industry;
the availability, cost and volatility of raw materials and energy;
uncertainties associated with the United States, European and worldwide economies, including those due to political tensions and unrest in the Middle East, the Commonwealth of Independent States (including Ukraine) and elsewhere;
current and potential governmental regulatory actions in the United States and Europe and regulatory actions and political unrest in other countries;
industry production capacity and operating rates;
the supply/demand balance for our products;
competitive products and pricing pressures;
instability in the credit and financial markets;
access to capital markets;
terrorist acts;
operating interruptions (including leaks, explosions, fires, weather-related incidents, mechanical failure, unscheduled downtime, labor difficulties, transportation interruptions, spills and releases and other environmental risks);
changes in laws or regulations;
technological developments;
our ability to integrate acquired businesses;
foreign currency exchange risks;
our ability to implement our business strategies; and
creditworthiness of our customers.
Many of such factors are beyond our ability to control or predict. Any of the factors, or a combination of these factors, could materially affect our future results of operations and the ultimate accuracy of the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of our future performance, and our actual results and future developments may differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Management cautions against putting undue reliance
on forward-looking statements or projecting any future results based on such statements or present or prior earnings levels. Every forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of the particular statement, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
Our principal manufacturing facilities and principal products are set forth below. Except as noted, we own each of these facilities.
|
| | |
| Location | | Principal Products |
| Lake Charles, Louisiana | | Ethylene, polyethylene, styrene, VCM, chlorine, caustic soda, chlorinated derivative products, electricity |
Longview, Texas (1) | | Polyethylene, polyethylene wax |
Calvert City, Kentucky (2) | | PVC, VCM, EDC, chlorine, caustic soda, ethylene |
| Plaquemine, Louisiana | | PVC, pipeVCM, chlorine, caustic soda, electricity |
| Geismar, Louisiana | | PVC, VCM, EDC, chlorine, caustic soda |
Gendorf, Bavaria, Germany (1) | | PVC, VCM, EDC, chlorine, caustic soda |
Burghausen, Bavaria, Germany (1) | | PVC |
Knapsack, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (1) | | PVC, VCM, EDC, chlorine, caustic soda |
Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (1) | | PVC |
Schkopau, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany (1)
| | PVC |
Hillhouse, Lancashire, United Kingdom (1)
| | PVC |
Booneville, Mississippi | | PVC pipe |
Greensboro, Georgia | | PVC pipe |
Janesville, Wisconsin | | PVC pipe |
Leola, Pennsylvania | | PVC pipe |
Litchfield, Illinois (3)
| | PVC pipe |
Wichita Falls, Texas | | PVC pipe |
Yucca, Arizona | | PVC pipe |
Lodi, California | | PVC pipe and fittings |
McPherson, Kansas | | PVC pipe and fittings |
Evansville, Indiana | | Fence and deck components |
Calgary, Alberta, Canada (4)
| | Window and door components |
| |
| (1) | We lease the land on which our facilities are located. |
| |
| (2) | We lease a portion of the land on which our Calvert City facility is located. |
| |
(3) | Facility currently idled. |
| |
(4) | We lease our Calgary facility. |
Olefins
Our olefins facility at our Lake Charles site consists of three tracts on over 1,400approximately 1,700 acres in Lake Charles, each within twothree miles of one another. The site includes two ethylene plants, which are owned by OpCo, two polyethylene plants and a styrene monomer plant. The combined capacity of OpCo's two Lake Charles ethylene plants is approximately 2.73.0 billion pounds per year. The capacity of our two polyethylene plants is approximately 1.5 billion pounds per year and the capacity of our styrene plant is approximately 570 million pounds per year. One of our polyethylene plants has two production units that use gas phase technology with the capability to manufacture both LLDPE and HDPE. Prior to the initial public offering of Westlake Partners, we completed the expansion of the Petro 2 ethylene unit at our Lake Charles site and its conversion to 100% ethane feedstock capability. OpCo currently plans to upgrade and expand the capacity of the Petro 1 ethylene unit at our Lake Charles site during the first half of 2016.
Our Lake Charles site includes a marine terminal that provides for worldwide shipping capabilities. The site also is located near rail transportation facilities, which allows for efficient delivery of raw materials and prompt shipment of our
products to customers. In addition, the site is connected by pipeline systems to our ethylene feedstock sources in both Texas and Louisiana. Within the site, OpCo's ethylene plants are connected by pipeline systems to our polyethylene and styrene plants.
Our Longview site consists of three polyethylene plants, a specialty polyethylene wax plant, and a 200-mile ethylene pipeline owned by OpCo that runs from Mont Belvieu to our Longview site. The plants are located inside a large Eastman Chemical Company ("Eastman") facility where Eastman produces a number of other chemical products. We can access ethylene to support our polyethylene operations either by purchasing ethylene from Eastman at the site or by transporting ethylene from OpCo's Lake Charles plant into the Gulf Coast grid and by transporting ethylene through our ethylene pipeline into our Longview facility. The technologies we use to produce polyethylene at Longview are similar to the technologies that we employ at Lake Charles. The Longview facility has a total capacity of approximately 1.1 billion pounds per year.
Vinyls
Our Calvert City site is situated on approximately 590750 acres on the Tennessee River in Kentucky and includes an ethylene plant, which is owned by OpCo, a chlor-alkali plant, a VCM plant a PVC plant and a large diameter PVC pipe plant. The capacity of OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant is 630approximately 730 million pounds per year and the capacity of our chlor-alkali plant is approximately 550 million pounds of chlorine and 605 million pounds of caustic soda per year. Our chlorine plant utilizes efficient, state-of-the-art membrane technology. Our VCM plant has a capacity of 1.3approximately 1.5 billion pounds per year and our Calvert City PVC plant has a capacity of 1.3approximately 1.5 billion pounds per year. In April 2014, we completed a feedstock conversion and ethyleneJanuary 2016, OpCo announced an expansion project at OpCo's Calvert Cityto increase the ethylene plant. With the completioncapacity of this project, OpCo's Calvert Cityits ethylene plant now utilizes relatively low-cost ethane feedstock. In addition, in 2014, we completed the expansion of the existing PVC plant in Calvert City, which allowed us to take advantage of OpCo's increase in ethylene production at our Calvert City sitefacility. The expansion was completed in 2017 and, to provide additional PVC resin to meet the growing demands of our global customers.along with other initiatives, increased ethylene capacity by approximately 100 million pounds annually.
Our vinyls facility at our Lake Charles site consists of two tracts of land making up approximately 1,690 acres, each within three miles of the other. The site operates a diverse portfolio of manufacturing plants, including three chlor-alkali plants, two VCM plants, a chlorinated derivative products plant and cogeneration assets. Our Lake Charles chlor-alkali plants are designed to produce approximately 2.8 billion pounds of chlorine and approximately 3.0 billion pounds of caustic soda per year. Our chlorine plants utilize both membrane and diaphragm technology. Our Lake Charles VCM plants have a capacity of approximately 2.1 billion pounds per year and our chlorinated derivative products plants have a capacity of approximately 715 million pounds per year. Our Lake Charles cogeneration assets have the capacity to generate approximately 420 Megawatts of electricity per year.
Our Plaquemine site is located on approximately 860 acres on the west bank of the Mississippi River in Iberville Parish and includes a chlor-alkali plant, a VCM plant, a PVC plant and cogeneration assets. The capacity of Plaquemine's chlor-alkali plant is approximately 940 million pounds of chlorine and approximately 1.0 billion pounds of caustic soda per year. Our chlorine plant utilizes diaphragm technology. Our Plaquemine VCM plant has a capacity of approximately 1.6 billion pounds per year and our PVC plant has a capacity of approximately 1.9 billion pounds per year. Our Plaquemine cogeneration assets have the capacity to generate approximately 240 Megawatts of electricity per year.
Our Geismar site is situated on 184approximately 185 acres on the east bank of the Mississippi River and includes a chlor-alkali plant, a VCM plant and a PVC plant. Our Geismar chlor-alkali plant is designed to produce up toapproximately 700 million pounds of chlorine and approximately 770 million pounds of caustic soda per year. Our chlorine plant utilizes efficient, state-of-the-art membrane technology. Our Geismar VCM plant has a capacity of 550approximately 850 million pounds per year and our Geismar PVC plant has a capacity of 600approximately 730 million pounds per year.
Our other North American vinyls manufacturing sites consist of facilities in Natrium, Longview and Beauharnois and include five chlor-alkali plants and four chlorinated derivative products plants. In addition, we have PVC resin and PVC compounds facilities located in Aberdeen, Gallman, Madison and Prairie, Mississippi. The chlor-alkali plants have a combined capacity of approximately 1.0 billion pounds of chlorine and approximately 1.1 billion pounds of caustic soda per year, the PVC plant has a capacity of approximately 1.0 billion pounds per year and our chlorinated derivative products plants have a combined capacity of approximately 1.3 billion pounds per year.
Our European vinyls manufacturing sites consist of five facilities in Germany and one facility in the United Kingdom, and include two state-of-the-art membrane chlor-alkali plants, two VCM plants and six PVC plants. The chlor-alkali plants have a combined capacity of approximately 950 million pounds of chlorine and approximately 1.0 billion pounds of caustic soda per year, the VCM plants have a combined capacity of approximately 1.5 billion pounds per year and the PVC plants have a combined capacity of approximately 1.7 billion pounds per year.
As of February 18, 2015,14, 2018, we owned 1224 building products plants, consisting of eight13 PVC pipe plants, eight siding, trim and mouldings plants, two specialty PVC pipe and foundation building products plants and two profilesprofile plants producing PVC fence, decking, windows and door profiles.profiles and one film and sheet plant. The majority of our plants are strategically located near major markets and serve customers throughout the United States, Canada and Canada.Asia. The combined capacity of our building product plants is 1.2approximately 2.0 billion pounds per year.
We believe our current facilities and announced expansions are adequate to meet the requirements of our present and foreseeable future operations. In addition, we have 19 company-owned building products distribution branches in Canada.
Headquarters
Our principal executive offices are located in Houston, Texas. OurSome of our office space is leased, at market rates, from an affiliate of our principal stockholder. See Note 1718 to the audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K and "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions" in our proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A with respect to our 20152018 annual meeting of stockholders (the "Proxy Statement").
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
In addition to the matters described under Item 1, "Business—1. Business—Environmental and Other Regulation,"Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K, we are involved in various legal proceedings incidental to the conduct of our business. We do not believe that any of these legal proceedings will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure
Not Applicable.
Executive Officers of the Registrant
James Chao (age 67)70). Mr. Chao has been our Chairman of the Board of Directors since July 2004 and became a director in June 2003. From May 1996 to July 2004, he served as our Vice Chairman. Mr. Chao also has responsibility for the oversight of our Vinyls business. Mr. Chao has over 4045 years of global experience in the chemical industry. In addition, Mr. Chao has been the Chairman of the Board of Westlake Partners' general partner since its formation in March 2014. From June 2003 until November 2010, Mr. Chao was the executive chairman of Titan Chemicals Corp. Bhd. He has served as a Special Assistant to the Chairman of China General Plastics Group and worked in various financial, managerial and technical positions at Mattel Incorporated, Developmental Bank of Singapore, Singapore Gulf Plastics Pte. Ltd. and Gulf Oil Corporation. Mr. Chao, along with his brother Albert Chao, assisted their father T.T. Chao in founding Westlake Chemical Corporation. Mr. Chao is on the board of Baylor College of Medicine and KIPP (Knowledge Is Power Program). Mr. Chao received his B.S. degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an M.B.A. from Columbia University.
Albert Chao (age 65)68). Mr. Chao has been our President since May 1996 and a director since June 2003. Mr. Chao became our Chief Executive Officer in July 2004. Mr. Chao has over 40 years of global experience in the chemical industry. In 1985, Mr. Chao assisted his father T.T. Chao and his brother James Chao in founding Westlake Chemical Corporation, where he served as Executive Vice President until he succeeded James Chao as President. In addition, Mr. Chao has been the President, Chief Executive Officer and a director of Westlake Partners' general partner since its formation in March 2014. He has held positions in the Controller's Group of Mobil Oil Corporation, in the Technical Department of Hercules Incorporated, in the Plastics Group of Gulf Oil Corporation and has served as Assistant to the Chairman of China General Plastics Group and Deputy Managing Director of a plastics fabrication business in Singapore. Mr. Chao is a trustee of Rice University. Mr. Chao received a bachelor's degree from Brandeis University and an M.B.A. from Columbia University.
M. Steven Bender (age 58)61). Mr. Bender has been our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since July 2017. From February 2008 to July 2017, Mr. Bender served as our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer andOfficer. In addition, Mr. Bender served as our Treasurer sincefrom July 2011 to April 2017, a position he also held from February 2008.2008 until December 2010. From February 2007 to February 2008, Mr. Bender served as our Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer and from June 2005 to February 2007, he served as our Vice President and Treasurer. In addition, Mr. Bender has been the Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and a director of Westlake Partners' general partner since its formation in March 2014. From2014, and its Treasurer since April 2015. Prior to joining Westlake, from June 2002 until June 2005, Mr. Bender served as Vice President and Treasurer of KBR, Inc., and from 1996 to 2002 he held the position of Assistant Treasurer for Halliburton Company. Prior to that, he held various financial positions within that company. Additionally, he was employed by Texas Eastern Corporation for over a decade in a variety of increasingly responsible audit, finance and treasury positions. Mr. Bender received a Bachelor of Business Administration from Texas A&M University and an M.B.A. from Southern Methodist University. Mr. Bender is also a Certified Public Accountant.
Robert F. Buesinger (age 58)61). Mr. Buesinger has been our Executive Vice President, Vinyl Products since July 2017. From April 2010 to July 2017, Mr. Buesinger served as our Senior Vice President, Vinyls since joining us in April 2010.Vinyls. Prior to joining us, Mr. Buesinger served as the General Manager and President of Chevron Phillips Chemical Company L.P.'s Performance Pipe Division from February 2010 to March 2010. From June 2008 to January 2010, Mr. Buesinger held the position of General Manager in the Alpha Olefins and Poly Alpha Olefins business of Chevron Phillips Chemical Company L.P. From April 2005 to May 2008, he served as the President and Managing Director of Chevron Phillips Singapore Chemicals Pte. Ltd. and Asia Region General Manager for Chevron Phillips Chemical Company L.P. Prior to that, he held various technical and sales management positions within that company. Mr. Buesinger holds a B.S. in Chemical Engineering from Tulane University.
David R. Hansen (age 64). Mr. Hansen has been our Senior Vice President, Administration, since September 1999 and served as Vice President, Human Resources from 1993 to 1999. From August 2003 until July 2004 he was also our Secretary. In addition, Mr. Hansen has been the Senior Vice President, Administration, of Westlake Partners' general partner since July 2014. Prior to joining us in 1990, Mr. Hansen served as Director of Human Resources & Administration for Agrico Chemical Company and held various human resources and administrative management positions within the Williams Companies. He has over 30 years of administrative management experience in the oil, gas, energy, chemicals, pipeline, plastics and computer industries. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Social Science from the University of Utah and has completed extensive graduate work toward an M.S. in Human Resources Management.
Jeffrey L. Taylor (age 61). Mr. Taylor has been our Senior Vice President, Polyethylene since April 2008. From January 2003 to April 2008, Mr. Taylor served as our Vice President, Polyethylene. Mr. Taylor joined us in March 2002 as Manager, Polyethylene Marketing. Mr. Taylor joined us after a 25-year career with Chevron Phillips Chemical Company where he served as the Vice President, Polyethylene, Americas from 2000 to 2001 and Marketing Manager-Polyethylene from 1999 to 2000. During his career, he has held a variety of sales, marketing, operations and general management assignments. He is a graduate of the University of Delaware with a B.S. in Business Administration and a B.A. in Mathematics.
Lawrence E. (Skip) Teel (age 56)59). Mr. Teel has been our SeniorExecutive Vice President, Olefins since July 2014.2017. From July 2014 to July 2017, Mr. Teel served as our Senior Vice President, Olefins and, from July 2012 to July 2014, he served as our Vice President, Olefins. In addition, Mr. Teel has been the Senior Vice President, Olefins of Westlake Partners' general partner since July 2014. From July 2012 to July 2014, Mr. Teel served as our Vice President, Olefins. Mr. Teel joined us in September 2009 as Director, Olefins and Feedstock after a 23-year career with Lyondell Chemical Company where he served as the Vice President, Refining from August 2006 to May 2008. From 2001 to 2006, Mr. Teel held the position of Director, Corporate Planning and Business Development at Lyondell Chemical Company. During his career, he has held a variety of marketing, operations and general management assignments. Mr. Teel received a B.S. in Chemical Engineering from New Mexico State University and an M.S. in Finance from the University of Houston.
L. Benjamin Ederington (age 44)47). Mr. Ederington has been our Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Administrative Officer and Corporate Secretary since July 2017. From December 2015 to July 2017, Mr. Ederington served as our Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Administrative Officer and Corporate Secretary and, from October 2013 to December 2015, he served as our Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary since October 2013.Secretary. In addition, Mr. Ederington has been the Vice President, General Counsel, Corporate Secretary and a director of Westlake Partners' general partner since its formation in March 2014. Prior to joining Westlake, he held a variety of senior legal positions at LyondellBasell Industries, N.V. and its predecessor companies, LyondellBasell Industries AF SCA and Lyondell Chemical Company, including most recently as Associate General Counsel, Commercial & Strategic Transactions from March 2010 to September 2013, interim Director of Government Affairs from March 2010 to April 2011 and Lead Counsel, Chemicals from December 2007 to March 2010.2013. He began his legal career more than 1820 years ago at the law firm of Steptoe & Johnson, LLP. Mr. Ederington holds a B.A. from Yale University and received his J.D. from Harvard University.
Andrew Kenner (age 50)53). Mr. Kenner has been our Senior Vice President, Chemical Manufacturing since July 2008.2017. From July 2008 to July 2017, Mr. Kenner served as our Vice President, Manufacturing. Mr. Kenner joined us after a 19-year career at Valero Energy Corporation where he served as Vice President and General Manager of Valero's Delaware City Refinery from September 2005 to July 2008. From August 2004 to September 2005, Mr. Kenner held the position of Vice President and General Manager of Valero's Houston Refinery. Mr. Kenner holds a B.S. in Aerospace Engineering from Texas A&M University and a M.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin.
George J. Mangieri (age 64)67). Mr. Mangieri has been our Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer since July 2017. From February 2007. From2007 to July 2017, Mr. Mangieri served as our Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer and, from April 2000 to February 2007, he wasserved as our Vice President and Controller. In addition, Mr. Mangieri has been the Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer of Westlake Partners' general partner since its formation in March 2014. Prior to joining us, Mr. Mangieri served as Vice President and Controller of Zurn Industries, Inc. from 1998 to 2000. He previously was employed as Vice President and Controller for Imo Industries, Inc. in New Jersey, and spent over 10 years in public accounting with Ernst & Young LLP, where he served as Senior Manager. He received his Bachelor of Science degree from Monmouth College and is a Certified Public Accountant.
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Price Range of Common Stock
As of February 18, 2015,14, 2018, there were 4239 holders of record of our common stock. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "WLK." Set forth below are the high and low closing prices for our common stock, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange composite tape for the periods indicated and the cash dividends declared in these periods.
| | | | | High | | Low | | Cash Dividends Declared | | High | | Low | | Cash Dividends Declared |
| Year Ended December 31, 2014 | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended December 31, 2017 | | | | | | | |
| 4th Quarter | | $ | 83.43 |
| | $ | 53.67 |
| | $ | 0.1650 |
| | $ | 106.53 |
| | $ | 83.10 |
| | $ | 0.2100 |
|
| 3rd Quarter | | 97.96 |
| | 84.22 |
| | 0.1650 |
| | 83.55 |
| | 65.85 |
| | 0.2100 |
|
| 2nd Quarter | | 84.77 |
| | 62.36 |
| | 0.1260 |
| | 67.34 |
| | 60.09 |
| | 0.1906 |
|
| 1st Quarter | | 68.73 |
| | 57.66 |
| | 0.1260 |
| | 67.21 |
| | 57.29 |
| | 0.1906 |
|
| Year Ended December 31, 2013 | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended December 31, 2016 | | | | | | | |
4th Quarter (1) | | $ | 61.04 |
| | $ | 52.48 |
| | $ | 0.1125 |
| | $ | 59.17 |
| | $ | 49.84 |
| | $ | 0.1906 |
|
3rd Quarter (1) | | 53.41 |
| | 48.86 |
| | 0.1125 |
| | 53.50 |
| | 41.21 |
| | 0.1906 |
|
2nd Quarter (1) | | 48.97 |
| | 39.31 |
| | 0.0938 |
| | 52.22 |
| | 39.88 |
| | 0.1815 |
|
1st Quarter (1) | | 48.61 |
| | 40.87 |
| | 0.0938 |
| | 53.60 |
| | 41.01 |
| | 0.1815 |
|
| |
(1) | On February 14, 2014, our Board of Directors authorized a two-for-one split of our common stock. Stockholders of record as of February 28, 2014 were entitled to one additional share for every share outstanding, which was distributed on March 18, 2014. Per share data for the prior year periods have been restated to reflect the effect of a two-for-one stock split. |
OurThe $1.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility (the "Credit Agreement") and the indenture governing our senior notesthe Senior Notes restrict our ability to pay dividends or other distributions on our equity securities. However, the effectiveness of these restrictions in the indenture governing the senior notes is currently suspended because the senior notes are currently rated investment grade by at least two nationally recognized credit rating agencies. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt" for additional information.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information on our purchase of equity securities during the quarter ended December 31, 20142017:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Period | | Total Number of Shares Purchased | | Average Price Paid Per Share | | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) | | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1) |
| October 2014 | | 245,316 |
| | $ | 78.93 |
| | 245,316 |
| | $ | 13,234,000 |
|
| November 2014 | | 124,844 |
| | $ | 65.32 |
| | 124,844 |
| | $ | 255,080,000 |
|
| December 2014 | | 65,506 |
| | $ | 60.00 |
| | 65,506 |
| | $ | 251,150,000 |
|
| Total | | 435,666 |
| | $ | 72.18 |
| | 435,666 |
| | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Period | | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) | | Average Price Paid Per Share | | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2) | | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2) |
| October 2017 | | 3,202 |
| | $ | 83.28 |
| | — |
| | $ | 171,285,000 |
|
| November 2017 | | — |
| | $ | — |
| | — |
| | $ | 171,285,000 |
|
| December 2017 | | — |
| | $ | — |
| | — |
| | $ | 171,285,000 |
|
| Total | | 3,202 |
| | $ | 83.28 |
| | — |
| | |
| |
| (1) | On August 22, 2011, we announcedRepresents shares withheld in satisfaction of withholding taxes due upon the authorization byvesting of restricted stock units granted to our employees under the 2013 Plan.
|
| |
| (2) | In November 2014, our Board of Directors ofauthorized a $100.0$250 million stock repurchase program.program (the "2014 Program"). In November 2015, our Board of Directors approved the expansion of the 2014 Program by an additional $150 million. As of December 31, 2014, 1,924,7132017, 4,193,598 shares (on a post-split basis) of our common stock had been acquired at an aggregate purchase price of approximately $98.9 million. On November 21,$229 million under the 2014 our Board of Directors approved a new $250.0 million stock repurchase program.Program. Transaction fees and commissions are not reported in the average price paid per share in the table above. Decisions regarding the amount and the timing of purchases under the program2014 Program will be influenced by our cash on hand, our cash flows from operations, general market conditions and other factors. The 2014 Program may be discontinued by our Board of Directors at any time. |
influenced by our cash on hand, our cash flow from operations, general market conditions and other factors. These programs may be discontinued by our Board of Directors at any time.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
Securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans are as follows:
| | | Plan Category | | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a) | | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b) | | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c) | | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a) | | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b) | | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c) |
| Equity compensation plans approved by security holders | | 1,179,402 |
| | $ | 24.89 |
| | 5,927,625 |
| | 1,933,467 |
| | $ | 26.95 |
| | 4,855,527 |
|
| Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders | | N/A |
| | N/A |
| | N/A |
| | N/A |
| | N/A |
| | N/A |
|
| Total | | 1,179,402 |
| | $ | 24.89 |
| | 5,927,625 |
| | 1,933,467 |
| | $ | 26.95 |
| | 4,855,527 |
|
Other information regarding our equity compensation plans is set forth in the section entitled "Executive Compensation" in our Proxy Statement, which information is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 6. Selected Financial and Operational Data (1)
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | (dollars in thousands, except share amounts, per share data and volume data) | | (dollars in millions, except share amounts, per share data and volume data) |
| Statement of Operations Data: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net sales | | $ | 4,415,350 |
| | $ | 3,759,484 |
| | $ | 3,571,041 |
| | $ | 3,619,848 |
| | $ | 3,171,787 |
| | $ | 8,041 |
| | $ | 5,076 |
| | $ | 4,463 |
| | $ | 4,415 |
| | $ | 3,759 |
|
| Gross profit | | 1,317,350 |
| | 1,101,438 |
| | 736,960 |
| | 559,006 |
| | 482,683 |
| | 1,769 |
| | 981 |
| | 1,185 |
| | 1,317 |
| | 1,101 |
|
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | | 193,359 |
| | 147,974 |
| | 121,609 |
| | 112,210 |
| | 104,319 |
| | 399 |
| | 258 |
| | 218 |
| | 179 |
| | 144 |
|
| Amortization of intangibles | | | 108 |
| | 38 |
| | 7 |
| | 5 |
| | 4 |
|
| Transaction and integration-related costs | | | 29 |
| | 104 |
| | — |
| | 9 |
| | — |
|
| Income from operations | | 1,123,991 |
| | 953,464 |
| | 615,351 |
| | 446,796 |
| | 378,364 |
| | 1,233 |
| | 581 |
| | 960 |
| | 1,124 |
| | 953 |
|
| Interest expense | | (37,352 | ) | | (18,082 | ) | | (43,049 | ) | | (50,992 | ) | | (39,875 | ) | | (159 | ) | | (79 | ) | | (35 | ) | | (37 | ) | | (18 | ) |
| Debt retirement costs | | — |
| | — |
| | (7,082 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| |
| Gain from sales of equity securities | | — |
| | — |
| | 16,429 |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
Other (expense) income, net (2) | | (2,721 | ) | | 6,790 |
| | 3,520 |
| | 5,628 |
| | 4,471 |
| |
Other income (expense), net (2) | | | 7 |
| | 56 |
| | 38 |
| | (3 | ) | | 7 |
|
| Income before income taxes | | 1,083,918 |
| | 942,172 |
| | 585,169 |
| | 401,432 |
| | 342,960 |
| | 1,081 |
| | 558 |
| | 963 |
| | 1,084 |
| | 942 |
|
| Provision for income taxes | | 398,902 |
| | 331,747 |
| | 199,614 |
| | 142,466 |
| | 121,567 |
| |
| Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | | | (258 | ) | | 138 |
| | 298 |
| | 399 |
| | 332 |
|
| Net income | | 685,016 |
| | 610,425 |
| | 385,555 |
| | 258,966 |
| | 221,393 |
| | 1,339 |
| | 420 |
| | 665 |
| | 685 |
| | 610 |
|
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | | 6,493 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 35 |
| | 21 |
| | 19 |
| | 6 |
| | — |
|
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 678,523 |
| | $ | 610,425 |
| | $ | 385,555 |
| | $ | 258,966 |
| | $ | 221,393 |
| | $ | 1,304 |
| | $ | 399 |
| | $ | 646 |
| | $ | 679 |
| | $ | 610 |
|
Earnings Per Share Attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation: (3) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Basic | | $ | 5.09 |
| | $ | 4.57 |
| | $ | 2.89 |
| | $ | 1.95 |
| | $ | 1.68 |
| | $ | 10.05 |
| | $ | 3.07 |
| | $ | 4.88 |
| | $ | 5.09 |
| | $ | 4.57 |
|
| Diluted | | $ | 5.07 |
| | $ | 4.55 |
| | $ | 2.88 |
| | $ | 1.94 |
| | $ | 1.67 |
| | $ | 10.00 |
| | $ | 3.06 |
| | $ | 4.86 |
| | $ | 5.07 |
| | $ | 4.55 |
|
Weighted average shares outstanding (3) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Basic | | 133,111,230 |
| | 133,224,256 |
| | 132,578,858 |
| | 131,854,842 |
| | 130,945,750 |
| | 129,087,043 |
| | 129,367,712 |
| | 131,823,707 |
| | 133,111,230 |
| | 133,224,256 |
|
| Diluted | | 133,643,414 |
| | 133,779,250 |
| | 133,282,990 |
| | 132,600,316 |
| | 131,353,328 |
| | 129,540,013 |
| | 129,974,822 |
| | 132,301,812 |
| | 133,643,414 |
| | 133,779,250 |
|
| Balance Sheet Data (end of period): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 880,601 |
| | $ | 461,301 |
| | $ | 790,078 |
| | $ | 825,901 |
| | $ | 630,299 |
| | $ | 1,531 |
| | $ | 459 |
| | $ | 663 |
| | $ | 881 |
| | $ | 461 |
|
| Marketable securities | | — |
| | 239,388 |
| | 124,873 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 520 |
| | — |
| | 239 |
|
| Restricted cash | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 96,283 |
| | 150,288 |
| | 1 |
| | 161 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Working capital (4) | | 1,474,107 |
| | 1,244,224 |
| | 1,352,903 |
| | 1,391,561 |
| | 1,152,382 |
| | 1,496 |
| | 1,225 |
| | 1,652 |
| | 1,475 |
| | 1,244 |
|
| Total assets | | 5,213,990 |
| | 4,060,909 |
| | 3,412,196 |
| | 3,266,821 |
| | 2,954,144 |
| | 12,076 |
| | 10,890 |
| | 5,569 |
| | 5,208 |
| | 4,054 |
|
| Total debt | | 763,997 |
| | 763,879 |
| | 763,761 |
| | 764,563 |
| | 764,482 |
| |
| Total long-term debt, net | | | 3,127 |
| | 3,679 |
| | 758 |
| | 758 |
| | 757 |
|
Total Westlake Chemical Corporation stockholders' equity | | 2,911,511 |
| | 2,418,603 |
| | 1,872,256 |
| | 1,756,312 |
| | 1,505,070 |
| | 4,874 |
| | 3,524 |
| | 3,266 |
| | 2,912 |
| | 2,419 |
|
Cash dividends declared per share (3) (5) | | $ | 0.5820 |
| | $ | 0.4125 |
| | $ | 2.1363 |
| | $ | 0.1373 |
| | $ | 0.1210 |
| |
Cash dividends declared per share (3) | | | $ | 0.8012 |
| | $ | 0.7442 |
| | $ | 0.6930 |
| | $ | 0.5820 |
| | $ | 0.4125 |
|
| Other Operating Data: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash flow from: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash flows from: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Operating activities | | $ | 1,032,376 |
| | $ | 752,729 |
| | $ | 612,087 |
| | $ | 358,935 |
| | $ | 282,958 |
| | $ | 1,538 |
| | $ | 834 |
| | $ | 1,079 |
| | $ | 1,032 |
| | $ | 753 |
|
| Investing activities | | (773,205 | ) | | (1,002,238 | ) | | (466,971 | ) | | (202,785 | ) | | (80,275 | ) | | (652 | ) | | (2,563 | ) | | (1,006 | ) | | (773 | ) | | (1,002 | ) |
| Financing activities | | 164,640 |
| | (79,268 | ) | | (180,939 | ) | | 39,452 |
| | 182,024 |
| | 160 |
| | 1,533 |
| | (287 | ) | | 165 |
| | (80 | ) |
| Depreciation and amortization | | 208,486 |
| | 157,808 |
| | 144,541 |
| | 131,397 |
| | 128,732 |
| | 601 |
| | 378 |
| | 246 |
| | 208 |
| | 158 |
|
| Capital expenditures | | 431,104 |
| | 679,222 |
| | 386,882 |
| | 176,843 |
| | 81,269 |
| | 577 |
| | 629 |
| | 491 |
| | 431 |
| | 679 |
|
EBITDA (6)(5) | | 1,329,756 |
| | 1,118,062 |
| | 772,759 |
| | 583,821 |
| | 511,567 |
| | 1,841 |
| | 1,015 |
| | 1,244 |
| | 1,329 |
| | 1,118 |
|
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | (dollars in thousands, except share amounts, per share data and volume data) | | (dollars in millions, except share amounts, per share data and volume data) |
External Sales Volume (millions of pounds): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Olefins Segment | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Polyethylene | | 2,364 |
| | 2,244 |
| | 2,230 |
| | 2,272 |
| | 2,320 |
| | 2,363 |
| | 2,392 |
| | 2,445 |
| | 2,364 |
| | 2,244 |
|
| Styrene, feedstock and other | | 941 |
| | 1,094 |
| | 925 |
| | 753 |
| | 938 |
| | 828 |
| | 794 |
| | 1,182 |
| | 941 |
| | 1,094 |
|
| Vinyls Segment | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| PVC, caustic soda and other | | 3,174 |
| | 1,995 |
| | 1,822 |
| | 1,749 |
| | 1,542 |
| | 15,997 |
| | 8,118 |
| | 5,026 |
| | 3,174 |
| | 1,995 |
|
| Building products | | 572 |
| | 487 |
| | 423 |
| | 403 |
| | 593 |
| | 1,193 |
| | 770 |
| | 629 |
| | 572 |
| | 487 |
|
| |
| (1) | The historical selected financial and operational data should be read together with Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data included in this Form 10-K. |
| |
| (2) | Other income (expense) income,, net is composed of the realized gain from previously held outstanding shares of common stock of Axiall, financing costs incurred in connection with the Merger, interest income, income or loss from equity method investments, dividend income, gains or losses from sales of securities, foreign exchange currency gains or losses, gain on acquisition, impairment of equity method investment,investments, management fee income and other gains and losses. |
| |
| (3) | On February 14, 2014, our Board of Directors authorized a two-for-one split of our common stock. Stockholders of record as of February 28, 2014 were entitled to one additional share for every share outstanding, which was distributed on March 18, 2014. All share amounts and per share data for the prior yearsyear ended December 31, 2013 have been restated to reflect the effect of athe two-for-one stock split. |
| |
| (4) | Working capital equals current assets less current liabilities. |
| |
| (5) | Cash dividends declared for the year ended December 31, 2012 includes a special dividend of $1.875 per share (on a post-split basis) paid on December 12, 2012. |
| |
(6) | EBITDA (a non-GAAP financial measure) is calculated as net income before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. The body of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States is commonly referred to as "GAAP." For this purpose a non-GAAP financial measure is generally defined by the SECSecurities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") as one that purports to measure historical and future financial performance, financial position or cash flows, but excludes or includes amounts that would not be so adjusted in the most comparable GAAP measures. We have included EBITDA in this Form 10-K because our management considers it an important supplemental measure of our performance and believes that it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in our industry, some of which present EBITDA when reporting their results. We regularly evaluate our performance as compared to other companies in our industry that have different financing and capital structures and/or tax rates by using EBITDA. EBITDA allows for meaningful company-to-company performance comparisons by adjusting for factors such as interest expense, depreciation and amortization and taxes, which often vary from company to company. In addition, we utilize EBITDA in evaluating acquisition targets. Management also believes that EBITDA is a useful tool for measuring our ability to meet our future debt service, capital expenditures and working capital requirements, and EBITDA is commonly used by us and our investors to measure our ability to service indebtedness. EBITDA is not a substitute for the GAAP measures of earnings or of cash flowflows and is not necessarily a measure of our ability to fund our cash needs. In addition, it should be noted that companies calculate EBITDA differently and, therefore, EBITDA as presented in this Form 10-K may not be comparable to EBITDA reported by other companies. EBITDA has material limitations as a performance measure because it excludes (1) interest expense, which is a necessary element of our costs and ability to generate revenues because we have borrowed money to finance our operations, (2) depreciation, which is a necessary element of our costs and ability to generate revenues because we use capital assets and (3) income taxes, which is a necessary element of our operations. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using EBITDA only supplementally. The following table reconciles EBITDA to net income (loss) and to net cash flow fromprovided by operating activities. |
Reconciliation of EBITDA to Net Income and
to Net Cash Flow fromProvided by Operating Activities
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | (dollars in thousands) |
| EBITDA | | $ | 1,329,756 |
| | $ | 1,118,062 |
| | $ | 772,759 |
| | $ | 583,821 |
| | $ | 511,567 |
|
| Less: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Provision for income taxes | | (398,902 | ) | | (331,747 | ) | | (199,614 | ) | | (142,466 | ) | | (121,567 | ) |
| Interest expense | | (37,352 | ) | | (18,082 | ) | | (43,049 | ) | | (50,992 | ) | | (39,875 | ) |
| Depreciation and amortization | | (208,486 | ) | | (157,808 | ) | | (144,541 | ) | | (131,397 | ) | | (128,732 | ) |
| Net income | | 685,016 |
| | 610,425 |
| | 385,555 |
| | 258,966 |
| | 221,393 |
|
Changes in operating assets and liabilities and other | | 273,083 |
| | 34,453 |
| | 244,683 |
| | 76,898 |
| | 40,134 |
|
| (Income) loss from equity method investments | | (424 | ) | | 199 |
| | 3,005 |
| | (427 | ) | | (2,212 | ) |
Windfall tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | | (6,704 | ) | | (5,449 | ) | | (11,967 | ) | | (3,361 | ) | | (326 | ) |
| Deferred income taxes | | 58,967 |
| | 93,732 |
| | (5,793 | ) | | 14,114 |
| | 14,153 |
|
| Write-off of debt issuance costs | | — |
| | — |
| | 1,277 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Impairment of equity method investment | | 6,747 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Impairment of long-lived assets | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,975 |
| | — |
|
| Gain from sales of equity securities | | — |
| | — |
| | (16,429 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Loss from disposition of fixed assets | | 4,181 |
| | 5,039 |
| | 3,886 |
| | 1,375 |
| | 581 |
|
| Stock-based compensation expense | | 9,261 |
| | 6,966 |
| | 6,127 |
| | 6,391 |
| | 6,164 |
|
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | | 1,673 |
| | 1,459 |
| | 1,514 |
| | 1,683 |
| | 2,154 |
|
| Provision for doubtful accounts | | 301 |
| | 5,514 |
| | 229 |
| | 1,321 |
| | 917 |
|
| Other loss, net | | 275 |
| | 391 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Cash flows from operating activities | | $ | 1,032,376 |
| | $ | 752,729 |
| | $ | 612,087 |
| | $ | 358,935 |
| | $ | 282,958 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | (dollars in millions) |
| Net cash provided by operating activities | | $ | 1,538 |
| | $ | 834 |
| | $ | 1,079 |
| | $ | 1,032 |
| | $ | 753 |
|
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
and other | | (733 | ) | | (313 | ) | | (374 | ) | | (288 | ) | | (49 | ) |
| Deferred income taxes | | 534 |
| | (101 | ) | | (40 | ) | | (59 | ) | | (94 | ) |
| Net income | | 1,339 |
| | 420 |
| | 665 |
| | 685 |
| | 610 |
|
| Add: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Depreciation and amortization | | 601 |
| | 378 |
| | 246 |
| | 208 |
| | 158 |
|
| Interest expense | | 159 |
| | 79 |
| | 35 |
| | 37 |
| | 18 |
|
| Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | | (258 | ) | | 138 |
| | 298 |
| | 399 |
| | 332 |
|
| EBITDA | | $ | 1,841 |
| | $ | 1,015 |
| | $ | 1,244 |
| | $ | 1,329 |
| | $ | 1,118 |
|
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Overview
We are a vertically integrated global manufacturer and marketer of petrochemicals, polymers and fabricated building products. Our two principal operating segments are Olefins and Vinyls. We use the majority of our internally-produced basic chemicals to produce higher value-added chemicals and building products.
Consumption of the basic chemicals that we manufacture in the commodity portions of our olefins and vinyls processes has increased significantly since we began operations in 1986. Our olefins and vinyls products are some of the most widely used chemicals in the world and are upgraded into a wide variety of higher value-added chemical products used in many end-markets. Petrochemicals are typically manufactured in large volume by a number of different producers using widely available technologies. The petrochemical industry exhibits cyclical commodity characteristics, and margins are influenced by changes in the balance between supply and demand and the resulting operating rates, the level of general economic activity and the price of raw materials. The cycle is generally characterized by periods of tight supply, leading to high operating rates and margins, followed by a decline in operating rates and margins primarily as a result of excess new capacity additions. Due to the significant size of new plants, capacity additions are built in large increments and typically require several years of demand growth to be absorbed.
Since 2009 and continuing through 2014,2017, a cost advantage for ethane-based ethylene producers over naphtha-based ethylene producers has allowed a strong export market for polyethylene and ethylene derivatives and higher margins for North American chemical producers, including Westlake. Continued strong global demand for polyethylene has resulted in improvedbenefited operating margins and cash flowflows for our Olefins segment in recent years. However, we have seen a significant reduction in the cost advantage enjoyed by North American ethane-based ethylene producers due to lower crude oil prices, beginning in the third quarter of 2014 and continuing through 2017 (which has resulted in reduced prices and margins). Looking forward, new olefinsethylene and polyethylene capacity additions in North America, Asia and the Middle East, and North America, a number of which have beennew capacities announced in recent years, may lead to periods of over-supply and lower profitability. As a result, our Olefins segment operating margins may be negatively impacted. However, with
Since the significant dropU.S. housing market collapse in crude oil prices beginning the third quarter of 2014 and potentially continuing through 2015, we expect a reduction in the cost advantage enjoyed by North American ethane-based ethylene producers in 2015. Further, falling crude oil prices may create volatility in the North American and global markets, which may result in reduced prices and margins in 2015. On the other hand, our European operations rely primarily on feedstock derived from naphtha-based ethylene crackers and may benefit from lower crude oil prices.
Continued2008, continued slow recovery in the U.S. construction markets and budgetary constraints in municipal spending have contributed to lower North American demand for our vinyls products, which may continue tohas negatively impactimpacted our Vinyls segment operating rates and margins. Likewise, European industry production capacities currently exceed demand in the region, largely due to the weak economic environment in Europe. However, since late 2010, the PVC industry in North Americathe U.S. has experienced an increase in PVC resin export demand,exports, driven largely by more competitive feedstock and energy cost positions in North America.the U.S. As a consequence, North Americanthe U.S. PVC resin industry operating rates have improved since 2010, largely due to higher PVC resin export shipments.2010. In addition, the completionour July 2014 acquisition of our new world-scale Geismar chlor-alkali plantVinnolit Holdings GmbH and the ethane feedstock conversion and ethylene expansion project at OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant haveits subsidiary companies ("Vinnolit"), an integrated global leader in specialty PVC resins, has contributed to improved operating margins and cash flowflows for our Vinyls segment.
The Globally, there were large chlor-alkali capacity additions between 2008 and 2015 resulting in excess capacity and lower industry operating rates which exerted downward pressure on caustic soda pricing. Announced capacity is now complete and increasing demand driven by the improving economic environmentgrowth and U.S. producers' competitive export position is expected to result in improved operating rates and caustic soda pricing. Westlake is the second-largest purchaser of ethylene in the United StatesU.S. and globally appears to be slowly improving. However, depending on the performancelower prices of the global economy in the remainder of 2015 and beyond, our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows may still be negatively impacted. In addition, the European economy has been slower to recover than the U.S. economy. As we continue to manage our business in this environment, including the slowdown in construction activity in the United States and economic weakness in Europe, we have taken steps designed to address the changes in demand and margins inethylene could positively impact our Vinyls segment and its resulting impact on our operations by matching production with sales demand and continuing to operate our plants in an efficient manner. In addition, we continue to seek to manage our costs effectively.segment.
We purchase significant amounts of ethane feedstock, natural gas, ethylene and salt from external suppliers for use in production of basic chemicals in the olefins and vinyls chains. We also purchase significant amounts of electricity to supply the energy required in our production processes. While we have agreements providing for the supply of ethane feedstock, natural gas, ethylene, salt and electricity, the contractual prices for these raw materials and energy vary with market conditions and may be highly volatile. Factors that have caused volatility in our raw material prices in the past, and which may do so in the future include:
the availability of feedstock from shale gas and oil drilling;
supply and demand for crude oil;
shortages of raw materials due to increasing demand;
ethane and liquefied natural gas exports;
capacity constraints due to higher construction costs for investments, construction delays, strike action or involuntary shutdowns;
the general level of business and economic activity; and
the direct or indirect effect of governmental regulation.
Significant volatility in raw material costs tends to put pressure on product margins as sales price increases could lag behind raw material cost increases. Conversely, when raw material costs decrease, customers may seek immediate relief in the form of lower sales prices. We currently use derivative instruments to reduce price volatility risk on feedstock commodities and lower overall costs. Normally, there is a pricing relationship between a commodity that we process and the feedstock from which it is derived. When this pricing relationship deviates from historical norms, we have from time to time entered into derivative instruments and physical positions in an attempt to take advantage of this relationship.
Our historical results have been significantly affected by our plant production capacity, our efficient use of that capacity and our ability to increase capacity. Since our inception, we have followed a disciplined growth strategy that focuses on plant acquisitions, new plant construction and internal expansion. We evaluate each expansion project on the basis of its ability to produce sustained returns in excess of our cost of capital and its ability to improve efficiency or reduce operating costs. We also regularly look at acquisition opportunities that would be consistent with, or complimentary to, our overall business strategies. Depending on the size of the acquisition, any such acquisitions could require external financing.
As noted above in Item 1A, "Risk Factors," we are subject to extensive environmental regulations, which may impose significant additional costs on our operations in the future. Further, concernconcerns about GHG emissions and their possible effects on climate change has led to the enactment of regulations, and to proposed legislation and additional regulations, that could affect us in the form of increased cost of feedstocks and fuel, other increased costs of production and decreased demand for our products. While we do not expect any of these enactments or proposals to have a material adverse effect on us in the near term, we cannot predict the longer-term effect of any of these regulations or proposals on our future financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The body of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States is commonly referred to as "GAAP." For this purpose, a non-GAAP financial measure is generally defined by the SEC as one that purports to measure historical or future financial performance, financial position or cash flows, but excludes or includes amounts that would not be so adjusted in the most comparable GAAP measures. In this report, we disclose non-GAAP financial measures, primarily earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"). EBITDA is calculated as net income before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. The non-GAAP financial measures described in this Form 10-K are not substitutes for the GAAP measures of earnings and cash flows.
EBITDA is included in this Form 10-K because our management considers it an important supplemental measure of our performance and believes that it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in our industry, some of which present EBITDA when reporting their results. We regularly evaluate our performance as compared to other companies in our industry that have different financing and capital structures and/or tax rates by using EBITDA. In addition, we utilize EBITDA in evaluating acquisition targets. Management also believes that EBITDA is a useful tool for measuring our ability to meet our future debt service, capital expenditures and working capital requirements, and EBITDA is commonly used by us and our investors to measure our ability to service indebtedness. EBITDA is not a substitute for the GAAP measures of earnings or of cash flows and is not necessarily a measure of our ability to fund our cash needs. In addition, it should be noted that companies calculate EBITDA differently and, therefore, EBITDA as presented for us may not be comparable to EBITDA reported by other companies. EBITDA has material limitations as a performance measure because it excludes interest expense, depreciation and amortization, and income taxes.
Recent Developments
In February 2015, we enteredOn December 22, 2017, the U. S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") was signed into an agreementlaw. The Tax Act, among other changes, reduces the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to acquire INEOS Chlor Vinyls Holdings B.V.'s 35.7% interest in Suzhou Huasu Plastics Co., Ltd.,21% effective January 1, 2018 and also requires a PVC joint venture based near Shanghai.one-time deemed repatriation of foreign earnings at specified rates. We currently own a 59% interest in this joint venture. The completion of this acquisition isare subject to government approvals.the provisions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standard Codification 740, Income Taxes, which requires the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities in the period the tax rate change is enacted. The SEC staff guidance allows registrants to record provisional amounts during a measurement period when the registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete its accounting for the change in tax law. The measurement period ends when a company has obtained, prepared and analyzed the information necessary to finalize its accounting, not to exceed one year. Under the above accounting guidance, we made a provisional adjustment in the 2017 consolidated financial statements. We recognized a one-time income tax benefit of approximately $591 million for items that we could reasonably estimate such as revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and the one-time U.S. tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of our post-1986 foreign earnings.
In March 2014,
On December 18, 2017, we formeddelivered notices to redeem all of the outstanding Westlake 4.625% Senior Notes due 2021 ($625 million aggregate principal amount) and all of the outstanding Eagle Spinco Inc. 4.625% Senior Notes due 2021 ($63 million aggregate principal amount) (collectively, the "2021 Notes") at a redemption price equal to 102.31% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest on the 2021 Notes to the redemption date. The 2021 Notes were redeemed on February 15, 2018 using cash on hand, including the net proceeds from the November 2017 offering of $500 million aggregate principal amount of Westlake's 4.375% Senior Notes due 2047 and the November 2017 remarketing of $250 million aggregate principal amount of Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facilities and Community Development Authority Revenue Refunding Bonds (GO Zone) (Non-AMT) (the "Refunding Bonds").
On December 5, 2017, Westlake Partners increased the capacity of its existing revolving credit agreement with Westlake Chemical Finance Corporation from $300 million to operate, acquire and develop ethylene production facilities and related assets. $600 million. The facility maturity date is April 29, 2021.
On August 4, 2014,November 28, 2017, we closed the public offering of $500 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% Senior Notes due 2047. On November 29, 2017, we closed the remarketing of $250 million aggregate principal amount of the Refunding Bonds. We issued $250 million aggregate principal amount of 3.50% Senior Notes due 2032 to collateralize our obligations under the loan agreement relating to the Refunding Bonds.
On September 29, 2017, Westlake Partners completed its initial publica secondary offering of 12,937,5005,175,000 common units at a price of $24.00$22.00 per unit.unit and purchased an additional 5.0% newly-issued limited partner interest in Westlake Chemical OpCo LP ("OpCo") for approximately $229 million, resulting in an aggregate 18.3% limited partner interest in OpCo effective July 1, 2017. Net proceeds to Westlake Partners from the sale of the units was approximately $286.1$111 million, net of underwriting discounts, structuring fees and estimated offering expenses of approximately $24.4$3 million. Westlake Partners' assets consistPartners used the proceeds from the offering and the existing revolving credit facility with Westlake Chemical Finance Corporation, our subsidiary, to fund the purchase of a 10.6% limited partnerthe additional 5.0% interest in OpCo, as well asOpCo.
