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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Fiscal Year EndedDecember 31, 20202022
or
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Transition Period from              to             
Commission File No. 001-32260
Westlake Chemical Corporation
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 
Delaware 76-0346924
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
2801 Post Oak Boulevard, Suite 600
Houston, Texas 77056
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(713) 960-9111
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par valueWLKThe New York Stock Exchange
1.625% Senior Notes due 2029WLK29The New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes      No  
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.    Yes      No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes     No   
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes      No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:
Large accelerated filerAccelerated filer 
Non-accelerated filerSmaller reporting company 
Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ¨   
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. 
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes      No  
The aggregate market value of the registrant's voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2020,2022, the end of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based on a closing price on June 30, 20202022 of $53.65$98.02 on the New York Stock Exchange was approximately $1.8$3.2 billion.
There were 127,834,119127,362,571 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding as of February 17, 2021.15, 2023.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:
Certain information required by Part II and Part III of this Form 10-K is incorporated by reference from the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A with respect to the registrant's 20212023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 13, 2021.11, 2023.


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Explanatory Note
References in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "report") to "we," "our," "us" or like terms refer to Westlake Corporation, formerly known as Westlake Chemical Corporation ("Westlake" or the "Company").
Cautionary Statements about Forward-Looking Statements
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides safe harbor provisions for forward-looking information. Certain of the statements contained in this Form 10-K are forward-looking statements. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this Form 10-K that address activities, events or developments that we expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as "believes," "intends," "may," "should," "could," "anticipates," "expected" or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategies or trends. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot give any assurances that these expectations will prove to be correct. Forward-looking statements relate to matters such as:
future operating rates, margins, cash flows and demand for our products;
industry market outlook, including the price of crude oil;oil, natural gas, ethane, housing starts and repair and remodeling activity;
macroeconomic outlook, including rising interest rates, inflation and possible recession;
widespread outbreak of an illness or any other communicable disease, or any other public health crisis, including the coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic, and efforts to contain its transmission;
our plans to respond to the challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, including planned reductions of costs, increases of operating efficiencies and lowering of our capital spending, as well as the timing and deferral of the planned turnaround at our Petro 2 ethylene unit;pandemic;
production capacities;
the impact of ongoing supply chain constraints and workforce availability caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine;
currency devaluation;
our ability to borrow additional funds under our credit agreement;
our ability to meet our liquidity needs;
our ability to meet debt obligations under our debt instruments;
our intended quarterly dividends;
future capacity additions and expansions in the industries in which we compete;
results of acquisitions;acquisitions including the results, effects and benefits of the acquisition of Westlake Epoxy;
timing, funding and results of capital projects;
pension plan obligations, funding requirements and investment policies;
compliance with present and future environmental regulations and costs associated with environmentally-relatedenvironmentally related penalties, capital expenditures, remedial actions and proceedings, including any new laws, regulations or treaties that may come into force to limit or control carbon dioxide and other GHGgreenhouse gas emissions or to address other issues of climate change;
effects of pending legal proceedings; and
timing of and amount of capital expenditures.
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We have based these statements on assumptions and analyses in light of our experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors we believe were appropriate in the circumstances when the statements were made. Forward-looking statements by their nature involve substantial risks and uncertainties that could significantly impact expected results, and actual future results could differ materially from those described in such statements. While it is not possible to identify all factors, we continue to face many risks and uncertainties. Among the factors that could cause actual future results to differ materially are the risks and uncertainties discussed under "Risk Factors" and those described from time to time in our other filings with the SEC including, but not limited to, the following:
the ultimate timing, outcome and results of integrating the operations of Westlake Epoxy and the ultimate outcome of our operating efficiencies applied to the products and services of Westlake Epoxy; the effects of the acquisition, including the combined company's future financial condition, results of operations, strategy and plans; and expected synergies and other benefits from the acquisition and our ability to realize such synergies and other benefits;
general economic and business conditions;conditions, including inflation, interest rates and possible recession;
the cyclical nature of the chemical and building products industries;
the availability, cost and volatility of raw materials and energy;
uncertainties associated with the United States, European and worldwide economies, including those due to political tensions and unrest in the Middle East and elsewhere;elsewhere, including the conflict between Russia and Ukraine;
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uncertainties associated with pandemic infectious diseases, particularly COVID-19;
uncertainties associated with climate change;
the potential impact on demand for ethylene, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride due to initiatives such as recycling and customers seeking alternatives to polymers;
current and potential governmental regulatory actions in the United States and other countries;
industry production capacity and operating rates;
the supply/demand balance for our products;
competitive products and pricing pressures;
instability in the credit and financial markets;
access to capital markets;
terrorist acts;
operating interruptions (including leaks, explosions, fires, weather-related incidents, mechanical failure, unscheduled downtime, labor difficulties, transportation interruptions, spills and releases and other environmental risks);
changes in laws or regulations, including trade policies;
technological developments;
information systems failures and cyberattacks;
foreign currency exchange risks;
our ability to implement our business strategies; and
creditworthiness of our customers.
Many of such factors are beyond our ability to control or predict. Any of the factors, or a combination of these factors, could materially affect our future results of operations and the ultimate accuracy of the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of our future performance, and our actual results and future developments may differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Management cautions against putting undue reliance on forward-looking statements or projecting any future results based on such statements or present or prior earnings levels. Every forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of the particular statement, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements.
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Industry and Market Data
Industry and market data used throughout this Form 10-K were obtained through internal company research, surveys and studies conducted by unrelated third parties and publicly available industry and general publications, including information from IHS Markit ("IHS").publications. We have not independently verified market and industry data from external sources. While we believe internal company estimates are reliable and market definitions are appropriate, neither such estimates nor these definitions have been verified by any independent sources.
Production Capacity
Unless we state otherwise, annual production capacity estimates used throughout this Form 10-K represent rated capacity of the facilities at December 31, 2020.2022. We calculated rated capacity by estimating the number of days in a typical year that a production unit of a plant is expected to operate, after allowing for downtime for regular maintenance, and multiplying that number by an amount equal to the unit's optimal daily output based on the design feedstock mix. Because the rated capacity of a production unit is an estimated amount, actual production volumes may be more or less than the rated capacity.


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PART I

Item 1. Business
General
We are a vertically integrated global manufacturer and marketer of basic chemicals, vinyls, polymersperformance and building products.essential materials and housing and infrastructure products that enhances the lives of people every day. Our products include some of the most widely used materials in the world, which are fundamental to many diverse consumer and industrial markets, including residential construction, flexible and rigid packaging, automotive products, coatings,healthcare products, water treatment, refrigerants, residential and commercial constructionwind turbines, coatings as well as other durable and non-durable goods. We operate in two principal operating segments, Performance and Essential Materials and Housing and Infrastructure Products. Performance and Essential Materials includes Westlake North American Vinyls, Westlake North American Chlor-alkali & Derivatives, Westlake European & Asian Chlorovinyls, Westlake Olefins, Westlake Polyethylene and Olefins.Westlake Epoxy. Housing and Infrastructure Products includes Westlake Royal Building Products, Westlake Pipe & Fittings, Westlake Global Compounds and Westlake Dimex. Historically, until the fourth quarter of 2021, we had operated under two principal operating segments, Olefins and Vinyls. The change has been retrospectively reflected in the periods presented in this Form 10-K. We are highly integrated along our olefins productmaterials chain with significant downstream integration from ethylene and chlor-alkali (chlorine and caustic soda) into vinyls, polyethylene and styrene monomer. We are also a highly-integrated global producer of vinyls withhave substantial downstream integration intofrom polyvinyl chloride ("PVC") into our building products.products, PVC pipes and fittings and PVC compounds in our Housing and Infrastructure Products segment.
We began operations in 1986 after our first polyethylene plant, an Olefins segment business, near Lake Charles, Louisiana was acquired from Occidental Petroleum Corporation. We began our vinyls operations in 1990 with the acquisition of a vinyl chloride monomer ("VCM") plant in Calvert City, Kentucky from The B.F.Goodrich Company. In 1992, we commenced our Vinyls segment's building products operations after acquiring three PVC pipe plants.1986. Since 1986, we have grown rapidly into an integrated global producer of basic chemicals vinyls, polymers and building products. We achieved this growth by acquiring existing plants or constructing new plants and completing numerous capacity or production line expansions. We regularly consider acquisitions and other internal and external growth opportunities that would be consistent with, or complementary to, our overall business strategy.
In 2014, we formed Westlake Chemical Partners LP ("Westlake Partners") to operate, acquire and develop ethylene production facilities and related assets. Also in 2014, Westlake Partners completed an initial public offering.offering of common units (the "Westlake Partners IPO"). As of February 17, 2021,15, 2023, Westlake Partners' assets consisted of a 22.8% limited partner interest in Westlake Chemical OpCo LP ("OpCo"), as well as the general partner interest in OpCo. Prior to the Westlake Partners IPO, OpCo's assets were wholly-owned by us. OpCo's assets include two ethylene production facilities at our olefins facility in Lake Charles, one ethylene production facility at our Calvert City site and a 200-mile common carrier ethylene pipeline that runs from Mont Belvieu, Texas to the Longview, Texas site, which includes our Longview polyethylene production facility. We retain a 77.2% limited partner interest in OpCo, a 40.1% limited partner interest in Westlake Partners (consisting of 14,122,230 common units), a general partner interest in Westlake Partners and incentive distribution rights. The operations of Westlake Partners are consolidated in our financial statements. We are party to certain agreements with Westlake Partners and OpCo whereby, among other things, OpCo sells us 95% of the ethylene it produces on a cost-plus basis that is expected to generate a fixed margin per pound of $0.10. We use this ethylene in the production processes of both our VinylsPerformance and Olefins segments.Essential Materials segment. For more information, see "—VinylsPerformance and Essential Materials Business" and "—Olefins Business" below.
On January 2, 2019, we completed the acquisition of NAKANTM, a global compounding solutions business. NAKAN's products are used in a wide-variety of applications, including in the automotive, building and construction, and medical industries. With this acquisition, our compounding business now has facilities worldwide in China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Spain, the United States and Vietnam, as well as a world-class research facility in France and several application laboratories.
On November 12, 2019, we through one of our subsidiaries, Eagle US 2 LLC ("Eagle"), completed the acquisition of an additional 34.8% of the membership interests in LACC, LLC ("LACC") from Lotte Chemical USA Corporation, a subsidiary of Lotte Chemical Corporation ("Lotte"), for approximately $817 million (the "Transaction"). Prior to the Transaction, Eaglewe owned approximately 12% of the membership interests in LACC. On March 15, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of an additional 3.2% membership interest in LACC from Lotte for approximately $89 million. As of December 31, 2020,2022, we owned an aggregate 46.8%50% membership interest in LACC. The LACC ethylene plant has 2.2 billion pounds per year of ethylene production capacity and is adjacent to our chlor-alkali facility in Lake Charles. During the third quarter of 2019, the LACC ethylene plant began commercial operations. As a result of the Transaction, we willWe receive our proportionate share of LACC's ethylene production on a cash-cost basis, which is expected to benefit our integrated downstream operations.
On June 20, 2021, we, through one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, entered into an Equity Purchase Agreement (the "Boral Purchase Agreement") by and among Boral Building Products Inc., a Michigan corporation, Boral Stone Products LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, Boral Lifetile Inc., a California corporation, Boral Windows LLC, a Utah limited liability company, Boral Industries Inc., a California corporation ("Boral Industries"), and, solely for the limited purposes set forth therein, we and Boral Limited, an Australian corporation ("Boral"). Pursuant to the terms of the Boral Purchase Agreement, we agreed to acquire from Boral Industries all of the issued and outstanding equity interests of certain subsidiaries of Boral Industries engaged in Boral's North American building products businesses in roofing, siding, trim and shutters, decorative stone and windows (the "Boral Target Companies"). On October 1, 2021, we completed the acquisition of the Boral Target Companies. The total closing purchase consideration was $2,140 million in an all-cash transaction. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the results of operations of this business are included in the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment.
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On August 19, 2021, we completed the acquisition of, and acquired all of the equity interests in LASCO Fittings, Inc. ("LASCO"), a manufacturer of injected-molded PVC fittings that serve the plumbing, pool and spa, industrial, irrigation and retail markets in the United States from AalbertsU.S. Holding Corp. and Aalberts N.V. (the "LASCO Acquisition"). The total closing purchase consideration was $277 million. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the results of operations of LASCO are included in the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment.
On September 10, 2021, we completed the acquisition of, and acquired all of the equity interests in, DX Acquisition Corp. ("Dimex"), a producer of various consumer products made from post-industrial-recycled polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene and thermoplastic elastomer materials, including, landscape edging; industrial, home and office matting; marine dock edging; and masonry joint controls The total closing purchase consideration was $172 million. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the results of operations of Dimex are included in the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment.
On February 1, 2022, we completed the acquisition of the global epoxy business of Hexion Inc. ("Westlake Epoxy") for a total closing purchase consideration of $1,207 million. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the results of operations of Westlake Epoxy are included in the Performance and Essential Materials segment. This acquisition represents a significant strategic expansion of Westlake's Performance and Essential Materials businesses into additional high-growth, innovative and sustainable-oriented applications – such as wind turbine blades and light-weight automotive structural components.
As a global manufacturer of products in the performance and essential materials and housing and infrastructure products businesses, we understand the importance of reducing the environmental impact of our feedstocks, production and product usage, and developing innovations, together with our customers, to meet their objectives while also reducing the environmental impact. To further these objectives, we strive to manufacture efficiently and utilize recycled or scrap materials when possible in our manufacturing processes.We benefitalso develop product innovations designed to fulfill our customers’ sustainability needs, such as products with increased post-industrial recycled (PIR) or post-consumer recycled (PCR) content. In 2022, Westlake established a target 20% reduction in its Scope 1 and Scope 2 CO2 equivalent emissions per ton of production by 2030 from highlya 2016 baseline.
Performance and Essential Materials Business
Products
Principal products in our integrated Performance and Essential Materials segment include ethylene, polyethylene, styrene, chlor-alkali (chlorine and caustic soda), chlorinated derivative products, ethylene dichloride ("EDC"), vinyl chloride monomer ("VCM") and PVC. We manage our integrated vinyls production chain to optimize product margins and capacity utilization.
We manufacture ethylene through three of the OpCo plants and our portion of LACC's production capacity located in Lake Charles and Calvert City. Chlor-alkali materials are produced at our three plants located in Lake Charles, two plants located in Germany and one plant each located in Calvert City, Plaquemine, Geismar, Natrium, Longview and Beauharnois. Our VCM is produced at our two plants in Lake Charles, two plants located in Germany and one plant each at Calvert City, Plaquemine and Geismar. Our PVC is produced at our four plants located in Germany and one plant each at Calvert City, Plaquemine, Geismar and Aberdeen. Polyethylene and associated products are produced at our two polyethylene plants in Lake Charles and three polyethylene plants and a specialty polyethylene wax plant at our Longview site. Our chlorinated derivative products are produced at our plants in Lake Charles and Natrium. Styrene monomer is produced at our plant located in our Lake Charles facility. Epoxy Specialty Resins are produced at two plants located in Germany, two plants in the United States, one plant in Spain and one plant in South Korea. Base Epoxy Resins and Intermediaries are produced at our plants in Pernis, the Netherlands and Deer Park, United States. Our other Asian manufacturing facilities that allow us to process raw materials into higher-value-added chemicalsare located near Shanghai, in China, and buildingin Kaohsiung, Taiwan, through our 95%- and 60%-owned joint ventures, respectively, where we produce chlor-alkali, PVC and associated products. As of February 17, 2021,15, 2023, we (directly and through OpCo, our investment in LACC, and our 95%- and 60%-owned joint ventures in China and Taiwan, respectively) had approximately 44.343.4 billion pounds per year of aggregate production capacity at numerous manufacturing sites in North America, Europe and Asia.
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Vinyls Business
Products
Principal productsAsia in our integrated Vinyls segment include PVC, VCM, ethylene dichloride ("EDC"), chlor-alkali (chlorinePerformance and caustic soda) and chlorinated derivative products and, through OpCo and LACC, ethylene. We also manufacture and sell PVC compounds and building products fabricated primarily from PVC, including residential siding, trim and moldings; pipe and fittings for various water, sewer, electrical and industrial applications; profiles for windows and doors; decking; films for various inflatables, wallcovering, tape and roofing applications; and composite roof tiles. We manage our integrated Vinyls production chain, from the basic chemicals to finished building products, to optimize product margins and capacity utilization. Our primary North American chemical manufacturing facilities are located in our Calvert City, Kentucky and Lake Charles, Plaquemine and Geismar, Louisiana sites. Our Calvert City site includes an ethylene plant, which is owned by OpCo, a chlor-alkali plant, a VCM plant and a PVC plant. Our Lake Charles site includes three chlor-alkali plants, two VCM plants, a chlorinated derivative products plant and cogeneration assets. Our Plaquemine site includes a chlor-alkali plant, a VCM plant, a PVC plant and cogeneration assets. Our Geismar site includes a chlor-alkali plant, a VCM plant and a PVC plant. We also produce chlorine, caustic soda, hydrogen and chlorinated derivative products at our Natrium, West Virginia; Longview, Washington and Beauharnois, Quebec facilities and PVC resin at our facility in Aberdeen, Mississippi. Our European chemical manufacturing facilities are located in Germany and include two chlor-alkali plants, two VCM plants and four PVC plants. As of February 17, 2021, we had 37 building products and PVC compound plants in North America, Europe and Asia, most of which were owned by us. Our Asian vinyls chemical manufacturing facilities are located near Shanghai, in China, and in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, through our 95%- and 60%-owned joint ventures, respectively, and include a PVC plant, a PVC film and sheet plant, a chlor-alkali plant and a chlorinated derivative products plant.
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Essential Materials segment.
The following table illustrates our vinylsPerformance and Essential Materials segment production capacities at February 17, 202115, 2023 by principal product and the end uses of these products:
Product (1)
Annual Capacity (2)
End Uses
Principal Manufacturing Facilities (4) (5) (6)
(Millions of pounds)
Ethylene(3)
4,820 VCM, polyethylene, EDC, styrene, ethylene oxide/ethylene glycolCalvert City, Kentucky
Lake Charles, Louisiana
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Product (1)
Annual Capacity (2)
End Uses
Principal Manufacturing Facilities (4) (5) (6)
(Millions of pounds)
Chlorine7,400 VCM, EDC, organic/inorganic chemicals, bleach and water treatmentCalvert City, Kentucky
Geismar, Louisiana
Lake Charles, Louisiana
Plaquemine, Louisiana
Natrium, West Virginia
Gendorf and Knapsack, Germany
Caustic Soda8,140 Pulp and paper, organic/inorganic chemicals, neutralization and aluminaCalvert City, Kentucky
Geismar, Louisiana
Lake Charles, Louisiana
Plaquemine, Louisiana
Natrium, West Virginia
Gendorf and Knapsack, Germany
VCM7,940 PVC, PVC CompoundsCalvert City, Kentucky
Geismar, Louisiana
Lake Charles, Louisiana
Plaquemine, Louisiana
Gendorf and Knapsack, Germany
Specialty PVC980 Automotive sealants, cable sheathing, medical applications and other applicationsBurghausen, Cologne, and Gendorf, Germany
Commodity PVC6,820 Construction materials including pipe, siding, profiles for windows and doors, film and sheet for packaging and other applicationsCalvert City, Kentucky
Geismar, Louisiana
Plaquemine, Louisiana
Aberdeen, Mississippi
Cologne and Knapsack, Germany
VCMLow-Density Polyethylene ("LDPE")7,8301,500 High clarity packaging and bags, shrink films, food packaging, coated paper board, cup stock, paper folding cartons, lids, closures and general purpose moldingPVC, PVC CompoundsLake Charles, Louisiana
Longview, Texas
Linear Low-Density Polyethylene ("LLDPE")Calvert City, Kentucky,
Geismar, Louisiana,
Lake Charles, Louisiana,
Plaquemine, Louisiana,
Gendorf and Knapsack, Germany
Chlorine7,1401,070 VCM, organic/inorganic chemicals, bleachHeavy-duty films and water treatmentbags, general purpose linersCalvert City, Kentucky,
Geismar, Louisiana,
Lake Charles, Louisiana
Plaquemine, Louisiana,
Natrium, West Virginia,
Gendorf and Knapsack, Germany
Caustic Soda7,860 Pulp and paper, organic/inorganic chemicals, neutralization and aluminaCalvert City, Kentucky,
Geismar, Louisiana,
Lake Charles, Louisiana,
Plaquemine, Louisiana,
Natrium, West Virginia,
Gendorf and Knapsack, Germany
Longview, Texas
Chlorinated Derivative ProductsMaterials2,290 Coatings, flavorants, films, refrigerants, water treatment applications, chemicals and pharmaceutical productionLake Charles, Louisiana
Plaquemine, Louisiana,
Natrium, West Virginia
EthyleneStyrene(3)
1,760570 Consumer disposables, packaging material, appliances, paints and coatings, resins and building materialsLake Charles, Louisiana
VCMEpoxy Specialty ResinsCalvert City, Kentucky
Building Products and PVC Compounds3,470580 Pipe: waterProtective Coatings and sewer, plumbing, irrigation, conduit; fittings; profilesAdhesive Applications; Building and foundation building productsbridge construction, flooring, transportation, oil & gas
Electrical Applications; Generators and bushings, transformers, medium and high-voltage switch gear components
Composites Epoxy Resins; Wind energy, automotive, aerospace, construction, industrial applications
Lakeland, Florida
Argo, Illinois
Duisburg and Esslingen, Germany
Onsan, South Korea
Barbostro, Spain
Base Epoxy Resins and Intermediaries (BERI)
1,280 Exteriors: windowElectrocoat; Automotive, general industry
Powder coatings; White goods, pipes for oil and door components; deck components; siding, trimgas transformation, general industry
Heat Cured Coatings; Metal packaging and mouldings; filmcoil coated steel for construction and sheet and composite roof tiles
general industryCompounds: automotive interior, automotive exterior, stabilizers, medical applications, profiles, moldings, electrical products, casing and packagingDeer Park, Texas
Pernis, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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(1)    EDC, a VCM intermediate product, is not included in the table.
(2)    Includes capacity related to our 95%- and 60%-owned Asian joint ventures.
(3)    Includes production capacity in Lake Charles and Calvert City owned by OpCo and our portion of LACC's production capacity in Lake Charles. For additional information on OpCo, see "Olefins Business"—Products—Ethylene" below.
(4)     Except as noted in notes (5) and (6) below, we own each of these facilities.
(5)    We lease the land on which our Gendorf, Burghausen, Knapsack, Cologne and Cologne,Esslingen, Germany facilities, Longview and Deer Park, Texas facilities and Argo, Illinois facility are located. We also lease the Esslingen, Germany building.
(6)    We lease a portion of the land on which our Aberdeen and Calvert City facilities are located.
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PVC.Ethylene. PVC,Ethylene is the world's third most widely used plastic,petrochemical in terms of volume. It is an attractive alternativethe key building block used to traditional materials such as glass, metal, wood, concreteproduce a large number of higher value-added chemicals including polyethylene, EDC, VCM and other plastic materials because of its versatility, durability and cost-competitiveness. PVC is produced from VCM, which is, in turn, made from chlorine and ethylene. PVC compounds are highly customized formulations that offer specific end-use properties based on customer-determined manufacturing specifications. PVC compounds are made by combining PVC resin with various additives in order to make either rigid and impact-resistant or soft and flexible compounds. The various compounds are then fabricated into end-products through extrusion, calendering, injection-molding or blow-molding.
We are the second-largest PVC producer in the world. With the completion of our previously announced expansion projects at our Geismar and Burghausen plants in 2019, we havestyrene. OpCo has the capacity to produce approximately 6.8 billion pounds and 1.03.0 billion pounds of commodity and specialty PVC per year, respectively, at our various facilities globally. We use some of our PVC internally in the production of our building products and PVC compounds. The remainder of our PVC is sold to downstream fabricators and the international markets.
VCM. VCM is used to produce PVC, solvents and PVC-related products. We use ethylene and chlorine to produce EDC, which is used in turn, to produce VCM. We have the capacity to produce approximately 6.3 billion pounds and 1.5 billion pounds of VCM per year at our North AmericanLake Charles site, and European facilities, respectively.we have the capability to consume all of OpCo's production that we purchase at Lake Charles to produce EDC, VCM, polyethylene and styrene monomer. In addition, we (through OpCo) produce ethylene co-products including chemical grade propylene, crude butadiene, pyrolysis gasoline and hydrogen. We (through OpCo) sell our entire output of these co-products to external customers. The majorityethylene from OpCo's facility in Calvert City and LACC is utilized to produce VCM at our facilities. We obtain the remainder of the ethylene we need for our VCM is used internally inbusiness from third party purchases. The use of ethane feedstock by our PVC operations. VCM and EDC not used internally are sold externally.ethylene plants enables us to enhance our low-cost materials chain integration.
Chlorine and Caustic Soda. We are the second-largest chlor-alkali producer in the world. We combine salt and electricity to produce chlorine and caustic soda, commonly referred to as chlor-alkali, at our Lake Charles, Plaquemine, Natrium, Calvert City, Geismar, Beauharnois, Longview (WA), Gendorf, Knapsack and Kaohsiung facilities. We use our chlorine production in our VCM and chlorinated derivative products plants. We currently have the capacity to supply all of our chlorine requirements internally. Any remaining chlorine is sold into the merchant chlorine market. Our caustic soda is sold to external customers who use it for, among other things, the production of pulp and paper, organic and inorganic chemicals and alumina.
Chlorinated Derivative Products. Our chlorinated derivative products include ethyl chloride, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, tri-ethane®VCM. VCM is used to produce PVC, solvents VersaTRANS® solvents, calcium hypochlorite, hydrochloric acid ("HCL") and pelletized caustic soda ("PELS").PVC-related products. We use ethylene and chlorine to produce EDC, which is used in turn, to produce VCM. We have the capacity to produce approximately 2.36.3 billion pounds and 1.6 billion pounds of chlorinated derivative productsVCM per year primarily at our Lake Charles, Natrium, BeauharnoisNorth American and Longview (WA) facilities.European facilities, respectively. The majority of our chlorinated derivative productsVCM is used internally in our PVC operations. VCM and EDC not used internally are sold to external customers who use these products for, among other things, refrigerants, water treatment applications, chemicals and pharmaceutical production, food processing, steel pickling, solvent and cleaning chemicals and natural gas and oil production.externally.
Ethylene.PVC. We utilize ethylenePVC, the world's third most widely used plastic, is an attractive alternative to traditional materials such as glass, metal, wood, concrete and other plastic materials because of its versatility, durability and cost-competitiveness. PVC is produced from OpCo's facilityVCM, which is, in Calvert City and LACC to produce VCM at our facilities. We obtain the remainder of the ethylene we need for our Vinyls business from third party purchases. The use of ethane feedstock by our ethylene plants enables us to enhance our low-cost vinyl chain integration.
Building Products and PVC Compounds. Productsturn, made from PVC are used in materials ranging from waterchlorine and sewer systems to home and commercial applications for siding, trim, mouldings, deck, window and door profiles. Our building products consist of two primary product groups: (i) exterior products, which includes siding, trim, mouldings, window profiles, decking products and roofing applications; and (ii) PVC pipe, specialty PVC pipe and fittings. ethylene.
We are the second-largest manufacturerPVC producer in the world. With the completion of PVC pipe by capacity in North America. We manufacture and market exterior products under the Royal Building Products®, Celect Cellular Exteriors by Royal®, Zuri Premium Decking by Royal®, Royal S4S Trim Board®, Exterior Portfolio® and DaVinci® brand names. We manufacture and market specialty pipe and fittings, water, sewer, irrigation and conduit pipe products under the NAPCOTMbrand name. We manufacture film and sheetour previously announced expansion projects at our Shanghai facility for both AsianGeismar and global markets. Flexible PVC compounds are used for wire and cable insulation, medical applications and packaging, flooring, wall coverings, automotive interior and exterior trims and packaging. Rigid extrusion PVC compounds are commonly usedBurghausen plants in window and door profiles, vertical blinds and construction products, including pipe and siding. Injection-molding PVC compounds are used in specialty products such as computer housings and keyboards, appliance parts and containers. Powder compounds are primarily used in window and door profiles and pipe and fittings. The combined capacity of our 37 building products and PVC compounds plants is approximately 3.5 billion pounds per year.
Electricity. Our Lake Charles, Plaquemine and Natrium cogeneration assets2019, we have the capacity to generate electricityproduce approximately 6.8 billion pounds and 1.0 billion pounds of approximately 420, 240commodity and 100 megawatts,specialty PVC per year, respectively, per year. Our North American joint ventures include a 50% interest in RS Cogen L.L.C. ("RS Cogen") that generates electricity, of which our share is approximately 212 megawatts.
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Feedstocks
We are highly integrated along our vinyls production chain. We (through OpCo) produce most of the ethylene required at our Calvert City and Lake Charlesvarious facilities utilizing ethane feedstock. The LACC ethylene facility is located adjacent to our vinyls facility in Lake Charles and has an ethylene production capacity of 2.2 billion pounds per year. During the third quarter of 2019, the LACC ethylene plant began its commercial operations. At December 31, 2020, we, through one of our subsidiaries, own 46.8% of the membership interests in LACC. We receive our proportionate share in ethylene production on a cash-cost basis and primarily use it to produce VCM. In Germany, we have access to, and partially own, an ethylene pipeline. The salt requirements for several of our larger chlor-alkali plants are supplied internally from salt domes we either own or lease and is transported by pipelines we own. We purchase the salt required for our other chlor-alkali plants pursuant to long-term contracts.Electricity and steam for one of our Lake Charles facilities are produced by both on-site cogeneration units and through a toll arrangement with RS Cogen, a joint venture in which we own a 50% interest. RS Cogen operates a process steam, natural gas-fired cogeneration facility adjacent to the site. Electricity and steam for the Plaquemine facility is supplied internally by our on-site cogeneration unit. A portion of our Natrium facility's electricity requirements is produced by our on-site generation unit, and the remainder is purchased. We purchase electricity for our remaining facilities under long-term contracts. We purchase VCM for our Asian PVC plant on a contract and spot basis.
Our North American and Asian PVC facilities supply predominantly all of the PVC required for our building products plants. PVC required for the PVC compounds plants is either internally sourced or externally purchased at market prices based on the location of the plants. The remaining feedstocks include pigments, fillers, stabilizers and other ingredients, which we purchase under short-term contracts based on prevailing market prices.
Marketing, Sales and Distribution
We have a dedicated sales force for our business, organized by product line and region. In addition, we rely on distributors to market products to smaller customers.globally. We use some of our PVC internally in the production of our building products, PVC pipes and fittings and PVC compounds.compounds in the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment. The remainder of our PVC is sold to downstream fabricators and the international markets. We have the capacity to use a majority of our chlorine internally to produce VCM and EDC, most of which, in turn, is used to produce PVC. We also use our chlorine internally to produce chlorinated derivative products. We sell the remainder of our chlorine and substantially all of our caustic soda production to external customers. The majority of our products are shipped from production facilities directly to the customer via pipeline, truck, rail, barge and/or ship. The remaining products are shipped from production facilities to third party chemical terminals and warehouses until being sold to customers.
We sell a majority of our siding, trim and mouldings products, PVC pipe, specialty PVC pipe and fittings, and film and sheet products through a combination of our internal sales force and manufacturer's representatives. In Canada, we operate 18 company-owned distribution branches that sell our vinyl siding and accessories and trim and mouldings products, as well as pipe and fittings. We also engage in advertising programs primarily directed at trade professionals that are intended to develop awareness and interest in our products. In addition, we display our building products at trade shows.
No single customer accounted for 10% or more of net sales for the Vinyls segment in 2020.
Competition
The markets in which our Vinyls business operates are highly competitive. Competition in the vinyls market is based on product availability, product performance, customer service and price. We compete in the vinyls market with other producers including Formosa Plastics Corporation, Oxy Chem, LP, Shintech, Inc., Olin Corporation, GEON Performance Solutions, Teknor Apex Company, Inc., Orbia Advanced Corporation, S.A.B. de C.V., INOVYN ChlorVinyls Limited, VYNOVA Group and KEM ONE Group SAS.
Competition in the building products market is based on on-time delivery, product quality, product innovation, customer service, product consistency and price. We compete in the building products market with other producers and fabricators including Diamond Plastics Corporation, JM Eagle Inc., Cornerstone Building Brands, Inc., CertainTeed Corporation, IPEX Inc., Associated Materials LLC and The Azek Company.
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Olefins Business
Products
Olefins are the basic building blocks used to create a wide variety of petrochemical products. We manufacture ethylene (through OpCo), polyethylene, styrene and associated co-products at our manufacturing facility in Lake Charles and polyethylene at our Longview facility. We have two ethylene plants, which are owned by OpCo, two polyethylene plants and one styrene monomer plant at our olefins facility in Lake Charles. We have three polyethylene plants and a specialty polyethylene wax plant at our Longview site.
The following table illustrates our olefins production capacities at February 17, 2021 by principal product and the primary end uses of these materials:
ProductAnnual CapacityEnd Uses
Principal Manufacturing Facilities (2) (3)
(Millions of pounds)
Ethylene (1)
2,990 Polyethylene, EDC, styrene, ethylene oxide/ethylene glycolLake Charles, Louisiana
Low-Density Polyethylene ("LDPE")1,500 High clarity packaging and bags, shrink films, food packaging, coated paper board, cup stock, paper folding cartons, lids, closures and general purpose moldingLake Charles, Louisiana,
Longview, Texas
Linear Low-Density Polyethylene ("LLDPE")1,070 Heavy-duty films and bags, general purpose linersLake Charles, Louisiana,
Longview, Texas
Styrene570 Consumer disposables, packaging material, appliances, paints and coatings, resins and building materialsLake Charles, Louisiana

(1)Production capacity owned by OpCo.
(2)We lease the land on which our Longview, Texas facility is located.
(3)We own the Lake Charles, Louisiana facility.
Ethylene. Ethylene is the world's most widely used petrochemical in terms of volume. It is the key building block used to produce a large number of higher value-added chemicals including polyethylene, EDC, VCM and styrene. OpCo has the capacity to produce approximately 3.0 billion pounds of ethylene per year at our olefins facility at our Lake Charles site, and we have the capability to consume all of OpCo's production that we purchase at Lake Charles to produce polyethylene and styrene monomer in our Olefins business. In addition, we (through OpCo) produce ethylene co-products including chemical grade propylene, crude butadiene, pyrolysis gasoline and hydrogen. We (through OpCo) sell our entire output of these co-products to external customers.
Polyethylene. Polyethylene, the world's most widely consumed polymer, is used in the manufacture of a wide variety of film, coatings and molded product applications primarily used in packaging. Polyethylene is generally classified as either LDPE, LLDPE or high-density polyethylene ("HDPE"). The density correlates to the relative stiffness of the end-use products. The difference between LDPE and LLDPE is molecular, and products produced from LLDPE, in general, have higher strength properties than products produced from LDPE. LDPE exhibits better clarity and other physical properties and is used in end products such as bread bags, food wraps, milk carton coatings and food packaging. LLDPE is used for higher film strength applications such as stretch film and heavy-duty sacks. HDPE is used to manufacture products such as grocery, merchandise and trash bags, rigid plastic containers, plastic closures and pipe.
We are the second-largesta leading producer of LDPE by capacity in North America and predominantly use the autoclave technology (versus tubular technology), which is capable of producing higher-margin specialty polyethylene products. In 2020,2022, our annual capacity of approximately 1.5 billion pounds of LDPE was available in numerous formulations to meet the needs of our diverse customer base. We also have the capacity to produce approximately 1.1 billion pounds of LLDPE per year in various formulations. We produce LDPE and LLDPE at both the Lake Charles and Longview (TX) facilities. Our Lake Charles and Longview facilities also have the capability to produce HDPE. We sell polyethylene to external customers as a final product in pellet form.
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Chlorinated Derivative Materials. Our chlorinated derivative products include ethyl chloride, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, tri-ethane® solvents, VersaTRANS® solvents, calcium hypochlorite, hydrochloric acid ("HCL") and pelletized caustic soda ("PELS"). We have the capacity to produce approximately 2.3 billion pounds of chlorinated derivative products per year, primarily at our Lake Charles, Natrium, Beauharnois and Longview (WA) facilities. The majority of our chlorinated derivative products are sold to external customers who use these products for, among other things, refrigerants, water treatment applications, chemicals and pharmaceutical production, food processing, steel pickling, solvent and cleaning chemicals and natural gas and oil production.
Styrene. Styrene is used to produce derivatives such as polystyrene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, unsaturated polyester and synthetic rubber. These derivatives are used in a number of applications including consumer disposables, food packaging, housewares, paints and coatings, building materials, tires and toys. We produce styrene at our Lake Charles plant, where we have the capacity to produce approximately 570 million pounds of styrene per year, all of which is sold to external customers.
Epoxy Specialty Resins. With the acquisition of the Westlake Epoxy business, Westlake is now one of the leading producers of epoxy specialty resins, modifiers and curing agents in Europe, the United States and Asia with a global reach to our end markets. Epoxy resins are the fundamental component of many types of materials and are often used in the automotive, construction, wind energy, aerospace and electronics industries due to their superior adhesion, strength and durability. Epoxy specialty resins are used for a variety of high-end coating applications that require superior adhesion, corrosion resistance and durability of epoxy such as protective coatings that are used for construction, flooring and transportation, among others. Epoxy-based surface coatings are among the most widely used industrial coatings due to their long service life and broad application functionality combined with overall economic efficiency. Our epoxy specialty resins are also used for electrical applications such as generators, bushings, transformers and, medium and high voltage switch gear components. In composites, our specialty epoxy products are used either as replacements for traditional materials such as metal, wood and ceramics, or in applications where traditional materials do not meet demanding engineering specifications. We are also one of the leading producers of resins that are used in fiber reinforced composites. Composites are a fast-growing class of materials that are used in a wide variety of applications ranging from wind energy, automotive, aerospace, construction and industrial applications. We produce epoxy specialty resins at our Duisburg and Esslingen plants in Germany, Barbastro plant in Spain, Onsan plant in South Korea, and Lakeland and Argo plants in the United States. We have the total capacity to produce approximately 580 million pounds of epoxy specialty resins per year, all of which is sold to external customers.
Base Epoxy Resins and Intermediaries (BERI). We are a leading supplier of Liquid and Solid Epoxy Resin. These base epoxies are used in a wide variety of industrial coatings applications. In addition, we are a major producer of bisphenol-A ("BPA") and epichlorohydrin ("ECH"), key precursors in the downstream manufacturing of basic epoxy resins and specialty resins. We internally consume the majority of our BPA and ECH, which ensures consistent supply of our required intermediate materials. We produce base epoxies and intermediaries at our Deer Park, United States and Pernis, the Netherlands plants, where we have the capacity to produce approximately 1,280 million pounds per year.
Product and Application Development: Our product and application development activities are geared towards developing and enhancing products, processes and applications. Facilities where we perform such activities are located in the United States, Germany, China and the Netherlands.
Electricity. Our Lake Charles, Plaquemine and Natrium cogeneration assets have the capacity to generate electricity of approximately 845, 240 and 100 megawatts, respectively, per year.
Feedstocks
We are highly integrated along our olefins productmaterials production chain. We (through OpCo) produce most of the ethylene required to produce our polyethylene and styrene. Ethylene can be produced from either petroleum liquid feedstocks, such as naphtha, condensates and gas oils, or from natural gas liquid feedstocks, such as ethane, propane and butane. Both of OpCo's Lake Charles ethylene plants use ethane as the primary feedstock. Pursuant to a feedstock supply agreement between us and OpCo, OpCo receives ethane feedstock at the olefins facility at our Lake Charles site through several pipelines from a variety of suppliers in Texas and Louisiana. We own a 50% interest in a 104-mile natural gas liquids pipeline from Mont Belvieu to our Lake Charles site. OpCo owns a 200-mile ethylene pipeline that runs from Mont Belvieu to our Longview (TX) site.
Additionally, through OpCo, we produce most of the ethylene required at our Calvert City facility utilizing ethane feedstock. The LACC ethylene facility is located adjacent to our chlor-alkali facility in Lake Charles and has an ethylene production capacity of 2.2 billion pounds per year. During the third quarter of 2019, the LACC ethylene plant began its commercial operations. At December 31, 2022, we, through one of our subsidiaries, owned 50% of the membership interests in LACC. We receive our proportionate share in ethylene production on a cash-cost basis and primarily use it to produce VCM. In addition to ethylene supplied by OpCo and LACC, we also acquire ethylene from third parties in order to supply a portion of our Vinyls segment ethylene requirements. In Germany, we have access to, and partially own, an ethylene pipeline.
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We acquire butene and hexene to manufacture polyethylene and benzene to manufacture styrene. We receive butene and hexene at the Lake Charles site and hexene at the Longview (TX) site via rail car from several suppliers. We receive benzene via barges, ships and pipeline pursuant to short-term arrangements. We purchase butene and hexene pursuant to multi-year contracts, somecontracts.
The salt requirements for several of whichour larger chlor-alkali plants are renewablesupplied internally from salt domes we either own or lease and the salt is transported by pipelines we own. We purchase the salt required for an additional term subjectour other chlor-alkali plants pursuant to either party tolong-term contracts. Electricity and steam for one of our Lake Charles facilities and our Plaquemine facility are produced by on-site cogeneration units. A portion of our Natrium facility's electricity requirements is produced by our on-site generation unit, and the contract notifying the other party that it does not wish to renew the contract.remainder is purchased. We purchase electricity for our Lake Charles facilityremaining facilities under long-term industrial contracts. We purchase VCM for our Asian PVC plant on a contract and spot basis.
The raw materials that we primarily use to manufacture our epoxy products include chlorine, caustic soda, phenol and acetone, all of which are available from more than one source. Prices for our main feedstocks are generally driven by the underlying petrochemical benchmark prices and energy costs, which are subject to price fluctuations.
Sustainability
After we initially introduced our lower-carbon GreenVin® Caustic Soda and GreenVin® PVC products in Germany in early 2021, we expanded our lower-carbon offerings with GreenVin® bio-attributed PVC, which offers significant CO2 savings as compared to conventionally produced PVC by Westlake Vinnolit. In addition to using renewable power sources, in 2022 we started to utilize ISCC PLUS-certified renewable ethylene from second generation non-food biomass to produce GreenVin® bio-attributed PVC.The use of renewable power sources has resulted in a reduced CO2 footprint for GreenVin® PVC and GreenVin® Caustic Soda of approximately 25% and 30%, respectively, as compared to conventionally produced comparable products by Westlake Vinnolit as certified by TÜV Rheinland. Caustic soda and PVC are essential materials found in a variety of applications, including detergent, paper and packaging materials, pharmaceuticals, building products, medical products and water treatment products.
Marketing, Sales and Distribution
We have an internala dedicated sales force for our business, organized by product line and region that sells our products directly to our customers. In addition, we rely on distributors to market products to smaller customers. Our polyethylene customers are some of the nation's largest producers of film and flexible packaging.
We and OpCo sell ethylene and ethylene co-products to external customers. OpCo's primary ethylene co-products are chemical grade propylene, crude butadiene, pyrolysis gasoline and hydrogen. We have storage agreements and exchange agreements that allowprovide us and OpCo with access to customers who are not directly connected to the pipeline system that we own. OpCo ships crude butadiene and pyrolysis gasoline by rail or truck. Additionally, we transport our polyethylene and styrene by rail or truck. Further, styrene can be transported by barge or ship.
We use some of our PVC internally in the production of our building products, pipes and fittings and PVC compounds in the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment. The remainder of our PVC is sold to downstream fabricators and the international markets. We have the capacity to use a majority of our chlorine internally to produce VCM and EDC, most of which, in turn, is used to produce PVC. We also use our chlorine internally to produce chlorinated derivative products. We sell the remainder of our chlorine and substantially all of our caustic soda production to external customers. The majority of our products are shipped from production facilities directly to the customer via pipeline, truck, rail, barge and/or ship. The remaining products are shipped from production facilities to third party chemical terminals and warehouses until being sold to customers.
No single customer accounted for 10% or more of net sales for the OlefinsPerformance and Essential Materials segment in 2020.2022.
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Competition
The markets in which our Olefins business operatesPerformance and Essential Materials businesses operate are highly competitive. We competeCompetition in the materials market is based on the basis ofproduct availability, product quality and consistency, product performance, customer service product deliverability, quality, consistency, performance and price. Our competitors in the ethylene, polyethylene and styrene markets are some of the world's largest chemical companies, including Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, Dow Inc., ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Formosa Plastics Corporation, LyondellBasell Industries, N.V., NOVA Chemicals Corporation and Sasol Limited. We compete in the chlor-alkali and PVC markets with other producers including Formosa Plastics Corporation, INOVYN ChlorVinyls Limited, KEM ONE Group SAS, Olin Corporation, Orbia Advanced Corporation, Oxy Chem, LP, Shintech, Inc. and VYNOVA Group. Our competitors in epoxy resins include Olin Corporation, Nan Ya Plastics Corporation, the Spolchemie Group, Leuna Harze, Aditya Birla (Thai Epoxy), Huntsman Corporation, Swancor, Bohui, Techstorm, Kangda, Evonik Industries AG, Allnex, Kukdo and the Formosa Plastics Corporation.
Housing and Infrastructure Products Business
Our Brands and Products
We manufacture and sell housing and infrastructure products including residential PVC siding; PVC trim and mouldings; architectural stone veneer; windows; PVC decking; PVC films for various inflatables, wallcovering, tape and roofing applications; polymer composite and cement roof tiles; PVC pipe and fittings for various water, sewer, electrical and industrial applications; PVC compounds used in various housing, medical and automobile products; and a variety of consumer and commercial products such as landscape edging; industrial, home and office matting; marine dock edging; and masonry joint controls.
Our housing and infrastructure products consist of several product groups including: (i) exterior and interior building products, which includes siding, trim and mouldings, stone, roofing, windows and outdoor living products; (ii) PVC pipe, specialty PVC pipe and fittings; and (iii) PVC compounds. Many of our products are made from PVC, including products for water and sewer systems and home and light commercial applications for siding, trim and mouldings, outdoor living products, windows and PVC compounds.
Siding. Our siding products include insulated siding and vinyl siding and accessory products. Additionally, we offer premium siding products such as Celect® Cellular Composite Siding and, TruExterior® Siding.Our siding business is also a leader in non-wood shutters and siding accessories along with an array of specialty tools to aid installation. Our brands include Royal® Siding, Portsmouth Shake and Shingle™, Foundry® Specialty Siding, TruExterior® Siding&Trim, Celect® Cellular Exteriors, Mid-America® Exteriors, Tapco Tools®, and many more.
Trim and Mouldings. We offer a wide variety of trim and moulding products, including exterior and interior products for homes, multi-family and light commercial structures that are used as substitute for wood and wood composite offerings. Our brands include Royal® Trim and Mouldings, TruExterior® Siding&Trim, and, Kleer Lumber®, among others.
Stone. We are a leader in the masonry stone veneer category, with both mortar applied products and mechanically fastened products that are used as a substitute for stone on exterior walls and accents as well as in interior applications such as fireplaces, kitchens and bathrooms. Our stone brands include Cultured Stone®, Eldorado Stone®, Versetta Stone®, StoneCraft IndustriesTM and Dutch Quality Stone®, among others.
Roofing. Our DaVinci® Roofscapes is a premium composite roofing. Additional product offerings include concrete and clay roof tiles and stone coated steel roofing. Our other major roofing name brands include NewPoint®, Concrete Roof Tile, US Tile® Clay Roofing Products, Unified SteelTM, and Stone Coated Roofing among others.
Windows. We are a regional fabricator of vinyl windows in the South and Southeast markets of the United States. Our brands include Legacy Collection™, the Krestmark® Collection, and the Magnolia Collection™.
Outdoor Living Products. Our outdoor living products include Zuri™ Premium Decking and Kindred® Outdoor kitchens and fire bowls.
PVC Pipe. We manufacture and sell pipe ranging from ½ inch to 36 inches in diameter, in gasketed, solvent welded, and restrained joint configurations.Our pipe products are used in residential water and sewer applications; municipal potable water and sewer infrastructure; plumbing and industrial applications, including drain, waste & vent ("DWV"); electrical duct and conduit; turf irrigation, water well and other major water transport market segments. We manufacture and market pipe for water, sewer, irrigation and conduit pipe products under the Westlake Pipe & Fittings brand name.
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Specialty PVC Pipe. Our specialty PVC pipe includes the Certa-Lok® pipe and Certa-Lok® CLICTM joining systems, which provide restrained joints with rapid assembly, designed for use in potable water, sewer, fire protection, agriculture, well-casing, electrical conduit and other piping system applications in the residential and various infrastructure markets. Other specialty products include a system for high rise DWV installations that incorporates low smoke and flame properties. Our molecularly-oriented PVC ("PVCO") pipe, AquaMax™, is produced with less PVC than conventional pipe improving our environmental footprint while delivering higher performance. We also manufacture and market specialty pipe under the Certa-Set®, Certa-Flo®, Certa-Com®, Yelomine®,Fluid-Tite®, Kwik-Set®, Sure-Fit®, Cobra Lock™, and Kor-Flo® brand names, among others.
Fittings. Our fittings productsinclude a range of injection molded and custom fabricated fittings including:injection mold DWV fittings for residential, low-rise and high-rise commercial installations; molded gasketed and solvent weld sewer fittings up to 15 inches, molded gasketed municipal pressure fittings and molded fittings for the pool, spa, industrial markets and electrical assemblies; and fabricated custom fittings up to 36 inches for municipal and plumbing installations. We manufacture and market specialty fittings under the Westlake Pipe & Fittings brand name.
PVC Compounds. PVC compounds are customized formulations that offer specific end-use properties based on customer-determined manufacturing specifications. PVC compounds are made by combining PVC resin with various additives in order to make either rigid and impact-resistant or soft and flexible compounds. The various compounds are then fabricated into end-products through extrusion, calendaring, injection-molding or blow-molding. Flexible PVC compounds are used for wire and cable insulation, medical applications and packaging, flooring, wall coverings, automotive interior and exterior trims and packaging. Rigid extrusion PVC compounds are commonly used in window and door profiles, vertical blinds and construction products, including pipe and siding. Injection-molding PVC compounds are used in specialty products such as computer housings and keyboards, appliance parts and containers. Powder compounds are primarily used in window and door profiles and pipe and fittings. We manufacture and market PVC compounds and specialized formulations under the Westlake Global Compounds and Nakan brand names.
Recycled Products. WestlakeDimex is a producer of various products made from post-industrial-recycled polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene and thermoplastic elastomer materials. These products include landscape edging; industrial, home and office matting; marine dock edging; and masonry joint controls.
Raw Materials and Suppliers
Our North American PVC facilities within the Performance and Essential Materials segment supply most of the PVC required by building products for our housing exteriors and PVC pipes and fittings plants. Our raw materials for stone, roofing and accessories, windows, shutters and specialty tool products are externally purchased. PVC required for the PVC compounds plants is either internally sourced from our North American and Asian facilities within the Performance and Essential Materials segment or externally purchased based on the location of the plants. The remaining raw materials required, including pigments, fillers, stabilizers and other ingredients, are purchased under short-term contracts based on prevailing market prices.
Manufacturing
We operate 61 manufacturing locations primarily in the United States and Canada where we produce siding, trim and mouldings, stone, roofing, windows, outdoor living products, PVC pipes, specialty PVC pipes and fittings. In addition, we have 12 manufacturing locations across the world where we produce PVC compounds, including locations in North America, Europe and Asia. The following table illustrates the properties owned and leased by the Housing and Infrastructure Products business:
Manufacturing Facilities
OwnedLeased
North America4422
Europe31
Asia3
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Marketing, Sales and Distribution
We sell a majority of our siding, trim and mouldings, stone, roofing, windows and outdoor living products, PVC pipe, specialty PVC pipe and fittings through a combination of our internal sales force and some manufacturer's representatives. In North America, we operate 38 leased and 7 owned distribution centers and warehouses that service and supply our products to local customers, contractors and distributors. We also engage in advertising programs primarily directed at trade professionals and homeowners that are intended to develop awareness and interest in our products. In addition, we display our products at trade shows. Our 12 PVC Compounds facilities across the world sell through a combination of our internal sales force and distributors.
No single customer accounted for 10% or more of net sales for the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment in 2022.
Sustainability
In 2021, we acquired Dimex LLC, a leading manufacturer of consumer products made from post-industrial, recycled polymers. Westlake Dimex is one of the largest recyclers of plastic materials in the United States, processing 100 million pounds of scrap and waste annually, including an increasing amount of scrap materials from other Westlake businesses, such as Westlake Royal Building Products, DaVinci Roofscapes and Westlake Pipe & Fittings. Westlake Dimex turns scrap materials into finished products, such as landscape edging and matting for consumer and industrial applications, using a proprietary blending process.
Our Westlake Pipe & Fittings business introduced PVCO pipe in late 2021. It is lighter-weight and more durable than conventional PVC pipe.With increased mechanical properties, PVCO can withstand greater stresses from internal pressure, has better impact performance, offers increased flow capacity via a larger inside diameter, and is lighter weight than comparable products produced by us. It is manufactured with less PVC and other materials, resulting in fewer carbon emissions.
Competition
The markets in which our housing and infrastructure businesses operate are highly competitive. Competition in the housing and infrastructure products market is based on product quality, product innovation, customer service, product consistency, on-time delivery and price. We compete in the housing and infrastructure products market with other producers and fabricators including Associated Materials LLC., CertainTeed Corporation, Cornerstone Building Brands, Inc., Diamond Plastics Corporation, IPEX Inc., JM Eagle Inc., Trex Company, Inc. and The Azek Company and with producers of PVC compounds including GEON Performance Solutions and Teknor Apex Company, Inc.
Seasonality
Though we generally experience demand for our products throughout the year, our sales, particularly of housing products have historically experienced some seasonality. We have typically experienced moderately higher levels of sales of our residential products in the first half of the year due to inventory restocking and improved weather for construction. Our sales are affected by the individual decisions of distributors and dealers on the levels of inventory they carry, their views on product demand, their financial condition and the manner in which they choose to manage inventory risk. Our sales are also generally impacted by the number of days in a quarter or a year that contractors and other professionals are able to install our products. This can vary dramatically based on, among other things, weather events such as rain, snow and extreme temperatures. We have generally experienced lower levels of sales of our housing products in the fourth quarter due to adverse weather conditions in certain markets, which typically reduces the construction and renovation activity during the winter season.
Environmental
As is common in our industry, we are subject to environmental laws and regulations related to the use, storage, handling, generation, transportation, emission, discharge, disposal and remediation of, and exposure to, hazardous and non-hazardous substances and wastes in all of the countries in which we do business. National, state or provincial and local standards regulating air, water and land quality affect substantially all of our manufacturing locations around the world. Compliance with such laws and regulations has required and will continue to require capital expenditures and increase operating costs.
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It is our policy to comply with all environmental, health and safety requirements and to provide safe and environmentally sound workplaces for our employees. In some cases, compliance can be achieved only by incurring capital expenditures. In 2020,2022, we made capital expenditures of $31$46 million related to environmental compliance. We estimate that we will make capital expenditures of approximately $41$62 million in 20212023 and $45$78 million in 2022,2024, respectively, related to environmental compliance. The expected 20212023 and 20222024 capital expenditures are relatively higher than the amounts we have spent related to environmental compliance in recent years in large part due to capital expenditures related to previously existing and new Environmental Protection Agency (the "EPA") regulations and corrective actions required by the EPA to resolve the flare enforcement matter discussed below. The remainder of the 20212023 and 20222024 estimated expenditures are related to equipment replacement and upgrades. We anticipate that stringent environmental regulations will continue to be imposed on us and the industry in general. Although we cannot predict with certainty future expenditures, management believes that our current spending trends will continue.
From time to time, we receive notices or inquiries from government entities regarding alleged violations of environmental laws and regulations pertaining to, among other things, the disposal, emission and storage of chemical substances, including hazardous wastes. Pursuant to Item 103 of the SEC's Regulation S-K, the following environmental matters involve a governmental authority as a party to the proceedings and potential monetary sanctions that we believe could exceed $1 million (which is less than one percent of our current assets on a consolidated basis as of December 31, 2020)2022):
For several years, the EPA has been conducting an enforcement initiative against petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants with respect to emissions from flares. On April 21, 2014, we received a Clean Air Act Section 114 Information Request from the EPA which sought information regarding flares at the Calvert City facility and certain Lake Charles facilities. The EPA has informed us that the information provided leadsled the EPA to believe that some of the flares arewere out of compliance with applicable standards. TheIn June 2022, the Department of Justice announced that the Company, the EPA has indicated that it is seekingand state environmental agencies had reached agreement on a consent decree that would obligateresolving this matter. The consent decree requires us to take corrective actions relatinginstall flare gas recovery units, implement fence line monitoring, install and operate flare monitoring and control equipment to the alleged noncompliance. We believe the resolution of these matters may require the payment ofmeet certain performance standards, and pay a monetary sanction in excesscivil penalty of $1 million. Implementation of the requirements under the decree is estimated to cost approximately $110 million, which includes capital expenditures associated with installation of the flare gas recovery units we are required to install at our Calvert City and Lake Charles facilities. The capital expenditures and other costs required to comply with the consent decree have either been incurred in 2021 and 2022 or will be incurred over the course of 2023 and 2024. The consent decree was entered by the court and became effective in October 2022.
We have paid all penalties required under the consent decree and have planned, budgeted for and scheduled all compliance requirements going forward. While the final consent decree does provide for stipulated penalties if certain requirements are not met, we do not believe that the resolution of these flare mattersany stipulated penalties, if incurred and assessed, will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Also see our discussion of our environmental matters contained in Item 1A, "Risk Factors" below, Item 3, "Legal Proceedings" below and Note 22 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Human Capital
Westlake is committed to acting in a safe, ethical, environmentally, and socially responsible manner. We have been a public company for 18 years, but we still think of our employees as members of our extended family. We value the integrity, creativity, dedication and diversity of ideas that our employees bring to work every day.
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI)
As a global company, we recognize the diversity of our employees, customers and communities, and believe in creating an inclusive and equitable environment that represents a broad spectrum of backgrounds and cultures. A significant portion of our management team and our Board of Directors comes from diverse backgrounds, and we are focused on hiring and retaining diverse and talented employees. Our Board of Directors has charged the Compensation Committee with oversight responsibility of the Company's DEI efforts.
As an Asian American and Pacific Islander ("AAPI")-controlled business, we feel a special commitment to ensuring that Westlake continues to offer opportunities for employees of all backgrounds and experiences. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 37% of our employees in the United States and Canada self-identified as Black, Indigenous, Hispanic, or AAPI. Although we do not collect race and ethnicity data of our workforces in Latin America, Europe, and Asia, we know that we are a diverse, multinational company.
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Training and Professional Development
As part of our retention and promotion efforts, we invest in internal leadership development. Westlake regularly provides its employees with a blend of live, virtual, and digital training opportunities, including safety training, technical courses, compliance training relating to company policies, business and professional development training, and professional growth classes. In conjunction with technical training, we believe that the non-technical training helps to create well-rounded, and highly-driven, employees. In addition, we periodically conduct employee surveys to gauge employee engagement and identify areas for additional focus.
Headcount
As of December 31, 2020,2022, we had approximately 9,22015,920 employees in the following areas:
CategoryNumber
VinylsPerformance and Essential Materials segment8,0606,800 
OlefinsHousing and Infrastructure Products segment8208,600 
Corporate and other340520 
Our employees are distributed across 1622 countries. Approximately 38%As of December 31, 2022, approximately 68% were employed in the United States. Approximately 28% of our employees are represented by labor unions, including works councils in Europe, and all of these union employees are working under collective bargaining agreements that expire at various times through 2024. We have multipleour collective bargaining agreements in Europe, North America and Asia covering different groups of our work force.expire at various times through 2026. There were no strikes, lockouts or work stoppages in 2020,2022, and we believe that our relationship with our employees and unions is open and positive.
Attracting, developing and retaining talented people in manufacturing, marketing, sales, and other positions is crucial to executing our strategy. Our ability to recruit and retain such talent depends on a number of factors, including compensation and benefits, career opportunities and work environment. We provide our employees with competitive compensation packages, development programs that enable continued learning and growth, and comprehensive and competitive benefit packages worldwide. Our compensation and benefits arrangements generally are tailored to local markets of operation.
Health and Safety
The health and safety of our employees and our operations is our highest priority. Our health and safety programs are designed around global standards with appropriate variations addressing the multiple jurisdictions and regulations, specific hazards and unique working environments of our manufacturing, research and development, and administrative office locations. We require each of our locations to perform regular safety audits to ensure proper safety policies, program procedures, analyses and training are in place.
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Directors. Safety is a key performance indicator that is reported on and discussed at every Board meeting. Our Health, Safety and Environment ("HSE") team plays a pivotal role in overseeing all related policy protections, risk identification and other aspects of our business.
Several of our U.S. manufacturing sites have been recognized by the U.S. Occupational Safety & Health Administration's ("OSHA") Voluntary Protection Program ("VPP") for their low injury rates, employee engagement and safety programs. AllMost of our chemicalmanufacturing sites in Germany satisfy the Deutsche Industrie Norm ISO 45001 certification program, which is comparable to VPP.
With respect to the COVID-19 pandemic, we adopted safety guidelines and practices, including safety and health training for existing and new employees, remote working, health screening of employees, contact tracing for reported exposure, enforcing self-isolation after exposure, provisions for mask wearing, modifications to the in-office work environment, social distancing, increased sanitation stations and increased cleaning of offices and workstations.
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Intellectual Property and Technology
We striverely upon both trademark and service mark protection to beprotect our brands, and have registered or applied to register many of these on a world-wide basis. We have over 1,600 active and pending trademark registrations worldwide for our various business segments. We also rely on a combination of patents and un-patented proprietary know-how and trade secrets to preserve our competitive technology position in the top quartilemarket. We have over 1,200 issued patents and pending-patent applications in the United States and several other countries. While some of relevant rankings of recordable incident rates in all countries in which we operate.
Technology
Historically, our technology strategy has been to selectively acquireproduction capacity operates under licenses from third-parties, as well as developthird parties, other parts of our production operate under technology that was developed internally. Consequently, we offer our own proprietary technology. Our selection process incorporates many factors, includingindependently developed technology for licensing when the cost ofopportunity makes sense on a commercial basis. Although the technology,Company considers its patents, licenses, trademarks and trade secrets in the abilityaggregate to meet our customers' requirements, raw material and energy consumption rates, product quality, capital costs, maintenance requirements and reliability. Most of the technology licensed from third-party providers is perpetual and has been paid in full. We own an intellectual property portfolio developed from focused research in both process and product technology. After acquiring or developingconstitute a technology,valuable asset that provides competitive advantage to us, we devote considerable effort to effectively employ the technology and further its development, with a focus towards continuous improvementdo not regard any one of our competitive positions.
Conversely, we have selectively grantedbusinesses as being materially dependent upon any single or group of related patents, trademarks, licenses, to our patented Energx® technology for LLDPE production and for proprietary LDPE reactor mixing technology. We have also granted several licenses for EDC/VCM technology, including the direct chlorination process and catalyst, and S-PVC (Suspension PVC for thermoplastic process) process and technology.or trade secrets.
Available Information
Our website address is www.westlake.com. Our website content is available for information purposes only. It should not be relied upon for investment purposes, nor is it incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K. We make available on this website under "Investor Relations/Financials," free of charge, our proxy statements, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those materials as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file those materials with, or furnish those materials to, the SEC. The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements and other information regarding SEC registrants, including us.
We intend to satisfy the requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K to disclose any amendments to our Code of Ethics and any waiver from a provision of our Code of Ethics by posting such information on our website at www.westlake.com under "Investor Relations/Governance."
Item 1A. Risk Factors
We are subject to various risks and uncertainties in the course of our business. The following summarizes the risks and uncertainties that we consider to be material and that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows and the market value of our securities. Investors should consider these matters, in addition to the other information we have provided in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents we incorporate by reference.
Risk Factors RelatingFactor Summary
Risks Related to Our Business, Industry and Operations
The impact and effects of public health crises, pandemics and epidemics, including the ongoing coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The ongoing COVID-19 outbreak, which the World Health Organization declared as a pandemic on March 11, 2020, has continued to be a rapidly evolving situation. It has resulted in authorities implementing numerous measures to try to contain the disease, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders and shutdowns, among others. There have been widespread adverse impacts on the global economy, many of our facilities and on our employees, customers and suppliers.
We have modified certain business practices (including those related to employee travel, employee work locations and employee work practices) to conform to government restrictions and best practices encouraged by governmental and regulatory authorities. We may take further actions as required by government authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, partners, and suppliers. However, the inability to operate our facilities or the reduced demand for our products could adversely affect our business. There is no certainty that such measures will be sufficient to mitigate the risks posed by the disease, and our ability to perform certain functions could be harmed. The COVID-19 pandemic and the response thereto could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Cyclicality in the petrochemical industry has in the past, and may in the future, result in reduced operating margins or operating losses.
Our historical operating results reflect the cyclical and volatile nature of the petrochemical industry. The industry is mature and capital intensive. Margins in this industry are sensitive to supply and demand balances both domestically and internationally, which historically have been cyclical. The cycles are generally characterized by periods of tight supply, leading to high operating rates and margins, followed by periods of oversupply primarily resulting from excess new capacity additions, leading to reduced operating rates and lower margins.
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Moreover, profitability in the petrochemical industry is affected by the worldwide level of demand along with vigorous price competition which may intensify due to, among other things, new industry capacity. In general, weak economic conditions reduce demand and put pressure on margins. It is not possible to predict accurately the supply and demand balances, market conditions and other factors that will affect industry operating margins in the future.
New capacity additions, principally of olefins in North America, Asia and the Middle East, a number of which have been recently completed, may lead to periods of over-supply and lower profitability. As a result, our Olefins segment operating margins may be negatively impacted.
We sell commodity products in highly competitive markets and face significant competition and price pressure.
We sell our products in highly competitive markets. Due to the commodity nature of many of our products, competition in these markets is based primarily on price and to a lesser extent on performance, product quality, product deliverability and customer service. As a result, we generally are not able to protect our market position for these products by product differentiation and may not be able to pass on cost increases to our customers. Accordingly, increases in raw material and other costs may not necessarily correlate with changes in prices for these products, either in the direction of the price change or in magnitude. Specifically, timing differences in pricing between raw material prices, which may change daily, and contract product prices, which in many cases are negotiated monthly or less often, sometimes with an additional lag in effective dates for increases, have had and may continue to have a negative effect on profitability. Significant volatility in raw material costs tends to place pressure on product margins as sales price increases could lag behind raw material cost increases. Conversely, when raw material costs decrease, customers could seek relief in the form of lower sales prices.
Volatility in costs of raw materials and energy may result in increased operating expenses and adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.
Significant variations in the costs and availability of raw materials and energy may negatively affect our results of operations. These costs have risen significantly in the past due primarily to oil and natural gas cost increases. We purchase significant amounts of ethane feedstock, natural gas, ethylene and salt to produce several basic chemicals. We also purchase significant amounts of electricity to supply the energy required in our production processes. The cost of these raw materials and energy, in the aggregate, represents a substantial portion of our operating expenses. The prices of raw materials and energy generally follow price trends of, and vary with market conditions for, crude oil and natural gas, which are highly volatile and cyclical, as well as the ability of domestic producers to export natural gas liquids, ethane and ethylene. Changes to regulatory policies applicable to the German energy sector for industrial users have contributed to higher prices for industrial users of energy in the past and may continue to do so in the future. Our results of operations have been and could in the future be significantly affected by increases in these costs.
Price increases increase our working capital needs and, accordingly, can adversely affect our liquidity and cash flows. In addition, because we utilize the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method of inventory accounting, during periods of falling raw material prices and declining sales prices, our results of operations for a particular reporting period could be negatively impacted as the lower sales prices would be reflected in operating income more quickly than the corresponding drop in feedstock costs. We use derivative instruments in an attempt to reduce price volatility risk on some feedstock commodities. In the future, we may decide not to hedge any of our raw material costs or any hedges we enter into may not have successful results. Also, our hedging activities involve credit risk associated with our hedging counterparties, and a deterioration in the financial markets could adversely affect our hedging counterparties and their abilities to fulfill their obligations to us.
Lower prices of crude oil, such as those experienced from the third quarter of 2014 through 2020 (at December 31, 2020, approximately 55% lower than their 2014 peak levels), led to a reduction in the cost advantage for natural gas liquids-based ethylene crackers in North America, such as ours, as compared to naphtha-based ethylene crackers. As a result, our margins and cash flows were negatively impacted. Lower crude oil and natural gas prices could lead to a reduction in hydraulic fracturing in the United States, which could reduce the availability of feedstock and increase prices of feedstock for our operations. Higher natural gas prices could also adversely affect our ability to export products that we produce in the United States outside of the United States. In addition to the impact that this has on our exports from the United States, reduced competitiveness of U.S. producers also has in the past increased the availability of chemicals in North America, as U.S. production that would otherwise have been sold overseas was instead offered for sale domestically, resulting in excess supply and lower prices in North America. We could also face the threat of imported products from countries that have a cost advantage. Additionally, additional export storage facilities for natural gas liquids, ethane and ethylene may lead to higher exports of such products from the United States or greater restrictions on hydraulic fracturing could restrict the availability of our raw materials in the United States, thereby increasing our costs.
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External factors beyond our control can cause fluctuations in demand for our products and in our prices and margins, which may negatively affect our results of operations and cash flows.
External factors beyond our control can cause volatility in raw material prices, demand for our products, product prices and volumes and deterioration in operating margins. These factors can also magnify the impact of economic cycles on our business and results of operations. Examples of external factors include:
general economic conditions, including in the United States, Europe and Asia;
new capacity additionsThe housing market may continue its recent decline or decline further, and any such continuation or decline in North America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East;homebuilding industry may adversely affect our operating results.
the level of business activity in the industries that use our products;
competitor action;
technological innovations;
currency fluctuations;
increases in interest rates;
international events and circumstances;
pandemics and other public health threats and efforts to contain their transmission;
war, sabotage, terrorism and civil unrest;
governmental regulation, including in the United States, Europe and Asia;
public attitude towards climate change and safety, health and the environment;
perceptions of our products by potential buyers of our products, as well as the public generally, and related changes in behavior, including with respect to recycling;
severe weather and natural disasters; and
credit worthiness of customers and vendors.
A number of our products are highly dependent on durable goods markets, such as housing and construction, which are themselves particularly cyclical. Weakness in the U.S. residential housing market and economic weakness in Europe could have an adverse effect on demand and margins for our products.
We may reduce production at or idle a facility for an extended period of time or exit a business because of high raw material prices, an oversupply of a particular product and/or a lack of demand for that particular product, which makes production uneconomical. Temporary outages sometimes last for several quarters or, in certain cases, longer and cause us to incur costs, including the expenses of maintaining and restarting these facilities. Factors such as increases in raw material costs or lower demand in the future may cause us to further reduce operating rates, idle facilities or exit uncompetitive businesses.
A lower level of economic activity in the United States, Europe or globally could result in a decline in demand for our products, which could adversely affect our net sales and margins and limit our future growth prospects. Furthermore, sustained lower prices of crude oil, such as the prices experienced from the third quarter of 2014 through 2020, have led and may lead to lower margins in the United States. In addition, these risks could cause increased instability in the financial and insurance markets and could adversely affect our ability to access capital and to obtain insurance coverage that we consider adequate or is otherwise required by our contracts with third parties.
We operate internationally and are subject to related risks, including exchange rate fluctuations, exchange controls, political risk and other risks relating to international operations.
We operate internationally and are subject to the risks of doing business on a global basis. These risks include, but are not limited to, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, currency devaluations, imposition or the threat of trade barriers (which could, among other things, negatively impact our ability to export our products outside of the U.S.), imposition or the threat of tariffs and duties (which could, among other things, lead to lower demand for our products outside of the U.S.), restrictions on the transfer of funds, changes in law and regulatory requirements, involvement in judicial proceedings in unfavorable jurisdictions, economic instability and disruptions, political unrest and epidemics. U.S. foreign trade policies could lead to the imposition of additional trade barriers and tariffs on us in foreign jurisdictions. Our operating results could be negatively affected by any of these risks.
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Our inability to compete successfully may reduce our operating profits.
The petrochemical industry is highly competitive. Historically, there have been a number of mergers, acquisitions, spin-offs and joint ventures in the industry. This restructuring activity has resulted in fewer but more competitive producers, many of which are larger than we are and have greater financial resources than we do. Among our competitors are some of the world's largest chemical companies and chemical industry joint ventures. Competition within the petrochemical industry and in the manufacturing of building products is affected by a variety of factors, including:
product price;
balance of product supply/demand;
material, technology and process innovation;
technical support and customer service;
quality;
reliability of raw material and utility supply;
availability of potential substitute materials; and
product performance.
Changes in the competitive environment could have a material adverse effect on our business and our operations. These changes could include:
the emergence of new domestic and international competitors;
the rate of capacity additions by competitors;
the additions of export storage facilities for natural gas liquids, ethane and ethylene;
changes in customer base due to mergers;
the intensification of price competition in our markets;
the introduction of new or substitute products by competitors; and
the technological innovations of competitors.
Our production facilities process some volatile and hazardous materials that subject us to operating risks that could adversely affect our operating results.
We have manufacturing sites in North America, Europe and Asia. Our operations are subject to the usual hazards associated with chemical, plastics and building products manufacturing and the related use, storage, transportation and disposal of feedstocks, products and wastes, including:
pipeline leaks and ruptures;
explosions;
fires;
severe weather and natural disasters;
mechanical failure;
unscheduled downtime;
labor difficulties;
transportation interruptions;
transportation accidents involving our products;
remediation complications;
chemical spills, discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances or gases;
other environmental risks;
sabotage;
terrorist attacks; and
political unrest.
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According to some experts, global climate change could result in heightened hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico and other weather and natural disaster hazards worldwide. If this materializes, severe weather and natural disaster hazards could pose an even greater risk for our facilities, particularly those in Louisiana.
All these hazards can cause personal injury and loss of life, catastrophic damage to or destruction of property and equipment and environmental damage, and may result in a suspension of operations and the imposition of civil or criminal penalties. We are from time to time subject to environmental claims brought by governmental entities or third parties. A loss or shutdown over an extended period of operations at any one of our chemical manufacturing facilities would have a material adverse effect on us. We maintain property, business interruption and casualty insurance that we believe is in accordance with customary industry practices, but we cannot be fully insured against all potential hazards incident to our business, including losses resulting from war risks or terrorist acts. As a result of market conditions, premiums and deductibles for certain insurance policies can increase substantially and, in some instances, certain insurance may become unavailable or available only for reduced amounts of coverage. If we were to incur a significant liability for which we were not fully insured, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
We are exposed to significant losses from products liability, personal injury and other claims relating to the products we manufacture. Additionally, individuals currently seek, and likely will continue to seek, damages for alleged personal injury or property damage due to alleged exposure to chemicals at our facilities or to chemicals otherwise owned, controlled or manufactured by us. We are also subject to present and future claims with respect to workplace exposure, workers' compensation and other matters. Any such claims, whether with or without merit, could be time consuming, expensive to defend and could divert management's attention and resources. We maintain and expect to continue to maintain insurance for products liability, workplace exposure, workers' compensation and other claims, but the amount and scope of such insurance may not be adequate or available to cover a claim that is successfully asserted against us. In addition, such insurance could become more expensive and difficult to maintain and may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all. The results of any future litigation or claims are inherently unpredictable, but such outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
We rely on a limited number of outside suppliers for specified feedstocks and services.
We obtain a significant portion
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Table of our raw materials from a few key suppliers. If any of these suppliers is unable to meet its obligations under any present or future supply agreements, we may be forced to pay higher prices to obtain the necessary raw materials. Any interruption of supply or any price increase of raw materials could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. A vendor may choose, subject to existing contracts, to modify its relationship due to general economic concerns or concerns relating to the vendor or us, at any time. Any significant change in the terms that we have with our key suppliers, or any significant additional requirements from our suppliers that we provide them additional security in the form of prepayments or with letters of credits, could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.Contents
We rely heavily on third party transportation, which subjects us to risks and costs that we cannot control. Such risks and costs may materially adversely affect our operations.
We rely heavily on railroads, barges, pipelines, ships, trucks and other shipping companies to transport raw materials to the manufacturing facilities used by our businesses and to ship finished products to customers. These transport operations are subject to various hazards and risks, including extreme weather conditions, work stoppages and operating hazards (including pipeline leaks and ruptures and storage tank leaks), as well as interstate transportation regulations. In addition, the methods of transportation we utilize, including shipping chlorine and other chemicals by railroad, may be subject to additional, more stringent and more costly regulations in the future. If we are delayed or unable to ship finished products or unable to obtain raw materials as a result of any such new regulations or public policy changes related to transportation safety, or these transportation companies fail to operate properly, or if there were significant changes in the cost of these services due to new or additional regulations, or otherwise, we may not be able to arrange efficient alternatives and timely means to obtain raw materials or ship goods, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
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We may pursue acquisitions, dispositions, and joint ventures and/or other transactions that may impact our results of operations and financial condition. We may have difficulties integrating the operations of recently acquired businesses, such as Westlake Epoxy, and future acquired businesses.
We seek opportunities to maximize efficiency and create stockholder value through various transactions. These transactions may include domestic and international business combinations, purchases or sales of assets or contractual arrangements or joint ventures that are intended to result in the realization of synergies, the creation of efficiencies or the generation of cash to reduce debt. In this regard, we regularly consider acquisition opportunities that would be consistent or complementary to our existing business strategies. To the extent permitted under our credit facility, the indenture governing our senior notes and other debt agreements, some of these transactions may be financed by additional borrowings by us. Although we would pursue these transactions because we expect them to yield longer-term benefits if the efficiencies and synergies we expect are realized, they could adversely affect our results of operations in the short term because of the costs associated with such transactions and because they may divert management's attention from existing business operations. Other transactions may advance future cash flows from some of our businesses, thereby yielding increased short-term liquidity, but consequently resulting in lower cash flows from these operations over the longer term. These transactions may not yield the business benefits, synergies or financial benefits anticipated by management. Integration of acquired operations could lead to restructuring charges or other costs.
If we are unable to integrate or to successfully manage businesses that we may acquire in the future, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. We may not be able to realize the operating efficiencies, synergies, cost savings or other benefits expected from acquisitions for a number of reasons, including the following:
we may fail to integrate the businesses we acquire into a cohesive, efficient enterprise;
our resources, including management resources, are limited and may be strained if we engage in a large acquisition or significant number of acquisitions, and acquisitions may divert our management's attention from initiating or carrying out programs to save costs or enhance revenues; and
our failure to retain key employees and contracts of the businesses we acquire.
Future acquisitions could lead to significant restructuring or other changes.
Our operations and assets are subject to extensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations.
We use large quantities of hazardous substances and generate hazardous wastes and emissions in our manufacturing operations. Due to the associated quantities of hazardous substances and wastes, our industry is highly regulated and monitored by various environmental regulatory authorities such as the EPA, federal or state analogs in other countries and the European Union, which promulgated the Industrial Emission Directive ("IED"). As such, we are subject to extensive international, national, state and local laws, regulations and directives pertaining to pollution and protection of the environment, health and safety, which govern, among other things, emissions to the air, discharges onto land or waters, the maintenance of safe conditions in the workplace, the remediation of contaminated sites, and the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste materials. Some of these laws, regulations and directives are subject to varying and conflicting interpretations. Many of these laws, regulations and directives provide for substantial fines and potential criminal sanctions for violations and require the installation of costly pollution control equipment or operational changes to limit pollution emissions or reduce the likelihood or impact of hazardous substance releases, whether permitted or not. For example, all of our petrochemical facilities in the United States and Europe may require improvements to comply with certain changes in process safety management requirements.
New laws, rules and regulations as well as changes to laws, rules and regulations may also affect us. For example, on April 17, 2012, the EPA promulgated maximum achievable control technology ("MACT") standards for major sources and generally available control technology ("GACT") standards for area sources of PVC production. The rule sets emission limits and work practice standards for total organic air toxics and for three specific air toxics: vinyl chloride, chlorinated di-benzo dioxins and furans ("CD/DF") and hydrogen chloride and includes requirements to demonstrate initial and continuous compliance with the emission standards. In June 2012, the EPA received petitions for reconsideration of the rule. On November 9, 2020, the EPA proposed rule amendments to address issues raised in the petitions for reconsideration. While this rule is the subject of legal challenge and EPA reconsideration, the rule has not been stayed. Although we cannot predict the outcome or timing of the legal challenges or EPA reconsideration, the EPA's proposed rule amendments could require us to incur further capital expenditures, or increase our operating costs, to levels higher than what we have previously estimated.
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In March 2011, the EPA proposed amendments to the emission standards for hazardous air pollutants for mercury emissions from mercury cell chlor-alkali plants. These proposed amendments would require improvements in work practices to reduce fugitive mercury emissions. We operate a mercury cell production unit at our Natrium facility. We cannot predict the timing or content of the final regulation, or its ultimate cost to, or impact on us.
Our operations produce greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions, which have been the subject of increased scrutiny and regulation. In December 2015, the United States joined the international community at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris, France. The resulting Paris Agreement calls for the parties to undertake "ambitious efforts" to limit the average global temperature and to conserve and enhance sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases. The United States signed the Paris Agreement in April 2016, and the Paris Agreement went into effect in November 2016. In November 2019, the United States submitted formal notification to the United Nations that it intended to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. The withdrawal took effect in November 2020. However, President Joseph Biden signed an executive order on January 20, 2021 for reentry of the United States into the Paris Agreement. The terms and the timeline under which the United States may reenter the Paris Agreement, or a separately negotiated agreement, are unclear at this time. Legislation to regulate GHG emissions has periodically been introduced in the United States Congress, and such legislation may be proposed or adopted in the future. There has been a wide-ranging policy debate regarding the impact of these gases and possible means for their regulation. Some of the proposals would require industries to meet stringent new standards that would require substantial reductions in carbon emissions. Those reductions could be costly and difficult to implement.
Various jurisdictions have considered or adopted laws and regulations on GHG emissions, with the general aim of reducing such emissions. The EPA currently requires certain industrial facilities to report their GHG emissions, and to obtain permits with stringent control requirements before constructing or modifying new facilities with significant GHG emissions. In the European Union, the Emissions Trading Scheme obligates certain emitters to obtain GHG emission allowances to comply with a cap and trade system for GHG emissions. In addition, the European Union has committed to reduce domestic GHG emissions by at least 55% below the 1990 level by 2030. As our chemical manufacturing processes result in GHG emissions, these and other GHG laws and regulations could affect our costs of doing business.
Similarly, the Toxic Substances Control Act ("TSCA") imposes reporting, record-keeping and testing requirements, and restrictions relating to the production, handling, and use of chemical substances. The TSCA reform legislation enacted in June 2016 expanded the EPA's authority to review and regulate new and existing chemicals. Under the reform legislation, the EPA is required to, among other things, undertake rule making within statutory time frames related to: (1) chemical risk evaluation, designation and management; (2) reporting of mercury supply, use and trade; and (3) management of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemical substances ("PBTs"). In response to this mandate, the EPA issued rules establishing the EPA's process and criteria for identifying high priority chemicals for risk evaluation and setting the EPA's approach for determining whether these high priority chemicals present an unreasonable risk to health or the environment. Pursuant to its rules, the EPA designated certain chemical substances as high priority for risk evaluation. We manufacture several of these chemical substances. Although we cannot predict with certainty the extent of our future liabilities and costs at this time, we do not anticipate that the evaluation of these chemical substances will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows. In addition, the TSCA inventory reset rule required industry reporting of chemicals manufactured or processed in the United States over a 10-year period ending in 2016. This reporting is used by the EPA to identify which chemicals are active or inactive on the TSCA Inventory. Beginning in 2019, chemical manufacturers and processors are required to notify and obtain approval by the EPA before reintroducing inactive chemicals into commerce. A final mercury reporting rule published in June 2018 requires manufacturers, including manufacturers who use mercury in a manufacturing process, to report information about their mercury supply, use and trade. The first periodic reporting deadline under the mercury reporting rule was July 1, 2019. The EPA used the information collected to develop an inventory of mercury and mercury-added products as well as mercury-use manufacturing processes. The EPA also recommended actions and rule amendments based on the collected information. We cannot predict the timing or content of these actions or amendments, or their ultimate cost to, or impact on us.
Under the IED, European Union member state governments are expected to adopt rules and implement environmental permitting programs relating to air, water and waste for industrial facilities. In this context, concepts such as the "best available technique" are being explored. Future implementation of these concepts may result in technical modifications in our European facilities. In addition, under the Environmental Liability Directive, European Union member states can require the remediation of soil and groundwater contamination in certain circumstances, under the "polluter pays principle." We are unable to predict the impact these requirements and concepts may have on our future costs of compliance.
Local, state, federal and foreign governments have increasingly proposed or implemented restrictions on certain plastic-based products, including single-use plastics and plastic food packaging. Plastics have also faced increased public scrutiny due to negative coverage of plastic waste in the environment. Increased regulation on the use of plastics could cause reduced demand for our polyethylene products, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.
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These rules or future new, amended or proposed laws or rules could increase our costs or reduce our production, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows. In addition, we cannot accurately predict future developments, such as increasingly strict environmental and safety laws or regulations, and inspection and enforcement policies, as well as resulting higher compliance costs, which might affect the handling, manufacture, use, emission, disposal or remediation of products, other materials or hazardous and non-hazardous waste, and we cannot predict with certainty the extent of our future liabilities and costs under environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These liabilities and costs may be material.
We also may face liability for alleged personal injury or property damage due to exposure to chemicals or other hazardous substances at our facilities or to chemicals that we otherwise manufacture, handle or own. Although these types of claims have not historically had a material impact on our operations, a significant increase in the success of these types of claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows.
Environmental laws may have a significant effect on the nature and scope of, and responsibility for, cleanup of contamination at our current and former operating facilities, the costs of transportation and storage of raw materials and finished products, the costs of reducing emissions and the costs of the storage and disposal of wastewater. The U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ("CERCLA"), similar state laws and certain European directives impose joint and several liability for the costs of remedial investigations and actions on the entities that generated waste, arranged for disposal of the wastes, transported to or selected the disposal sites and the past and present owners and operators of such sites. All such potentially responsible parties (or any one of them, including us) may be required to bear all of such costs regardless of fault, legality of the original disposal or ownership of the disposal site. In addition, CERCLA, similar state laws and certain European directives could impose liability for damages to natural resources caused by contamination.
Although we seek to take preventive action, our operations are inherently subject to accidental spills, discharges or other releases of hazardous substances that may make us liable to governmental entities or private parties. This may involve contamination associated with our current and former facilities, facilities to which we sent wastes or by-products for treatment or disposal and other contamination. Accidental discharges may occur in the future, future action may be taken in connection with past discharges, governmental agencies may assess damages or penalties against us in connection with any past or future contamination, or third parties may assert claims against us for damages allegedly arising out of any past or future contamination. In addition, we may be liable for existing contamination related to certain of our facilities for which, in some cases, we believe third parties are liable in the event such third parties fail to perform their obligations.
Capital projects are subject to risks, including delays and cost overruns, which could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
We have capital expansion plans for our facilities. Expansion projects may be subject to delays or cost overruns, including delays or cost overruns resulting from any one or more of the following:
unexpectedly long delivery times for, or shortages of, key equipment, parts or materials;
shortages of skilled laborPublic and investor sentiment towards climate change and other personnel necessary to perform the work;
delaysenvironmental, social and performance issues;
failures or delays of third-party equipment vendors or service providers;
unforeseen increases in the cost of equipment, labor and raw materials;
work stoppages and other labor disputes;
unanticipated actual or purported change orders;
disputes with contractors and suppliers;
design and engineering problems;
latent damages or deterioration to equipment and machinery in excess of engineering estimates and assumptions;
financial or other difficulties of our contractors and suppliers;
sabotage;
terrorist attacks;
interference from adverse weather conditions; and
difficulties in obtaining necessary permits or in meeting permit conditions.
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Significant cost overruns or delays could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, actual capital expenditures could materially exceed our planned capital expenditures.
Our level of debtgovernance ("ESG") matters could adversely affect our ability to operate our business.
Ascost of December 31, 2020, our indebtedness, includingcapital and the current portion, totaled $3.6 billion, and our debt represented approximately 35%price of our total capitalization. Our annual interest expense for 2020 was $142 million, net of interest capitalized of $4 million. Our level of debt and the limitations imposed on us by our existing or future debt agreements could have significant consequences on our business and future prospects, including the following:
a portion of our cash flows from operations will be dedicated to the payment of interest and principal on our debt and will not be available for other purposes;common stock.
we may not be able to obtain necessary financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements or other purposes;
our less leveraged competitors could have a competitive advantage because they have greater flexibility to utilize their cash flows to improve their operations;
we may be exposed to risks inherent in interest rate fluctuations because some of our borrowings are at variable rates of interest, which would result in higher interest expense in the event of increases in interest rates;
we could be vulnerable in the event of a downturn in our business that would leave us less able to take advantage of significant business opportunities and to react to changes in our business and in market or industry conditions; and
should we pursue additional expansions of existing assets or acquisition of third-party assets, we may not be able to obtain additional liquidity at cost effective interest rates.
These factors could be magnified or accelerated to the extent we were to finance future acquisitions with significant amounts of debt.
To service our indebtedness and fund our capital requirements, we will require a significant amount of cash. Our ability to generate cash depends on many factors beyond our control.
Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness and to fund planned capital expenditures and pay cash dividends will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future, including any distributions that we may receive from Westlake Partners. This is subject to general economic, financial, currency, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control.
Our business may not generate sufficient cash flows from operations, we may not receive sufficient distributions from Westlake Partners, and currently anticipated cost savings and operating improvements may not be realized on schedule. We also generate revenues denominated in currencies other than that of our indebtedness and may have difficulty converting those revenues into the currency of our indebtedness. We may need to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness on or before maturity. In addition, we may not be able to refinance any of our indebtedness, including our credit facility and our senior notes, on commercially reasonable terms or at all. All of these factors could be magnified if we were to finance any future acquisitions with significant amounts of debt.
The Credit Agreement and the indenture governing certain of our senior notes impose significant operating and financial restrictions, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities and taking some actions.
The Credit Agreement and the indenture governing certain of our senior notes impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us. These restrictions limit our ability to:
incur additional indebtedness;
create liens;
sell all or substantially all of our assets or consolidate or merge with or into other companies; and
engage in sale-leaseback transactions.
These limitations are subject to a number of important qualifications and exceptions. The Credit Agreement also requires us to maintain a quarterly total leverage ratio.
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These covenants may adversely affect our ability to finance future business opportunities or acquisitions. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default in respect of the related debt. If a default occurred, the relevant lenders could elect to declare the debt, together with accrued interest and other fees, to be immediately due and payable. In addition, any acceleration of debt under the Credit Agreement will constitute a default under some of our other debt, including the indentures governing our senior notes.
Our participation in joint ventures and similar arrangements exposes us to a number of risks, including risks of shared control.
We are party to several joint ventures and similar arrangements, including an investment, together with Lotte Chemical USA Corporation ("Lotte"), in a joint venture, LACC, LLC ("LACC"), to build and operate an ethylene facility. Our participation in joint ventures and similar arrangements, by their nature, requires us to share control with unaffiliated third parties. If there are differences in views among joint venture participants in how to operate a joint venture that result in delayed decisions or the failure to make decisions, or our joint venture partners do not fulfill their obligations, the affected joint venture may not be able to operate according to its business plan and fulfill its obligations. In that case, we may be required to write down the value of our investment in a joint venture, increase the level of financial or other commitments to the joint venture or, if we have contractual agreements with the joint venture, our operations may be materially adversely affected. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Our operations could be adversely affected by labor relations.
The vast majority of our employees in Europe and Asia, and some of our employees in North America, are represented by labor unions and works councils. Our operations may be adversely affected by strikes, work stoppages and other labor disputes.
We have certain material pension and other post-retirement employment benefit ("OPEB") obligations. Future funding obligations related to these obligations could restrict cash available for our operations, capital expenditures or other requirements or require us to borrow additional funds.funds.
We have U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans covering certain current and former employees. Certain non-U.S. defined benefit plans associated with our European operations have not been funded and we are not obligated to fund those plans under applicable law. As of December 31, 2020, the projected benefit obligations for our pension and OPEB plans were $921 million and $67 million, respectively. The fair value of pension investment assets was $584 million as of December 31, 2020. The total underfunded status of the pension obligations calculated on a projected benefit obligation basis as of December 31, 2020 was $337 million, including the Westlake Defined Benefit Plan, which was underfunded by $154 million on an individual plan basis.
The unfunded OPEB obligations as of December 31, 2020 were $67 million. We will require future operating cash flows to fund our pension and OPEB obligations, which could restrict available cash for our operations, capital expenditures and other requirements. We may also not generate sufficient cash to satisfy these obligations, which could require us to seek funding from other sources, including through additional borrowings, which could materially increase our outstanding debt or debt service requirements.
If our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or other intangible assets become impaired in the future, we may be required to record non-cash charges to earnings, which could be significant.
Under GAAP, we review goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Other intangible assets are reviewed if events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. The process of impairment testing for our goodwill and intangible assets involves a number of judgments and estimates made by management including the fair values of assets and liabilities, future cash flows, our interpretation of current economic indicators and market conditions, overall economic conditions and our strategic operational plans with regards to our business units. If the judgments and estimates used in our analysis are not realized or change due to external factors, then actual results may not be consistent with these judgments and estimates, and our goodwill and intangible assets may become impaired in future periods. If our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or other intangible assets are determined to be impaired in the future, we may be required to record non-cash charges to earnings during the period in which the impairment is determined, which could be significant and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
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Failure to adequately protect critical data and technology systems could materially affect our operations.
Information technology system failures, network disruptions and breaches of data security due to internal or external factors including cyber-attacks could disrupt our operations by causing delays or cancellation of customer orders, impede the manufacture or shipment of products or cause standard business processes to become ineffective, resulting in the unintentional disclosure of information or damage to our reputation. While we have taken steps to address these concerns by implementing network security and internal control measures, including employee training, comprehensive monitoring of our networks and systems, maintenance of backup and protective systems and disaster recovery and incident response plans, our employees, systems, networks, products, facilities and services remain potentially vulnerable to sophisticated cyber-assault, especially while certain employees are working remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic, and, as such, there can be no assurance that a system failure, network disruption or data security breach will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange and interest rates could affect our consolidated financial results.
We earn revenues, pay expenses, own assets and incur liabilities in countries using currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Because our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, we must translate revenues and expenses into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rate during each reporting period, as well as assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the end of each reporting period. Therefore, increases or decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar against other major currencies will affect our net sales, operating income and the value of balance sheet items denominated in foreign currencies. Because of the geographic diversity of our operations, weaknesses in various currencies might occur in one or many of such currencies over time. From time to time, we may use derivative financial instruments to further reduce our net exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations. However, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, such as the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies, including, in particular, the Euro and the Canadian dollar, could nevertheless materially adversely affect our financial results.
In addition, we are exposed to volatility in interest rates. When appropriate, we may use derivative financial instruments to reduce our exposure to interest rate risks. However, our financial risk management program may not be successful in reducing the risks inherent in exposures to interest rate fluctuations.
Our property insurance has only partial coverage for acts of terrorism and, in the event of terrorist attack, we could lose net sales and our facilities.
Legal, Governmental and Regulatory Risks
Our insurance carriers maintain certain exclusions for losses from terrorism from our property insurance policies. While separate terrorism insurance coverage is available, premiums for full coverage are very expensive, especially for chemical facilities,operations and the policiesassets are subject to high deductibles. Available terrorism coverage typically excludes coverage for losses from actsextensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations.
Our operations and assets are subject to climate-related risks and uncertainties.
We are subject to operational and financial risks and liabilities associated with the implementation of war and from actsefforts to achieve our carbon emission reduction goals.
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
Our level of foreign governments as well as nuclear, biologicaldebt could adversely affect our ability to operate our business.
To service our indebtedness and chemical attacks. We have determined that it is not economically prudentfund our capital requirements, we will require a significant amount of cash. Our ability to obtain full terrorism insurance, especially givengenerate cash depends on many factors beyond our control.
The Credit Agreement and the significant risks that are not covered by such insurance. Where feasible we have secured some limited terrorism insurance coverage on our property where insurers have included it in their overall programs. In the event of a terrorist attack impacting one or moreindenture governing certain of our facilities, we could lose the net salessenior notes impose significant operating and financial restrictions, which may prevent us from the facilitiescapitalizing on business opportunities and the facilities themselves, and could become liable for any contamination or for personal or property damage due to exposure to hazardous materials caused by any catastrophic release that may result from a terrorist attack.taking some actions.
Risks Related to Taxes
A change in tax laws, treaties or regulations, or their interpretation or application, could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.
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We depend in part on distributions from Westlake Partners to generate cash for our operations, capital expenditures, debt service and other uses. Westlake Partners' tax treatment depends on its status as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, and it not being subject to a material amount of entity-level taxation. If the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") were to treat Westlake Partners as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, or if Westlake Partners became subject to entity-level taxation for state tax purposes, its cash available for distribution would be substantially reduced, which would also likely cause a substantial reduction in the value of its common units that we hold.
Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Securities
We will be controlled by our principal stockholder and its affiliates as long as they own a majority of our common stock, and our other stockholders will be unable to affect the outcome of stockholder voting during that time. Our interests may conflict with those of the principal stockholder and its affiliates, and we may not be able to resolve these conflicts on terms possible in arms-length transactions.
Risk Related to Business, Industry and Operations
The impact and effects of public health crises, pandemics and epidemics, including the ongoing coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Public health crises, pandemics and epidemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The COVID-19 pandemic, at its peak, resulted in authorities implementing numerous measures to try to contain the disease, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders and shutdowns, among others. There were widespread adverse impacts on the global economy, many of our facilities and on our employees, customers and suppliers. We encountered supply chain constraints and disruptions and workforce availability issues as a result of COVID-19 related actions. COVID-19-pandemic-related measures continue to impact certain parts of the world.
At the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, we modified certain business practices (including those related to employee travel, employee work locations and employee work practices) to conform to government restrictions and best practices encouraged by governmental and regulatory authorities. The ultimate extent of the impact of COVID-19 on our business, financial condition and results of operations will depend largely on future developments, including the resurgence and duration of COVID-19 across the world and in regions in which we operate, the impact of governmental actions designed to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and the development, availability, timely distribution and acceptance of effective treatments and vaccines worldwide, all of which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with certainty at this time.
Cyclicality in the petrochemical industry has in the past, and may in the future, result in reduced operating margins or operating losses.
Our historical operating results reflect the cyclical and volatile nature of the petrochemical industry. The industry is mature and capital intensive. Margins in this industry are sensitive to supply and demand balances both domestically and internationally, which historically have been cyclical. The cycles are generally characterized by periods of tight supply, leading to high operating rates and margins, followed by periods of oversupply primarily resulting from excess new capacity additions, leading to reduced operating rates and lower margins.
Moreover, profitability in the petrochemical industry is affected by the worldwide level of demand along with vigorous price competition which may intensify due to, among other things, new industry capacity. In general, weak economic conditions reduce demand and put pressure on margins. It is not possible to predict accurately the supply and demand balances, market conditions and other factors that will affect industry operating margins in the future.
New capacity additions, principally of olefins in North America, Asia and the Middle East, a number of which have been recently completed, may lead to periods of over-supply and lower profitability. As a result, our Performance and Essential Materials segment operating margins may be negatively impacted.
The impact of COVID-19 and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine may lead to further supply chain constraints, supply and demand shifts, workforce availability issues and increased uncertainty in general economic and business conditions including inflationary pressures, increasing interest rates and possible recession.
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We sell commodity products in highly competitive markets and face significant competition and price pressure.
We sell our products in highly competitive markets. Due to the commodity nature of many of our products, competition in these markets is based primarily on price and to a lesser extent on performance, product quality, product deliverability and customer service. As a result, we generally are not able to protect our market position for these products by product differentiation and may not be able to pass on cost increases to our customers. Accordingly, increases in raw material and other costs may not necessarily correlate with changes in prices for these products, either in the direction of the price change or in magnitude. Specifically, timing differences in pricing between raw material prices, which may change daily, and contract product prices, which in many cases are negotiated monthly or less often, sometimes with an additional lag in effective dates for increases, have had and may continue to have a negative effect on profitability. Significant volatility in raw material costs tends to place pressure on product margins as sales price increases could lag behind raw material cost increases. Conversely, when raw material costs decrease, customers could seek relief in the form of lower sales prices.
Volatility in costs of raw materials and energy may result in increased operating expenses and adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.
Significant variations in the costs and availability of raw materials and energy may negatively affect our results of operations. These costs have risen significantly in the past due primarily to oil and natural gas cost increases. We purchase significant amounts of ethane feedstock, natural gas, ethylene and salt to produce several basic chemicals. We also purchase significant amounts of electricity to supply the energy required in our production processes. The cost of these raw materials and energy, in the aggregate, represents a substantial portion of our operating expenses. The prices of raw materials and energy generally follow price trends of, and vary with market conditions for, crude oil and natural gas, which are highly volatile and cyclical, as well as the ability of domestic producers to export natural gas liquids, ethane and ethylene. Changes to regulatory policies applicable to the German energy sector for industrial users have contributed to higher prices for industrial users of energy in the past and may continue to do so in the future. Our results of operations have been and could in the future be significantly affected by increases in these costs.
Price increases increase our working capital needs and, accordingly, can adversely affect our liquidity and cash flows. In addition, because we utilize the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method of inventory accounting, during periods of falling raw material prices and declining sales prices, our results of operations for a particular reporting period could be negatively impacted as the lower sales prices would be reflected in operating income more quickly than the corresponding drop in feedstock costs. We use derivative instruments (including commodity swaps and options) in an attempt to reduce price volatility risk on some feedstock commodities. In the future, we may decide not to hedge any of our raw material costs or any hedges we enter into may not have successful results. Also, our hedging activities involve credit risk associated with our hedging counterparties, and a deterioration in the financial markets could adversely affect our hedging counterparties and their abilities to fulfill their obligations to us.
Lower prices of crude oil, such as those experienced from the third quarter of 2014 through 2020, led to a reduction in the cost advantage for natural gas liquids-based ethylene crackers in North America, such as ours, as compared to naphtha-based ethylene crackers. As a result, our margins and cash flows were negatively impacted. Lower crude oil and natural gas prices could lead to a reduction in hydraulic fracturing in the United States, which could reduce the availability of feedstock and increase prices of feedstock for our operations. Higher natural gas prices could also adversely affect our ability to export products that we produce in the United States. In addition to the impact that this has on our exports from the United States, reduced competitiveness of U.S. producers also has in the past increased the availability of chemicals in North America, as U.S. production that would otherwise have been sold overseas was instead offered for sale domestically, resulting in excess supply and lower prices in North America. We could also face the threat of imported products from countries that have a cost advantage. Furthermore, additional export storage facilities for natural gas liquids, ethane and ethylene may lead to higher exports of such products from the United States or greater restrictions on hydraulic fracturing could restrict the availability of our raw materials in the United States, thereby increasing our costs.
External factors beyond our control can cause fluctuations in demand for our products and in our prices and margins, which may negatively affect our results of operations and cash flows.
External factors beyond our control can cause volatility in raw material prices, demand for our products, product prices and volumes and deterioration in operating margins. These factors can also magnify the impact of economic cycles on our business and results of operations. Examples of external factors include:
general economic and business conditions, including in North America, Europe and Asia, including inflation, increasing interest rates and possible recession;
new capacity additions in North America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East;
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the level of business activity in the industries that use our products;
competitor action;
technological innovations;
currency fluctuations;
the impact of supply chain constraints and workforce availability;
international events and circumstances;
pandemics, such as COVID-19 pandemic, and other public health threats and efforts to contain their transmission;
war, sabotage, terrorism and civil unrest, including the conflict between Russia and Ukraine;
governmental regulation, including in the United States, Europe and Asia;
public attitude towards climate change and safety, health and the environment;
perceptions of our products by potential buyers of our products, as well as the public generally, and related changes in behavior, including with respect to recycling;
severe weather and natural disasters; and
credit worthiness of customers and vendors.
A number of our products are highly dependent on durable goods markets, such as housing and construction, which are themselves particularly cyclical. Weakness in the U.S. residential housing market and economic weakness in North America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East could have an adverse effect on demand and margins for our products. Further, increasing interest rates, inflationary pressures and the possibility of recession can have an unfavorable impact on the demand for housing and our products.
We may reduce production at or idle a facility for an extended period of time or exit a business because of high raw material prices, an oversupply of a particular product and/or a lack of demand for that particular product, which makes production uneconomical. Temporary outages sometimes last for several quarters or, in certain cases, longer and cause us to incur costs, including the expenses of maintaining and restarting these facilities. Factors such as increases in raw material costs or lower demand in the future may cause us to further reduce operating rates, idle facilities or exit uncompetitive businesses.
A lower level of economic activity in the United States, Europe or globally could result in a decline in demand for our products, which could adversely affect our net sales and margins and limit our future growth prospects. In addition, these risks could cause increased instability in the financial and insurance markets and could adversely affect our ability to access capital and to obtain insurance coverage that we consider adequate or is otherwise required by our contracts with third parties.
The housing market may continue its recent decline or decline further, and any such continuation or decline in the homebuilding industry may adversely affect our operating results.
We cannot predict whether and to what extent the housing market in the United States will grow, particularly if interest rates for mortgage loans continue to rise. The U.S. housing market remained strong throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, but began softening at the end of the second quarter of 2022 and continued to decline in the second half of 2022 primarily due to inflationary pricing, rapidly rising interest rates for mortgage loans and increasing construction costs. Other factors that might impact the homebuilding industry include uncertainty in domestic and international financial, credit and consumer lending markets amid slow economic growth or recessionary conditions in various regions or industries around the world, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, tight lending standards and practices for mortgage loans that limit consumers' ability to qualify for mortgage financing to purchase a home, higher home prices, population declines or slower rates of population growth or U.S. Federal Reserve policy changes.
If there is limited economic growth, a decline in employment and consumer income, a general change in consumer behavior, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and/or tightening of mortgage lending standards, practices and regulation, or if interest rates for mortgage loans or home prices rise, there could be a corresponding adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, including, but not limited to, the amount of revenues or profits we generate in our Housing and Infrastructure Products segment.
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We operate internationally and are subject to related risks, including exchange rate fluctuations, exchange controls, political risk and other risks relating to international operations.
We operate internationally and are subject to the risks of doing business on a global basis. These risks include, but are not limited to, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, currency devaluations, imposition or the threat of trade barriers (which could, among other things, negatively impact our ability to export our products outside of the United States), imposition or the threat of tariffs and duties (which could, among other things, lead to lower demand for our products outside of the United States), inflationary pressures and possibility of recession, restrictions on the transfer of funds, changes in law and regulatory requirements, involvement in judicial proceedings in unfavorable jurisdictions, economic instability and disruptions, political unrest and epidemics. U.S. foreign trade policies could lead to the imposition of additional trade barriers and tariffs on us in foreign jurisdictions. Our operating results could be negatively affected by any of these risks.
Our inability to compete successfully may reduce our operating profits.
The industries in which we operate are highly competitive. Historically, there have been a number of mergers, acquisitions, spin-offs and joint ventures in the industry. This restructuring activity has resulted in fewer but more competitive producers, many of which are larger than we are and have greater financial resources than we do. Among our competitors are some of the world's largest chemical companies and chemical industry joint ventures. Competition within the petrochemical industry and in the manufacturing of housing and infrastructure products is affected by a variety of factors, including:
product price;
balance of product supply/demand;
material, technology and process innovation;
technical support and customer service;
quality;
reliability of raw material and utility supply;
availability of potential substitute materials; and
product performance.
Changes in the competitive environment could have a material adverse effect on our business and our operations. These changes could include:
the emergence of new domestic and international competitors;
the rate of capacity additions by competitors;
the additions of export storage facilities for natural gas liquids, ethane and ethylene;
changes in customer base due to mergers;
the intensification of price competition in our markets;
the introduction of new or substitute products by competitors; and
the technological innovations of competitors.
Our production facilities process some volatile and hazardous materials that subject us to operating risks that could adversely affect our operating results.
We have manufacturing sites in North America, Europe and Asia. Our operations are subject to the usual hazards associated with chemical, plastics, housing and infrastructure products manufacturing and the related use, storage, transportation and disposal of feedstocks, products and wastes, including:
pipeline leaks and ruptures;
explosions;
fires;
severe weather and natural disasters;
mechanical failure;
unscheduled downtime;
labor difficulties;
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transportation interruptions;
transportation accidents involving our products;
remediation complications;
chemical spills, discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances or gases;
other environmental risks;
sabotage;
terrorist attacks; and
political unrest.
All of these hazards can cause personal injury and loss of life, catastrophic damage to or destruction of property and equipment and environmental damage, and may result in a suspension of operations and the imposition of civil or criminal penalties. We are from time to time subject to environmental claims brought by governmental entities or third parties. A loss or shutdown over an extended period of operations at any one of our chemical manufacturing facilities would have a material adverse effect on us. We maintain property, business interruption and casualty insurance that we believe is in accordance with customary industry practices, but we cannot be fully insured against all potential hazards incident to our business, including losses resulting from war risks or terrorist acts. As a result of market conditions, premiums and deductibles for certain insurance policies can increase substantially and, in some instances, certain insurance may become unavailable or available only for reduced amounts of coverage. If we were to incur a significant liability for which we were not fully insured, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
We are exposed to significant losses from products liability, personal injury and other claims relating to the products we manufacture. Additionally, individuals currently seek, and likely will continue to seek, damages for alleged personal injury or property damage due to alleged exposure to chemicals at our facilities or to chemicals otherwise owned, controlled or manufactured by us. We are also subject to present and future claims with respect to workplace exposure, workers' compensation and other matters. Any such claims, whether with or without merit, could be time consuming, expensive to defend and could divert management's attention and resources. We maintain and expect to continue to maintain insurance for products liability, workplace exposure, workers' compensation and other claims, but the amount and scope of such insurance may not be adequate or available to cover a claim that is successfully asserted against us. In addition, such insurance could become more expensive and difficult to maintain and may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all. The results of any future litigation or claims are inherently unpredictable, but such outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
We rely on a limited number of outside suppliers for specified feedstocks and services.
We obtain a significant portion of our raw materials from a few key suppliers. If any of these suppliers is unable to meet its obligations under any present or future supply agreements, we may be forced to pay higher prices to obtain the necessary raw materials. Any interruption of supply or any price increase of raw materials could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. A vendor may choose, subject to existing contracts, to modify its relationship due to general economic concerns or concerns relating to the vendor or us, at any time. Any significant change in the terms that we have with our key suppliers, or any significant additional requirements from our suppliers that we provide them additional security in the form of prepayments or with letters of credits, could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
We rely heavily on third party transportation, which subjects us to risks and costs that we cannot control. Such risks and costs may materially adversely affect our operations.
We rely heavily on railroads, barges, pipelines, ships, trucks and other shipping companies to transport raw materials to the manufacturing facilities used by our businesses and to ship finished products to customers. These transport operations are subject to various hazards and risks, including extreme weather conditions, work stoppages and operating hazards (including pipeline leaks and ruptures and storage tank leaks), as well as interstate transportation regulations. In addition, the methods of transportation we utilize, including shipping chlorine and other chemicals by railroad, may be subject to additional, more stringent and more costly regulations in the future. If we are delayed or unable to ship finished products or unable to obtain raw materials as a result of any such new regulations or public policy changes related to transportation safety, or these transportation companies fail to operate properly, or if there were significant changes in the cost of these services due to new or additional regulations, or otherwise, we may not be able to arrange efficient alternatives and timely means to obtain raw materials or ship goods, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
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We may pursue acquisitions, dispositions, joint ventures or other transactions that may impact our results of operations and financial condition. We may have difficulties integrating the operations of recently acquired businesses, such as Westlake Epoxy, and future acquired businesses.
We seek opportunities to maximize efficiency and create stockholder value through various transactions. These transactions may include domestic and international business combinations, purchases or sales of assets or contractual arrangements or joint ventures. In this regard, we regularly consider acquisition opportunities that would be consistent or complementary to our existing business strategies. To the extent permitted under our credit facility, the indenture governing our senior notes and other debt agreements, some of these transactions may be financed by additional borrowings by us. Although we would pursue these transactions because we expect them to yield longer-term benefits if the efficiencies and synergies we expect are realized, they could adversely affect our results of operations in the short term because of the costs associated with such transactions and because they may divert management's attention from existing business operations. These transactions may not yield the business benefits, synergies or financial benefits anticipated by management. Integration of acquired operations could lead to restructuring charges or other costs.
Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of recent acquisitions will depend, to a large extent, on our ability to integrate our business with the acquired businesses. The combination of such independent businesses is a complex, costly and time-consuming process. As a result, we have devoted, and will continue to devote significant management attention and resources to integrating business practices and operations. The integration process may disrupt the businesses and, if implemented ineffectively or if impacted by unforeseen negative economic or market conditions or other factors, we may not realize the full anticipated benefits of the acquisitions. Our failure to meet the challenges involved in integrating such businesses could adversely affect our results of operations.
In addition, the overall integration of the businesses may result in material unanticipated problems, expenses, liabilities, competitive responses, loss of customer relationships, or diversion of management's attention. Even if the operations of our businesses acquired are integrated successfully, we may not realize the full benefits of the acquisitions, including the synergies, cost savings or sales or growth opportunities that we expect. These benefits may not be achieved within the anticipated time frame, or at all. Furthermore, additional unanticipated costs may be incurred in the integration of the businesses. All of these factors could decrease or delay the expected benefits of the acquisitions and negatively impact us.
If we are unable to integrate or to successfully manage businesses that we may acquire in the future, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. We may not be able to realize the operating efficiencies, synergies, cost savings or other benefits expected from acquisitions for a number of reasons, including the following:
we may fail to integrate the businesses we acquire into a cohesive, efficient enterprise;
our resources, including management resources, are limited and may be strained if we engage in a large acquisition or significant number of acquisitions, and acquisitions may divert our management's attention from initiating or carrying out programs to save costs or enhance revenues; and
our failure to retain key employees and contracts of the businesses we acquire.
Capital projects are subject to risks, including delays and cost overruns, which could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
We have capital expansion plans for our facilities. Expansion projects may be subject to delays or cost overruns, including delays or cost overruns resulting from any one or more of the following:
unexpectedly long delivery times for, or shortages of, key equipment, parts or materials;
shortages of skilled labor and other personnel necessary to perform the work;
delays and performance issues;
failures or delays of third-party equipment vendors or service providers;
unforeseen increases in the cost of equipment, labor and raw materials;
work stoppages and other labor disputes;
unanticipated actual or purported change orders;
disputes with contractors and suppliers;
design and engineering problems;
latent damages or deterioration to equipment and machinery in excess of engineering estimates and assumptions;
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financial or other difficulties of our contractors and suppliers;
sabotage;
terrorist attacks;
interference from adverse weather conditions; and
difficulties in obtaining necessary permits or in meeting permit conditions.
Significant cost overruns or delays could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, actual capital expenditures could materially exceed our planned capital expenditures.
Public and investor sentiment towards climate change and other environmental, social and governance ("ESG") matters could adversely affect our cost of capital and the price of our common stock.
There have been intensifying efforts within the investment community (including investment advisors, investment fund managers, sovereign wealth funds, public pension funds, universities and individual investors) to promote the divestment of, or limit investment in, the stock of companies in the petrochemical industry. There has also been pressure on lenders and other financial services companies to limit or curtail financing of companies in the industry. Because we operate within the petrochemical industry, if these efforts continue or expand, our stock price and our ability to raise capital may be negatively impacted.
Members of the investment community are increasing their focus on ESG practices and disclosures by public companies, including practices and disclosures related to climate change and sustainability, DEI initiatives and heightened governance standards. As a result, we may continue to face increasing pressure regarding our ESG disclosures and practices. Additionally, members of the investment community may screen companies such as ours for ESG disclosures and performance before investing in our stock. Over the past few years, there has also been an acceleration in investor demand for ESG investing opportunities, and many large institutional investors have committed to increasing the percentage of their portfolios that are allocated towards ESG investments. With respect to any of these investors, our ESG disclosures and efforts may not satisfy the investor requirements or their requirements may not be made known to us. If we or our securities are unable to meet the ESG standards or investment criteria set by these investors and funds, we may lose investors or investors may allocate a portion of their capital away from us, our cost of capital may increase, and our stock price may be negatively impacted.
Our participation in joint ventures and similar arrangements exposes us to a number of risks, including risks of shared control.
We are party to several joint ventures and similar arrangements, including an investment, together with Lotte Chemical USA Corporation ("Lotte"), in a joint venture, LACC, LLC ("LACC"), to build and operate an ethylene facility. Our participation in joint ventures and similar arrangements, by their nature, requires us to share control with unaffiliated third parties. If there are differences in views among joint venture participants in how to operate a joint venture that result in delayed decisions or the failure to make decisions, or our joint venture partners do not fulfill their obligations, the affected joint venture may not be able to operate according to its business plan and fulfill its obligations. In that case, we may be required to write down the value of our investment in a joint venture, increase the level of financial or other commitments to the joint venture or, if we have contractual agreements with the joint venture, our operations may be materially adversely affected. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Our operations could be adversely affected by labor relations.
The vast majority of our employees in Europe and Asia, and some of our employees in North America, are represented by labor unions and works councils. Our operations may be adversely affected by strikes, work stoppages and other labor disputes.
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We have certain material pension and other post-retirement employment benefit ("OPEB") obligations. Future funding obligations related to these obligations could restrict cash available for our operations, capital expenditures or other requirements or require us to borrow additional funds.
We have U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans covering certain current and former employees. Certain non-U.S. defined benefit plans associated with our European operations have not been funded and we are not obligated to fund those plans under applicable law. As of December 31, 2022, the projected benefit obligations for our pension and OPEB plans were $1,048 million and $49 million, respectively. The fair value of pension investment assets was $785 million as of December 31, 2022. The total underfunded status of the pension obligations calculated on a projected benefit obligation basis as of December 31, 2022 was $263 million, including the Westlake Defined Benefit Plan and the Vinnolit Pension Plan (locally known as 'Grund- und Zusatzversorgung' in Germany), which were underfunded by $81 million and $107 million, respectively, on an individual plan basis.
The unfunded OPEB obligations as of December 31, 2022 were $49 million. We will require future operating cash flows to fund our pension and OPEB obligations, which could restrict available cash for our operations, capital expenditures and other requirements. We may also not generate sufficient cash to satisfy these obligations, which could require us to seek funding from other sources, including through additional borrowings, which could materially increase our outstanding debt or debt service requirements.
If our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or other intangible assets become impaired in the future, we may be required to record non-cash charges to earnings, which could be significant.
Under GAAP, we review goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Other intangible assets are reviewed if events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. The process of impairment testing for our goodwill and intangible assets involves a number of judgments and estimates made by management including the fair values of assets and liabilities, future cash flows, our interpretation of current economic indicators and market conditions, overall economic conditions and our strategic operational plans with regards to our business units. If the judgments and estimates used in our analysis are not realized or change due to external factors, then actual results may not be consistent with these judgments and estimates, and our goodwill and intangible assets may become impaired in future periods. If our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or other intangible assets are determined to be impaired in the future, we may be required to record non-cash charges to earnings during the period in which the impairment is determined, which could be significant and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Failure to adequately protect critical data and technology systems could materially affect our operations.
Information technology system failures, network disruptions and breaches of data security due to internal or external factors including cyber-attacks could disrupt our operations by causing delays or cancellation of customer orders, impede the manufacture or shipment of products or cause standard business processes to become ineffective, resulting in the unintentional disclosure of information or damage to our reputation. Cyber-attacks could include, but are not limited to, ransomware attacks, malicious software, attempts to gain unauthorized access to our data and the unauthorized release, corruption or loss of our data and personal information, interruptions in communication, loss of our intellectual property or theft of our sensitive or proprietary technology, loss or damage to our data delivery systems, or other cybersecurity and infrastructure systems, including our property and equipment. We have taken steps to address these risks by implementing network security and internal control measures, including employee training, comprehensive monitoring of our networks and systems, maintenance of backup and protective systems and disaster recovery and incident response plans. Our employees, systems, networks, products, facilities and services remain potentially vulnerable to sophisticated cyber-assault, especially while certain employees are working remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic, and, as such, there can be no assurance that a system failure, network disruption or data security breach will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows.
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Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange and interest rates could affect our consolidated financial results.
We earn revenues, pay expenses, own assets and incur liabilities in countries using currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Because our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, we must translate revenues and expenses into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rate during each reporting period, as well as assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the end of each reporting period. Therefore, increases or decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar against other major currencies will affect our net sales, operating income and the value of balance sheet items denominated in foreign currencies. Because of the geographic diversity of our operations, weaknesses in various currencies might occur in one or many of such currencies over time. From time to time, we may use derivative financial instruments to further reduce our net exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations. However, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, such as the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies, including, in particular, the Euro and the Canadian dollar, could nevertheless materially adversely affect our financial results.
In addition, we are exposed to volatility in interest rates. When appropriate, we may use derivative financial instruments to reduce our exposure to interest rate risks. However, our financial risk management program may not be successful in reducing the risks inherent in exposures to interest rate fluctuations.
Our property insurance has only partial coverage for acts of terrorism and, in the event of terrorist attack, we could lose net sales and our facilities.
Our insurance carriers maintain certain exclusions for losses from terrorism from our property insurance policies. While separate terrorism insurance coverage is available, premiums for full coverage are very expensive, especially for chemical facilities, and the policies are subject to high deductibles. Available terrorism coverage typically excludes coverage for losses from acts of war and from acts of foreign governments as well as nuclear, biological and chemical attacks. We have determined that it is not economically prudent to obtain full terrorism insurance, especially given the significant risks that are not covered by such insurance. Where feasible we have secured some limited terrorism insurance coverage on our property where insurers have included it in their overall programs. In the event of a terrorist attack impacting one or more of our facilities, we could lose the net sales from the facilities and the facilities themselves, and could become liable for any contamination or for personal or property damage due to exposure to hazardous materials caused by any catastrophic release that may result from a terrorist attack.
Legal, Governmental and Regulatory Risks
Our operations and assets are subject to extensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations.
We use large quantities of hazardous substances and generate hazardous wastes and emissions in our manufacturing operations. Due to the associated quantities of hazardous substances and wastes, our industry is highly regulated and monitored by various environmental regulatory authorities such as the EPA, federal or state analogs in other countries and the European Union, which promulgated the Industrial Emission Directive ("IED"). As such, we are subject to extensive international, national, state and local laws, regulations and directives pertaining to pollution and protection of the environment, health and safety, which govern, among other things, emissions to the air, discharges onto land or waters, the maintenance of safe conditions in the workplace, the remediation of contaminated sites, and the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste materials. Some of these laws, regulations and directives are subject to varying and conflicting interpretations. Many of these laws, regulations and directives provide for substantial fines and potential criminal sanctions for violations and require the installation of costly pollution control equipment or operational changes to limit pollution emissions or reduce the likelihood or impact of hazardous substance releases, whether permitted or not. For example, all of our petrochemical facilities in the United States and Europe may require improvements to comply with certain changes in process safety management requirements.
New laws, rules and regulations as well as changes to laws, rules and regulations may also affect us. For example, on April 17, 2012, the EPA promulgated maximum achievable control technology standards for major sources and generally available control technology standards for area sources of PVC production. The rule sets emission limits and work practice standards for total organic air toxics and for three specific air toxics: vinyl chloride, chlorinated di-benzo dioxins and furans and hydrogen chloride and includes requirements to demonstrate initial and continuous compliance with the emission standards. In June 2012, the EPA received petitions for reconsideration of the rule. On November 9, 2020, the EPA proposed rule amendments to address issues raised in the petitions for reconsideration. While this rule is the subject of legal challenge and EPA reconsideration, the rule has not been stayed. Although we cannot predict the outcome or timing of the legal challenges or EPA reconsideration, the EPA's proposed rule amendments could require us to incur further capital expenditures, or increase our operating costs, to levels higher than what we have previously estimated.
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In March 2011, the EPA proposed amendments to the national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants ("NESHAPs") for mercury emissions from mercury cell chlor-alkali plants. These proposed amendments would require improvements in work practices to reduce fugitive mercury emissions. In addition, on January 8, 2021, the EPA proposed amendments to the 2003 NESHAPs for mercury cell chlor-alkali plants residual risk and technology review. Among other things, the proposed rule would require work practice standards for the cell rooms and instrumental monitoring of cell room fugitive emissions, modify regulatory provisions regarding startup, shutdown, and malfunctions, and add standards for fugitive chlorine emissions from mercury cell chlor-alkali plants, which are not currently regulated under the NESHAP. The EPA extended the public comment period on the proposed rule to March 24, 2021. These amendments were finalized effective as of May 6, 2022. We operate a mercury cell production unit at our Natrium facility. Compliance with the final amendments may result in additional restrictions on our operations or increased compliance costs.
Our operations produce greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions, which have been the subject of increased scrutiny and regulation. In December 2015, the United States joined the international community at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris, France. The resulting Paris Agreement calls for the parties to undertake "ambitious efforts" to limit the average global temperature and to conserve and enhance sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases. The United States signed the Paris Agreement in April 2016, and the Paris Agreement went into effect in November 2016. In November 2019, the United States submitted formal notification to the United Nations that it intended to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. The withdrawal took effect in November 2020. However, President Biden signed an executive order on January 20, 2021 for reentry of the United States into the Paris Agreement and on February 19, 2021, President Biden formally rejoined the Paris Agreement. As part of rejoining the Paris Agreement, President Biden announced that the United States would commit to a 50 to 52 percent reduction from 2005 levels of GHG emissions by 2030 and set the goal of reaching net-zero GHG emissions by 2050. Legislation to regulate GHG emissions has periodically been introduced in the United States Congress, and such legislation may be proposed or adopted in the future. There has been a wide-ranging policy debate regarding the impact of these gases and possible means for their regulation. Some of the proposals would require industries to meet stringent new standards that would require substantial reductions in carbon emissions. The adoption and implementation of any international, federal or state legislation or regulations that restrict emissions of GHGs could result in increased compliance costs or additional operating restrictions.
Various jurisdictions have considered or adopted laws and regulations on GHG emissions, with the general aim of reducing such emissions. The EPA currently requires certain industrial facilities to report their GHG emissions, and to obtain permits with stringent control requirements before constructing or modifying new facilities with significant GHG emissions. In the European Union, the Emissions Trading Scheme obligates certain emitters to obtain GHG emission allowances to comply with a cap and trade system for GHG emissions. In addition, the European Union has committed to reduce domestic GHG emissions by at least 57% below the 1990 level by 2030. As our chemical manufacturing processes result in GHG emissions, these and other GHG laws and regulations could affect our costs of doing business.
Similarly, the Toxic Substances Control Act ("TSCA") imposes reporting, record-keeping and testing requirements, and restrictions relating to the production, handling, and use of chemical substances. The TSCA reform legislation enacted in June 2016 expanded the EPA's authority to review and regulate new and existing chemicals. Under the reform legislation, the EPA is required to, among other things, undertake rule making within statutory time frames related to: (1) chemical risk evaluation, designation and management; (2) reporting of mercury supply, use and trade; and (3) management of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemical substances ("PBTs"). In response to this mandate, the EPA issued rules establishing the EPA's process and criteria for identifying high priority chemicals for risk evaluation and setting the EPA's approach for determining whether these high priority chemicals present an unreasonable risk to health or the environment. Pursuant to its rules, the EPA designated certain chemical substances as high priority for risk evaluation. We manufacture several of these chemical substances. Although we cannot predict with certainty the extent of our future liabilities and costs at this time, we do not anticipate that the evaluation of these chemical substances will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows. In addition, the TSCA inventory reset rule required industry reporting of chemicals manufactured or processed in the United States over a 10-year period ending in 2016. This reporting is used by the EPA to identify which chemicals are active or inactive on the TSCA Inventory. Beginning in 2019, chemical manufacturers and processors are required to notify and obtain approval by the EPA before reintroducing inactive chemicals into commerce. A final mercury reporting rule published in June 2018 requires manufacturers, including manufacturers who use mercury in a manufacturing process, to report information about their mercury supply, use and trade. The first periodic reporting deadline under the mercury reporting rule was July 1, 2019. The EPA used the information collected to develop an inventory of mercury and mercury-added products as well as mercury-use manufacturing processes. The EPA also recommended actions and rule amendments based on the collected information. We cannot predict the timing or content of these actions or amendments, or their ultimate cost to, or impact on us.
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On June 28, 2021, the EPA proposed reporting and recordkeeping requirements for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances ("PFAS") under TSCA. The proposed rule would require manufacturers, and importers, that have manufactured or imported PFAS chemicals since January 1, 2011, to electronically report information regarding PFAS uses, production volumes, disposal, exposures, and hazards. The EPA has not yet issued a final rule; however, PFAS chemicals have come under increased scrutiny by federal, state, and local governments. For example, many states have banned the use of PFAS in certain consumer products and set Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFAS in drinking water. The EPA is also considering regulating certain PFAS chemicals under the Safe Drinking Water Act, and has announced that it intends to develop a proposed National Primary Drinking Water Regulation for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid ("PFOS") and perfluorooctanoic acid ("PFOA"), two of the most common PFAS chemicals. We are unable to predict the impact these requirements and concepts may have on our future costs of compliance.
Under the IED, European Union member state governments are expected to adopt rules and implement environmental permitting programs relating to air, water and waste for industrial facilities. In this context, concepts such as the "best available technique" are being explored. Future implementation of these concepts may result in technical modifications in our European facilities. In addition, under the Environmental Liability Directive, European Union member states can require the remediation of soil and groundwater contamination in certain circumstances, under the "polluter pays principle." The European Chemical Agency is collecting information on PVC and its additives to determine whether further regulation is warranted. We are unable to predict the impact these requirements and concepts may have on our future costs of compliance.
Local, state, federal and foreign governments have increasingly proposed or implemented restrictions on certain plastic-based products, including single-use plastics and plastic food packaging. Plastics have also faced increased public scrutiny due to negative coverage of plastic waste in the environment. On January 12, 2023, the EPA published a tentative denial of the 2014 Center for Biological Diversity Petition to regulate discarded PVC as hazardous waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. We are unable to predict EPA’s final decision in this matter or its impact on us. However, increased regulation on the use of plastics could cause reduced demand for our polyethylene products, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.
These rules or future new, amended or proposed laws or rules could increase our costs or reduce our production, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows. In addition, we cannot accurately predict future developments, such as increasingly strict environmental and safety laws or regulations, and inspection and enforcement policies, as well as resulting higher compliance costs, which might affect the handling, manufacture, use, emission, disposal or remediation of products, other materials or hazardous and non-hazardous waste, and we cannot predict with certainty the extent of our future liabilities and costs under environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These liabilities and costs may be material.
We also may face liability for alleged personal injury or property damage due to exposure to chemicals or other hazardous substances at our facilities or to chemicals that we otherwise manufacture, handle or own. Although these types of claims have not historically had a material impact on our operations, a significant increase in the success of these types of claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows.
Environmental laws may have a significant effect on the nature and scope of, and responsibility for, cleanup of contamination at our current and former operating facilities, the costs of transportation and storage of raw materials and finished products, the costs of reducing emissions and the costs of the storage and disposal of wastewater. The U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ("CERCLA"), similar state laws and certain European directives impose joint and several liability for the costs of remedial investigations and actions on the entities that generated waste, arranged for disposal of the wastes, transported to or selected the disposal sites and the past and present owners and operators of such sites. All such potentially responsible parties (or any one of them, including us) may be required to bear all of such costs regardless of fault, legality of the original disposal or ownership of the disposal site. In addition, CERCLA, similar state laws and certain European directives could impose liability for damages to natural resources caused by contamination.
Although we seek to take preventive action, our operations are inherently subject to accidental spills, discharges or other releases of hazardous substances that may make us liable to governmental entities or private parties. This may involve contamination associated with our current and former facilities, facilities to which we sent wastes or by-products for treatment or disposal and other contamination. Accidental discharges may occur in the future, future action may be taken in connection with past discharges, governmental agencies may assess damages or penalties against us in connection with any past or future contamination, or third parties may assert claims against us for damages allegedly arising out of any past or future contamination. In addition, we may be liable for existing contamination related to certain of our facilities for which, in some cases, we believe third parties are liable in the event such third parties fail to perform their obligations.
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Our operations and assets are subject to climate-related risks and uncertainties.
We are subject to increasing climate-related risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside of our control. Climate change may result in more frequent severe weather events, potential changes in precipitation patterns and variability in weather patterns, which can disrupt our operations as well as those of our customers, partners and suppliers.Climate change may result in heightened hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico and other weather and natural disaster hazards that pose a risk to our facilities, particularly those in Louisiana.The transition to lower greenhouse gas emissions technology, the effects of carbon pricing, changes in public sentiment, regulations, taxes, public mandates or requirements, increases in climate-related lawsuits, insurance premiums and implementation of more robust disaster recovery and business continuity plans may increase costs to maintain or resume our operations, which could in turn negatively impact our business and results of operations.
We are subject to operational and financial risks and liabilities associated with the implementation of and efforts to achieve our carbon emission reduction goals.
We have publicly announced a GHG emissions reduction target for 2030. We believe that our expected allocation of growth capital into lower-carbon projects is consistent with such targets; however, our analysis and plan for execution requires us to make a number of assumptions. These goals and underlying assumptions involve risks and uncertainties and are not guarantees. Should one or more of our underlying assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results and ability to achieve our GHG emissions reduction goal could differ materially from our expectations. For example, certain lower-carbon projects that we plan to make investments in are currently at various stages of progress, evaluation or approval.
Developing and implementing plans for compliance with voluntary climate commitments can lead to additional capital, personnel, operations and maintenance expenditures and could significantly affect the economic position of existing facilities and proposed projects. Our failure or perceived failure to pursue or fulfill our sustainability-focused goals, targets and objectives within the timelines we announce, or at all, could adversely affect our business or reputation, as well as expose us to potential government enforcement actions and private litigation. We cannot predict the ultimate impact of achieving our emissions reduction goal, or the various implementation aspects, on our financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
Our level of debt could adversely affect our ability to operate our business.
As of December 31, 2022, our indebtedness, including the current portion, totaled $4.9 billion, and our debt represented approximately 31.8% of our total capitalization. Our annual interest expense for 2022 was $177 million, net of interest capitalized of $4 million. Our level of debt and the limitations imposed on us by our existing or future debt agreements could have significant consequences on our business and future prospects, including the following:
a portion of our cash flows from operations will be dedicated to the payment of interest and principal on our debt and will not be available for other purposes;
we may not be able to obtain necessary financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements or other purposes;
our less leveraged competitors could have a competitive advantage because they have greater flexibility to utilize their cash flows to improve their operations;
we may be exposed to risks inherent in interest rate fluctuations because some of our borrowings are at variable rates of interest, which would result in higher interest expense in the event of increases in interest rates;
we could be vulnerable in the event of a downturn in our business that would leave us less able to take advantage of significant business opportunities and to react to changes in our business and in market or industry conditions; and
should we pursue additional expansions of existing assets or acquisition of third-party assets, we may not be able to obtain additional liquidity at cost effective interest rates.
These factors could be magnified or accelerated to the extent we were to finance future acquisitions with significant amounts of debt.
To service our indebtedness and fund our capital requirements, we will require a significant amount of cash. Our ability to generate cash depends on many factors beyond our control.
Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness and to fund planned capital expenditures and pay cash dividends will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future, including any distributions that we may receive from Westlake Partners. This is subject to general economic, financial, currency, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control.
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Our business may not generate sufficient cash flows from operations, we may not receive sufficient distributions from Westlake Partners, and currently anticipated cost savings and operating improvements may not be realized on schedule. We also generate revenues denominated in currencies other than that of our indebtedness and may have difficulty converting those revenues into the currency of our indebtedness. We may need to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness on or before maturity. In addition, we may not be able to refinance any of our indebtedness, including our credit facility and our senior notes, on commercially reasonable terms or at all. All of these factors could be magnified if we were to finance any future acquisitions with significant amounts of debt.
The Credit Agreement and the indenture governing certain of our senior notes impose significant operating and financial restrictions, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities and taking some actions.
The Credit Agreement and the indenture governing certain of our senior notes impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us. These restrictions limit our ability to:
incur additional indebtedness;
create liens;
sell all or substantially all of our assets or consolidate or merge with or into other companies; and
engage in sale-leaseback transactions.
These limitations are subject to a number of important qualifications and exceptions. The Credit Agreement also requires us to maintain a quarterly total leverage ratio.
These covenants may adversely affect our ability to finance future business opportunities or acquisitions. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default in respect of the related debt. If a default occurred, the relevant lenders could elect to declare the debt, together with accrued interest and other fees, to be immediately due and payable. In addition, any acceleration of debt under the Credit Agreement will constitute a default under some of our other debt, including the indentures governing our senior notes.
Risks Related to Taxes
A change in tax laws, treaties or regulations, or their interpretation or application, could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.
We operate in many different countries and in many states within the United States, and we are subject to changes in applicable tax laws, treaties or regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate. A material change in these tax laws, treaties or regulations, or their interpretation or application, could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.
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TableOn August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of Contents
2022 (the "IRA") was signed into law. The IRA contains several revisions to the Internal Revenue Code, including a 15% corporate minimum income tax for corporations with average annual adjusted financial statement income over a three-tax-year period in excess of $1 billion and is effective for the tax years beginning after December 31, 2022, a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases made by publicly traded U.S. corporations after December 31, 2022, and business tax credits and incentives for the development of clean energy projects and the production of clean energy. At this time, we do not expect the IRA will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. We continue to evaluate its impacts as new information and guidance becomes available.
We depend in part on distributions from Westlake Partners to generate cash for our operations, capital expenditures, debt service and other uses. Westlake Partners' tax treatment depends on its status as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, and it not being subject to a material amount of entity-level taxation. We depend in part on distributions from Westlake Partners to generate cash for our operations, capital expenditures, debt service and other uses. If the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") were to treat Westlake Partners as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, or if Westlake Partners became subject to entity-level taxation for state tax purposes, its cash available for distribution would be substantially reduced, which would also likely cause a substantial reduction in the value of its common units that we hold.
The anticipated after-tax economic benefit of an investment in the common units of Westlake Partners depends largely on Westlake Partners being treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Despite the fact that Westlake Partners is organized as a limited partnership under Delaware law, it would be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes unless it satisfies a "qualifying income" requirement. Based on Westlake Partners' current operations and current Treasury Regulations, Westlake Partners believes it satisfies the qualifying income requirement.
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Prior to its initial public offering, Westlake Partners requested and obtained a favorable private letter ruling from the IRS to the effect that, based on facts presented in the private letter ruling request, income from the production, transportation, storage and marketing of ethylene and its co-products constitutes "qualifying income" within the meaning of Section 7704 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. However, no ruling has been or will be requiredrequested regarding Westlake Partners' treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Failing to meet the qualifying income requirement or a change in current law could cause Westlake Partners to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise subject Westlake Partners to taxation as an entity.
If Westlake Partners were treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, it would pay U.S. federal income tax on its taxable income at the corporate tax rate. Because a tax would be imposed upon Westlake Partners as a corporation, its cash available for distribution to its unitholders would be substantially reduced. Therefore, treatment of Westlake Partners as a corporation would result in a material reduction in the anticipated cash flow and after-tax return to its unitholders, likely causing a substantial reduction in the value of its common units.
Westlake Partners' partnership agreement provides that if a law is enacted or an existing law is modified or interpreted in a manner that subjects Westlake Partners to taxation as a corporation or otherwise subjects Westlake Partners to entity-level taxation for U.S. federal, state, local or foreign income tax purposes, the minimum quarterly distribution amount and the target distribution amounts may be adjusted to reflect the impact of that law or interpretation on Westlake Partners. At the state level, several states have been evaluating ways to subject partnerships to entity-level taxation through the imposition of state income, franchise or other forms of taxation. Westlake Partners currently owns assets and conducts business in several states, most of which impose entity-level franchise or gross receipt taxes on partnerships. Imposition of similar entity-level taxes on Westlake Partners in other jurisdictions in which Westlake Partners conducts operations in the future could substantially reduce its cash available for distribution.
Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Securities
We will be controlled by our principal stockholder and its affiliates as long as they own a majority of our common stock, and our other stockholders will be unable to affect the outcome of stockholder voting during that time. Our interests may conflict with those of the principal stockholder and its affiliates, and we may not be able to resolve these conflicts on terms possible in arms-length transactions.
As long as TTWF LP (the "principal stockholder") and certain of its affiliates (the(such affiliates, together with the principal stockholder, the "principal stockholder affiliates"), which as of December 31, 2022, beneficially owned approximately 74% of our common stock, own a majority of our outstanding common stock, they will be able to exert significant control over us, and our other stockholders, by themselves, will not be able to affect the outcome of any stockholder vote. As a result, the principal stockholder, subject to any fiduciary duty owed to our minority stockholders under Delaware law, will be able to control all matters affecting us (some of which may present conflicts of interest), including:
the composition of our Board of Directors and, through the Board, any determination with respect to our business direction and policies, including the appointment and removal of officers and the determination of compensation;
any determinations with respect to mergers or other business combinations or the acquisition or disposition of assets;
our financing decisions, capital raising activities and the payment of dividends; and
amendments to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws.
The principal stockholder will be permitted to transfer a controlling interest in us without being required to offer our other stockholders the ability to participate or realize a premium for their shares of common stock. A sale of a controlling interest to a third party may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and our business and results of operations because the change in control may result in a change of management decisions and business policy. Because we have elected not to be subject to Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, the principal stockholder may find it easier to sell its controlling interest to a third party than if we had not so elected.
In addition to any conflicts of interest that arise in the foregoing areas, our interests may conflict with those of the principal stockholder affiliates in a number of other areas, including:
business opportunities that may be presented to the principal stockholder affiliates and to our officers and directors associated with the principal stockholder affiliates, and competition between the principal stockholder affiliates and us within the same lines of business;
the solicitation and hiring of employees from each other; and
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agreements with the principal stockholder affiliates relating to corporate services that may be material to our business.
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We may not be able to resolve any potential conflicts with the principal stockholder affiliates, and even if we do, the resolution may be less favorable than if we were dealing with an unaffiliated party, particularly if the conflicts are resolved while we are controlled by the principal stockholder affiliates. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the principal stockholder affiliates have no duty to refrain from engaging in activities or lines of business similar to ours and that the principal stockholder affiliates will not be liable to us or our stockholders for failing to present specified corporate opportunities to us.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
Information concerning the principal locations from which our products are manufactured are included in the tables set forth under the captions "Vinyls"Performance and Essential Materials Business—Products" and "Olefins"Housing and Infrastructure Products Business—Products" contained in Item 1-""Item 1. Business."
Headquarters
Our principal executive offices are located in Houston, Texas. Some of our office space is leased, at market rates, from an affiliate of our principal stockholder. See Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K and "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions" in our proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A with respect to our 20212023 annual meeting of stockholders (the "Proxy Statement").
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
In addition to the matters described under Item"Item 1. BusinessEnvironmentalEnvironmental" and Note 22 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K, we are involved in various legal proceedings incidental to the conduct of our business. We do not believe that any of these legal proceedings will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure
Not Applicable.
Information about our Executive Officers
James Y. Chao (age 73)75). Mr. Chao has been our Chairman of the Board of Directors since July 2004 and became a director in June 2003. From May 1996 to July 2004, he served as our Vice Chairman. Mr. Chao has over 45 years of global experience in the chemical industry. In addition, Mr. Chao has been the Chairman of the Board of Westlake Partners' general partner since its formation in March 2014. From June 2003 until November 2010, Mr. Chao was the executive chairman of Titan Chemicals Corp. Bhd. He has served as a Special Assistant to the Chairman of China General Plastics Group and worked in various financial, managerial and technical positions at Mattel Incorporated, Developmental Bank of Singapore, Singapore Gulf Plastics Pte. Ltd. and Gulf Oil Corporation. Mr. Chao, along with his brother Albert Chao, assisted their father T.T. Chao in founding Westlake Corporation (formerly known as Westlake Chemical Corporation.Corporation). He is the brother of Albert Y. Chao and Dorothy C. Jenkins, father of David T. Chao and uncle of John T. Chao. Mr. Chao received his B.S. degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an M.B.A. from Columbia University.
Albert Y. Chao (age 71)73). Mr. Chao has been our President since May 1996 and a director since June 2003. Mr. Chao became our Chief Executive Officer in July 2004. Mr. Chao has over 40 years of global experience in the chemical industry. In 1985, Mr. Chao assisted his father T.T. Chao and his brother James Chao in founding Westlake Corporation (formerly known as Westlake Chemical Corporation,Corporation), where he served as Executive Vice President until he succeeded James Chao as President. In addition, Mr. Chao has been the President, Chief Executive Officer and a director of Westlake Partners' general partner since its formation in March 2014. He has held positions in the Controller's Group of Mobil Oil Corporation, in the Technical Department of Hercules Incorporated, in the Plastics Group of Gulf Oil Corporation and has served as Assistant to the Chairman of China General Plastics Group and Deputy Managing Director of a plastics fabrication business in Singapore. He is the brother of James Y. Chao and Dorothy C. Jenkins, father of John T. Chao and uncle of David T. Chao. Mr. Chao is a trustee emeritus of Rice University. Mr. Chao received a bachelor's degree from Brandeis University and an M.B.A. from Columbia University.
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Roger L. Kearns (age 59). Mr. Kearns has been our Chief Operating Officer and Executive Vice President, Performance and Essential Materials since February 2022. From January 2021 to February 2022, Mr. Kearns served as our Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer and from April 2018 to December 2020, he served as our Executive Vice President, Vinyl Chemicals. Prior to joining Westlake, from 2008 to April 2018, he was a member of the Executive Committee at Solvay S.A. in Belgium. From 2013 to 2018, he had responsibility for Solvay's advanced materials business cluster, as well as its corporate research organization and its North America region. From 2008 to 2012 he was responsible for overseeing Solvay's Asia-Pacific businesses, including its vinyls operations in the region. Prior to that, from 2004 through 2007, he was President of Solvay Advanced Polymers in the United States and earlier, from 2001 through 2003, he led Solvay's performance compounds business unit. Since beginning his career with Solvay in 1986, he held a series of manufacturing, technical, corporate development, marketing and business management positions in the United States, Europe and Asia. Mr. Kearns holds a bachelor's degree in Chemical Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology and an MBA from Stanford University.
M. Steven Bender (age 64)66). Mr. Bender has been our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since July 2017. From February 2008 to July 2017, Mr. Bender served as our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. In addition, Mr. Bender served as our Treasurer from July 2011 to April 2017, a position he also held from February 2008 until December 2010. From February 2007 to February 2008, Mr. Bender served as our Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer and from June 2005 to February 2007, he served as our Vice President and Treasurer. In addition, Mr. Bender has been a director of Westlake Partners' general partner since its formation in March 2014, its Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since February 2021, and its Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from March 2014 to February 2021. Prior to joining Westlake, from June 2002 until June 2005, Mr. Bender served as Vice President and Treasurer of KBR, Inc., and from 1996 to 2002 he held the position of Assistant Treasurer for Halliburton Company. Prior to that, he held various financial positions within that company. Additionally, he was employed by Texas Eastern Corporation for over a decade in a variety of increasingly responsible audit, finance and treasury positions. Mr. Bender received a Bachelor of Business Administration from Texas A&M University and an M.B.A. from Southern Methodist University. Mr. Bender is also a Certified Public Accountant.
Robert F. Buesinger (age 64)66). Mr. Buesinger has been our Executive Vice President, Housing and Infrastructure Products, IT and Digital since February 2022. From July 2017 to February 2022, Mr. Buesinger served as our Executive Vice President, Vinyl Products since July 2017. Fromand, from April 2010 to July 2017, Mr. Buesingerhe served as our Senior Vice President, Vinyls. Prior to joining us, Mr. Buesinger served as the General Manager and President of Chevron Phillips Chemical Company L.P.'s Performance Pipe Division from February 2010 to March 2010. From June 2008 to January 2010, Mr. Buesinger held the position of General Manager in the Alpha Olefins and Poly Alpha Olefins business of Chevron Phillips Chemical Company L.P. From April 2005 to May 2008, he served as the President and Managing Director of Chevron Phillips Singapore Chemicals Pte. Ltd. and Asia Region General Manager for Chevron Phillips Chemical Company L.P. Prior to that, he held various technical and sales management positions within that company. Mr. Buesinger holds a B.S. in Chemical Engineering from Tulane University.
L. Benjamin Ederington (age 50)52). Mr. Ederington has been our Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Administrative Officer and Corporate Secretary since February 2022.From July 2017 to February 2022, Mr. Ederington served as our Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Administrative Officer and Corporate Secretary since July 2017. FromSecretary; from December 2015 to July 2017, Mr. Ederingtonhe served as our Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Administrative Officer and Corporate Secretary and, from October 2013 to December 2015, he served as our Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary. In addition, Mr. Ederington has been a director of Westlake Partners' general partner since its formation in March 2014, its Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Administrative Officer and Corporate Secretary since February 2021, and its Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary from March 2014 to February 2021. Prior to joining Westlake, he held a variety of senior legal positions at LyondellBasell Industries, N.V. and its predecessor companies, LyondellBasell Industries AF SCA and Lyondell Chemical Company, including most recently as Associate General Counsel, Commercial & Strategic Transactions. He began his legal career more than 2025 years ago at the law firm of Steptoe & Johnson, LLP. Mr. Ederington holds a B.A. from Yale University and received his J.D. from Harvard University.
Roger L. Kearns (age 57). Mr. Kearns has been our Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer since January 2021. From April 2018 to December 2020, Mr. Kearns served as our Executive Vice President, Vinyls Chemicals. Prior to joining Westlake, from 2008 to April 2018, he was a member of the Executive Committee at Solvay S.A. in Belgium. From 2013 to 2018, he had responsibility for Solvay's advanced materials business cluster, as well as its corporate research organization and its North America region. From 2008 to 2012 he was responsible for overseeing Solvay's Asia-Pacific businesses, including its vinyls operations in the region. Prior to that, from 2004 through 2007, he was President of Solvay Advanced Polymers in the United States and earlier, from 2001 through 2003, he led Solvay's performance compounds business unit. Since beginning his career with Solvay in 1986, he has held a series of manufacturing, technical, corporate development, marketing and business management positions in the United States, Europe and Asia. Mr. Kearns holds a bachelor's degree in Chemical Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology and an MBA from Stanford University.
Andrew Kenner (age 56). Mr. Kenner has been our Senior Vice President, Operations since January 2021. From July 2017 to December 2020, Mr. Kenner served as our Senior Vice President, Chemical Manufacturing and, from July 2008 to July 2017, he served as our Vice President, Manufacturing. Mr. Kenner joined us after a 19-year career at Valero Energy Corporation where he served as Vice President and General Manager of Valero's Delaware City Refinery and its Houston Refinery, as well as other leadership positions in Valero's refining system. Mr. Kenner received a B.S. in Aerospace Engineering from Texas A&M University and a M.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin.
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Lawrence E. (Skip) TeelThomas J, Janssens (age 62)57). Mr. TeelJanssens has been our Executive Vice President and Special Advisor to the CEO since January 2021. From July 2017 to December 2020, Mr. Teel served as our Executive Vice President, Olefins, from July 2014 to July 2017, he served as our Senior Vice President, OlefinsOperations- Performance and from July 2012Essential Material & Corporate Logistics since March 2022.From January 2021 to July 2014, heMarch 2022, Mr. Janssens served as our Vice President, Olefins. In addition, Mr. Teel has been the Executive Vice President and Special AdvisorOlefins, Feedstocks & Energy; from December 2019 to the CEO of Westlake Partners' general partner since February 2021. He previously served as the SeniorDecember 2020, he was our Vice President, Olefins of Westlake Partners' general partner& Logistics; from July 20142017 to February 2021.November 2019, he was our Vice President, Corporate Development, Logistics & IT; from January 2016 to June 2017, he was our Vice President, Logistics & IT; and, from October 2015 to December 2015, he was our Vice President, Logistics & Business Process Improvement. Prior to joining Westlake, Mr. Teel joined us inJanssens was a consultant, from September 2002 to June 2009, as Director, Olefins and Feedstock afterlater, a 23-year careerPartner, from July 2009 to September 2015, with Lyondell ChemicalMcKinsey & Company, where he served as the Vice President, Refining from August 2006 to May 2008. From 2001 to 2006, Mr. Teel held the position of Director, Corporate Planningadvised energy and Business Development at Lyondell Chemical Company. Duringchemicals clients on strategic, commercial, operational and business process improvement projects. He began his career with Shell International in 1991, where he has held a variety of marketing, operationscommercial, engineering and general management assignments.planning roles. Mr. Teel receivedJanssens holds a B.S.MSc in Chemical Engineering from New Mexico StateEindhoven University of Technology and an M.S. in FinanceMBA from the University of Houston.Chicago.
Johnathan S. Zoeller (age 45)47). Mr. Zoeller has been our Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer since March 2020. From August 2018 to March 2020, Mr. Zoeller served as our Vice President and Corporate Controller. In addition, Mr. Zoeller has been the Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer of Westlake Partners' general partner since March 2020. Mr. Zoeller joined us with over 19 years of public accounting experience, the majority of which was spent at KPMG LLP, where he was responsible for clients in the chemicals, oilfield services and oil/gas exploration and production industries. Mr. Zoeller held a variety of senior accounting positions at KPMG, including most recently as Partner, Audit from October 2011 to August 2018. He began his career with Arthur Andersen LLP in 1998. Mr. Zoeller holds a Bachelor of Accounting degree and a Master of Accounting degree from the University of Mississippi. He is a Certified Public Accountant.
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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Stockholder Matters
As of February 17, 2021,15, 2023, there were 3632 holders of record of our common stock. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "WLK."
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
We did not have any unregistered sales of equity securities during the quarter or fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 that we have not previously reported on a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or a Current Report on Form 8-K.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information on our purchase of equity securities during the quarter ended December 31, 2020:2022:
Period
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased (1)
Average Price
Paid Per
Share
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased as Part
of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs (2)
Maximum Number
(or Approximate
Dollar Value) of
Shares that
May Yet Be
Purchased Under the
Plans or Programs (2)
October 20201,080 $66.92 — $131,155,000 
November 2020— — — 131,155,000 
December 2020128 78.26 — 131,155,000 
Total1,208 $68.12 — 
Period
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased (1)
Average Price
Paid Per
Share
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased as Part
of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs (2)
Maximum Number
(or Approximate
Dollar Value) of
Shares that
May Yet Be
Purchased Under the
Plans or Programs (2)
October 2022121,346 $90.65 121,346 $517,153,685 
November 2022169 101.13 — 517,153,685 
December 2022173,507 103.74 173,470 499,157,587 
Total295,022 $98.35 294,816 