During September 2017, we directed the general partnerLouisiana Local Government Authority Environmental Facilities and Community Development Authority (the "Authority") to optionally redeem in full $250 million aggregate principal amount of the Authority's 6 ¾% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 2032 on November 1, 2017 at a redemption price of par. The 6 ¾% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 2032 were issued by the Authority in December 2007 under the Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005 (the "GO Zone Act") for our benefit and were subject to optional redemption by the Authority at any time on or after November 1, 2017 for 100.0% of the principal plus accrued unpaid interest, in OpCo. Priorif any. The 6 ¾% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 2032 were redeemed on November 1, 2017. In connection with the redemption of the 6 ¾% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 2032, the Authority caused the Westlake 6 ¾% senior notes to be surrendered to the IPO, OpCo's assets were whollytrustee for cancellation.
On August 30, 2017, following Westlake Partners' cash distribution for the second quarter of 2017, the requirement under Westlake Partners' partnership agreement for the conversion of all subordinated units was satisfied. As a result, effective August 30, 2017, 12,686,115 subordinated units owned by us.us converted into common units on a one-for-one basis and thereafter participate on terms equal with all other common units in distributions of available cash.
On August 1, 2017, we, Westlake Partners and OpCo executed an Investment Management Agreement (the "Investment Management Agreement") that authorized Westlake to invest Westlake Partners' and OpCo's assets include (1) two ethylene production facilities atexcess cash.
On August 1, 2017, our Lake Charles site; (2) one ethylene productionwholly-owned subsidiary, Westlake Chemical Finance Corporation, entered into an amendment to the revolving credit facility atwith Westlake Partners, resulting in the extension of the credit facility's maturity date from April 29, 2018 to April 29, 2021.
We completed an upgrade and capacity expansion of our Calvert City site; and (3) a 200-mile common carrier ethylene pipeline that runs from Mont Belvieu to our Longview site. We retained an 89.4% limited partner interestunit in OpCo, a 52.2% limited partner interest in Westlake Partners (common and subordinated units), a general partner interest in Westlake Partners and incentive distribution rights. OpCo used the net proceeds from the purchase of its limited partner interest to establish a cash reserve of approximately $55.4 million for turnaround expenditures, to reimburse us approximately $151.7 million for capital expenditures incurredApril 2017. The expansion, along with respect to certain of the assets contributed to OpCo and to repay intercompany debt of approximately $78.9 million. The initial public offering represented the sale of 47.8% of the common units in Westlake Partners.
On July 31, 2014, we acquired Vinnolit from several entities associated with Advent International Corporation. Vinnolit is headquartered in Ismaning, Germany and is an integrated global leader in specialty PVC resins, with a combined annual capacity of 1.7 billion pounds of PVC, including specialty paste and suspension grades, 1.5 billion pounds of VCM and 1.0 billion pounds of caustic soda.
In April 2014, we completed a feedstock conversion andother initiatives, increased ethylene expansion project at OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant. With the completion of this project, OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant now utilizes relatively low-cost ethane feedstock and increased its capacity by approximately 180100 million pounds annually. This expansion and feedstock conversion project enables us, through OpCo,annually to enhance our vinyl chain integration and leverage relatively low-cost ethane being developed in the Marcellus shale area.
On February 14, 2014, our Board of Directors authorized a two-for-one split of our common stock. Stockholders of record as of February 28, 2014 were entitled to one additional share for every share outstanding, which was distributed on March 18, 2014.
Results of Operations
Segment Data
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | (dollars in thousands, except per share data) | | (dollars in millions, except per share data) |
| Net external sales | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Olefins | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Polyethylene | | $ | 1,922,535 |
| | $ | 1,750,292 |
| | $ | 1,658,551 |
| | $ | 1,518 |
| | $ | 1,463 |
| | $ | 1,651 |
|
| Styrene, feedstock and other | | 801,155 |
| | 803,377 |
| | 841,427 |
| | 533 |
| | 431 |
| | 609 |
|
| Total Olefins | | 2,723,690 |
| | 2,553,669 |
| | 2,499,978 |
| | 2,051 |
| | 1,894 |
| | 2,260 |
|
| Vinyls | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| PVC, caustic soda and other | | 1,203,332 |
| | 800,658 |
| | 743,275 |
| | 4,769 |
| | 2,493 |
| | 1,718 |
|
| Building products | | 488,328 |
| | 405,157 |
| | 327,788 |
| | 1,221 |
| | 689 |
| | 485 |
|
| Total Vinyls | | 1,691,660 |
| | 1,205,815 |
| | 1,071,063 |
| | 5,990 |
| | 3,182 |
| | 2,203 |
|
| Total | | $ | 4,415,350 |
| | $ | 3,759,484 |
| | $ | 3,571,041 |
| | $ | 8,041 |
| | $ | 5,076 |
| | $ | 4,463 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Income (loss) from operations | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Olefins | | $ | 1,013,825 |
| | $ | 833,249 |
| | $ | 552,762 |
| | $ | 655 |
| | $ | 558 |
| | $ | 747 |
|
| Vinyls | | 142,740 |
| | 154,684 |
| | 85,942 |
| | 647 |
| | 174 |
| | 255 |
|
| Corporate and other | | (32,574 | ) | | (34,469 | ) | | (23,353 | ) | | (69 | ) | | (151 | ) | | (42 | ) |
| Total income from operations | | 1,123,991 |
| | 953,464 |
| | 615,351 |
| | 1,233 |
| | 581 |
| | 960 |
|
| Interest expense | | (37,352 | ) | | (18,082 | ) | | (43,049 | ) | | (159 | ) | | (79 | ) | | (35 | ) |
| Debt retirement costs | | — |
| | — |
| | (7,082 | ) | |
| Gain from sales of equity securities | | — |
| | — |
| | 16,429 |
| |
| Other (expense) income, net | | (2,721 | ) | | 6,790 |
| | 3,520 |
| |
| Provision for income taxes | | 398,902 |
| | 331,747 |
| | 199,614 |
| |
| Other income (expense), net | | | 7 |
| | 56 |
| | 38 |
|
| Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | | | (258 | ) | | 138 |
| | 298 |
|
| Net income | | 685,016 |
| | 610,425 |
| | 385,555 |
| | 1,339 |
| | 420 |
| | 665 |
|
| Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | | 6,493 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 35 |
| | 21 |
| | 19 |
|
| Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 678,523 |
| | $ | 610,425 |
| | $ | 385,555 |
| | $ | 1,304 |
| | $ | 399 |
| | $ | 646 |
|
Diluted earnings per share (1) | | $ | 5.07 |
| | $ | 4.55 |
| | $ | 2.88 |
| |
| Diluted earnings per share | | | $ | 10.00 |
| | $ | 3.06 |
| | $ | 4.86 |
|
| |
(1) | Per share data for the prior years have been restated to reflect the effect of a two-for-one stock split on March 18, 2014. See Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. |
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| | | Average Sales Price | | Volume | | Average Sales Price | | Volume | | Average Sales Price | | Volume | | Average Sales Price | | Volume |
Product sales price and volume percentage change from prior year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Olefins | | +7.4 | % | | -0.8 | % | | +3.3 | % | | -1.1 | % | | +9 | % | | -1 | % | | -9 | % | | -7 | % |
| Vinyls | | +0.6 | % | | +39.7 | % | | +1.5 | % | | +11.1 | % | | +14 | % | | +74 | % | | -4 | % | | +48 | % |
| Company average | | +5.2 | % | | +12.2 | % | | +2.8 | % | | +2.5 | % | | +12 | % | | +46 | % | | -6 | % | | +20 | % |
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Average industry prices (1) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Ethane (cents/lb) | | 9.0 |
| | 8.8 |
| | 13.4 |
| | 8.3 |
| | 6.6 |
| | 6.2 |
|
| Propane (cents/lb) | | 24.7 |
| | 23.7 |
| | 23.7 |
| | 18.1 |
| | 11.4 |
| | 10.7 |
|
Ethylene (cents/lb) (2) | | 58.4 |
| | 57.1 |
| | 56.9 |
| | 28.0 |
| | 26.9 |
| | 30.6 |
|
Polyethylene (cents/lb) (3) | | 108.8 |
| | 101.0 |
| | 94.3 |
| | 71.1 |
| | 65.3 |
| | 71.6 |
|
Styrene (cents/lb) (4) | | 82.1 |
| | 83.2 |
| | 77.0 |
| | 86.5 |
| | 64.8 |
| | 60.7 |
|
Caustic ($/short ton) (5) | | 589.4 |
| | 604.2 |
| | 575.0 |
| | 800.4 |
| | 645.0 |
| | 581.0 |
|
Chlorine ($/short ton) (6) | | 233.5 |
| | 250.8 |
| | 264.8 |
| | 323.8 |
| | 297.7 |
| | 266.9 |
|
PVC (cents/lb) (7) | | 68.8 |
| | 60.8 |
| | 55.3 |
| | 62.6 |
| | 54.7 |
| | 51.0 |
|
| |
| (1) | Industry pricing data was obtained through IHS Chemical.IHS. We have not independently verified the data. |
| |
| (2) | Represents average North American spot prices of ethylene over the period as reported by IHS Chemical.IHS. |
| |
| (3) | Represents average North American contractnet transaction prices of polyethylene low density filmGP-Film grade over the period as reported by IHS Chemical.IHS. |
| |
| (4) | Represents average North American contract prices of styrene over the period as reported by IHS Chemical.IHS. |
| |
| (5) | Represents average North American undiscounted contract prices of caustic soda over the period as reported by IHS Chemical. During the first quarter of 2013, IHS Chemical discontinued the previous caustic soda industry index that we used. For comparability, the average 2012 caustic data is based on the current index.IHS. |
| |
| (6) | Represents average North American contract prices of chlorine (into chemicals) over the period as reported by IHS Chemical.IHS. |
| |
| (7) | Represents average North American contract prices of PVC over the period as reported by IHS. Effective January 1, 2017, IHS Chemical.made a non-market downward adjustment of 15 cents per pound to PVC prices. For comparability, we adjusted each prior-year period's PVC price downward by 15 cents per pound consistent with the IHS non-market adjustment. |
Summary
For the year ended December 31, 2014,2017, net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation was $678.5$1,304 million,, or $5.07$10.00 per diluted share, on net sales of $4,415.4 million.$8,041 million. This represents an increase in net income of $68.1 million, or $0.52 per diluted share, from 2013 net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation of $610.4$905 million, or $4.55$6.94 per diluted share, compared to 2016 net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation of $399 million, or $3.06 per diluted share, on net sales of $3,759.5 million.$5,076 million. Net income for the year ended December 31, 2014 was negatively impacted by Westlake Partners formation and initial public offering costs and2017 increased versus the Vinnolit acquisition and associated costs aggregatingprior year primarily due to (1) the tax benefit recorded in the fourth quarter of 2017 of approximately $26.0$591 million, after tax, andor $4.54 per diluted share, resulting from the recognitionreduction of the federal corporate income tax impactrate under the Tax Act; (2) earnings contributed by Axiall, which was acquired on August 31, 2016; (3) higher sales prices for our major products, resulting in improved margins; and (4) lower transaction and integration-related costs associated with the integration of current changes in state tax ratesAxiall. These increases versus the prior year were partially offset by (1) higher interest expense due to the debt assumed as a result of the Axiall acquisition; (2) higher unabsorbed fixed manufacturing and other discrete tax itemscosts associated with turnarounds; and (3) the realized gain in 2016 of $14.8 million.$49 million from the previously held common stock of Axiall. Net sales for the year ended December 31, 20142017 increased $655.9$2,965 million to $4,415.4$8,041 million compared to net sales for 2013the year ended December 31, 2016 of $3,759.5$5,076 million,, primarily mainly due to higher sales contributed by Vinnolit, our specialty PVC resin business,Axiall and North American Specialty Products, our specialty PVC pipe business, which we acquired in July 2014 and May 2013, respectively, higher sales prices for mostour major products. Income from operations was $1,233 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $581 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $652 million. The increase in income from operations was mainly a result of earnings contributed by Axiall, higher sales prices for our major products and lower transaction and integration-related costs, partially offset by higher unabsorbed fixed manufacturing and other costs associated with turnarounds and unplanned outages, as compared to 2016. Pre-tax transaction and integration-related costs for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $29 million, or $0.16 per diluted share after tax, as compared to $104 million in 2016.
2017 Compared with 2016
Net Sales. Net sales increased by $2,965 million, or 58%, to $8,041 million in 2017 from $5,076 million in 2016, primarily attributable to higher sales volume contributed by Axiall and higher sales prices for our major products. Overall sales volumes increased by 46% in 2017 as compared to 2016, primarily attributable to higher sales contributed by Axiall. Average sales prices for 2017 increased by 12% as compared to 2016.
Gross Profit. Gross profit margin percentage increased to 22% in 2017 from 19% in 2016. The gross profit margin for 2017 was higher primarily due to higher sales prices for our major products and higher ethylene, caustic and polyethylene sales volumes partially offsetfor caustic soda, chlorine and PVC resin contributed primarily by lower ethylene co-products and styrene sales volumes. Income from operations was $1,124.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014Axiall, as compared to 2016. These increases were offset by higher unabsorbed fixed manufacturing and other costs associated with turnarounds and unplanned outages and a proportionately larger sales volume for the Vinyls segment, for which industry margins in 2017 and 2016 were lower as compared to the Olefins industry.
$953.5 millionSelling, General and Administrative Expenses. for 2013Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $141 million, or 55%, in 2017 as compared to 2016, primarily because a full year of Axiall's expenses were included in 2017, as compared to only four months in 2016 and an increase in employee compensation.
Amortization of Intangibles.$170.5 Amortization of intangibles are comprised of amortization expense for customer relationships, trade name and other intangibles assets. The amortization expense increased by $70 million in 2017, as compared to 2016, because a full year of expense related to the intangible assets acquired in Axiall acquisition was included in 2017, as compared to only four months in 2016.
Transaction and Integration-related Costs. IncomeTransaction and integration-related costs were $29 million in 2017 as compared to $104 million in 2016. Transaction and integration-related costs were $75 million lower in 2017 as compared to 2016 predominantly because significant transaction and integration-related costs were incurred at the time of the Merger in 2016. The transaction and integration costs in 2017 primarily consisted of severance benefits provided to former Axiall employees in conjunction with the Merger and integration costs and consulting fees related to the Merger. The transaction and integration costs in 2016 primarily consisted of severance benefits provided to former Axiall executives in conjunction with the Merger, including the conversion of Axiall restricted stock units into our restricted stock units, transitional service expenses for certain former Axiall employees, retention agreement costs and consulting and professional fees related to the Merger.
Interest Expense. Interest expense increased by $80 million to $159 million in 2017 from operations benefited mainly from improved olefins integrated product margins,$79 million in 2016, primarily as a result of higher average debt outstanding for the year as well as decreased capitalized interest on major capital projects in 2017 as compared to 2016. The debt balance increased in August 2016 to finance the Merger. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt" below for further discussion of our indebtedness.
Other Income (Expense), Net. Other income, net decreased by $49 million to $7 million in 2017 from $56 million in 2016. The decrease was mainly attributable to the realized gain in 2016 of $49 million from the previously held common stock of Axiall.
Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was a benefit of 24% in 2017 as compared to an expense of 25% in 2016. The effective income tax rate for 2017 was below the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35% primarily due to the approximately $591 million income tax benefit as a result of the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and the one-time U.S. tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of our post-1986 foreign earnings as part of the Tax Act, the domestic manufacturing deduction, depletion deductions, income attributable to noncontrolling interests, foreign earnings rate differential and foreign withholding tax related to such earnings. The effective income tax rate for 2016 was below the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35% primarily due to the benefit of state tax credits, the domestic manufacturing deduction, depletion deductions, income attributable to noncontrolling interests, the non-recognition of tax related to the gain recognized on previously held outstanding shares of common stock of Axiall, the benefit in prior years' and current-year tax credits for increased research and development expenditures and adjustments related to prior years' tax returns as filed, change in state apportionment and the foreign earnings rate differential, partially offset by state income taxes and nondeductible transaction costs related to the Merger.
Olefins Segment
Net Sales. Net sales increased by $157 million, or 8%, to $2,051 million in 2017 from $1,894 million in 2016, mainly due to higher sales prices for our major products compared to the prior year. Average sales prices for the Olefins segment increased by 9% in 2017 as compared to 2016, while average sales volumes decreased by 1% in 2017 as compared to 2016, primarily due to lower polyethylene sales.
Income from Operations. Income from operations was $655 million in 2017 as compared to $558 million in 2016. This increase was mainly attributable to higher olefins integrated product margins, primarily due to higher sales prices for our major products, higher operating rates and lower costs associated with turnarounds and unplanned outages as compared to the prior year. These increases were partially offset by higher energy costs. Income from operations for 2016 was negatively impacted by the planned turnaround and expansion of the Lake Charles Petro 1 ethylene unit along with other unplanned outages. Trading activity for 2017 resulted in a loss of $4 million as compared to a gain of $20 million for 2016.
Vinyls Segment
Net Sales. Net sales increased by $2,808 million, or 88%, to $5,990 million in 2017 from $3,182 million in 2016. This increase was mainly attributable to higher sales volume contributed primarily by Axiall and higher sales prices for our major products. Average sales volumes increased by 74% in 2017, as compared to 2016 primarily because a full year of Axiall's operations was included in 2017 as compared to only four months of Axiall's operations included in 2016. Average sales prices for the Vinyls segment increased by 14% in 2017 as compared to 2016.
Income from Operations. Income from operations was $647 million in 2017 as compared to $174 million in 2016. This increase was mainly attributable to earnings contributed by Axiall and higher sales prices and volumes for our major products. These increases were partially offset by higher unabsorbed fixed manufacturing and other costs associated with the planned turnaround and expansion at the Calvert City facility and other turnarounds and unplanned outages in addition to higher energy costs in 2017, as compared to 2016.
2016 Compared with 2015
Net Sales. Net sales increased ethylene production atby $613 million, or 14%, to $5,076 million in 2016 from $4,463 million in 2015. This increase was mainly attributable to sales contributed by Axiall and higher sales volume for PVC resin, partially offset by lower sales prices for all our Lake Charles facility aftermajor products and lower sales volumes for our major olefins products, as compared to the first quarter 2013 completion of the Petro 2 ethylene unit expansion and its conversionprior year. Average sales prices for 2016 decreased by 6% as compared to 100% ethane feedstock capability. The increase in income from operations2015. Sales prices for the year ended December 31, 20142016 were negatively impacted by lower crude oil prices as compared to the prior year. Overall sales volumes increased by 20% in 2016 as compared to 2015, primarily attributable to sales contributed by Axiall, as compared to the prior year.
Gross Profit. Gross profit margin percentage decreased to 19% in 2016 from 27% in 2015. The decrease in gross profit margin percentage was partially offset bymainly the result of lower sales prices for our major products, as compared to the prior year, and the lost sales, lower production rates, unabsorbed fixed manufacturing costs and other costs associated with the maintenance turnaround and expansion of OpCo's Lake Charles Petro 1 ethylene unit, the unplanned outage at our Calvert City facility and Gendorf facilitiesother planned turnarounds and OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant'sunplanned outages. Sales prices decreased an average of 6% for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to 2015. In addition, gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2016 included the negative impact of selling higher cost Axiall inventory recorded at fair value. The decrease in gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2016 was partially offset by lower average feedstock conversion and expansion project.energy costs and higher product margins at our European operations, as compared to the prior year.
2014Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. ComparedSelling, general and administrative expenses increased $40 million, or 18%, in 2016 as compared to 2015. The increase was mainly attributable to general and administrative costs incurred by Axiall for the period from August 31, 2016 to December 31, 2016, partially offset by lower consulting and professional fees, as compared to 2015.
Amortization of Intangibles. The increase in amortization expense of $31 million in 2016 as compared to 2015 was mainly because of customer relationships, trade name and other intangibles assets acquired in the Merger.
Transaction and Integration-related Costs. Transaction and integration-related costs were $104 million in 2016 and primarily consisted of severance benefits provided to former Axiall executives in conjunction with the Merger, including the conversion of Axiall restricted stock units into our restricted stock units, transitional service expenses for certain former Axiall employees, retention agreement costs and consulting and professional fees related to the Merger.
Interest Expense.2013 Interest expense increased by $44 million to $79 million in 2016 from $35 million in 2015, largely as a result of higher average debt outstanding, partially offset by increased capitalized interest on major capital projects in 2016 as compared to 2015. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources-Debt" below for a further discussion of our indebtedness.
Other Income (Expense), Net. Other income, net increased $18 million to $56 million in 2016 from $38 million in 2015. This increase was primarily attributable to the realized gain of approximately $49 million from the previously held outstanding shares of common stock of Axiall and higher interest income for 2016 as compared to the prior year, partially offset by the expenses related to the bridge loan facility and other financing costs in connection with the Merger. Other income (expense), net for 2015 included a gain of approximately $16 million related to the bargain purchase gain from the acquisition of a controlling interest in Suzhou Huasu Plastics Co., Ltd. ("Huasu"), net of related expenses, partially offset by the impairment and loss from the disposition of an equity method investment.
Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 25% in 2016 as compared to 31% in 2015. The effective income tax rate for 2016 was below the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35% primarily due to the benefit of state tax credits, the domestic manufacturing deduction, depletion deductions, income attributable to noncontrolling interests, the non-recognition of tax related to the gain recognized on previously held outstanding shares of common stock of Axiall, the benefit in prior years' and current-year tax credits for increased research and development expenditures and adjustments related to prior years' tax returns as filed, change in state apportionment and the foreign earnings rate differential, partially offset by state income taxes and nondeductible transaction costs related to the Merger. The effective income tax rate for 2015 was below the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35% primarily due to the benefit of state tax credits, the domestic manufacturing deduction, income attributable to noncontrolling interests, the non-recognition of tax related to the bargain purchase of a controlling interest in Huasu, the foreign earnings rate differential and the increased benefit in certain prior years' deductions due to a change in the calculation methodology of the domestic manufacturing deduction and adjustments related to prior years' tax returns as filed, partially offset by state income taxes.
Olefins Segment
Net Sales. Net sales increaseddecreased by $655.9$366 million,, or 17.4%16%, to $4,415.4$1,894 million in 20142016 from $3,759.5$2,260 million in 2013. This increase was2015, mainly attributabledue to sales contributed by Vinnolit and North American Specialty Products, higherlower sales prices for our major products and lower sales volumes for most of our major products and higher ethylene, caustic and polyethylene sales volumes, partially offset by lower ethylene co-products and styrene sales volumes. Ethylene co-products sales volumes were lower in 2014, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to the planned shut-down of OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant as a result of the feedstock conversion and ethylene expansion project, and the change to ethane feedstock currently utilized at OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant following the completion of such project in early 2014.year. Average sales prices for 2014 increasedthe Olefins segment decreased by 5.2%9% in 2016 as compared to 2013. Overall2015, while average sales volume increasedvolumes decreased by 12.2%7% in 20142016 as compared to 2013.2015.
Gross Profit.Income from Operations. Gross profit margin percentage increasedIncome from operations was $558 million in 2016 as compared to 29.8%$747 million in 2014 from 29.3% in 2013. The improvement in gross profit margin percentage2015. This decrease was mainly duepredominantly attributable to the improvedlower olefins integrated product margins, primarily as a result of higher polyethylenelower sales prices as compared to 2015, and the increased ethylenelost sales, lower production at ourrates, unabsorbed fixed manufacturing costs and other costs related to the turnaround and expansion of OpCo's Lake Charles facility after the first quarter 2013 completion of the Petro 21 ethylene unit expansion and its conversionother planned turnarounds and unplanned outages in 2016. Trading activity for 2016 resulted in a gain of $20 million as compared to 100% ethane feedstock capability. In addition, olefins integrated product margins benefiteda loss of $11 million for 2015.
Vinyls Segment
Net Sales. Net sales increased by $979 million, or 44%, to $3,182 million in 2016 from an$2,203 million in 2015. This increase inwas primarily attributable to sales contributed by Axiall and higher sales volume for PVC resin, partially offset by lower sales prices that outpaced increasesfor our major products. Average sales prices for the Vinyls segment decreased by 4% in feedstock and energy costs2016 as compared to 2015. Average sales volumes increased by 48% in 2014,2016 as compared to 2015, primarily related to sales contributed by Axiall, as compared to the prior year. Our raw material cost
Income from Operations. Income from operations was $174 million in both segments normally tracks industry prices, which experienced an increase of 2.3% and 4.2% for ethane and propane, respectively, in 20142016 as compared to 2013. Sales prices increased an average of 5.2% for 2014 as compared to 2013. The gross profit margin for 2014$255 million in 2015. This decrease was negatively impactedprimarily driven by the lost sales, lower production rates, unabsorbed fixed manufacturing costs and other costs associated with the maintenance turnaroundunplanned outage at our Calvert City facility and Gendorf facilities and OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant's feedstock conversion and expansion project.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $45.4 million, or 30.7%,the planned turnaround at our Lake Charles vinyls facility in 2014 as compared to 2013. The increase was mainly attributable to general and administrative costs incurred by Vinnolit2016. Income from operations for the period from July 31, 2014 toyear ended December 31, 2014, an increase in payroll and related labor costs, including incentive compensation, and an increase in consulting and professional fees, partially offset by2016 was also lower as a decrease in the provision for doubtful accounts.
Interest Expense. Interest expense increased by $19.3 million to $37.4 million in 2014 from $18.1 million in 2013, largely due to decreased capitalized interest on major capital projects in 2014 as compared to 2013. Debt balances during 2014 remained relatively unchanged compared to 2013.
Other (Expense) Income, Net. Other (expense) income, net was net expenseresult of $2.7 million in 2014 compared to net income of $6.8 million in 2013, primarily attributable to higher losses on foreign exchange and the partial impairment of an equity method investment, partially offset by higher income from our other equity method investments and net realized gains from the sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities.
Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 36.8% in 2014 as compared to 35.2% in 2013. The effective income tax rate for 2014 was above the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35.0% primarily due to state income taxes, partially offset by state tax credits and the domestic manufacturing deduction. The effective income tax rate for 2013 was above the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35.0% primarily due to state income taxes, mostly offset by state tax credits and the domestic manufacturing deduction.
Olefins Segment
Net Sales. Net sales increased by $170.0 million, or 6.7%, to $2,723.7 million in 2014 from $2,553.7 million in 2013, mainly due to higherlower sales prices and sales volumes for most of our major products, partially offset by lower styrene sales volumes. Average sales prices for the Olefins segment increased by 7.4% in 2014higher product margins at our European operations, as compared to 2013, while average sales volumes decreased marginally by 0.8% in 2014 as compared to 2013.
Income from Operations. Income from operations was $1,013.8 million in 2014 as compared to $833.2 million in 2013. This increase was predominantly driven by improved olefins integrated product margins, primarily as a result of the increased ethylene production at our Lake Charles facility after the first quarter 2013 completion of the Petro 2 ethylene unit expansion and its conversion to 100% ethane feedstock capability. In addition, olefins integrated product margins benefited from an increase in sales prices that outpaced increases in feedstock and energy costs as average sales prices for the Olefins segment increased by 7.4% in 2014 as compared to 2013. Trading activity for 2014 resulted in a loss of $9.7 million as compared to a gain of $5.4 million for 2013. Income from operations for 2013 was negatively impacted by the lost production and the expensing of $19.9 million related to unabsorbed fixed manufacturing costs and other costs associated with the turnaround and expansion of the Petro 2 ethylene unit.
Vinyls Segment
Net Sales. Net sales increased by $485.9 million, or 40.3%, to $1,691.7 million in 2014 from $1,205.8 million in 2013. This increase was primarily attributable to sales contributed by Vinnolit and North American Specialty Products, higher caustic sales volumes and higher PVC resin sales prices, partially offset by lower OpCo ethylene co-products sales volumes. OpCo's ethylene co-products sales volumes were lower in 2014, as compared to 2013, primarily due to the planned shutdown of OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant as a result of the feedstock conversion and ethylene expansion project and the ethane feedstock currently utilized at OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant following the completion of such project. Average sales prices for the Vinyls segment increased marginally by 0.6% in 2014 as compared to 2013, while average sales volumes increased by 39.7% in 2014 as compared to 2013.
Income from Operations. Income from operations was $142.7 million in 2014 as compared to $154.7 million in 2013. This decrease was mainly caused by lost sales, lower production rates and the expensing of $27.1 million related to unabsorbed
fixed manufacturing costs and other costs associated with the maintenance turnaround at our Gendorf and Calvert City facilities and OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant's feedstock conversion and expansion project.2015. In addition, income from operations for 2014 was negatively impacted by the effectyear ended December 31, 2016 included the negative impact of selling higher cost VinnolitAxiall inventory recorded at fair value and the severe winter weather experienced in early 2014, which resulted in significantly higher propane feedstock costs. The decrease was partially offset by lower feedstock costs at OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant following the completion of the feedstock conversion and ethylene expansion project and the change in feedstock utilized from propane feedstock to lower-cost ethane feedstock, as compared to the prior year.
2013 Compared with 2012
Net Sales. Net sales increased by $188.5 million, or 5.3%, to $3,759.5 million in 2013 from $3,571.0 million in 2012. This increase was mainly attributable to higher sales volumes and sales prices for styrene, caustic and PVC resin, higher polyethylene sales prices and sales contributed by North American Specialty Products, partially offset by lower feedstock, ethylene and ethylene co-products sales volumes. Ethylene and ethylene co-product sales volumes were lower primarily due to the first quarter 2013 turnaround and expansion of the Petro 2 ethylene unit at our Lake Charles site. Average sales prices for 2013 increased by 2.8% as compared to 2012. Overall sales volume increased by 2.5% in 2013 as compared to 2012.value.
Gross Profit. Gross profit margin percentage increased to 29.3% in 2013 from 20.6% in 2012. The improvement in gross profit margin percentage was predominantly due to lower ethane costs and higher sales prices for most of our major products. The 2013 gross profit margin also benefited from higher styrene sales volumes. Our raw material costs in both segments normally track industry prices, which experienced a decrease of 34.3% for ethane in 2013 as compared to 2012. Sales prices increased an average of 2.8% for 2013 as compared to 2012.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $26.4 million, or 21.7%, in 2013 as compared to 2012. The increase was mainly attributable to an increase in payroll and related labor costs, including incentive compensation, an increase in the provision for doubtful accounts and the amortization of intangible assets for our specialty PVC pipe business.
Interest Expense. Interest expense decreased by $24.9 million to $18.1 million in 2013 from $43.0 million in 2012, largely due to increased capitalized interest on major capital projects and lower average interest rates in 2013 as compared to 2012. Debt balances during 2013 remained relatively unchanged compared to 2012.
Other Income, Net. Other income, net increased by $3.3 million to $6.8 million in 2013 from $3.5 million in 2012, primarily attributable to higher income from our equity method investments and the settlement of a claim against a supplier during 2013, partially offset by lower interest income in 2013.
Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 35.2% in 2013 as compared to 34.1% in 2012. The effective income tax rate for 2013 was above the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35.0% primarily due to state income taxes, mostly offset by state tax credits and the domestic manufacturing deduction. The effective income tax rate for 2012 was below the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35.0% primarily due to the domestic manufacturing deduction and state income tax credits, offset by state income taxes.
Olefins Segment
Net Sales. Net sales increased by $53.7 million, or 2.1%, to $2,553.7 million in 2013 from $2,500.0 million in 2012, mainly due to higher sales volumes for styrene and higher sales prices for polyethylene and styrene, partially offset by lower feedstock, ethylene and ethylene co-products sales volumes. Ethylene and ethylene co-product sales volumes were lower primarily due to the first quarter 2013 turnaround and expansion of the Petro 2 ethylene unit. Styrene sales volumes for 2012 were negatively impacted by a planned outage of our styrene plant in Lake Charles. Average sales prices for the Olefins segment increased by 3.3% in 2013 as compared to 2012, while average sales volumes decreased by 1.1% in 2013 as compared to 2012.
Income from Operations. Income from operations was $833.2 million in 2013 as compared to $552.8 million in 2012. This increase was mainly attributable to higher olefins integrated product margins as compared to 2012, primarily as a result of significantly lower ethane costs. Income from operations for 2013 was negatively impacted by the lost production and the expensing of $19.9 million related to unabsorbed fixed manufacturing costs and other costs associated with the turnaround and expansion of the Petro 2 ethylene unit. Trading activity for 2013 resulted in a gain of $5.4 million as compared to a loss of $11.6 million for 2012.
Vinyls Segment
Net Sales. Net sales increased by $134.7 million, or 12.6%, to $1,205.8 million in 2013 from $1,071.1 million in 2012. This increase was primarily attributable to higher sales volumes and sales prices for PVC resin and caustic and sales
contributed by North American Specialty Products. Average sales prices for the Vinyls segment increased by 1.5% in 2013 as compared to 2012, while average sales volumes increased by 11.1% in 2013 as compared to 2012.
Income from Operations. Income from operations was $154.7 million in 2013, an increase of $68.8 million when compared to the 2012 income from operations of $85.9 million. This increase was predominantly driven by lower feedstock costs, higher sales volumes for PVC resin and higher operating rates as compared to 2012, partially offset by pre-operating expenses incurred for the Geismar chlor-alkali plant of $11.1 million and North American Specialty Products' acquisition-related costs, including the effect of selling higher cost inventory recorded at fair value, of $5.8 million, or $0.03 per diluted share, after tax. Income from operations for 2012 was negatively impacted by the lost production, lost sales and unabsorbed manufacturing and other costs associated with the unscheduled shut down at our Geismar vinyls facility.
Cash Flows
Operating Activities
Operating activities provided cash of $1,032.4$1,538 million in 20142017 compared to $752.7cash provided of $834 million in 2013.2016. The $279.7$704 million increase in cash flows from operating activities was mainly due to an increase in income from operations and a decrease in the use of cash for working capital purposes, as compared to 2013.requirements. Income from operations increased by $170.5$652 million in 2014 as compared to 2013 primarily as a result of higher olefins integrated product margins2017, as compared to the prior year, partially offsetmainly as a result of higher sales prices, resulting in a higher margin, as well as higher earnings contributed by lost sales, lower production rates, unabsorbed fixed manufacturing costs and other costs associated with the maintenance turnaround at our Calvert City and Gendorf facilities and OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant's feedstock conversion and expansion project. Cash flows from operating activities for 2014 were also negatively impacted by costs associated with the formation and initial public offering of Westlake Partners and costs associated with the Vinnolit acquisition. Cash flows from operating activities for 2013 were negatively impacted by deferred turnaround costs from the turnaround of the Petro 2 ethylene unit.Axiall. Changes in components of working capital, which we define for purposes of this cash flow discussion as net accounts receivable, inventories, prepaid expenses and other current assets, less accounts payable and accrued liabilities, provided cash of $69.6$155 million in 2014,2017, compared to $63.2$59 million of cash usedprovided in 2013,2016, a favorable change of $132.8 million.$96 million. The favorable change was mainly attributabledue to a decrease in inventory during 2014cash usage in 2017 of $141 million resulting from higher accounts payable and accrued liabilities, partially offset by higher accounts receivables, resulting in an increase in cash usage of $90 million, as compared to 2013, primarily due to less higher-cost propane held in inventory, as raw materials or in finished goods, at the end of the year. In addition, Vinnolit's inventory decreased during the period from July 31, 2014 to December 31, 2014 as higher cost inventory recorded at fair value was sold.2016.
Operating activities provided cash of $752.7$834 million in 20132016 compared to $612.1cash provided of $1,079 million in 2012.2015. The $140.6$245 million increasedecrease in cash flows from operating activities was mainly due to an increasea decrease in income from operations, an increase in working capital requirements, and an increase in deferred income taxes,turnaround costs associated with OpCo's Lake Charles Petro 1 turnaround, partially offset by an increase in the use of cash for working capital and deferred turnaround costs from the turnaround of the Petro 2 ethylene unit,lower income taxes paid as compared to 2012.2015. Income from operations increaseddecreased by $338.1$379 million in 20132016, as compared to 2012 primarily as a resultthe prior year, mostly attributable to (1) lower sales prices for all of higher olefinsour major products; (2) transaction and vinyls integrated product margins. Deferred income taxes increased mainly due to a tax benefit related to increased tax depreciationintegration-related costs associated with the Merger; and (3) the lost sales, lower production rates, unabsorbed fixed manufacturing costs and other costs associated with the turnaround and expansion of theOpCo's Lake Charles Petro 21 ethylene unit, the unplanned outage at our Lake Charles siteCalvert City facility and the start up of our new Geismar chlor-alkali plant.other planned turnarounds and unplanned outages. Changes in components of working capital, usedwhich we define for purposes of this cash flow discussion as accounts receivable, net, inventories, prepaid expenses and other current assets, less accounts payable and accrued liabilities provided cash of $63.2$59 million in 2013,2016, compared to $115.5$128 million of cash provided in 2012,2015, an unfavorable change of $178.7$69 million. The change was primarily caused by an increase in inventory during the 2013 period and higher accounts receivable balances largely attributablemainly due to an increase of $161 million in average sales pricesinventory, partially offset by a decrease in current liabilities (accounts payable and sales volumes during 2013 as compared to 2012.accrued liabilities) of $90 million.
Investing Activities
Net cash used for investing activities during 20142017 was $773.2$652 million as compared to net cash used of $1,002.2$2,563 million in 2013, primarily related to lower capital expenditures2016. We used $2,438 million of cash, net of cash acquired, for the acquisition of Axiall in 2014 compared to 2013.2016. Capital expenditures were $431.1$577 million in 20142017 compared to $679.2$629 million in 2013, a decrease mainly attributable to the completion of the new chlor-alkali plant at our Geismar site in December 2013.2016. Capital expenditures in 20142017 were mainly incurred on several projects, including the feedstock conversionupgrade and expansion of OpCo's Calvert City ethylene expansion project and PVC plant expansion project at our Calvert City site andsite. Capital expenditures in 2016 were primarily incurred on the planned upgrade and expansion of theOpCo's Petro 1 ethylene unit at our Lake Charles site. Capital expenditures in 2013 were mainly incurred on the construction of the new Geismar chlor-alkali plant, the expansion of the Petro 2 ethylene unit at our Lake Charles site and the feedstock conversion and ethylene furnaces modernization projects at our Calvert City site. The remaining capital expenditures in 20142017 and 20132016 primarily related to projects to improve production capacity or reduce costs, maintenance and safety projects and environmental projects at our various facilities. In addition, we spent $66 million in 2017 related to our contribution to LACC to fund the construction costs of the ethylene plant, as compared to $17 million in 2016. Please see "Liquidity and Capital Resources—Liquidity and Financing Arrangements" below for further discussion. We did not purchase any securities in 2017 compared to a total of $138 million of securities purchased in 2016. Other 2016 investing activity was related to the receipt of proceeds of $663 million from the sales and maturities of our investments.
Net cash used for investing activities during 2016 was $2,563 million as compared to net cash used of $1,006 million in 2015. We used $611.1$2,438 million, net of cash acquired, for the acquisition of Vinnolit.Axiall. Capital expenditures were $629 million in 2016 compared to $491 million in 2015. Capital expenditures in 2016 were mainly incurred on the upgrade and expansion of OpCo's Petro 1 ethylene unit at our Lake Charles site and OpCo's Calvert City ethylene plant at our Calvert City site. Capital expenditures in 2015 were primarily incurred on the upgrade and expansion of OpCo's Petro 1 ethylene unit at our Lake Charles site. The remaining capital expenditures in 2016 and 2015 primarily related to projects to improve production capacity or reduce costs, maintenance and safety projects and environmental projects at our various facilities. Purchases of securities in 20142016 totaled $117.3$138 million and were comprised of corporate anddebt securities, U.S. government debt securities and equity securities. We also received aggregate proceeds of $342.0$663 million from the sales and maturities of our investments in 2014.2016. The 20132015 activity was primarily related to the acquisitionpurchases of our specialty PVC pipe business and the purchases of,securities and the receipt of proceeds from the sales and maturities of short-term commercial paper.our investments. In addition, we acquired cash of $16 million, net of cash paid, in connection with the acquisition of a controlling interest in Huasu.
Financing Activities
Net cash used for investingprovided by financing activities during 20132017 was $1,002.2$160 million as compared to net cash provided of $1,533 million in 2016. We received net proceeds in 2017 of (1) $495 million from the issuance in November 2017 of the 4.375% Senior Notes due 2047; (2) $250 million from the remarketing in November 2017 of the Refunding Bonds; (3) $111 million from the issuance of Westlake Partners common units as a result of its secondary offering in September 2017; and (4) $225 million from a drawdown under the Credit Agreement. In 2017, we used cash of (1) $150 million for the repayment of our prior term loan; (2) $250 million for the redemption of the 6 ¾% tax exempt revenue bonds due November 2032; and (3) $550 million for the repayment of borrowings under the Credit Agreement. During 2017, the restriction on $154 million of cash was also removed as a result of the repayment of our term loan. The remaining 2017 activity was primarily related to the $103 million payment of cash dividends, the $28 million payment of cash distributions to noncontrolling interests, the $6 million payment of debt issuance costs and activities related to Huasu's short-term notes payable to banks in connection with payments of suppliers through letters of credit. The 2016 activity was mainly related to the issuance of senior notes and our prior term loan and borrowings under the Credit Agreement, partially offset by repayment of borrowings under the Credit Agreement, the payment of cash dividends, the payment of cash distributions to noncontrolling interests, the payment of debt issuance costs and the repurchase of shares of our common stock.
Net cash provided by financing activities during 2016 was $1,533 million as compared to net cash used of $467.0$287 million in 2012. The increase was primarily related to higher capital expenditures in 2013 than in 2012, the acquisition of our specialty
PVC pipe business for $178.3 million and increased investment in marketable securities in 2013. Capital expenditures were $679.2 million in 2013 compared to $386.9 million in 2012. The higher capital expenditures in 2013 were largely attributable to the construction of the new chlor-alkali plant at our Geismar site, the feedstock conversion, PVC plant expansion and ethylene furnaces modernization projects at our Calvert City site and the expansion of the Petro 2 ethylene unit at our Lake Charles site. Capital expenditures in 2012 were mainly incurred on the construction of the new Geismar chlor-alkali plant and the expansion of the Petro 2 ethylene unit at our Lake Charles site. The remaining capital expenditures in 2013 and 2012 primarily related to projects to improve production capacity or reduce costs and maintenance, safety and environmental projects at our various facilities. Purchases of securities in 2013 totaled $367.2 million and were comprised of short-term commercial paper and corporate and U.S. government debt securities. We also received aggregate proceeds of $252.5 million from sales and maturities of securities in 2013.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities during 2014 was $164.6 million as compared to net cash used of $79.3 million in 2013.2015. Net proceeds from (1) the issuance of Westlake Partners common units was $286.1 million. The initial public offering representedsenior notes and (2) our term loan and the sale of 47.8%drawdown of the common unitsCredit Agreement were $1,429 million and $608 million, respectively, partially offset by the $125 million partial repayment of the Credit Agreement in Westlake Partners. See Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of Westlake Partners and its initial public offering.2016. The remaining 20142016 activity was primarily related to the $77.7$97 million payment of cash dividends, the $52.6 million of cash used for the repurchases of shares of our common stock, distributions to the public unit holders of Westlake Partners common units and fees incurred in connection with the amendment and restatement of our revolving credit facility in July 2014, partially offset by proceeds of $5.5 million from the exercise of stock options. The 2013 activity was mainly related to the $55.217 million payment of cash dividendsdistributions to noncontrolling interests, $36 million payment of debt issuance costs and the $32.9$67 million of cash used for the repurchases of shares of our common stock, partially offset by proceeds from the exercisereceipt of stock options.
Net cash used for financing activities during 2013 was $79.3 million as compared to net cash used of $180.9 million in 2012. The 2013 activity was primarily related to a $55.2 million payment of cash dividends and $32.9 million of repurchases of shares of our common stock, partially offset by proceeds of $3.4$2 million from the exercise of stock options. The 20122015 activity was mainly related to proceeds received from the issuance of $250.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.60% senior notes due 2022 (the "3.60% Notes Due 2022"), which was offset by the optional redemption of $250.0 million aggregate principal amount of 65/8% senior notes due 2016, the draw-down of our restricted cash and the receipt of proceeds from the exercise of stock options. The 2012 proceeds were more than offset by the $285.5 million payment of cash dividends, which included a special dividendthe payment of approximately $250.6 million, repurchasescash distributions to noncontrolling interests, the proceeds from and the repayments of Huasu's short-term notes payable to banks and the repurchase of shares of our common stock and debt issuance costs associated with the issuance of our 3.60% Notes Due 2022.stock.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity and Financing Arrangements
Our principal sources of liquidity are from cash and cash equivalents, cash from operations, short-term borrowings under our revolving credit facilitythe Credit Agreement and our long-term financing.
In April 2011, we announced an expansion program to increase the ethane-based ethylene capacity of both of the ethylene units at our Lake Charles site. We completed the expansion of the Petro 2 ethylene unit in the first quarter of 2013. OpCo currently plans to upgrade and expand the capacity of its Petro 1 ethylene unit at our Lake Charles site during the first half of 2016. This project is currently estimated to cost in the range of $275.0 million to $335.0 million and is expected to add approximately 250 million pounds of ethylene capacity. The additional capacity from this expansion is expected to provide ethylene for existing internal uses and may also be sold in the merchant market. This capital project is expected to be funded with cash on hand, cash flow from operations, and, if necessary, borrowings under each of our and OpCo's revolving credit facility and other external financing. As of December 31,November 2014,, OpCo had incurred a total cost of approximately $53.1 million on this capital project.
In August 2011, our Board of Directors authorized a $250 million stock repurchase program totaling $100.0 million (the "2011"2014 Program"). In November 2015, our Board of Directors approved the expansion of the 2014 Program by an additional $150 million. As of December 31, 2014,2017, we had repurchased 1,924,7134,193,598 shares of our common stock (on a post-split basis) for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $98.9$229 million under the 20112014 Program. During the three monthsyear ended December 31, 2014, we repurchased 435,6662017, no shares of our common stock (on a post-split basis) for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $31.4 millionwere repurchased under the 20112014 Program. On November 21, 2014, we announced that our Board of Directors approved an additional $250.0 million share repurchase program (the "2014 Program"). Purchases under the 2011 and 2014 ProgramsProgram may be made either through the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. Decisions regarding the amount and the timing of purchases under the 2011 and 2014 ProgramsProgram will be influenced by our cash on hand, our cash flow from operations, general market conditions and other factors. The 2011 and 2014 ProgramsProgram may be discontinued by our Board of Directors at any time.
In November 2017, we closed our public offering of $500 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% Senior Notes due 2047. Also in November 2017, the Authority completed the offering of $250 million aggregate principal amount of 3.50% tax-exempt Refunding Bonds due November 1, 2032. The net proceeds from the offering of 3.50% tax-exempt Refunding Bonds due November 1, 2032 were used to redeem $250 million aggregate principal amount of the Authority's 6 ¾% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 1, 2032 issued by the Authority under the GO Zone Act in December 2007.
On February 15, 2018, all of the 2021 Senior Notes ($688 million aggregate principal amount) were redeemed.
We believe that our sources of liquidity as described above will beare adequate to fund our normal operations and ongoing capital expenditures. Funding of any potential large expansions or any potential acquisitions would likely necessitate and therefore depend on our ability to obtain additional financing in the future. We may not be able to access additional liquidity at cost effective interest rates due to the volatility of the commercial credit markets.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
As of December 31, 20142017, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $880.6 million.$1,531 million. In addition, we have a revolving credit facilitythe Credit Agreement available to supplement cash if needed, as described under "Debt" below.
Debt
As of December 31, 20142017, our long-term debt,indebtedness, including the current maturities,portion, totaled $764.0 million, consisting of $250.0 million principal amount of 3.60% Notes Due 2022 (less the unamortized discount of $0.9 million), $100.0 million of 6 ½% senior notes due 2029, $250.0 million of 6 ¾% senior notes due 2032, $89.0 million of 6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "6 ½% GO Zone Senior Notes Due 2035"), $65.0 million of 6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "6 ½% IKE Zone Senior Notes Due 2035") (collectively, but excluding the 3.60% Notes Due 2022, the "Senior Notes") and a $10.9 million loan from the proceeds of tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds (supported by an $11.3 million letter of credit). The 6 ½% senior notes due 2029, the 6 ¾% senior notes due 2032, the 6 ½% GO Zone Senior Notes Due 2035 and the 6 ½% IKE Zone Senior Notes Due 2035 evidence and secure our obligations$3,837 million. See Note 9 to the Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facility and Development Authority (the "Authority"),audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K for a political subdivisiondiscussion of our long-term indebtedness. Defined terms used in this section have the State of Louisiana, under four loan agreements relatingdefinitions assigned to such terms in Note 9 to the issuance of $100.0 million, $250.0 million, $89.0 million and $65.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Authority's tax-exempt revenue bonds, respectively. As of December 31, 2014, debt outstanding under the tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds bore interest at a variable rate. As of December 31, 2014, we were in compliance with all of the covenants with respect to the 3.60% Notes Due 2022, the Senior Notes, our waste disposal revenue bonds and our revolving credit facility.consolidated financial statements.
Our ability to make payments on our indebtedness and to fund planned capital expenditures will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future, which is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. Based on our current level of operations and unless we were to undertake a new expansion or large acquisition, we believe our cash flowflows from operations, available cash and available borrowings under our revolving credit facilitythe Credit Agreement will be adequate to meet our normal operating needs for the foreseeable future.
Revolving Credit FacilityAgreement
We have a $400.0 million senior securedOn August 23, 2016, we and certain of our subsidiaries entered into an unsecured revolving credit facility.facility (the "Credit Agreement"), by and among us, the other borrowers and guarantors referred to therein, the lenders from time to time party thereto (collectively, the "Lenders"), the issuing banks party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent. Under the Credit Agreement, the Lenders have committed to provide an unsecured five-year revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $1 billion. The facilityCredit Agreement includes a provision permitting us to increase the size of the facility, up to four times, in increments of at least $25.0 million each (up to a maximum of $200.0 million) under certain circumstances if certain lenders agree to commit to such an increase.
The facility allows us to borrow up to (1) 85% of the net amount of eligible accounts receivable, plus (2) the lesser of (a) 70% of the value of the lower of cost or market of eligible inventory, or (b) 85% of the appraised net orderly liquidation value of all eligible inventory, plus (3) 100% of cash held in an account with the agent under the credit facility and subject to a control agreement with the agent, minus (4) such reserves as the agent may establish. The facility includes a $400.0$150 million sub-limit for letters of credit, and any outstanding letters of credit will be deducted from availability under the facility. The Credit Agreement also provides for a discretionary $50 million commitment for swing-line loans to be provided on a same-day basis. We may also increase the size of the facility, in increments of at least $25 million, up to a maximum of $500 million, subject to certain conditions and if certain Lenders agree to commit to such an increase.
At December 31, 2014,2017, we had under the Credit Agreement (i) no borrowings outstanding, (ii) outstanding letters of credit totaling $6 million and (iii) borrowing availability of $994 million. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility. Any borrowings under the facilityCredit Agreement will bear interest, at our option, at either (a) LIBOR plus a spread ranging from 1.25%1.00% to 1.75%, provided that so long as we are rated investment grade, the margin for LIBOR loans will not exceed 1.50%,vary depending on our credit rating or a base rate(b) Alternate Base Rate plus a spread ranging from 0.0%0.00% to 0.50%.0.75% that will vary depending on our credit rating. The revolving credit facilityCredit Agreement also requires an unusedundrawn commitment fee ofranging from 0.10% to 0.25% per annum. All interest ratesthat will vary depending on our credit rating.
Our obligations under the facilityCredit Agreement are guaranteed by our current and future material domestic subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions. The Credit Agreement contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including a quarterly total leverage ratio financial maintenance covenant. The Credit Agreement also contains certain events of default and if and for so long as an event of default has occurred and is continuing, any amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement will accrue interest at an increased rate, the Lenders can terminate their commitments thereunder and payments of any outstanding amounts could be accelerated by the Lenders. As of December 31, 2017, we were in compliance with the total leverage ratio financial maintenance covenant. See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements for more information regarding the Credit Agreement.
GO Zone Bonds and IKE Zone Bonds
In November 2017, the Authority completed the offering of $250 million aggregate principal amount of 3.50% tax-exempt revenue refunding bonds due November 1, 2032, the net proceeds of which were used to redeem $250 million aggregate principal amount of the Authority's 6 ¾% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 1, 2032 issued by the Authority under the GO Zone Act in December 2007. In November 2017, the Authority completed the remarketing of $250 million aggregate principal amount of 3.50% tax-exempt revenue refunding bonds due November 1, 2032 (the "Refunding Bonds"). The Refunding Bonds are subject to monthly grid pricing adjustments basedoptional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company at any time on or after November 1, 2027, for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest.
In July 2010, the Authority completed the reoffering of $100 million of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds. In connection with the reoffering of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds, the Company issued $100 million of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes. In December 2010, the Authority issued $89 million of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds. In connection with the issuance of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds, the Company issued $89 million of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes. In December 2010, the Authority completed the offering of $65 million of the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes under Section 704 of the IKE Zone Act.
The 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company at any time prior month average daily loan availability.to August 1, 2020 for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after August 1, 2020, the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest. The revolving credit facility matures on July 17, 2019. As6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of December 31, 2014, we had outstanding lettersthe Company at any time prior to November 1, 2020 for 100% of credit totaling $31.4 millionthe principal plus accrued interest and borrowing availabilitya discounted "make whole" payment. On or after November 1, 2020, the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of $368.6 million under the revolving credit facility.
Our revolving credit facility generally restricts our ability to make distributions unless, on a pro forma basis after giving effectCompany for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest. See Note 9 to the distribution,consolidated financial statements for more information regarding the borrowing availability undertax-exempt bonds and the facility equals or exceeds the greater of (1) 20% of the commitments under the facility and (2) $80.0 million; or the borrowing availability under the facility equals or exceeds the greater of (1) 15% of the commitments under the facility and (2) $60.0 million, and our fixed charge coverage ratio is at least 1.0:1 . However, we may make specified distributions up to an aggregate of $78.8 million in 2015, to be increased by 5% in each fiscal year thereafter, on an aggregate basis, for each fiscal year.
In order to make acquisitions or investments, our revolving credit facility provides that (1) we must maintain a minimum borrowing availability of at least the greater of $60.0 million or 15% of the total bank commitments under our revolving credit
facility or (2) we must maintain a minimum borrowing availability of at least the greater of $50.0 million or 12.5% of the total bank commitments under our revolving credit facility and meet a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.0:1 under our revolving credit facility. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we may make investments in the aggregate up to the greater of $50.0 million and 1.25% of tangible assets and acquisitions in the aggregate up to the greater of $100.0 million and 2.5% of tangible assets, if, on a pro forma basis after giving effect to the acquisition or investment, either (X) the borrowing availability under the facility equals or exceeds the greater of (A) 12.5% of the total bank commitments under the facility and (B) $50.0 million, but is less than the greater of (A) 15% of the total bank commitments and (B) $60.0 million, or (Y) our fixed charge coverage ratio is at least 1.0:1.
The revolving credit facility contains other customary covenants and events of default that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us. These restrictions, among other things, provide limitations on the occurrence of additional indebtedness and our ability to create liens, to engage in certain affiliate transactions and to engage in sale-leaseback transactions.Tax-Exempt Bond Related Senior Notes.
3.60% Senior Notes due 2022
In July 2012, we issued $250.0$250 million aggregate principal amount of the 3.60% Notes Due 2022. The 3.60% Notes Due 2022 are unsecured and were issued with an original issue discount of $1.2 million. There is no sinking fund and no scheduled amortization of the 3.60% Notes Due 2022 prior to maturity.Senior Notes. We may optionally redeem the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes Due 2022 at any time and from time to time prior to April 15, 2022 (three months prior to the maturity date) for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after April 15, 2022, we may optionally redeem the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes Due 2022 for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest. The holders of the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes Due 2022 may require us to repurchase the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes Due 2022 at a price of 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase, upon the occurrence of both a "change of control" and, within 60 days of such change of control, a "below investment grade rating event" (as such terms are defined in the indenture governing the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes). See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements for more information regarding the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes.
3.60% Senior Notes Due 2022).due 2026 and 5.0% Senior Notes due 2046
In August 2016, we completed the private offering of $750 million aggregate principal amount of our 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and $700 million aggregate principal amount of our 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes. All of our domestic subsidiaries that guarantee other indebtedness of ours or of another guarantor of the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes Due 2022or 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes in excess of $5.0$40 million are guarantors of the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes Due 2022.
and the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes. The indenture governing3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes and guarantees are unsecured and rank equally with our existing and future senior unsecured obligations and each guarantor's existing and future senior unsecured obligations. See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements for more information regarding the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes Due 2022 contains customary eventsand the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes.
4.625% Senior Notes due 2021 and 4.875% Senior Notes due 2023
In September 2016, we completed offers to exchange (the "Axiall Exchange Offers") any and all of defaultthe $688 million aggregate principal amount of the 4.625% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes and covenants that will restrictthe $450 million aggregate principal amount of the 4.875% Subsidiary 2023 Senior Notes (together with the 4.625% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes, the "Subsidiary Notes") issued by Axiall for new senior notes issued by us having the same maturity and interest rates as the Subsidiary Notes. Pursuant to the Axiall Exchange Offers, $625 million aggregate principal amount of the 4.625% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes and $434 million aggregate principal amount of the 4.875% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes were exchanged for an identical amount of 4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes and 4.875% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes, respectively, leaving outstanding $63 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes and $16 million aggregate amount of 4.875% Subsidiary 2021 Notes. In December 2017, we delivered notices for the optional redemption of all of the outstanding 4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes and 4.625% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes (collectively, the "2021 Notes"). The 2021 Notes were redeemed on February 15, 2018 at a redemption price equal to 102.313% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest on the 2021 Notes to the redemption date. The $16 million of the aggregate principal amount of the 4.875% Subsidiary 2023 Senior Notes are the senior unsecured obligations of Eagle Spinco Inc. The $434 million aggregate principal amount of the 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes are our senior obligations and are guaranteed on a senior basis by certain of our subsidiaries' ability to (1) incur certain secured indebtedness, (2) engage in certain sale-leaseback transactionsexisting and (3) consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially allfuture domestic subsidiaries. The 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes and guarantees are unsecured and rank equally with our existing and future senior unsecured obligations and each guarantor's existing and future senior unsecured obligations. All of our assets.
GO Zone Bondsdomestic subsidiaries that guarantee other indebtedness of ours or of another guarantor of the 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes in excess of $40 million are guarantors of the 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes. See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements for more information regarding the 4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes, the 4.625% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes, the 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes and the 4.875% Subsidiary 2023 Senior Notes.
In December 2010,2017, we delivered notices for the Authorityoptional redemption of all of the outstanding 4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes and 4.625% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes (collectively, the "2021 Notes"). The 2021 Notes were optionally redeemed on February 15, 2018 at a redemption price equal to 102.313% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest on the 2021 Notes to the redemption date.
4.375% Senior Notes due 2047
In November 2017, we completed the registered public offering of $89.0$500 million aggregate principal amount of 6 ½% tax-exempt revenue bonds4.375% Senior Notes due November 1, 2035 under15, 2047. We may optionally redeem the Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005 (the "GO Zone Act"). The bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company4.375% 2047 Senior Notes at any time and from time to time prior to November 1, 2020May 15, 2047 (six months prior to the maturity date) for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after November 1, 2020,May 15, 2047, we may optionally redeem the bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company4.375% 2047 Senior Notes for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest.
In July 2010, the Authority completed the reoffering of $100.0 million of 6 ½% tax-exempt revenue bonds due August 1, 2029 under the GO Zone Act. The bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company at any time prior to August 1, 2020 for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after August 1, 2020, the bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest.
In December 2007, the Authority issued $250.0 million of 6 ¾% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 1, 2032 under the GO Zone Act. The bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company at any time prior to November 1, 2017 for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after November 1, 2017, the bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest.
Each series of the bonds is subject to redemption and the holders may require the bonds to be repurchased upon a change of control or a change in or loss of the current tax status of the bonds. In addition, the bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company if certain events have occurred in connection with the operation of the projects for which the bond proceeds may be used, including if the Company has determined that the continued operation of any material portion of the projects would be impracticable, uneconomical or undesirable for any reason.
In connection with each offering of the bonds, we entered into a loan agreement with the Authority pursuant to which we agreed to pay all of the principal, premium, if any, and interest on the bonds and certain other amounts to the Authority. The net proceeds from the offerings were lent by the Authority to us. We used the proceeds to expand, refurbish and maintain certain of
our facilities in the Louisiana Parishes of Calcasieu and Ascension. The bonds are unsecured and rank equally in right of payment with other existing and future unsecured senior indebtedness. All domestic restricted subsidiaries that guarantee other debt of ours or of another guarantor of the Senior Notes in excess of $5.0 million are guarantors of the bonds. As of December 31, 2014, we had drawn all the proceeds from the 6 ½% bonds due 2029, 6 ¾% bonds due 2032 and 6 ½% bonds due 2035.
IKE Zone Bonds
In December 2010, the Authority completed the offering of $65.0 million of 6 ½% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 1, 2035 under Section 704 of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. The bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company at any time prior to November 1, 2020 for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after November 1, 2020, the bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company for 100% of the principalamount plus accrued interest. The bonds are subjectholders of the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes may require us to redemption, repurchase by the holders4.375% 2047 Senior Notes at a price of 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of repurchase, upon the occurrence of both a "change of control" and, within 60 days of such change of control, or a change"below investment grade rating event" (as such terms are defined in or loss of the current tax status ofindenture governing the bonds and optional redemption by the Authority under terms substantially similar4.375% 2047 Senior Notes). See Note 9 to the terms for the GO Zone Bonds.
In connection with the offering of the bonds, we entered into a loan agreement with the Authority pursuant to which we agreed to pay all of the principal, premium, if any, and interest on the bonds and certain other amounts to the Authority. The net proceeds from the offering were lent by the Authority to us. We used the proceeds to expand, refurbish and maintain certain of our facilities in the Louisiana Parish of Calcasieu. The 6 ½% IKE Zone Senior Notes Due 2035 are unsecured and rank equally in right of payment with other existing and future unsecured senior indebtedness. All domestic restricted subsidiaries that guarantee other debt of ours or of another guarantor of the Senior Notes in excess of $5.0 million are guarantors of the 6 ½% IKE Zone Senior Notes Due 2035. As of December 31, 2014, we had drawn all the proceeds from the 6 ½% IKE Zone Senior Notes Due 2035.
The indentures governing the Senior Notes contain customary covenants and events of default. Accordingly, these agreements generally impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us. These restrictions, among other things, provide limitations on incurrence of additional indebtedness, the payment of dividends, certain investments and acquisitions and sales of assets. However, the effectiveness of certain of these restrictions is currently suspended because the Senior Notes are currently rated investment grade by at least two nationally recognized credit rating agencies. The most significant of these provisions, if it were currently effective, would restrict us from incurring additional debt, except specified permitted debt (including borrowings under our credit facility), when our fixed charge coverage ratio is below 2.0:1. These limitations are subject to a number of important qualifications and exceptions, including, without limitation, an exception for the payment of our regular quarterly dividend of up to $0.10 per share. If the restrictions were currently effective, distributions in excess of $100.0 million would not be allowed unless, after giving pro forma effect to the distribution, our fixed charge coverage ratio is at least 2.0:1 and such payment, together with the aggregate amount of all other distributions after January 13, 2006, is less than the sum of 50% of our consolidated net income for the period from October 1, 2003 to the end of the most recent quarter for which financial statements have been filed, plus 100% of net cash proceeds received after October 1, 2003 as a contribution to our common equity capital or fromfor more information regarding the issuance or sale of certain securities, plus several other adjustments.4.375% 2047 Senior Notes.
Revenue Bonds
In December 1997, we entered into a loan agreement with a public trust established for public purposes for the benefit of the Parish of Calcasieu, Louisiana. The public trust issued $10.9$11 million principal amount of tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds in order to finance our construction of waste disposal facilities for an ethylene plant. The waste disposal revenue bonds expire in December 2027 and are subject to redemption and mandatory tender for purchase prior to maturity under certain conditions. Interest on the waste disposal revenue bonds accrues at a rate determined by a remarketing agent and is payable quarterly. The interest rate on the waste disposal revenue bonds at December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 was 0.05%1.73% and 0.09%0.79%, respectively.
As of December 31, 2017, we were in compliance with all of the covenants with respect to the Tax-Exempt Related Senior Notes, the 4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes, the 4.625% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes, the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes, the 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes, the 4.875% Subsidiary 2023 Senior Notes, the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes, the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes, the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes, the Credit Agreement and our waste disposal revenue bonds.
Westlake Chemical Partners LP Credit Arrangements
Our subsidiary, Westlake Chemical Finance Corporation, is the lender party to a $600 million revolving credit facility with Westlake Chemical Partners LP ("Westlake Partners"), originally entered into on April 29, 2015. The revolving credit facility is scheduled to mature on April 29, 2021. Borrowings under the revolver bear interest at LIBOR plus a spread ranging from 2.0% to 3.0% (depending on Westlake Partners' consolidated leverage ratio), payable quarterly. Westlake Partners may pay all or a portion of the interest on any borrowings in kind, in which case any such amounts would be added to the principal amount of the loan. As of December 31, 2017, outstanding borrowings under the credit facility totaled $254 million and bore interest at the LIBOR rate plus 2.0%.
Our subsidiary, Westlake Development Corporation, is the lender party to a $600 million revolving credit facility with OpCo. The revolving credit facility matures in 2019. As of December 31, 2017, outstanding borrowings under the credit facility totaled $220 million and bore interest at the LIBOR rate plus 3.0%, which is accrued in arrears quarterly.
We consolidate Westlake Partners and OpCo for financial reporting purposes as we have a controlling financial interest. As such, the revolving credit facilities described above between our subsidiaries and Westlake Partners and OpCo are eliminated upon consolidation.
Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments
In addition to long-term debt, we are required to make payments relating to various types of obligations. The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 20142017 relating to long-term debt, operating leases, capital leases, pension benefits funding, post-retirement healthcare benefits, purchase obligations and interest payments for the next five years and thereafter. The amounts do not include deferred charges and other items classified in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet due to the uncertainty of the future payment schedule.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Payment Due by Period |
| | | Total | | 2015 | | 2016-2017 | | 2018-2019 | | Thereafter |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | (dollars in millions) |
| Contractual Obligations | | | | | | | | | | |
| Long-term debt | | $ | 764.0 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 764.0 |
|
| Operating leases | | 745.9 |
| | 39.2 |
| | 73.5 |
| | 52.6 |
| | 580.6 |
|
| Capital leases | | 2.4 |
| | 0.3 |
| | 0.5 |
| | 0.5 |
| | 1.1 |
|
| Pension benefits funding | | 122.9 |
| | 2.7 |
| | 6.3 |
| | 7.4 |
| | 106.5 |
|
| Post-retirement healthcare benefits | | 15.7 |
| | 1.8 |
| | 4.1 |
| | 3.9 |
| | 5.9 |
|
| Purchase obligations | | 4,149.2 |
| | 481.5 |
| | 520.8 |
| | 286.6 |
| | 2,860.3 |
|
| Interest payments | | 673.2 |
| | 42.4 |
| | 84.8 |
| | 84.8 |
| | 461.2 |
|
| Total | | $ | 6,473.3 |
| | $ | 567.9 |
| | $ | 690.0 |
| | $ | 435.8 |
| | $ | 4,779.6 |
|
| Other Commercial Commitments | | | | | | | | | | |
| Standby letters of credit | | $ | 31.4 |
| | $ | 31.4 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
|
Long-Term Debt. Long-term debt consists of the 3.60% Notes Due 2022, the 6 ½% senior notes due 2029, the 6 ¾% senior notes due 2032, the 6 ½% GO Zone Senior Notes Due 2035, the 6 ½% IKE Zone Senior Notes Due 2035 and the tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds.
Operating Leases. We lease various facilities and equipment under noncancelable operating leases (primarily related to rail car leases and land) for various periods.
Capital Leases. This includes scheduled installments of principal and imputed interest on our capital lease obligations. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Payment Due by Period |
| | | Total | | 2018 | | 2019-2020 | | 2021-2022 | | Thereafter |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | (dollars in millions) |
| Contractual Obligations | | | | | | | | | | |
| Long-term debt | | $ | 3,853 |
| | $ | 688 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 250 |
| | $ | 2,915 |
|
| Operating leases | | 1,029 |
| | 108 |
| | 170 |
| | 100 |
| | 651 |
|
| Capital leases | | 22 |
| | 3 |
| | 6 |
| | 4 |
| | 9 |
|
| Pension benefits funding | | 143 |
| | 6 |
| | 11 |
| | 15 |
| | 111 |
|
| Post-retirement healthcare benefits | | 110 |
| | 8 |
| | 16 |
| | 16 |
| | 70 |
|
| Purchase obligations | | 5,264 |
| | 1,522 |
| | 1,777 |
| | 1,080 |
| | 885 |
|
| Interest payments | | 2,438 |
| | 144 |
| | 280 |
| | 276 |
| | 1,738 |
|
| Asset retirement obligations | | 38 |
| | 4 |
| | 2 |
| | 1 |
| | 31 |
|
| Investment in LACC | | 100 |
| | 54 |
| | 46 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total | | $ | 12,997 |
| | $ | 2,537 |
| | $ | 2,308 |
| | $ | 1,742 |
| | $ | 6,410 |
|
| Other Commercial Commitments | | | | | | | | | | |
| Standby letters of credit | | $ | 47 |
| | $ | 41 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 6 |
|
Pension Benefits Funding. We haveThis represents the projected timing of contributions to our defined benefit pension plans which cover certain eligible employees in the United States and non-U.S. countries. See the discussion in Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
Post-retirement Healthcare Benefits. We provideThis represents the projected timing of contributions to our post-retirement healthcare benefits to the employees of two subsidiaries who meet certain minimum age and service requirements. See the discussion in Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
Purchase Obligations. Purchase obligations include agreements to purchase goods and services that are enforceable and legally binding and that specify all significant terms, including a minimum quantity and price. We are party to various obligations to purchase goods and services, including commitments to purchase various feedstock, utilities, nitrogen, oxygen, product storage, pipeline usage and logistic support, in each case in the ordinary course of our business, as well as various purchase commitments for our capital projects. The amounts shown in the table above reflect our estimates based on the contractual quantities and the prices in effect under contractual agreements as of December 31, 2014.2017.
Interest Payments. Interest payments are based on interest rates in effect at December 31, 20142017.
Asset retirement obligations. This includes the estimated costs and timing of payments to satisfy our recognized asset retirement obligations.
Investment in LACC. This includes our portion of the forecasted capital contributions related to the engineering, procurement and assume contractual amortization payments.construction of LACC's new ethylene plant.
Standby Letters of Credit. This includes (1) our obligation under an $11.3$11 million letter of credit issued in connection with the $10.9$11 million tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds and (2) other letters of credit totaling $20.1$30 million issued primarily to support commercial obligations and obligations under our insurance programs, including workers' compensation claims.
Uncertain income tax positions. We have recognized a liability for our uncertain income tax positions of approximately $4 million as of December 31, 2017. We do not believe we are likely to pay any material amounts during the year ending December 31, 2018. The ultimate resolution and timing of payment for remaining matters continues to be uncertain and are therefore excluded from the Contractual Obligations table above.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
None.
Critical Accounting Policies
Critical accounting policies are those that are important to our financial condition and require management's most difficult, subjective or complex judgments. Different amounts would be reported under different operating conditions or under alternative assumptions. We have evaluated the accounting policies used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes and believe those policies are reasonable and appropriate.
We apply those accounting policies that we believe best reflect the underlying business and economic events, consistent with GAAP. Our more critical accounting policies include those related to long-lived assets, fair value estimates, accruals for long-term employee benefits, accounts receivable, income taxes and environmental and legal obligations. Inherent in such
policies are certain key assumptions and estimates. We periodically update the estimates used in the preparation of the financial statements based on our latest assessment of the current and projected business and general economic environment. Our significant accounting policies are summarized in Note 1 to the audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. We believe the following to be our most critical accounting policies applied in the preparation of our financial statements.
Long-Lived Assets. Key estimates related to long-lived assets include useful lives, recoverability of carrying values and existence of any retirement obligations. Such estimates could be significantly modified. The carrying values of long-lived assets could be impaired by significant changes or projected changes in supply and demand fundamentals (which would have a negative impact on operating rates or margins), new technological developments, new competitors with significant raw material or other cost advantages, adverse changes associated with the United States and world economies, the cyclical nature of the chemical and refining industries and uncertainties associated with governmental actions.
We evaluate long-lived assets for potential impairment indicators whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, including when negative conditions such as significant current or projected operating losses exist. Our judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on legal factors, market conditions and the operational performance of our businesses. Actual impairment losses incurred could vary significantly from amounts estimated. Long-lived assets assessed for impairment are grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Additionally, future events could cause us to conclude that impairment indicators exist and that associated long-lived assets of our businesses are impaired. Any resulting impairment loss could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
The estimated useful lives of long-lived assets range from twoone to 3540 years. Depreciation and amortization of these assets, including amortization of deferred turnaround costs, under the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives totaled $601 million, $208.5 million, $157.8378 million and $144.5246 million in 2014, 20132017, 2016 and 20122015, respectively. If the useful lives of the assets were found to be shorter than originally estimated, depreciation or amortization charges would be accelerated.
We defer the costs of planned major maintenance activities, or turnarounds, and amortize the costs over the period until the next planned turnaround of the affected unit. Total costs deferred on turnarounds were $0.3$47 million, $59.1$77 million and $16.5$3 million in 2014, 20132017, 2016 and 2012,2015, respectively. Amortization in 2014, 20132017, 2016 and 20122015 of previously deferred turnaround costs was $19.2$30 million, $17.7$22 million and $17.0$18 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2014,2017, deferred turnaround costs, net of accumulated amortization, totaled $51.4 million.$111 million. Expensing turnaround costs as incurred would likely result in greater variability of our quarterly operating results and would adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.
Additional information concerning long-lived assets and related depreciation and amortization appears in Notes 56 and 67 to the audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
Fair Value Estimates. We develop estimates of fair value to allocate the purchase price paid to acquire a business to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in an acquisition, to assess impairment of long-lived assets, goodwill and intangible assets and to record marketable securities, derivative instruments and pension plan assets. We use all available information to make these fair value determinations, including the engagement of third-party consultants. At December 31, 20142017, our recorded goodwill was $62.0$1,012 million, which was associated with the acquisitionsacquisition of Axiall, our specialty PVC pipe business and our Longview facilities. In addition, we record all derivative instruments, pension plan assets and certain marketable securities at fair value. The fair value of these items is determined by quoted market prices or from observable market-based inputs. See Notes 1012 and 1314 to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
Business Combinations and Intangible Assets Including Goodwill. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, and accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the acquired business are recorded at their fair values at the date of acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value is recorded as goodwill. Any changes in the estimated fair values of the net assets recorded for acquisitions prior to the finalization of more detailed analysis, but not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition, will change the amount of the purchase price allocable to goodwill. Any subsequent changes to any purchase price allocations that are material to our consolidated financial results will be adjusted in the same period's financial statements, including the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization or other income effects, if any, as a result of the change to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. All acquisition costs are expensed as incurred and in-process research and development costs are recorded at fair value as an indefinite-lived intangible asset and assessed for impairment thereafter until completion, at which point the asset is amortized over its expected useful life. Separately recognized transactions associated with business combinations are generally expensed subsequent to the acquisition date. The application of business combination and impairment accounting requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions. Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate the fair value of a reporting unit with goodwill has been reduced below its carrying value. We perform our annual impairment tests for the Olefins and Vinyls reporting units in October and April, respectively. The fair values of the reporting units are calculated using both a discounted cash flow methodology and a market value methodology. The discounted cash flow projections are based on a forecast to reflect the cyclicality of the business. The forecast is based on historical results and estimates by management, including its strategic and operational plans, and financial performance of the market. The future cash flows are discounted to present value using an applicable discount rate. The significant assumptions used in determining the fair value of the reporting unit using the market value methodology include the determination of appropriate market comparables and the estimated multiples of EBITDA a willing buyer is likely to pay. Even if the fair values of the reporting units decreased by 10%, the carrying values of the reporting units would not have exceeded their fair values. See Item 1A, "Risk Factors—If our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or other intangible assets become impaired in the future, we may be required to record non-cash charges to earnings, which could be significant."
The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in our consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date.
Long-Term Employee Benefit Costs. Our costs for long-term employee benefits, particularly pension and postretirement medical and life benefits, are incurred over long periods of time and involve many uncertainties over those periods. The net periodic benefit cost attributable to current periods is based on several assumptions about such future uncertainties and is sensitive to changes in those assumptions. It is our responsibility, often with the assistance of independent experts, to select assumptions that represent the best estimates of those uncertainties. It is also our responsibility to review those assumptions periodically and, if necessary, adjust the assumptions to reflect changes in economic or other factors.
Accounting for employee retirement plans involves estimating the cost of benefits that are to be provided in the future and attempting to match, for each employee, that estimated cost to the period worked. To accomplish this, we rely extensively on advice from actuaries, and we make assumptions about inflation, investment returns, mortality, employee turnover and discount rates that ultimately impact amounts recorded. Changes in these assumptions may result in different expense and liability amounts. TwoOne of the more significant assumptions relaterelates to the discount rate for measuring benefit obligations and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets.obligations. At December 31, 20142017, the projected pension benefit obligations for U.S. and non-U.S. plans were calculated using assumed weighted average discount rates of 3.5%3.4% and 1.9%1.8%, respectively. The discount rates were determined using a benchmark pension discount curve and applying spot rates from the curve to each year of
expected benefit payments to determine the appropriate discount rate. The return on asset assumption of 7.0% for U.S. plans is based on historical asset returns, anticipated future performance of the investments and financial markets and input from our third-party independent actuary and the pension fund trustee. The non-U.S. plans are unfunded and, therefore, have no plan assets. As a result of the strong returns on U.S. plan assets during 2014 and the funding relief provided by the enactment of the Highway and Transportation FundingBipartisan Budget Act of 2014, we expect the2015, no minimum funding requirements are expected during 2018 for the U.S. pension plans to decrease in 2015.plans. Additional information on the 20152018 funding requirements and key assumptions underlying these benefit costs appear in Note 1012 to the audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
The following table reflects the sensitivity of the benefit obligation of our pension plans to changes in the actuarial assumptions:
| | | | | 2014 | | 2017 |
| | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | (dollars in millions) | | (dollars in millions) |
| Projected benefit obligation, end of year | | $ | 67.0 |
| | $ | 122.7 |
| | $ | 807 |
| | $ | 128 |
|
| Discount rate increases by 100 basis points | | 59.6 |
| | 103.8 |
| | (88 | ) | | (20 | ) |
| Discount rate decreases by 100 basis points | | 76.0 |
| | 147.1 |
| | 107 |
| | 26 |
|
AssumedA one-percentage point increase or decrease in assumed healthcare trend rates dowould not have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the healthcare plans because benefits for participants are capped at a fixed amount.plans.
While we believe that the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K related to these retirement plans are based on the best estimates and judgments available, the actual outcomes could differ from these estimates.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. In our determination of the allowance for doubtful accounts, and consistent with our accounting policy, we estimate the amount of accounts receivable that we believe are unlikely to be collected and we record an expense of that amount. Estimating this amount requires us to analyze the financial strength of our customers, and, in our analysis, we combine the use of historical experience, our accounts receivable aged trial balance and specific collectibility analysis. We review our allowance for doubtful accounts quarterly. Balances over 90 days past due and accounts determined by our analysis of financial strength of customers to be high risk are reviewed individually for collectibility. By its nature, such an estimate is highly subjective and it is possible that the amount of accounts receivable that we are unable to collect may be different than the amount initially estimated.
Income Taxes. We utilize the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the liability method, deferred tax assets or liabilities are recorded based upon temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their carrying values for financial reporting purposes. Deferred tax expense or benefit is the result of changes in the deferred tax assets and liabilities during the period. Valuation allowances are recorded against deferred tax assets when it is considered more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
Environmental and Legal Obligations. We consult with various professionals to assist us in making estimates relating to environmental costs and legal proceedings. We accrue an expense when we determine that it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable. While we believe that the amounts recorded in the accompanying consolidated financial statements related to these contingencies are based on the best estimates and judgments available, the actual outcomes could differ from our estimates. Additional information about certain legal proceedings and environmental matters appears in Note 20 to the audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
Asset Retirement Obligations. We recognize asset retirement obligations in the period in which the liability becomes probable and reasonably estimable. Initially, the asset retirement obligation is recorded at fair value and capitalized as a component of the carrying value of the long-lived asset to which the obligation relates. The liability is recorded at its future value each period, and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the estimated useful life of the related asset. Upon settlement of the liability, a gain or loss is recorded. We have conditional asset retirement obligations for the removal and disposal of hazardous materials from certain of our manufacturing facilities.
We also have conditional asset retirement obligations that have not been recognized because the fair values of the conditional legal obligations cannot be measured due to the indeterminate settlement date of the obligations. Settlements of the unrecognized conditional asset retirement obligations are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows in any individual reporting period.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 to the audited consolidated financial statements for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements, including expected dates of adoption and estimated effects on results of operations and financial condition, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Commodity Price Risk
A substantial portion of our products and raw materials are commodities whose prices fluctuate as market supply and demand fundamentals change. Accordingly, product margins and the level of our profitability tend to fluctuate with changes in the business cycle. We try to protect against such instability through various business strategies. Our strategies include ethylene
product feedstock flexibility and moving downstream into the olefins and vinyls products where pricing is more stable. We use derivative instruments in certain instances to reduce price volatility risk on feedstocks and products. Based on our open derivative positions at December 31, 2014,2017, a hypothetical $0.10 increase in the price of a gallon of ethane would have increased our income before taxes by $14.4$3 million and a hypothetical $0.10 increase in the price of a MMbtugallon of natural gaspropane would have decreasedincreased our income before taxes by $0.3$4 million. Additional information concerning derivative commodity instruments appears in Notes 1214 and 1315 to the consolidated financial statements.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to interest rate risk with respect to fixed and variable rate debt. At December 31, 2014,2017, we had variable rate debt of $10.9 million outstanding. All of the debt outstanding under our revolving credit facility (none was outstanding at December 31, 2014) and our loan relating to the tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds are at variable rates. We do not currently hedge our variable interest rate debt, but we may do so in the future. The average variable interest rate for our variable rate debt of $10.9 million as of December 31, 2014 was 0.05%. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase in the average interest rate on our variable rate debt would increase our annual interest expense by approximately $0.1 million. Also, at December 31, 2014, we had $754.0$3,842 million aggregate principal amount of fixed rate debt. We are subject to the risk of higher interest cost if and when this debt is refinanced. If interest rates were 1% higher at the time of refinancing, our annual interest expense would increase by approximately $7.5$38 million. Also, at December 31, 2017, we had $11 million principal amount of variable debt outstanding, which represents the tax exempt waste disposal revenue bonds. We do not currently hedge our variable interest rate debt, but we may do so in the future. The average variable interest rate for our variable rate debt of $11 million as of December 31, 2017 was 1.73%. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase in the average interest rate on our variable rate debt would not result in a material change in the interest expense.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with our international operations. However, the effect of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates caused by our international operations has not had a material impact on our overall operating results. We may engage in activities to mitigate our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk in certain instances through the use of currency exchange derivative instruments, including forward exchange contracts, cross-currency swaps or spot purchases. A forward exchange contract obligates us to exchange predetermined amounts of specified currencies at a stated exchange rate on a stated date. A cross-currency swap obligates us to make periodic payments in the local currency and receive periodic payments in our functional currency based on the notional amount of the instrument.
|
| |
| Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data |
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
| |
| | Page |
| | |
| Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting | |
| Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | |
| Consolidated Financial Statements: | |
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 | |
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 20132017, 2016 and 20122015 | |
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 20132017, 2016 and 20122015 | |
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 20132017, 2016 and 20122015 | |
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 20132017, 2016 and 20122015 | |
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | |
Financial Statement Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts | |
Financial statement schedules not included in this Form 10-K have been omitted because they are not applicable or because the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
MANAGEMENT'S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
The management of Westlake Chemical Corporation is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Westlake's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Westlake management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20142017. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013)(2013). Based on its assessment, Westlake's management has concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 20142017 based on those criteria.
During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company acquired all the equity interests in Vinnolit Holdings GmbH and its subsidiary companies ("Vinnolit"). In accordance with the SEC's published guidance, because the Company acquired Vinnolit during the current fiscal year, management has excluded Vinnolit from its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014. Vinnolit's total assets and total net sales represent 15.7% and 9.8%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014.
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has also audited the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20142017 as stated in their report that appears on the following page.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders
of Westlake Chemical Corporation:Corporation
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Westlake Chemical Corporation and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of changes in stockholders' equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements listed in the accompanying indexreferred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Westlake Chemical Corporation and its subsidiaries at the Company as of December 31, 20142017 and 2013,2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20142017 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014,2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, and financial statement schedule, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on thesethe Company's consolidated financial statements on the financial statement schedule, and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supportingregarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, assessingstatements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, andas well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statement presentation.statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
As described in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded Vinnolit Holdings GmbH from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014 because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2014. We have also excluded Vinnolit Holdings GmbH from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. Vinnolit Holdings GmbH is a wholly-owned subsidiary whose total assets and total net sales represent 15.7% and 9.8%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014.
/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Houston, Texas
February 25, 201521, 2018
We have served as the Company's auditor since 1986, which includes periods before the Company became subject to SEC reporting requirements.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
| | | | | December 31, | | December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | (in thousands of dollars, except par values and share amounts) | | (in millions of dollars, except par values and share amounts) |
| ASSETS | | | | | | | | |
| Current assets | | | | | | | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 880,601 |
| | $ | 461,301 |
| | $ | 1,531 |
| | $ | 459 |
|
| Marketable securities | | — |
| | 239,388 |
| |
| Accounts receivable, net | | 560,666 |
| | 428,457 |
| | 1,001 |
| | 939 |
|
| Inventories | | 525,776 |
| | 471,879 |
| | 900 |
| | 801 |
|
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | | 11,807 |
| | 13,888 |
| | 30 |
| | 48 |
|
| Deferred income taxes | | 32,437 |
| | 34,169 |
| |
| Restricted cash | | | 1 |
| | 161 |
|
| Total current assets | | 2,011,287 |
| | 1,649,082 |
| | 3,463 |
| | 2,408 |
|
| Property, plant and equipment, net | | 2,757,557 |
| | 2,088,014 |
| | 6,412 |
| | 6,420 |
|
| Equity investments | | 61,305 |
| | 66,875 |
| |
| Goodwill | | | 1,012 |
| | 947 |
|
| Customer relationships, net | | | 616 |
| | 611 |
|
| Other intangible assets, net | | | 161 |
| | 176 |
|
| Other assets, net | | | | | | 412 |
| | 328 |
|
| Intangible assets, net | | 218,431 |
| | 159,046 |
| |
| Deferred charges and other assets, net | | 165,410 |
| | 97,892 |
| |
| Total other assets, net | | 383,841 |
| | 256,938 |
| |
| Total assets | | $ | 5,213,990 |
| | $ | 4,060,909 |
| | $ | 12,076 |
| | $ | 10,890 |
|
| | | | | | |
| LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | | | | | | | | |
| Current liabilities | | | | | | | | |
| Accounts payable | | $ | 261,062 |
| | $ | 249,613 |
| | $ | 600 |
| | $ | 496 |
|
| Accrued liabilities | | 276,118 |
| | 155,245 |
| | 657 |
| | 538 |
|
| Current portion of long-term debt, net | | | 710 |
| | — |
|
| Term loan | | | — |
| | 149 |
|
| Total current liabilities | | 537,180 |
| | 404,858 |
| | 1,967 |
| | 1,183 |
|
| Long-term debt | | 763,997 |
| | 763,879 |
| |
| Long-term debt, net | | | 3,127 |
| | 3,679 |
|
| Deferred income taxes | | 536,066 |
| | 437,976 |
| | 1,111 |
| | 1,650 |
|
| Pension and other post-retirement benefits | | | 344 |
| | 365 |
|
| Other liabilities | | 174,859 |
| | 35,593 |
| | 158 |
| | 121 |
|
| Total liabilities | | 2,012,102 |
| | 1,642,306 |
| | 6,707 |
| | 6,998 |
|
| Commitments and contingencies (Notes 7 and 20) | |
|
| |
|
| |
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 20) | | |
|
| |
|
|
| Stockholders' equity | | | | | | | | |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 300,000,000 shares authorized; 134,679,064 and 134,580,208 shares issued at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively (Note 8) | | 1,347 |
| | 1,346 |
| |
Common stock, held in treasury, at cost; 1,787,546 and 1,252,922 shares at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively (Note 8) | | (96,372 | ) | | (46,220 | ) | |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 300,000,000 shares authorized; 134,651,380 and 134,651,380 shares issued at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively | | | 1 |
| | 1 |
|
Common stock, held in treasury, at cost; 5,232,875 and 5,726,377 shares at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively | | | (302 | ) | | (319 | ) |
| Additional paid-in capital | | 530,441 |
| | 511,432 |
| | 555 |
| | 551 |
|
| Retained earnings | | 2,555,528 |
| | 1,954,661 |
| | 4,613 |
| | 3,412 |
|
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | | (79,433 | ) | | (2,616 | ) | |
| Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | | | 7 |
| | (121 | ) |
| Total Westlake Chemical Corporation stockholders' equity | | 2,911,511 |
| | 2,418,603 |
| | 4,874 |
| | 3,524 |
|
| Noncontrolling interests | | 290,377 |
| | — |
| | 495 |
| | 368 |
|
| Total equity | | 3,201,888 |
| | 2,418,603 |
| | 5,369 |
| | 3,892 |
|
| Total liabilities and equity | | $ | 5,213,990 |
| | $ | 4,060,909 |
| | $ | 12,076 |
| | $ | 10,890 |
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 |
| | | | | | | |
| | | (in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data) |
| Net sales | | $ | 4,415,350 |
| | $ | 3,759,484 |
| | $ | 3,571,041 |
|
| Cost of sales | | 3,098,000 |
| | 2,658,046 |
| | 2,834,081 |
|
| Gross profit | | 1,317,350 |
| | 1,101,438 |
| | 736,960 |
|
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | | 193,359 |
| | 147,974 |
| | 121,609 |
|
| Income from operations | | 1,123,991 |
| | 953,464 |
| | 615,351 |
|
| Other income (expense) | | | | | | |
| Interest expense | | (37,352 | ) | | (18,082 | ) | | (43,049 | ) |
| Debt retirement costs | | — |
| | — |
| | (7,082 | ) |
| Gain from sales of equity securities | | — |
| | — |
| | 16,429 |
|
| Other (expense) income, net | | (2,721 | ) | | 6,790 |
| | 3,520 |
|
| Income before income taxes | | 1,083,918 |
| | 942,172 |
| | 585,169 |
|
| Provision for income taxes | | 398,902 |
| | 331,747 |
| | 199,614 |
|
| Net income | | 685,016 |
| | 610,425 |
| | 385,555 |
|
| Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | | 6,493 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 678,523 |
| | $ | 610,425 |
| | $ | 385,555 |
|
Earnings per common share attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation (Note 8): | | | | | | |
| Basic | | $ | 5.09 |
| | $ | 4.57 |
| | $ | 2.89 |
|
| Diluted | | $ | 5.07 |
| | $ | 4.55 |
| | $ | 2.88 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Weighted average shares outstanding (Note 8) | | | | | | |
| Basic | | 133,111,230 |
| | 133,224,256 |
| | 132,578,858 |
|
| Diluted | | 133,643,414 |
| | 133,779,250 |
| | 133,282,990 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Dividends per common share (Note 8) | | $ | 0.5820 |
| | $ | 0.4125 |
| | $ | 2.1363 |
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 |
| | | | | | | |
| | | (in thousands of dollars) |
| Net income | | $ | 685,016 |
| | $ | 610,425 |
| | $ | 385,555 |
|
| Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of income taxes | | | | | | |
| Pension and other post-retirement benefits liability | | | | | | |
Pension and other post-retirement reserves adjustment (excluding amortization) | | (25,766 | ) | | 12,969 |
| | (4,301 | ) |
| Amortization of benefits liability | | 924 |
| | 2,712 |
| | 2,340 |
|
Income tax benefit (provision) on pension and other post-retirement benefits liability | | 8,096 |
| | (6,026 | ) | | 753 |
|
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | | (60,128 | ) | | (1,607 | ) | | 623 |
|
| Available-for-sale investments | | | | | | |
| Unrealized holding gains on investments | | 1,301 |
| | 256 |
| | 14,582 |
|
| Reclassification of net realized (gains) loss to net income | | (1,212 | ) | | 19 |
| | (16,429 | ) |
| Income tax (provision) benefit on available-for-sale investments | | (32 | ) | | (99 | ) | | 662 |
|
| Other comprehensive (loss) income | | (76,817 | ) | | 8,224 |
| | (1,770 | ) |
| Comprehensive income | | 608,199 |
| | 618,649 |
| | 383,785 |
|
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax | | 6,493 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Comprehensive income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 601,706 |
| | $ | 618,649 |
| | $ | 383,785 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | | | | | | |
| | | (in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data) |
| Net sales | | $ | 8,041 |
| | $ | 5,076 |
| | $ | 4,463 |
|
| Cost of sales | | 6,272 |
| | 4,095 |
| | 3,278 |
|
| Gross profit | | 1,769 |
| | 981 |
| | 1,185 |
|
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | | 399 |
| | 258 |
| | 218 |
|
| Amortization of intangibles | | 108 |
| | 38 |
| | 7 |
|
| Transaction and integration-related costs | | 29 |
| | 104 |
| | — |
|
| Income from operations | | 1,233 |
| | 581 |
| | 960 |
|
| Other income (expense) | | | | | | |
| Interest expense | | (159 | ) | | (79 | ) | | (35 | ) |
| Other income, net | | 7 |
| | 56 |
| | 38 |
|
| Income before income taxes | | 1,081 |
| | 558 |
| | 963 |
|
| Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | | (258 | ) | | 138 |
| | 298 |
|
| Net income | | 1,339 |
| | 420 |
| | 665 |
|
| Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | | 35 |
| | 21 |
| | 19 |
|
| Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 1,304 |
| | $ | 399 |
| | $ | 646 |
|
Earnings per common share attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation: | | | | | | |
| Basic | | $ | 10.05 |
| | $ | 3.07 |
| | $ | 4.88 |
|
| Diluted | | $ | 10.00 |
| | $ | 3.06 |
| | $ | 4.86 |
|
| Weighted average shares outstanding | | | | | | |
| Basic | | 129,087,043 |
| | 129,367,712 |
| | 131,823,707 |
|
| Diluted | | 129,540,013 |
| | 129,974,822 |
| | 132,301,812 |
|
| Dividends per common share | | $ | 0.8012 |
| | $ | 0.7442 |
| | $ | 0.6930 |
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITYCOMPREHENSIVE INCOME
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Common Stock | | Common Stock, Held in Treasury | | | | | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | | | | |
| | | Number of Shares | | Amount | | Number of Shares | | At Cost | | Additional Paid-in Capital | | Retained Earnings | | Benefits Liability, Net of Tax | | Cumulative Foreign Currency Exchange | | Net Unrealized Holding Gains on Investments, Net of Tax | | Noncontrolling Interests | | Total |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | (in thousands of dollars, except share amounts) |
| Balances at December 31, 2011 | | 133,203,818 |
| | $ | 1,332 |
| | 139,632 |
| | $ | (2,518 | ) | | $ | 467,130 |
| | $ | 1,299,438 |
| | $ | (15,143 | ) | | $ | 4,888 |
| | $ | 1,185 |
| | — |
| | $ | 1,756,312 |
|
| Net income | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 385,555 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 385,555 |
|
Other comprehensive (loss) income | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (1,208 | ) | | 623 |
| | (1,185 | ) | | — |
| | (1,770 | ) |
Common stock repurchased | | — |
| | — |
| | 429,354 |
| | (10,784 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (10,784 | ) |
Shares issued - stock based compensation | | 1,170,630 |
| | 12 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 10,358 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 10,370 |
|
Stock-based compensation, net of tax on stock options exercised | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 18,094 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 18,094 |
|
| Dividends paid | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (285,521 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (285,521 | ) |
| Balances at December 31, 2012 | | 134,374,448 |
| | 1,344 |
| | 568,986 |
| | (13,302 | ) | | 495,582 |
| | 1,399,472 |
| | (16,351 | ) | | 5,511 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,872,256 |
|
| Net income | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 610,425 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 610,425 |
|
Other comprehensive income (loss) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 9,655 |
| | (1,607 | ) | | 176 |
| | — |
| | 8,224 |
|
Common stock repurchased | | — |
| | — |
| | 683,936 |
| | (32,918 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (32,918 | ) |
Shares issued - stock based compensation | | 205,760 |
| | 2 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 3,435 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 3,437 |
|
Stock-based compensation, net of tax on stock options exercised | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 12,415 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 12,415 |
|
| Dividends paid | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (55,236 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (55,236 | ) |
| Balances at December 31, 2013 | | 134,580,208 |
| | 1,346 |
| | 1,252,922 |
| | (46,220 | ) | | 511,432 |
| | 1,954,661 |
| | (6,696 | ) | | 3,904 |
| | 176 |
| | — |
| | 2,418,603 |
|
| Net income | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 678,523 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 6,493 |
| | 685,016 |
|
Other comprehensive income (loss) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (16,746 | ) | | (60,128 | ) | | 57 |
| | — |
| | (76,817 | ) |
Common stock repurchased | | — |
| | — |
| | 671,791 |
| | (52,630 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (52,630 | ) |
Shares issued - stock based compensation | | 98,856 |
| | 1 |
| | (137,167 | ) | | 2,478 |
| | 3,045 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 5,524 |
|
Stock-based compensation, net of tax on stock options exercised | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 15,964 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 15,964 |
|
| Dividends paid | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (77,656 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (77,656 | ) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (2,204 | ) | | (2,204 | ) |
Issuance of Westlake Chemical Partners LP common units | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 286,088 |
| | 286,088 |
|
| Balances at December 31, 2014 | | 134,679,064 |
| | $ | 1,347 |
| | 1,787,546 |
| | $ | (96,372 | ) | | $ | 530,441 |
| | $ | 2,555,528 |
| | $ | (23,442 | ) | | $ | (56,224 | ) | | $ | 233 |
| | $ | 290,377 |
| | $ | 3,201,888 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | | | | | | |
| | | (in millions of dollars) |
| Net income | | $ | 1,339 |
| | $ | 420 |
| | $ | 665 |
|
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes | | | | | | |
| Pension and other post-retirement benefits liability | | | | | | |
Pension and other post-retirement reserves adjustment (excluding amortization) | | 19 |
| | 60 |
| | 18 |
|
| Amortization of benefits liability | | 2 |
| | 1 |
| | 3 |
|
Income tax provision on pension and other post-retirement benefits liability | | (7 | ) | | (24 | ) | | (6 | ) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | | | | | | |
| Foreign currency translation | | 124 |
| | (34 | ) | | (60 | ) |
| Income tax provision on foreign currency translation | | (5 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Available-for-sale investments | | | | | | |
| Unrealized holding gains (losses) on investments | | — |
| | 62 |
| | (4 | ) |
| Reclassification of net realized gains to net income | | — |
| | (54 | ) | | (4 | ) |
| Income tax benefit (provision) on available-for-sale investments | | — |
| | (3 | ) | | 3 |
|
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | | 133 |
| | 8 |
| | (50 | ) |
| Comprehensive income | | 1,472 |
| | 428 |
| | 615 |
|
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax of $1, $0 and $0 for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | | 40 |
| | 21 |
| | 19 |
|
| Comprehensive income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 1,432 |
| | $ | 407 |
| | $ | 596 |
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWSCHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 |
| | | | | | | |
| | | (in thousands of dollars) |
| Cash flows from operating activities | | | | | | |
| Net income | | $ | 685,016 |
| | $ | 610,425 |
| | $ | 385,555 |
|
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities | | | | | | |
| Depreciation and amortization | | 208,486 |
| | 157,808 |
| | 144,541 |
|
| Provision for doubtful accounts | | 301 |
| | 5,514 |
| | 229 |
|
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | | 1,673 |
| | 1,459 |
| | 1,514 |
|
| Stock-based compensation expense | | 9,261 |
| | 6,966 |
| | 6,127 |
|
| Loss from disposition of fixed assets | | 4,181 |
| | 5,039 |
| | 3,886 |
|
| Gain from sales of equity securities | | — |
| | — |
| | (16,429 | ) |
| Impairment of equity method investment | | 6,747 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Write-off of debt issuance costs | | — |
| | — |
| | 1,277 |
|
| Deferred income taxes | | 58,967 |
| | 93,732 |
| | (5,793 | ) |
| Windfall tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | | (6,704 | ) | | (5,449 | ) | | (11,967 | ) |
| (Income) loss from equity method investments, net of dividends | | (424 | ) | | 199 |
| | 3,005 |
|
| Other loss, net | | 275 |
| | 391 |
| | — |
|
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities | | | | | | |
| Accounts receivable | | 33,161 |
| | (14,830 | ) | | 6,450 |
|
| Inventories | | 51,087 |
| | (46,633 | ) | | 91,479 |
|
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | | 7,461 |
| | (475 | ) | | (2,205 | ) |
| Accounts payable | | (97,237 | ) | | 13,820 |
| | (12,725 | ) |
| Accrued liabilities | | 74,989 |
| | (15,147 | ) | | 32,381 |
|
| Other, net | | (4,864 | ) | | (60,090 | ) | | (15,238 | ) |
| Net cash provided by operating activities | | 1,032,376 |
| | 752,729 |
| | 612,087 |
|
| Cash flows from investing activities | | | | | | |
| Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired | | (611,087 | ) | | (178,309 | ) | | — |
|
| Additions to equity investments | | — |
| | (23,338 | ) | | — |
|
| Additions to property, plant and equipment | | (431,104 | ) | | (679,222 | ) | | (386,882 | ) |
| Construction of assets pending sale-leaseback | | — |
| | (136 | ) | | (4,308 | ) |
| Proceeds from disposition of assets | | 181 |
| | 151 |
| | 471 |
|
| Proceeds from repayment of loan acquired | | 45,923 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Proceeds from repayment of loan to affiliate | | — |
| | 167 |
| | 1,192 |
|
| Proceeds from sale-leaseback of assets | | — |
| | — |
| | 2,304 |
|
| Proceeds from sales and maturities of securities | | 342,045 |
| | 252,519 |
| | 47,655 |
|
| Purchase of securities | | (117,332 | ) | | (367,150 | ) | | (127,834 | ) |
| Settlements of derivative instruments | | (1,831 | ) | | (6,920 | ) | | 431 |
|
| Net cash used for investing activities | | (773,205 | ) | | (1,002,238 | ) | | (466,971 | ) |
| Cash flows from financing activities | | | | | | |
| Capitalized debt issuance costs | | (1,186 | ) | | — |
| | (2,221 | ) |
| Dividends paid | | (77,656 | ) | | (55,236 | ) | | (285,521 | ) |
| Distributions to noncontrolling interests | | (2,204 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
Net proceeds from issuance of Westlake Chemical Partners LP common units | | 286,088 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Proceeds from debt issuance | | — |
| | — |
| | 248,818 |
|
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options | | 5,524 |
| | 3,437 |
| | 10,369 |
|
| Repayment of debt | | — |
| | — |
| | (250,000 | ) |
| Repurchase of common stock for treasury | | (52,630 | ) | | (32,918 | ) | | (10,784 | ) |
| Utilization of restricted cash | | — |
| | — |
| | 96,433 |
|
| Windfall tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | | 6,704 |
| | 5,449 |
| | 11,967 |
|
| Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities | | 164,640 |
| | (79,268 | ) | | (180,939 | ) |
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | | (4,511 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | | 419,300 |
| | (328,777 | ) | | (35,823 | ) |
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year | | 461,301 |
| | 790,078 |
| | 825,901 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year | | $ | 880,601 |
| | $ | 461,301 |
| | $ | 790,078 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Common Stock | | Common Stock, Held in Treasury | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Number of Shares | | Amount | | Number of Shares | | At Cost | | Additional Paid-in Capital | | Retained Earnings | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | | Noncontrolling Interests | | Total |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | (in millions of dollars, except share amounts) |
| Balances at December 31, 2014 | | 134,679,064 |
| | $ | 1 |
| | 1,787,546 |
| | $ | (96 | ) | | $ | 530 |
| | $ | 2,556 |
| | $ | (79 | ) | | $ | 290 |
| | $ | 3,202 |
|
| Net income | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 646 |
| | — |
| | 19 |
| | 665 |
|
Other comprehensive income (loss) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (50 | ) | | — |
| | (50 | ) |
Common stock repurchased | | — |
| | — |
| | 2,701,937 |
| | (163 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (163 | ) |
Shares issued—stock- based compensation | | (15,820 | ) | | — |
| | (44,585 | ) | | 1 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1 |
|
Stock-based compensation, net of tax on stock options exercised | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 12 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 12 |
|
| Dividends declared | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (92 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (92 | ) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (15 | ) | | (15 | ) |
Noncontrolling interest in acquired business | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2 |
| | 2 |
|
| Balances at December 31, 2015 | | 134,663,244 |
| | 1 |
| | 4,444,898 |
| | (258 | ) | | 542 |
| | 3,110 |
| | (129 | ) | | 296 |
| | 3,562 |
|
| Net income | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 399 |
| | — |
| | 21 |
| | 420 |
|
Other comprehensive income | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 8 |
| | — |
| | 8 |
|
Common stock repurchased | | — |
| | — |
| | 1,511,109 |
| | (67 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (67 | ) |
Shares issued—stock- based compensation | | (11,864 | ) | | — |
| | (117,019 | ) | | 3 |
| | 5 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 8 |
|
Stock-based compensation, net of tax on stock options exercised | | — |
| | — |
| | (112,611 | ) | | 3 |
| | 4 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 7 |
|
| Dividends declared | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (97 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (97 | ) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (17 | ) | | (17 | ) |
Noncontrolling interest in acquired business | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 68 |
| | 68 |
|
| Balances at December 31, 2016 | | 134,651,380 |
| | 1 |
| | 5,726,377 |
| | (319 | ) | | 551 |
| | 3,412 |
| | (121 | ) | | 368 |
| | 3,892 |
|
| Net income | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,304 |
| | — |
| | 35 |
| | 1,339 |
|
Other comprehensive income | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 128 |
| | 5 |
| | 133 |
|
Shares issued—stock- based compensation | | — |
| | — |
| | (493,502 | ) | | 17 |
| | (6 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 11 |
|
Stock-based compensation, net of tax on stock options exercised | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 14 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 14 |
|
| Dividends declared | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (103 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (103 | ) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (28 | ) | | (28 | ) |
Issuance of Westlake Chemical Partners LP common units | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (4 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 115 |
| | 111 |
|
| Balances at December 31, 2017 | | 134,651,380 |
| | $ | 1 |
| | 5,232,875 |
| | $ | (302 | ) | | $ | 555 |
| | $ | 4,613 |
| | $ | 7 |
| | $ | 495 |
| | $ | 5,369 |
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | | | | | | |
| | | (in millions of dollars) |
| Cash flows from operating activities | | | | | | |
| Net income | | $ | 1,339 |
| | $ | 420 |
| | $ | 665 |
|
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities | | | | | | |
| Depreciation and amortization | | 601 |
| | 378 |
| | 246 |
|
| Stock-based compensation expense | | 23 |
| | 14 |
| | 10 |
|
Gains realized on previously held shares of Axiall common stock and from sales of securities | | — |
| | (54 | ) | | (4 | ) |
Gain on acquisition, net of loss on the fair value remeasurement of preexisting equity interest | | — |
| | — |
| | (21 | ) |
| Loss from disposition of property, plant and equipment | | 22 |
| | 9 |
| | 11 |
|
| Deferred income taxes | | (534 | ) | | 101 |
| | 40 |
|
| Other losses (gains), net | | (3 | ) | | 5 |
| | 6 |
|
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of business acquisitions | | | | | | |
| Accounts receivable | | (40 | ) | | 50 |
| | 63 |
|
| Inventories | | (32 | ) | | (62 | ) | | 99 |
|
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | | 26 |
| | 11 |
| | (4 | ) |
| Accounts payable | | 86 |
| | 12 |
| | (22 | ) |
| Accrued liabilities | | 115 |
| | 48 |
| | (8 | ) |
| Other, net | | (65 | ) | | (98 | ) | | (2 | ) |
| Net cash provided by operating activities | | 1,538 |
| | 834 |
| | 1,079 |
|
| Cash flows from investing activities | | | | | | |
| Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired | | (13 | ) | | (2,438 | ) | | 16 |
|
| Additions to property, plant and equipment | | (577 | ) | | (629 | ) | | (491 | ) |
| Additions to cost method investment | | (66 | ) | | (17 | ) | | — |
|
| Proceeds from disposition of equity method investment | | — |
| | — |
| | 28 |
|
| Proceeds from sales and maturities of securities | | — |
| | 663 |
| | 49 |
|
| Purchase of securities | | — |
| | (138 | ) | | (605 | ) |
| Other | | 4 |
| | (4 | ) | | (3 | ) |
| Net cash used for investing activities | | (652 | ) | | (2,563 | ) | | (1,006 | ) |
| Cash flows from financing activities | | | | | | |
| Debt issuance costs | | (6 | ) | | (36 | ) | | — |
|
| Dividends paid | | (103 | ) | | (97 | ) | | (92 | ) |
| Distributions to noncontrolling interests | | (28 | ) | | (17 | ) | | (15 | ) |
| Proceeds from debt issuance and drawdown of revolver | | 233 |
| | 608 |
| | 53 |
|
Net proceeds from issuance of Westlake Chemical Partners LP common units | | 111 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Proceeds from senior notes issuance | | 745 |
| | 1,429 |
| | — |
|
| Repayment of term loan | | (150 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Restricted cash associated with term loan | | 154 |
| | (154 | ) | | — |
|
| Repayment of revolver | | (550 | ) | | (125 | ) | | — |
|
| Repayment of notes payable | | (257 | ) | | (13 | ) | | (74 | ) |
| Repurchase of common stock for treasury | | — |
| | (67 | ) | | (163 | ) |
| Other | | 11 |
| | 5 |
| | 4 |
|
| Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities | | 160 |
| | 1,533 |
| | (287 | ) |
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | | 26 |
| | (8 | ) | | (4 | ) |
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | | 1,072 |
| | (204 | ) | | (218 | ) |
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year | | 459 |
| | 663 |
| | 881 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year | | $ | 1,531 |
| | $ | 459 |
| | $ | 663 |
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
1. Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies
Description of Business
Westlake Chemical Corporation (the "Company") operates as an integrated global manufacturer and marketer of basic chemicals, vinyls, polymers and fabricated building products. These products include some of the most widely used chemicals in the world, which are fundamental to many diverse consumer and industrial markets, including flexible and rigid packaging, automotive products, coatings, residential and commercial construction as well as other durable and non-durable goods. The Company's customers range from large chemical processors and plastics fabricators to small construction contractors, municipalities and supply warehouses primarily throughout North America and Europe. The petrochemical industry is subject to price fluctuations and volatile feedstock pricing typical of a commodity-based industry, the effects of which may not be immediately passed along to customers.