(1)Represents 1,080169 and 12837 shares withheld in October 2020November 2022 and December 2020,2022, respectively, in satisfaction of withholding taxes due upon the vesting of restricted stock units granted to our employees under the 2013 Omnibus Incentive Plan.
(2)In November 2014, our Board of Directors authorized a $250 million stock repurchase program (the "2014 Program"). with no expiration date. In November 2015, our Board of Directors approved the expansion of the 2014 Program by an additional $150 million. In August 2018, our Board of Directors approved the further expansion of the existing 2014 Program by an additional $150 million. In August 2022, our Board of Directors approved the further expansion of the existing 2014 Program by an additional $500 million. As of December 31, 2020, 7,075,7202022, 8,511,256 shares of our common stock had been acquired at an aggregate purchase price of approximately $419$551 million under the 2014 Program. At December 31, 2022, $1 million related to the repurchase of common stock for treasury, was included as a component of accrued and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. Transaction fees and commissions are not reported in the average price paid per share in the table above. Decisions regarding the amount and the timing of purchases under the 2014 Program will be influenced by our cash on hand, our cash flows from operations, general market conditions and other factors. The 2014 Program may be discontinued by our Board of Directors at any time.
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Equity Compensation Plan Information
Securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans are as follows:
Plan CategoryNumber of securities 
to be issued upon
exercise of outstanding options,
warrants and rights
(a)
Weighted-average
exercise price of
outstanding
options, warrants 
and rights
(b)
Number of securities
remaining available
for future issuance under equity
compensation plans
(excluding securities
reflected in column
(a))
(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders2,382,316 (1)$67.39 (2)3,112,855 
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holdersN/AN/AN/A
Total2,382,316 $67.39 (2)3,112,855 