FormationAcquisition of Axiall Corporation
On August 31, 2016, the Company completed the acquisition of Axiall Corporation ("Axiall") for $33.00 per share in an all-cash transaction (the "Merger"), pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Initial Public OfferingPlan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement"), dated as of June 10, 2016, by and among Westlake, Axiall and Lagoon Merger Sub, Inc., a Master Limited Partnershipwholly-owned subsidiary of Westlake (the "Merger Sub"). During the third quarter of 2016, in order to finance a portion of the consideration and related fees and expenses, and for other general corporate purposes, the Company issued $1,450 aggregate principal amount of senior notes. In addition, the Company entered into a $1,000 unsecured revolving credit facility (the "Credit Agreement").
Westlake Chemical Partners LP
In March 2014, the Company formed Westlake Chemical Partners LP ("Westlake Partners") to operate, acquire and develop ethylene production facilities and related assets. On August 4, 2014, Westlake Partners completed an initial public offering of 12,937,500 common units (the "Westlake Partners IPO"). Westlake Partners' assets consist of a 10.6% limited partner interest in Westlake Chemical OpCo LP ("OpCo"), as well as the general partner interest in OpCo. Prior to the Westlake Partners IPO, OpCo's assets were wholly owned by the Company. OpCo's assets include (1) two ethylene production facilities at the Company's Lake Charles, Louisiana site; (2)site, one ethylene production facility at the Company's Calvert City, Kentucky site;site and (3) a 200-mile common carrier ethylene pipeline that runs from Mont Belvieu, Texas to the Company's Longview, Texas site. TheAs of December 31, 2017, the Company retainedheld an 89.4%81.7% limited partner interest in OpCo and a significantcontrolling interest in Westlake Partners. The operations of Westlake Partners are consolidated in the Company's financial statements.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and subsidiaries in which the Company directly or indirectly owns more than a 50% voting interest and exercises control and, when applicable, entities for which the Company has a controlling financial interest or is the primary beneficiary. Investments in majority-owned companies where the Company does not exercise control and investments in nonconsolidated affiliates (20%-50% owned companies, joint ventures and partnerships) are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Undistributed earnings from equity investmentsjoint ventures included in retained earnings were $5,619immaterial as of December 31, 2014.2017. All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.
Noncontrolling interests represent the direct equity interests held by investors in the Company's consolidated subsidiaries, Westlake Partners and Taiwan Chlorine Industries, Ltd.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash and have a maturity of three months or less at the date of acquisition.
InvestmentsConcentration of Credit Risk
InvestmentsFinancial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentration of risk consist principally of trade receivables from customers engaged in debtmanufacturing polyethylene products, polyvinyl chloride ("PVC") products and equity securities are classified as trading, available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. Investments classified as trading are carried at estimated fair value with changes in fair value currently recognized in earnings. Investments classified as available-for-sale are carried at estimated fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Investments classified as held-to-maturity are carried at amortized cost.PVC pipe products. The Company periodically reviews its available-for-saleperforms periodic credit evaluations of the customers' financial condition and held-to-maturity securitiesgenerally does not require collateral. The Company maintains allowances for other-than-temporary declines potential losses.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in fair value below the cost basis,millions of dollars, except share amounts and when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable, the investment is written down to fair value, establishing a new cost basis.per share data)
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
The determination of the allowance for doubtful accounts is based on estimation of the amount of accounts receivable that the Company believes are unlikely to be collected. Estimating this amount requires analysis of the financial strength of the Company's customers, the use of historical experience, the Company's accounts receivable aged trial balance, and specific collectibility analysis. The allowance for doubtful accounts is reviewed quarterly. Past due balances over 90 days and high risk accounts as determined by the analysis of financial strength of customers are reviewed individually for collectibility.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Inventories
Inventories primarily include product, material and supplies. Inventories are stated at lower of cost or market.net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") or average method.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Cost includes expenditures for improvements and betterments that extend the useful lives of the assets and interest capitalized on significant capital projects. Capitalized interest was $7,059, $25,932$4, $10 and $7,706$10 for the years ended December 31, 20142017, 20132016 and 20122015, respectively. Repair and maintenance costs are charged to operations as incurred. Gains and losses on the disposition or retirement of fixed assets are reflected in the consolidated statement of operations when the assets are sold or retired.
The accounting guidance for asset retirement obligations requires the recording of liabilities equal to the fair value of asset retirement obligations and corresponding additional asset costs, when there is a legal asset retirement obligation as a result of existing or enacted law, statute or contract. The Company has conditional asset retirement obligations for the removal and disposal of hazardous materials from certain of the Company's manufacturing facilities. However, no asset retirement obligations have been recognized because the fair value of the conditional legal obligation cannot be measured due to the indeterminate settlement date of the obligation. Settlement of these conditional asset retirement obligations is not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition, results of operations or cash flows in any individual reporting period.
Depreciation is provided by utilizing the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:
|
| | |
| Classification | | Years |
| | |
| Buildings and improvements | 2540 |
| Plant and equipment | 25 |
| Ethylene pipeline | 35 |
| Other | 3-103-15 |
Fair Value Estimates
The Company develops estimates of fair value to allocate the purchase price paid to acquire a business to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in an acquisition, to assess impairment of long-lived assets, goodwill and intangible assets and to record marketable securities, derivative instruments and pension plan assets. The Company uses all available information to make these fair value determinations, including the engagement of third-party consultants.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The accounting guidance for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets requires that the Company review long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Long-lived assets assessed for impairment are grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. Assets are considered to be impaired if the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the future undiscounted cash flows. The impairment recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or estimated fair value less costs to sell.
Impairment of Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The accounting guidance for goodwill and intangible assets requires that goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets areis tested for impairment at least annually.annually, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate the fair value of a reporting unit with goodwill has been reduced below its carrying value. The Company performed its annual impairment tests for the Olefins and Vinyls segments' goodwill in October 2017 and April 2017, respectively, and the impairment tests indicated that the recorded goodwill was not impaired. There has been no impairment of the Olefins or Vinyls segments' goodwill since the goodwill was initially recorded. Other intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lifelives and reviewed for impairment in accordance with the provisions of the accounting guidance. As of December 31, 2014, the Company's recorded goodwill was $62,016. See Note 67 for more information on the Company's annual goodwill impairment tests.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Turnaround Costs
The Company accounts for turnaround costs under the deferral method. Turnarounds are the scheduled and required shutdowns of specific operating units in order to perform planned major maintenance activities. The costs related to the
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
significant overhaul and refurbishment activities include maintenance materials, parts and direct labor costs. The costs of the turnaround are deferred when incurred at the time of the turnaround and amortized (within depreciation and amortization) on a straight-line basis until the next planned turnaround, which ranges from three to six years. Deferred turnaround costs are presented as a component of other assets, net. The cash outflows related to these costs are included in operating activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows.
ExchangesBusiness Combinations
The Company enters into inventory exchange transactions with third parties, which involve fungible commodities. These exchanges are settled in like-kind quantities and are valued at lower of cost or market. Cost is determinedrecords business combinations using the FIFO method.acquisition method of accounting. Under the acquisition method of accounting, identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at their acquisition date fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value is recorded as goodwill. Changes in the estimated fair values of net assets recorded for acquisitions prior to the finalization of more detailed analysis, but not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition, will adjust the amount of the purchase price allocable to goodwill. Measurement period adjustments are reflected in the period in which they occur.
Income Taxes
The Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Under the liability method, deferred tax assets or liabilities are recorded based upon temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their carrying values for financial reporting purposes. Deferred tax expense or benefit is the result of changes in the deferred tax assets and liabilities during the period. Valuation allowances are recorded against deferred tax assets when it is considered more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
On December 22, 2017, the United States ("U.S.") Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") was signed into law. The Tax Act, among other changes, reduces the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018, and also requires a one-time deemed repatriation of foreign earnings at specified rates. The Company made a provisional adjustment of $591 of income tax benefit in the 2017 consolidated financial statements for items that the Company could reasonably estimate such as revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and a one-time U.S. tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of the Company's post-1986 foreign earnings. For additional information, see Note 15.
Foreign Currency Translation
Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are translated to U.S. dollars at the exchange rate as of the end of the year. Statement of operations items are translated at the average exchange rate for the year. The resulting translation adjustment is recorded as a separate component of stockholders' equity.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentration of risk consist principally of trade receivables from customers engaged in manufacturing polyethylene products, polyvinyl chloride ("PVC") products and PVC pipe products. The Company performs periodic credit evaluations of the customers' financial condition and generally does not require collateral. The Company maintains allowances for potential losses.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, products are delivered to the customer, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. For domestic contracts, title and risk of loss passes to the customer upon delivery under executed customer purchase orders or contracts. For export contracts, the title and risk of loss passes to customers at the time specified by each contract. Provisions for discounts, rebates and returns are provided for in the same period as the related sales are recorded.
Earnings per ShareTransportation and Freight
The accounting guidanceAmounts billed to customers for earningsfreight and handling costs on outbound shipments are included in net sales in the consolidated statements of operations. Transportation and freight costs incurred by the Company on outbound shipments are included in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share requires the Company to present basic earnings per share and diluted earnings per share. Basic earnings per share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock.data)
Price Risk Management
The accounting guidance for derivative instruments and hedging activities requires that the Company recognize all derivative instruments on the balance sheet at fair value, and changes in the derivative's fair value must be currently recognized in earnings or comprehensive income, depending on the designation of the derivative. If the derivative is designated as a fair value hedge, the changes in the fair value of the derivative and of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in earnings. If the derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative is recorded in comprehensive income and is recognized in the statement of operations when the hedged item affects earnings. Ineffective portions of changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges are recognized in earnings currently.
53Asset Retirement Obligations
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The Company utilizes commodity price swaps to reduce price risks by entering into price swaps with counterpartieshas conditional asset retirement obligations for the removal and by purchasing or selling futures on established exchanges. disposal of hazardous materials from certain of the Company's manufacturing facilities.
The Company takes both fixedrecognizes asset retirement obligations in the period in which the liability becomes probable and variable positions, depending upon anticipated future physical purchases and sales of these commodities. Thereasonably estimable. Recognized asset retirement obligations are initially recorded at fair value and capitalized as a component of derivative financial instrumentsthe carrying value of the long-lived asset to which the obligation relates. The liability is accreted to its future value each period, and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the estimated using quoted market prices in active marketsuseful life of the related asset. Upon settlement of the liability, a gain or loss is recorded. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had $3 and observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs$18 of asset retirement obligations recorded as accrued liabilities and other liabilities, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had $4 and $17 of asset retirement obligations recorded as accrued liabilities and other liabilities, respectively.
The Company also has conditional asset retirement obligations that are corroborated by market data when active marketshave not been recognized because the fair values of the conditional legal obligations cannot be measured due to the indeterminate settlement date of the obligations. Settlements of the unrecognized conditional asset retirement obligations are not available. The Company assesses both counterparty as well as its own nonperformance risk when measuringexpected to have a material adverse effects on the fair valueCompany's financial condition, results of derivative liabilities. The Company does not consider its nonperformance risk to be significant. See Note 13 for a summary of the fair value of derivative instruments.operations or cash flows in any individual reporting period.
Environmental Costs
Environmental costs relating to current operations are expensed or capitalized, as appropriate, depending on whether such costs provide future economic benefits. Remediation liabilities are recognized when the costs are considered probable and can be reasonably estimated. Measurement of liabilities is based on currently enacted laws and regulations, existing technology and undiscounted site-specific costs. Environmental liabilities in connection with properties that are sold or closed are realized upon such sale or closure, to the extent they are probable and estimable and not previously reserved. Recognition of any joint and several liabilities is based upon the Company's best estimate of its final pro rata share of the liability.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net and accounts payable approximate their fair value due to the short maturities of these instruments. The fair value of the Company's debt at December 31, 2014 differs from the carrying value due to the Company's fixed rate senior notes. The fair value of financial instruments is estimated using quoted market prices in active markets and observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data when active markets are not available. See Note 13 for more information on the fair value of financial instruments.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Other
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of the related debt. Certain other assets (see Note 6) are amortized over periods ranging from two to 20 years using the straight-line method.dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASU No. 2014-09)
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued an accounting standards update on a comprehensive new revenue recognition standard that will supersede the existing revenue recognition guidance. The new accounting guidance creates a framework by which an entity will allocate the transaction price to separate performance obligations and recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied. Under the new standard, entities will be required to use judgment and make estimates, including identifying performance obligations in a contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price, allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation and determining when an entity satisfies its performance obligations. The standard allows for either "full retrospective" adoption, meaning that the standard is applied to all of the periods presented with a cumulative catch-up as of the earliest period presented, or "modified retrospective" adoption, meaning the standard is applied only to the most current period presented in the financial statements with a cumulative catch-up as of the current period. In July and December 2016, the FASB issued various additional authoritative guidance for the new revenue recognition standard. The accounting standard will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016.2017 and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The Company has elected the modified retrospective method of adoption.
Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (ASU No. 2016-01)
In January 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update making certain changes principally to the current guidance for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. Among other things, the guidance (1) requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in net income; (2) provide entities with a policy election to record equity investments without readily determinable fair values at cost, less impairment, and subsequent adjustments for observable price changes (changes in the basis of these equity investments to be reported in net income); (3) requires an entity that has elected the fair value option for financial liabilities to recognize changes in fair value due to instrument-specific credit risk separately in other comprehensive income; (4) clarified current guidance related to the valuation allowance assessment when recognizing deferred tax assets resulting from unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities; and (5) requires specific disclosure pertaining to financial assets and financial liabilities in the financial statements. The accounting standard will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Leases (ASU No. 2016-02)
In February 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update on a new lease standard that will supersede the existing lease guidance. The standard requires a lessee to recognize assets and liabilities related to long-term leases that are classified as operating leases under current guidance on its balance sheet. An asset would be recognized related to the right to use the underlying asset and a liability would be recognized related to the obligation to make lease payments over the term of the lease. The standard also requires expanded disclosures related to leases. The accounting standard will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact that the new accounting guidance will have on its consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going ConcernCredit Losses (ASU No. 2016-13)
In August 2014,June 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update providing new guidance for the accounting for credit losses on management's responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity's ability to continue as a going concern.loans and other financial instruments. The new guidance introduces an approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments. The standard also modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and provides for a simplified accounting guidance requires
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
management to perform interim and annual assessments of an entity's ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date themodel for purchased financial statements are issued. An entity must provide certain disclosures if "conditions or events raise substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern."assets with credit deterioration since their origination. The accounting standard will be effective for reporting periods endingbeginning after December 15, 20162019 and is not expected to have ana material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Pushdown Accounting
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Cash Flows (ASU No. 2016-15)
In November 2014,August 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update providing an acquired entity with an option to apply pushdown accounting in its separate financial statements upon occurrencenew guidance on the classification of a change-in-control event. Further, an acquired entity should determine whether to elect to apply pushdown accounting for each individual change-in-control event. The election to apply pushdown accounting may be madecertain cash receipts and payments including debt extinguishment costs, debt prepayment costs, settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments, contingent consideration payments, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims and life insurance policies and distributions received from equity method investees in the reportingstatement of cash flows. This update is required to be applied using the retrospective transition method to each period in which the change-in-control event occurs or upon the occurrence of another change-in-control event in a subsequent period. Once pushdown accountingpresented unless it is impracticable to be applied to an individual change-in-control event, the election is irrevocable. The Company adoptedretrospectively. In such situation, this guidance as of November 18, 2014,is to be applied prospectively. The accounting standard will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and the adoption didis not expected to have ana material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations orand cash flows.
Cash Flows (ASU No. 2016-18)
In November 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to clarify certain existing principles in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 230, Cash flows, including providing additional guidance related to transfers between cash and restricted cash and how entities present, in their statement of cash flows, the cash receipts and cash payments that directly affect the restricted cash accounts. The accounting standard will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Upon adoption, the Company will retrospectively adjust its financial statements to reflect restricted cash in the beginning and ending cash and restricted cash balances within the statements of cash flows. Transfers between cash and restricted cash will be excluded from net changes in cash and cash equivalents within the statements of cash flows.
Business Combinations (ASU No. 2017-01)
In January 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to assist entities with evaluating when a set of transferred assets and activities is a business. The guidance requires an entity to evaluate if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets; if so, the set of transferred assets and activities is not a business. The guidance also requires a business to include at least one substantive process and narrows the definition of outputs by more closely aligning it with how outputs are described in ASC 606. The accounting standard will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (ASU No. 2017-04)
In January 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill. The guidance removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The accounting standard will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (ASU No. 2017-05)
In February 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to clarify the scope of guidance related to other income—gains and losses from the derecognition of nonfinancial assets, and to add guidance for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. The new guidance clarifies that an in substance nonfinancial asset is an asset or group of assets for which substantially all of the fair value consists of nonfinancial assets and the group or subsidiary is not a business. The guidance also outlines that when an entity transfers its controlling interest in a nonfinancial asset, but retains a noncontrolling interest, it will measure the retained interest at fair value resulting in full gain or loss recognition upon sale of the controlling interest. The accounting standard will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Compensation - Retirement Benefits (ASU No. 2017-07)
In March 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to improve the presentation of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost. The new guidance requires employers to disaggregate the service cost component from the other components of net periodic benefit cost and report the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. The amendments also allow only the service cost component to be eligible for capitalization when applicable. The accounting standard will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Compensation - Stock Compensation (ASU No. 2017-09)
In May 2017, the FASB issued the accounting standards update to provide clarity and reduce both (1) diversity in practice and (2) cost and complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, to a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. The amendments in this update provide guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require the application of modification accounting in Topic 718. Essentially, an entity will not have to account for the effects of a modification if: (1) the fair value of the modified award is the same immediately before and after the modification; (2) the vesting conditions of the modified award are the same immediately before and after the modification; and (3) the classification of the modified award as either an equity instrument or liability instrument is the same immediately before and after the modification. This update is to be applied prospectively to an award modified on or after the adoption date. Early adoption is permitted. The accounting standard will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Derivatives and Hedging - Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities (ASU No. 2017-12)
In August 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to improve financial reporting of hedging relationships, to better portray the economic results of an entity's risk management activities in the financial statements and to simplify application of hedge accounting guidance. The accounting standard eliminates certain hedge effectiveness measurement and reporting requirements and expands the types of permissible hedging strategies. The accounting standard will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early application is permitted in any interim period after issuance, to be applied retrospectively to the beginning of the fiscal year. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact that the new accounting guidance will have on its consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (ASU No. 2016-07)
In March 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update providing new guidance for the accounting for equity method investments. The new guidance eliminates the requirement that when an investment qualifies for use of the equity method as a result of an increase in the level of ownership interest or degree of influence, an investor must adjust the investment, results of operations and retained earnings retroactively on a step-by-step basis as if the equity method had been in effect during all previous periods that the investment had been held. In addition, the guidance requires that the equity method investor add the cost of acquiring the additional interest in the investee to the current basis of the investor's previously held interest and adopt the equity method of accounting as of the date the investment becomes qualified for equity method accounting. Therefore, upon qualifying for the equity method of accounting, no retroactive adjustment of the investment is required. The accounting standard is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company adopted this accounting standard effective January 1, 2017 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Stock Compensation (ASU No. 2016-09)
In March 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to simplify several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including income tax consequences, classifications of awards as either equity or liabilities and certain related classifications on the statement of cash flows. In addition, the new guidance permits entities to make an accounting policy election for the impact of forfeitures on the recognition of expense for share-based payment awards. Forfeitures can be estimated, as required today, or recognized when they occur. The accounting standard is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company adopted this accounting standard effective January 1, 2017 and elected to continue estimating forfeitures as required prior to adoption of the accounting standards update. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis (ASU No. 2016-17)
In October 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update making certain changes to the current consolidation guidance. The amendments affect reporting entities that are required to evaluate whether they should consolidate a variable interest entity in certain situations involving entities under common control. Specifically, the amendments change the evaluation of whether a reporting entity is the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity by changing how a reporting entity that is a single decision maker of a variable interest entity treats indirect interests in the entity held through related parties that are under common control with the reporting entity. The amendments will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company adopted this accounting standard, applied prospectively, effective January 1, 2017, and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
2. Acquisitions
Axiall Corporation
On August 31, 2016, the Company completed its acquisition of, and acquired all the remaining equity interest in, Axiall, a Delaware corporation. Prior to the acquisition, the Company held 3.1 million shares in Axiall. Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, dated as of June 10, 2016, by and among Westlake, Axiall and the Merger Sub, the Company acquired all of the remaining issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Axiall for $33.00 per share in cash. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub was merged with and into Axiall, and Axiall survived the Merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. The combined company is the third-largest global chlor-alkali producer and the third-largest global PVC producer. The Company's management believes that this strategic acquisition will enhance its strategy of integration and will further strengthen its role in the North American markets.
Axiall produces a highly integrated chain of chlor-alkali and derivative products, including chlorine, caustic soda, vinyl chloride monomer ("VCM"), PVC resin, PVC compounds and chlorinated derivative products. Axiall also manufactures and sells building products, including siding, trim, mouldings, pipe and pipe fittings.
Total consideration transferred for the Merger was $2,540. The Merger was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the results of operations of the acquired business are included in the Company's Vinyls segment.
For the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recognized $104 of transaction and integration-related costs. This included acquisition-related costs of $49 for advisory, consulting and professional fees and other expenses during the year ended December 31, 2016. Transaction and integration-related costs also included $55 during the year ended December 31, 2016 related to the settlement of Axiall share-based awards, retention agreement costs and severance benefits provided to former Axiall employees in connection with the Merger.
The following table summarizes the consideration transferred and the estimated fair value of identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition. The allocation of the consideration transferred is based on management's estimates, judgments and assumptions. When determining the fair values of assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests of the acquiree, management made significant estimates, judgments and assumptions. Management estimated that consideration paid exceeded the fair value of the net assets acquired. Therefore, goodwill of $942 was recorded. The goodwill recognized is primarily attributable to synergies related to the Company's vinyls integration strategy that are expected to arise from the Merger. All of the goodwill is assigned to the Company's Vinyls segment. As a portion of the goodwill arising from the Merger is attributable to foreign operations, there will be a continuing foreign currency impact to goodwill in the consolidated financial statements. |
| | | | |
| | | Final Purchase Consideration as of August 31, 2016 |
| Closing stock purchase: | | |
| Offer per share | | $ | 33.00 |
|
| Multiplied by number of shares outstanding at acquisition (in thousands of shares) | | 67,277 |
|
| Fair value of Axiall shares outstanding purchased by the Company | | 2,220 |
|
| Plus: | | |
| Axiall debt repaid at acquisition | | 247 |
|
Seller's transaction costs paid by the Company (1) | | 48 |
|
| Total fair value of consideration transferred | | 2,515 |
|
| | | |
Fair value of Axiall share-based awards attributed to pre-combination service (2) | | 12 |
|
| Additional settlement value of shares acquired | | 13 |
|
| Purchase consideration | | 2,540 |
|
| | | |
Fair value of previously held equity interest in Axiall (3) | | 102 |
|
| Total fair value allocated to net assets acquired | | $ | 2,642 |
|
| |
| (1) | Transactions costs incurred by the seller included legal and advisory costs incurred for the benefit of Axiall's former shareholders and board of directors to evaluate the Company's initial Merger proposals, explore strategic alternatives and negotiate the purchase price. |
| |
| (2) | The fair value of share-based awards attributable to pre-combination service includes the ratio of the pre-combination service performed to the original service period of the Axiall restricted share units and options, including related dividend equivalent rights. |
| |
| (3) | Prior to the Merger, the Company owned 3.1 million shares in Axiall. The investment in Axiall was carried at estimated fair value with unrealized gains recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company recognized a $49 gain for the investment in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations upon gaining control. |
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The following table summarizes the purchase price allocation:
|
| | | | |
| | | Net Assets Acquired as of August 31, 2016 |
| Cash | | $ | 88 |
|
Accounts receivable (1) | | 422 |
|
| Income tax receivable | | 51 |
|
Inventories (2) | | 349 |
|
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | | 56 |
|
Property, plant and equipment (2) | | 2,942 |
|
Customer relationships (weighted average lives of 9.8 years) (3) | | 670 |
|
| Other intangible assets: | |
|
| Trade name (weighted average lives of 6.8 years) | | 50 |
|
| Technology (weighted average lives of 5.4 years) | | 42 |
|
| Supply contracts and leases (weighted average lives of 6.3 years) | | 27 |
|
| Other assets | | 94 |
|
| Total assets acquired | | $ | 4,791 |
|
| Accounts and notes payable | | 254 |
|
| Interest payable | | 8 |
|
| Income tax payable | | 2 |
|
| Accrued compensation | | 44 |
|
| Accrued liabilities | | 154 |
|
Deferred income taxes (4) | | 958 |
|
| Tax reserve non-current | | 3 |
|
| Pension and other post-retirement obligations | | 311 |
|
| Other liabilities | | 102 |
|
| Long-term debt | | 1,187 |
|
| Total liabilities assumed | | $ | 3,023 |
|
| Total identifiable net assets acquired | | $ | 1,768 |
|
| Noncontrolling interest | | (68 | ) |
| Goodwill | | 942 |
|
| Total fair value allocated to net assets acquired | | $ | 2,642 |
|
| |
| (1) | The fair value of accounts receivable acquired was $422, with the gross contractual amount being $435. The Company expects $13 to be uncollectible. |
| |
| (2) | The Company obtained additional information related to its inventories and property, plant and equipment, which led to an increase in inventories of $43, a decrease in property plant and equipment of $193 and a corresponding increase in goodwill of $150 compared to the estimated fair values included in the 2016 Form 10-K. |
| |
| (3) | The Company obtained additional information related to its customer relationship balances which led to an increase in customer relationships of $80 and a corresponding decrease in goodwill compared to the estimated fair values included in the 2016 Form 10-K. |
| |
| (4) | Decreases in the estimated fair values of identified assets acquired led to a decrease in deferred income taxes of $27 compared to the estimated fair values included in the 2016 Form 10-K. |
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The acquired business contributed net sales and net loss of $976 and $96, respectively, to the Company for the period from August 31, 2016 to December 31, 2016. The net loss for the period from August 31, 2016 to December 31, 2016 included integration-related costs and the negative impact of selling higher cost Axiall inventory recorded at fair value. The following unaudited consolidated pro forma information presents consolidated pro forma information as if the Merger had occurred on January 1, 2015:
|
| | | | | | | | |
| | | Pro Forma |
| | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Net sales | | $ | 7,081 |
| | $ | 7,793 |
|
| | | | | |
Net income (1) | | $ | 397 |
| | $ | 663 |
|
| Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest | | 23 |
| | (2 | ) |
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation (1) | | $ | 374 |
| | $ | 665 |
|
| Earnings per common share attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation: | | | | |
| Basic | | $ | 2.88 |
| | $ | 5.02 |
|
| Diluted | | $ | 2.86 |
| | $ | 5.00 |
|
| |
| (1) | The 2016 pro forma net income amounts include Axiall's historical charges recorded during the eight-month period prior to the closing of the Merger for (1) divestitures; (2) restructuring; and (3) legal and settlement claims, net, of $27, $23 and $23, respectively. These amounts have not been eliminated for pro forma results because they do not relate to nonrecurring transaction-specific costs related to the Merger. |
The pro forma amounts above have been calculated after applying the Company's accounting policies and adjusting the Axiall results to reflect (1) the increase to depreciation and amortization that would have been charged assuming the fair value adjustments to property, plant and equipment and intangible assets had been applied from January 1, 2015; (2) the elimination of net sales and cost of sales between the Company and Axiall; (3) additional pension service costs; (4) amortization of debt premium and accretion of asset retirement obligations and environmental liabilities as part of the Company's adjustments to fair value; (5) incremental interest expense that would have been incurred assuming the financing arrangements entered into by the Company and the repayment of a portion of Axiall's outstanding debt had occurred on January 1, 2015; (6) the elimination of transaction-related costs; (7) the elimination of Axiall's goodwill impairment charges during 2015; and (8) an adjustment to tax-effect the aforementioned pro forma adjustments using an estimated aggregate statutory income tax rate of the jurisdictions to which the above adjustments relate. The pro forma amounts do not include any potential synergies, cost savings or other expected benefits of the Merger, are presented for illustrative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of results that would have been achieved if the Merger had occurred as of January 1, 2015 or of future operating performance.
Suzhou Huasu Plastics Co., Ltd.
On June 1, 2015, the Company acquired an additional 35.7% equity interest in Suzhou Huasu Plastics Co., Ltd. ("Huasu") from INEOS Chlor Vinyls Holdings B.V., increasing its interest in Huasu to 95%. Huasu is a PVC joint venture based near Shanghai, in the People's Republic of China and has a combined annual capacity of approximately 300 million pounds of PVC resin and 145 million pounds of PVC film and sheet.
Prior to the acquisition of this 35.7% interest, the Company owned a 59.3% interest in Huasu. The Company accounted for the investment using the equity method of accounting because Huasu did not meet the definition of a variable interest entity and because contractual arrangements giving certain substantive participatory rights to minority shareholders prevented the Company from exercising a controlling financial interest over Huasu. As a result of the Company obtaining control over Huasu, the Company's 59.3% interest was remeasured to fair value, resulting in a loss of $2, which is included in other income, net in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2015.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The closing date purchase price of $6 was paid with available cash on hand. The acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. The transaction resulted in a bargain purchase acquisition-date gain of $23 and is recognized in other income, net in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company believes there are several factors that contributed to this transaction resulting in a bargain purchase acquisition-date gain, including the slowdown in the growth of, and current weakness in, the Chinese economy. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the results of operations of this acquired business are included in the Vinyls segment.
3. Financial Instruments
Cash Equivalents
The Company had $509,811$644 and $263,967$0 of held-to-maturity securities with original maturities of three months or less, primarily consisting of corporate debt securities, classified as cash equivalents at December 31, 20142017 and 2013,2016, respectively. The Company's investments in held-to-maturity securities arewere held at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company had restricted cash and cash equivalents of $23 at December 31, 2017, which was primarily related to balances that are restricted for payment of distributions to certain of the Company's current and former employees. The Company had restricted cash and cash equivalents of $186 at December 31, 2016, which was primarily related to the balances deposited with and held as security by the lender under the Company's prior term loan facility and for distributions to certain of the Company's current and former employees. The current portion of restricted cash and cash equivalents was $1 and $161 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The non-current portion of restricted cash and cash equivalents was $22 and $25 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and is reflected under other assets, net in the consolidated balance sheets.
Available-for-Sale Marketable Securities
Investments inThe Company had no available-for-sale securities at December 31, were classified as follows:
|
| | | | | | | |
| | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Current | $ | — |
| | $ | 239,388 |
|
| Non-current | 15,414 |
| | — |
|
| Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 15,414 |
| | $ | 239,388 |
|
The cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses2017 and fair value of the Company's available-for-sale securities were as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | December 31, 2014 |
| | | Cost | | Gross
Unrealized
Gains | | Gross
Unrealized
Losses | | Fair Value |
| Equity securities | | $ | 15,050 |
| | $ | 364 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 15,414 |
|
| Total available-for-sale securities | | $ | 15,050 |
| | $ | 364 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 15,414 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | December 31, 2013 |
| | | Cost | | Gross
Unrealized
Gains | | Gross
Unrealized
Losses (1) | | Fair Value |
| Debt securities | | | | | | | | |
| Corporate bonds | | $ | 108,300 |
| | $ | 340 |
| | $ | (69 | ) | | $ | 108,571 |
|
U.S. government debt (2) | | 106,335 |
| | 60 |
| | (79 | ) | | 106,316 |
|
| Asset-backed securities | | 24,478 |
| | 34 |
| | (11 | ) | | 24,501 |
|
| Total available-for-sale securities | | $ | 239,113 |
| | $ | 434 |
| | $ | (159 | ) | | $ | 239,388 |
|
| |
(1) | All unrealized loss positions were held at a loss for less than 12 months. |
| |
(2) | U.S. Treasury obligations, U.S. government agency obligations and U.S government agency mortgage-backed securities. |
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
As of December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, net unrealized gains on the Company's available-for-sale securities of $233 and $176, respectively, net of income tax expense of $131 and $99, respectively, were recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income. See Note 13 for the fair value hierarchy of the Company's available-for-sale securities.
2016. The proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities included in the consolidated statements of cash flows and the gross realized gains and losses included in the consolidated statements of operations are reflected in the table below. No gross realized losses were realized during these periods. The cost of securities sold was determined using the specific identification method. There were no sales or maturities of available-for-sale securities during the year ended December 31, 2012.
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Proceeds from sales and maturities of securities | | $ | 342,045 |
| | $ | 7,770 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 663 |
| | $ | 49 |
|
| Gross realized gains | | 1,311 |
| | $ | 20 |
| | — |
| | 54 |
| | 4 |
|
| Gross realized losses | | (99 | ) | | $ | (39 | ) | |
3.4. Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable consist of the following at December 31:
| | | | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Trade customers | | $ | 525,546 |
| | $ | 410,302 |
| | $ | 974 |
| | $ | 820 |
|
| Affiliates | | 437 |
| | 315 |
| | 9 |
| | 8 |
|
| Allowance for doubtful accounts | | (13,468 | ) | | (11,741 | ) | | (22 | ) | | (18 | ) |
| | | 512,515 |
| | 398,876 |
| | 961 |
| | 810 |
|
| Federal and state taxes | | 8,919 |
| | 20,820 |
| | 7 |
| | 90 |
|
| Other | | 39,232 |
| | 8,761 |
| | 33 |
| | 39 |
|
| Accounts receivable, net | | $ | 560,666 |
| | $ | 428,457 |
| | $ | 1,001 |
| | $ | 939 |
|
4.WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
5. Inventories
Inventories consist of the following at December 31:
| | | | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Finished products | | $ | 300,909 |
| | $ | 232,658 |
| | $ | 549 |
| | $ | 501 |
|
| Feedstock, additives and chemicals | | 158,635 |
| | 180,646 |
| | 221 |
| | 217 |
|
| Materials and supplies | | 66,232 |
| | 58,575 |
| | 130 |
| | 83 |
|
| Inventories | | $ | 525,776 |
| | $ | 471,879 |
| | $ | 900 |
| | $ | 801 |
|
5.6. Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment consist of the following at December 31:
| | | | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Land | | $ | 21,211 |
| | $ | 18,576 |
| | $ | 198 |
| | $ | 194 |
|
| Building and improvements | | 244,101 |
| | 173,933 |
| |
| Buildings and improvements | | | 495 |
| | 465 |
|
| Plant and equipment | | 3,454,462 |
| | 2,829,049 |
| | 7,281 |
| | 6,914 |
|
| Other | | 213,707 |
| | 180,452 |
| | 388 |
| | 377 |
|
| | | 3,933,481 |
| | 3,202,010 |
| | 8,362 |
| | 7,950 |
|
| Less: Accumulated depreciation | | (1,531,331 | ) | | (1,379,255 | ) | | (2,338 | ) | | (1,919 | ) |
| | | 2,402,150 |
| | 1,822,755 |
| | 6,024 |
| | 6,031 |
|
| Construction in progress | | 355,407 |
| | 265,259 |
| | 388 |
| | 389 |
|
| Property, plant and equipment, net | | $ | 2,757,557 |
| | $ | 2,088,014 |
| | $ | 6,412 |
| | $ | 6,420 |
|
Depreciation expense on property, plant and equipment of $449, $174,173, $129,222305 and $120,924209 is included in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 20142017, 20132016 and 2012, respectively.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
6. Other Assets
Other assets consist of the following at December 31:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | Weighted Average Life |
| | | Cost | | Accumulated Amortization | | Net | | Cost | | Accumulated Amortization | | Net | |
| Intangible assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Licenses and intellectual property | | $ | 82,611 |
| | $ | (35,732 | ) | | $ | 46,879 |
| | $ | 63,765 |
| | $ | (43,190 | ) | | $ | 20,575 |
| | 16 |
| Trademarks | | 42,790 |
| | (759 | ) | | 42,031 |
| | 6,361 |
| | — |
| | 6,361 |
| | 19 |
| Customer relationships | | 75,249 |
| | (17,374 | ) | | 57,875 |
| | 75,249 |
| | (12,176 | ) | | 63,073 |
| | 14 |
| Goodwill | | 62,016 |
| | — |
| | 62,016 |
| | 62,016 |
| | — |
| | 62,016 |
| | |
| Other | | 16,501 |
| | (6,871 | ) | | 9,630 |
| | 11,858 |
| | (4,837 | ) | | 7,021 |
| | 7 |
| Total intangible assets | | 279,167 |
| | (60,736 | ) | | 218,431 |
| | 219,249 |
| | (60,203 | ) | | 159,046 |
| | |
| Available-for-sale investments | | 15,414 |
| | — |
| | 15,414 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | |
| Cost-method investments | | 57,147 |
| | — |
| | 57,147 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | |
| Notes receivable from affiliate | | 1,025 |
| | — |
| | 1,025 |
| | 1,025 |
| | — |
| | 1,025 |
| | |
| Turnaround costs | | 107,892 |
| | (56,493 | ) | | 51,399 |
| | 107,732 |
| | (37,276 | ) | | 70,456 |
| | 5 |
| Debt issuance costs | | 20,406 |
| | (11,282 | ) | | 9,124 |
| | 19,220 |
| | (9,608 | ) | | 9,612 |
| | 13 |
| Other | | 49,546 |
| | (18,245 | ) | | 31,301 |
| | 31,288 |
| | (14,489 | ) | | 16,799 |
| | 3 |
Total deferred charges and other assets | | 251,430 |
| | (86,020 | ) | | 165,410 |
| | 159,265 |
| | (61,373 | ) | | 97,892 |
| | |
| Other assets, net | | $ | 530,597 |
| | $ | (146,756 | ) | | $ | 383,841 |
| | $ | 378,514 |
| | $ | (121,576 | ) | | $ | 256,938 |
| | |
Amortization expense on other assets of $35,986, $30,045 and $25,131 is included in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 20122015, respectively.
Scheduled amortization of intangible assets for the next five years is as follows: $12,315, $12,087, $11,491, $11,1917. Goodwill, Intangibles and $10,036 in 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.Other Assets
Goodwill
Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate the fair value of a reporting unit with goodwill has been reduced below its carrying value. The Company performed its annual impairment tests for the Olefins and Vinyls segments' goodwill in October 2014 and April 2014, respectively, and the impairment tests indicated that the recorded goodwill was not impaired. There has been no impairment of the Olefins or Vinyls segments' goodwill since the goodwill was initially recorded. The gross carrying amounts of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 are as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Olefins Segment | | Vinyls Segment | | Total |
| Balance at December 31, 2012 | | $ | 29,990 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 29,990 |
|
| Goodwill acquired during the year | | — |
| | 32,026 |
| | 32,026 |
|
| Balance at December 31, 2013 | | 29,990 |
| | 32,026 |
| | 62,016 |
|
| Changes in goodwill during the year | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Balance at December 31, 2014 | | $ | 29,990 |
| | $ | 32,026 |
| | $ | 62,016 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Olefins Segment | | Vinyls Segment | | Total |
| Balance at December 31, 2015 | | $ | 30 |
| | $ | 32 |
| | $ | 62 |
|
| Goodwill acquired during the year | | — |
| | 888 |
| | 888 |
|
| Effects of changes in foreign exchange rates | | — |
| | (3 | ) | | (3 | ) |
| Balance at December 31, 2016 | | 30 |
| | 917 |
| | 947 |
|
| Measurement period adjustment | | — |
| | 55 |
| | 55 |
|
| Effects of changes in foreign exchange rates | | — |
| | 10 |
| | 10 |
|
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | | $ | 30 |
| | $ | 982 |
| | $ | 1,012 |
|
Olefins Segment Goodwill
The fair value of the Olefins segment, the reporting unit assessed during October 2017, was calculated using both a discounted cash flow methodology and a market value methodology.
The discounted cash flow projections were based on a nine-year forecast, from 20152018 to 2023,2026, to reflect the cyclicality of the Company's olefinsOlefins business. The forecast was based on (1) prices and spreads projected by IHS Chemical,Markit ("IHS"), a chemical industry organization offering market and business advisory services for the chemical market, for the same period,historical results and (2) estimates by management, including its strategic and operational plans. Other significant
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
assumptions used in the discounted cash flow projection included sales volumes based on currentproduction capacities. The future cash flows were discounted to present value using a discount rate of 8.8%8%.
The significant assumptions used in determining the fair valuevalues of the reporting unitunits using the market value methodology includeincluded the determination of appropriate market comparables and the estimated multiples of EBITDA a willing buyer iswas likely to pay.
Even if the fair value
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of the Olefins segment would not exceed its fair value.dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Vinyls Segment Goodwill
Due to the Merger, the Company reorganized the reporting units of the Vinyls segment during 2017. Goodwill was reassigned based on a relative fair value approach. The fair valuevalues of the pipeNorth America, Europe, Taiwan and foundation building products business,China reporting units assessed during the reporting unit assessed, wasApril 2017 impairment test were calculated using both a discounted cash flow methodology and a market value methodology.
The discounted cash flow projections were based on a 10-yearnine-year forecast, from 20142018 to 2023,2026 to reflect the cyclicality of the North American housing and construction markets as the Company's pipe and foundation building products business isVinyls businesses are significantly influenced by saidthose markets. The forecast was based on prices and spreads projected by IHS, historical results and estimates by management, including its strategic and operational plans, and assumed a gradual increaseplans. Other significant assumptions used in financial performancethe discounted cash flow projection included sales volumes based on a housing market recovery in the United States.production capacities. The future cash flows were discounted to present value using a discount rate of 11.5%ranging from 9% to 12%.
The significant assumptions used in determining the fair valuevalues of the reporting unitunits using the market value methodology include the determination of appropriate market comparables and the estimated multiples of EBITDA a willing buyer is likely to pay.
Even if the fair value of the reporting unit decreased by 10%, the carrying value of the reporting unit would not exceed its fair value.
7. Long-Term DebtIntangible Assets
Long-term debt consistsIntangible assets consisted of the following at December 31:
|
| | | | | | | | |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| 3.60% senior notes due 2022 | | $ | 249,108 |
| | $ | 248,990 |
|
| 6 ½% senior notes due 2029 | | 100,000 |
| | 100,000 |
|
| 6 ¾% senior notes due 2032 | | 250,000 |
| | 250,000 |
|
| 6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "6 ½% GO Zone Senior Notes Due 2035") | | 89,000 |
| | 89,000 |
|
| 6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "6 ½% IKE Zone Senior Notes Due 2035") | | 65,000 |
| | 65,000 |
|
| Loan related to tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds due 2027 | | 10,889 |
| | 10,889 |
|
| Long-term debt, net | | $ | 763,997 |
| | $ | 763,879 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2017 | | 2016 | | Weighted Average Life |
| | | Cost | | Accumulated Amortization | | Net | | Cost | | Accumulated Amortization | | Net | |
| Customer relationships | | $ | 754 |
| | $ | (138 | ) | | $ | 616 |
| | $ | 662 |
| | $ | (51 | ) | | $ | 611 |
| | 10 |
| Other intangible assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Licenses and intellectual property | | 124 |
| | (55 | ) | | 69 |
| | 121 |
| | (44 | ) | | 77 |
| | 13 |
| Trademarks | | 93 |
| | (17 | ) | | 76 |
| | 88 |
| | (7 | ) | | 81 |
| | 13 |
| Other | | 31 |
| | (15 | ) | | 16 |
| | 31 |
| | (13 | ) | | 18 |
| | 12 |
Total other intangible assets | | $ | 248 |
| | $ | (87 | ) | | $ | 161 |
| | $ | 240 |
| | $ | (64 | ) | | $ | 176 |
| | |
Revolving Credit FacilityScheduled amortization of intangible assets for the next five years is as follows: $107, $106, $105, $103 and $81 in 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.
The Company has a $400,000 senior secured revolving credit facility. In July 2014,Other Assets, net
Other assets, net include net turnaround costs, cost-method investments, equity-method investments, restricted cash and deferred charges.
8. Term Loan
On August 10, 2016, an indirect subsidiary of the Company, Westlake International Holdings II C.V., a limited partnership organized under the laws of the Netherlands (the "CV Borrower"), entered into a third amendmentcredit agreement with Bank of America, N.A., as agent and restatement tolender, providing the revolving creditCV Borrower with a $150 term loan facility. The amendment and restatement extended theterm loan facility had a scheduled maturity date of the facility from September 16, 2016 to July 17, 2019, reduced theMarch 31, 2017. The term loan was fully repaid in January 2017. The loans thereunder bore interest at a floating interest rate equal to LIBOR plus 2% per annum, payable in arrears on the last day of each three-month period following the date of funding and facility fee payable under the facility and amended the covenants restricting the Company's ability to make distributions and acquisitions and make investments, among other things. The facility includes a provision permitting the Company to increase the size of the facility, up to four times, in increments of at least $25,000 each (up to a maximum of $200,000) under certain circumstances if the lenders agree to commit to such an increase.maturity.
The facility allows the Company to borrow up to (1) 85% of the net amount of eligible accounts receivable, plus (2) the lesser of (a) 70% of the value of the lower of cost or market of eligible inventory, or (b) 85% of the appraised net orderly liquidation value of all eligible inventory, plus (3) 100% of cash held in an account with the agent under the credit facility and subject to a control agreement with the agent, minus (4) such reserves as the agent may establish. The facility includes a $400,000 sub-limit for letters of credit, and any outstanding letters of credit will be deducted from availability under the facility.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
At9. Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt consisted of the following at December 31:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | December 31, 2017 | | December 31, 2016 |
| | | Principal Amount | | Unamortized Premium, Discount and Debt Issuance Costs | | Net Long-Term Debt | | Principal Amount | | Unamortized Premium, Discount and Debt Issuance Costs | | Net Long-Term Debt |
| Revolving credit facility | | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 325 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 325 |
|
4.625% senior notes due 2021 (the "4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes") | | 625 |
| | 20 |
| | 645 |
| | 625 |
| | 27 |
| | 652 |
|
4.625% senior notes due 2021 (the "4.625% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes") | | 63 |
| | 2 |
| | 65 |
| | 63 |
| | 3 |
| | 66 |
|
3.60% senior notes due 2022 (the "3.60% 2022 Senior Notes") | | 250 |
| | (1 | ) | | 249 |
| | 250 |
| | (2 | ) | | 248 |
|
4.875% senior notes due 2023 (the "4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes") | | 434 |
| | 11 |
| | 445 |
| | 434 |
| | 13 |
| | 447 |
|
4.875% senior notes due 2023 (the "4.875% Subsidiary 2023 Senior Notes") | | 16 |
| | — |
| | 16 |
| | 16 |
| | 1 |
| | 17 |
|
3.60% senior notes due 2026 (the "3.60% 2026 Senior Notes") | | 750 |
| | (10 | ) | | 740 |
| | 750 |
| | (11 | ) | | 739 |
|
Loan related to tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds due 2027 | | 11 |
| | — |
| | 11 |
| | 11 |
| | — |
| | 11 |
|
6 ½% senior notes due 2029 (the "6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes") | | 100 |
| | (1 | ) | | 99 |
| | 100 |
| | (1 | ) | | 99 |
|
6 ¾% senior notes due 2032 (the "6 ¾% 2032 GO Zone Senior Notes") | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 250 |
| | (2 | ) | | 248 |
|
6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "6 ½%
2035 GO Zone Senior Notes") | | 89 |
| | (1 | ) | | 88 |
| | 89 |
| | (1 | ) | | 88 |
|
6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "6 ½%
2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes") | | 65 |
| | — |
| | 65 |
| | 65 |
| | — |
| | 65 |
|
5.0% senior notes due 2046 (the "5.0% 2046 Senior Notes") | | 700 |
| | (25 | ) | | 675 |
| | 700 |
| | (26 | ) | | 674 |
|
4.375% senior notes due 2047 (the "4.375% 2047 Senior Notes") | | 500 |
| | (9 | ) | | 491 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
3.50% senior notes due 2032 (the "3.50% 2032 Go Zone Refunding Senior Notes") | | 250 |
| | (2 | ) | | 248 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total long-term debt | | 3,853 |
| | (16 | ) | | 3,837 |
| | 3,678 |
| | 1 |
| | 3,679 |
|
Less: Current portion - 4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes and 4.625% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes | | 688 |
| | 22 |
| | 710 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Long-Term Debt, net of current portion | | $ | 3,165 |
| | $ | (38 | ) | | $ | 3,127 |
| | $ | 3,678 |
| | $ | 1 |
| | $ | 3,679 |
|
Credit Agreement
The Company has a $1,000 revolving credit facility that matures on August 23, 2021. The Credit Agreement bears interest at either (a) LIBOR plus a spread ranging from 1.00% to 1.75% or (b) Alternate Base Rate plus a spread ranging from 0.00% to 0.75%, in each case depending on the credit rating of the Company. As of December 31, 2014,2017, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under the revolving credit facility. Any borrowings under the facility will bear interest at either LIBOR plus a spread ranging from 1.25% to 1.75%, provided that so long as the Company is rated investment grade, the margin for LIBOR loans will not exceed 1.50%, or a base rate plus a spread ranging from 0.0% to 0.50%. The revolving credit facility also requires an unused commitment fee of 0.25% per annum. All interest rates under the facility are subject to monthly grid pricing adjustments based on prior month average daily loan availability. The revolving credit facility matures on July 17, 2019.Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2014,2017, the Company had outstanding letters of credit totaling $31,392$6 and borrowing availability of $368,608$994 under the revolving credit facility.
Credit Agreement. The Company's revolving credit facility generally restrictsobligations of the Company's ability to make distributions unless, on a pro forma basis after giving effect to the distribution, the borrowing availabilityCompany under the facility equals or exceeds the greaterCredit
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Agreement are guaranteed by current and future material domestic subsidiaries of the commitments under the facilityCompany, subject to certain exceptions. The Credit Agreement contains certain affirmative and (2) $80,000; or the borrowing availability under the facility equals or exceeds the greater of (1) 15% of the commitments under the facility and (2) $60,000, and the Company's fixed charge coveragenegative covenants, including a quarterly total leverage ratio is at least 1.0:1. However, the Company may make specified distributions up to an aggregate of $78,750 in 2015, to be increased by 5% in each fiscal year thereafter, on a aggregate basis, for each fiscal year.
In order to make acquisitions or investments, the Company's revolving credit facility provides that (1) the Company must maintain a minimum borrowing availability of at least the greater of $60,000 or 15% of the total bank commitments under its revolving credit facility or (2) the Company must maintain a minimum borrowing availability of at least the greater of $50,000 or 12.5% of the total bank commitments under the Company's revolving credit facility and meet a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.0:1 under its revolving credit facility. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company may make investments in the aggregate up to the greater of $50,000 and 1.25% of tangible assets and acquisitions in the aggregate up to the greater of $100,000 and 2.5% of tangible assets, if, on a pro forma basis after giving effect to the acquisition or investment, either (X) the borrowing availability under the facility equals or exceeds the greater of (A) 12.5% of the total bank commitments under the facility and (B) $50,000, but is less than the greater of (A) 15% of the total bank commitments and (B) $60,000, or (Y) the Company's fixed charge coverage ratio is at least 1.0:1.
financial maintenance covenant. The revolving credit facilityCredit Agreement also contains other customary covenants andcertain events of default and if and for so long as an event of default has occurred and is continuing, any amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement will accrue interest at an increased rate, the Lenders can terminate their commitments thereunder and payments of any outstanding amounts could be accelerated by the Lenders. As of December 31, 2017, the Company is in compliance with the total leverage ratio financial maintenance covenant.
3.60% Senior Notes due 2026 and 5.0% Senior Notes due 2046
In August 2016, the Company issued $750 aggregate principal amount of the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and $700 aggregate principal amount of the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes. In March 2017 the Company commenced registered exchange offers to exchange the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes for new notes that impose significant operatingare identical in all material respects to the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and financial restrictionsthe 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes, except that the offer and issuance of the new Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC")-registered notes have been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). The exchange offers expired on April 24, 2017, and approximately 99.97% of the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and 100% of the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes were exchanged. The 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes that were not exchanged in the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes exchange offer have not been registered under the Securities Act or any state securities laws and may not be offered or sold in the U.S. absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements or a transaction not subject to the registration requirements of the Securities Act or any state securities law.
4.625% Senior Notes due 2021 and 4.875% Senior Notes due 2023
In September 2016, the Company issued $625 aggregate principal amount of the 4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes and $434 aggregate principal amount of the 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes upon the closing of the Company's offers to exchange any and all of the $688 aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 4.625% senior notes due 2021 issued by Eagle Spinco Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Axiall ("Eagle Spinco"), and the $450 aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 4.875% senior notes due 2023 issued by Axiall. In the exchange offers, $625 aggregate principal amount of the 4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes and $434 aggregate principal amount of the 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes were issued by the Company, leaving outstanding $63 aggregate principal amount of the 4.625% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes and $16 aggregate principal amount of the 4.875% Subsidiary 2023 Senior Notes. In March 2017, the Company commenced registered exchange offers to exchange the 4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes and the 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes for new SEC-registered notes that are identical in all material respects to the 4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes and the 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes, except that the offer and issuance of the new notes have been registered under the Securities Act. The exchange offers expired on April 24, 2017, and 100% of both the 4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes and the 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes were exchanged.
In December 2017, the Company delivered irrevocable notices for the optional redemption of all of the outstanding 4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes and 4.625% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes (collectively, the "2021 Notes"). The 2021 Notes were redeemed on February 15, 2018 at a redemption price equal to 102.313% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest on the Company. These restrictions, among other things, provide limitations2021 Notes to the redemption date. The 2021 Notes were classified as a component of current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2017, based on the occurrenceterms of additional indebtedness and the Company's ability to create liens, to engage in certain affiliate transactions and to engage in sale-leaseback transactions.redemption.
3.60% Senior Notes due 2022
In July 2012, the Company issued $250,000$250 aggregate principal amount of its the 3.60% senior notes due 2022 (the "3.60% Notes Due 2022"). Senior Notes. The 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes Due 2022 are unsecured and were issued with an original issue discount of $1,183.$1. There is no sinking fund and no scheduled amortization of the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes Due 2022 prior to maturity. The Company may optionally redeem the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes Due 2022 at any time and from time to time prior to April 15, 2022 (three months prior toin accordance with the maturity date) for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after April 15, 2022, the Company may optionally redeem the 3.60% Notes Due 2022 for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest. The holdersterms of the 3.60% Notes Due 2022 may requireSenior Notes. All of the Company to repurchase the 3.60% Notes Due 2022 at a price of 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase, upon the occurrence of both a "change of control" and, within 60 days of such change of control, a "below investment grade rating event" (as such terms are defined in the indenture governing the 3.60% Notes Due 2022). AllCompany's domestic subsidiaries of the Company that guarantee other indebtedness of the Company or of another guarantor of the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes Due 2022 in excess of $5,000$5 are guarantors of the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
4.375% Senior Notes Due 2022.due 2047
In November 2017, the Company completed the registered public offering of $500 aggregate principal amount of the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes. The 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes are unsecured and mature on November 15, 2047. There is no sinking fund and no scheduled amortization of the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes prior to maturity. The Company may optionally redeem the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes in accordance with the terms of the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes. All of the Company's domestic subsidiaries that guarantee other indebtedness of the Company or another guarantor or the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes in excess of $40 are guarantors of the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes.
The indenture governing the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes, Duethe 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes, the 4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes, the 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes, 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes and 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes contains customary events of default and covenants that will restrict the Company'sCompany and certain of itsthe Company's subsidiaries' ability to (1) incur certain secured indebtedness, (2) engage in certain sale-leaseback transactions and (3) consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of its assets.
IKE Zone Bonds
In December 2010, the Company's assets.Louisiana Local Government Authority Environmental Facilities and Community Development Authority (the "Authority"), a political subdivision of the State of Louisiana, completed the offering of $65 of 6 ½% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 1, 2035 (the "6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes") under Section 704 of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (the "IKE Zone Act").
GO Zone Bonds
In December 2010, the Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facility and Development Authority (the "Authority"), a political subdivision of the State of Louisiana, completed the offering of $89,000issued $89 of 6 ½% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 1, 2035 under the Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005 (the "GO Zone Act") (the "6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds"). The bonds are subject to optional redemption byIn connection with the Authority upon the directionissuance of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds, the Company at any time prior to November 1, 2020 for 100%issued $89 of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after November 1, 2020, the bonds are
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest.
6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes. In July 2010, the Authority completed the reoffering of $100,000$100 of 6 ½% tax-exempt revenue bonds due August 1, 2029 under the GO Zone Act. The bonds are subject to optional redemption byAct (the "6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds"). In connection with the Authority upon the directionreoffering of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds, the Company at any time prior to August 1, 2020 for 100%issued $100 of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after August 1, 2020, the bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest.
6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes. In December 2007, the Authority issued $250,000$250 of 6 ¾% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 1, 2032 under the GO Zone Act. The bonds are subject to optional redemption byAct (the "6 ¾% 2032 GO Zone Bonds"). In connection with the Authority upon the directionissuance of the 6 ¾% 2032 GO Zone Bonds, the Company at any time prior to November 1, 2017 for 100%issued $250 of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after November 1, 2017, the bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest.6 ¾% 2032 GO Zone Senior Notes.
Each series of the tax-exempt bonds is subject to redemption and the holders may require the bonds to be repurchased upon a change of control or a change in or loss of the current tax status of the bonds. In addition, the bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company if certain events have occurred in connection with the operation of the projects for which the bond proceeds may be used, including if the Company has determined that the continued operation of any material portion of the projects would be impracticable, uneconomical or undesirable for any reason.
In September 2017, the Company directed the Authority to optionally redeem in full the $250 aggregate principal amount of the 6 ¾% 2032 GO Zone Bonds on November 1, 2017. In connection with the redemption of the 6 ¾% 2032 GO Zone Bonds, the Authority was required to cause the GO Zone Bonds trustee to surrender the 6 ¾% 2032 GO Zone Senior Notes to the Senior Notes trustee for cancellation. The 6 ¾% 2032 GO Zone Bonds were redeemed and the 6 ¾% 2032 GO Zone Senior Notes were cancelled on November 1, 2017.
In November 2017, the Authority completed the remarketing of $250 aggregate principal amount of 3.50% tax-exempt revenue refunding bonds due November 1, 2032 (the "3.50% 2032 GO Zone Bonds"). In connection with the remarketing of the 3.50% 2032 GO Zone Bonds, the Company issued $250 of the 3.50% 2032 Senior Notes. The 3.50% 2032 GO Zone Bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company at any time on or after November 1, 2027, for 100% of the principal amount plus accrued interest. The indenture governing the 3.50% 2032 Senior Notes contains customary events of default and covenants that will restrict the Company and certain of the Company's subsidiaries' ability to (1) incur certain secured indebtedness, (2) engage in certain sale-leaseback transactions and (3) consolidate, merge or transfer all of substantially all of its assets.
In connection with each offering of the tax-exempt bonds, the Company entered into a loan agreement with the Authority pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay all of the principal, premium, if any, and interest on the bonds and certain other amounts to the Authority. The net proceeds from the offerings were loaned by the Authority to the Company. The Company used the proceeds to expand, refurbish and maintain certain of its facilities in the Louisiana Parishes of Calcasieu and Ascension. The bonds are unsecured and rank equally in right of payment with other existing and future unsecured senior
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
indebtedness. All domestic restricted subsidiaries that guarantee other debt of the Company or of another guarantor of the 6 ½% senior notes due 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes, the 6 ¾% senior notes due3.50% 2032 Senior Notes and the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes Due 2035 (collectively, the "GO Zone Senior Notes") and including the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes Due 2035,(together with the "SeniorGo Zone Senior Notes, the "Tax-Exempt Bond Related Senior Notes") in excess of $5,000$5 ($40 in the case of the 3.50% 2032 Senior Notes) are guarantors of the bonds.Tax-Exempt Bond Related Senior Notes. As of December 31, 2014,2017, the Company had drawn all the proceeds from the 6 ½% bonds due 2029, 6 ¾% bonds due 2032 and 6 ½% bonds due 2035.
IKE Zone Bonds
In December 2010, the Authority completed the offering of $65,000 of 6 ½% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 1, 2035 under Section 704 of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. The bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company at any time prior to November 1, 2020 for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after November 1, 2020, the bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest. The bonds are subject to redemption, repurchase by the holders upon a change of control or a change in or loss of the current tax status of the bonds and optional redemption by the Authority under terms substantially similar to the terms for the GO Zone Bonds.
In connection with the offering of the bonds, the Company entered into a loan agreement with the Authority pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay all of the principal, premium, if any, and interest on the bonds and certain other amounts to the Authority. The net proceeds from the offering were loaned by the Authority to the Company. The Company used the proceeds to expand, refurbish and maintain certain of its facilities in the Louisiana Parish of Calcasieu. The 6 ½% IKE Zone Senior Notes Due 2035 are unsecured and rank equally in right of payment with other existing and future unsecured senior indebtedness. All domestic restricted subsidiaries that guarantee other debt of the Company or of another guarantor of the Senior Notes in excess of $5,000 are guarantors of the 6 ½% IKE Zone Senior Notes Due 2035. As of December 31, 2014, the Company had drawn all the proceeds from the 6 ½% IKE Zone Senior Notes Due 2035.bonds.
The indentures governing the Tax-Exempt Bond Related Senior Notes, excluding the 3.50% 2032 Senior Notes, contain customary covenants and events of default. Accordingly, these agreements generally impose significant operating and financial restrictions on the Company. These restrictions, among other things, provide limitations on incurrence of additional indebtedness, the payment of dividends, certain investments and acquisitions and sales of assets. However, the effectiveness of certain of these restrictions is currently suspended because the Tax-Exempt Bond Related Senior Notes are currently rated investment grade by at least two nationally recognized credit rating agencies. The most significant of these provisions, if it were currently effective, would restrict the Company from incurring additional debt, except specified permitted debt (including borrowings under its credit facility), when the Company's fixed charge coverage ratio is
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
below 2.0:1. These limitations are subject to a number of important qualifications and exceptions, including, without limitation, an exception for the payment of the Company's regular quarterly dividend of up to $0.10$0.10 per share. If the restrictions were currently effective, distributions in excess of $100,000$100 would not be allowed unless, after giving pro forma effect to the distribution, the Company's fixed charge coverage ratio is at least 2.0:1 and such payment, together with the aggregate amount of all other distributions after January 13, 2006, is less than the sum of 50% of the Company's consolidated net income for the period from October 1, 2003 to the end of the most recent quarter for which financial statements have been filed, plus 100% of net cash proceeds received after October 1, 2003 as a contribution to the Company's common equity capital or from the issuance or sale of certain securities, plus several other adjustments.
Revenue Bonds
In December 1997, the Company entered into a loan agreement with a public trust established for public purposes for the benefit of the Parish of Calcasieu, Louisiana. The public trust issued $10,889$11 principal amount of tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds in order to finance the Company's construction of waste disposal facilities for an ethylene plant. The waste disposal revenue bonds expire in December 2027 and are subject to redemption and mandatory tender for purchase prior to maturity under certain conditions. Interest on the waste disposal revenue bonds accrues at a rate determined by a remarketing agent and is payable quarterly. The interest rate on the waste disposal revenue bonds at December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 was 0.05%1.73% and 0.09%0.79%, respectively.
As of December 31, 2014,2017, the Company was in compliance with all of the covenants with respect to the 3.60% Notes Due 2022, theTax-Exempt Bond Related Senior Notes, 4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes, 4.625% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes, 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes, 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes, 4.875% Subsidiary 2023 Senior Notes, 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes, 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes, 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes, Credit Agreement and the waste disposal revenue bonds and its revolving credit facility.bonds.
The weighted average interest rate on all long-term debt was 5.5%4.5% and 4.4% at December 31, 20142017 and 2013.
As of 2016, respectively. Unamortized debt issuance costs on long-term debt were $26 and $24 at December 31, 2014, the Company had no2017 and 2016, respectively.
Aggregate scheduled maturities of long-term debt untilduring the next five years consist of $250 in 2022. There are no scheduled maturities of debt in 2019 through 2021. The Westlake 4.625% Senior Notes due 2021 and the Eagle Spinco Inc. 4.625% Senior Notes due 2021 were optionally redeemed on February 15, 2018.
8.10. Stockholders' Equity
The Company's boardBoard of directorsDirectors has declared regular quarterly dividends to holders of its common stock aggregating $103, $77,656, $55,23697 and $34,87792 for the years ended December 31, 20142017, 20132016 and 20122015, respectively. On November 16, 2012, in addition to a regular quarterly dividend of $0.0938 per share (on a post-split basis), the Company's board of directors declared a special dividend of $1.875 per share (on a post-split basis) to shareholders of record as of November 29, 2012. This special dividend, totaling $250,644 in aggregate, was paid on December 12, 2012.
Common Stock
Each share of common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters on which holders are permitted to vote, including the election of directors. There are no cumulative voting rights. Accordingly, holders of a majority of the total votes entitled to vote in an election of directors will be able to elect all of the directors standing for election. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding preferred stock, the holders of the common stock will share equally on a per share basis any dividends when, as and if declared by the boardBoard of directorsDirectors out of funds legally available for that purpose. If the Company is liquidated, dissolved or wound up, the holders of the Company's common stock will be entitled to a ratable share
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
of any distribution to stockholders, after satisfaction of all the Company's liabilities and of the prior rights of any outstanding class of the Company's preferred stock. The Company's common stock has no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the Company's common stock.
On February 14, 2014, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a two-for-one split of the Company's common stock. Stockholders of record as of February 28, 2014 were entitled to one additional share for every share outstanding, which was distributed on March 18, 2014. The total number of authorized common stock shares and associated par value were unchanged by this stock split. All share amounts and per share data included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes have been restated to reflect the effect of the stock split.
On May 16, 2014, the stockholders of the Company approved an amendment to the Company's Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the Company's authorized shares of common stock from 150,000,000 shares to 300,000,000 shares, par value $0.01 per share. The Company is now authorized to issue 300,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of which 134,679,064 and 134,580,208 shares (on a post-split basis) were issued as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Preferred Stock
The Company's charter authorizes the issuance of shares of preferred stock. The Company's boardBoard of directorsDirectors has the authority, without shareholder approval, to issue preferred shares from time to time in one or more series, and to fix the number of shares and terms of each such series. The boardBoard may determine the designations and other terms of each series including dividend rates, whether dividends will be cumulative or non-cumulative, redemption rights, liquidation rights, sinking fund provisions, conversion or exchange rights and voting rights.
Stock Repurchase Program
In August 2011, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of the Company's common stock totaling $100,000$100 (the "2011 Program"). PurchasesAs of March 31, 2015, the Company had repurchased 1,944,161 shares of its common stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $100 under the 2011 Program, began in September 2011. The total numberthe full amount of shares (on a post-split basis) repurchased by the Company under the 2011 Program was 671,791, 683,936 and 429,354 for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. OnProgram. In November 21, 2014, the Company's Board of Directors approved an additional $250,000a new $250 share repurchase program (the "2014 Program"). On November 20, 2015, the Company's Board of Directors approved the expansion of the 2014 Program by an additional $150. The total number of shares repurchased by the Company under the 2014 Program was none and 1,511,109 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Any shares repurchased under the 2011 and 2014 Programs are held by the Company as treasury stock and may be used for general corporate purposes, including for the 2013 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Beginning in May 2014, the Company began delivering treasury shares to employees and nonemployeenon-employee directors for options exercised and for the settlement of restricted stock units. The cost of treasury shares delivered was determined using the specific identification method.
9.11. Accumulated Other Comprehensive LossIncome (Loss)
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component were as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Benefits Liability, Net of Tax | | Cumulative Foreign Currency Exchange | | Net Unrealized Holding Gains on Investments, Net of Tax | | Total |
| Balances at December 31, 2012 | | $ | (16,351 | ) | | $ | 5,511 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | (10,840 | ) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | | 7,986 |
| | (1,607 | ) | | 164 |
| | 6,543 |
|
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | | 1,669 |
| | — |
| | 12 |
| | 1,681 |
|
| Net other comprehensive income (loss) for the year | | 9,655 |
| | (1,607 | ) | | 176 |
| | 8,224 |
|
| Balances at December 31, 2013 | | (6,696 | ) | | 3,904 |
| | 176 |
| | (2,616 | ) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | | (17,314 | ) | | (60,128 | ) | | 834 |
| | (76,608 | ) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | | 568 |
| | — |
| | (777 | ) | | (209 | ) |
| Net other comprehensive (loss) income for the year | | (16,746 | ) | | (60,128 | ) | | 57 |
| | (76,817 | ) |
| Balances at December 31, 2014 | | $ | (23,442 | ) | | $ | (56,224 | ) | | $ | 233 |
| | $ | (79,433 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Benefits Liability, Net of Tax | | Cumulative Foreign Currency Exchange | | Net Unrealized Holding Gains on Investments, Net of Tax | | Total |
| Balances at December 31, 2015 | | $ | (8 | ) | | $ | (116 | ) | | $ | (5 | ) | | $ | (129 | ) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | | 36 |
| | (34 | ) | | 57 |
| | 59 |
|
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | | 1 |
| | — |
| | (52 | ) | | (51 | ) |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 37 |
| | (34 | ) | | 5 |
| | 8 |
|
| Balances at December 31, 2016 | | 29 |
| | (150 | ) | | — |
| | (121 | ) |
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | | 12 |
| | 114 |
| | — |
| | 126 |
|
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | | 2 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2 |
|
Net other comprehensive income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 14 |
| | 114 |
| | — |
| | 128 |
|
| Balances at December 31, 2017 | | $ | 43 |
| | $ | (36 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | 7 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The following table provides the details of the amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net income in the consolidated statements of operations:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Components | | Location of Reclassification (Income (Expense)) in Consolidated Statements of Operations | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Amortization of pension and other post-retirement items | | | | | | |
| Prior service costs | | (1) | | $ | (347 | ) | | $ | (381 | ) |
| Net loss | | (1) | | (577 | ) | | (2,331 | ) |
| | | | | (924 | ) | | (2,712 | ) |
| | | Provision for income taxes | | 356 |
| | 1,043 |
|
| | | | | $ | (568 | ) | | $ | (1,669 | ) |
| Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale investments | | | | | | |
Realized gain (loss) on available-for-sale investments | | Other income, net | | $ | 1,212 |
| | $ | (19 | ) |
| | | Provision for income taxes | | (435 | ) | | 7 |
|
| | | | | $ | 777 |
| | $ | (12 | ) |
| Total reclassifications for the period | | | | $ | 209 |
| | $ | (1,681 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Components | | Location of Reclassification (Income (Expense)) in Consolidated Statements of Operations | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Amortization of pension and other post-retirement items | | | | | | | | |
| Net loss | | (1) | | $ | (2 | ) | | $ | (2 | ) | | $ | (3 | ) |
| | | | | (2 | ) | | (2 | ) | | (3 | ) |
| | | Benefit from income taxes | | — |
| | 1 |
| | 1 |
|
| | | | | (2 | ) | | (1 | ) | | (2 | ) |
Net unrealized gains on available-for- sale investments | | | | | | | | |
Realized gain on available- for-sale investments | | Other income, net | | — |
| | 54 |
| | 4 |
|
| | | Provision for income taxes | | — |
| | (2 | ) | | (1 | ) |
| | | | | — |
| | 52 |
| | 3 |
|
| Total reclassifications for the period | | | | $ | (2 | ) | | $ | 51 |
| | $ | 1 |
|
| |
| (1) | These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost. For additional information, see Note 10.12. |
10.12. Employee Benefits
Defined Contribution Plans
U.S. Plans
The Company has a defined contribution savings planplans covering allthe eligible U.S. regular full-time and part-time employees, whereby eligible employees may elect to contribute up to 100% of their annual eligible compensation, subject to an annual plan limit in line with the annual elective contribution limit as determined by the Internal Revenue Service. The Company matches 100% of anits employee's contribution up to the first 4%a certain percentage of such employee's compensation.compensation, per the terms of the respective plans. The Company may, at its discretion and per the terms of the respective plans, make an additional non-matching contribution in an amount as the boardBoard of directorsDirectors may determine. For the years ended December 31, 20142017, 20132016 and 20122015, the Company chargedrecorded approximately $6,856, $6,022$23, $11 and $5,1808, respectively, to expense for these contributions.
Further, within thea defined contribution savings plan, the Company also makes an annual retirement contribution to substantially all employees of one subsidiary and certain employees of another subsidiary who have completed one year of service. The Company's contributions to the plan are determined as a percentage of employees' base and overtime pay. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132017, 2016 and 2012,2015, the Company charged approximately $8,309, $6,227$29, $17 and $6,31012, respectively, to expense for these contributions.
Non-U.S. Plans
As a result of the Vinnolit acquisition, theThe Company assumedhas various defined contribution plans in Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy and Belgium.Belgium covering eligible employees of the Company's European operations. The Company's contributions to the plans are based on applicable laws in each country. Contributions to the Company's non-U.S. defined contribution plans are made by both the employee and the Company. For the period from July 31, 2014 toyears ended December 31, 2014,2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company charged approximately $416$5, $2 and $2, respectively, to expense for its contributions to these plans.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Defined Benefit Plans
U.S. Plans
The Company has noncontributory defined benefit pension plans that cover certain eligible salaried and wage employees of one subsidiary.certain subsidiaries. However, eligibility for boththe Company's plans has been frozen. Benefits for salaried employees under these plans are based primarily on years of service and employees' pay near retirement. Benefits for wage employees are based upon years of
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
service and a fixed amount as periodically adjusted. The Company recognizes the years of service prior to the Company's acquisition of the subsidiary's facilities for purposes of determining vesting, eligibility and benefit levels for certain employees of the subsidiary and for determining vesting and eligibility for certain other employees of the subsidiary. The measurement date for these plans is December 31.
In December 2014, the Company announced a plan amendment to one of the Company's defined benefit pension plans. Under the plan amendment, no additional benefits may be earned by participants after January 31, 2015 and participants' accrued benefitbenefits will freeze at the levellevels earned as of January 31, 2015. In addition, the amendment added a lump sum payment option effective February 1, 2015. The Company made a similar plan amendment to another of its other defined benefit pension planplans in 2012. In conjunction with both of the defined benefit pension plans' amendments, the Company amended, in 2014 and 2012, its defined contribution savings plan to allow participants impacted by the amendments to participate in the Company's annual retirement contribution program.
Non-U.S. Plans
In conjunctionconnection with the Vinnolit acquisition,Merger, the Company assumed certain U.S. pension plans and other post-retirement benefit plans covering Axiall employees. The Axiall pension plans were closed to new participants and provide benefits to certain employees and retirees. The Axiall pension plans' assets and obligations merged into the Company's defined benefit pension plans.plan for salaried employees during 2017. The other post-retirement benefit plans are unfunded and provide medical and life insurance benefits for certain employees and their dependents.
Non-U.S. Plans
The Company has defined benefit pension plans covering current and former employees associated with the Company's European operations. These pension plans are closed to new participants and are for employees in Germany who commenced employment before July 1, 2007. Benefits for employees for these plans are based primarily on employees' pay near retirement. The non-U.S.These pension plans are unfunded as no contributions have been made to the plans and therefore, have no plan assets. In connection with the Merger, the Company assumed certain defined benefit pension plans. These pension plans are for employees outside of the U.S., namely in Canada and Taiwan. The measurement date for thesethe non-U.S. plans is December 31.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Details of the changes in benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status of the Company's pension plans are as follows:
| | | | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans |
| Change in benefit obligation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Benefit obligation, beginning of year | | $ | 57,946 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 65,313 |
| | $ | 799 |
| | $ | 125 |
| | $ | 62 |
| | $ | 95 |
|
| Benefit obligation assumed with acquisition | | — |
| | 117,970 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 818 |
| | 21 |
|
| Service cost | | 334 |
| | 602 |
| | 1,091 |
| | 3 |
| | 2 |
| | 1 |
| | 1 |
|
| Interest cost | | 2,322 |
| | 1,366 |
| | 2,047 |
| | 25 |
| | 3 |
| | 9 |
| | 2 |
|
| Actuarial loss (gain) | | 9,165 |
| | 15,425 |
| | (8,163 | ) | | 41 |
| | — |
| | (74 | ) | | 13 |
|
| Benefits paid | | (2,757 | ) | | (898 | ) | | (2,342 | ) | | (45 | ) | | (3 | ) | | (17 | ) | | (3 | ) |
| Settlements | | | (16 | ) | | (1 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Foreign exchange effects | | — |
| | (11,764 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 16 |
| | — |
| | (4 | ) |
| Benefit obligation, end of year | | $ | 67,010 |
| | $ | 122,701 |
| | $ | 57,946 |
| | $ | 807 |
| | $ | 142 |
| | $ | 799 |
| | $ | 125 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Change in plan assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | | $ | 49,236 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 42,325 |
| | $ | 614 |
| | $ | 16 |
| | $ | 51 |
| | $ | — |
|
| Acquisition | | | — |
| | — |
| | 576 |
| | 16 |
|
| Actual return | | 2,953 |
| | — |
| | 7,159 |
| | 97 |
| | 1 |
| | 7 |
| | — |
|
| Employer contribution | | 3,983 |
| | 898 |
| | 2,094 |
| | 2 |
| | 1 |
| | — |
| | 3 |
|
| Benefits paid | | (2,757 | ) | | (898 | ) | | (2,342 | ) | | (45 | ) | | — |
| | (17 | ) | | (3 | ) |
| Administrative expenses paid | | | (2 | ) | | — |
| | (3 | ) | | — |
|
| Settlements | | | (16 | ) | | (1 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Foreign exchange effects | | | — |
| | 1 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Fair value of plan assets, end of year | | $ | 53,415 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 49,236 |
| | $ | 650 |
| | $ | 18 |
| | $ | 614 |
| | $ | 16 |
|
| Funded status, end of year | | $ | (13,595 | ) | | $ | (122,701 | ) | | $ | (8,710 | ) | | $ | (157 | ) | | $ | (124 | ) | | $ | (185 | ) | | $ | (109 | ) |
| | | | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans |
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Current liabilities | | | $ | (2 | ) | | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | (2 | ) | | $ | (2 | ) |
| Noncurrent liabilities | | $ | (13,595 | ) | | $ | (122,701 | ) | | $ | (8,710 | ) | | (155 | ) | | (121 | ) | | (183 | ) | | (107 | ) |
| Net amount recognized | | $ | (13,595 | ) | | $ | (122,701 | ) | | $ | (8,710 | ) | | $ | (157 | ) | | $ | (124 | ) | | $ | (185 | ) | | $ | (109 | ) |
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans |
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income | | | | | | |
| Net loss | | $ | 15,482 |
| | $ | 15,425 |
| | $ | 6,404 |
|
| Prior service cost | | — |
| | — |
| | 297 |
|
Total before tax (1) | | $ | 15,482 |
| | $ | 15,425 |
| | $ | 6,701 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans |
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | | | | | | | | |
| Net loss (gain) | | $ | (71 | ) | | $ | 9 |
| | $ | (53 | ) | | $ | 8 |
|
Total before tax (1) | | $ | (71 | ) | | $ | 9 |
| | $ | (53 | ) | | $ | 8 |
|
| |
| (1) | After-tax totals for pension benefits were $20,315$43 and $3,994$30 for 20142017 and 20132016, respectively, and are reflected in stockholders' equity as accumulated other comprehensive loss.income. |
In the United States,U.S., the Pension Protection Act of 2006 (the "Pension Protection Act") established a relationship between a qualified pension plan's funded status and the actual benefits that can be provided. Restrictions on plan benefits and additional funding and notice requirements are imposed when a plan's funded status is less than certain threshold levels. For the 20142017 plan year, the funded status for the Company's U.S. pension plans are above 80%, with one plan's funded status slightly above 100% and, the other plan's funded status slightly below 100%. Accordingly, the Company's U.S. pension plansas such, are exempt from the Pension Protection Act's benefit restrictions.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets at December 31 are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans |
Information for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | | | | | | | |
| Projected benefit obligation | | $ | (67,010 | ) | | $ | (122,701 | ) | | $ | (57,946 | ) | | $ | (807 | ) | | $ | (128 | ) | | $ | (799 | ) | | $ | (113 | ) |
| Accumulated benefit obligation | | (67,010 | ) | | (119,258 | ) | | (57,946 | ) | | (807 | ) | | (126 | ) | | (799 | ) | | (110 | ) |
| Fair value of plan assets | | 53,415 |
| | — |
| | 49,236 |
| | 650 |
| | 5 |
| | 614 |
| | 5 |
|
The following table provides the components of net periodic benefit costs, other changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in other comprehensive income.
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans |
| Components of net periodic benefit cost | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Service cost | | $ | 334 |
| | $ | 602 |
| | $ | 1,091 |
| | $ | 1,005 |
| | $ | 3 |
| | $ | 2 |
| | $ | 1 |
| | $ | 2 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 2 |
|
| Administrative expenses | | | 2 |
| | — |
| | 3 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Interest cost | | 2,322 |
| | 1,366 |
| | 2,047 |
| | 2,580 |
| | 25 |
| | 2 |
| | 9 |
| | 2 |
| | 2 |
| | 2 |
|
| Expected return on plan assets | | (3,140 | ) | | — |
| | (2,854 | ) | | (2,490 | ) | | (40 | ) | | (1 | ) | | (15 | ) | | — |
| | (3 | ) | | — |
|
| Net amortization | | 571 |
| | — |
| | 2,255 |
| | 2,071 |
| | 1 |
| | 1 |
| | 1 |
| | — |
| | 1 |
| | 1 |
|
| Net periodic benefit cost | | $ | 87 |
| | $ | 1,968 |
| | $ | 2,539 |
| | $ | 3,166 |
| |
| Settlement benefits | | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1 |
| | — |
|
| Net periodic benefit cost (gain) | | | $ | (9 | ) | | $ | 4 |
| | $ | (1 | ) | | $ | 4 |
| | $ | 1 |
| | $ | 5 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net loss (gain) emerging | | $ | 9,352 |
| | $ | 15,425 |
| | $ | (12,468 | ) | | $ | 7,765 |
| | $ | (18 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | (67 | ) | | $ | 13 |
| | $ | 1 |
| | $ | (17 | ) |
| Curtailment | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (5,484 | ) | |
| Amortization of net loss | | (274 | ) | | — |
| | (1,958 | ) | | (1,774 | ) | | (1 | ) | | (1 | ) | | (1 | ) | | — |
| | (2 | ) | | (1 | ) |
| Amortization of prior service cost | | (297 | ) | | — |
| | (297 | ) | | (297 | ) | |
| Total recognized in OCI | | $ | 8,781 |
| | $ | 15,425 |
| | $ | (14,723 | ) | | $ | 210 |
| | $ | (19 | ) | | $ | (1 | ) | | $ | (68 | ) | | $ | 13 |
| | $ | (1 | ) | | $ | (18 | ) |
| Total net periodic benefit cost and OCI | | $ | 8,868 |
| | $ | 17,393 |
| | $ | (12,184 | ) | | $ | 3,376 |
| | $ | (28 | ) | | $ | 3 |
| | $ | (69 | ) | | $ | 17 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | (13 | ) |
The estimated prior service cost and net loss for the defined benefit plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net periodic benefit cost during 20152018 are expected to be zero$0 and $2,308,$1, respectively.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The weighted-average assumptions used to determine pension plan obligations and net periodic benefit costs for the plans are as follows:
| | | | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans |
Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Discount rate | | 3.5 | % | | 1.9 | % | | 4.5 | % | | 3.3 | % | | 3.4 | % | | 1.8 | % | | 3.8 | % | | 1.8 | % | | 4.0 | % | | 2.4 | % |
| Rate of compensation increase | | | — | % | | 2.6 | % | | — | % | | 2.6 | % | | — | % | | 2.5 | % |
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs for years ended December 31 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Discount rate for benefit obligations | | | 3.8 | % | | 1.8 | % | | 3.2 | % | | 2.4 | % | | 3.5 | % | | 1.9 | % |
| Discount rate for service cost | | | 4.1 | % | | 1.9 | % | | 3.4 | % | | 2.4 | % | | — | % | | — | % |
| Discount rate for interest cost | | | 3.2 | % | | 2.0 | % | | 2.9 | % | | 2.4 | % | | — | % | | — | % |
| Expected return on plan assets | | 7.0 | % | | — | % | | 7.0 | % | | 7.0 | % | | 6.8 | % | | 3.8 | % | | 6.8 | % | | 4.6 | % | | 7.0 | % | | — | % |
| Rate of compensation increase | | — | % | | 2.5 | % | | 4.0 | % | | 4.0 | % | | N/A |
| | 2.6 | % | | — | % | | 2.6 | % | | — | % | | 2.5 | % |
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs for years ended December 31 | | | | | | | | | |
| Discount rate | | 4.5 | % | | 2.6 | % | | 3.3 | % | | 4.5 | % | |
| Expected return on plan assets | | 7.0 | % | | — | % | | 7.0 | % | | 7.0 | % | |
| Rate of compensation increase | | — | % | | 2.5 | % | | 4.0 | % | | 4.0 | % | |
The Company's return on asset assumption of 7.0% for its U.S. plans is based on historical asset returns, anticipated future performance of the investments and financial markets and input from the Company's third-party independent actuary and the pension fund trustee. There are no plan assets for the Company's non-U.S. plans. The discount rates for the Company's U.S. and non-U.S. plans are determined using a benchmark pension discount curve and applying spot rates from the curve to each year of expected benefit payments to determine the appropriate discount rate for the Company.
The Company pension plans' investments are held in the Westlake U.S. Salaried Plan and the Westlake U.S. Wage Plan. The Company's overall investment strategy for its U.S.pension plan assets is to achieve a balance between moderate income generation and capital appreciation. The investment strategy includes a mix of approximately 55%60% of investments for long-term growth, and 45%40% for near-term benefit payments with a diversification of asset types. These pension funds' investment policies target asset allocations from approximately 60% equity securities and 40% fixed income securities in order to pursue a balance between moderate income generation and capital appreciation.
Equity securities primarily include investments in large-cap and small-cap companies located in the U.S. and international developed and emerging markets stocks. Fixed income securities are comprised of investment and non-investment grade bonds, including U.S. Treasuries and U.S. and non-U.S. corporate bonds of companies from diversified industries. Each pension fund investment policy allows a discretionary range in various asset classes within the asset allocation model of up to 10%. The Company does not believe that there are significant concentrations of risk in the pension plan assets due to its strategy of asset diversification. The pension fund investment policy allows the pension fund trustee a 10% discretionary range in the asset allocation model, with a target of approximately 55% equity securities and 45% fixed income. The Company expects to maintain the 55/45 investment policy for the near future. Equity securities primarily include investments in large-cap and small-cap companies located in the United States and international developed market stocks. Fixed income securities are comprised of investment grade bonds, including U.S. Treasuries and corporate bonds of companies from diversified industries. At December 31, 2014,2017, plan assets did not include direct ownership of the Company's common stock.