(1)Includes shares reserved for issuance pursuant to restricted stock units, stock options and performance stock units.
(2)Price applies only to the stock options included in column (a). Exercise price is not applicable to the other awards included in column (a).
Other information regarding our equity compensation plans is set forth in the section entitled "Executive Compensation" in our Proxy Statement, which information is incorporated herein by reference.
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Item 6. Selected Financial and Operational Data (1)
 Year Ended December 31,
 20202019201820172016
 (dollars in millions, except share amounts, per share data and volume data)
Statement of Operations Data:
Net sales$7,504 $8,118 $8,635 $8,041 $5,076 
Gross profit
1,023 1,260 1,987 1,761 983 
Selling, general and administrative expenses449 458 445 399 258 
Amortization of intangibles109 109 101 108 38 
Restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs36 37 33 29 104 
Income from operations429 656 1,408 1,225 583 
Interest expense(142)(124)(126)(159)(79)
Other income, net
44 38 52 15 54 
Income before income taxes331 570 1,334 1,081 558 
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes(42)108 300 (258)138 
Net income373 462 1,034 1,339 420 
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests43 41 38 35 21 
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation$330 $421 $996 $1,304 $399 
Earnings Per Share Attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation:
Basic$2.57 $3.26 $7.66 $10.05 $3.07 
Diluted$2.56 $3.25 $7.62 $10.00 $3.06 
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic127,850,592 128,395,184 129,401,823 129,087,043 129,367,712 
Diluted128,089,058 128,757,293 129,985,753 129,540,013 129,974,822 
Balance Sheet Data (end of period):
Cash and cash equivalents$1,313 $728 $753 $1,531 $459 
Working capital (2)
2,120 1,501 1,659 1,496 1,225 
Total assets13,835 13,261 11,602 12,076 10,890 
Total long-term debt, net3,566 3,445 2,668 3,127 3,679 
Total Westlake Chemical Corporation stockholders' equity6,043 5,860 5,590 4,874 3,524 
Cash dividends declared per share$1.0650 $1.0250 $0.9200 $0.8012 $0.7442 
Other Operating Data:
Cash flows from:
Operating activities$1,297 $1,301 $1,409 $1,528 $867 
Investing activities(509)(1,954)(754)(652)(2,563)
Financing activities(216)630 (1,427)1,687 
Depreciation and amortization773 713 641 601 378 
Capital expenditures525 787 702 577 629 
EBITDA (3)
1,246 1,407 2,101 1,841 1,015 
[Reserved]
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 Year Ended December 31,
 20202019201820172016
External Sales Volume (millions of pounds):
Vinyls Segment
PVC, caustic soda and other15,634 16,712 16,629 15,997 8,118 
Building products1,282 1,178 1,180 1,193 770 
Olefins Segment
Polyethylene2,487 2,565 2,438 2,363 2,392 
Styrene, feedstock and other703 880 671 828 794 