Under the accounting guidance for fair value measurements, inputs used to measure fair value are classified in one of three levels:
Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2: Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The investments in the bank collective trust and mutual funds are valued using a market approach based on the net asset value of units held. The fair values of the Company's U.S. plan assets at December 31, by asset category, are as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans |
| | | Level 2 | | Total | | Level 2 | | Total |
| Bank collective trust funds—Equity securities: | | | | | | | | |
Large-cap index funds (1) | | $ | 19,473 |
| | $ | 19,473 |
| | $ | 17,079 |
| | $ | 17,079 |
|
Small-cap index funds (2) | | 3,351 |
| | 3,351 |
| | 3,091 |
| | 3,091 |
|
International index funds (3) | | 8,474 |
| | 8,474 |
| | 7,482 |
| | 7,482 |
|
| Bank collective trust funds—Fixed income: | | | | | | | | |
Bond index funds (4) | | 21,495 |
| | 21,495 |
| | 21,333 |
| | 21,333 |
|
| Short term investment funds | | 622 |
| | 622 |
| | 251 |
| | 251 |
|
| | | $ | 53,415 |
| | $ | 53,415 |
| | $ | 49,236 |
| | $ | 49,236 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2017 |
| | | U.S. Plans | | Non U.S. Plans |
| | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Total | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Total |
| Cash and common stock: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 5 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 5 |
|
| Common stock | | 21 |
| | — |
| | 21 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Collective investment trust and mutual funds—Equity securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Large-cap funds (1) | | 49 |
| | 173 |
| | 222 |
| | — |
| | 2 |
| | 2 |
|
Small-cap funds (2) | | 9 |
| | 25 |
| | 34 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
International funds (3) | | 69 |
| | 50 |
| | 119 |
| | — |
| | 5 |
| | 5 |
|
Collective investment trust and mutual funds—Fixed income: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Bond funds (4) | | 116 |
| | 125 |
| | 241 |
| | — |
| | 6 |
| | 6 |
|
| Short-term investment funds | | — |
| | 13 |
| | 13 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| | | $ | 264 |
| | $ | 386 |
| | $ | 650 |
| | $ | 5 |
| | $ | 13 |
| | $ | 18 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2016 |
| | | U.S. Plans | | Non U.S. Plans |
| | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Total | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Total |
| Cash and common stock: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 5 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 5 |
|
| Common stock | | 17 |
| | — |
| | 17 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Collective investment trust and mutual funds—Equity securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Large-cap funds (1) | | 50 |
| | 167 |
| | 217 |
| | — |
| | 2 |
| | 2 |
|
Small-cap funds (2) | | 8 |
| | 23 |
| | 31 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
International funds (3) | | 53 |
| | 54 |
| | 107 |
| | — |
| | 4 |
| | 4 |
|
Collective investment trust and mutual funds—Fixed income: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Bond funds (4) | | 62 |
| | 165 |
| | 227 |
| | — |
| | 5 |
| | 5 |
|
| Short-term investment funds | | — |
| | 15 |
| | 15 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| | | $ | 190 |
| | $ | 424 |
| | $ | 614 |
| | $ | 5 |
| | $ | 11 |
| | $ | 16 |
|
| |
| (1) | Substantially all of the assets of these funds are invested in large-cap U.S. companies. The remainder of the assets of these funds is invested in cash reserves. |
| |
| (2) | Substantially all of the assets of these funds are invested in small-cap U.S. companies. The remainder of the assets of these funds is invested in cash reserves. |
| |
| (3) | Substantially all of the assets of these funds are invested in international companies in developed markets (excluding the United States and Canada)U.S.). The remainder of the assets of these funds is invested in cash reserves. |
| |
| (4) | This category represents investment grade bonds of U.S. issuers, including U.S. Treasury notes. |
The Company's funding policy for its U.S. plans is consistent with the minimum funding requirements of federal law and regulations, and based on preliminary estimates, the Company expects to make no contributioncontributions of approximately $3 for the salaried pension plan and a contribution of approximately $349 for the wage pension planplans in 20152018.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Multi-employer Plans
Non-U.S. Plans
As a result of the Vinnolit acquisition, theThe Company participates in two multi-employer plans, Pensionskasse der Mitarbeiter der Hoechst-Gruppe VVaG and Pensionskasse der Wacker-Chemie GmbH VVaG, which provide benefits to certain of the Company's employees in Germany. These multi-employer plans are closed to new participants. The benefit obligations are covered up to a certain salary threshold by contributions made by the Company and employees to the plans.
Contributions to the Company's multi-employer plans are expensed as incurred and were as follows:
|
| | | | |
| | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 |
| | | Non-U.S. Plans |
Contributions to multi-employer plans (1) | | $ | 2,295 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | | Non-U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans |
Contributions to multi-employer plans (1) | | $ | 8 |
| | $ | 5 |
| | $ | 4 |
|
| |
| (1) | The plan information for both the Pensionskasse der Mitarbeiter der Hoechst-Gruppe VVaG and Pensionskasse der Wacker-Chemie GmbH VVaG plans is publicly available. The plans provide fixed, monthly retirement payments on the basis of the credits earned by the participating employees. To the extent that the plans are underfunded, future contributions to the plans may increase and may be used to fund retirement benefits for employees related to other employers. The Company does not consider either of its multi-employer plans individually significant. |
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Other Post-retirement Benefits
In the U.S. Plans
The, the Company provides post-retirement healthcare benefits to the employees of two subsidiaries who meet certain minimum age and service requirements. The Company has the right to modify or terminate some of these benefits.
In conjunction with the Axiall acquisition, the Company assumed post-retirement plans in the U.S. and Canada which are unfunded and provide medical and life insurance benefits for certain employees and their dependents.
The following table provides a reconciliation of the benefit obligations of the Company's unfunded post-retirement healthcare plans.
| | | | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans |
| Change in benefit obligation | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Benefit obligation, beginning of year | | $ | 19,958 |
| | $ | 21,383 |
| | $ | 80 |
| | $ | 3 |
| | $ | 18 |
| | $ | — |
|
| Benefit obligation assumed with acquisition | | | — |
| | — |
| | 69 |
| | 3 |
|
| Service cost | | 22 |
| | 30 |
| | 1 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Interest cost | | 733 |
| | 623 |
| | 2 |
| | — |
| | 1 |
| | — |
|
| Actuarial loss (gain) | | 989 |
| | (501 | ) | | (1 | ) | | — |
| | (6 | ) | | — |
|
| Benefits paid | | (1,525 | ) | | (1,577 | ) | | (9 | ) | | — |
| | (2 | ) | | — |
|
| Benefit obligation, end of year | | $ | 20,177 |
| | $ | 19,958 |
| | $ | 73 |
| | $ | 3 |
| | $ | 80 |
| | $ | 3 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Change in plan assets | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
|
| Employer contribution | | 1,525 |
| | 1,577 |
| | 9 |
| | — |
| | 2 |
| | — |
|
| Plan participants' contributions | | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Benefits paid | | (1,525 | ) | | (1,577 | ) | | (9 | ) | | — |
| | (2 | ) | | — |
|
| Fair value of plan assets, end of year | | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
|
| Funded status, end of year | | $ | (20,177 | ) | | $ | (19,958 | ) | | $ | (73 | ) | | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | (80 | ) | | $ | (3 | ) |
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
| | | | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans |
| Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Current liabilities | | $ | (1,798 | ) | | $ | (1,835 | ) | | $ | (8 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | (8 | ) | | $ | — |
|
| Noncurrent liabilities | | (18,379 | ) | | (18,123 | ) | | (65 | ) | | (3 | ) | | (72 | ) | | (3 | ) |
| Net amount recognized | | $ | (20,177 | ) | | $ | (19,958 | ) | | $ | (73 | ) | | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | (80 | ) | | $ | (3 | ) |
| | | | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans |
| Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income | | | | | |
| Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | | | | | | | | | |
| Net loss | | $ | 5,171 |
| | $ | 4,484 |
| | $ | (5 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | (4 | ) | | $ | — |
|
| Prior service cost | | — |
| | 50 |
| |
Total before tax (1) | | $ | 5,171 |
| | $ | 4,534 |
| | $ | (5 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | (4 | ) | | $ | — |
|
| |
| (1) | After-tax totals for post-retirement healthcare benefits were $3,127a loss of $0 and $2,702$1 for 20142017 and 20132016, respectively, and are reflected in stockholders' equity as accumulated other comprehensive loss.income (loss). |
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The following table provides the components of net periodic benefit costs, other changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in other comprehensive income.
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans |
| Components of net periodic benefit cost | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Service cost | | $ | 22 |
| | $ | 30 |
| | $ | 9 |
| | $ | 1 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
|
| Interest cost | | 733 |
| | 623 |
| | 745 |
| | 2 |
| | — |
| | 1 |
| | — |
| | 1 |
|
| Net amortization | | 353 |
| | 457 |
| | 269 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Net periodic benefit cost | | $ | 1,108 |
| | $ | 1,110 |
| | $ | 1,023 |
| | $ | 3 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 1 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 1 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI) | | | | | | | |
| Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in OCI | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net loss (gain) emerging | | $ | 989 |
| | $ | (501 | ) | | $ | 2,021 |
| | $ | (1 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | (6 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | (2 | ) |
| Amortization of net loss | | (303 | ) | | (373 | ) | | (185 | ) | |
| Amortization of prior service cost | | (50 | ) | | (84 | ) | | (84 | ) | |
| Total recognized in OCI | | $ | 636 |
| | $ | (958 | ) | | $ | 1,752 |
| | $ | (1 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | (6 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | (2 | ) |
| Total net periodic benefit cost and OCI | | $ | 1,744 |
| | $ | 152 |
| | $ | 2,775 |
| | $ | 2 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | (5 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | (1 | ) |
The estimated prior service cost and net loss for the post-retirement healthcare benefit plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net periodic benefit cost during 20152018 are both expected to be zerozero.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and $384, respectively.per share data)
The weighted-average assumptions used to determine post-retirement healthcare plan obligations and net periodic benefit costs for the plans are as follows:
| | | | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans | | Non-U.S. Plans | | U.S. Plans |
Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Discount rate | | 3.3 | % | | 4.0 | % | | 3.0 | % | | 3.0 | % | | 4.0 | % | | 3.3 | % | | 4.0 | % | | 3.5 | % |
| Health care cost trend rate | | | | | | | | | | | |
| - Initial rate | | | 7.3 | % | | 6.2 | % | | 7.3 | % | | 6.2 | % | | — | % |
| - Ultimate rate | | | 4.5 | % | | 4.5 | % | | 4.5 | % | | 4.5 | % | | — | % |
| - Years to ultimate | | | 11 |
| | 12 |
| | 11 |
| | 12 |
| | 0 |
|
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs for years ended December 31 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Discount rate | | 4.0 | % | | 3.0 | % | | 4.0 | % | |
| Discount rate for benefit obligations | | | 3.3 | % | | 3.3 | % | | 2.6 | % | | 3.3 | % | | 3.3 | % |
| Discount rate for service cost | | | 3.8 | % | | 3.3 | % | | 3.1 | % | | 3.3 | % | | — | % |
| Discount rate for interest cost | | | 2.6 | % | | 3.3 | % | | 2.8 | % | | 3.3 | % | | — | % |
| Health care cost trend rate | | | | | | | | | | | |
| - Initial rate | | | 6.8 | % | | 6.8 | % | | 7.0 | % | | 6.8 | % | | — | % |
| - Ultimate rate | | | 4.6 | % | | 4.5 | % | | 4.5 | % | | 4.5 | % | | — | % |
| - Years to ultimate | | | 11 |
| | 12 |
| | 12 |
| | 13 |
| | 0 |
|
The discount rate is determined using a benchmark pension discount curve and applying spot rates from the curve to each year of expected benefit payments to determine the appropriate discount rate for the Company. AssumedA one percentage-point increase or decrease in assumed healthcare trend rates dowould not have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the healthcare plans because benefits for participants are capped at a fixed amount.plans.
Estimated Future Benefit Payments
The following benefit payments are expected to be paid:
| | | | | Pension Benefits | | Post- retirement Healthcare | | Pension Benefits | | Other Post- retirement Benefits |
| Estimated future benefit payments: | | | | | | | | |
| Year 1 | | $ | 9,095 |
| | $ | 1,798 |
| | $ | 51 |
| | $ | 8 |
|
| Year 2 | | 8,420 |
| | 1,945 |
| | 53 |
| | 8 |
|
| Year 3 | | 7,968 |
| | 2,109 |
| | 52 |
| | 8 |
|
| Year 4 | | 8,702 |
| | 2,068 |
| | 52 |
| | 8 |
|
| Year 5 | | 8,928 |
| | 1,784 |
| | 53 |
| | 8 |
|
| Years 6 to 10 | | 41,469 |
| | 5,852 |
| | 265 |
| | 30 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
11.13. Stock-Based Compensation
Under the Westlake Chemical Corporation 2013 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as amended and restated, the "2013 Plan"), all employees and non-employee directors of the Company, as well as certain individuals who have agreed to become the Company's employees, are eligible for awards. Shares of common stock may be issued as authorized in the 2013 Plan. At the discretion of the administrator of the 2013 Plan, employees and non-employee directors may be granted awards in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, restricted stock units or cash awards (any of which may be a performance award). Outstanding stock option awards have a 10-year term and vest either (1) ratably on an annual basis over a three-yearone to four-year period or (2) at the end of a five-year period or (3) in one-half increments on the five-year andfive to 9.5-year anniversaries of the award date. Current outstanding restricted stock awards also vest either (1) ratably on an annual basis over a three-year period, (2) at the end of a three-year period or (3) in one-half increments on the five-year and 9.5-year anniversaries of the award date.period. Outstanding restricted stock units vest either (1) ratably on an annual basis over a three-year period or (2) at the end of a twoone to six-year period. In accordance with accounting guidance related to share-based payments, stock-based compensation expense for all stock-based compensation awards is based on estimated grant-date fair value. The Company recognizes these stock-based compensation costs net of a forfeiture rate and on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award for only those shares expected to vest. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132017, 2016 and 2012,2015, the total recognized stock-based compensation expense related to equity awards issued under the 2013 Plan was $9,261, $6,966$14, $14 and $6,127,$10, respectively.
Option activity and changes during the year ended December 31, 20142017 were as follows:
| | | | | Options | | Weighted Average Exercise Price | | Weighted Average Remaining Term (Years) | | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | | Options | | Weighted Average Exercise Price | | Weighted Average Remaining Term (Years) | | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
| Outstanding at December 31, 2013 | | 1,317,230 |
| | $ | 18.99 |
| | | | | |
| Outstanding at December 31, 2016 | | | 1,404,734 |
| | $ | 33.76 |
| | | | |
| Granted | | 172,768 |
| | 64.86 |
| | | | 289,553 |
| | 61.87 |
| | |
| Exercised | | (257,588 | ) | | 21.44 |
| | | | (401,505 | ) | | 29.68 |
| | |
| Cancelled | | (53,008 | ) | | 25.19 |
| | | | (23,181 | ) | | 56.92 |
| | |
| Outstanding at December 31, 2014 | | 1,179,402 |
| | $ | 24.89 |
| | 5.4 | | $ | 43,331 |
| |
| Exercisable at December 31, 2014 | | 703,110 |
| | $ | 14.34 |
| | 4.7 | | $ | 32,867 |
| |
| Outstanding at December 31, 2017 | | | 1,269,601 |
| | $ | 41.04 |
| | 5.9 | | $ | 83 |
|
| Exercisable at December 31, 2017 | | | 719,676 |
| | $ | 28.89 |
| | 3.9 | | $ | 56 |
|
For options outstanding at December 31, 20142017, the options had the following range of exercise prices:
| | | Range of Prices | | Options Outstanding | | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) | | Options Outstanding | | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |
| $7.12 - $9.65 | | 304,200 |
| | 3.7 | | 300,366 |
| | 1.6 |
| $10.26 - $18.05 | | 384,466 |
| | 3.5 | | 167,582 |
| | 3.6 |
| $22.92 - $30.05 | | 211,360 |
| | 6.7 | | 316,601 |
| | 7.6 |
| $40.38 - $45.70 | | 110,609 |
| | 8.1 | |
| $63.98 - $68.18 | | 168,767 |
| | 9.3 | |
| $40.38 - $52.35 | | | 285,553 |
| | 9.1 |
| $61.87 - $68.18 | | | 199,499 |
| | 6.8 |
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pretax intrinsic value (the difference between the Company's closing stock price on the last trading day of the year and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 20142017. This amount changes based on the fair market value of the Company's common stock. For the years ended December 31, 20142017, 20132016 and 20122015, the total intrinsic value of options exercised was $24, $14,534, $7,6564 and $23,9911, respectively.
As of December 31, 20142017, $3,571$4 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.51.4 years. Income tax benefits of $4,512, $2,224$8, $1 and $7,0090 were realized from the exercise of stock options during the years ended December 31, 20142017, 20132016 and 20122015, respectively.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The Company used the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value its options. The table below presents the weighted average value and assumptions used in determining each option's fair value. Volatility was calculated using historical trends of the Company's common stock price.
| | | | | Stock Option Grants | | Stock Option Grants |
| | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Weighted average fair value | | $ | 20.49 |
| | $ | 17.03 |
| | $ | 11.70 |
| | $ | 15.84 |
| | $ | 11.67 |
| | $ | 20.21 |
|
| Risk-free interest rate | | 1.6 | % | | 0.9 | % | | 1.0 | % | | 2.1 | % | | 1.4 | % | | 1.7 | % |
| Expected life in years | | 5 |
| | 5 |
| | 5 |
| | 5 |
| | 5 |
| | 5 |
|
| Expected volatility | | 35.7 | % | | 44.5 | % | | 45.7 | % | | 29.2 | % | | 32.9 | % | | 34.2 | % |
| Expected dividend yield | | 0.7 | % | | 0.6 | % | | 0.5 | % | | 1.2 | % | | 1.6 | % | | 0.9 | % |
Non-vestedThe Company had no non-vested restricted stock awards as of December 31, 20142017 and 2016. As of December 31, 2017, there was no unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock awards. The total fair value of restricted stock awards that vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $0, $4 and $8, respectively.
Non-vested restricted stock units as of December 31, 2017 and changes during the year ended December 31, 20142017 were as follows:
| | | | | Number of Shares | | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value | | Number of Units | | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
| Non-vested at December 31, 2013 | | 363,012 |
| | $ | 23.74 |
| |
| Non-vested at December 31, 2016 | | | 597,559 |
| | $ | 55.64 |
|
| Granted | | | 198,659 |
| | 62.46 |
|
| Vested | | (132,246 | ) | | 23.17 |
| | (91,997 | ) | | 61.39 |
|
| Forfeited | | (25,710 | ) | | 20.38 |
| | (40,355 | ) | | 56.08 |
|
| Non-vested at December 31, 2014 | | 205,056 |
| | $ | 24.52 |
| |
| Non-vested at December 31, 2017 | | | 663,866 |
| | $ | 56.86 |
|
As of December 31, 20142017, there was $556 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock awards. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.7 years. The total fair value of shares of restricted stock that vested during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 was $8,831, $12,480 and $18,408, respectively.
Non-vested restricted stock unit as of December 31, 2014 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2014 were as follows:
|
| | | | | | | |
| | | Number of Units | | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
| Non-vested at December 31, 2013 | | 336,902 |
| | $ | 51.39 |
|
| Granted | | 101,938 |
| | 69.48 |
|
| Vested | | (4,145 | ) | | 50.68 |
|
| Forfeited | | (12,695 | ) | | 51.85 |
|
| Non-vested at December 31, 2014 | | 422,000 |
| | $ | 55.75 |
|
As of December 31, 2014, there was $15,931$17 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock units. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.51.6 years. The total fair value of restricted stock units that vested during the years ended December 31, 20142017, 2016 and 20132015 was $371$6, $4 and $14,$1, respectively.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Axiall Awards Assumed in the Merger
In the Merger, all outstanding Axiall restricted stock units were assumed by the Company and converted into restricted stock units in respect of the Company's common stock, with the same terms and conditions except that upon settlement the award holders will receive the greater of (1) the value of $33.00 per Axiall restricted stock unit that was converted into a restricted stock unit in respect of the Company's common stock and (2) the value of the Company's common stock. The awards are classified as liability awards for accounting purposes and are re-measured at each reporting date until they vest. The portion of the replacement award that is attributable to pre-combination service by the employee was included in the measure of consideration transferred to acquire Axiall. The remaining fair value of the replacement awards will be recognized as stock-based compensation expense over the remaining vesting period. Total stock-based compensation expense recognized related to Axiall restricted stock units that were assumed by the Company and converted into restricted stock units during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $9 and $38, respectively, of which $33 was included in transaction and integration-related costs in the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2016.
The Company estimates the fair value of these awards using the Company's common stock price and a pricing model to estimate the value attributable to the $33.00 minimum price per Axiall restricted stock unit converted into a restricted stock unit in respect of the Company's common stock. The table below presents the assumptions used in determining each liability classified restricted stock unit's fair value. Volatility was calculated using historical trends of the Company's common stock price.
|
| | | | | |
| | Liability Classified Restricted Stock Awards |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2017 |
| Weighted average vesting period in years | | 0.8 | |
| Risk-free interest rate | | 1.6 | % |
| Expected volatility | | 23.1 | % |
| Expected dividend yield | | 0.8 | % |
Non-vested liability classified restricted stock awards as of December 31, 2017 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2017 were as follows:
|
| | | | | | | |
| | | Number of Units | | Weighted Average Fair Value |
| Non-vested at December 31, 2016 | | 286,147 |
| | $ | 60.77 |
|
| Vested | | (161,324 | ) | | 65.29 |
|
| Cancelled | | (23,831 | ) | | 66.97 |
|
| Non-vested at December 31, 2017 | | 100,992 |
| | $ | 106.53 |
|
As of December 31, 2017, there was $5 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested liability classified restricted stock awards. The total fair value of liability classified restricted stock awards that vested during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $11 and $3, respectively. The total fair value of liability classified restricted stock awards cancelled during the year ended December 31, 2017 was $2.
Westlake Chemical Partners LP Awards
OurThe Company's wholly-owned subsidiary and the general partner of Westlake Chemical Partners, LP ("Westlake Partners"), Westlake Chemical Partners GP LLC ("WLKPGP"WLKP GP"), maintains a unit-based compensation plan for directors and employees of WLKPGPWLKP GP and Westlake Partners.
The Westlake Partners 2014 Long-term Incentive Plan ("Westlake Partners 2014 Plan") permits various types of equity awards including but not limited to grants of phantom units and restricted units. Awards granted under the Westlake Partners 2014 Plan may be settled with Westlake Partners units or in cash or a combination thereof. Compensation expense for these awards was not material to ourthe Company's consolidated financial statements for the yearyears ended December 31, 2014.2017, 2016 and 2015.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
12. Derivative Commodity Instruments
The Company uses derivative instruments to reduce price volatility risk on commodities, primarily natural gas and ethane, from time to time. The Company does not use derivative instruments to engage in speculative activities.
For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, the gains or losses on the derivative instruments, as well as the offsetting losses or gains on the hedged items attributable to the hedged risk, were included in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. The Company had no derivative instruments that were designated as fair value hedges during the year ended December 31, 2014.
Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are not designated as hedging instruments were included in gross profit in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012.
The exposure on commodity derivatives used for price risk management includes the risk that the counterparty will not pay if the market declines below the established fixed price. In such case, the Company would lose the benefit of the derivative differential on the volume of the commodities covered. In any event, the Company would continue to receive the market price on the actual volume hedged. The Company also bears the risk that it could lose the benefit of market improvements over the fixed derivative price for the term and volume of the derivative instruments (as such improvements would accrue to the benefit of the counterparty).
Disclosures related to the Company's derivative assets and derivative liabilities subject to enforceable master netting arrangements have not been presented as they were not material to the Company's consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2014 and 2013.
The fair values of derivative instruments in the Company's consolidated balance sheets were as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Asset Derivatives |
| | | Balance Sheet Location | | Fair Value as of December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Not designated as hedging instruments | | | | | | |
| Commodity forward contracts | | Accounts receivable, net | | $ | 3,145 |
| | $ | 296 |
|
| Total asset derivatives | | $ | 3,145 |
| | $ | 296 |
|
| | | |
| | | Liability Derivatives |
| | | Balance Sheet Location | | Fair Value as of December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Not designated as hedging instruments | | | | | | |
| Commodity forward contracts | | Accrued liabilities | | $ | 6,549 |
| | $ | 176 |
|
| Commodity forward contracts | | Other liabilities | | 3,559 |
| | — |
|
| Total liability derivatives | | $ | 10,108 |
| | $ | 176 |
|
The following tables reflect the impact of derivative instruments designated as fair value hedges and the related hedged item on the Company's consolidated statements of operations. There was no material ineffectiveness with regard to the Company's qualifying hedges for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives in Fair Value Hedging Relationships | | Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative | | Year Ended December 31, |
| 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 |
| Commodity forward contracts | | Cost of sales | | $ | — |
| | $ | (303 | ) | | $ | 17,163 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Hedged Items in Fair Value Hedging Relationships | | Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Hedged Items | | Year Ended December 31, |
| 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 |
Firm commitment designated as the hedged item | | Cost of sales | | $ | — |
| | $ | 143 |
| | $ | (18,394 | ) |
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The impact of derivative instruments that have not been designated as hedges on the Company's consolidated statements of operations were as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | | Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative | | Year Ended December 31, |
| 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 |
| Commodity forward contracts | | Gross profit | | $ | (9,678 | ) | | $ | 5,438 |
| | $ | (11,626 | ) |
See Note 13 for the fair value of the Company's derivative instruments.
13.14. Fair Value Measurements
The Company reports certain assets and liabilities at fair value, which is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). The following tables summarize, by level within the fair value hierarchy, the Company's assets and liabilities at December 31 that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2014 |
| | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Total |
| Derivative instruments | | | | | | |
| Risk management assets - Commodity forward contracts | | $ | 3,143 |
| | $ | 2 |
| | $ | 3,145 |
|
| Risk management liabilities - Commodity forward contracts | | — |
| | (10,108 | ) | | (10,108 | ) |
| Marketable securities | | | | | | |
| Available-for-sale securities | | 15,414 |
| | — |
| | 15,414 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| | | 2013 |
| | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Total |
| Derivative instruments | | | | | | |
| Risk management assets - Commodity forward contracts | | $ | 48 |
| | $ | 248 |
| | $ | 296 |
|
| Risk management liabilities - Commodity forward contracts | | — |
| | (176 | ) | | (176 | ) |
| Marketable securities | | | | | | |
| Available-for-sale equity securities | | 91,595 |
| | 147,793 |
| | 239,388 |
|
The Level 2 measurements for the Company's commodity contracts are derived using forward curves supplied by industry recognized and unrelated third-party services. The Level 2 measurements for the Company's available-for-sale securities are derived using market-based pricing provided by unrelated third-party services.
There were no transfers in and out of Levels 1 and 2 of the fair value hierarchy in 2014 and 2013.
In addition to the assets and liabilities above, the Company has other financial assets and liabilities subject to fair value measures. These financial assets and liabilities include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net, accounts payable and long-term debt, all of which are recorded at carrying value. The amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net and accounts payable approximate their fair value due to the short maturities of these instruments. The carrying and fair values of the Company's long-term debt (including the current portion of long-term debt) at December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 are summarized in the table below. The Company's long-term debt instruments are publicly-traded. A market approach, based upon quotes from financial reporting services, is used to measure the fair value of the Company's long-term debt. Because the Company's long-term debt instruments may not be actively traded, the inputs used to measure the fair value of the Company's long-term debt are classified as Level 2 inputs within the fair value hierarchy.
73 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value |
| Revolving credit facility | | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 325 |
| | $ | 325 |
|
4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes (1) | | 645 |
| | 639 |
| | 652 |
| | 651 |
|
4.625% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes (1) | | 65 |
| | 65 |
| | 66 |
| | 66 |
|
| 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes | | 249 |
| | 255 |
| | 248 |
| | 252 |
|
| 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes | | 445 |
| | 449 |
| | 447 |
| | 451 |
|
| 4.875% Subsidiary 2023 Senior Notes | | 16 |
| | 16 |
| | 17 |
| | 17 |
|
| 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes | | 740 |
| | 757 |
| | 739 |
| | 722 |
|
Loan related to tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds due 2027 | | 11 |
| | 11 |
| | 11 |
| | 11 |
|
| 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes | | 99 |
| | 111 |
| | 99 |
| | 112 |
|
| 6 ¾% 2032 GO Zone Senior Notes | | — |
| | — |
| | 248 |
| | 259 |
|
| 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes | | 88 |
| | 99 |
| | 88 |
| | 100 |
|
| 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes | | 65 |
| | 74 |
| | 65 |
| | 73 |
|
| 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes | | 675 |
| | 787 |
| | 674 |
| | 692 |
|
| 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes | | 491 |
| | 518 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| 3.50% 2032 Senior Notes | | 248 |
| | 256 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| |
| (1) | The 4.625% Westlake 2021 Senior Notes and 4.625% Subsidiary 2021 Senior Notes were classified as a component of current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2017. For additional information, see Note 9. |
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value |
| 3.60% senior notes due 2022 | | $ | 249,108 |
| | $ | 248,630 |
| | $ | 248,990 |
| | $ | 236,905 |
|
| 6 ½% senior notes due 2029 | | 100,000 |
| | 116,384 |
| | 100,000 |
| | 109,490 |
|
| 6 ¾% senior notes due 2032 | | 250,000 |
| | 285,545 |
| | 250,000 |
| | 265,148 |
|
| 6 ½% GO Zone Senior Notes Due 2035 | | 89,000 |
| | 106,504 |
| | 89,000 |
| | 94,606 |
|
| 6 ½% IKE Zone Senior Notes Due 2035 | | 65,000 |
| | 77,784 |
| | 65,000 |
| | 69,094 |
|
Loan related to tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds due 2027 | | 10,889 |
| | 10,889 |
| | 10,889 |
| | 10,889 |
|
14.15. Income Taxes
On December 22, 2017, the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") was signed into law. The Tax Act, among other changes, reduces U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018, and also requires a one-time deemed repatriation of foreign earnings at specified rates. The corporate income tax rate change resulted in a revaluation of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities. The accounting guidance on income taxes requires that the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates be recognized in the period the tax rate change was enacted. The SEC staff guidance allows registrants to record provisional amounts during a measurement period when it does not have the necessary information available, prepared or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete its accounting for the change in tax law. The measurement period ends when a company has obtained, prepared and analyzed the information necessary to finalize its accounting, but cannot extend beyond one year. Under the above guidance, the Company made a provisional adjustment of $591 of income tax benefit in the 2017 consolidated financial statements for items that the Company could reasonably estimate such as revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and a one-time U.S. tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of the Company's post-1986 foreign earnings. The Company will continue to assess the income tax effects of the Tax Act based on further standard setting activities, any transition provisions, and changes in the facts and circumstances of the Company's tax position, during the measurement period.
The components of income (loss) before income taxes are as follows:
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Domestic | | $ | 1,102,101 |
| | $ | 944,378 |
| | $ | 586,631 |
| | $ | 917 |
| | $ | 476 |
| | $ | 880 |
|
| Foreign | | (18,183 | ) | | (2,206 | ) | | (1,462 | ) | | 164 |
| | 82 |
| | 83 |
|
| | | $ | 1,083,918 |
| | $ | 942,172 |
| | $ | 585,169 |
| | $ | 1,081 |
| | $ | 558 |
| | $ | 963 |
|
The Company's provision for (benefit from) income taxes consists of the following:
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Current | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Federal | | $ | 300,610 |
| | $ | 215,903 |
| | $ | 190,917 |
| | $ | 231 |
| | $ | 8 |
| | $ | 225 |
|
| State | | 37,351 |
| | 22,249 |
| | 15,327 |
| | 18 |
| | 9 |
| | 24 |
|
| Foreign | | 1,974 |
| | (137 | ) | | (837 | ) | | 27 |
| | 20 |
| | 9 |
|
| | | 339,935 |
| | 238,015 |
| | 205,407 |
| | 276 |
| | 37 |
| | 258 |
|
| Deferred | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Federal | | 40,950 |
| | 94,471 |
| | (5,398 | ) | | (557 | ) | | 136 |
| | 30 |
|
| State | | 22,714 |
| | (556 | ) | | (519 | ) | | 25 |
| | (33 | ) | | 3 |
|
| Foreign | | (4,697 | ) | | (183 | ) | | 124 |
| | (2 | ) | | (2 | ) | | 7 |
|
| | | 58,967 |
| | 93,732 |
| | (5,793 | ) | | (534 | ) | | 101 |
| | 40 |
|
| Total provision | | $ | 398,902 |
| | $ | 331,747 |
| | $ | 199,614 |
| |
| Total provision for (benefit from) income taxes | | | $ | (258 | ) | | $ | 138 |
| | $ | 298 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
A reconciliation of taxes computed at the statutory rate to the Company's income tax expense is as follows:
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Provision for federal income tax, at statutory rate | | $ | 379,371 |
| | $ | 329,760 |
| | $ | 204,809 |
| | $ | 378 |
| | $ | 195 |
| | $ | 337 |
|
| State income tax provision, net of federal income tax effect | | 40,012 |
| | 14,364 |
| | 9,625 |
| | 26 |
| | 1 |
| | 17 |
|
| Foreign income tax rate differential | | 3,640 |
| | 519 |
| | (201 | ) | | (33 | ) | | (8 | ) | | (13 | ) |
| Manufacturing deduction | | (24,465 | ) | | (16,275 | ) | | (14,560 | ) | | (23 | ) | | (2 | ) | | (24 | ) |
| Contingent tax liability | | (1,626 | ) | | (404 | ) | | — |
| |
| Depletion | | | (7 | ) | | (2 | ) | | — |
|
| Noncontrolling interests | | (2,255 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (9 | ) | | (7 | ) | | (7 | ) |
Tax on previously held shares of Axiall Corporation and certain other acquisition related items | | | — |
| | (13 | ) | | — |
|
| Tax Act related adjustment | | | (591 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Changes in state apportionment and other state adjustments | | | 2 |
| | (17 | ) | | — |
|
Research and development expenditures and adjustments related to prior years' tax returns | | | (1 | ) | | (8 | ) | | — |
|
| Other, net | | 4,225 |
| | 3,783 |
| | (59 | ) | | — |
| | (1 | ) | | (12 | ) |
| | | $ | 398,902 |
| | $ | 331,747 |
| | $ | 199,614 |
| | $ | (258 | ) | | $ | 138 |
| | $ | 298 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The tax effects of the principal temporary differences between financial reporting and income tax reporting at December 31 are as follows:
| | | | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Net operating loss carryforward | | $ | 18,200 |
| | $ | 11,324 |
| | $ | 64 |
| | $ | 70 |
|
| Credit carryforward | | 694 |
| | 708 |
| | 26 |
| | 24 |
|
| Accruals | | 62,845 |
| | 32,352 |
| | 53 |
| | 67 |
|
| Pension | | | 79 |
| | 114 |
|
| Allowance for doubtful accounts | | 1,998 |
| | 2,068 |
| | 5 |
| | 12 |
|
| Inventories | | 11,437 |
| | 15,440 |
| | 11 |
| | 13 |
|
| Other | | 7,660 |
| | 6,666 |
| | 15 |
| | 36 |
|
| Deferred taxes assets—total | | 102,834 |
| | 68,558 |
| | 253 |
| | 336 |
|
| Property, plant and equipment | | (398,683 | ) | | (434,561 | ) | | (906 | ) | | (1,374 | ) |
| Intangibles | | | (154 | ) | | (221 | ) |
| Turnaround costs | | (2,289 | ) | | (26,002 | ) | | (8 | ) | | (1 | ) |
| Basis difference—consolidated partnerships | | (194,480 | ) | | — |
| | (209 | ) | | (308 | ) |
| Other | | — |
| | (478 | ) | | (18 | ) | | (17 | ) |
| Deferred tax liabilities—total | | (595,452 | ) | | (461,041 | ) | | (1,295 | ) | | (1,921 | ) |
| Valuation allowance | | (11,011 | ) | | (11,324 | ) | | (56 | ) | | (53 | ) |
| Total net deferred tax liabilities | | $ | (503,629 | ) | | $ | (403,807 | ) | | $ | (1,098 | ) | | $ | (1,638 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | |
| Balance sheet classifications | | | | | | | | |
| Current deferred tax asset | | $ | 32,437 |
| | $ | 34,169 |
| |
| Noncurrent deferred tax asset | | | $ | 13 |
| | $ | 12 |
|
| Noncurrent deferred tax liability | | (536,066 | ) | | (437,976 | ) | | (1,111 | ) | | (1,650 | ) |
| Total net deferred tax liabilities | | $ | (503,629 | ) | | $ | (403,807 | ) | | $ | (1,098 | ) | | $ | (1,638 | ) |
At December 31, 20142017, the Company had foreign and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $300,674,$405, which will expire in varying amounts between 20152018 and 20332037 and are subject to certain limitations on an annual basis. Management believes the Company will realize the benefit of a portion of the net operating loss carryforwards before they expire, but to the extent that the full benefit may not be realized, a net operating loss valuation allowance has been recorded. The valuation allowance decreasedincreased by $313$3 in 20142017 due to the utilization of state net operating loss carryforwards.
As of December 31, 2013, the Company had intended to permanently reinvest earnings from its foreign joint venture and foreign subsidiaries and therefore, in accordance with applicable rules, did not record U.S. deferred income taxes on unremitted income from those foreign sources. Asmostly as a result of the acquisitionrevaluation of Vinnolit Holdings GmbHthe Company's deferred tax assets.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and its subsidiary companies andper share data)
The Tax Act requires a one-time U.S. tax at a specified rate for a mandatory deemed repatriation of post-1986 foreign earnings. For the formation and initial public offering of Westlake Partners,quarter ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded, on a provisional basis, approximately $5 of U.S. tax expense related to this one-time repatriation tax and elected to pay the tax over eight years as allowed by the Tax Act.
For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company accrued $7 of foreign tax as it is no longer has such intention. Therefore, aspermanently reinvested with respect to the outside basis difference for all of December 31, 2014, all required income tax consequences have been considered on such income in accordance with current applicable rules.
The gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31 are as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 |
| Beginning balance | | $ | 2,501 |
| | $ | 3,122 |
| | $ | 3,122 |
|
| Reductions due to statutes of limitations expiring | | (2,501 | ) | | (621 | ) | | — |
|
| Ending balance | | $ | — |
| | $ | 2,501 |
| | $ | 3,122 |
|
All of the gross unrecognized tax benefits of $2,501 were recognized at December 31, 2014. The effective tax rate impact is immaterial. The Company recognizes penalties and interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.its foreign subsidiaries.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various states and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to examinations by tax authorities before the year 2008.2011.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
15.16. Earnings per Share
The Company has unvested shares of restricted stock and restricted stock units outstanding that are considered participating securities and, therefore, computes basic and diluted earnings per share under the two-class method. Basic earnings per share for the periods are based upon the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the periods. Diluted earnings per share include the effect of certain stock options.
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 678,523 |
| | $ | 610,425 |
| | $ | 385,555 |
| | $ | 1,304 |
| | $ | 399 |
| | $ | 646 |
|
| Less: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income attributable to participating securities | | (1,502 | ) | | (2,562 | ) | | (2,160 | ) | | (7 | ) | | (2 | ) | | (3 | ) |
| Net income attributable to common shareholders | | $ | 677,021 |
| | $ | 607,863 |
| | $ | 383,395 |
| | $ | 1,297 |
| | $ | 397 |
| | $ | 643 |
|
The following table reconciles the denominator for the basic and diluted earnings per share computations shown in the consolidated statements of operations:
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Weighted average common shares—basic (1) | | 133,111,230 |
| | 133,224,256 |
| | 132,578,858 |
| | 129,087,043 |
| | 129,367,712 |
| | 131,823,707 |
|
| Plus incremental shares from: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Assumed exercise of options (1) | | 532,184 |
| | 554,994 |
| | 704,132 |
| | 452,970 |
| | 607,110 |
| | 478,105 |
|
Weighted average common shares—diluted (1) | | 133,643,414 |
| | 133,779,250 |
| | 133,282,990 |
| | 129,540,013 |
| | 129,974,822 |
| | 132,301,812 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Earnings per common share attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation: (1) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Basic | | $ | 5.09 |
| | $ | 4.57 |
| | $ | 2.89 |
| | $ | 10.05 |
| | $ | 3.07 |
| | $ | 4.88 |
|
| Diluted | | $ | 5.07 |
| | $ | 4.55 |
| | $ | 2.88 |
| | $ | 10.00 |
| | $ | 3.06 |
| | $ | 4.86 |
|
| |
(1) | Share amounts and per share data for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 have been restated to reflect the effect of a two-for-one stock split on March 18, 2014. See Note 8 for additional information.
|
There are no antidilutive options to purchase shares of common stock for the year ended December 31, 2017. Excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132016 and 20122015 are options to purchase 126,091, 119,452318,259 and 198,024301,969 shares of common stock, respectively. These options were outstanding during the periods reported but were excluded because the effect of including them would have been antidilutive.
16.17. Supplemental Information
Accrued Liabilities
Accrued liabilities were $276,118$657 and $155,245$538 at December 31, 20142017 and 2013,2016, respectively. Accrued rebates and accrued incentive compensation,income taxes, which are components of accrued liabilities, were $31,039 $108 and $56,487 $130, respectively, at December 31, 2014, respectively,2017 and $26,399$78 and $32,374$11 at December 31, 2013,2016, respectively. No other component of accrued liabilities was more than five percent of total current liabilities.
Other Liabilities
Other liabilities were $174,859 and $35,593 at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Non-current pension obligation, which is a component of other liabilities, was $136,296 and $8,710 at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. No other component of other liabilities was more than five percent of total liabilities.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Non-cash Investing Activity
The change in capital expenditure accruals reducing additions to property, plant and equipment was $9 and $7 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2015, respectively. The change in capital expenditure accruals increasing additions to property, plant and equipment was $7 for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Other (Expense) Income, Net
TheOther income, net included a $49 gain realized on previously held shares of Axiall common stock for the year ended December 31, 2016 and a $21 gain on acquisition and related expenses, net on the acquisition of Huasu for the year ended December 31, 2015. No other components of other (expense) income, net are as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 |
| Interest income | | $ | 3,468 |
| | $ | 3,086 |
| | $ | 4,010 |
|
Foreign exchange currency losses, net (1) | | (7,382 | ) | | (1,375 | ) | | (1,201 | ) |
| Income from equity method investments | | 5,883 |
| | 4,914 |
| | 1,444 |
|
| Impairment of equity method investment | | (6,747 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Other | | 2,057 |
| | 165 |
| | (733 | ) |
| Other (expense) income, net | | $ | (2,721 | ) | | $ | 6,790 |
| | $ | 3,520 |
|
| |
(1) | Aggregate foreign exchange currency gains and losses included in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012.were material to the statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.
|
Cash Flow Information
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Cash paid for: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest paid, net of interest capitalized | | $ | 35,336 |
| | $ | 16,426 |
| | $ | 42,266 |
| | $ | 154 |
| | $ | 46 |
| | $ | 32 |
|
| Income taxes paid | | 314,745 |
| | 251,599 |
| | 179,882 |
| | 84 |
| | 3 |
| | 314 |
|
Supplemental Noncash Investing ActivitiesIn conjunction with the acquisitions discussed in Note 19, liabilities assumed consist of the following:
|
| | | | | | | | |
| | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Fair value of assets acquired | | $ | 961,823 |
| | $ | 188,930 |
|
| Cash paid | | (736,224 | ) | | (178,309 | ) |
| Liabilities assumed | | $ | 225,599 |
| | $ | 10,621 |
|
17.18. Related Party and Affiliate Transactions
The Company leases office space for management and administrative services from an affiliate of the Company's principal stockholder. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132017, 2016 and 2012,2015, the Company incurred lease payments of approximately $2,001, $1,614$3, $3 and $1,550,$2, respectively.
Cypress Interstate Pipeline L.L.C., a natural gas liquids pipeline joint venture company in which the Company owns a 50% equity stake, transports natural gas liquid feedstocks to the Company's Lake Charles complex through its pipeline. The Company accounts for its investments in Cypress Interstate Pipeline L.L.C. under the equity method of accounting. The investment in Cypress Interstate Pipeline L.L.C. at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $9 and $9, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 20142017, 20132016 and 20122015, the Company incurred pipeline fees of approximately $15, $14,206, $13,32814 and $11,95714, respectively, payable to this joint venture for usage of the pipeline. The amounts due to this joint venture were $1 and $1 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
EPS Ethylene Pipeline Süd GmbH & Co. KG, an ethylene pipeline company in which the Company owns a 10% equity stake, transports ethylene feedstocks to the Company's Gendorf, Germany production facility through its pipeline. For the period from July 31, 2014 toyears ended December 31, 2014,2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company incurred pipeline fees of approximately $548$0, $1 and $1, respectively, for usage of the pipeline. There were no outstanding amounts due to this related party at December 31, 2017 and 2016.
The Company owns a 15% and an 11% equity stake in InfraServ Knapsack GmbH & Co. KG and InfraServ Gendorf GmbH & Co. KG, respectively. The Company has service agreements with these entities, including contracts to provide electricity and technical services to certain of the Company's production facilities in Germany. The investment in Infraserv was $56 and $50 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. For the period from July 31, 2014 toyears ended December 31, 2014,2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company incurred charges aggregating approximately $55,400$133, $131 and $116, respectively, for these services. The amounts accrued for these related parties were approximately $33 and $25 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The Company owns a 50% interest in Shriram Axiall Private Limited ("SAPL"), which the Company acquired as a result of the Merger. SAPL is a joint venture formed in April 2014 to facilitate the manufacture and sale of certain compound products in India. The Company accounts for its investments in SAPL under the equity method of accounting. The investment in SAPL at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $0 and $2, respectively.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
In March 2000, theThe Company loaned $2,000 to Suzhou Huasu Plastics Co., Ltd.,owns a Chinese joint venture company50% interest in RS Cogen LLC ("RS Cogen"), which the Company ownsacquired as a 59% equity stake.result of the Merger. RS Cogen operates a process steam, natural gas-fired cogeneration facility adjacent to the Lake Charles South Facility. The Company accounts for theits investment usingin RS Cogen under the equity method of accounting becauseaccounting. The investment in RS Cogen at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $10 and $10, respectively. For the entity does not meet the definition of a variable interest entity and because contractual arrangements allowing certain substantive participatory rights to minority shareholders prevent the Company from exercising a controlling financial interest over this entity. Interest on the debt accrues at LIBOR plus 2%. Previously, the Company loaned this same affiliate $5,150. Principal payments of zero, $167 and $1,192 were received from the affiliate for the yearsyear ended December 31, 2014, 20132017 and 2012, respectively. Interest payments of zero, $8 and $74 were received for the yearsperiod from August 31, 2016 to December 31, 2016, the Company recorded purchases of approximately $26 and $9 from RS Cogen, respectively. The amount payable to this related party was approximately $2 and $1 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The Company owns a 50% interest in Vinyl Solutions, LLC ("Vinyl Solutions"), which the Company acquired as a result of the Merger. The Company accounts for its investments in Vinyl Solutions under the equity method of accounting. Vinyl Solutions is a compounding manufacturer of specialty compounds. For the year ended December 31, 2014, 20132017 and 2012,for the period from August 31, 2016 to December 31, 2016, the Company recorded sales of $17 and $6, respectively, to Vinyl Solutions. The amount receivable from this related party was $7 and included$5 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
On June 17, 2015, Eagle US 2 LLC ("Eagle"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Axiall, entered into an amended and restated limited liability company agreement with Lotte Chemical USA Corporation ("Lotte") related to the formation of LACC, LLC ("LACC"), which was formed by Eagle and Lotte to design, build and operate a 1 billion ton per year ethylene plant. Pursuant to a contribution and subscription agreement, dated as of June 17, 2015, between Eagle and LACC, Eagle has agreed to make a maximum capital commitment to LACC of up to $225 to fund the construction costs of the plant, representing a 10% interest in other (expense) income, netLACC. Eagle and Lotte also entered into a call option agreement, dated as of June 17, 2015, pursuant to which Eagle has the right, but not the obligation, until the third anniversary of the substantial completion of the plant, to acquire up to a 50% ownership interest in LACC from Lotte. The construction of the plant commenced in January 2016. The plant is being built adjacent to the Company's largest chlor-alkali chemical facility, located in Lake Charles, to take advantage of the Company's existing infrastructure, access to competitive feedstock resources and ethylene distribution infrastructure. The anticipated start-up for the plant is expected to be in the consolidated statementsfirst quarter of operations.2019. The Company acquired this investment as a result of the Merger. As of December 31, 2014,2017 and 2016, the notes receivable balances of $1,192Company's investment in LACC was $125 and $1,025 are included$59, respectively. Total funding by the Company in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets, net, respectively, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. Purchases from this affiliate were approximately $9,766 and $12,104LACC for the yearsyear ended December 31, 20142017 and 2013,for the period from August 31, 2016 to December 31, 2016 amounted to $66 and $17, respectively. Additional transactions with this affiliate were not material toThe amount receivable from LACC at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was approximately $0 and $1, respectively. The Company's investment in LACC is accounted for under the consolidated financial statements.cost method.
Dividends received from equity method investments were $5,459, $5,114$6, $5 and $4,449$6 for the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132017, 2016 and 2012,2015, respectively.
One of ourthe Company's directors serves as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of American Air Liquide Holdings, Inc. and as a Senior Vice President of the Air Liquide Group.Group ("Air Liquide"). The Company purchased oxygen, nitrogen and utilities and leased cylinders from various affiliates of American Air Liquide Holdings, Inc. including Airgas and subsidiaries that were acquired in 2016 by Air Liquide aggregating approximately $13,862$30, $22 and $16,407$10 for the years ended December 31, 20142017, 2016 and 2013,2015, respectively. The Company also sold certain utilities to Air Liquide aggregating approximately $7 and $4 during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The amount payable to Air Liquide was $2 and $4 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and the amount receivable from Air Liquide was $1 and $1 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
18.19. Westlake Chemical Partners LP
Westlake Partners is a publicly traded master limited partnership that was formed by the Company to operate, acquire and develop ethylene production facilities and related assets.
Initial Public Offering of Westlake Partners
On August 4, 2014, Westlake Partners completed its initial public offering (the "IPO") of 12,937,500 common units at a price of $24.00 per unit, which included 1,687,500 units purchased by the underwriters pursuant to the exercise in full of their over-allotment option.unit. Net proceeds to Westlake Partners from the sale of the units was approximately $286,088,$286, net of underwriting discounts, structuring fees and offering expenses (the "Offering Costs") of approximately $24,412.$24. At the consummation of the IPO, Westlake Partners' assets consistconsisted of a 10.6% limited partner interest in Westlake Chemical OpCo, LP ("OpCo"), as well as the general partner interest in OpCo. TheImmediately after the IPO, the Company retained an 89.4% limited partner interest in OpCo and a 52.2% limited partnersignificant interest in Westlake Partners (common and subordinated units), a general partner interest in Westlake Partners and incentive distribution rights.Partners. The Company consolidates Westlake Partners for financial reporting purposes as the Company has a controlling financial interest. The initial public offeringIPO represented the sale of 47.8% of the common units in Westlake Partners.
Westlake Partners purchased additional 2.7% and 5.0% newly-issued limited partner interests in OpCo used the neton April 29, 2015 and on September 29, 2017, respectively.
On September 29, 2017, Westlake Partners completed a secondary offering of 5,175,000 common units at a price of $22.00 per unit. Net proceeds to Westlake Partners from the purchasesale of itsthe units were $111, net of underwriting discounts, structuring fees and estimated offering expenses of approximately $3. At December 31, 2017, Westlake Partners had a 18.3% limited partner interest to establish a cash reserve of approximately $55,419 for turnaround expenditures, to reimburse approximately $151,729 for capital expenditures incurred byin OpCo, and the Company with respect to certain of the assets contributed toretained an 81.7% limited partner interest in OpCo and to repay intercompany debt to the Company of approximately $78,940.a significant interest in Westlake Partners.