(1)The historical selected financial and operational data should be read together with Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data included in this Form 10-K.
(2)Working capital equals current assets less current liabilities.
(3)EBITDA (a non-GAAP financial measure) is calculated as net income before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. The body of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States is commonly referred to as "GAAP." For this purpose, a non-GAAP financial measure is generally defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") as one that purports to measure historical or future financial performance, financial position or cash flows that (1) excludes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of excluding amounts, that are included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP in the statement of income, balance sheet or statement of cash flows (or equivalent statements) of the registrant; or (2) includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of including amounts, that are excluded from the most directly comparable measure so calculated and presented. In this report, we disclose non-GAAP financial measures, primarily earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"). The non-GAAP financial measures described in this Form 10-K are not substitutes for the GAAP measures of earnings and cash flows. EBITDA is included in this Form 10-K because our management considers it an important supplemental measure of our performance and believes that it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in our industry, some of which present EBITDA when reporting their results. We regularly evaluate our performance as compared to other companies in our industry that have different financing and capital structures and/or tax rates by using EBITDA. In addition, we utilize EBITDA in evaluating acquisition targets. Management also believes that EBITDA is a useful tool for measuring our ability to meet our future debt service, capital expenditures and working capital requirements, and EBITDA is commonly used by us and our investors to measure our ability to service indebtedness. EBITDA is not a substitute for the GAAP measures of net income, income from operations and net cash provided by operating activities and is not necessarily a measure of our ability to fund our cash needs. In addition, it should be noted that companies calculate EBITDA differently and, therefore, EBITDA as presented for us may not be comparable to EBITDA reported by other companies. EBITDA has material limitations as a performance measure because it excludes interest expense, depreciation and amortization and income taxes. The following table reconciles EBITDA to net income, income from operations and net cash provided by operating activities.
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Reconciliation of EBITDA to Net Income, Income from Operations and Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
Year Ended December 31,
20202019201820172016
(dollars in millions)
Net cash provided by operating activities$1,297 $1,301 $1,409 $1,528 $867 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities and other(778)(785)(313)(723)(346)
Deferred income taxes(146)(54)(62)534 (101)
Net income373 462 1,034 1,339 420 
Less:
Other income, net44 38 52 15 54 
Interest expense(142)(124)(126)(159)(79)
Benefit from (provision for) income taxes42 (108)(300)258 (138)
Income from operations429 656 1,408 1,225 583 
Add:
Depreciation and amortization773 713 641 601 378 
Other income, net44 38 52 15 54 
EBITDA$1,246 $1,407 $2,101 $1,841 $1,015 




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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Overview
We are a vertically-integratedvertically integrated global manufacturer and marketer of basic chemicals, vinyls, polymersperformance and buildingessential materials and housing and infrastructure products. OurWe operate in two principal operating segments, arePerformance and Essential Materials and Housing and Infrastructure Products. The Performance and Essential Materials segment includes Westlake North American Vinyls, Westlake North American Chlor-alkali & Derivatives, Westlake European & Asian Chlorovinyls, Westlake Olefins, Westlake Polyethylene and Westlake Epoxy. The Housing and Infrastructure Products segment includes Westlake Royal Building Products, Westlake Pipe & Fittings, Westlake Global Compounds and Westlake Dimex. Prior to our segment reorganization in the fourth quarter of 2021, we operated in two principal operating segments, Vinyls and Olefins. The change has been retrospectively reflected in the periods presented in this Form 10-K. We use the majorityare highly integrated along our materials chain with significant downstream integration from ethylene and chlor-alkali (chlorine and caustic soda) into vinyls, polyethylene, epoxy and styrene monomer. We also have substantial downstream integration from polyvinyl chloride ("PVC") into our building products, PVC pipes and fittings and PVC compounds in our Housing and Infrastructure Products segment.
During 2022, our European businesses continued to be impacted by higher energy prices, inflation and reduced demand. Our North American businesses, where we derive a significant portion of our internally-produced basic chemicals to producerevenue, also saw impacts of rising energy costs and interest rates and slowing demand. In the near term, we expect that higher value-added chemicals, polymersenergy costs, higher interest rates, inflation and building products.
Consumption of the basic chemicals that we manufacture in the commodity portionsother macroeconomic conditions could reduce margins and demand for most of our olefinsproducts.
Performance and vinyls processes has increased significantly since we began operations in 1986. Essential Materials
Our olefinsperformance and vinyls productsessential materials such as ethylene, PVC, polyethylene, epoxy and chlor-alkali are some of the most widely used chemicalsmaterials in the world and are upgraded into a wide variety of higher value-added chemical products used in many end-markets. Westlake is the second-largest chlor-alkali producer and the second-largest PVC producer in the world, which makes Westlake a leading global chlorovinyls producer. Our performance and essential materials are used by customers in food and specialty packaging; industrial and consumer packaging; medical health applications; PVC pipe applications; consumer durables; mobility and transportation; renewable wind energy; coatings; and housing and construction products. Chlor-alkali and petrochemicals are typically manufactured globally in large volume by a number of different producers using widely available technologies. The chlor-alkali and petrochemical industries exhibit cyclical commodity characteristics, and margins are influenced by changes in the balance between supply and demand and the resulting operating rates, the level of general economic activity and the price of raw materials. Due to the significant size of new plants, capacity additions are built in large increments and typically require several years of demand growth to be absorbed. The cycle is generally characterized by periods of tight supply, leading to high operating rates and margins, followed by a decline in operating rates and margins primarily as a result of excess new capacity additions.
Westlake is the second-largest chlor-alkali producer and the second-largest PVC producerDemand for our products in the world. Since late 2010,first half of 2020 was negatively impacted by the PVC industry inonset of the U.S. has experienced an increase in PVC resin exports, driven largely by more competitive feedstock and energy cost positions in the U.S. As a consequence, the U.S. PVC resin industry operating rates have improved since 2010. Globally, there were large chlor-alkali capacity additions between 2008 and 2015 resulting in excess capacity and lower industry operating rates, which exerted downward pressure on caustic soda pricing. From 2015 through the end of 2018, the capacity additions have been outpaced by an increase in demand driven by improving economic growth and U.S. producers' competitive export position, which resulted in improved operating rates and caustic soda pricing. Since the end of 2018, the uncertainties surrounding international trade have impacted both domestic and export prices for our products.COVID-19 pandemic. Global demand for most of our products strengthenedstarted strengthening in the fourth quartersecond half of 2020 and remained strong through the first half of 2022. However, in the past year, we expect globalhave seen significant volatility in natural gas, ethane and ethylene prices, primarily due to changes in demand, the timing for mostcertain new ethylene capacity additions, the availability of our products to remain robust into early 2021.natural gas liquids, and the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Depending on the performance of the global economy, the timing of resolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, disruption in the global supply chain, the extent to which we must rely on export markets, volatility in natural gas and electricity prices in Europe and across the world, labor shortages and costs, potential changes in international trade and tariffs policies,resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the trend of crude oil prices, the timing of the new ethylene and polyethylene capacity additions in 2021North America, Asia and the Middle East in 2022 and beyond, and the sustainability of the current, strongcontinued demand for most of our products in this segment, inflationary pressures and concerns over slower future economic growth, including the possibility of recession or financial market instability, our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows could be negatively or positively impacted.
Ethane-based ethylene producers have in the recent past experienced a cost advantage over naphtha-based ethylene producers during periods of higher crude oil prices. This cost advantage has resulted in a strong export market for polyethylene and other ethylene derivatives and has benefited operating margins and cash flows for our Olefins segment during such periods. However, we have seen a significant reduction in the cost advantage enjoyed by North American ethane-based ethylene producers due to lower crude oil prices from the third quarter of 2014 through 2020, which has resulted in reduced prices and lower margins for our Olefins segment. Further, our Olefins segment has experienced lower profitability in recent periods due to several new ethylene and polyethylene capacity additions in North America and Asia that have led to additional supply of ethylene and polyethylene. In the past year, we have seen volatility in ethane and ethylene prices, primarily due to changes in demand resulting from the coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic, anticipated timing for certain new ethylene capacity additions and availability of natural gas liquids, as well as fluctuation in the price of crude oil. Global demand for most of our products strengthened in the fourth quarter of 2020, and we expect global demand for most of our products to remain robust into early 2021. However, new ethylene and polyethylene capacity additions in North America, Asia and the Middle East will add additional supply and may continue to contribute to periods of lower profitability in our Olefins segment.
We purchase significant amounts of ethane feedstock, natural gas, ethylene and salt from external suppliers for use in production of basic chemicals in the olefinsperformance and vinyls chains.essential materials. We also purchase significant amounts of electricity to supply the energy required in our production processes. While we have agreements providing for the supply of ethane feedstock, natural gas, ethylene, salt and electricity, the contractual prices for these raw materials and energy vary with market conditions and may be highly volatile. Factors that have caused volatility in our raw material prices in the past, and which may do so in the future include:
the availability of feedstock from shale gas and oil drilling;
supply and demand for crude oil;oil and natural gas;
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shortages of raw materials due to increasing demand;
ethane and liquefied natural gas exports;
capacity constraints due to higher construction costs for investments, construction delays, strike action or involuntary shutdowns;
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the general level of business and economic activity; and
the direct or indirect effect of governmental regulation.
Significant volatility in raw material costs tends to put pressure on product margins as sales price increases could lag behind raw material cost increases. Conversely, when raw material costs decrease, customers may seek immediate relief in the form of lower sales prices. We currently use derivative instruments to reduce price volatility risk on feedstock commodities and lower overall costs. Normally, there is a pricing relationship between a commodity that we process and the feedstock from which it is derived. When this pricing relationship deviates from historical norms, we have from time to time entered into derivative instruments and physical positions in an attempt to take advantage of this relationship.
Our historical results have been significantly affected by our plant production capacity, our efficient use of that capacity and our ability to increase capacity. Since our inception, we have followed a disciplined growth strategy that focuses on plant acquisitions, new plant construction and internal expansion. We evaluate each expansion project on the basis of its ability to produce sustained returns in excess of our cost of capital and its ability to improve efficiency or reduce operating costs. We also regularly look at acquisition opportunities that would be consistent with, or complimentary to, our overall business strategies. Depending on the size of the acquisition, any such acquisitions could require external financing.
On February 1, 2022, we completed the acquisition of the Westlake Epoxy business for a purchase consideration of $1,207 million. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the results of operations of the Westlake Epoxy business are included in the Performance and Essential Materials segment. This acquisition represents a significant strategic expansion of Westlake's Performance and Essential Materials businesses into additional high-growth, innovative and sustainability-oriented applications – such as wind turbine blades and light-weight automotive structural components. We supply epoxy resin systems to composite fabricators in the wind energy, automotive and pipe markets. Epoxy specialty resins are also used for a variety of high-end coating applications that require the superior adhesion, corrosion resistance and durability of epoxy, such as protective coatings for industrial flooring, pipe, marine and construction applications and automotive coatings.
As noted above in Item 1A, "Risk Factors," we are subject to extensive environmental regulations, which may impose significant additional costs on our operations in the future. Further, concerns about GHGgreenhouse gas emissions and their possible effects on climate change has led to the enactment of regulations, and to proposed legislation and additional regulations, that could affect us in the form of increased cost of feedstocks and fuel, other increased costs of production and decreased demand for our products. While we do not expect any of these enactments or proposals to have a material adverse effect on us in the near term, we cannot predict the longer-term effect of any of these regulations or proposals on our future financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Housing and Infrastructure Products
Our Housing and Infrastructure Products segment is primarily comprised of building products, PVC pipes and fittings and PVC compound products. Our sales are affected by the individual decisions of distributors and dealers on the levels of inventory they carry, their views on product demand, their financial condition and the manner in which they choose to manage inventory risk. A significant portion of our performance in this segment is driven by the activities in the residential construction and repair and remodeling markets in North America which began to decline at the end of the second quarter of 2022 due to the negative effect that rising mortgage rates in the United States had on buyer sentiment. Performance of our housing and infrastructure products businesses over time are generally reflective of the trends of building permits and housing starts in the New Residential Construction Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau and the Repair and Remodeling Index (RRI) provided by the National Association of Home Builders (the "NAHB") among others. Although we ultimately expect that the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021 and historically low residential housing construction may have a favorable long-term impact on certain industries related to our Housing and Infrastructure Products segment, the current inflationary environment impacting consumer spending and priorities, the possibility of recession or financial market instability, rapidly rising interest rates, decade high mortgage interest rates impacting consumer affordability, and ongoing labor and supply chain constraints are expected to have an unfavorable impact on the demand for housing construction in the near term and, as a result, our products produced by this segment.
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The following table presents annual historical housing starts per the U.S. Census Bureau and the 2023 and 2024 outlook per the NAHB:
PeriodSingle and Multi-family Housing Starts
(in thousands of units)
% Change
20201,3807%
20211,60116%
20221,553(3)%
2023 Outlook1,135
2024 Outlook1,299
North American PVC facilities within the Performance and Essential Materials segment supply most of the PVC required for our building products and PVC pipes and fittings plants. Our raw materials for stone, roofing and accessories, windows, shutters and specialty tool products are externally purchased. PVC required for the PVC compounds plants is either internally sourced from our North American and Asian facilities within the Performance and Essential Materials segment or externally purchased based on the location of the plants. The remaining feedstocks required, including pigments, fillers, stabilizers and other ingredients, are purchased under short-term contracts based on prevailing market prices.
During the fourth quarter of 2021, we completed the acquisition of Boral's North American building products businesses in roofing, siding, trim and shutters, decorative stone and windows (the "Boral Target Companies") for $2,140 million. During the third quarter of 2021, we completed the acquisitions of LASCO Fittings, Inc. ("LASCO"), a manufacturer of injected-molded PVC fittings that serve the plumbing, pool and spa, industrial, irrigation and retail markets in the United States, for $277 million, and DX Acquisition Corp. ("Dimex"), a producer of various consumer products made from post-industrial-recycled PVC, polyethylene and thermoplastic elastomer materials, including, landscape edging; industrial, home and office matting; marine dock edging; and masonry joint controls, for $172 million. The results of operations for these acquired businesses are included in the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment.
Factors that have caused volatility in our raw material prices, energy costs and production processes in the past, and which may do so in the future, include significant fluctuation in prices of these raw materials in response to, among other things, variable worldwide supply and demand across different industries, speculation in commodities futures, general economic, business or environmental conditions, labor costs, competition, import duties, tariffs, worldwide currency fluctuations, freight, inflationary pressures, regulatory costs, and product and process evolutions that impact demand for the same materials. Increasing raw material prices directly impact our cost of sales and our ability to maintain margins depends on implementing price increases in response to increasing raw material costs. The market for our products may or may not accept price increases, and as such, our future financial condition, results of operations or cash flows could be materially impacted.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The body of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States is commonly referred to as "GAAP." For this purpose, a non-GAAP financial measure is generally defined by the SECSecurities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") as one that purports to measure historical or future financial performance, financial position or cash flows that (1) excludes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of excluding amounts, that are included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP in the statement of income, balance sheet or statement of cash flows (or equivalent statements) of the registrant; or (2) includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of including amounts, that are excluded from the most directly comparable measure so calculated and presented. In this report, we disclose non-GAAP financial measures, primarily earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"). and Free Cash Flow. We define EBITDA as net income before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. We define Free Cash Flow as net cash provided by operating activities less additions to property, plant and equipment. The non-GAAP financial measures described in this Form 10-K are not substitutes for the GAAP measures of earnings and cash flows.
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EBITDA is included in this Form 10-K because our management considers it an important supplemental measure of our performance and believes that it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in our industry, some of which present EBITDA when reporting their results. We regularly evaluate our performance as compared to other companies in our industry that have different financing and capital structures and/or tax rates by using EBITDA. In addition, we utilize EBITDA in evaluating acquisition targets. Management also believes that EBITDA is a useful tool for measuring our ability to meet our future debt service and satisfy capital expendituresexpenditure and working capital requirements, and EBITDA is commonly used by us and our investors to measure our ability to service indebtedness.
Free Cash Flow is included in this Form 10-K because our management considers it an important supplemental measure of our performance and believes that it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in our industry, some of which present Free Cash Flow when reporting their results. We regularly evaluate our performance as compared to other companies in our industry that have different financing and capital structures and/or tax rates by using Free Cash Flow. Management also believes that Free Cash Flow is useful to investors and securities analysts to evaluate our liquidity, evaluate strategic investment, evaluate our stock buyback plan and measure our ability to meet our future debt service.
EBITDA isand Free Cash Flow are not a substitutesubstitutes for the GAAP measures of net income, income from operations and net cash provided by operating activities and isare not necessarily a measuremeasures of our ability to fund our cash needs. In addition, it should be noted that companies calculate EBITDA and Free Cash Flow differently and, therefore, EBITDA and Free Cash Flow as presented for us may not be comparable to EBITDA and Free Cash Flow reported by other companies. EBITDA has material limitations as a performance measure because it excludes interest expense, depreciation and amortization and income taxes. Free Cash Flow has material limitations as a performance measure because it only considers net cash provided by operating activities, and not net income or income from operations. For instance, it applies the entire cost of capital expenditure in the period in which the property or equipment is acquired, rather than spreading it over several periods as is the case with net income and income from operations.
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EBITDA to net income, income from operations and net cash provided by operating activities, and Free Cash Flow to net cash provided by operating activities, are included in the "Results of Operations" section below.
Significant Developments
COVID-19, Industry Conditions and Our Business
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic and recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. The pandemic has resulted in widespread adverse impacts on the global economy. We experienced significant disruptions in the second quarter of 2020 as the pandemic and its impact on the global economy spread through most of our markets. While demand for some of our products used in cleaning, packaging and medical applications and manufacturing continues to be firm, we expected lower demand for certain of our other products that led us to proactively temporarily idle production at several of our smaller non-integrated plants and reduce operating rates at others in the beginning of the second quarter of 2020. Since the middle of the second quarter of 2020, a general ease in government restrictions in many jurisdictions across the world has resulted in a gradual increase in demand for our products. As a result, all of our idled plants recommenced production. Operating rates have improved over the course of the third and the fourth quarters of 2020 for most of our plants due to continuing increase in demand for our products. For a discussion of the additional impact on plant operating rates from hurricanes in the second half of 2020, see "Impact of Hurricanes Laura and Delta" below. We continue to monitor the volatile environment and may reduce operating rates or idle production if the pandemic and its financial impacts persist or worsen. Considering the uncertain and volatile environment, we could continue to experience significant disruptions to our business operations in the near future.
Our first priority in our response to this crisis has been the health and safety of our employees and those of our customers and vendors. We have implemented preventative measures and developed corporate and regional response plans to minimize unnecessary risk of exposure. We have modified certain business practices (including those related to employee travel, employee work locations and employee work practices) to conform to government restrictions and best practices encouraged by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization and other governmental and health authorities.
Though the government restrictions across most countries generally eased through the world generally started to ease in the later partend of the second quarter of 2020,2021, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the extent to whichpotential resurgence of COVID-19 will continue to spreadpandemic and the extent and duration of governmental and other measures implementedthat could be re-implemented to try to slow the spread of the virus, such as large-scale travel bansvirus. Considering the uncertain and restrictions, border closures, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders and business and government shutdowns (whether through a continuation of existing measures or the re-imposition of prior measures). Certain partsvolatile nature of the world may seeCOVID-19 pandemic, we could experience significant disruptions to our business operations in the implementation of new government restrictions due to a recent increase in COVID-19 cases. Restrictions of this nature have caused, and may continue to cause, us and our customers to experience reduced demand and operational delays. Lockdowns acrossfuture.
Hexion Global Epoxy Business Acquisition
On February 1, 2022, we completed the world and curtailed business activities specifically in transportation, construction, automotive and oil and gas related activities have resulted in and may continue to result in an oversupplied market.
Due to the sudden collapse of crude oil prices in early March 2020, the cost advantage of North American ethane-based ethylene producers over naphtha-based ethylene producers has been significantly eroded. We started seeing impact from this erosion towards the endacquisition of the first quarterglobal epoxy business of 2020. Crude oil prices have recovered somewhat sinceHexion Inc. ("Westlake Epoxy") for a purchase consideration of $1,207 million, as discussed above under the second quarterPerformance and Essential Materials segment.
Acquisition of 2020, and the cost advantage of North American ethane-based ethylene producers has improved as well. If this trend is not sustained in the future, it could continue to result in reduced prices and lower margins for some of our products in the Vinyls segment and the Olefins segment.
We have taken proactive actions to respond to the challenges presented by the conditions described above and minimize the impact to our business. We have implemented strategies to reduce costs, increase operational efficiencies, maintain strong liquidity and lower our capital spending. Additionally, we deferred the planned turnaround at our Petro 2 ethylene unit and associated maintenance cost into the second half of 2021. The turnaround is expected to last approximately 60 days.Additional LACC Interests
In addition, asJanuary 2022, we notified Lotte Chemical Corporation ("Lotte") of the exercise of the option to acquire an additional 3.2% of the membership interests in LACC, LLC ("LACC") from Lotte. The acquisition was completed on March 15, 2022 for $89 million. As of December 31, 2020,2022, we had $1,313 million of cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheet, which remains available to support our operations,owned an aggregate 50% membership interest in addition to the $1 billion of availability under the Credit Agreement. On June 4, 2020, we fully repaid our borrowings of $1 billion under the Credit Agreement from March 20, 2020.
The impact that COVID-19 will have on our business, cash flows, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations will depend on future developments, including, among others, the ultimate geographic spread and severity of the virus, the consequences of governmental and other measures designed to prevent the spread of the virus, the development of effective treatments and vaccines and their roll out, the duration of the outbreak, actions taken by governmental authorities, customers, suppliers and other third parties, workforce availability, and the timing and extent to which normal economic and operating conditions resume.LACC.
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CARES ActRedemption of 3.60% Senior Notes Due 2022
On March 27, 2020,In April 2022, we provided notice to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act") was enacted and signed into law. The CARES Act, among other things, permits any federal net operating loss ("NOL") generated in 2018, 2019 and 2020 to be carried back to eachtrustee of the five tax years preceding the tax year3.60% senior notes due 2022 (the "3.60% 2022 Senior Notes") that we had elected to redeem all of the federal NOLoutstanding 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes on May 14, 2022 (the "Redemption Date") pursuant to fully offset taxable income to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes. However, any such federal NOL not carried back can be carried forward to fully offset taxable income, but only for the taxable years beginning before January 1, 2021, after which, the federal NOL deduction limitation not to exceed 80% of taxable incomeour optional redemption right under the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") will be reinstated. Federal NOLs generated in 2018, 2019 and 2020 measured atindenture governing the current U.S. corporate tax rate of 21% that are carried back to taxable years prior to the Tax Act to fully offset taxable income taxed at the U.S. corporate tax rate of 35% result in an income tax rate benefit. At the end of 2019, we generated a federal NOL primarily due to bonus tax depreciation from the Company's investment in LACC, LLC ("LACC"), which is accounted for as an equity method investment. This federal NOL was increased to account for the disallowed interest deduction which originated in 2019 that is no longer disallowed due to the increase in the business interest expense deduction limitation from 30% to 50% of adjusted taxable income for tax years 2019 and 2020 as permitted under the CARES Act. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the carryback of the federal NOL resulted in a net tax benefit of $95 million for the Company, primarily from the tax rate difference, partially offset by the reduction in the Internal Revenue Code Section 199 ("Section 199") domestic manufacturing deduction.
3.375%3.60% 2022 Senior Notes. The 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes due 2030
On June 12, 2020, we completed the registered public offering of $300 million aggregate principal amount of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt" below and Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K for more information.
6 ½% GO Zone Senior Notes due 2029, 6 ½% GO Zone Senior Notes due 2035 and IKE Zone Senior Notes due 2035
On August 1, 2020, the Company purchased in lieu of optionalwere redeemed on May 14, 2022. The redemption $100 million aggregate principal amount of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds at a redemption price was equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds3.60% 2022 Senior Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest to August 1, 2020. The 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds were offered byon the Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facilities and Community Development Authority (the "Authority") in July 2010 under the Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005 (the "GO Zone Act") for the benefit of the Company and bore interest at a rate of 6.50% per annum. In connection with the offering of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds in July 2010, the Company issued $100 million aggregate principal amount of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone3.60% 2022 Senior Notes to evidence and secure the Company's obligations under the Amended and Restated LoanRedemption Date.
New Credit Agreement relating to the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds. In connection with the purchase in lieu of optional redemption of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds, the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes were cancelled. A portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes was used to fund the purchase in lieu of optional redemption of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds.
On November 1, 2020,June 9, 2022, we entered into a new $1.5 billion revolving credit facility that is scheduled to mature on June 9, 2027 (the "New Credit Agreement") and, in connection therewith, terminated our existing revolving credit agreement. The New Credit Agreement bears interest at either (a) Adjusted Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") (as defined in the Company purchasedNew Credit Agreement) plus a margin ranging from 1.00% to 1.625% per annum or (b) Alternate Base Rate (as defined in lieu of optional redemption (1) $89 million aggregate principal amount of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds, and (2) $65 million aggregate principal amount of the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Bonds (together with the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds, the "2035 Revenue Bonds"),New Credit Agreement) plus a margin ranging from 0.00% to 0.625% per annum, in each case at a redemption price equal to 100%depending on the credit rating of the principal amountCompany. The New Credit Agreement contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including a quarterly total leverage ratio financial maintenance covenant.
Expansion of Share Repurchase Program
On August 12, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized the 2035Company to repurchase an additional $500 million of shares of its common stock under its existing share repurchase program.
Inflation Reduction Act of 2022
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the "IRA") was signed into law. The IRA contains several revisions to the Internal Revenue Bonds plus accruedCode, including a 15% corporate minimum income tax for corporations with average annual adjusted financial statement income over a three-tax-year period in excess of $1 billion and unpaid interest to November 1, 2020. The 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds were issued by the Authority in December 2010 under the GO Zone Actis effective for the benefit of the Companytax years beginning after December 31, 2022, a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases made by publicly traded U.S. corporations after December 31, 2022, and bore interest at a rate of 6.50% per annum. The 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Bonds were issued by the Authority in December 2010 under Section 704 of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008business tax credits and incentives for the benefitdevelopment of the Company and bore interest at a rate of 6.50% per annum. In connection with the offering of the 2035 Revenue Bonds in December 2010, the Company issued $89 million aggregate principal amount of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes and $65 million aggregate principal amount of the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes to evidence and secure the Company's obligations under the Loan Agreements relating to the 2035 Revenue Bonds. In connection with the purchase of the 2035 Revenue Bonds by the Company in lieu of optional redemption, the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notesclean energy projects and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes were cancelled. A portionproduction of clean energy. At this time, we do not expect the net proceeds from the issuance of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes was usedIRA will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. We continue to fund the purchase in lieu of optional redemption of the 2035 Revenue Bonds.evaluate its impact as new information and guidance becomes available.
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Impact of Hurricanes Laura and Delta
On August 27, 2020, Hurricane Laura made landfall in Louisiana as a Category 4 storm, which resulted in widespread damage to property and infrastructure in the greater Lake Charles area, including the electricity transmission system. As a precautionary measure, Westlake idled its facilities in the Lake Charles area in advance of Hurricane Laura. As a result of Hurricane Laura, most of Westlake's facilities in the Lake Charles area were shut down starting the last week of August 2020 and remained shut down through much of September 2020. On October 9, 2020, Hurricane Delta made landfall as a Category 2 storm in the same general vicinity of Louisiana. Several facilities that had resumed production at the end of September 2020 then had to idle production as a result of Hurricane Delta. All of these facilities resumed production in November 2020. The shut downs resulted in additional maintenance expense of approximately $83 million in 2020 and lower plant operating rates and lower production for many of our major products in the third and fourth quarters of 2020.
Schkopau Plant Closure
During September 2020, the Company initiated consultations with the works council at its Schkopau, Germany site regarding the closure of the site's paste polyvinyl chloride plant and the plant was shut down in December 2020. The decision was driven by the plant's lack of long-term economic viability. The Company took an accounting charge of $34 million in the third quarter of 2020 associated with the closure. Customers will continue to be supplied from the Company's larger, backward-integrated sites at Burghausen, Gendorf and Cologne, Germany.
February Weather Event
In February 2021, large parts of the southern United States, including Texas, Louisiana, Kentucky, and Mississippi, experienced extreme winter weather. Due to the extreme weather, several of our facilities in the region experienced disruption to their operations, resulting in lost production and additional maintenance costs.
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Results of Operations
Segment Data
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
(dollars in millions, except per share data)
Net external sales
Vinyls
PVC, caustic soda and other$4,570 $5,068 $5,359 
Building products1,402 1,268 1,257 
Total Vinyls5,972 6,336 6,616 
Olefins
Polyethylene1,226 1,301 1,519 
Styrene, feedstock and other306 481 500 
Total Olefins1,532 1,782 2,019 
Total$7,504 $8,118 $8,635 
Income (loss) from operations
Vinyls$301 $451 $913 
Olefins160 260 573 
Corporate and other(32)(55)(78)
Total income from operations429 656 1,408 
Interest expense(142)(124)(126)
Other income, net44 38 52 
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes(42)108 300 
Net income373 462 1,034 
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests43 41 38 
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation$330 $421 $996 
Diluted earnings per share$2.56 $3.25 $7.62 
The table below and descriptions that follow represent the consolidated results of operations of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Year Ended December 31,
20202019
Average Sales
Price
VolumeAverage Sales
Price
Volume
Product sales price and volume percentage change from prior year
Vinyls-4 %-2 %-8 %+3 %
Olefins-7 %-7 %-21 %+9 %
Company average-4 %-3 %-11 %+5 %
Net External Sales
The table below presents net external sales on a disaggregated basis for our two principal operating segments. Performance Materials net external sales primarily consist of sales of PVC, polyethylene and epoxy. Essential Materials net external sales primarily consist of sales of caustic soda, styrene, and related derivative materials. Housing Products net external sales primarily consist of sales of housing exterior and interior products, residential pipes and fittings and residential PVC compounds. Infrastructure Products net external sales primarily consist of sales of non-residential pipes and fittings and non-residential PVC compounds.
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
(dollars in millions, except per share data)
Net external sales
Performance and Essential Materials
Performance Materials$6,964 $5,997 $3,428 
Essential Materials4,044 2,673 2,037 
Total Performance and Essential Materials11,008 8,670 5,465 
Housing and Infrastructure Products
Housing Products3,864 2,334 1,497 
Infrastructure Products922 774 542 
Total Housing and Infrastructure Products4,786 3,108 2,039 
Total$15,794 $11,778 $7,504 
Income (loss) from operations
Performance and Essential Materials$2,416 $2,549 $231 
Housing and Infrastructure Products675 356 256 
Corporate and other(41)(105)(58)
Total income from operations3,050 2,800 429 
Interest expense(177)(176)(142)
Other income, net73 53 44 
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes649 607 (42)
Net income2,297 2,070 373 
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests50 55 43 
Net income attributable to Westlake Corporation$2,247 $2,015 $330 
Diluted earnings per share$17.34 $15.58 $2.56 
EBITDA (1)
$4,179 $3,693 $1,246 
Free Cash Flow (2)
$2,287 $1,736 $772 

(1)See above for discussions on non-GAAP financial measures. See "Reconciliation of EBITDA to Net Income, Income from Operations and Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities" below.
(2)See above for discussions on non-GAAP financial measures. See "Reconciliation of Free Cash Flow to Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities" below.
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Average Industry Prices (1)
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Average domestic prices
Ethane (cents/lb) (2)
6.4 7.3 11.0 
Propane (cents/lb) (3)
11.0 12.7 20.8 
Ethylene (cents/lb) (4)
17.5 18.5 19.0 
Polyethylene (cents/lb) (5)
57.5 59.0 71.3 
Styrene (cents/lb) (6)
56.0 79.1 91.4 
Caustic soda ($/short ton) (7)
674 692 768 
Chlorine ($/short ton) (8)
180 175 171 
PVC (cents/lb) (9)
74.0 68.4 67.4 
Average export prices
Polyethylene (cents/lb) (10)
44.2 41.0 55.8 
Caustic soda ($/short ton) (11)
250 273 474 
PVC (cents/lb) (12)
39.6 34.9 36.9 
Year Ended December 31,
20222021
Average Sales
Price
VolumeAverage Sales
Price
Volume
Product sales price and volume percentage change from prior year
Performance and Essential Materials+15 %+13 %+58 %+1 %
Housing and Infrastructure Products+35 %+19 %+33 %+19 %
Company average+20 %+14 %+51 %+6 %

(1)Industry pricing data was obtained through IHS Markit ("IHS"). We have not independently verified the data.
(2)Average Mont Belvieu spot prices of purity ethane over the period.
(3)Average Mont Belvieu spot prices of non-TET propane over the period.
(4)Average North American spot prices of ethylene over the period.
(5)Average North American Net Transaction prices of polyethylene low density GP-Film grade over the period.
(6)Average North American contract prices of styrene over the period.
(7)Average USGC-CSLi index values for caustic soda over the period. As stated by IHS, "the caustic soda price listing represents the USGC-CSLi values. USGC-CSLi does not reflect contract price discounts, implementation lags, caps or other adjustments factors. Additionally, it is not intended to represent a simple arithmetic average of all market transactions occurring during the month. Rather, the USGC-CSLi is most representative of the month-to-month caustic soda price movement for contract volumes of liquid 50% caustic soda rather than the absolute value of contract prices at a particular point in time. It is intended to serve only as a benchmark."
(8)Average North American contract prices of chlorine over the period. Effective January 1, 2019, IHS made a non-market average downward adjustment of $172.50 per short ton to chlorine prices. For comparability, we adjusted the prior period's chlorine price downward by $172.50 per short ton consistent with the IHS non-market adjustment.
(9)Average North American contract prices of pipe grade PVC over the period. As stated by IHS, "the contract resin prices posted reflect an "index" or "market" for prices before discounts, rebates, incentives, etc."
(10)Average North American export price for low density polyethylene GP-Film grade over the period.
(11)Average North American low spot export prices of caustic soda over the period.
(12)Average North American spot export prices of PVC over the period.
Year Ended December 31,
20222021
Domestic US prices percentage change from prior-year period for fuel cost and feedstock
Fuel cost (Natural Gas)+67 %+86 %
Feedstock (Ethane)+56 %+63 %
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Reconciliation of EBITDA to Net Income, Income from Operations and Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
The following table presents the reconciliation of EBITDA to net income, income from operations and net cash provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, for each of the periods indicated.
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
(dollars in millions)
Net cash provided by operating activities$3,395 $2,394 $1,297 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities and other(1,119)(301)(778)
Deferred income taxes21 (23)(146)
Net income2,297 2,070 373 
Less:
Other income, net73 53 44 
Interest expense(177)(176)(142)
Benefit from (provision for) income taxes(649)(607)42 
Income from operations3,050 2,800 429 
Add:
Depreciation and amortization1,056 840 773 
Other income, net73 53 44 
EBITDA$4,179 $3,693 $1,246 
Reconciliation of Free Cash Flow to Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
The following table presents the reconciliation of Free Cash Flow to net cash provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, for each of the periods indicated.
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
(dollars in millions)
Net cash provided by operating activities$3,395 $2,394 $1,297 
Less:
Additions to property, plant and equipment(1,108)(658)(525)
Free Cash Flow$2,287 $1,736 $772 

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2022 Compared with 2021
Summary
For the year ended December 31, 2022, net income attributable to Westlake Corporation was $2,247 million, or $17.34 per diluted share, on net sales of $15,794 million. This represents an increase in net income attributable to Westlake Corporation of $232 million, or $1.76 per diluted share, compared to 2021 net income attributable to Westlake Corporation of $2,015 million, or $15.58 per diluted share, on net sales of $11,778 million. Income from operations was $3,050 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $2,800 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, an increase of $250 million. The increase in net income and income from operations was primarily due to significantly higher global sales prices for caustic soda and chlorine caused by higher demand through the year, and higher prices and margins on many of our products in the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment, due to strong demand for our products primarily during the first half of 2022. In addition, net income and income from operations included the contributions from the businesses acquired in the second half of 2021 and in the first quarter of 2022. Net income and income from operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 was negatively impacted by softening demand for PVC resin during the second half of 2022 due to slowing global economic conditions. In addition, higher natural gas, power and feedstock costs and a $70 million pre-tax litigation charge negatively impacted net income and income from operations during the year ended December 31, 2022. Selling, general and administrative expenses were also higher for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to the businesses acquired in the second half of 2021 and in the first quarter of 2022. Net sales increased by $4,016 million to $15,794 million in 2022 from $11,778 million in 2021, due to higher sales prices for caustic soda and chlorine and for many of our products in the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment, partially offset by lower polyethylene sales prices. Sales volumes in the year ended December 31, 2022 were also higher in both segments as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to the contributions from the acquired businesses in the second half of 2021 and in the first quarter of 2022, partially offset by lower PVC resin, caustic soda and PVC compounds sales volumes.
Net Sales. Net sales increased by $4,016 million, or 34%, to $15,794 million in 2022 from $11,778 million in 2021, primarily due to higher sales prices for caustic soda and chlorine and for many of our products in the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment as well as higher sales volumes due to the businesses acquired in the second half of 2021 and in the first quarter of 2022, partially offset by lower polyethylene sales prices. Average sales prices for 2022 increased by 20% as compared to 2021 due to strong demand for caustic soda and strong residential construction, repair and remodeling markets in North America during the first half of 2022. Sales volumes increased by 14% in 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily due to the businesses acquired in the second half of 2021 and in the first quarter of 2022, partially offset by lower PVC resin, caustic soda and PVC compounds sales volumes.
Gross Profit. Gross profit margin percentage was 26% in 2022 as compared to 30% in 2021. The decline in gross margin percentage for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily due to higher natural gas, power, feedstock and raw material costs and lower polyethylene sales prices. These decreases versus the prior year were partially offset by higher sales prices for caustic soda, chlorine, derivative products, pipes and fittings and PVC compounds.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $284 million to $835 million in 2022 from $551 million in 2021. This increase was mainly due to the inclusion of expenses related to the businesses acquired in the second half of 2021 and in the first quarter of 2022 as well as higher employee-related costs.
Amortization of Intangibles. Amortization expense increased by $32 million to $155 million in 2022 from $123 million in 2021, primarily due to the amortization of intangibles associated with the businesses acquired in the second half of 2021 and in the first quarter of 2022.
Restructuring, Transaction and Integration-related Costs. The restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs of $33 million and $21 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, primarily consisted of restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs associated with the businesses acquired in the second half of 2021 and in the first quarter of 2022.
Interest Expense. Interest expense of $177 million in 2022 was comparable to $176 million in 2021. The full year interest expense in 2022 associated with the issuance of $1,700 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes in August 2021 was substantially offset by the realization of losses in 2021 on the settlement of interest rate lock arrangements associated with the senior notes issued in August 2021.
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Other Income, Net. Other income, net of $73 million in 2022 was higher than other income, net of $53 million in 2021, primarily due to higher interest income.
Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 22% in 2022, which was slightly lower than the 23% effective tax rate in 2021. The effective tax rate in 2022 was lower as compared to 2021, primarily due to an increase in U.S. federal research and development credits available to the Company in 2022.
Performance and Essential Materials Segment
Net Sales. Net sales for the Performance and Essential Materials segment increased by $2,338 million, or 27%, to $11,008 million in 2022 from $8,670 million in 2021. Average sales prices for the Performance and Essential Materials segment increased by 15% in 2022 as compared to 2021. The increase in average sales prices were primarily driven by higher prices for caustic soda, chlorine and derivative products, partially offset by lower polyethylene sales prices. Sales volumes for the Performance and Essential Materials segment increased by 13% in 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily due to contributions from the recently acquired Westlake Epoxy business, which were partially offset by lower PVC resin, caustic soda and styrene sales volumes.
Income from Operations. Income from operations for the Performance and Essential Materials segment decreased by $133 million to $2,416 million in 2022 from $2,549 million in 2021. This decrease in income from operations was primarily due to lower polyethylene sales prices and integrated margins and lower sales volumes for PVC resin and caustic soda, higher natural gas, power and feedstock costs and a $70 million pre-tax litigation charge in the third quarter of 2022. The decrease in income from operations versus the prior-year was partially offset by higher sales prices for caustic soda, chlorine and derivative products and income from Westlake Epoxy, which was acquired in the first quarter of 2022. Trading activity in 2022 resulted in a loss of approximately $28 million as compared to a gain of $12 million in 2021.
Housing and Infrastructure Products Segment
Net Sales. Net sales for the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment increased by $1,678 million, or 54%, to $4,786 million in 2022 from $3,108 million in 2021. Housing Products net sales of $3,864 million increased by $1,530 million as compared to 2021 primarily due to higher sales prices for all products as well as a full year of sales contribution from the businesses acquired in the second half of 2021. Infrastructure Products net sales of $922 million increased by $148 million as compared to 2021 primarily due to significantly higher sales prices. Average sales prices for the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment increased by 35% in 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily due to strong residential construction and repair and remodeling activity during the first half of 2022. Sales volumes for the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment increased by 19% in 2022, as compared to 2021, primarily due to contributions from the businesses acquired in the second half of 2021, partially offset by lower sales volumes for PVC compounds.
Income from Operations. Income from operations for the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment increased by $319 million to $675 million in 2022 from $356 million in 2021. The increase in income from operations was primarily due to higher sales prices driven by higher housing construction and remodeling activity during the first half of 2022. Income from operations was also higher due to contributions from the businesses acquired in the second half of 2021. The higher income from operations in 2022 as compared to 2021 was partially offset by higher raw material, power and production costs.
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2021 Compared with 2020
Summary
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net income attributable to Westlake Corporation was $2,015 million, or $15.58 per diluted share, on net sales of $11,778 million. This represents an increase in net income attributable to Westlake Corporation of $1,685 million, or $13.02 per diluted share, as compared to 2020 net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation wasof $330 million, or $2.56 per diluted share, on net sales of $7,504 million. This represents a decreaseIncome from operations was $2,800 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to $429 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increase of $2,371 million. The increase in net income attributableand income from operations was primarily due to Westlake Chemical Corporationsignificantly higher global sales prices and integrated margins for our major products due to the strengthening of $91 million, or $0.69 per diluted share, compared to 2019 netdemand for our products resulting from continued improvement in global economic activity from the severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, strong residential construction and repair and remodeling markets in North America and strong demand from the packaging and other consumer markets. Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation of $421 million, or $3.25 per diluted share,and income from operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 were positively impacted by higher margin contribution on net sales of $8,118 million.ethylene produced by LACC. Net income and income from operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 was negatively impacted by higher feedstock costs, fuel costs and selling, general and administrative expense. Net income for the year ended December 31, 2020 decreased versus the prior year primarily due to lower global sales prices for several of our major products, including caustic soda, and lower sales volumes for caustic soda resulting from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and lower crude oil prices. Net income for 2020 was also impacted by the shutdowns of our Lake Charles facilities in the second half of 2020 due to Hurricanes Laura and Delta, which resulted in lower plant operating rates, higher maintenance expense and lower production for many of our major products. In addition, in 2020 we had a higher interest expense related to higher average borrowings. These decreases were partially offset by theincluded an income tax rate benefit of $95 million or $0.74 per diluted share, resulting from the carryback of federal net operating losses permitted by the CARESCoronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act higher(the "CARES Act"). Net sales volumes for downstream building products, higher contributionsincreased by $4,274 million to $11,778 million in 2021 from our ethylene joint venture LACC, LLC ("LACC") and lower fuel costs and selling, general and administrative expenses. Income from operations was $429$7,504 million for the year ended December 31,in 2020, as compared to $656 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, a decrease of $227 million. The decrease in income from operations was primarilymainly due to lower globalhigher sales prices for our major products lower sales volume for caustic soda, lower operating rates and higher maintenance expense due to Hurricanes Laura and Delta. The decreases were partially offset byas well as higher sales volumes for downstream building productsHousing and higher contributions from LACC, lower fuel costs and selling, general and administrative costs. Net sales decreased by $614 million to $7,504 million in 2020 from $8,118 million in 2019, mainlyInfrastructure Products due to lower sales prices and volumes for several of our major products, including caustic soda, partially offset by higher sales volumes for downstream building products.
2020 Compared with 2019acquisitions in 2021.
Net Sales. Net sales decreasedincreased by $614$4,274 million, or 8%57%, to $11,778 million in 2021 from $7,504 million in 2020, from $8,118 million in 2019, primarily attributable to lowerhigher sales prices and volumes for several of our major products including caustic soda, partially offset byas well as higher sales volumes for downstream building products.Housing and Infrastructure Products due to our acquisitions in 2021. Average sales prices for 2020 decreased2021 increased by 4%51% as compared to 20192020 due to slowerthe strong demand for our products resulting from continued improvement in global economic activity, as a result ofstrong residential construction, repair and remodeling markets in North America, and strong demand from the COVID-19 pandemicpackaging and lower crude oil prices.other consumer markets. Sales volumes decreasedincreased by 3%6% in 20202021 as compared to 2019.2020, primarily due to the acquisitions in 2021.
Gross Profit. Gross profit margin percentage decreasedincreased to 30% in 2021 from 14% in 2020 from 16%2020. The increase in 2019. The gross profit margin decreasedwas primarily due to lower globalhigher sales prices and margins for several of our major products and lower sales volumes for caustic soda resulting from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and lower crude oil prices.products. Gross profit margin for the year ended December 31, 2021 was also positively impacted by the shutdown of our Lake Charles facilities inmargin contributed from LACC's produced ethylene. Gross profit margin for the second half of 2020 due to Hurricanes Laura and Delta, which resulted in lower plant operating rates, higher maintenance expense and lower production for many of our major products. These decreases were partially offsetyear ended December 31, 2021 was negatively impacted by higher sales volumes for downstream building productsfeedstock and lower fuel costs.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses decreasedincreased by $9$102 million to $551 million in 2021 from $449 million in 2020 from $458 million in 2019.2020. This decreaseincrease was mainly due to lowerhigher employee compensation, selling and selling expenses.consulting expenses and the inclusion of expenses related to the acquisitions in 2021.
Amortization of Intangibles. Amortization expense for 2020 was $109increased by $14 million which was comparable to $123 million in 2021 from $109 million for 2019.2020, primarily due to the amortization of intangibles associated with the acquisitions in 2021.
Restructuring, Transaction and Integration-related Costs. Restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs were $21 million in 2021 as compared to $36 million in 2020 as compared to $37 million in 2019.2020. The restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs of $21 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily consisted of costs associated with the acquisitions in 2021. Restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs of $36 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily related to the closure of thea non-integrated PVC plant located in Germany and included the $8 million write-off of certain assets and other expenses associated with the plant closure. The restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs for 2019 primarily consisted of restructuring expenses of $26 million and acquisition costs.
Interest Expense. Interest expense increased by $18$34 million to $176 million in 2021 from $142 million in 2020, from $124 million in 2019, primarily as a result of higher average debt outstanding in 20202021 as compared to 2019. The higher average debt balance inthe year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily due toand the borrowingsettlement of $1 billion under our revolving credit facility in March 2020 out of an abundance of caution (which we fully repaid in June 2020),interest rate lock arrangements associated with the issuance of the €700 million aggregate principal amount of 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes in July 2019, which were outstanding for the full calendar year in 2020 (as compared to less than half a year in 2019), and the issuance of the $300 million aggregate principal amount of 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes in June 2020 and lower interest capitalization due to lower activity with respect to capital expenditure projects during 2020 as compared to the prior year, partially offset by the purchase in lieu of redemption of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds, the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Bonds.Notes. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt" below and Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K for further discussion of our indebtedness.
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Other Income, Net. Other income, net of $44$53 million in 20202021 was higher as compared to other income, net of $38$44 million in 2019.2020. This increase was primarily due to higher expected return on pension plan assets.
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Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was an expense of 23% in 2021 as compared to a benefit of 13% in 2020 as compared to an expense of 19% in 2019.2020. The change in effective tax rate in 20202021 as compared to the prior year2020 was primarily due to the income tax rate benefit in the year ended December 31, 2020 resulting from the carryback of federal net operating loss to taxable years that were taxed at the U.S. corporate tax rate of 35% as permitted under the CARES Act, partially offset by the reduction in the Section 199 domestic manufacturing deduction as a result of the net operating loss carryback.
VinylsPerformance and Essential Materials Segment
Net Sales. Net sales for the VinylsPerformance and Essential Materials segment decreasedincreased by $364$3,205 million, or 6%59%, to $5,972$8,670 million in 20202021 from $6,336$5,465 million in 2019. The decrease was mainly due to lower sales prices and volumes for caustic soda, partially offset by higher sales volumes for downstream building products, as compared to the prior year.2020. Average sales prices for the VinylsPerformance and Essential Materials segment decreasedincreased by 4%58% in 2020,2021 as compared to 2019, primarily2020. The higher Performance Materials sales prices were due to lowerhigher polyethylene and PVC resin sales prices. The higher Essential Materials sales prices were primarily driven by the higher prices for caustic due to improved global economic activity as a result ofactivity. Sales volumes for the COVID-19 pandemic. Average sales volumes decreased by 2%Performance and Essential Materials segment remained relatively consistent in 2020,2021 as compared to 2019.2020.
Income from Operations. Income from operations for the VinylsPerformance and Essential Materials segment decreasedincreased by $150$2,318 million to $301$2,549 million in 20202021 from $451$231 million in 2019.2020. This decreaseincrease in income from operations was primarily due to lowerhigher sales prices and volumesmargins for polyethylene, PVC resin and caustic soda, mainly resulting from slowerthe continued improvement in global economic activity due tofrom the severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.pandemic in 2020. The decreaseincrease in income from operations versusas compared to the prior year was negatively impacted by higher feedstock and fuel costs. Income from operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 was also due to higher maintenance expenseimpacted by Winter Storm Uri and other costs related to lower production, in each case due toHurricane Ida, while income from operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 was negatively impacted by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and Hurricanes Laura and Delta. These decreases were partially offset by higher sales volumes for downstream building products, higher contributions from LACC
Housing and lower fuel costs.
OlefinsInfrastructure Products Segment
Net Sales. Net sales for the OlefinsHousing and Infrastructure Products segment decreasedincreased by $250$1,069 million, or 14%52%, to $1,532$3,108 million in 20202021 from $1,782$2,039 million in 2019. The decrease2020. In addition to the net sales from the businesses we acquired in the second half of 2021, the increase in net sales was mainly due to loweralso driven by higher sales prices for our major products. Ourproducts in the housing and infrastructure businesses. Average sales volumes were also impactedprices increased by the lower production33% from 2020 to due to Hurricanes Laurastrong demand for our major products in the residential construction and Delta.repair and remodeling markets. Sales volumes for the OlefinsHousing and Infrastructure Products segment decreasedincreased by 7%19% in 20202021 as compared to 2019. Average sales prices for the Olefins segment decreased by 7% in 2020 as compared to 2019 due to lower global economic activitystrong demand as a resultwell as the businesses we acquired in the second half of the COVID-19 pandemic and lower crude oil prices.2021.
Income from Operations. Income from operations for the OlefinsHousing and Infrastructure Products segment decreasedincreased by $100 million to $160$356 million in 20202021 from $260$256 million in 2019.2020. The decrease in income from operations was due to the lower sales prices for our major products, mainly resulting from lower crude oil prices and slower global economic activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The decrease in income from operations versus the prior year was also due to lower sales volumes for many of our major products, higher maintenance expense and other costs related to lower production, in each case due to Hurricanes Laura and Delta. Trading activity in 2020 resulted in a gain of approximately $4 million as compared to a loss of $26 million in 2019.
2019 Compared with 2018
Net Sales. Net sales decreased by $517 million, or 6%, to $8,118 million in 2019 from $8,635 million in 2018, primarily attributable to lower sales prices for our major products and lower sales volumes for PVC resin, partially offset by higher sales volumes for polyethylene, styrene and PVC compounds. Average sales prices for 2019 decreased by 11% as compared to 2018. Sales volumes increased by 5% in 2019 as compared to 2018.
Gross Profit. Gross profit margin percentage decreased to 16% in 2019 from 23% in 2018. The gross profit margin decreased primarily due to lower sales prices for our major products (resulting in lower margins), partially offset by lower ethane feedstock, purchased ethylene and fuel costs, as compared to 2018.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $13 million to $458 million in 2019 from $445 million in 2018. This increase was mainly due to selling, general and administrative expenses related to the acquisition of NAKAN, partially offset by lower professional consulting fees.
Amortization of Intangibles. Amortization expense for 2019 was $109 million, as compared to $101 million for 2018. The increase in amortization expense was primarily due to intangible assets related to the acquisition of NAKAN.
Restructuring, Transaction and Integration-related Costs. Restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs of $37 million in 2019 were higher as compared to $33 million in 2018. The restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs for 2019 primarily consisted of restructuring expenses of $26 million and acquisition costs. The restructuring expenses primarily represent charges associated with the write-off of certain assets. The restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs for 2018 of $33 million primarily consisted of integration-related consulting fees and acquisition costs.
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Interest Expense. Interest expense decreased by $2 million to $124 million in 2019 from $126 million in 2018, primarily as a result of a lower average interest rate for the outstanding debt in 2019 as compared to 2018. The lower average interest rate was primarily due to the redemption of the 4.875% 2023 Notes and the 4.625% 2021 Notes in 2018 and the issuance of the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes in July 2019.
Other Income, Net. Other income, net decreased by $14 million to $38 million in 2019 from $52 million in 2018. This decrease was primarily due to the recognition of a one-time pension settlement gain of $14 million in 2018.
Income Taxes. The effective income tax expense rate was 19% in 2019 as compared to 22% in 2018. The effective tax rate in 2019 was lower as compared to 2018 and lower compared to the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21%, primarily due to the reduction of a valuation allowance recorded against foreign NOL and credit carryforwards and the reduction in accrual of withholding tax on unremitted foreign earnings, partially offset by an increase in state tax expense.
Vinyls Segment
Net Sales. Net sales for the Vinyls segment decreased by $280 million, or 4%, to $6,336 million in 2019 from $6,616 million in 2018. Average sales prices for the Vinyls segment decreased by 8% in 2019, as compared to 2018, mainly due to lower sales prices for caustic soda and lower sales prices and volumes for PVC resins, partially offset by higher PVC compounds sales volumes. Average sales volumes increased by 3% in 2019, as compared to 2018.
Income from Operations. Income from operations for the Vinyls segment decreased by $462 million to $451 million in 2019 from $913 million in 2018. This decrease in income from operations was primarily due to lower caustic soda and PVC resinsignificantly higher sales prices partially offsetand margins driven by lower purchased ethylene, ethane feedstockrobust housing construction and fuel costs.
Olefins Segment
Net Sales.remodeling activity resulting from the continued economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Net sales forAdditionally, 2021 experienced higher energy costs as well as the Olefins segment decreased by $237 million, or 12%, to $1,782 million in 2019impacts from $2,019 million in 2018. The decrease was mainly due to lower sales prices for our major products, partially offset by higher polyethyleneWinter Storm Uri and styrene sales volumes, as compared to 2018. Average sales prices for the Olefins segment decreased by 21% in 2019 as compared to 2018, primarily due to increased olefins production from new industry capacity. Sales volumes for the Olefins segment increased by 9% in 2019 as compared to 2018.
Income from Operations. IncomeHurricane Ida, while income from operations for the Olefins segment decreasedyear ended December 31, 2020 was negatively impacted by $313 million to $260 million in 2019 from $573 million in 2018. The decrease in income from operations was primarily due to the lower sales prices for our major products, partially offset by higher sales volumes for our major productsonset of the COVID-19 pandemic and lower feedstockHurricanes Laura and fuel costs. Trading activity in 2019 resulted in a loss of approximately $26 million as compared to a gain of $3 million in 2018.Delta.
Cash Flows
Operating Activities
Operating activities provided cash of $1,297$3,395 million in 2020,2022 as compared to cash provided by operating activities of $1,301$2,394 million in 2019.2021. The changes$1,001 million increase in cash flowsflow from operating activities in 2020, as comparedwas mainly due to 2019, were mainly driven by the decreaseincrease in income from operations the income tax refund of $188 million under the CARES Act and favorable working capital changes. Changes in components of working capital, which we define for purposes of this cash flow discussion as accounts receivable, inventories, prepaid expenses and other current assets, less accounts payable and accrued and other liabilities, usedprovided cash of $17$174 million in 2020,2022, as compared to $68$383 million of cash providedused in 2019, an unfavorable2021, a favorable change of $85$557 million. UnfavorableThe majority of the favorable changes in working capital2022 were due todriven by a favorable change in accounts receivable, which was drivenpartially offset by higher sales in the fourth quarter of 2020 and the expected additional income tax refund resulting from the CARES Act, as discussed previously. Favorableunfavorable changes in working capital were due to lower inventories and higher accounts payable and accrued liabilities,and other liabilities. The favorable change in accounts receivable was primarily driven by lower sales prices and volumes in the second half of 2022 due to overall softening of demand in markets we serve. The unfavorable changes in inventory levelsaccounts payable and accrued and other liabilities in 2022 were primarily driven by lower operating activities.activity in the second half of 2022, as compared to 2021.
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Operating activities provided cash of $1,301$2,394 million in 20192021 as compared to cash provided by operating activities of $1,409$1,297 million in 2018.2020. The $108$1,097 million decreaseincrease in cash flows from operating activities was mainly due to the decreaseincrease in income from operations, in 2019, as compared to 2018,which was partially offset by a decrease in working capital requirements. Income from operations decreased by $752 million in 2019, as comparedchanges and an unfavorable change related to 2018. The decrease in income from operations was primarily a result of lower sales prices for our major products, partially offset by lower purchased ethylene, ethanethe turnaround at OpCo's Petro 2 facility and fuel costs.other turnaround activities. Changes in components of working capital, which we define for purposes of this cash flow discussion as accounts receivable, inventories, prepaid expenses and other current assets, less accounts payable and accrued and other liabilities, providedused cash of $68$383 million in 2019,2021, as compared to $290$17 million of cash used in 2018, a favorable2020, an unfavorable change of $358$366 million. The favorablemajority of the unfavorable changes in 2021 were driven by higher accounts receivable and higher inventories, partially offset by higher accounts payable and accrued and other liabilities. The unfavorable change was driven mainly by changes in accounts receivable was primarily driven by higher sales prices resulting in higher trade customer balances. The higher inventories, accounts payable and inventories. Favorable changesaccrued and other liabilities in accounts receivables and inventories2021 were primarily the result of lower sales prices for our productsdriven by higher inventory cost and lower feedstock costsan increase in 2019operating activities, as compared to 2018.
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2020.
Investing Activities
Net cash used for investing activities during 20202022 was $509$2,479 million as compared to net cash used of $1,954$3,213 million in 2019.2021. The investing activities during 2022 were comprised primarily of the acquisition of Westlake Epoxy in February 2022 for $1,163 million, the purchase of an additional 3.2% interest in LACC for $89 million, aggregate contributions of $87 million to LACC, capital expenditures, and other asset acquisitions. Our 2021 acquisition related activities were higher, as compared to the current year, due to the acquisitions of the Boral Target Companies, LASCO and Dimex for $2,554 million in the aggregate. Capital expenditures were $525$1,108 million in 20202022 compared to $787$658 million in 2019.2021. Capital expenditures in 2022 and 2021 were primarily related to expansion projects at various chlor-alkali plants as well as projects to improve production capacity or reduce costs, maintenance and safety projects and environmental projects at our various facilities.
Net cash used for investing activities during 2021 was $3,213 million as compared to net cash used of $509 million in 2020. The decreaseincrease in capital expendituresinvesting activities in 2021 was primarily due to fewer expansion projectsthe acquisitions of the Boral Target Companies, LASCO and Dimex for $2,554 million in 2020, asthe aggregate, net of cash acquired. Capital expenditures were $658 million in 2021 compared to 2019.$525 million in 2020. The higher capital expenditures in 2021 were primarily associated with the turnaround at OpCo's Petro 2 facility. Capital expenditures in 2021 and 2020 were primarily related to projects to improve production capacity or reduce costs, maintenance and safety projects and environmental projects at our various facilities. In 2020,During 2021, we received $44contributed $22 million to LACC and $2 million to an unconsolidated investee compared to a net return of investment of $40 million from our joint venture, LACC representing a return of investment. The Company's contribution to unconsolidated subsidiaries in 2020 was primarily comprised of $14 million towards our investment in RS Cogen. Investing activities in 2019 were primarily due to acquisitions for $314 million, net of cash acquired, the purchase of the additional 34.8% interest in LACC for $817 million in November 2019 and payment of $45 million to fund the construction costs of LACC. Capital expenditures in 2019 included certain announced expansion projects as well as projects to improve production capacity or reduce costs, maintenance and safety and environmental projects at our various facilities.
Net cash used for investing activities during 2019 was $1,954 million as compared to net cash used of $754 million in 2018. Capital expenditures were $787 million in 2019 compared to $702 million in 2018. Higher investing activities in 2019 were primarily due to acquisitions for $314 million, net of cash acquired, the purchase of the additional 34.8% interest in LACC for $817 million in November 2019 and payment of $45 million to fund the construction costs of LACC. Capital expenditures in 2019 and 2018 were primarily related to expansion projects as well as projects to improve production capacity or reduce costs, maintenance and safety and environmental projects at our various facilities. The expansion projects include our previously announced expansions of PVC and VCM capacities at our plants in Germany and Geismar, Louisiana.2020.
Financing Activities
Net cash used by financing activities during 20202022 was $216$587 million as compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $630$1,437 million in 2019. In 2020, out2021. The activities during 2022 were primarily related to the redemption of abundance$250 million aggregate principal amount of caution, we borrowed $1,000the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes, the $169 million underpayment of cash dividends, the $60 million payment of cash distributions to noncontrolling interests and repurchases of our revolving credit facility, which we subsequently fully repaidcommon stock for an aggregate purchase price of $101 million.
Net cash provided by financing activities during 2021 was $1,437 million as compared to net cash used of $216 million in June 2020. In 2020, we completedThe activities during 2021 were primarily related to the registered public offering of $300 million aggregate principal amount of the 3.375% 20300.875% 2024 Senior Notes, $350 million aggregate principal amount of the 2.875% 2041 Senior Notes, $600 million aggregate principal amount of the 3.125% 2051 Senior Notes and we purchased in lieu$450 million aggregate principal amount of optional redemption the $100 million 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes, the $89 million 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone3.375% 2061 Senior Notes and the $65payment of debt issuance costs of $18 million 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Seniorrelated to the Notes. The remaining activities in 20202021 were primarily related to the $137$145 million payment of cash dividends, the $55 million payment of cash distributions to noncontrolling interests, repurchases of common stock of $54 million and repayment of short-term notes payable of $17 million. In 2019, we received proceeds of $784 million from the issuance of the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes and $63 million from the issuance of Westlake Partners common units. The remaining activities in 2019 were primarily related to the $132 million payment of cash dividends, the $50$48 million payment of cash distributions to noncontrolling interests and repurchases of our common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $30 million.
Net cash provided by financing activities during 2019 was $630 million as compared to net cash used of $1,427 million in 2018. In 2019, we received proceeds of $784 million from the issuance of the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes and $63 million from the issuance of Westlake Partners common units. The remaining activities in 2019 were primarily related to the $132 million payment of cash dividends, the $50 million payment of cash distributions to noncontrolling interests and repurchases of common stock of $30 million. The 2018 activity was mainly related to the redemption of $704 million principal amount of the 2021 Notes in February 2018 and the redemption of $461 million principal amount of the 2023 Notes in May 2018. The remaining activities in 2018 were primarily related to the $120 million payment of cash dividends, the $45 million payment of cash distributions to noncontrolling interests and repurchases of common stock of $106 million.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity and Financing Arrangements
Our principal sources of liquidity are from cash and cash equivalents, cash from operations, short-term borrowings under the New Credit Agreement and our long-term financing.
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In November 2014, our Board of Directors authorized a $250 million stock repurchase program (the "2014 Program"). In November 2015, our Board of Directors approved the expansion of the 2014 Program by an additional $150 million. In August 2018, our Board of Directors approved the further expansion of the existing 2014 Program by an additional $150 million. In August 2022, our Board of Directors approved the further expansion of the existing 2014 Program by an additional $500 million. As of December 31, 2020,2022, we had repurchased 7,075,7208,511,256 shares of our common stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $419$551 million under the 2014 Program. During the year ended December 31, 2020, 995,5292022, 1,079,736 shares of our common stock were repurchased for an aggregate purchase price of $102 million under the 2014 Program. Purchases under the 2014 Program may be made either through the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. Decisions regarding the amount and the timing of purchases under the 2014 Program will be influenced by our cash on hand, our cash flowflows from operations, general market conditions and other factors. The 2014 Program may be discontinued by our Board of Directors at any time.
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On October 4, 2018, Westlake Partners and Westlake Partners GP, the general partner of Westlake Partners, entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with UBS Securities LLC, Barclays Capital Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., RBC Capital Markets, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC to offer and sell Westlake Partners common units, from time to time, up to an aggregate offering amount of $50 million. This Equity Distribution Agreement was amended on February 28, 2020 to reference a new shelf registration for utilization under this agreement. No common units have beenwere issued under this program in 2018, 20192022, 2021 or 2020.
On March 20, 2020, out of an abundance of caution, we borrowed $1 billion under our $1 billion revolving credit facility that is scheduled to mature on July 24, 2023 (the "Credit Agreement") to maintain financial flexibility in light of uncertainty in the global markets caused by COVID-19. On June 4, 2020, we fully repaid the $1 billion of borrowings under the Credit Agreement and, as a result, have no current borrowings outstanding under our revolving credit facility.
On June 12, 2020, we closed the public offering of $300 million aggregate principal amount of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes. Net proceeds from the issuance of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes was used to fund the purchase in lieu of optional redemption of (1) $100 million aggregate principal amount of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds, (2) $89 million aggregate principal amount of the 2035 GO Zone Bonds and (3) $65 million aggregate principal amount of the 2035 IKE Zone Bonds.
As discussed in more detail above under 'Significant Developments', the Company (i) purchased in lieu of optional redemption $100 million aggregate principal amount of the 2029 GO Zone Bonds on August 1, 2020, and in connection therewith, the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes were cancelled, and (ii) purchased in lieu of optional redemption (1) $89 million aggregate principal amount of the 2035 GO Zone Bonds and (2) $65 million aggregate principal amount of the 2035 IKE Zone Bonds, in each case, on November 1, 2020, and in connection therewith, the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes were cancelled.
We believe that our sources of liquidity as described above are adequate to fund our normal operations and ongoing capital expenditures. Funding of any potential large expansions such as our recent acquisitions or potential future acquisitions wouldor the repayment of debt may likely necessitate, and therefore depend on our ability to obtain, additional financing in the future. We may not be able to access additional liquidity at cost effectivefavorable interest rates due to the volatility of the commercial credit markets.market.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
As of December 31, 2020,2022, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $1,313$2,228 million.
In addition we have theto our cash and cash equivalents, our New Credit Agreement is available to supplement cash ifprovide liquidity as needed, as described under "Debt" below.
Debt
As of December 31, 2020,2022, our indebtedness totaled $3,566$4,879 million. See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K for a discussion of our long-term indebtedness. Defined terms used in this section have the definitions assigned to such terms in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Our ability to make payments on our indebtedness and to fund planned capital expenditures will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future, which is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. Based on our current level of operations and unless we were to undertake a new expansion or large acquisition, we believe our cash flows from operations, available cash and available borrowings under theour New Credit Agreement will be adequate to meet our normal operating needs for the foreseeable future.
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Our long-term debt consisted of the following as of December 31, 2022:
Principal Amount
(in millions)
Debt Issuance DateMaturity DatePar Call DateOptional Redemption Terms and Other Matters
0.875% senior notes due 2024 (the "0.875% 2024 Senior Notes")$300 August 2021August 2024August 15, 2022(1)
3.60% senior notes due 2026 (the "3.60% 2026 Senior Notes")750 August 2016August 2026May 15, 2026(1) (3)
Loan related to tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds due 202711 December 1997December 2027(5)
1.625% senior notes due 2029 (the "1.625% 2029 Senior Notes")750 July 2019July 2029  April 17, 2029(1) (2)
3.375% senior notes due 2030 (the "3.375% 2030 Senior Notes")300 June 2020June 2030March 15, 2030(1) (3)
3.50% senior notes due 2032 (the "3.50% 2032 tax-exempt GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes")250 November 2017November 2032November 1, 2027 (4)
2.875% senior notes due 2041 (the "2.875% 2041 Senior Notes")350 August 2021August 2041February 15, 2041(1) (3)
5.00% senior notes due 2046 (the "5.00% 2046 Senior Notes")700 August 2016August 2046February 15, 2046(1) (3)
4.375% senior notes due 2047 (the "4.375% 2047 Senior Notes")500 November 2017November 2047May 15, 2047(1) (3)
3.125% senior notes due 2051 (the "3.125% 2051 Senior Notes")600 August 2021August 2051February 15, 2051(1) (3)
3.375% senior notes due 2061 (the "3.375% 2061 Senior Notes")450 August 2021August 2061February 15, 2061(1) (3)
Term loan 2026 (the "2026 Term Loan")15 March 2021March 2026
Total long-term debt$4,976 