The following table is a reconciliation of proceeds from the initial public offering:
|
| | | | |
| Total proceeds from the initial public offering | | $ | 310,500 |
|
| Less: Offering Costs | | (24,412 | ) |
| Net proceeds from the initial public offering | | 286,088 |
|
| Less: Cash retained by OpCo | | (55,419 | ) |
| Net proceeds distributed to the Company from the initial public offering | | $ | 230,669 |
|
19. Acquisitions
Vinnolit Holdings GmbH and Subsidiary Companies
On July 31, 2014, the Company acquired all the equity interests in German-based Vinnolit Holdings GmbH and its subsidiary companies ("Vinnolit") from several entities associated with Advent International Corporation (the "Sellers"). Vinnolit is headquartered in Ismaning, Germany and is an integrated global leader in specialty PVC resins, with a combined annual capacity of 1.7 billion pounds of PVC, including specialty paste and suspension grades, 1.5 billion pounds of vinyl chloride monomer ("VCM") and 1.0 billion pounds of caustic soda. The Vinnolit acquisition included six production facilities
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
located in Burghausen, Gendorf, Cologne, Knapsack
20. Commitments and Schkopau in Germany and Hillhouse in the United Kingdom. Contingencies
The Company also acquired Vinnolit's technical centers, including a research and development facilityis involved in Gendorf and an applications laboratory in Burghausen. The Company's management believes that this strategic acquisition will enhance its strategy of integration and expansion into new markets and specialty products, in addition to growing the Company's global presence with a footprint in Europe and surrounding markets.
The purchase price of $736,224 was paid with available cash on hand. The acquisition is being accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the results of operations of this acquired business are included in the Vinyls segment.
The acquired business contributed net sales and net loss of $431,407 and $3,718, respectively, to the Company for the period from July 31, 2014 to December 31, 2014. The following unaudited consolidated pro forma information presents consolidated information as if the acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2013:
|
| | | | | | | | |
| | | Pro Forma Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Net sales | | $ | 5,152,806 |
| | $ | 4,976,998 |
|
| | | | | |
| Net income | | $ | 737,913 |
| | $ | 666,202 |
|
| Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | | 6,493 |
| | — |
|
| Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 731,420 |
| | $ | 666,202 |
|
| Earnings per common share attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation: | | | | |
| Basic | | $ | 5.48 |
| | $ | 4.98 |
|
| Diluted | | $ | 5.46 |
| | $ | 4.96 |
|
The pro forma amounts above have been calculated after applying the Company's accounting policies and adjusting the Vinnolit results to reflect (1) the additional depreciation and amortization that would have been charged assuming the fair value adjustments to property, plant and equipment and intangible assets had been applied from January 1, 2013; (2) the elimination of interest expense assuming the long-term debt paid off on behalf of the Sellers as of the acquisition date had been retired as of January 1, 2013; (3) the elimination of transaction-related costs; and (4) an adjustment to tax-effect the aforementioned pro forma adjustments using an estimated aggregate statutory income tax rate of the jurisdictions to which the above adjustments relate. The pro forma amounts do not include any potential synergies, cost savings or other expected benefits of the Vinnolit acquisition, are presented for illustrative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of results that would have been achieved if the acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2013 or of future operating performance.
For the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company recognized $13,427 of transaction-related costs. These costs are included in general and administrative expenses and other (expense) income, net in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2014. The transaction-related costs included in other (expense) income, net pertained to losses incurred on forward foreign exchange contracts for the purchase consideration of Vinnolit.
The following table summarizes the purchase consideration transferred and the estimated fair value of identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition. The preliminary allocation of the purchase consideration is based on management's estimates, judgments and assumptions. These estimates, judgments and assumptions are subject to change upon final valuation and should be treated as preliminary values. Management estimated that the fair value of the net assets acquired equals consideration paid. Therefore, no goodwill was recorded. The final allocation of purchase consideration could include changes in the estimated fair value of (1) inventories; (2) property, plant and equipment; (3) equity investments; (4) trademark and trade name, developed technologies and customer relationships; (5) power purchase agreement liability; and (6) deferred income taxes.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
|
| | | | |
| Fair value of consideration transferred: | | |
| Cash paid to Sellers | | $ | 309,619 |
|
Cash deposited in escrow (1) | | 13,390 |
|
Retirement of long-term debt as of July 31, 2014, on behalf of the Sellers (2) | | 413,215 |
|
| Total purchase consideration | | $ | 736,224 |
|
| | | |
| Preliminary allocation of consideration transferred to net assets acquired: | | |
| Cash | | $ | 125,137 |
|
Working capital, excluding inventory and cash (3) | | 15,373 |
|
Inventories (4) | | 114,961 |
|
| Property, plant and equipment | | 469,484 |
|
| Investments | | 51,552 |
|
Other assets (5) | | 76,828 |
|
| Intangible assets: | | |
| Trademarks and trade name (weighted average life of 20 years) | | 40,170 |
|
| Developed technologies (weighted average life of 20 years) | | 31,600 |
|
| Other intangibles (weighted average life of 9.4 years) | | 1,422 |
|
| Deferred income tax asset - current | | 7,909 |
|
| Deferred income tax asset - non-current | | 27,387 |
|
| Pension obligation | | (117,970 | ) |
| Other long-term liabilities | | (10,723 | ) |
Power purchase agreement liability (6) | | (10,826 | ) |
| Deferred income tax liability - current | | (6,845 | ) |
| Deferred income tax liability - non-current | | (79,235 | ) |
| Total identifiable net assets | | 736,224 |
|
Goodwill (7) | | — |
|
| Consideration transferred | | $ | 736,224 |
|
_____________
| |
(1) | None of the cash held in escrow is considered contingent consideration as it is expected to be released to the Sellers pending the Sellers' satisfaction of general representations and warranties made in connection with the execution of the purchase agreement. |
| |
(2) | Vinnolit's long-term debt paid on behalf of the Sellers was not legally assumed by Westlake in the acquisition and the retirement was a condition of the consummation of the purchase agreement. Therefore, the retirement has been included in the total purchase consideration. |
| |
(3) | The fair value of accounts receivable acquired is $181,890, with the gross contractual amount being $183,833. The Company expects $1,943 to be uncollectable. |
| |
(4) | An adjustment of approximately $16,900 was recorded to reflect Vinnolit's inventories at fair value and increased cost of sales by the same amount for the year ended December 31, 2014. |
| |
(5) | Included in other assets was a loan acquired that was repaid prior to December 31, 2014. |
| |
(6) | A liability arising from the unfavorable forward purchase contracts for the purchase of power was recognized at fair value. This liability will be amortized over a period of approximately three years, being the weighted-average life of the forward purchase contracts. |
| |
(7) | Management estimated that the fair value of the net assets acquired equals consideration paid. Therefore, no goodwill was recorded. |
Pipe and Foundation Group
On May 1, 2013, the Company acquired assets comprising CertainTeed Corporation's Pipe and Foundation Group ("PFG") business and accounted for the asset acquisition as a business combination. The PFG acquisition includes the PVC
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
pipe, fittings, profiles and foundation business and associated facilities in Lodi, California and McPherson, Kansas with production capacity of approximately 150 million pounds per year. The Company also acquired technologies and intellectual property for the production of a number of specialized products,legal and regulatory matters, principally environmental in nature, that are incidental to the normal conduct of its business, including Certa-Lok® restrained joint pipelawsuits, investigations and Yelomine™ branded products for a varietyclaims. The outcome of end-market applications.these matters are inherently unpredictable. The Company's managementCompany believes that, this acquisition will enhance the Company's building products portfolio by adding new specialty product lines and supporting technology.
The closing date purchase price of $178,309 was paid with available cash on hand. There were no further adjustments to the purchase price. The acquisition is being accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the results of operations of this acquired business are included in the Vinyls segment. The revenueaggregate, the outcome of all known legal and earnings of the PFG business included in theregulatory matters will not have a material adverse effect on its consolidated statement of operations since the acquisition date have not been presented separately as they are not materialfinancial statements; however, specific outcomes with respect to the Company's consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2013. The pro forma impact of this business combination has not been presented as it is notsuch matters may be material to the Company's consolidated statements of operations forin any particular period in which costs, if any, are recognized. The Company's assessment of the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company recognized $1,124potential impact of acquisition-related costs. These costs are includedenvironmental matters, in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2013.
The following table summarizes the consideration transferred and the fair value of identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition.
|
| | | |
| Fair value of consideration transferred: | |
| Cash | $ | 178,309 |
|
| | |
| Allocation of consideration transferred to net assets acquired: | |
Accounts receivable (1) | $ | 17,695 |
|
| Inventories | 25,948 |
|
| Property, plant and equipment | 31,261 |
|
| Intangible assets: | |
| Customer relationships (weighted average life of 15 years) | 57,600 |
|
| Trademarks | 5,200 |
|
| Developed technology (weighted average life of 15 years) | 18,900 |
|
| Other intangibles (weighted average life of two years) | 300 |
|
| Current liabilities | (10,595 | ) |
| Other liabilities | (26 | ) |
| Total identifiable net assets | 146,283 |
|
Goodwill (2) | 32,026 |
|
| Consideration transferred | $ | 178,309 |
|
_____________
| |
(1) | The fair value of accounts receivable acquired is $17,695, with the gross contractual amount being $17,772. The Company expects $77 to be uncollectible. |
| |
(2) | The goodwill recognized is primarily attributable to synergies from the Company's vinyls integration strategy expected to arise from the Company's PFG acquisition, as well as intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition. The goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. All of the goodwill is assigned to the Company's Vinyls segment. |
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
20. Commitments and Contingencies
The Companyparticular, is subject to uncertainty due to the complex, ongoing and evolving process of investigation and remediation of such environmental lawsmatters, and regulationsthe potential for technological and regulatory developments. In addition, the impact of evolving claims and programs, such as natural resource damage claims, industrial site reuse initiatives and state remediation programs creates further uncertainty of the ultimate resolution of these matters. The Company anticipates that can impose civilthe resolution of many legal and criminal sanctionsregulatory matters, and that may require itin particular environmental matters, will occur over an extended period of time.
Environmental. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had reserves for environmental contingencies totaling approximately $49 and $49, respectively, most of which was classified as noncurrent liabilities. The Company's assessment of the potential impact of these environmental contingencies is subject to mitigateconsiderable uncertainty due to the effectscomplex, ongoing and evolving process of contamination caused byinvestigation and remediation, if necessary, of such environmental contingencies, and the release or disposal of hazardous substances intopotential for technological and regulatory developments.
Calvert City Proceedings. For several years, the environment. Under one law,Environmental Protection Agency (the "EPA") has been conducting remedial investigation and feasibility studies at the U.S.Company's Calvert City, Kentucky facility pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ("CERCLA"), anof 1980 (CERCLA). As the current owner or operator of property may be held strictly liable for remediating contamination without regard to whether that person caused the contamination, and without regard to whether the practices that resulted in the contamination were legal at the time they occurred. Because several of the Company's production sites haveCalvert City facility, the Company was named by the EPA as a historypotentially responsible party ("PRP") along with Goodrich Corporation ("Goodrich") and its successor-in-interest, PolyOne Corporation ("PolyOne"). On November 30, 2017, the EPA published a draft Proposed Plan, incorporating by reference an August 2015 draft Remedial Investigation (RI) report, an October 2017 draft Feasibility Study (FS) report and a new Technical Impracticability Waiver document dated December 19, 2017. The draft Proposed Plan describes a preferred remedy that includes a containment wall with targeted treatment and supplemental hydraulic containment, as well as active treatment of industrial use, it is impossible to predict precisely what effect these legal requirements will have on the Company.
European Regulations. Under the Industrial Emission Directive ("IED"), European Union member state governments are expected to adopt rules and implement environmental permitting programs relating to air, water and waste for industrial facilities. In this context, concepts such as BAT ("best available technique") are being explored. Future implementation of these concepts may result in technical modifications in the Company's European facilities. In addition,historical groundwater contamination under the Environmental Liability Directive, European Union member states can requireTennessee River. The EPA has estimated that the remediationtotal remedy will cost $200 to $250 with an estimated $1 to $3 in annual operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. The Company's allocation of soil and groundwater contamination in certain circumstances, underliability for remedial or O&M costs, if any, will be determined by the "polluter pays principle." The Companyoutcome of the contractual dispute with Goodrich/PolyOne, which is unable to predict the impact these requirements and concepts may have on its future costssubject of compliance.a pending arbitration proceeding as described below.
Contract Disputes with Goodrich and PolyOne.In connection with the 1990 and 1997 acquisitions of the Goodrich Corporation ("Goodrich") chemical manufacturing facilitycomplex in Calvert City, Goodrich agreed to indemnify the Company for any liabilities related to preexisting contamination at the site.complex. For its part, the Company agreed to indemnify Goodrich for post-closing contamination caused by the Company's operations. The soil and groundwater at the site,complex, which does not include the Company's nearby PVC facility, had been extensively contaminated underby Goodrich's operations. In 1993, Goodrich spun off the predecessor of PolyOne, Corporation ("PolyOne"), and that predecessor assumed Goodrich's indemnification obligations relating to preexisting contamination.
In 2003, litigation arose among the Company, Goodrich and PolyOne with respect to the allocation of the cost of remediating contamination at the site. The parties settled this litigation in December 2007 and the case was dismissed. In the settlement, the parties agreed that, among other things: (1) PolyOne would pay 100% of the costs (with specified exceptions), net of recoveries or credits from third parties, incurred with respect to environmental issues at the Calvert City site from August 1, 2007 forward; and (2) either the Company or PolyOne might, from time to time in the future (but not more than once every five years), institute an arbitration proceeding to adjust that percentage; and (3) the Company andpercentage. In May 2017, PolyOne would negotiatefiled a new environmental remediation utilities and services agreement to cover the Company's provision to, or on behalf of, PolyOne of certain environmental remediation services at the site. The current environmental remediation activities at the Calvert City site do not have a specified termination date but are expected to lastdemand for the foreseeable future. The costs incurred by the Company that have been invoiced to PolyOne to provide the environmental remediation services were $2,805 and $3,284 in 2014 and 2013, respectively. By letter dated March 16, 2010, PolyOne notified the Company that it was initiating an arbitration proceeding under the settlement agreement.arbitration. In this proceeding, PolyOne seeks to readjust the percentage allocation of costs and to recover approximately $1,400$17 from the Company in reimbursement of previously paid remediation costs. The Company filed a cross demand for arbitration is currently stayed.seeking $6 in unreimbursed remediation costs incurred during the relevant period.
State Administrative Proceedings. There are several administrative proceedings in Kentucky involvingOn October 6, 2017, PolyOne filed suit against the Company Goodrich and PolyOnein the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky seeking for the court — instead of the arbitration panel — to resolve claims asserted by the Company in the arbitration proceedings related to reimbursement of costs incurred by the same manufacturing site in Calvert City. In 2003, the Kentucky Environmental and Public Protection Cabinet (the "Cabinet") re-issued Goodrich's Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA") permit which requires Goodrich to remediate contaminationCompany at the Calvert City manufacturing site. Both Goodrichcomplex. PolyOne is seeking a declaratory judgment from the court that costs claimed by the Company in the arbitration are not covered under the 2007 settlement agreement and PolyOne challenged various termsthus are not within the jurisdiction of the permit in an attemptarbitration panel. In response, the Company has filed a motion to shift Goodrich's clean-up obligationsdismiss asserting that PolyOne's jurisdictional claims are unfounded and that the arbitration panel has jurisdiction over Westlake's claims for cost reimbursement under the permit toarbitration agreement contained within the Company. The Company intervened in the proceedings. The Cabinet has suspended all corrective action under the RCRA permit in deference to a remedial investigation and feasibility study ("RIFS") being conducted, under the auspices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"), pursuant to an Administrative Settlement Agreement ("AOC"), which became effective on December 9, 2009. See "Federal Administrative Proceedings" below. The proceedings have been postponed. Periodic status conferences will be held to evaluate whether additional proceedings will be required.2007 settlement agreement.
Federal Administrative Proceedings. In May 2009, the Cabinet sent a letter to the EPA requesting the EPA's assistance in addressing contamination at the Calvert City site under CERCLA. In its response to the Cabinet also in May 2009, the EPA stated that it concurred with the Cabinet's request and would incorporate work previously conducted under the Cabinet's RCRA authority into the EPA's cleanup efforts under CERCLA. Since 1983, the EPA has been addressing contamination at an abandoned landfill adjacent to the Company's plant which had been operated by Goodrich and which was being remediated pursuant to CERCLA. The EPA has directed Goodrich and PolyOne to conduct additional investigation activities at the landfill
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
and at the Company's plant. In June 2009, the EPA notified the Company that the Company may have potential liability under section 107(a) of CERCLA at its plant site. Liability under section 107(a) of CERCLA is strict and joint and several. The EPA also identified Goodrich and PolyOne, among others, as potentially responsible parties at the plant site. The Company negotiated, in conjunction with the other potentially responsible parties, an AOC and an order to conduct a RIFS. On July 12, 2013, the parties submitted separate draft RIFS reports to the EPA. The EPA has hired a contractor to complete the remedial investigation report.
Monetary Relief. Except as noted above with respect to the settlement of the contract litigation among the Company, Goodrich and PolyOne, none of the court, the Cabinet nor the EPA has established any allocation of the costs of remediation among the various parties that are involved in the judicial and administrative proceedings discussed above. At this time, since the proceedings are in an early stage, the Company is not able to estimate the loss or reasonable possible loss,impact, if any, that the arbitration proceeding could have on the Company's consolidated financial statements that could result from the resolution of these proceedings.in 2017 and later years. Any cash expenditures that the Company might incur in the future with respect to the remediation of contamination at the siteCalvert City complex would likely be spread out over an extended period. As a result, the Company believes it is unlikely that any remediation costs allocable to it will be material in terms of expenditures made in any individual reporting period.
Potential Flare ModificationsEnvironmental Remediation: Reasonably Possible Matters. . For several years,The Company's assessment of the EPA has been conducting an enforcement initiative against petroleum refineriespotential impact of environmental contingencies is subject to considerable uncertainty due to the complex, ongoing and petrochemical plants with respect to emissions from flares. A numberevolving process of companies have entered into consent agreements with the EPA requiring both modifications to reduce flare emissionsinvestigation and remediation, if necessary, of such environmental contingencies, and the installation of additional equipment to better track flare operationspotential for technological and emissions. On April 21, 2014, the Company received a Clean Air Act Section 114 Information Request from the EPA which sought information regarding flares at the Calvert City and Lake Charles facilities. The EPA has informed the Company that the information provided leads the EPA to believe that some of the flares are out of compliance with applicable standards. The EPA has demanded that the Company conduct additional flare sampling and provide supplemental information. The Company is currentlyregulatory developments. As such, in negotiations with the EPA regarding these demands. The EPA has indicated that it is seeking a consent decree that would obligate the Company to take corrective actions relating to the alleged noncompliance. The Company has not agreed that any flares are out of compliance or that any corrective actions are warranted. Depending on the outcome of the Company's negotiations with the EPA, additional controls on emissions from its flares may be required and these could result in increased capital and operating costs.
Louisiana Notice of Violations. The Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality ("LDEQ") has issued notices of violations ("NOVs") regarding the Company's assets for various air compliance issues. The Company is working with LDEQ to settle these claims, and a global settlement of all claims is being discussed. Such global settlement may result in a total civil penalty in excess of $100.
In addition to the matters described above,amounts currently reserved, the Company is involvedmay be subject to reasonably possible loss contingencies related to environmental matters in various legal proceedings incidentalthe range of $55 to the conduct of its business. The Company does not believe that any of these legal proceedings will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.$110.
Other Commitments
The Company is obligated under various long-term and short-term noncancelable operating leases, primarily related to rail car leases and land. Several of the leases provide for renewal terms and, in certain leases, purchase options. At December 31, 20142017, future minimum lease commitments for operating lease obligations and capital lease obligations were as follows:
| | | | | Operating Leases | | Capital Leases | | Operating Leases | | Capital Leases |
| 2015 | | $ | 39,184 |
| | $ | 273 |
| |
| 2016 | | 37,909 |
| | 273 |
| |
| 2017 | | 35,570 |
| | 273 |
| |
| 2018 | | 28,547 |
| | 273 |
| | $ | 108 |
| | $ | 3 |
|
| 2019 | | 24,055 |
| | 273 |
| | 97 |
| | 3 |
|
| 2020 | | | 73 |
| | 3 |
|
| 2021 | | | 56 |
| | 2 |
|
| 2022 | | | 44 |
| | 2 |
|
| Thereafter | | 580,554 |
| | 1,140 |
| | 651 |
| | 9 |
|
| Total minimum lease payments | | $ | 745,819 |
| | $ | 2,505 |
| | $ | 1,029 |
| | $ | 22 |
|
| Less: Imputed interest costs | | | | (711 | ) | | | | (12 | ) |
| Present value of net minimum lease payments | | | | $ | 1,794 |
| | | | $ | 10 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Operating lease rental expense was approximately $56,014, $45,361$147, $87 and $38,19969 for the years ended December 31, 20142017, 20132016 and 20122015, respectively.
The Company has various unconditional purchase obligations, primarily to purchase goods and services, including commitments to purchase various utilities, feedstock, nitrogen, oxygen, product storage and pipeline usage. Unrecorded unconditional purchase obligations for the next five years isare as follows: $197,563, $141,079, $121,650, $93,187$430, $412, $376, $330 and $72,128$95 in 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2019,2022, respectively.
21. Segment and Geographic Information
Segment Information
The Company operates in two principal operating segments: Olefins and Vinyls. These segments are strategic business units that offer a variety of different products. The Company manages each segment separately as each business requires different technology and marketing strategies.
The Company's Olefins segment manufactures and markets polyethylene, styrene monomer and various ethylene co-products. The Company's ethylene production is used in the Company's polyethylene, styrene and vinyl chloride monomer ("VCM")VCM operations. In addition, the Company sells ethylene and ethylene co-products, primarily propylene, crude butadiene, pyrolysis gasoline and hydrogen, to external customers.
The majority of sales in the Company's Olefins business are made under long-term agreements where contract volumes are established within a range (typically, more than one year). Earlier terminations may occur if the parties fail to agree on price and deliveries are suspended for a period of several months. In most cases, these contracts also contemplate extension of the term unless specifically terminated by one of the parties. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of sales in the Olefins segment for the years ended December 31, 20142017, 20132016 or 20122015.
The Company's VinylsVinyl segment manufactures and markets PVC, VCM, EDC, chlorine,ethylene dichloride ("EDC"), chlor-alkali (chlorine and caustic sodasoda), chlorinated derivative products and ethylene. The Company also manufactures and sells building products fabricated from PVC, that the Company produces, including siding, pipe, fittings, profiles, foundation buildingtrim, mouldings, fence and decking products, window and door
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
components and fencefilm and deck components.sheet products. The Company's mainprimary North American chemical manufacturing facilities are located in its Calvert City, Kentucky and Lake Charles, Plaquemine and Geismar, Louisiana.Louisiana sites. The Company also produces chlorine, caustic soda, hydrogen and chlorinated derivative products at its facilities in Natrium, Longview, Washington and Beauharnois, Quebec and PVC resin and PVC compounds at several facilities in Mississippi. In addition, the Company has five manufacturing sitesfacilities in Germany, and one manufacturing site in the United Kingdom. Further,Kingdom, Taiwan and the Company owns a 59% interest in a PVC joint venture inPeople's Republic of China. Subsequent to December 31, 2014, the Company entered into an agreement to acquire an additional 35.7% interest in this joint venture. See Note 22 for additional information.
As of December 31, 20142017, the Company owned 1224 building products plants.facilities. The Company uses its chlorine, VCM and PVC production to manufacture its building products. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of sales in the Vinyls segment for the years ended December 31, 20142017, 20132016 or 20122015.
The accounting policies of the individual segments are the same as those described in Note 1.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Net external sales | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Olefins | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Polyethylene | | $ | 1,922,535 |
| | $ | 1,750,292 |
| | $ | 1,658,551 |
| | $ | 1,518 |
| | $ | 1,463 |
| | $ | 1,651 |
|
| Styrene, feedstock and other | | 801,155 |
| | 803,377 |
| | 841,427 |
| | 533 |
| | 431 |
| | 609 |
|
| Total olefins | | 2,723,690 |
| | 2,553,669 |
| | 2,499,978 |
| | 2,051 |
| | 1,894 |
| | 2,260 |
|
| Vinyls | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| PVC, caustic soda and other | | 1,203,332 |
| | 800,658 |
| | 743,275 |
| | 4,769 |
| | 2,493 |
| | 1,718 |
|
| Building products | | 488,328 |
| | 405,157 |
| | 327,788 |
| | 1,221 |
| | 689 |
| | 485 |
|
| Total vinyls | | 1,691,660 |
| | 1,205,815 |
| | 1,071,063 |
| | 5,990 |
| | 3,182 |
| | 2,203 |
|
| | | $ | 4,415,350 |
| | $ | 3,759,484 |
| | $ | 3,571,041 |
| | $ | 8,041 |
| | $ | 5,076 |
| | $ | 4,463 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Intersegment sales | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Olefins | | $ | 146,539 |
| | $ | 320,909 |
| | $ | 318,322 |
| | $ | 393 |
| | $ | 165 |
| | $ | 107 |
|
| Vinyls | | 1,385 |
| | 1,502 |
| | 1,603 |
| | 1 |
| | 26 |
| | 1 |
|
| | | $ | 147,924 |
| | $ | 322,411 |
| | $ | 319,925 |
| | $ | 394 |
| | $ | 191 |
| | $ | 108 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Income (loss) from operations | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Olefins | | $ | 1,013,825 |
| | $ | 833,249 |
| | $ | 552,762 |
| | $ | 655 |
| | $ | 558 |
| | $ | 747 |
|
| Vinyls | | 142,740 |
| | 154,684 |
| | 85,942 |
| | 647 |
| | 174 |
| | 255 |
|
| Corporate and other | | (32,574 | ) | | (34,469 | ) | | (23,353 | ) | | (69 | ) | | (151 | ) | | (42 | ) |
| | | $ | 1,123,991 |
| | $ | 953,464 |
| | $ | 615,351 |
| | $ | 1,233 |
| | $ | 581 |
| | $ | 960 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Depreciation and amortization | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Olefins | | $ | 106,244 |
| | $ | 102,938 |
| | $ | 97,906 |
| | $ | 145 |
| | $ | 136 |
| | $ | 111 |
|
| Vinyls | | 101,666 |
| | 54,371 |
| | 46,146 |
| | 449 |
| | 238 |
| | 134 |
|
| Corporate and other | | 576 |
| | 499 |
| | 489 |
| | 7 |
| | 4 |
| | 1 |
|
| | | $ | 208,486 |
| | $ | 157,808 |
| | $ | 144,541 |
| | $ | 601 |
| | $ | 378 |
| | $ | 246 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Other income (expense), net | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Olefins | | $ | 6,102 |
| | $ | 7,410 |
| | $ | 3,899 |
| | $ | 3 |
| | $ | 5 |
| | $ | 5 |
|
| Vinyls | | 2,680 |
| | (1,858 | ) | | (965 | ) | | (1 | ) | | 3 |
| | 8 |
|
| Corporate and other | | (11,503 | ) | | 1,238 |
| | 586 |
| | 5 |
| | 48 |
| | 25 |
|
| | | $ | (2,721 | ) | | $ | 6,790 |
| | $ | 3,520 |
| | $ | 7 |
| | $ | 56 |
| | $ | 38 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Olefins | | $ | 354,159 |
| | $ | 288,214 |
| | $ | 177,176 |
| | $ | 63 |
| | $ | 175 |
| | $ | 243 |
|
| Vinyls | | 52,249 |
| | 48,296 |
| | 22,389 |
| | (302 | ) | | 25 |
| | 64 |
|
| Corporate and other | | (7,506 | ) | | (4,763 | ) | | 49 |
| | (19 | ) | | (62 | ) | | (9 | ) |
| | | $ | 398,902 |
| | $ | 331,747 |
| | $ | 199,614 |
| | $ | (258 | ) | | $ | 138 |
| | $ | 298 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Capital expenditures | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Olefins | | $ | 188,729 |
| | $ | 145,542 |
| | $ | 135,886 |
| | $ | 97 |
| | $ | 324 |
| | $ | 305 |
|
| Vinyls | | 237,992 |
| | 531,939 |
| | 246,827 |
| | 459 |
| | 302 |
| | 176 |
|
| Corporate and other | | 4,383 |
| | 1,741 |
| | 4,169 |
| | 21 |
| | 3 |
| | 10 |
|
| | | $ | 431,104 |
| | $ | 679,222 |
| | $ | 386,882 |
| | $ | 577 |
| | $ | 629 |
| | $ | 491 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
| | | | | December 31, 2014 | | December 31, 2013 | | December 31, 2017 | | December 31, 2016 |
| Total assets | | | | | | | | |
| Olefins | | $ | 1,785,895 |
| | $ | 1,557,510 |
| | $ | 2,006 |
| | $ | 2,093 |
|
| Vinyls | | 2,618,646 |
| | 1,740,595 |
| | 8,853 |
| | 8,287 |
|
| Corporate and other | | 809,449 |
| | 762,804 |
| | 1,217 |
| | 510 |
|
| | | $ | 5,213,990 |
| | $ | 4,060,909 |
| | $ | 12,076 |
| | $ | 10,890 |
|
A reconciliation of total segment income from operations to consolidated income before income taxes is as follows:
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Income from operations for reportable segments | | $ | 1,123,991 |
| | $ | 953,464 |
| | $ | 615,351 |
| | $ | 1,233 |
| | $ | 581 |
| | $ | 960 |
|
| Interest expense | | (37,352 | ) | | (18,082 | ) | | (43,049 | ) | | (159 | ) | | (79 | ) | | (35 | ) |
| Debt retirement costs | | — |
| | — |
| | (7,082 | ) | |
| Gain from sales of equity securities | | — |
| | — |
| | 16,429 |
| |
| Other (expense) income, net | | (2,721 | ) | | 6,790 |
| | 3,520 |
| |
| Other income, net | | | 7 |
| | 56 |
| | 38 |
|
| Income before income taxes | | $ | 1,083,918 |
| | $ | 942,172 |
| | $ | 585,169 |
| | $ | 1,081 |
| | $ | 558 |
| | $ | 963 |
|
Geographic Information
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
Sales to external customers (1) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| United States | | $ | 3,596,091 |
| | $ | 3,404,378 |
| | $ | 3,176,202 |
| | $ | 5,739 |
| | $ | 3,526 |
| | $ | 3,133 |
|
| Foreign | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Canada | | 217,567 |
| | 214,162 |
| | 294,643 |
| | 653 |
| | 317 |
| | 196 |
|
| Germany | | 198,921 |
| | 3,942 |
| | 2,392 |
| | 432 |
| | 402 |
| | 394 |
|
| Switzerland | | 89,214 |
| | 54,637 |
| | 32,927 |
| | 142 |
| | 101 |
| | 107 |
|
| Brazil | | | 108 |
| | 41 |
| | 16 |
|
| China | | | 104 |
| | 87 |
| | 46 |
|
| Italy | | | 96 |
| | 84 |
| | 90 |
|
| Taiwan | | | 96 |
| | 25 |
| | — |
|
| Other | | 313,557 |
| | 82,365 |
| | 64,877 |
| | 671 |
| | 493 |
| | 481 |
|
| | | $ | 4,415,350 |
| | $ | 3,759,484 |
| | $ | 3,571,041 |
| | $ | 8,041 |
| | $ | 5,076 |
| | $ | 4,463 |
|
| | | | | December 31, 2014 | | December 31, 2013 | | December 31, 2017 | | December 31, 2016 |
| Long-lived assets | | | | | | | | |
| United States | | $ | 2,319,572 |
| | $ | 2,081,091 |
| | $ | 5,668 |
| | $ | 5,783 |
|
| Foreign | | | | | | | | |
| Germany | | 417,702 |
| | — |
| | 504 |
| | 401 |
|
| Other | | 20,283 |
| | 6,923 |
| | 240 |
| | 236 |
|
| | | $ | 2,757,557 |
| | $ | 2,088,014 |
| | $ | 6,412 |
| | $ | 6,420 |
|
| |
| (1) | Revenues are attributed to countries based on location of customer. |
22. Subsequent Events
In February 2015, the Company entered into an agreement to acquire INEOS Chlor Vinyls Holdings B.V.'s 35.7% interest in Suzhou Huasu Plastics Co., Ltd., a PVC joint venture based near Shanghai, China. We currently own a 59% interest in this joint venture. The completion of this acquisition is subject to government approvals.
Subsequent events were evaluated through the date on which the financial statements were issued.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
23.22. Guarantor Disclosures
The Company's payment obligations under the Senior Notes, 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes, 3.60% senior notes due 2022 Senior Notes, the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes, the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes and the 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by each of its current and future domestic subsidiaries that guarantee other debt of the Company or of another guarantor of the 3.60% seniorthose notes due 2022 in excess of $5,000$5 (the "Guarantor Subsidiaries"). Except for OpCo, which is less than 100% owned, eachEach Guarantor Subsidiary is 100% owned by Westlake Chemical Corporation (the "100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries"). See Note 18 regarding Westlake Partners' 10.6% limited partnership interest in OpCo. The initial public offering of Westlake Partners resulted in OpCo ceasing to beDuring 2016 and 2017, the Company executed a 100% owned subsidiaryJoinder Agreement with the Administrative Agent of the Company. OpCo has been presented as a less than 100% owned guarantor subsidiary in eachCredit Agreement, whereby certain subsidiaries of the tables below, including for periods prior to the initial public offering of Westlake Partners.Company were added as Guarantor Subsidiaries. These guarantees are the joint and several obligations of the Guarantor Subsidiaries. The following unaudited condensed consolidating financial information presents the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of Westlake Chemical Corporation, the 100% owned Guarantor Subsidiaries, OpCo and the remaining subsidiaries that do not guarantee the Senior Notes, the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes, the 3.60% senior notes due 2022 Senior Notes, the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes, the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes and the 4.875% Westlake 2023 Senior Notes (the "Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries"), together with consolidating eliminations necessary to present the Company's results on a consolidated basis.
In 2016, certain of the Company's subsidiary guarantors were released from their guarantees of the Company's 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes in connection with the replacement of the Company's revolving credit facility. Westlake Chemical OpCo LP, which was previously separately presented as a less than 100% owned guarantor, and certain of the Company's other 100% owned subsidiaries that were previously presented as guarantors, are now reflected as Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries in the condensed consolidating guarantor financial information. Prior periods were retrospectively adjusted to conform to the current presentation of Guarantor Subsidiaries and Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Condensed Consolidating Financial Information as of December 31, 20142017
| | | | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | OpCo (Less Than 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiary) | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated |
| Balance Sheet | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Current assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 655,947 |
| | $ | 3,057 |
| | $ | 131,545 |
| | $ | 90,052 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 880,601 |
| | $ | 1,089 |
| | $ | 57 |
| | $ | 385 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 1,531 |
|
| Accounts receivable, net | | 8,451 |
| | 1,454,709 |
| | 56,049 |
| | 135,133 |
| | (1,093,676 | ) | | 560,666 |
| | 3,331 |
| | 4,128 |
| | 580 |
| | (7,038 | ) | | 1,001 |
|
| Inventories | | — |
| | 414,975 |
| | 6,634 |
| | 104,167 |
| | — |
| | 525,776 |
| | — |
| | 654 |
| | 246 |
| | — |
| | 900 |
|
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | | 172 |
| | 9,485 |
| | 212 |
| | 1,938 |
| | — |
| | 11,807 |
| | 52 |
| | 26 |
| | 31 |
| | (79 | ) | | 30 |
|
| Deferred income taxes | | 409 |
| | 29,832 |
| | — |
| | 2,196 |
| | — |
| | 32,437 |
| |
| Restricted cash | | | — |
| | 1 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1 |
|
| Total current assets | | 664,979 |
| | 1,912,058 |
| | 194,440 |
| | 333,486 |
| | (1,093,676 | ) | | 2,011,287 |
| | 4,472 |
| | 4,866 |
| | 1,242 |
| | (7,117 | ) | | 3,463 |
|
| Property, plant and equipment, net | | — |
| | 1,477,515 |
| | 842,057 |
| | 437,985 |
| | — |
| | 2,757,557 |
| | — |
| | 4,374 |
| | 2,038 |
| | — |
| | 6,412 |
|
| Equity investments | | 4,033,378 |
| | 1,237,080 |
| | — |
| | 352,550 |
| | (5,561,703 | ) | | 61,305 |
| |
| Goodwill | | | — |
| | 855 |
| | 157 |
| | — |
| | 1,012 |
|
| Customer relationships, net | | | — |
| | 479 |
| | 137 |
| | — |
| | 616 |
|
| Other intangible assets, net | | | — |
| | 88 |
| | 73 |
| | — |
| | 161 |
|
| Other assets, net | | 30,543 |
| | 387,325 |
| | 57,733 |
| | 141,948 |
| | (233,708 | ) | | 383,841 |
| | 10,706 |
| | 798 |
| | 1,271 |
| | (12,363 | ) | | 412 |
|
| Total assets | | $ | 4,728,900 |
| | $ | 5,013,978 |
| | $ | 1,094,230 |
| | $ | 1,265,969 |
| | $ | (6,889,087 | ) | | $ | 5,213,990 |
| | $ | 15,178 |
| | $ | 11,460 |
| | $ | 4,918 |
| | $ | (19,480 | ) | | $ | 12,076 |
|
| Current liabilities | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| Accounts payable | | $ | 1,055,527 |
| | $ | 160,834 |
| | $ | 17,680 |
| | $ | 95,856 |
| | $ | (1,068,835 | ) | | $ | 261,062 |
| | $ | 6,367 |
| | $ | 864 |
| | $ | 224 |
| | $ | (6,855 | ) | | $ | 600 |
|
| Accrued liabilities | | 8,754 |
| | 203,608 |
| | 11,225 |
| | 77,372 |
| | (24,841 | ) | | 276,118 |
| | 189 |
| | 484 |
| | 246 |
| | (262 | ) | | 657 |
|
| Current portion of long-term debt, net | | | 710 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 710 |
|
| Total current liabilities | | 1,064,281 |
| | 364,442 |
| | 28,905 |
| | 173,228 |
| | (1,093,676 | ) | | 537,180 |
| | 7,266 |
| | 1,348 |
| | 470 |
| | (7,117 | ) | | 1,967 |
|
| Long-term debt | | 753,108 |
| | 10,889 |
| | 227,638 |
| | — |
| | (227,638 | ) | | 763,997 |
| |
| Long-term debt, net | | | 3,034 |
| | 4,242 |
| | 220 |
| | (4,369 | ) | | 3,127 |
|
| Deferred income taxes | | — |
| | 497,919 |
| | 1,848 |
| | 42,369 |
| | (6,070 | ) | | 536,066 |
| | — |
| | 1,026 |
| | 92 |
| | (7 | ) | | 1,111 |
|
| Other liabilities | | — |
| | 43,452 |
| | — |
| | 131,407 |
| | — |
| | 174,859 |
| |
| Pension and other liabilities | | | 4 |
| | 347 |
| | 151 |
| | — |
| | 502 |
|
| Total liabilities | | 1,817,389 |
| | 916,702 |
| | 258,391 |
| | 347,004 |
| | (1,327,384 | ) | | 2,012,102 |
| | 10,304 |
| | 6,963 |
| | 933 |
| | (11,493 | ) | | 6,707 |
|
| Total Westlake Chemical Corporation stockholders' equity | | 2,911,511 |
| | 4,097,276 |
| | 835,839 |
| | 628,588 |
| | (5,561,703 | ) | | 2,911,511 |
| | 4,874 |
| | 4,497 |
| | 3,490 |
| | (7,987 | ) | | 4,874 |
|
| Noncontrolling interests | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 290,377 |
| | — |
| | 290,377 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 495 |
| | — |
| | 495 |
|
| Total equity | | 2,911,511 |
| | 4,097,276 |
| | 835,839 |
| | 918,965 |
| | (5,561,703 | ) | | 3,201,888 |
| | 4,874 |
| | 4,497 |
| | 3,985 |
| | (7,987 | ) | | 5,369 |
|
| Total liabilities and equity | | $ | 4,728,900 |
| | $ | 5,013,978 |
| | $ | 1,094,230 |
| | $ | 1,265,969 |
| | $ | (6,889,087 | ) | | $ | 5,213,990 |
| | $ | 15,178 |
| | $ | 11,460 |
| | $ | 4,918 |
| | $ | (19,480 | ) | | $ | 12,076 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Condensed Consolidating Financial Information as of December 31, 20132016
| | | | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | OpCo (Less Than 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiary) | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated |
| Balance Sheet | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Current assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 420,948 |
| | $ | 6,227 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 34,126 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 461,301 |
| | $ | 147 |
| | $ | 53 |
| | $ | 259 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 459 |
|
| Marketable securities | | 239,388 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 239,388 |
| |
| Accounts receivable, net | | 3,879 |
| | 666,344 |
| | 71,812 |
| | 2,755 |
| | (316,333 | ) | | 428,457 |
| | 2,118 |
| | 3,330 |
| | 324 |
| | (4,833 | ) | | 939 |
|
| Inventories | | — |
| | 339,929 |
| | 116,377 |
| | 15,573 |
| | — |
| | 471,879 |
| | — |
| | 598 |
| | 203 |
| | — |
| | 801 |
|
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | | 778 |
| | 11,055 |
| | 257 |
| | 1,798 |
| | — |
| | 13,888 |
| | 31 |
| | 42 |
| | 12 |
| | (37 | ) | | 48 |
|
| Deferred income taxes | | 441 |
| | 28,974 |
| | 4,448 |
| | 306 |
| | — |
| | 34,169 |
| |
| Restricted cash | | | — |
| | — |
| | 161 |
| | — |
| | 161 |
|
| Total current assets | | 665,434 |
| | 1,052,529 |
| | 192,894 |
| | 54,558 |
| | (316,333 | ) | | 1,649,082 |
| | 2,296 |
| | 4,023 |
| | 959 |
| | (4,870 | ) | | 2,408 |
|
| Property, plant and equipment, net | | — |
| | 1,318,119 |
| | 762,972 |
| | 6,923 |
| | — |
| | 2,088,014 |
| | — |
| | 4,476 |
| | 1,944 |
| | — |
| | 6,420 |
|
| Equity investments | | 2,815,752 |
| | 636,461 |
| | 10,411 |
| | 31,518 |
| | (3,427,267 | ) | | 66,875 |
| |
| Goodwill | | | — |
| | 792 |
| | 155 |
| | — |
| | 947 |
|
| Customer relationships, net | | | — |
| | 468 |
| | 143 |
| | — |
| | 611 |
|
| Other intangible assets, net | | | — |
| | 131 |
| | 70 |
| | (25 | ) | | 176 |
|
| Other assets, net | | 15,393 |
| | 423,901 |
| | 75,197 |
| | 1,199 |
| | (258,752 | ) | | 256,938 |
| | 9,170 |
| | 874 |
| | 1,116 |
| | (10,832 | ) | | 328 |
|
| Total assets | | $ | 3,496,579 |
| | $ | 3,431,010 |
| | $ | 1,041,474 |
| | $ | 94,198 |
| | $ | (4,002,352 | ) | | $ | 4,060,909 |
| | $ | 11,466 |
| | $ | 10,764 |
| | $ | 4,387 |
| | $ | (15,727 | ) | | $ | 10,890 |
|
| Current liabilities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Accounts payable | | $ | 316,652 |
| | $ | 100,570 |
| | $ | 122,564 |
| | $ | 10,649 |
| | $ | (300,822 | ) | | $ | 249,613 |
| | $ | 4,331 |
| | $ | 748 |
| | $ | 225 |
| | $ | (4,808 | ) | | $ | 496 |
|
| Accrued liabilities | | 8,334 |
| | 134,452 |
| | 26,688 |
| | 1,282 |
| | (15,511 | ) | | 155,245 |
| | 26 |
| | 390 |
| | 183 |
| | (61 | ) | | 538 |
|
| Term loan | | | — |
| | — |
| | 149 |
| | — |
| | 149 |
|
| Total current liabilities | | 324,986 |
| | 235,022 |
| | 149,252 |
| | 11,931 |
| | (316,333 | ) | | 404,858 |
| | 4,357 |
| | 1,138 |
| | 557 |
| | (4,869 | ) | | 1,183 |
|
| Long-term debt | | 752,990 |
| | 10,889 |
| | 252,973 |
| | — |
| | (252,973 | ) | | 763,879 |
| |
| Long-term debt, net | | | 3,585 |
| | 4,091 |
| | — |
| | (3,997 | ) | | 3,679 |
|
| Deferred income taxes | | — |
| | 260,171 |
| | 182,855 |
| | 729 |
| | (5,779 | ) | | 437,976 |
| | — |
| | 1,581 |
| | 92 |
| | (23 | ) | | 1,650 |
|
| Other liabilities | | — |
| | 34,571 |
| | 962 |
| | 60 |
| | — |
| | 35,593 |
| |
| Pension and other liabilities | | | — |
| | 361 |
| | 125 |
| | — |
| | 486 |
|
| Total liabilities | | | 7,942 |
| | 7,171 |
| | 774 |
| | (8,889 | ) | | 6,998 |
|
| Total Westlake Chemical Corporation stockholders' equity | | | 3,524 |
| | 3,593 |
| | 3,245 |
| | (6,838 | ) | | 3,524 |
|
| Noncontrolling interests | | | — |
| | — |
| | 368 |
| | — |
| | 368 |
|
| Total equity | | 2,418,603 |
| | 2,890,357 |
| | 455,432 |
| | 81,478 |
| | (3,427,267 | ) | | 2,418,603 |
| | 3,524 |
| | 3,593 |
| | 3,613 |
| | (6,838 | ) | | 3,892 |
|
| Total liabilities and equity | | $ | 3,496,579 |
| | $ | 3,431,010 |
| | $ | 1,041,474 |
| | $ | 94,198 |
| | $ | (4,002,352 | ) | | $ | 4,060,909 |
| | $ | 11,466 |
| | $ | 10,764 |
| | $ | 4,387 |
| | $ | (15,727 | ) | | $ | 10,890 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Condensed Consolidating Financial Information for the Year Ended December 31, 20142017
| | | | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | OpCo (Less Than 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiary) | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated |
| Statement of Operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net sales | | $ | — |
| | $ | 3,727,361 |
| | $ | 1,749,700 |
| | $ | 475,401 |
| | $ | (1,537,112 | ) | | $ | 4,415,350 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 6,650 |
| | $ | 3,143 |
| | $ | (1,752 | ) | | $ | 8,041 |
|
| Cost of sales | | — |
| | 3,162,246 |
| | 1,003,888 |
| | 447,676 |
| | (1,515,810 | ) | | 3,098,000 |
| | — |
| | 5,559 |
| | 2,438 |
| | (1,725 | ) | | 6,272 |
|
| Gross profit | | — |
| | 565,115 |
| | 745,812 |
| | 27,725 |
| | (21,302 | ) | | 1,317,350 |
| | — |
| | 1,091 |
| | 705 |
| | (27 | ) | | 1,769 |
|
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | | 2,082 |
| | 144,987 |
| | 26,870 |
| | 40,722 |
| | (21,302 | ) | | 193,359 |
| | 3 |
| | 292 |
| | 131 |
| | (27 | ) | | 399 |
|
| (Loss) income from operations | | (2,082 | ) | | 420,128 |
| | 718,942 |
| | (12,997 | ) | | — |
| | 1,123,991 |
| |
| Amortization of intangibles | | | 1 |
| | 81 |
| | 26 |
| | — |
| | 108 |
|
| Transaction and integration-related costs | | | — |
| | 27 |
| | 2 |
| | — |
| | 29 |
|
| Income (loss) from operations | | | (4 | ) | | 691 |
| | 546 |
| | — |
| | 1,233 |
|
| Other income (expense) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest expense | | (39,763 | ) | | (10 | ) | | (10,499 | ) | | (492 | ) | | 13,412 |
| | (37,352 | ) | | (154 | ) | | (178 | ) | | (6 | ) | | 179 |
| | (159 | ) |
| Other income (expense), net | | 21,001 |
| | (4,921 | ) | | 3,151 |
| | (8,540 | ) | | (13,412 | ) | | (2,721 | ) | | 154 |
| | (3 | ) | | 35 |
| | (179 | ) | | 7 |
|
| (Loss) income before income taxes | | (20,844 | ) | | 415,197 |
| | 711,594 |
| | (22,029 | ) | | — |
| | 1,083,918 |
| |
| Income (loss) before income taxes | | | (4 | ) | | 510 |
| | 575 |
| | — |
| | 1,081 |
|
| Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | | 248 |
| | 202,501 |
| | 199,388 |
| | (3,235 | ) | | — |
| | 398,902 |
| | 10 |
| | (312 | ) | | 44 |
| | — |
| | (258 | ) |
| Equity in net income of subsidiaries | | 699,615 |
| | 496,244 |
| | — |
| | 15,962 |
| | (1,211,821 | ) | | — |
| | 1,318 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (1,318 | ) | | — |
|
| Net income (loss) | | 678,523 |
| | 708,940 |
| | 512,206 |
| | (2,832 | ) | | (1,211,821 | ) | | 685,016 |
| | 1,304 |
| | 822 |
| | 531 |
| | (1,318 | ) | | 1,339 |
|
| Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 6,493 |
| | — |
| | 6,493 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 35 |
| | — |
| | 35 |
|
| Net income (loss) attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 678,523 |
| | $ | 708,940 |
| | $ | 512,206 |
| | $ | (9,325 | ) | | $ | (1,211,821 | ) | | $ | 678,523 |
| | $ | 1,304 |
| | $ | 822 |
| | $ | 496 |
| | $ | (1,318 | ) | | $ | 1,304 |
|
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 601,706 |
| | $ | 703,148 |
| | $ | 512,206 |
| | $ | (80,407 | ) | | $ | (1,134,947 | ) | | $ | 601,706 |
| |
| Comprehensive income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | | $ | 1,432 |
| | $ | 833 |
| | $ | 493 |
| | $ | (1,326 | ) | | $ | 1,432 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Condensed Consolidating Financial Information for the Year Ended December 31, 2016
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated |
| Statement of Operations | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net sales | | $ | — |
| | $ | 4,010 |
| | $ | 2,445 |
| | $ | (1,379 | ) | | $ | 5,076 |
|
| Cost of sales | | — |
| | 3,533 |
| | 1,919 |
| | (1,357 | ) | | 4,095 |
|
| Gross profit | | — |
| | 477 |
| | 526 |
| | (22 | ) | | 981 |
|
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | | 2 |
| | 178 |
| | 100 |
| | (22 | ) | | 258 |
|
| Amortization of intangibles | | 1 |
| | 27 |
| | 10 |
| | — |
| | 38 |
|
| Transaction and integration-related costs | | — |
| | 103 |
| | 1 |
| | — |
| | 104 |
|
| Income (loss) from operations | | (3 | ) | | 169 |
| | 415 |
| | — |
| | 581 |
|
| Other income (expense) | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest expense | | (83 | ) | | (76 | ) | | (2 | ) | | 82 |
| | (79 | ) |
| Other income (expense), net | | 77 |
| | (14 | ) | | 75 |
| | (82 | ) | | 56 |
|
| Income (loss) before income taxes | | (9 | ) | | 79 |
| | 488 |
| | — |
| | 558 |
|
| Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | | (8 | ) | | 115 |
| | 31 |
| | — |
| | 138 |
|
| Equity in net income of subsidiaries | | 400 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (400 | ) | | — |
|
| Net income (loss) | | 399 |
| | (36 | ) | | 457 |
| | (400 | ) | | 420 |
|
| Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | | — |
| | — |
| | 21 |
| | — |
| | 21 |
|
| Net income (loss) attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 399 |
| | $ | (36 | ) | | $ | 436 |
| | $ | (400 | ) | | $ | 399 |
|
| Comprehensive income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 407 |
| | $ | 11 |
| | $ | 396 |
| | $ | (407 | ) | | $ | 407 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Condensed Consolidating Financial Information for the Year Ended December 31, 20132015
| | | | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | OpCo (Less Than 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiary) | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated |
| Statement of Operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net sales | | $ | — |
| | $ | 3,195,406 |
| | $ | 2,127,747 |
| | $ | 48,016 |
| | $ | (1,611,685 | ) | | $ | 3,759,484 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 3,558 |
| | $ | 2,286 |
| | $ | (1,381 | ) | | $ | 4,463 |
|
| Cost of sales | | — |
| | 2,971,258 |
| | 1,255,140 |
| | 43,333 |
| | (1,611,685 | ) | | 2,658,046 |
| | — |
| | 2,842 |
| | 1,797 |
| | (1,361 | ) | | 3,278 |
|
| Gross profit | | — |
| | 224,148 |
| | 872,607 |
| | 4,683 |
| | — |
| | 1,101,438 |
| | — |
| | 716 |
| | 489 |
| | (20 | ) | | 1,185 |
|
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | | 2,128 |
| | 114,211 |
| | 25,451 |
| | 6,184 |
| | — |
| | 147,974 |
| | 3 |
| | 146 |
| | 89 |
| | (20 | ) | | 218 |
|
| (Loss) income from operations | | (2,128 | ) | | 109,937 |
| | 847,156 |
| | (1,501 | ) | | — |
| | 953,464 |
| |
| Amortization of intangibles | | | — |
| | 5 |
| | 2 |
| | — |
| | 7 |
|
| Income (loss) from operations | | | (3 | ) | | 565 |
| | 398 |
| | — |
| | 960 |
|
| Other income (expense) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest expense | | (18,030 | ) | | (52 | ) | | (8,032 | ) | | — |
| | 8,032 |
| | (18,082 | ) | | (42 | ) | | (35 | ) | | — |
| | 42 |
| | (35 | ) |
| Other income (expense), net | | 11,798 |
| | (2,438 | ) | | 7,701 |
| | (2,239 | ) | | (8,032 | ) | | 6,790 |
| | 20 |
| | 5 |
| | 55 |
| | (42 | ) | | 38 |
|
| (Loss) income before income taxes | | (8,360 | ) | | 107,447 |
| | 846,825 |
| | (3,740 | ) | | — |
| | 942,172 |
| |
| (Benefit from) provision for income taxes | | (2,031 | ) | | 34,340 |
| | 300,279 |
| | (841 | ) | | — |
| | 331,747 |
| |
| Income (loss) before income taxes | | | (25 | ) | | 535 |
| | 453 |
| | — |
| | 963 |
|
| Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | | | (7 | ) | | 275 |
| | 30 |
| | — |
| | 298 |
|
| Equity in net income of subsidiaries | | 616,754 |
| | 546,546 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (1,163,300 | ) | | — |
| | 664 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (664 | ) | | — |
|
| Net income (loss) | | | 646 |
| | 260 |
| | 423 |
| | (664 | ) | | 665 |
|
| Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | | | — |
| | — |
| | 19 |
| | — |
| | 19 |
|
| Net income (loss) attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 610,425 |
| | $ | 619,653 |
| | $ | 546,546 |
| | $ | (2,899 | ) | | $ | (1,163,300 | ) | | $ | 610,425 |
| | $ | 646 |
| | $ | 260 |
| | $ | 404 |
| | $ | (664 | ) | | $ | 646 |
|
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 618,649 |
| | $ | 629,308 |
| | $ | 546,546 |
| | $ | (4,506 | ) | | $ | (1,171,348 | ) | | $ | 618,649 |
| |
| Comprehensive income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | | $ | 596 |
| | $ | 261 |
| | $ | 335 |