(1)    At our option, we may redeem the notes at any time on or after the specified par call date at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest.
(2)    At our option, we may redeem the notes at any time prior to the specified par call date at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount of the notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest and (ii) the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments on the notes being redeemed that would be due if the notes matured on the specified par call date, discounted to the redemption date on an annual basis at the applicable comparable government bond rate plus 30 basis points plus accrued and unpaid interest.
(3)    At our option, we may redeem the notes at any time prior to the specified par call date at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount of the notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest and (ii) the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments on the notes being redeemed that would be due if the notes matured on the specified par call date, discounted to the redemption date on a semi-annual basis at the treasury rate plus 20 to 45 basis points plus accrued and unpaid interest.
(4)    In the event of a redemption of certain bonds (the "GO Zone Bonds") issued by the Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facility and Development Authority (the "Authority") in 2017, we will redeem notes equal in principal amount to the GO Zone Bonds to be redeemed at a redemption price equal to the redemption price of the GO Zone Bonds to be redeemed, plus accrued interest to the redemption date. The GO Zone Bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company at any time on or after November 1, 2027, for 100% of the principal amount plus accrued interest to the redemption date.
(5)    The waste disposal revenue bonds expire in December 2027 and are subject to redemption and mandatory tender for purchase prior to maturity under certain conditions.
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The holders of the 0.875% 2024 Senior Notes, the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes, the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes, the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes, the 3.50% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes, the 2.875% 2041 Senior Notes, the 5.00% 2046 Senior Notes, the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes, the 3.125% 2051 Senior Notes and the 3.375% 2061 Senior Notes may require us to repurchase the notes at a price equal to 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of repurchase, upon the occurrence of both a "change of control" and, within 60 days of such change of control, a "below investment grade rating event" (as such terms are defined in the respective indentures governing these notes).
The indenture governing the 0.875% 2024 Senior Notes, the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes, the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes, the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes, the 3.50% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes, the 2.875% 2041 Senior Notes, the 5.00% 2046 Senior Notes, the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes, the 3.125% 2051 Senior Notes, and the 3.375% 2061 Senior Notes contains customary events of default and covenants that, among other things and subject to certain exceptions, restrict us and certain of our subsidiaries' ability to (1) incur certain secured indebtedness, (2) engage in certain sale and leaseback transactions and (3) consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of our assets.
In July 2012, we issued $250 million aggregate principal amount of 3.60% Senior Notes due 2022 (the "3.60% 2022 Senior Notes"). During April 2022, we provided notice to the trustee that we had elected to redeem all of the outstanding 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes on May 14, 2022 (the "Redemption Date") pursuant to our optional redemption right under the indenture governing the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes. The 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes were redeemed on May 14, 2022 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest on the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes to the Redemption Date.
As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all of our long-term debt covenants.
New Credit Agreement
On July 24, 2018,June 9, 2022, we entered into a new $1$1.5 billion revolving credit facility that is scheduled to mature on July 24, 2023June 9, 2027 (the "Credit"New Credit Agreement"). and, in connection therewith, terminated our existing revolving credit agreement. The New Credit Agreement bears interest at either (a) LIBORAdjusted Term SOFR (as defined in the New Credit Agreement) plus a spreadmargin ranging from 1.00% to 1.75%1.625% per annum or (b) Alternate Base Rate (as defined in the New Credit Agreement) plus a spreadmargin ranging from 0.00% to 0.75%0.625% per annum, in each case depending on the credit rating of the Company. As of December 31, 2020, we had no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2020, we had no outstanding letters of credit and had borrowing availability of $1 billion under the Credit Agreement. The New Credit Agreement contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including a quarterly total leverage ratio financial maintenance covenant. As of December 31, 2020,2022, we were in compliance with the total leverage ratio financial maintenance covenant.
The New Credit Agreement also contains certain events of default and, if and for so long as certain events of default have occurred and are continuing, any overdue amounts outstanding under the New Credit Agreement will accrue interest at an increased rate, the lenders can terminate their commitments to lend thereunder and payments of any outstanding amounts thereunder could be accelerated by the lenders. None of our subsidiaries are required to guarantee our obligations under the New Credit Agreement.
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The New Credit Agreement includes a $150 million sub-limit for letters of credit, and any outstanding letters of credit will be deducted from availability under the facility. The New Credit Agreement also provides for a discretionary $50 million commitment for swingline loans to be provided on a same-day basis. We may also increase the size of the facility, in increments of at least $25 million, up to a maximum of $500 million, subject to certain conditions and if certain lenders agree to commit to such an increase.
In connection with our entry into the Credit Agreement, all guarantees by our then subsidiaries of our payment obligations under the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes, the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes, the 3.50% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes, the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes were released.
3.60% Senior Notes due 2022
In July 2012, we issued $250 million aggregate principal amount of the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes. We may optionally redeem the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes at any time and from time to time prior to April 15, 2022 (three months prior to the maturity date) for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after April 15, 2022, we may optionally redeem the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest. The holders of the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes may require us to repurchase the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes at a price of 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase, upon the occurrence of both a "change of control" and, within 60 days of such change of control, a "below investment grade rating event" (as such terms are defined in the indenture governing the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes).
3.60% Senior Notes due 2026 and 5.0% Senior Notes due 2046
In August 2016, we completed the private offering of $750 million aggregate principal amount of our 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and $700 million aggregate principal amount of our 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes. In March 2017, the Company commenced registered exchange offers to exchange the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes for new notes that are identical in all material respects to the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes, except that the offer and issuance of the new Securities and Exchange Commission-registered notes have been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). The exchange offers expired on April 24, 2017, and approximately 99.97% of the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and 100% of the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes were exchanged. The notes that were not exchanged in the exchange offers have not been registered under the Securities Act or any state securities laws and may not be offered or sold in the U.S. absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements or a transaction not subject to the registration requirements of the Securities Act or any state securities law.
Revenue Bonds
In December 1997, we entered into a loan agreement with a public trust established for public purposes for the benefit of the Parish of Calcasieu, Louisiana. The public trust issued $11 million principal amount of tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds in order to finance our construction of waste disposal facilities for an ethylene plant. The waste disposal revenue bonds expire in December 2027 and are subject to redemption and mandatory tender for purchase prior to maturity under certain conditions. Interest on the waste disposal revenue bonds accrues at a rate determined by a remarketing agent and is payable quarterly. The interest rate on the waste disposal revenue bonds at December 31, 2020 and 2019 was 0.14% and 1.78%, respectively.
1.625% Senior Notes due 2029
In July 2019, we completed the registered public offering of €700 million aggregate principal amount of the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes due July 17, 2029. The Company received approximately $779 million of net proceeds from the offering. We may optionally redeem the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes at any time and from time to time prior to April 17, 2029 (three months prior to the maturity date) for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after April 17, 2029, we may optionally redeem the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes for 100% of the principal amount plus accrued interest. The holders of the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes may require us to repurchase the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes at a price of 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase, upon the occurrence of both a "change of control" and, within 60 days of such change of control, a "below investment grade rating event" (as such terms are defined in the indenture governing the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes).
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GO Zone Bonds and IKE Zone Bonds
In November 2017, the Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facility and Development Authority (the "Authority") completed the offering of $250 million aggregate principal amount of 3.50% tax-exempt revenue refunding bonds due November 1, 2032 (the "Refunding Bonds"), the net proceeds of which were used to redeem $250 million aggregate principal amount of the Authority's 6 ¾% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 1, 2032 issued by the Authority under the GO Zone Act in December 2007. In connection with the issuance of the Refunding Bonds, we issued $250 million of the 3.5% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes. The Refunding Bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company at any time on or after November 1, 2027, for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest.
In July 2010, the Authority completed the reoffering of $100 million of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds. In connection with the reoffering of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds, we issued $100 million of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes. In December 2010, the Authority issued $89 million of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds. In connection with the issuance of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds, we issued $89 million of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes. In December 2010, the Authority completed the offering of $65 million of the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Bonds under Section 704 of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. In connection with the issuance of the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Bonds, we issued $65 million of the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes.
On August 1, 2020, the Company purchased the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds in lieu of optional redemption, and in connection therewith, the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes were cancelled. On November 1, 2020, the Company purchased the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Bonds in lieu of optional redemption, and in connection therewith, the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes were cancelled. We used a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes to fund the purchase in lieu of optional redemption of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds, the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Bonds.
3.375% Senior Notes due 2030
In June 2020, we completed the registered public offering of $300 million aggregate principal amount of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes due June 15, 2030. The Company received approximately $297 million of net proceeds from the offering, and used a portion of the net proceeds to fund the purchase in lieu of optional redemption of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds, the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Bonds. We may optionally redeem the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes at any time and from time to time prior to March 15, 2030 (three months prior to the maturity date) for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after March 15, 2030, we may optionally redeem the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes for 100% of the principal amount plus accrued interest. The holders of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes may require us to repurchase the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes at a price of 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of repurchase, upon the occurrence of both a "change of control" and, within 60 days of such change of control, a "below investment grade rating event" (as such terms are defined in the indenture governing the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes).
4.375% Senior Notes due 2047
In November 2017, we completed the registered public offering of $500 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% Senior Notes due November 15, 2047. We may optionally redeem the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes at any time and from time to time prior to May 15, 2047 (six months prior to the maturity date) for 100% of the principal plus accrued interest and a discounted "make whole" payment. On or after May 15, 2047, we may optionally redeem the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes for 100% of the principal amount plus accrued interest. The holders of the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes may require us to repurchase the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes at a price of 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of repurchase, upon the occurrence of both a "change of control" and, within 60 days of such change of control, a "below investment grade rating event" (as such terms are defined in the indenture governing the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes).
The indenture governing the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes, the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes, the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes, the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes, the 3.5% 2032 Senior Notes, the 5.0% 2046 Senior Notes, and the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes, contain customary events of default and covenants that, among other things and subject to certain exceptions, restrict us and certain of our subsidiaries' ability to (1) incur certain secured indebtedness, (2) engage in certain sale and leaseback transactions and (3) consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of its assets.
As of December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all of our long-term debt covenants.
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Westlake Chemical Partners LP Credit Arrangements
Our subsidiary, Westlake Chemical Finance Corporation, is the lender party to a $600 million revolving credit facility with Westlake Chemical Partners LP ("Westlake Partners"), originally entered into (the "MLP Revolver") that is scheduled to mature on April 29, 2015 and amended in August and December 2017. In addition, on March 19, 2020, Westlake Partners and Westlake Chemical Finance Corporation entered into an amendment to the revolving credit facility, to extend the maturity date to March 19, 2023 and add a phase-out provision for LIBOR, which is to be replaced by an alternate benchmark rate. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility bear interest at LIBOR plus a spread ranging from 2.0% to 3.0% (depending on Westlake Partners' consolidated leverage ratio), payable quarterly. Westlake Partners may pay all or a portion of the interest on any borrowings in kind, in which case any such amounts would be added to the principal amount of the loan.July 12, 2027. As of December 31, 2020,2022, outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility totaled $377 million and bore interest at Secured Overnight Financing Rate, as administered by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ("SOFR") plus the Applicable Margin plus a 0.10% credit spread adjustment. On July 12, 2022, Westlake Partners entered into the Fourth Amendment (the "MLP Revolver Amendment") to the MLP Revolver. The MLP Revolver Amendment, among other things, extended the maturity date to July 12, 2027 and provided for the replacement of LIBOR with SOFR. Borrowings under the MLP Revolver now bear interest at a variable rate of either (a) SOFR plus 2.0%the Applicable Margin plus a 0.10% credit spread adjustment or, if SOFR is no longer available, (b) the Alternate Base Rate plus the Applicable Margin minus 1.0%. The Applicable Margin under the MLP Revolver varies between 1.75% and 2.75%, depending on the Partnership's Consolidated Leverage Ratio.
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Our subsidiary, Westlake Polymers LLC, is the administrative agent to a $600 million revolving credit facility with OpCo. The revolving credit facilityWestlake Chemical OpCo LP ("OpCo") (the "OpCo Revolver") that is scheduled to mature in September 2023. on July 12, 2027. As of December 31, 2020,2022, outstanding borrowings under the credit facility totaled $23 million and bore interest at SOFR plus the Applicable Margin of 1.75% plus a 0.10% credit spread adjustment. On July 12, 2022, OpCo entered into the Second Amendment (the "OpCo Revolver Amendment") to the OpCo Revolver. The OpCo Revolver Amendment, among other things, extended the maturity date to July 12, 2027 and provided for the replacement of LIBOR with SOFR. Borrowings under the OpCo Revolver now bear interest at a variable rate of either (a) SOFR plus 2.0%, whichthe Applicable Margin plus a 0.10% credit spread adjustment or, if SOFR is accrued in arrears quarterly.no longer available, (b) the Alternate Base Rate plus the Applicable Margin minus 1.0%. The Applicable Margin under the OpCo Revolver is 1.75%
We consolidate Westlake Partners and OpCo for financial reporting purposes as we have a controlling financial interest. As such, the revolving credit facilities described above between our subsidiaries and Westlake Partners and OpCo are eliminated from the financial statements upon consolidation.
Contractual Obligations and Commercial CommitmentsOther Obligations
In addition toThe Company's material cash requirements for contractual and other obligations in the near term (next 12 months) and the long term period (2024 and thereafter) include long-term debt, we are required to makeinterest payments, relating to various types of obligations. The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2020 relating to long-term debt, operating leases, finance leases, pension benefits funding, post-retirement healthcare benefits, purchase obligations, asset retirement obligations and letters of credit.
Debt Obligations and Interest Payments. As of December 31, 2022, we had no debt obligations due within the near term, and debt obligations of $4,976 million due over the long-term period. At December 31, 2022, long-term debt related interest expense of $158 million was due within the near term, and related interest expense of $2,838 million was due over the long-term period. Maturities of our debt consist of $300 million in 2024, $765 million in 2026 and $11 million in 2027. There are no other scheduled maturities of debt in 2023 through 2027. See Note 11, "Long-Term Debt," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further information on our debt obligations and the expected timing of future principal and interest payments forpayments.
Operating leases. As of December 31, 2022, there was $129 million in operating lease obligations due within the next five yearsnear term, and thereafter. The amounts do not include deferred charges and other items classified in other liabilities$608 million due over the long-term period. See Note 7, "Leases," in the consolidated balance sheet dueNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further detail of our obligations and the uncertaintytiming of theexpected future payment schedule.
Payment Due by Period
Total20212022-20232024-2025Thereafter
(dollars in millions)
Contractual Obligations
Long-term debt$3,620 $— $250 $— $3,370 
Operating leases523 102 154 96 171 
Finance leases17 
Pension benefits funding140 40 38 56 
Post-retirement healthcare benefits78 15 15 40 
Purchase obligations6,654 1,747 1,714 1,220 1,973 
Interest payments1,970 126 238 233 1,373 
Asset retirement obligations63 12 — 49 
Total$13,065 $2,004 $2,416 $1,609 $7,036 
Other Commercial Commitments
Standby letters of credit$23 $17 $— $— $
payments.
Pension Benefits Funding.Funding and Post-retirement Healthcare Benefits. This representsPension benefits funding obligations due within the projectednear term were $12 million while post-retirement healthcare benefit payment obligations due within the near term were $9 million as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, we had $214 million and $47 million of pension benefit funding and post-retirement healthcare benefit obligations due over the long-term period, respectively. The estimate of the timing of contributions tofuture payments under our defined benefit pension plans which cover certain eligible employees in the United States and non-U.S. countries.
Post-retirement Healthcare Benefits. This represents the projected timing of contributions tocountries and our post-retirement healthcare benefits to the employees of certain subsidiaries who meet certain minimum age and service requirements.requirements involves the use of certain assumptions, including retirement ages and payout periods. See Note 14, "Employee Benefits," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further information on our obligations and the timing of expected future payments.
Purchase Obligations. Purchase obligations include agreements to purchase goods and services that are enforceable and legally binding and that specify all significant terms, including a minimum quantity and price. We are party to various obligations to purchase goods and services, including commitments to purchase various feedstock, utilities, nitrogen, oxygen, product storage, pipeline usage and logistic support, in each case in the ordinary course of our business, as well as various purchase commitments for our capital projects. The amounts shown in the table above reflect our estimates based on the contractual quantities and the prices in effect under contractual agreements asAs of December 31, 2020.
Interest Payments. Interest payments are based on interest rates in effect at December 31, 2020.
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Table2022, we had $2,141 million of Contentsenforceable and legally binding purchase commitments due within the near term, and $7,220 million due over the long-term period.
Asset Retirement Obligations. ThisAs of December 31, 2022, we had no material asset retirement obligations due within the near term, and $47 million due over the long-term period. Asset retirement obligations includes the estimated costs and timing of payments to satisfy our recognized asset retirement obligations. We recognize asset retirement obligations in the period in which the liability becomes probable and reasonably estimable. Initially, the asset retirement obligation is recorded at fair value and capitalized as a component of the carrying value of the long-lived asset to which the obligation relates. See Note 1, "Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further detail of our asset retirement obligations.
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Letters of Credit. This includes (1) our obligation under an $11As of December 31, 2022, we had $37 million letter of credit issued in connection with the $11 million tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds and (2) otherstandby letters of credit, totaling $12 million issued primarily to support commercial obligationsmade in the ordinary course of business, maturing within the near term, and obligationsno standby letters of credit maturing over the long-term period. We had no letters of credit outstanding under our insurance programs, including workers' compensation claims.New Credit Agreement.
Uncertain Income Tax Positions. We have recognized a liability for our uncertain income tax positions of approximately $17 million as of December 31, 2020. We do not believe we are likely to pay any material amounts during the year ending December 31, 2021. The ultimate resolution and timing of payment for remaining matters continues to be uncertain and are therefore excluded from the Contractual Obligations table above.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
None.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Critical accounting policies are those that are important to our financial condition and require management's most difficult, subjective or complex judgments. Different amounts would be reported under different operating conditions or under alternative assumptions. We have evaluated the accounting policies used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes and believe those policies are reasonable and appropriate.
We apply those Our significant accounting policies are summarized in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
Critical accounting estimates are those estimates made in accordance with GAAP that we believe best reflect the underlying businessinvolve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and economic events, consistent with GAAP.have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operation. Our more critical accounting policiesestimates include those related to long-lived assets, intangible assets, fair value estimates, accruals for long-term employee benefits, accounts receivable, income taxes and environmental and legal obligations. Inherent in such policiesestimates are certain key assumptions and estimates.assumptions. We periodically update the estimates used in the preparation of the financial statements based on our latest assessment of the current and projected business and general economic environment. Our significant accounting policies are summarized in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. We believe the following to be our most critical accounting policies applied inestimates required for the preparation of our financial statements.
Long-Lived Assets. Key estimates related to long-lived assets include useful lives, recoverability of carrying values and existence of any retirement obligations. Such estimates could be significantly modified. The carrying values of long-lived assets could be impaired by significant changes or projected changes in supply and demand fundamentals (which would have a negative impact on operating rates or margins), new technological developments, new competitors with significant raw material or other cost advantages, adverse changes associated with the United States and world economies, the cyclical nature of the chemical and refining industries and uncertainties associated with governmental actions.
We evaluate long-lived assets for potential impairment indicators whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, including when negative conditions such as significant current or projected operating losses exist. Our judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on legal factors, market conditions and the operational performance of our businesses. Actual impairment losses incurred could vary significantly from amounts estimated. Long-lived assets assessed for impairment are grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Additionally, future events could cause us to conclude that impairment indicators exist and that associated long-lived assets of our businesses are impaired. Any resulting impairment loss could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
The estimated useful lives of long-lived assets range from one to 40 years. Depreciation and amortization of these assets, including amortization of deferred turnaround costs, under the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives totaled $1,056 million, $840 million and $773 million $713 millionin 2022, 2021 and $641 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. If the useful lives of the assets were found to be shorter than originally estimated, depreciation or amortization charges would be accelerated.
We defer the costs of planned major maintenance activities, or turnarounds, and amortize the costs over the period until the next planned turnaround of the affected unit. Total costs deferred on turnarounds were $24$178 million,, $40 $215 million and $79$24 million in 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018, respectively. Amortization in 2020, 2019 and 2018 of previously deferred turnaround costs was $48 million, $55 million and $39 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020,2022, deferred turnaround costs, net of accumulated amortization, totaled $102$359 million. Amortization in 2022, 2021 and 2020 of deferred turnaround costs was $80 million, $56 million and $48 million, respectively. Expensing turnaround costs as incurred would likely result in greater variability of our quarterly operating results and would adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.
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Additional information concerning long-lived assets and related depreciation and amortization appears in Notes 6 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
Fair Value Estimates. We develop estimates of fair value to allocate the purchase price paid to acquire a business to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in an acquisition, to assess impairment of long-lived assets, goodwill and intangible assets and to record marketable securities and pension plan assets. We use all available information to make these fair value determinations, including the engagement of third-party consultants. At December 31, 2020,2022, our recorded goodwill was $1,083$2,161 million. In addition, we record all pension plan assets and certain marketable securities at fair value. The fair value of these items is determined by quoted market prices or from observable market-based inputs. See Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K for more information.
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Business Combinations and Intangible Assets Including Goodwill. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, and accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the acquired business are recorded at their fair values at the date of acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value is recorded as goodwill. Any changes in the estimated fair values of the net assets recorded for acquisitions prior to the finalization of more detailed analysis, but not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition, will change the amount of the purchase price allocable to goodwill. Any subsequent changes to any purchase price allocations that are material to our consolidated financial results will be adjusted in the same period's financial statements, including the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization or other income effects, if any, as a result of the change to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. All acquisition costs are expensed as incurred and in-process research and development costs are recorded at fair value as an indefinite-lived intangible asset and assessed for impairment thereafter until completion, at which point the asset is amortized over its expected useful life. Separately recognized transactions associated with business combinations are generally expensed subsequent to the acquisition date. The application of business combination and impairment accounting requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions. Our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. The fair value of the customer relationships acquired are estimated by management through a discounted cash flow model using the multi-period excess earnings methodology, which involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions related to revenue growth rates, operating margins, discount rates, and customer attrition rates, among other items. The fair value of the technology and trade names acquired is estimated by management through a discounted cash flow model using the relief from royalty methodology, which involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions related to revenue growth rates, and discount rates.
Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at least annually, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate the fair value of a reporting unit with goodwill has been reduced below its carrying value.value, and otherwise at least annually. We have historically operated in two principal operating segments, Vinyls and Olefins. In the fourth quarter of 2021, we reorganized our business into two principal operating segments, Performance and Essential Materials and Housing and Infrastructure Products. As part of the reorganization, we assessed and re-defined reporting units effective as of the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2021, including reallocation of goodwill on a relative fair value basis as applicable to affected reporting units. Goodwill impairment analyses were performed as of the effective reorganization date both before and after the reorganization. We perform our annual impairment assessment for both the OlefinsPerformance and VinylsEssential Materials and Housing and Infrastructure Products reporting units in October and April, respectively.each year. We may elect to perform an optional qualitative assessment to determine whether a quantitative impairment analysis is required. The qualitative assessment considers factors such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors related to raw materials and labor, current and projected financial performance, changes in management or strategy, and market capitalization. Alternatively, we may unconditionally elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and perform a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment in any period.
We elected to perform the qualitative assessment for both of our segments' reporting units in the fourth quarter of 2022 and concluded that it is more likely than not that fair values of the reporting units exceed the carrying amounts and, as such, the quantitative impairment test was not required.
We performed the quantitative assessment for both of our segments' reporting units during 2020.the fourth quarter of 2021. The quantitative analysis compares a reporting unit's fair value to its carrying amount to determine whether goodwill is impaired. The fair values of the reporting units are calculated using both a discounted cash flow methodology and a market value methodology. The discounted cash flow projections are based on a forecast to reflect the cyclicality of the business. The forecast is based on historical results and estimates by management, including its strategic and operational plans, and financial performance of the market. The future cash flows are discounted to present value using an applicable discount rate. The significant assumptions used in determining the fair value of the reporting unit using the market value methodology include the determination of appropriate market comparables and the estimated multiples of EBITDA a willing buyer is likely to pay. EvenBased on the quantitative tests performed during the fourth quarter of 2021, even if the fair values of the reporting units, excluding the reporting unit that is comprised of the business acquired in February 2022, decreased by 10% from the fair values determined infor the most recent quantitative tests, performed during 2020, the carrying values of the reporting units would not have exceeded their fair values. See Item 1A, "Risk Factors—If our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or other intangible assets become impaired in the future, we may be required to record non-cash charges to earnings, which could be significant."
The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in our consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date.
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Long-Term Employee Benefit Costs. Our costs for long-term employee benefits, particularly pension and postretirement medical and life benefits, are incurred over long periods of time and involve many uncertainties over those periods. The net periodic benefit cost attributable to current periods is based on several assumptions about such future uncertainties and is sensitive to changes in those assumptions. It is our responsibility, often with the assistance of independent experts, to select assumptions that represent the best estimates of those uncertainties. It is also our responsibility to review those assumptions periodically and, if necessary, adjust the assumptions to reflect changes in economic or other factors.
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Accounting for employee retirement plans involves estimating the cost of benefits that are to be provided in the future and attempting to match, for each employee, that estimated cost to the period worked. To accomplish this, we rely extensively on advice from actuaries, and we make assumptions about inflation, investment returns, mortality, employee turnover and discount rates that ultimately impact amounts recorded. Changes in these assumptions may result in different expense and liability amounts. One of the more significant assumptions relates to the discount rate for measuring benefit obligations. At December 31, 2020,2022, the projected pension benefit obligations for U.S. and non-U.S. plans were calculated using assumed weighted average discount rates of 2.1%4.9% and 0.8%3.7%, respectively. The discount rates were determined using a benchmark pension discount curve and applying spot rates from the curve to each year of expected benefit payments to determine the appropriate discount rate. As a result of the funding relief provided by the enactment of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, no minimum funding requirements are expected during 20212023 for the U.S. pension plans. Additional information on the 20212023 funding requirements and key assumptions underlying these benefit costs appear in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
The following table reflects the sensitivity of the benefit obligation of our pension plans to changes in the actuarial assumptions:
20202022
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
(dollars in millions)(dollars in millions)
Projected benefit obligation, end of yearProjected benefit obligation, end of year$748 $173 Projected benefit obligation, end of year$518 $530 
Discount rate increases by 100 basis pointsDiscount rate increases by 100 basis points(82)(25)Discount rate increases by 100 basis points(45)(69)
Discount rate decreases by 100 basis pointsDiscount rate decreases by 100 basis points102 30 Discount rate decreases by 100 basis points53 88 
A one-percentage point increase or decrease in assumed healthcare trend rates would not have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the healthcare plans.
While we believe that the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K related to these retirement plans are based on the best estimates and judgments available, the actual outcomes could differ from these estimates.
Income Taxes. We utilize the liabilitybalance sheet method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Under the liabilitythis method, deferred tax assets or liabilities are recorded based upon temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their carrying values for financial reporting purposes. Deferred tax expense or benefit is the result of changes in the deferred tax assets and liabilities during the period. Valuation allowances are recorded against deferred tax assets when it is considered more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Additional information on income taxes appears in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
Environmental and Legal Obligations. We consult with various professionals to assist us in making estimates relating to environmental costs and legal proceedings. We accrue an expense when we determine that it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable. While we believe that the amounts recorded in the accompanying consolidated financial statements related to these contingencies are based on the best estimates and judgments available, the actual outcomes could differ from our estimates. Additional information about certain legal proceedings and environmental matters appears in Note 22 to the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
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Asset Retirement Obligations. We recognize asset retirement obligations in the period in which the liability becomes probable and reasonably estimable. Initially, the asset retirement obligation is recorded at fair value and capitalized as a component of the carrying value of the long-lived asset to which the obligation relates. The liability is recorded at its future value each period, and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the estimated useful life of the related asset. Upon settlement of the liability, a gain or loss is recorded. We have conditional asset retirement obligations for the removal and disposal of hazardous materials from certain of our manufacturing facilities. Additional information on asset retirement obligations appears in Note 1, under Asset Retirement Obligations, to the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
We also have conditional asset retirement obligations that have not been recognized because the fair values of the conditional legal obligations cannot be measured due to the indeterminate settlement date of the obligations. Settlements of the unrecognized conditional asset retirement obligations are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows in any individual reporting period.
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Recent Accounting PronouncementsPronouncement
See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements,pronouncement, including expected datesdate of adoption and estimated effectseffect on results of operations and financial condition.
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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Commodity Price Risk
A substantial portion of our products and raw materials are commodities whose prices fluctuate as market supply and demand fundamentals change. Accordingly, product margins and the level of our profitability tend to fluctuate with changes in the business cycle. We try to protect against such instability through various business strategies. Our strategies include ethylene product feedstock flexibility and moving downstream into the olefins and vinylsour other products where pricing is more stable. We use derivative instruments (including commodity swaps and options) in certain instances to reduce price volatility risk on feedstocks and products. Based on our open derivative positions on ethane at December 31, 2020,2022, a hypothetical $0.10 increase in the price of a gallon of ethane would have increased our income before income taxes by $35 million and a hypothetical $0.10 increase in the price of a million British thermal units of natural gas would not have decreasedany material impact on our income before income taxes by $2 million.taxes.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to interest rate risk with respect to fixed and variable rate debt. At December 31, 2020,2022, we had $3,609$4,950 million aggregate principal amount of fixed rate debt. We are subject to the risk of higher interest cost if and when this debt is refinanced. If interest rates were 1.0% higher at the time of refinancing, our annual interest expense would increase by approximately $36$49 million. Also, at December 31, 2020,2022, we had $11$26 million principal amount of variable rate debt outstanding, which primarily represents the tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds. We do not currently hedge our variable interest rate debt, but we may do so in the future. The average variable interest rate for our variable rate debt of $11$26 million as of December 31, 20202022 was 0.14%1.74%. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase in the average interest rate on our variable rate debt would not result in a material change in the interest expense.
LIBORSecured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") is used as a reference rate for borrowings under our revolving line of credit. The phase-out of LIBOR is set to commence at the end of 2021 and conclude by June 30, 2023. We do not expect the impact of the LIBOR phase out to be material as we dodid not have any external LIBOR-basedSOFR-based borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2020.2022.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with our international operations. However, the effect of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates caused by our international operations has not had a material impact on our overall operating results. We may engage in activities to mitigate our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk in certain instances through the use of currency exchange derivative instruments, including forward exchange contracts, cross-currency swaps or spot purchases. A forward exchange contract obligates us to exchange predetermined amounts of specified currencies at a stated exchange rate on a stated date. A cross-currency swap obligates us to make periodic payments in the local currency and receive periodic payments in our functional currency based on the notional amount of the instrument. In January 2018, we entered into foreign exchange hedging contracts designated as net investment hedges with an aggregate notional value of €220 million designed to reduce the volatility in stockholders' equity from changes in currency exchange rates associated with our net investments in foreign operations. In July 2019, we terminated a portion of the foreign exchange hedging contract with a notional value of €70 million. The notional value of the remaining net investment hedges was €150 million at December 31, 2020.2022. The arrangement is scheduled to maturesettle in 2026.
In July 2019, we completed the registered public offering of €700 million aggregate principal amount of the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes. We designated this euro-denominated debt as a non-derivative net investment hedge of a portion of our net investments in euro functional-currency denominated subsidiaries to offset foreign currency fluctuations.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data


Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
Page
Consolidated Financial Statements:
Financial statement schedules not included in this Form 10-K have been omitted because they are not applicable or because the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
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MANAGEMENT'S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
The management of Westlake Chemical Corporation is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Westlake's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Westlake management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020.2022. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013). Based on its assessment, Westlake's management has concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 20202022 based on those criteria.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company acquired all of the equity interests in Hexion's global epoxy business ("Westlake Epoxy"). Because the Company acquired Westlake Epoxy during the current fiscal year, management has excluded Westlake Epoxy from the scope of its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. This exclusion is in accordance with the general guidance published by the Staff of the SEC that an assessment of a recent business combination may be omitted from management's report on internal control over financial reporting in the first year of consolidation. Westlake Epoxy businesses' total assets and total net sales represented 6.6% and 9.2%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022.
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has also audited the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20202022 as stated in their report that appears on the following page.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Westlake Chemical Corporation

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Westlake Chemical Corporation and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of changes in stockholders'stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020,2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020,2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20202022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020,2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management'sManagement’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company'sCompany’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

As described in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded certain subsidiaries acquired from the Hexion global epoxy business ("Westlake Epoxy") from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 because they were acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2022. We have also excluded Westlake Epoxy from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. The Westlake Epoxy businesses are wholly-owned subsidiaries whose total assets and total net sales excluded from management’s assessment and our audit of internal control over financial reporting represent 6.6% and 9.2%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company'scompany’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company'scompany’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company'scompany’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Goodwill impairment assessment for the North America Vinyls reporting unitAcquisition of Hexion Inc.’s Global Epoxy Business - Valuation of Personal Property Assets

As described in Notes 1 and 82 to the consolidated financial statements, on February 1, 2022, the Company's Vinyls segment goodwill balance was $1,053 million asCompany completed its acquisition of December 31, 2020, whichHexion Inc.’s global epoxy business for total purchase consideration of $1,207 million. The Company records business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under the acquisition method of accounting, identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at their acquisition date fair values. Property, plant and equipment acquired includes the goodwill balance associated with the North America Vinyls reporting unit. Management performs its annual impairment assessment for the Vinyls reporting units in April, including the North America Vinyls reporting unit. The quantitative analysis compares the reporting unit's fair value to its carrying amount to determine whether goodwill is impaired.real and personal property of approximately $665 million. The fair value of the North America Vinyls reporting unit assessed during the April 2020 impairment test was calculated using both a discounted cash flow methodologyproperty, plant and a market value methodology. The discounted cash flow projectionsequipment were based on a long-term forecast. The forecast was based on prices and spreads projected by third-party industry publications, historical results, and estimates by management, including its strategic and operational plans. Significant assumptions used in the discounted cash flow projection included projected sales volumes based on production capacities. The future cash flows were discounted to present valueestimated using a discount rate. Significant assumptions used in determiningcombination of the fairmarket and cost approach. The value of the reporting unitpersonal property of approximately $535 million was estimated using the market value methodology includedreplacement cost method under the determinationcost approach. Assumptions used within the replacement cost approach include the cost to acquire or construct comparable assets, the age of market comparablesthe assets, and the estimated multiplescondition of net income before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") a willing buyer is likely to pay.the assets.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the goodwill impairment assessment forvaluation of personal property assets acquired in the North America Vinyls reporting unitacquisition of Hexion Inc.’s global epoxy business is a critical audit matter are there was(i) the significant judgment by management whenin developing the fair value estimate of this reporting unit. This in turn led tothe personal property assets acquired using the replacement cost method; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating themanagement's significant assumptions used in management's discounted cash flow and market value methodologies, including projected sales volumes, discount rate, determinationrelated to the cost to acquire or construct comparable assets, the age of market comparablesthe assets, and the estimated multiplescondition of EBITDA. In addition,the assets; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in evaluating the audit evidence obtained from these procedures.knowledge.