| | $ | (596 | ) | | $ | 596 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Condensed Consolidating Financial Information for the Year Ended December 31, 20122017
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | OpCo (Less Than 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiary) | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated |
| Statement of Operations | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net sales | | $ | — |
| | $ | 2,788,088 |
| | $ | 2,249,098 |
| | $ | 48,205 |
| | $ | (1,514,350 | ) | | $ | 3,571,041 |
|
| Cost of sales | | — |
| | 2,693,592 |
| | 1,613,446 |
| | 41,393 |
| | (1,514,350 | ) | | 2,834,081 |
|
| Gross profit | | — |
| | 94,496 |
| | 635,652 |
| | 6,812 |
| | — |
| | 736,960 |
|
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | | 2,004 |
| | 89,030 |
| | 24,103 |
| | 6,472 |
| | — |
| | 121,609 |
|
| (Loss) income from operations | | (2,004 | ) | | 5,466 |
| | 611,549 |
| | 340 |
| | — |
| | 615,351 |
|
| Interest expense | | (42,989 | ) | | (60 | ) | | (8,937 | ) | | — |
| | 8,937 |
| | (43,049 | ) |
| Debt retirement costs | | (7,082 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (7,082 | ) |
| Gain from sales of equity securities | | 1 |
| | 16,428 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 16,429 |
|
| Other income (expense), net | | 28,171 |
| | (16,633 | ) | | 4,186 |
| | (3,267 | ) | | (8,937 | ) | | 3,520 |
|
| (Loss) income before income taxes | | (23,903 | ) | | 5,201 |
| | 606,798 |
| | (2,927 | ) | | — |
| | 585,169 |
|
| Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | | 1,825 |
| | (11,821 | ) | | 210,878 |
| | (1,268 | ) | | — |
| | 199,614 |
|
| Equity in net income of subsidiaries | | 411,283 |
| | 395,920 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (807,203 | ) | | — |
|
| Net income (loss) attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 385,555 |
| | $ | 412,942 |
| | $ | 395,920 |
| | $ | (1,659 | ) | | $ | (807,203 | ) | | $ | 385,555 |
|
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | $ | 383,785 |
| | $ | 410,549 |
| | $ | 395,920 |
| | $ | (1,036 | ) | | $ | (805,433 | ) | | $ | 383,785 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated |
| Statement of Cash Flows | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash flows from operating activities | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income (loss) | | $ | 1,304 |
| | $ | 822 |
| | $ | 531 |
| | $ | (1,318 | ) | | $ | 1,339 |
|
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used for) operating activities | | | | | | | | | | |
| Depreciation and amortization | | — |
| | 395 |
| | 206 |
| | — |
| | 601 |
|
| Deferred income taxes | | 12 |
| | (535 | ) | | (11 | ) | | — |
| | (534 | ) |
| Net changes in working capital and other | | (1,327 | ) | | 41 |
| | 100 |
| | 1,318 |
| | 132 |
|
| Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities | | (11 | ) | | 723 |
| | 826 |
| | — |
| | 1,538 |
|
| Cash flows from investing activities | | | | | | | | | | |
| Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired | | — |
| | (13 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (13 | ) |
| Additions to property, plant and equipment | | — |
| | (407 | ) | | (170 | ) | | — |
| | (577 | ) |
| Additions to cost method investment | | — |
| | (66 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (66 | ) |
| Other | | — |
| | 2 |
| | (134 | ) | | 136 |
| | 4 |
|
| Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities | | — |
| | (484 | ) | | (304 | ) | | 136 |
| | (652 | ) |
| Cash flows from financing activities | | | | | | | | | | |
| Intercompany financing | | 746 |
| | (611 | ) | | (135 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Receivable under the investment management agreement | | 136 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (136 | ) | | — |
|
| Debt issuance costs | | (6 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (6 | ) |
| Dividends paid | | (103 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (103 | ) |
| Distributions to noncontrolling interests | | — |
| | 376 |
| | (404 | ) | | — |
| | (28 | ) |
| Proceeds from debt issuance and drawdown of revolver | | 225 |
| | — |
| | 8 |
| | — |
| | 233 |
|
| Net proceeds from issuance of Westlake Chemical Partners LP common units | | — |
| | — |
| | 111 |
| | — |
| | 111 |
|
| Proceeds from senior notes issuance | | 745 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 745 |
|
| Repayment of term loan | | — |
| | — |
| | (150 | ) | | — |
| | (150 | ) |
| Restricted cash associated with term loan | | — |
| | — |
| | 154 |
| | — |
| | 154 |
|
| Repayment of revolver | | (550 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (550 | ) |
| Repayment of notes payable | | (251 | ) | | — |
| | (6 | ) | | — |
| | (257 | ) |
| Other | | 11 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 11 |
|
| Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities | | 953 |
| | (235 | ) | | (422 | ) | | (136 | ) | | 160 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated |
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | | — |
| | — |
| | 26 |
| | — |
| | 26 |
|
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | | 942 |
| | 4 |
| | 126 |
| | — |
| | 1,072 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year | | 147 |
| | 53 |
| | 259 |
| | — |
| | 459 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year | | $ | 1,089 |
| | $ | 57 |
| | $ | 385 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 1,531 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Condensed Consolidating Financial Information for the Year Ended December 31, 20142016
| | | | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | OpCo (Less Than 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiary) | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated |
| Statement of Cash Flows | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash flows from operating activities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income (loss) | | $ | 678,523 |
| | $ | 708,940 |
| | $ | 512,206 |
| | $ | (2,832 | ) | | $ | (1,211,821 | ) | | $ | 685,016 |
| | $ | 399 |
| | $ | (36 | ) | | $ | 457 |
| | $ | (400 | ) | | $ | 420 |
|
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash (used for) provided by operating activities | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used for) operating activities | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Depreciation and amortization | | 1,673 |
| | 111,389 |
| | 77,611 |
| | 19,486 |
| | — |
| | 210,159 |
| | — |
| | 217 |
| | 161 |
| | — |
| | 378 |
|
| Deferred income taxes | | (288 | ) | | 55,344 |
| | 8,608 |
| | (4,697 | ) | | — |
| | 58,967 |
| | 1 |
| | 103 |
| | (3 | ) | | — |
| | 101 |
|
| Net changes in working capital and other | | (706,043 | ) | | (1,077,982 | ) | | 4,879 |
| | 645,559 |
| | 1,211,821 |
| | 78,234 |
| | (437 | ) | | 90 |
| | (118 | ) | | 400 |
| | (65 | ) |
| Net cash (used for) provided by operating activities | | (26,135 | ) | | (202,309 | ) | | 603,304 |
| | 657,516 |
| | — |
| | 1,032,376 |
| |
| Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities | | | (37 | ) | | 374 |
| | 497 |
| | — |
| | 834 |
|
| Cash flows from investing activities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (611,087 | ) | | — |
| | (611,087 | ) | | — |
| | (2,502 | ) | | 64 |
| | — |
| | (2,438 | ) |
| Additions to property, plant and equipment | | — |
| | (209,111 | ) | | (202,823 | ) | | (19,170 | ) | | — |
| | (431,104 | ) | | — |
| | (275 | ) | | (354 | ) | | — |
| | (629 | ) |
| Proceeds from disposition of assets | | — |
| | 180 |
| | — |
| | 1 |
| | — |
| | 181 |
| |
| Proceeds from repayment of loan acquired | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 45,923 |
| | — |
| | 45,923 |
| |
| Additions to cost method investments | | | — |
| | (17 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (17 | ) |
| Proceeds from sales and maturities of securities | | 342,045 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 342,045 |
| | 658 |
| | — |
| | 5 |
| | — |
| | 663 |
|
| Purchase of securities | | (117,332 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (117,332 | ) | | (138 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (138 | ) |
| Settlements of derivative instruments | | — |
| | (1,698 | ) | | (133 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (1,831 | ) | |
| Other | | | — |
| | (4 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (4 | ) |
| Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities | | 224,713 |
| | (210,629 | ) | | (202,956 | ) | | (584,333 | ) | | — |
| | (773,205 | ) | | 520 |
| | (2,798 | ) | | (285 | ) | | — |
| | (2,563 | ) |
| Cash flows from financing activities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Intercompany financing | | 155,665 |
| | (244,122 | ) | | 102,702 |
| | (14,245 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (2,199 | ) | | 2,207 |
| | (8 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Net distributions prior to Westlake Partners initial public offering | | — |
| | 448,101 |
| | (448,101 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Capitalized debt issuance costs | | (1,186 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (1,186 | ) | |
| Debt issuance costs | | | (35 | ) | | — |
| | (1 | ) | | — |
| | (36 | ) |
| Dividends paid | | (77,656 | ) | | 151,729 |
| | (151,729 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (77,656 | ) | | (97 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (97 | ) |
| Distributions paid | | — |
| | 54,060 |
| | (57,763 | ) | | 1,499 |
| | — |
| | (2,204 | ) | | — |
| | 263 |
| | (280 | ) | | — |
| | (17 | ) |
| Net proceeds from issuance of Westlake Partners common units | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 286,088 |
| | — |
| | 286,088 |
| |
| Purchase of limited partner interests | | — |
| | — |
| | 286,088 |
| | (286,088 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| |
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options | | 5,524 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 5,524 |
| |
| Proceeds from debt issuance and drawdown of revolver | | | 450 |
| | — |
| | 158 |
| | — |
| | 608 |
|
| Proceeds from senior notes issuance | | | 1,429 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,429 |
|
| Restricted cash associated with term loan | | | — |
| | — |
| | (154 | ) | | — |
| | (154 | ) |
| Repayment of revolver | | | (125 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (125 | ) |
| Repayment of notes payable | | | — |
| | — |
| | (13 | ) | | — |
| | (13 | ) |
| Repurchase of common stock for treasury | | (52,630 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (52,630 | ) | | (67 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (67 | ) |
| Windfall tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | | 6,704 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 6,704 |
| |
| Other | | | 5 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 5 |
|
| Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities | | 36,421 |
| | 409,768 |
| | (268,803 | ) | | (12,746 | ) | | — |
| | 164,640 |
| | (639 | ) | | 2,470 |
| | (298 | ) | | — |
| | 1,533 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
| | | | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | OpCo (Less Than 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiary) | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated |
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (4,511 | ) | | — |
| | (4,511 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (8 | ) | | — |
| | (8 | ) |
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | | 234,999 |
| | (3,170 | ) | | 131,545 |
| | 55,926 |
| | — |
| | 419,300 |
| | (156 | ) | | 46 |
| | (94 | ) | | — |
| | (204 | ) |
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year | | 420,948 |
| | 6,227 |
| | — |
| | 34,126 |
| | — |
| | 461,301 |
| | 303 |
| | 7 |
| | 353 |
| | — |
| | 663 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year | | $ | 655,947 |
| | $ | 3,057 |
| | $ | 131,545 |
| | $ | 90,052 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 880,601 |
| | $ | 147 |
| | $ | 53 |
| | $ | 259 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 459 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Condensed Consolidating Financial Information for the Year Ended December 31, 20132015
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated |
| Statement of Cash Flows | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash flows from operating activities | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income (loss) | | $ | 646 |
| | $ | 260 |
| | $ | 423 |
| | $ | (664 | ) | | $ | 665 |
|
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used for) operating activities | | | | | | | | | | |
| Depreciation and amortization | | — |
| | 114 |
| | 132 |
| | — |
| | 246 |
|
| Deferred income taxes | | — |
| | 39 |
| | 1 |
| | — |
| | 40 |
|
| Net changes in working capital and other | | (659 | ) | | 93 |
| | 30 |
| | 664 |
| | 128 |
|
| Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities | | (13 | ) | | 506 |
| | 586 |
| | — |
| | 1,079 |
|
| Cash flows from investing activities | | | | | | | | | | |
| Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired | | — |
| | — |
| | 16 |
| | — |
| | 16 |
|
| Additions to property, plant and equipment | | — |
| | (215 | ) | | (276 | ) | | — |
| | (491 | ) |
| Proceeds from disposition of equity method investments | | — |
| | 28 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 28 |
|
| Proceeds from sales and maturities of securities | | 49 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 49 |
|
| Purchase of securities | | (556 | ) | | (49 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (605 | ) |
| Other | | — |
| | (3 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (3 | ) |
| Net cash used for investing activities | | (507 | ) | | (239 | ) | | (260 | ) | | — |
| | (1,006 | ) |
| Cash flows from financing activities | | | | | | | | | | |
| Intercompany financing | | 418 |
| | (590 | ) | | 172 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Dividends paid | | (92 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (92 | ) |
| Distributions paid | | — |
| | 327 |
| | (342 | ) | | — |
| | (15 | ) |
| Proceeds from debt issuance | | — |
| | — |
| | 53 |
| | — |
| | 53 |
|
| Repayment of notes payable | | — |
| | — |
| | (74 | ) | | — |
| | (74 | ) |
| Repurchase of common stock for treasury | | (163 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (163 | ) |
| Other | | 4 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 4 |
|
| Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities | | 167 |
| | (263 | ) | | (191 | ) | | — |
| | (287 | ) |
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | | — |
| | — |
| | (4 | ) | | — |
| | (4 | ) |
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | | (353 | ) | | 4 |
| | 131 |
| | — |
| | (218 | ) |
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year | | 656 |
| | 3 |
| | 222 |
| | — |
| | 881 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year | | $ | 303 |
| | $ | 7 |
| | $ | 353 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 663 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | OpCo (Less Than 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiary) | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated |
| Statement of Cash Flows | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash flows from operating activities | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income (loss) | | $ | 610,425 |
| | $ | 619,653 |
| | $ | 546,546 |
| | $ | (2,899 | ) | | $ | (1,163,300 | ) | | $ | 610,425 |
|
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash (used for) provided by operating activities | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Depreciation and amortization | | 1,459 |
| | 81,897 |
| | 73,463 |
| | 2,448 |
| | — |
| | 159,267 |
|
| Deferred income taxes | | 74 |
| | 56,787 |
| | 37,054 |
| | (183 | ) | | — |
| | 93,732 |
|
| Net changes in working capital and other | | (622,194 | ) | | (607,033 | ) | | (54,554 | ) | | 9,786 |
| | 1,163,300 |
| | (110,695 | ) |
| Net cash (used for) provided by operating activities | | (10,236 | ) | | 151,304 |
| | 602,509 |
| | 9,152 |
| | — |
| | 752,729 |
|
| Cash flows from investing activities | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Acquisition of business | | — |
| | (178,309 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (178,309 | ) |
| Additions to equity investments | | — |
| | (23,338 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (23,338 | ) |
| Additions to property, plant and equipment | | — |
| | (453,538 | ) | | (223,130 | ) | | (2,554 | ) | | — |
| | (679,222 | ) |
| Construction of assets pending sale-leaseback | | — |
| | (136 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (136 | ) |
| Proceeds from disposition of assets | | — |
| | 75 |
| | — |
| | 76 |
| | — |
| | 151 |
|
| Proceeds from repayment of loan to affiliate | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 167 |
| | — |
| | 167 |
|
| Proceeds from sales and maturities of securities | | 252,519 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 252,519 |
|
| Purchase of securities | | (367,150 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (367,150 | ) |
| Settlements of derivative instruments | | — |
| | — |
| | (6,920 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (6,920 | ) |
| Net cash (used for) provided by investing activities | | (114,631 | ) | | (655,246 | ) | | (230,050 | ) | | (2,311 | ) | | — |
| | (1,002,238 | ) |
| Cash flows from financing activities | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Intercompany financing | | (128,798 | ) | | (100,330 | ) | | 231,067 |
| | (1,939 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Net distributions prior to Westlake Partners initial public offering | | — |
| | 603,526 |
| | (603,526 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Dividends paid | | (55,236 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (55,236 | ) |
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options | | 3,437 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 3,437 |
|
| Repurchase of common stock for treasury | | (32,918 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (32,918 | ) |
| Windfall tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | | 5,449 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 5,449 |
|
| Net cash (used for) provided by financing activities | | (208,066 | ) | | 503,196 |
| | (372,459 | ) | | (1,939 | ) | | — |
| | (79,268 | ) |
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousandsmillions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | OpCo (Less Than 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiary) | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated |
| Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | | (332,933 | ) | | (746 | ) | | — |
| | 4,902 |
| | — |
| | (328,777 | ) |
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year | | 753,881 |
| | 6,973 |
| | — |
| | 29,224 |
| | — |
| | 790,078 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year | | $ | 420,948 |
| | $ | 6,227 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 34,126 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 461,301 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Condensed Consolidating Financial Information for the Year Ended December 31, 2012
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | OpCo (Less Than 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiary) | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated |
| Statement of Cash Flows | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash flows from operating activities | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income (loss) | | $ | 385,555 |
| | $ | 412,942 |
| | $ | 395,920 |
| | $ | (1,659 | ) | | $ | (807,203 | ) | | $ | 385,555 |
|
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash (used for) provided by operating activities | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Depreciation and amortization | | 1,514 |
| | 77,131 |
| | 64,257 |
| | 3,153 |
| | — |
| | 146,055 |
|
| Deferred income taxes | | 45 |
| | 2,134 |
| | (8,096 | ) | | 124 |
| | — |
| | (5,793 | ) |
| Net changes in working capital and other | | (422,199 | ) | | (345,730 | ) | | 44,740 |
| | 2,256 |
| | 807,203 |
| | 86,270 |
|
| Net cash (used for) provided by operating activities | | (35,085 | ) | | 146,477 |
| | 496,821 |
| | 3,874 |
| | — |
| | 612,087 |
|
| Cash flows from investing activities | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Additions to property, plant and equipment | | — |
| | (227,479 | ) | | (158,440 | ) | | (963 | ) | | — |
| | (386,882 | ) |
| Construction of assets pending sale-leaseback | | — |
| | (4,308 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (4,308 | ) |
| Proceeds from disposition of assets | | — |
| | 449 |
| | — |
| | 22 |
| | — |
| | 471 |
|
| Proceeds from repayment of loan to affiliate | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,192 |
| | — |
| | 1,192 |
|
| Proceeds from sale-leaseback of assets | | — |
| | 2,304 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2,304 |
|
| Proceeds from sales of equity securities | | 3 |
| | 47,652 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 47,655 |
|
| Purchase of securities | | (124,873 | ) | | (2,961 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (127,834 | ) |
| Settlements of derivative instruments | | — |
| | (1 | ) | | 432 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 431 |
|
| Net cash (used for) provided by investing activities | | (124,870 | ) | | (184,344 | ) | | (158,008 | ) | | 251 |
| | — |
| | (466,971 | ) |
| Cash flows from financing activities | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Intercompany financing | | 291,455 |
| | (296,490 | ) | | — |
| | 5,035 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Net distributions prior to Westlake Partners initial public offering | | — |
| | 338,813 |
| | (338,813 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Capitalized debt issuance costs | | (2,221 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (2,221 | ) |
| Dividends paid | | (285,521 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (285,521 | ) |
| Proceeds from debt issuance | | 248,818 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 248,818 |
|
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options | | 10,369 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 10,369 |
|
| Repayment of debt | | (250,000 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (250,000 | ) |
| Repurchase of common stock for treasury | | (10,784 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (10,784 | ) |
| Utilization of restricted cash | | 96,433 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 96,433 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiaries | | OpCo (Less Than 100% Owned Guarantor Subsidiary) | | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | | Eliminations | | Consolidated |
| Windfall tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | | 11,967 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 11,967 |
|
| Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities | | 110,516 |
| | 42,323 |
| | (338,813 | ) | | 5,035 |
| | — |
| | (180,939 | ) |
| Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | | (49,439 | ) | | 4,456 |
| | — |
| | 9,160 |
| | — |
| | (35,823 | ) |
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year | | 803,320 |
| | 2,517 |
| | — |
| | 20,064 |
| | — |
| | 825,901 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year | | $ | 753,881 |
| | $ | 6,973 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 29,224 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 790,078 |
|
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in thousands of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
24.23. Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)
| | | | | Three Months Ended | | Three Months Ended |
| | | March 31,
2014 | | June 30,
2014 | | September 30,
2014 | | December 31,
2014 | | March 31,
2017 | | June 30,
2017 | | September 30,
2017 | | December 31,
2017 |
| Net sales | | $ | 1,027,676 |
| | $ | 998,576 |
| | $ | 1,253,227 |
| | $ | 1,135,871 |
| | $ | 1,943 |
| | $ | 1,979 |
| | $ | 2,109 |
| | $ | 2,010 |
|
| Gross profit | | 287,010 |
| | 305,971 |
| | 361,520 |
| | 362,849 |
| | 368 |
| | 405 |
| | 498 |
| | 498 |
|
| Income from operations | | 248,055 |
| | 266,788 |
| | 306,761 |
| | 302,387 |
| | 236 |
| | 266 |
| | 366 |
| | 365 |
|
| Net income | | | 145 |
| | 159 |
| | 219 |
| | 816 |
|
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 158,032 |
| | 169,443 |
| | 167,757 |
| | 183,291 |
| | 138 |
| | 153 |
| | 211 |
| | 802 |
|
Earnings per common share attributable to
Westlake Chemical Corporation: (1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Basic | | $ | 1.18 |
| | $ | 1.27 |
| | $ | 1.26 |
| | $ | 1.38 |
| | $ | 1.07 |
| | $ | 1.18 |
| | $ | 1.62 |
| | $ | 6.18 |
|
| Diluted | | $ | 1.18 |
| | $ | 1.26 |
| | $ | 1.25 |
| | $ | 1.37 |
| | $ | 1.06 |
| | $ | 1.17 |
| | $ | 1.61 |
| | $ | 6.15 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Three Months Ended | | Three Months Ended |
| | | March 31,
2013 | | June 30,
2013 | | September 30,
2013 | | December 31,
2013 | | March 31,
2016 | | June 30,
2016 | | September 30,
2016 | | December 31,
2016 |
| Net sales | | $ | 864,647 |
| | $ | 939,047 |
| | $ | 1,004,165 |
| | $ | 951,625 |
| | $ | 975 |
| | $ | 1,086 |
| | $ | 1,280 |
| | $ | 1,735 |
|
| Gross profit | | 227,809 |
| | 273,487 |
| | 304,471 |
| | 295,671 |
| | 255 |
| | 241 |
| | 203 |
| | 282 |
|
| Income from operations | | 194,055 |
| | 235,227 |
| | 266,602 |
| | 257,580 |
| | 202 |
| | 180 |
| | 46 |
| | 153 |
|
| Net income | | | 129 |
| | 116 |
| | 70 |
| | 105 |
|
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation | | 123,347 |
| | 145,816 |
| | 170,290 |
| | 170,972 |
| | 123 |
| | 111 |
| | 66 |
| | 99 |
|
Earnings per common share attributable to
Westlake Chemical Corporation: (1) (2) | | | | | | | | | |
Earnings per common share attributable to
Westlake Chemical Corporation: (1) | | | | | | | | | |
| Basic | | $ | 0.92 |
| | $ | 1.09 |
| | $ | 1.28 |
| | $ | 1.28 |
| | $ | 0.94 |
| | $ | 0.85 |
| | $ | 0.51 |
| | $ | 0.76 |
|
| Diluted | | $ | 0.92 |
| | $ | 1.09 |
| | $ | 1.27 |
| | $ | 1.27 |
| | $ | 0.94 |
| | $ | 0.85 |
| | $ | 0.51 |
| | $ | 0.76 |
|
| |
| (1) | Basic and diluted earnings per common share ("EPS") for each quarter is computed using the weighted average shares outstanding during that quarter, while EPS for the year is computed using the weighted average shares outstanding for the year. As a result, the sum of the EPS for each of the four quarters may not equal the EPS for the year. |
| |
(2) | Per share data for the prior year periods have been restated to reflect the effect of a two-for-one stock split. See Note 8 for additional information. |
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure, Controls and Procedures
We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our President and Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and our SeniorExecutive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (our principal financial officer), of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K. Based upon that evaluation, our President and Chief Executive Officer and our SeniorExecutive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of December 31, 20142017 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Westlake's management's report on internal control over financial reporting appears on page 47 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has also audited the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, as stated in their report that appears on page 48 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Except as described below, thereThere were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarteryear ended December 31, 20142017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
During the year ended December 31, 2014, we acquired all the equity interests in Vinnolit Holdings GmbH and its subsidiary companies ("Vinnolit"). We are in the process of integrating Vinnolit into our overall internal control over financial reporting process. In accordance with the SEC's published guidance, because we acquired Vinnolit during the current fiscal year, we excluded Vinnolit from our assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014. Vinnolit's total assets and total net sales represent 15.7% and 9.8%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Westlake's management's report on internal control over financial reporting appears on page 44 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has also audited the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, as stated in their report that appears on page 45 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
Pursuant to Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K, the information required by this item with respect to our executive officers is set forth in Part I of this Form 10-K.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
The information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act within 120 days of December 31, 20142017.
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
|
| |
| (a)(1) | The financial statements listed in the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K are filed as part of this Form 10-K. |
| | |
| (a)(2) | The following schedule is presented as required. All other schedules are omitted because the information is not applicable, not required, or has been furnished in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes thereto in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. |
Financial Statement Schedule
SCHEDULE II
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
(dollars in thousands)
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Accounts Receivable Allowance for Doubtful Accounts | | Balance at Beginning of Year | | Charged to Expense | | Additions/ (Deductions) (1) | | Balance at End of Year |
| 2014 | | $ | 11,741 |
| | $ | 301 |
| | $ | 1,426 |
| | $ | 13,468 |
|
| 2013 | | 11,172 |
| | 5,514 |
| | (4,945 | ) | | 11,741 |
|
| 2012 | | 10,969 |
| | 229 |
| | (26 | ) | | 11,172 |
|
| |
(1) | Primarily accounts receivable written off during the period. |
|
| | |
| Exhibit No. | | Exhibit Index |
| | | |
| 2.1 | | |
| | |
| 2.2 |
| |
| | | |
| 3.1 | | |
| | | |
| 3.2 | | |
| | | |
| 3.3 | | |
| | | |
| 4.1 | | |
| | | |
| 4.2 | | First Supplemental Indenture dated as of January 13, 2006 by and among Westlake, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on January 13, 2006, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
4.3 | | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 1, 2007, among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 18, 2007, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
4.4 | | Form of 6 ¾% senior notes due 2032 (included in Exhibit 4.3). |
| | |
4.5 | | |
| | | |
4.64.3 | | Form of 6 ½% senior notes due 2029 (included in Exhibit 4.5). |
| | |
4.7 | | |
| | | |
4.84.4 | | Form of 6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "2035 GO Zone Notes") (included in Exhibit 4.7). |
| | |
4.9 | | |
| | |
4.10 | | Form of 6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "2035 IKE Zone Notes") (included in Exhibit 4.9). |
| | |
4.11 | | Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 31, 2007, among the Company, WPT LLC, Westlake Polymers LLC, Westlake Petrochemicals LLC, Westlake Styrene LLC, the other subsidiary guarantors party thereto and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A. related to the 6 5/8% senior notes (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed on February 20, 2008, File No. 1-32260).
|
| | | |
4.124.5 | | Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 31, 2007, among the Company, WPT LLC, Westlake Polymers LLC, Westlake Petrochemicals LLC, Westlake Styrene LLC, the other subsidiary guarantors party thereto and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A. related to the 6 ¾% senior notes (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed on February 20, 2008, File No. 1-32260). |
| | | |
4.134.6 | | |
| | | |
4.144.7 | | Form of the Company's 3.60% Senior Notes due 2022 (included in Exhibit 4.13). |
| | |
|
| | |
Exhibit No. | | Exhibit |
| | |
4.15 | | Seventh Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 12, 2013, among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, filed on February 22, 2013, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
|
| | |
| Exhibit No. | | Exhibit Index |
| | | |
4.164.8 | | Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 1, 2013, among North American Specialty Products LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, the Company, the other Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Westlake's CurrentQuarterly Report on Form 8-K,10-Q, filed on March 29,July 31, 2013, File No. 1-32260). |
| | | |
4.174.9 | | Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 1, 2013, among Westlake Pipeline Investments LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, the Company, the other Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Westlake's CurrentQuarterly Report on Form 8-K,10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013, and filed on March 29,July 31, 2013, File No. 1-32260). |
| | | |
4.184.10 | | Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 1, 2013, among Westlake NG IV Corporation, a Delaware corporation, and Westlake NG V Corporation, a Delaware corporation, the Company, the other Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Westlake's CurrentQuarterly Report on Form 8-K,10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013, and filed on March 29,July 31, 2013, File No. 1-32260). |
| | | |
4.194.11 | | Supplemental Indenture dated as of July 17, 2014 among Westlake Chemical OpCo, LP, the Company, the other Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014, filed on August 6, 2014, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
| 4.12 |
| |
|
|
|
| 4.13 |
| Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 22, 2016, to the Indenture, dated as of February 1, 2013, by and among Axiall Corporation, the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Axiall's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on August 22, 2016, File No. 001-09753). |
|
|
|
| 4.14 |
| Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 22, 2016, to the Indenture, dated as of January 28, 2013, by and among Eagle Spinco Inc., the guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Axiall's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on August 22, 2016, File No. 001-09753). |
|
|
|
| 4.15 |
| |
|
|
|
| 4.16 |
| |
| | |
| 4.17 | |
|
| | |
| 4.18 | | |
| | |
| 4.19† | | |
| | | |
| | | Westlake and its subsidiaries are party to other long-term debt instruments not filed herewith under which the total amount of securities authorized does not exceed 10% of the total assets of Westlake and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. Pursuant to paragraph 4(iii)(A) of Item 601(b) of Regulation S-K, Westlake agrees to furnish a copy of such instruments to the SEC upon request. |
| | | |
|
| | |
| Exhibit No. | | Exhibit Index |
| | |
| 10.1 |
| Third Amended and Restated |
| | |
| 10.2 |
| Credit Agreement, dated as of August 23, 2016, by and among the financial institutions party thereto, as lenders, Bank of America, N.A., as agent, and Westlake Chemical Corporation, the other borrowers and certain of its domestic subsidiaries,guarantors referred to therein, the lenders from time to time party thereto, the issuing banks party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as borrowers,Administrative Agent, relating to a $400.0 million$1 billion senior securedunsecured revolving credit facility (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on July 17, 2014,August 24, 2016, File No. 001-32260). |
| | |
10.2 | | Borrower Joinder Agreement, dated as of May 1, 2013, between North American Specialty Products LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, the Existing Borrowers (as defined therein) and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 29, 2013, File No. 1-32260). |
| | | |
| 10.3 |
| LoanJoinder Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2007, byOctober 14, 2016, among JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and between the Company and the Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facilities and Community Development Authoritycertain new guarantors (as defined therein) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Westlake's CurrentAnnual Report on Form 8-K,10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, filed on December 18, 2007,February 22, 2017, File No. 1-32260)001-32260). |
| | | |
10.410.4† | | |
| | |
| 10.5 | | |
| | | |
10.510.6 | | |
| | | |
10.610.7 | | |
| | | |
10.710.8 | | |
| | |
| 10.9 | | |
| | |
| 10.1 | | |
| | |
| 10.11 | | |
| | |
| 10.12† | | |
| | |
| 10.13 |
| |
|
|
|
| 10.14+ | | |
10.8+ | | EVA Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed on September 22, 2003). |
| | |
10.9+ | | |
| | |
|
| | |
Exhibit No. | | Exhibit |
| | |
10.10+ | | Form of Employee Nonqualified Option Award Letter Agreement (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, filed on March 16, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.11+ | | Form of Employee Nonqualified Option Award (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, filed on March 16, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.12+ | | Form of Director Option Award Letter (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, filed on March 16, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.13+ | | Form of Director Option Award (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, filed on March 16, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.14+ | | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, filed on March 16, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | | |
| 10.15+ | | Form of Restricted Stock Award letter granted effective as of August 31, 2005, to Directors (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 15, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.16+ | | Form of Restricted Stock Award letter granted effective as of August 31, 2005, to Named Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 15, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.17+ | | Form of Award Letter for Stock Options granted effective as of August 31, 2005, to Named Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 15, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.18+ | | Form of Restricted Stock Award granted effective as of March 15, 2006, to Named Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 22, 2006, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.19+ | | Form of Award Letter for Stock Options granted effective as of March 15, 2006, to Named Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 22, 2006, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.20+ | | Form of Award Letter for Stock Options granted effective as of August 21, 2006, to Non-Management Directors (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on August 24, 2006, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.21+ | | Form of Restricted Stock Award granted effective as of August 21, 2006, to Non-Management Directors (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on August 24, 2006, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.22+ | | Form of Restricted Stock Award Letter for Special February 2007 Awards (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 1, 2007, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.23+ | | Form of Stock Option Award Letter for Special February 2007 Awards (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 1, 2007, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.24+ | | Form of Long-Term Cash Performance Award Letter effective as of February 26, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010, filed on May 5, 2010, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.25+ | | Westlake Chemical Corporation Annual Incentive Plan adopted by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors on May 15, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 21, 2009, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.26+ | | Form of Long-Term Cash Performance Award Letter effective as of February 18, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, filed on February 24, 2011, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.27+ | | |
| | |
|
| | |
| Exhibit No. | | Exhibit Index |
| | | |
10.28+10.16+ | | |
| | |
21† | | Subsidiaries of Westlake. |
| | |
23.1† | | Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. |
|
| | |
Exhibit No. | | Exhibit |
| | |
| | |
31.1† | | Rule 13a-14(a) / 15d-14(a) Certification (Principal Executive Officer). |
| | |
31.2† | | Rule 13a-14(a) / 15d-14(a) Certification (Principal Financial Officer). |
| | |
32.1† | | Section 1350 Certification (Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer). |
| | |
99.1† | | Financial Statements of Non Wholly-Owned Subsidiary Guarantor (Westlake Chemical OpCo LP) |
| | |
101.INS† | | XBRL Instance Document. |
| | |
101.SCH† | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |
| | |
101.CAL† | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |
| | |
101.DEF† | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |
| | |
101.LAB† | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |
| | |
101.PRE† | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |
| |
+ | Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement. |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
|
| | | |
| | | WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION |
| | | |
Date: | February 25, 2015 | | /S/ ALBERT CHAO
|
| | | Albert Chao, President and Chief Executive Officer |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
|
| | | | |
Signature | | Title | | Date |
| | |
/S/ ALBERT CHAO
| | President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
| | February 25, 2015 |
Albert Chao | |
| | |
/S/ M. STEVEN BENDER
| | Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer)
| | February 25, 2015 |
M. Steven Bender | |
| | |
/S/ GEORGE J. MANGIERI
| | Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
| | February 25, 2015 |
George J. Mangieri | |
| | |
/S/ JAMES CHAO
| | Chairman of the Board of Directors | | February 25, 2015 |
James Chao | |
| | |
/S/ ALBERT CHAO
| | Director | | February 25, 2015 |
Albert Chao | |
| | |
/S/ ROBERT T. BLAKELY
| | Director | | February 25, 2015 |
Robert T. Blakely | |
| | |
/S/ MICHAEL J. GRAFF
| | Director | | February 25, 2015 |
Michael J. Graff | |
| | |
/S/ DOROTHY C. JENKINS
| | Director | | February 25, 2015 |
Dorothy C. Jenkins | |
| | |
/S/ MAX L. LUKENS
| | Director | | February 25, 2015 |
Max L. Lukens | |
| | |
/S/ R. BRUCE NORTHCUTT
| | Director | | February 25, 2015 |
R. Bruce Northcutt | |
| | | | |
/S/ H. JOHN RILEY, JR.
| | Director | | February 25, 2015 |
H. John Riley, Jr. | |
Exhibit Index
|
| | |
Exhibit No. | | Exhibit |
| | |
2.1 | | Share Purchase Agreement dated as of May 28, 2014 by and among Westlake Germany GmbH & Co. KG and various entities associated with Advent International Corporation (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014, filed on August 6, 2014, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
3.1 | | Certificate of Incorporation of Westlake as filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on August 6, 2004 (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A, filed on August 9, 2004). |
| | |
3.2 | | Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Westlake as filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on May 16, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 16, 2014, File No. 001-32260). |
| | |
3.3 | | Bylaws of Westlake (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A, filed on August 9, 2004). |
| | |
4.1 | | Indenture dated as of January 1, 2006 by and among Westlake, the potential subsidiary guarantors listed therein and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on January 13, 2006, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
4.2 | | First Supplemental Indenture dated as of January 13, 2006 by and among Westlake, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on January 13, 2006, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
4.3 | | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 1, 2007, among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 18, 2007, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
4.4 | | Form of 6 ¾% senior notes due 2032 (included in Exhibit 4.3). |
| | |
4.5 | | Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 2, 2010, among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on July 8, 2010, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
4.6 | | Form of 6 ½% senior notes due 2029 (included in Exhibit 4.5). |
| | |
4.7 | | Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 2, 2010, among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 8, 2010, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
4.8 | | Form of 6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "2035 GO Zone Notes") (included in Exhibit 4.7). |
| | |
4.9 | | Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 2, 2010, among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 8, 2010, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
4.10 | | Form of 6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "2035 IKE Zone Notes") (included in Exhibit 4.9). |
| | |
4.11 | | Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 31, 2007, among the Company, WPT LLC, Westlake Polymers LLC, Westlake Petrochemicals LLC, Westlake Styrene LLC, the other subsidiary guarantors party thereto and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A. related to the 6 5/8% senior notes (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed on February 20, 2008, File No. 1-32260).
|
| | |
4.12 | | Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 31, 2007, among the Company, WPT LLC, Westlake Polymers LLC, Westlake Petrochemicals LLC, Westlake Styrene LLC, the other subsidiary guarantors party thereto and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A. related to the 6 ¾% senior notes (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed on February 20, 2008, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
4.13 | | Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 17, 2012, among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 16, 2012, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
4.14 | | Form of the Company's 3.60% Senior Notes due 2022 (included in Exhibit 4.13). |
| | |
|
| | |
Exhibit No. | | Exhibit |
| | |
4.15 | | Seventh Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 12, 2013, among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, filed on February 22, 2013, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
4.16 | | Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 1, 2013, among North American Specialty Products LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, the Company, the other Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 29, 2013, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
4.17 | | Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 1, 2013, among Westlake Pipeline Investments LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, the Company, the other Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 29, 2013, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
4.18 | | Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 1, 2013, among Westlake NG IV Corporation, a Delaware corporation, and Westlake NG V Corporation, a Delaware corporation, the Company, the other Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 29, 2013, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
4.19 | | Supplemental Indenture dated as of July 17, 2014 among Westlake Chemical OpCo, LP, the Company, the other Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014, filed on August 6, 2014, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
| | Westlake and its subsidiaries are party to other long-term debt instruments not filed herewith under which the total amount of securities authorized does not exceed 10% of the total assets of Westlake and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. Pursuant to paragraph 4(iii)(A) of Item 601(b) of Regulation S-K, Westlake agrees to furnish a copy of such instruments to the SEC upon request. |
| | |
10.1 | | Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of July 17, 2014 by and among the financial institutions party thereto, as lenders, Bank of America, N.A., as agent, and Westlake Chemical Corporation and certain of its domestic subsidiaries, as borrowers, relating to a $400.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on July 17, 2014, File No. 001-32260). |
| | |
10.2 | | Borrower Joinder Agreement, dated as of May 1, 2013, between North American Specialty Products LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, the Existing Borrowers (as defined therein) and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 29, 2013, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.3 | | Loan Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2007, by and between the Company and the Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facilities and Community Development Authority (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 18, 2007, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.4 | | Amended and Restated Loan Agreement, dated as of July 2, 2010, by and between the Company and the Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facilities and Community Development Authority (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on July 8, 2010, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.5 | | Loan Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2010, by and between the Company and the Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facilities and Community Development Authority, relating to the 2035 GO Zone Notes (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 8, 2010, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.6 | | Loan Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2010, by and between the Company and the Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facilities and Community Development Authority, relating to the 2035 IKE Zone Notes (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 8, 2010, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.7 | | Form of Registration Rights Agreement between Westlake and TTWF LP (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A, filed on July 2, 2004). |
| | |
10.8+ | | EVA Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed on September 22, 2003). |
| | |
10.9+ | | Westlake Chemical Corporation 2013 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as amended and restated as of May 17, 2013) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 22, 2013, File No.1-32260). |
| | |
|
| | |
Exhibit No. | | Exhibit |
| | |
10.10+ | | Form of Employee Nonqualified Option Award Letter Agreement (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, filed on March 16, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.11+ | | Form of Employee Nonqualified Option Award (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, filed on March 16, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.12+ | | Form of Director Option Award Letter (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, filed on March 16, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.13+ | | Form of Director Option Award (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, filed on March 16, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.14+ | | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, filed on March 16, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.15+ | | Form of Restricted Stock Award letter granted effective as of August 31, 2005, to Directors (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 15, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.16+ | | Form of Restricted Stock Award letter granted effective as of August 31, 2005, to Named Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 15, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | | |
| 10.17+ | | Form of Award Letter for Stock Options granted effective as of August 31, 2005, to Named Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 15, 2005, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.18+ | | Form of Restricted Stock Award granted effective as of March 15, 2006, to Named Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 22, 2006, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.19+ | | Form of Award Letter for Stock Options granted effective as of March 15, 2006, to Named Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 22, 2006, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.20+ | | Form of Award Letter for Stock Options granted effective as of August 21, 2006, to Non-Management Directors (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on August 24, 2006, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.21+ | | Form of Restricted Stock Award granted effective as of August 21, 2006, to Non-Management Directors (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on August 24, 2006, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.22+ | | Form of Restricted Stock Award Letter for Special February 2007 Awards (incorporated by reference to Westlake's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 1, 2007, File No. 1-32260). |
| | |
10.23+ | | |
| | |
10.24+ | | Form of Long-Term Cash Performance Award Letter effective as of February 26, 2010 (incorporated by referenceExhibit 10.3 to Westlake's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010, filed on May 5, 2010,2015, File No. 1-32260). |
| | | |
10.25+10.18+ | | Westlake Chemical Corporation Annual Incentive Plan adopted by the Compensation Committee |
| | | |
10.26+10.19+ | | |
| | | |
10.27+10.20 | | Investment Management Agreement among Westlake Chemical Corporation, AmendedWestlake Chemical OpCo LP and Restated Annual Incentive Plan adoptedWestlake Chemical Partners LP, dated as of August 1, 2017 (incorporated herein by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors on March 24, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Westlake's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2011,September 30, 2017, filed on May 4, 2011,November 7, 2017, File No. 1-32260)001-32260). |
| | | |
10.28+10.21† | | |
| | |
| 10.22† | | |
| | |
| 10.23† | | |
| | |
| 10.24† | | |
| | |
| 12.1† |
| |
| | | |
| 21† | | |
| | | |
| 23.1† | | |
| | |
|
| | |
Exhibit No. | | Exhibit |
| | | |
| 31.1† | | |
| | | |
| 31.2† | | |
| | | |
| 32.1† | | |
| | |
99.1† | | Financial Statements of Non Wholly-Owned Subsidiary Guarantor (Westlake Chemical OpCo LP) |
| | | |
| 101.INS† | | XBRL Instance Document. |
| | | |
| 101.SCH† | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |
| | | |
| 101.CAL† | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |
| | | |
| 101.DEF† | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |
| | | |
| 101.LAB† | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |
| | | |
| 101.PRE† | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |
| |
| + | Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement. |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
|
| | | |
| | | WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION |
| | | |
| Date: | February 21, 2018 | | /S/ ALBERT CHAO |
| | | Albert Chao, President and Chief Executive Officer |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
|
| | | | |
| Signature | | Title | | Date |
| | |
/S/ ALBERT CHAO | | President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | | February 21, 2018 |
| Albert Chao | |
| | |
/S/ M. STEVEN BENDER | | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) | | February 21, 2018 |
| M. Steven Bender | |
| | |
/S/ GEORGE J. MANGIERI | | Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) | | February 21, 2018 |
| George J. Mangieri | |
| | |
/S/ JAMES CHAO | | Chairman of the Board of Directors | | February 21, 2018 |
| James Chao | |
| | |
/S/ ALBERT CHAO | | Director | | February 21, 2018 |
| Albert Chao | |
| | |
/S/ ROBERT T. BLAKELY | | Director | | February 21, 2018 |
| Robert T. Blakely | |
| | |
/S/ DAVID CHAO | | Director | | February 21, 2018 |
| David Chao | | |
| | | | |
/S/ MICHAEL J. GRAFF | | Director | | February 21, 2018 |
| Michael J. Graff | |
| | |
/S/ MARIUS HAAS | | Director | | February 21, 2018 |
| Marius Haas | | |
| | | | |
/S/ DOROTHY C. JENKINS | | Director | | February 21, 2018 |
| Dorothy C. Jenkins | |
| | |
/S/ MAX L.LUKENS | | Director | | February 21, 2018 |
| Max L. Lukens | |
| | |
/S/ R. BRUCE NORTHCUTT | | Director | | February 21, 2018 |
| R. Bruce Northcutt | |
| | | | |
/S/ H. JOHN RILEY, JR. | | Director | | February 21, 2018 |
| H. John Riley, Jr. | |
| | | | |
/S/ JEFFREY SHEETS | | Director | | February 21, 2018 |
| Jeffrey Sheets | | |