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Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the goodwill impairment assessment for the Company's reporting units,acquisition accounting, including controls over measurementmanagement's valuation of the fair value of the North America Vinyls reporting unit.property, plant and equipment. These procedures also included, among others (i) reading the purchase agreement; (ii) testing management's process for developing the fair value estimate;estimate of the personal property assets acquired using the replacement cost method; (iii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow and market value methodologies;replacement cost method; (iv) testing the completeness and accuracy and relevance of the underlying data used in the model;replacement cost method; and (v) evaluating the significant assumptions used by management, including projected sales volumes, discount rate, determinationreasonableness of market comparables and the estimated multiples of EBITDA. When assessing themanagement's significant assumptions related to projected sales volumes, market comparables, and estimated multiples of EBITDA, we evaluated whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i)cost to acquire or construct comparable assets, the current and past performanceage of the reporting unit, (ii)assets, and the consistency with external market and industry data, and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areascondition of the audit.assets. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the Company's discounted cash flowreplacement cost method and market value methodologies and certain(ii) the reasonableness of the significant assumptions includingrelated to the discount rate.cost to acquire or construct comparable assets, the age of the assets, and the condition of the assets.

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/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Houston, Texas
February 24, 202122, 2023

We have served as the Company's auditor since 1986, which includes periods before the Company became subject to SEC reporting requirements.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS


December 31,December 31,
2020201920222021
(in millions of dollars, except
par values and share amounts)
(in millions of dollars, except
par values and share amounts)
ASSETSASSETSASSETS
Current assetsCurrent assetsCurrent assets
Cash and cash equivalentsCash and cash equivalents$1,313 $728 Cash and cash equivalents$2,228 $1,908 
Accounts receivable, netAccounts receivable, net1,214 1,036 Accounts receivable, net1,801 1,868 
InventoriesInventories918 936 Inventories1,866 1,407 
Prepaid expenses and other current assetsPrepaid expenses and other current assets32 42 Prepaid expenses and other current assets78 80 
Total current assetsTotal current assets3,477 2,742 Total current assets5,973 5,263 
Property, plant and equipment, netProperty, plant and equipment, net6,920 6,912 Property, plant and equipment, net8,525 7,606 
Operating lease right-of-use assetsOperating lease right-of-use assets461 443 Operating lease right-of-use assets615 562 
GoodwillGoodwill1,083 1,074 Goodwill2,161 2,024 
Customer relationships, netCustomer relationships, net444 523 Customer relationships, net993 1,083 
Other intangible assets, netOther intangible assets, net168 187 Other intangible assets, net572 497 
Equity method investmentsEquity method investments1,059 1,112 Equity method investments1,142 1,007 
Other assets, netOther assets, net223 268 Other assets, net569 417 
Total assetsTotal assets$13,835 $13,261 Total assets$20,550 $18,459 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITYLIABILITIES AND EQUITYLIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilitiesCurrent liabilitiesCurrent liabilities
Accounts payableAccounts payable$536 $473 Accounts payable$889 $879 
Accrued and other liabilitiesAccrued and other liabilities821 768 Accrued and other liabilities1,409 1,196 
Current portion of long-term debt, netCurrent portion of long-term debt, net— 269 
Total current liabilitiesTotal current liabilities1,357 1,241 Total current liabilities2,298 2,344 
Long-term debt, netLong-term debt, net3,566 3,445 Long-term debt, net4,879 4,911 
Deferred income taxesDeferred income taxes1,368 1,255 Deferred income taxes1,735 1,681 
Pension and other post-retirement benefitsPension and other post-retirement benefits391 360 Pension and other post-retirement benefits355 291 
Operating lease liabilitiesOperating lease liabilities376 355 Operating lease liabilities504 461 
Other liabilitiesOther liabilities199 202 Other liabilities314 243 
Total liabilitiesTotal liabilities7,257 6,858 Total liabilities10,085 9,931 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 22)Commitments and contingencies (Note 22)Commitments and contingencies (Note 22)
Stockholders' equityStockholders' equityStockholders' equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized; 0 shares
issued and outstanding
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 300,000,000 shares authorized; 134,651,380 and
134,651,380 shares issued at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively
Common stock, held in treasury, at cost; 6,821,174 and 6,266,609 shares
at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively
(401)(377)
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized; no shares
issued and outstanding
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized; no shares
issued and outstanding
— — 
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 300,000,000 shares authorized; 134,651,380 and
134,651,380 shares issued at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 300,000,000 shares authorized; 134,651,380 and
134,651,380 shares issued at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively
Common stock, held in treasury, at cost; 7,278,651 and 6,735,639 shares
at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively
Common stock, held in treasury, at cost; 7,278,651 and 6,735,639 shares
at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively
(467)(399)
Additional paid-in capitalAdditional paid-in capital569 553 Additional paid-in capital601 581 
Retained earningsRetained earnings5,938 5,757 Retained earnings9,885 7,808 
Accumulated other comprehensive lossAccumulated other comprehensive loss(64)(74)Accumulated other comprehensive loss(89)(36)
Total Westlake Chemical Corporation stockholders' equity6,043 5,860 
Total Westlake Corporation stockholders' equityTotal Westlake Corporation stockholders' equity9,931 7,955 
Noncontrolling interestsNoncontrolling interests535 543 Noncontrolling interests534 573 
Total equityTotal equity6,578 6,403 Total equity10,465 8,528 
Total liabilities and equityTotal liabilities and equity$13,835 $13,261 Total liabilities and equity$20,550 $18,459 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
202020192018202220212020
(in millions of dollars,
except share amounts and per share data)
(in millions of dollars,
except per share data and share amounts)
Net salesNet sales$7,504 $8,118 $8,635 Net sales$15,794 $11,778 $7,504 
Cost of salesCost of sales6,481 6,858 6,648 Cost of sales11,721 8,283 6,481 
Gross profitGross profit1,023 1,260 1,987 Gross profit4,073 3,495 1,023 
Selling, general and administrative expensesSelling, general and administrative expenses449 458 445 Selling, general and administrative expenses835 551 449 
Amortization of intangiblesAmortization of intangibles109 109 101 Amortization of intangibles155 123 109 
Restructuring, transaction and integration-related costsRestructuring, transaction and integration-related costs36 37 33 Restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs33 21 36 
Income from operationsIncome from operations429 656 1,408 Income from operations3,050 2,800 429 
Other income (expense)Other income (expense)Other income (expense)
Interest expenseInterest expense(142)(124)(126)Interest expense(177)(176)(142)
Other income, netOther income, net44 38 52 Other income, net73 53 44 
Income before income taxesIncome before income taxes331 570 1,334 Income before income taxes2,946 2,677 331 
Provision for (benefit from) income taxesProvision for (benefit from) income taxes(42)108 300 Provision for (benefit from) income taxes649 607 (42)
Net incomeNet income373 462 1,034 Net income2,297 2,070 373 
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interestsNet income attributable to noncontrolling interests43 41 38 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests50 55 43 
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation$330 $421 $996 
Earnings per common share attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation:
Net income attributable to Westlake CorporationNet income attributable to Westlake Corporation$2,247 $2,015 $330 
Earnings per common share attributable to Westlake Corporation:Earnings per common share attributable to Westlake Corporation:
BasicBasic$2.57 $3.26 $7.66 Basic$17.46 $15.66 $2.57 
DilutedDiluted$2.56 $3.25 $7.62 Diluted$17.34 $15.58 $2.56 
Weighted average common shares outstanding:Weighted average common shares outstanding:Weighted average common shares outstanding:
BasicBasic127,850,592 128,395,184 129,401,823 Basic127,970,445 128,002,911 127,850,592 
DilutedDiluted128,089,058 128,757,293 129,985,753 Diluted128,845,562 128,697,982 128,089,058 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
202020192018202220212020
(in millions of dollars)(in millions of dollars)
Net incomeNet income$373 $462 $1,034 Net income$2,297 $2,070 $373 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxesOther comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxesOther comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes
Pension and other post-retirement benefitsPension and other post-retirement benefitsPension and other post-retirement benefits
Pension and other post-retirement benefits reserves adjustmentPension and other post-retirement benefits reserves adjustment(37)(32)(33)Pension and other post-retirement benefits reserves adjustment29 60 (37)
Income tax benefit on pension and other post-retirement benefits10 
Income tax benefit (provision) on pension and other post-retirement benefitsIncome tax benefit (provision) on pension and other post-retirement benefits(16)10 
Foreign currency translation adjustmentsForeign currency translation adjustmentsForeign currency translation adjustments
Foreign currency translationForeign currency translation23 17 (59)Foreign currency translation(78)23 
Income tax benefit (provision) on foreign currency translationIncome tax benefit (provision) on foreign currency translation18 (4)Income tax benefit (provision) on foreign currency translation(12)(17)18 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxesOther comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes14 (11)(84)Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes(58)29 14 
Comprehensive incomeComprehensive income387 451 950 Comprehensive income2,239 2,099 387 
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests,
net of tax of $1, $2 and $4 for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively
47 42 36 
Comprehensive income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation$340 $409 $914 
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests,
net of tax of $3, $2 and $1 for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests,
net of tax of $3, $2 and $1 for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively
45 56 47 
Comprehensive income attributable to Westlake CorporationComprehensive income attributable to Westlake Corporation$2,194 $2,043 $340 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Common StockCommon Stock,
Held in Treasury
Common StockCommon Stock,
Held in Treasury
Number of
Shares
AmountNumber of
Shares
At CostAdditional
Paid-in
Capital
Retained
Earnings
Accumulated Other Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
Noncontrolling InterestsTotalNumber of
Shares
AmountNumber of
Shares
At CostAdditional
Paid-in
Capital
Retained
Earnings
Accumulated Other Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
Noncontrolling InterestsTotal
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts)(in millions of dollars, except share amounts)
Balances at December 31, 2017134,651,380 $5,232,875 $(302)$555 $4,613 $$495 $5,369 
Cumulative effect of accounting change— — — — — — — 
Reclassification of certain tax effects to retained earnings— — — — — (13)13 — 
Net income— — — — — 996 — 38 1,034 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — — — (82)(2)(84)
Common stock repurchased— — 1,368,881 (106)— — — — (106)
Shares issued—stock-based compensation(418,631)26 (17)— — — 
Stock-based compensation— — 18 — — — 18 
Dividends declared— — — — — (120)— — (120)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — — (45)(45)
Balances at December 31, 2018134,651,380 6,183,125 (382)556 5,477 (62)486 6,076 
Balances at December 31, 2019Balances at December 31, 2019134,651,380 $6,266,609 $(377)$553 $5,757 $(74)$543 $6,403 
Net income— — — — — 421 — 41 462 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — — — (12)(11)
Common stock repurchased— — 517,712 (30)— — — (30)
Shares issued—stock-based compensation(434,228)35 (25)(9)— — 
Stock-based compensation— — 24 — — — 24 
Dividends declared— — — — — (132)— — (132)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — — (50)(50)
Issuance of Westlake Chemical Partners LP common units— — — — (2)— — 65 63 
Balances at December 31, 2019134,651,380 6,266,609 (377)553 5,757 (74)543 6,403 
Net incomeNet income— — — — — 330 — 43 373 Net income— — — — — 330 — 43 373 
Other comprehensive incomeOther comprehensive income— — — — — — 10 14 Other comprehensive income— — — — — — 10 14 
Common stock repurchasedCommon stock repurchased— — 995,529 (54)— — — (54)Common stock repurchased— — 995,529 (54)— — — — (54)
Shares issued—stock-based compensationShares issued—stock-based compensation(440,964)30 (13)(12)— — Shares issued—stock-based compensation— — (440,964)30 (13)(12)— — 
Stock-based compensationStock-based compensation— — 29 — — 29 Stock-based compensation— — — — 29 — — — 29 
Dividends declaredDividends declared— — — — — (137)— — (137)Dividends declared— — — — — (137)— — (137)
Distributions to noncontrolling interestsDistributions to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — — (55)(55)Distributions to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — — (55)(55)
Balances at December 31, 2020Balances at December 31, 2020134,651,380 $6,821,174 $(401)$569 $5,938 $(64)$535 $6,578 Balances at December 31, 2020134,651,380 $6,821,174 $(401)$569 $5,938 $(64)$535 $6,578 
Net incomeNet income— — — — — 2,015 — 55 2,070 
Other comprehensive incomeOther comprehensive income— — — — — — 28 29 
Common stock repurchasedCommon stock repurchased— — 355,800 (30)— — — — (30)
Shares issued—stock-based compensationShares issued—stock-based compensation— — (441,335)32 (19)— — — 13 
Stock-based compensationStock-based compensation— — — — 31 — — — 31 
Dividends declaredDividends declared— — — — — (145)— — (145)
Distributions to noncontrolling interestsDistributions to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — — (48)(48)
Noncontrolling interestsNoncontrolling interests— — — — — — — 30 30 
Balances at December 31, 2021Balances at December 31, 2021134,651,380 $6,735,639 $(399)$581 $7,808 $(36)$573 $8,528 
Net incomeNet income— — — — — 2,247 — 50 2,297 
Other comprehensive incomeOther comprehensive income— — — — — — (53)(5)(58)
Common stock repurchasedCommon stock repurchased— — 1,079,736 (102)— — — — (102)
Shares issued—stock-based compensationShares issued—stock-based compensation— — (536,724)34 (16)— — — 18 
Stock-based compensationStock-based compensation— — — — 35 — — — 35 
Dividends declaredDividends declared— — — — — (169)— — (169)
Distributions to noncontrolling interestsDistributions to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — — (60)(60)
Noncontrolling interestsNoncontrolling interests— — — — (1)— (24)(24)
Balances at December 31, 2022Balances at December 31, 2022134,651,380 $7,278,651 $(467)$601 $9,885 $(89)$534 $10,465 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
202020192018202220212020
(in millions of dollars)(in millions of dollars)
Cash flows from operating activitiesCash flows from operating activitiesCash flows from operating activities
Net incomeNet income$373 $462 $1,034 Net income$2,297 $2,070 $373 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activitiesAdjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activitiesAdjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortizationDepreciation and amortization773 713 641 Depreciation and amortization1,056 840 773 
Stock-based compensation expenseStock-based compensation expense29 25 22 Stock-based compensation expense36 31 29 
Loss from disposition and write-off of property, plant and equipmentLoss from disposition and write-off of property, plant and equipment33 49 44 Loss from disposition and write-off of property, plant and equipment46 28 33 
Deferred income taxesDeferred income taxes146 54 62 Deferred income taxes(21)23 146 
Other losses (gains), net21 (20)
Other losses, netOther losses, net16 21 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of business acquisitionsChanges in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of business acquisitionsChanges in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of business acquisitions
Accounts receivableAccounts receivable(161)59 (58)Accounts receivable325 (528)(161)
InventoriesInventories29 112 (123)Inventories(140)(309)29 
Prepaid expenses and other current assetsPrepaid expenses and other current assets(1)(1)Prepaid expenses and other current assets(27)
Accounts payableAccounts payable67 (89)(100)Accounts payable(153)242 67 
Accrued and other liabilitiesAccrued and other liabilities46 (13)(8)Accrued and other liabilities137 239 46 
Other, netOther, net(61)(71)(84)Other, net(198)(231)(61)
Net cash provided by operating activitiesNet cash provided by operating activities1,297 1,301 1,409 Net cash provided by operating activities3,395 2,394 1,297 
Cash flows from investing activitiesCash flows from investing activitiesCash flows from investing activities
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquiredAcquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired(314)Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired(1,203)(2,554)— 
Additions to investments in unconsolidated subsidiariesAdditions to investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries(18)(862)(68)Additions to investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries(180)(24)(18)
Additions to property, plant and equipmentAdditions to property, plant and equipment(525)(787)(702)Additions to property, plant and equipment(1,108)(658)(525)
Return of investment from an unconsolidated subsidiaryReturn of investment from an unconsolidated subsidiary44 Return of investment from an unconsolidated subsidiary— — 44 
Other, netOther, net(10)16 Other, net12 23 (10)
Net cash used for investing activitiesNet cash used for investing activities(509)(1,954)(754)Net cash used for investing activities(2,479)(3,213)(509)
Cash flows from financing activitiesCash flows from financing activitiesCash flows from financing activities
Debt issuance costsDebt issuance costs— (18)(3)
Distributions to noncontrolling interestsDistributions to noncontrolling interests(55)(50)(45)Distributions to noncontrolling interests(60)(48)(55)
Dividends paidDividends paid(137)(132)(120)Dividends paid(169)(145)(137)
Net proceeds from debt issuance and drawdown of revolver1,299 784 
Net proceeds from issuance of Westlake Chemical Partners LP common units63 
Net proceeds from (repayment of) short-term notes payable(17)
Proceeds from debt issuance and drawdown of revolver, netProceeds from debt issuance and drawdown of revolver, net— 1,671 1,299 
Repayment of revolver and senior notesRepayment of revolver and senior notes(1,254)(1,165)Repayment of revolver and senior notes(250)— (1,254)
Repurchase of common stock for treasuryRepurchase of common stock for treasury(54)(30)(106)Repurchase of common stock for treasury(101)(30)(54)
Other, netOther, net(7)Other, net(7)(12)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activitiesNet cash provided by (used for) financing activities(216)630 (1,427)Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(587)1,437 (216)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cashEffect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash15 (2)(7)Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(24)(14)15 
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash587 (25)(779)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cashNet increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash305 604 587 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the yearCash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year750 775 1,554 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year1,941 1,337 750 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the yearCash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year$1,337 $750 $775 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year$2,246 $1,941 $1,337 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)


1. Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies
Description of Business
Westlake Corporation, formerly known as Westlake Chemical Corporation (the "Company") operates as an integrated global manufacturer and marketer of basic chemicals, vinyls, polymersperformance and buildingessential materials and housing and infrastructure products. These products include some of the most widely used chemicalsmaterials in the world, which are fundamental to many diverse consumer and industrial markets, including residential construction, flexible and rigid packaging, automotive products, healthcare products, water treatment, coatings residential and commercial construction as well as other durable and non-durable goods. The Company's customers range from large chemical processors and plastics fabricators to small construction contractors, municipalities and supply warehouses primarily throughout North America, Europe and Europe.Asia. The petrochemical industry isindustries in which the Company operates are subject to price fluctuations and volatile feedstock pricing typical of a commodity-based industry, the effects of which may not be immediately passed along to customers. The Company changed its name from Westlake Chemical Corporation to Westlake Corporation on February 18, 2022.
Westlake Chemical Partners LP
In 2014, the Company formed Westlake Chemical Partners LP ("Westlake Partners") to operate, acquire and develop ethylene production facilities and related assets. Westlake Partners' assets consist of a limited partner interest in Westlake Chemical OpCo LP ("OpCo"), as well as the general partner interest in OpCo. OpCo's assets include 2two ethylene production facilities at the Company's Lake Charles, Louisiana site, 1one ethylene production facility at the Company's Calvert City, Kentucky site and a 200-mile common carrier ethylene pipeline that runs from Mont Belvieu, Texas to the Company's Longview, Texas site. As of December 31, 2020,2022, the Company held a 77.2% limited partner interest in OpCo and a controlling interest in Westlake Partners. The operations of Westlake Partners are consolidated in the Company's financial statements.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and subsidiaries in which the Company directly or indirectly owns more than a 50% voting interest and exercises control and, when applicable, entities for which the Company has a controlling financial interest or is the primary beneficiary. Investments in majority-owned companies where the Company does not exercise control and investments in nonconsolidated affiliates (20%-50% owned companies, joint ventures and partnerships) are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Undistributed earnings from joint ventures included in retained earnings were immaterial as of December 31, 2020.2022. All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.
Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior-year financial statements to conform to the current year presentation.
Noncontrolling interests represent the direct equity interests held by investors in the Company's consolidated subsidiaries, Westlake Partners, Taiwan Chlorine Industries, Ltd. and Suzhou Huasu Plastics Co., Ltd.
Effective January 2021, the Company consolidated RS Cogen, LLC ("RS Cogen") into its consolidated financial statements. Effective October 31, 2022, the Company acquired the remaining 50% interest in RS Cogen.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash and have a maturity of three months or less at the date of acquisition.
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WESTLAKE CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentration of risk consist principally of trade receivables from customers engaged in manufacturing polyethylene products, polyvinyl chloride ("PVC") products, epoxy products, chlor-alkali and derivative products as well as housing and infrastructure products such as PVC compounds, PVC pipe and fittings, trim and mouldings, stone, windows, roofing and exterior products. The Company's large number of customers, the diversity of these customers’ businesses and the markets they serve and customers geographic dispersion limits the concentrations of credit risk with respect to receivables. The Company performs periodic credit evaluations of the customers' financial condition and generally does not require collateral. The Company maintains allowances for potential losses.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Allowance for Credit Losses
The determination of the allowance for credit losses is based on estimation of the amount of accounts receivable that the Company believes are unlikely to be collected. Estimating this amount requires analysis of the financial strength of the Company's customers, the use of historical experience, the Company's accounts receivable aged trial balance, customer specific collectability analysis and an evaluation of economic conditions. The allowance for credit losses is reviewed quarterly. Past due balances over 90 days and high-risk accounts as determined by the analysis of financial strength of customers are reviewed individually for collectability.
Inventories
Inventories primarily include product, material and supplies. Inventories are stated at lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") or average method.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Cost includes expenditures for improvements and betterments that extend the useful lives of the assets and interest capitalized on significant capital projects. Capitalized interest was $4, $9$3 and $7$4 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018,2020, respectively. Repair and maintenance costs are charged to operations as incurred. Gains and losses on the disposition or retirement of fixed assets are reflected in the consolidated statement of operations when the assets are sold or retired.
Depreciation is provided by utilizing the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:
ClassificationYears
Buildings and improvements40
Plant and equipment10-25
Other3-15
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Long-lived assets assessed for impairment are grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. Assets are considered to be impaired if the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the future undiscounted cash flows. The impairment recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or estimated fair value less costs to sell.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Impairment of Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate the fair value of a reporting unit with goodwill has been reduced below its carrying value. The Company performed its annual impairment tests for each of the Vinylsreporting units within the Performance and OlefinsEssential Materials and Housing and Infrastructure Products segments' goodwill in April 2020 and October 2020, respectively,the fourth quarter of 2022, and the impairment tests indicateddid not indicate that the recorded goodwill was not impaired. There has been no impairment of the Vinyls or Olefins segments' goodwill since the goodwill was initially recorded. Other intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives and reviewed for impairment in accordance with the provisions of the accounting guidance. See Note 8 for more information on the Company's annual goodwill impairment tests.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Equity Method Investments
The Company accounts for investments using the equity method of accounting if the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over, but not control of, an investee. Significant influence generally exists if the Company has an ownership interest representing between 20% and 50% of the voting rights. Under the equity method of accounting, investments are stated initially at cost and are adjusted for subsequent additional investments and the proportionate share of profit or losses and distributions. The Company records its share of the profits or losses of the equity investments, net of income taxes, in the consolidated statements of income. The equity method investments are evaluated for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate, in management's judgment, that the carrying value of such investments may have experienced an other-than-temporary decline in value. When evidence of loss in value has occurred, management compares the estimated fair value of investment to the carrying value of investment to determine whether an impairment has occurred. If the estimated fair value is less than the carrying value and management considers the decline in value to be other-than-temporary, the excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value is recognized in the consolidated financial statements as an impairment.
Other Assets, net
Other assets, net include turnaround costs, investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries, restricted cash, deferred charges and other long-term assets.
The Company accounts for turnaround costs under the deferral method. Turnarounds are the scheduled and required shutdowns of specific operating units in order to perform planned major maintenance activities. The costs related to the significant overhaul and refurbishment activities include maintenance materials, parts and direct labor costs. The costs of the turnaround are deferred when incurred at the time of the turnaround and amortized (within depreciation and amortization) on a straight-line basis until the next planned turnaround, which rangesprimarily range from three to six years. Deferred turnaround costs are presented as a component of other assets, net. The cash outflows related to these costs are included in operating activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows.
Business Combinations
The Company records business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under the acquisition method of accounting, identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at their acquisition date fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value is recorded as goodwill. Changes in the estimated fair values of net assets recorded for acquisitions prior to the finalization of more detailed analysis, but not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition, will adjust the amount of the purchase price allocable to goodwill. Measurement period adjustments are reflected in the period in which they occur.
Income Taxes
The Company utilizes the liabilitybalance sheet method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Under the liabilitythis method, deferred tax assets or liabilities are recorded based upon temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their carrying values for financial reporting purposes. Deferred tax expense or benefit is the result of changes in the deferred tax assets and liabilities during the period. Valuation allowances are recorded against deferred tax assets when it is considered more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
In February 2018, the FASB issued an accounting standards update, Income StatementReporting Comprehensive Income, to (1) allow reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act; and (2) require certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. Certain tax effects become stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) when deferred tax balances originally recorded at the historical income tax rate are adjusted in income from operations based on the lower, newly-enacted income tax rate. The Company adopted the accounting standard effective October 1, 2018 and reclassified $13 of stranded tax effects relating to its pension benefits liability and cumulative effect of foreign exchange from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings.
As a result of the Tax Act, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") concluded that Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income Tax ("GILTI tax") can be recognized in the financial statements, no later than December 22, 2018, per an accounting policy choice, by: (1) recording a period cost (permanent item) or (2) providing deferred income taxes stemming from certain basis differences that are expected to result in GILTI tax. The Company elected to record GILTI tax as a period cost.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Foreign Currency Translation
Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are translated to U.S. dollars at the exchange rate as of the end of the year. Statement of operations items are translated at the average exchange rate for the year. The resulting translation adjustment is recorded as a separate component of stockholders' equity.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized when the Company transfers control of inventories to its customers. Amounts recognized as revenues reflect the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those inventories. Provisions for discounts, rebates and returns are incorporated in the estimate of variable consideration and reflected as a reduction to revenue in the same period as the related sales.
Control of inventories generally transfers upon shipment for domestic sales. The Company excludes taxes collected on behalf of customers from the estimated contract price. For export contracts, the point at which control passes to the customer varies depending on the terms specified in the customer contract.
The Company generally invoices customers and recognizes revenue and accounts receivable upon transferring control of inventories. In limited circumstances, the Company transfers control of inventories shortly before it has an unconditional right to receive consideration, resulting in recognition of contract assets. The Company also receives advance payments from certain customers, resulting in recognition of contract liabilities. Contract assets and liabilities are generally settled within the period and are not material to the consolidated balance sheets. The Company expenses sales commissions when incurred. These costs are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses. Aside from the amounts disclosed within Note 9, the Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations because its contracts with customers (1) have an original expected duration of one year or less or (2) have only variable consideration that is calculated based on market prices at specified dates and is allocated to wholly unsatisfied performance obligations.
The Company adopted ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"), effective January 1, 2018. The Company applied the modified retrospective transition method to all contracts that were not completed as of the adoption date. The cumulative effects of changes to the Company's consolidated January 1, 2018 balance sheet for the adoption of this accounting standard were immaterial.
ASC 606 requires disclosure of disaggregated revenue into categories that depict the nature of how the Company's revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. The Company discloses revenues by productbusiness and segment in Note 23.
Leases
The Company is obligated under various long-term and short-term operating leases for rail cars, buildings, land and other transportation and storage assets. The Company determines whether an arrangement is, or contains, a lease at contract inception. Some of the Company's arrangements contain both lease and non-lease components. For certain transportation equipment leases, the Company accounts for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. The Company records right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities for operating leases with terms greater than one year. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recorded at the present value of the fixed lease payments over the life of the lease. The majority of the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate. Therefore, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement to measure operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Certain of the Company's leases provide for renewal and purchase options. Renewal and purchase options are evaluated at lease commencement and included in the lease term if they are reasonably certain to be exercised. Short-term leases are recognized in rental expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term and are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company's finance leases are not material to the consolidated financial statements.
The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, effective January 1, 2019 using the optional transition method, which allows entities to recognize a cumulative adjustment to the opening balance sheet in the period of adoption. The Company elected the package of optional transition expedients and was not required to reassess (1) whether any existing contracts are or contain leases, (2) classification of existing leases as operating or capital or (3) whether initial direct costs for existing leases qualify for capitalization under the new accounting standard. The Company did not elect the use of hindsight to determine the lease term when considering lease renewal or termination options. Additionally, the Company elected to continue accounting for existing land easements under its accounting policies that were in effect prior to adoption of the new lease standard.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Transportation and Freight
Amounts billed to customers for freight and handling costs on outbound shipments are included in net sales in the consolidated statements of operations. Transportation and freight costs incurred by the Company on outbound shipments are included in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations.
Price Risk Management
The Company recognizes derivative instruments on the balance sheet at fair value, and changes in a derivative's fair value are currently recognized in earnings or comprehensive income, depending on the designation of the derivative. If the derivative is designated as a fair value hedge, the changes in the fair value of the derivative and of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in earnings. If the derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative is recorded in comprehensive income and is recognized in the statement of operations when the hedged item affects earnings. Ineffective portions of changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges are recognized in earnings currently. The derivative instruments did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Asset Retirement Obligations
The Company has conditional asset retirement obligations for the removal and disposal of hazardous materials from certain of the Company's manufacturing facilities.
The Company recognizes asset retirement obligations in the period in which the liability becomes probable and reasonably estimable. Recognized asset retirement obligations are initially recorded at fair value and capitalized as a component of the carrying value of the long-lived asset to which the obligation relates. The liability is accreted to its future value each period, and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the estimated useful life of the related asset. Upon settlement of the liability, a gain or loss is recorded. As of December 31, 2020,2022, the Company had $12 and $17 ofno asset retirement obligations recorded as accrued and other liabilities and had $31 of asset retirement obligations recorded as other liabilities, respectively.liabilities. As of December 31, 2019,2021, the Company had $7$1 and $20$23 of asset retirement obligations recorded as accrued and other liabilities and other liabilities, respectively.
The Company also has conditional asset retirement obligations that have not been recognized because the fair values of the conditional legal obligations cannot be measured due to the indeterminate settlement date of the obligations. Settlements of the unrecognized conditional asset retirement obligations are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition, results of operations or cash flows in any individual reporting period.
Environmental Costs
Environmental costs relating to current operations are expensed or capitalized, as appropriate, depending on whether such costs provide future economic benefits. Remediation liabilities are recognized when the costs are considered probable and can be reasonably estimated. Measurement of liabilities is based on currently enacted laws and regulations, existing technology and undiscounted site-specific costs. Environmental liabilities in connection with properties that are sold or closed are realized upon such sale or closure, to the extent they are probable and estimable and not previously reserved. Recognition of any joint and several liabilities is based upon the Company's best estimate of its final pro rata share of the liability.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the ongoing coronavirus ("COVID-19") outbreak a pandemic and recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. Events surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in widespread adverse impacts on the global economy in 2020. As the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on the global economy continue, the Company expects to experience further near-term impacts on its business operations. However, the impact that COVID-19 will have on the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company cannot be estimated with certainty at this time as it will depend on future developments, including, among others, the ultimate duration, geographic spread and severity of the virus, the consequences of governmental and other measures designed to prevent the spread of the virus, the development of effective treatments and vaccines and their roll out, actions taken by customers, suppliers and other third parties, workforce availability, and the timing and extent to which normal economic and operating conditions resume.
Recent Accounting PronouncementsPronouncement
Income TaxesBusiness Combinations - Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers Update (ASU No. 2019-12)No.2021-08)
In December 2019,October 2021, the FASBFinancial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued an accounting standards update removing certain exceptionsthat requires acquiring entities to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination in accordance with the accounting guidance on Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606). The guidance in this update improves comparability for investments, intra-period allocationsboth the recognition and interim calculationsmeasurement of acquired revenue contracts with customers at the date of and adding guidance to reduce complexity in accounting for income taxes.after a business combination. The accounting standard will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020.2022. Early adoption of thisthe guidance is permitted. The accounting standard is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020 and isCompany does not expected toexpect that its adoption will have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Reference Rate Reform (ASU No. 2020-04)Inflation Reduction Act of 2022
In March 2020,On August 16, 2022, the FASB issued an accounting standards updateInflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the "IRA") was signed into law. The IRA contains several revisions to provide optional expedientsthe Internal Revenue Code, including a 15% corporate minimum income tax for corporations with average annual adjusted financial statement income over a three-tax-year period in excess of $1 billion and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this update areis effective for all entities from January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2022. The Company is in the process of evaluating the adoption of this optional accounting standards update as certain exceptions provided under this guidance may be applicable to future reference rate reform related transitions.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
Credit Losses (ASU No. 2016-13)
In June 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update providing new guidance for the accounting for credit losses on loans and other financial instruments. The new guidance introduces an approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on trade receivables, debt securities and certain types of financial instruments. The standard also modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and provides for a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. In November 2019, the FASB issued an additional authoritative guidance related to credit losses. The accounting standard became effective for reporting periodstax years beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted this accounting standard effective January 1, 202031, 2022, a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases made by publicly traded U.S. corporations after December 31, 2022, and business tax credits and incentives for the development of clean energy projects and the adoption didproduction of clean energy. At this time, the Company does not expect the IRA will have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (ASU No. 2017-04)
In January 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill. The guidance removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The accounting standard became effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019.statements. The Company adopted this accounting standard effective January 1, 2020,continues to evaluate the IRA's impact as new information and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Fair Value Measurement (ASU No. 2018-13)
In August 2018, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to modify the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until the effective date. Most amendments should be applied retrospectively, but certain amendments will be applied prospectively. The accounting standard became effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted this accounting standard effective January 1, 2020, and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.guidance becomes available.
2. AcquisitionAcquisitions
NAKANTMHexion Epoxy Business.
On January 2, 2019,November 24, 2021, the Company, acquiredthrough a wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the "Hexion Epoxy Purchase Agreement") by and among Hexion Inc. ("Hexion"), a New Jersey corporation, and solely for the limited purposes set forth therein, the Company. Pursuant to the terms of the Hexion Epoxy Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to acquire all of the outstanding equity interests in Hexion's global epoxy business ("Westlake Epoxy"). On February 1, 2022, the parent entityCompany completed its acquisition of the NAKANTM global compounding solutions business. NAKAN's products are used inWestlake Epoxy for a wide-varietytotal purchase consideration of applications, including in the automotive, building$1,207 and construction, and medical industries.
The closing purchase price of $249 was paid with available cash on hand. The acquisition is being accounted for the acquisition under the acquisition method in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification Topic 805, Business Combinations. This acquisition represents a significant strategic expansion of accounting.the Company's Performance and Essential Materials businesses into additional high-growth, innovative and sustainability-oriented applications – such as wind turbine blades and light-weight automotive structural components. Because epoxies are produced from chlorine and caustic soda, the transaction also provides vertical integration with the Company's global chlor-alkali businesses. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the results of operations of NAKANthe Westlake Epoxy business are included in the VinylsPerformance and Essential Materials segment.
NAKAN's net sales and earnings since the acquisition date were not material to the Company's consolidated statement of operations forFor the year ended December 31, 2019. The2022, the Company recognized acquisition-related costs recognized inof $6 for advisory, consulting and professional fees, and other expenses that were expensed as restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs as a component of the consolidatedincome from operations. The acquisition of Westlake Epoxy on the statement of operations forcash flows is presented net of the year ended December 31, 2019 were not material. The pro forma impact of this acquisition has not been presented as it is not material to the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019cash and 2018.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
restricted cash acquired.
The following table summarizes the fair value of identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition. The preliminary allocation of consideration transferred is based on management's estimates, judgments and assumptions. When determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management made significantThese estimates, judgments and assumptions. Managementassumptions are subject to change upon final valuation and should be treated as preliminary values. The final allocation of purchase consideration could include changes in the estimated that consideration paid exceeded the fair value of the net(1) inventories; (2) property, plant and equipment; (3) intangible assets acquired. Therefore, goodwillcomprising of $40 was recorded. The goodwill recognized is primarily attributable to the expected value to be achieved from the acquisition. customer relationships, trade names, developed technologies; (4) deferred income taxes; (5) leases; and (6) other assets.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The information below represents the purchase price allocation:
Cash$1042 
Accounts receivable53299 
Inventories40346 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets722 
Property, plant and equipment75665 
Operating lease right-of-use assets359 
Intangible assets:assets145 
Customer relationships (weighted average lives of 17 years)65 
Technology (weighted average lives of 14 years)40 
Trade name (life of 15 years)25 
Other assets12104 
Total assets acquired3301,682 
Accounts payable57189 
Accrued and other liabilities1884 
Deferred income taxes3197 
PensionPensions and other post-retirement benefits4163 
Operating lease liabilities348 
Other long-term liabilities819 
Total liabilities assumed121600 
Total identifiable net assets acquired209 1,082 
Noncontrolling interest(2)
Goodwill40127 
Total Westlake Corporation purchase consideration$1,207 
Management estimated that consideration paid exceeded the fair value of the net assets acquired. The excess of the total equity value of Westlake Epoxy based on the purchase consideration over net assets acquired was recorded as goodwill, most of which is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The goodwill is primarily attributable to the assembled workforce and synergies expected to arise after the acquisition. The purchase accounting adjustments recorded since the date of the acquisition resulted in an $8 increase in goodwill. Intangible assets acquired as a result of the Westlake Epoxy acquisition are amortized on a straight-line basis to reflect the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are realized. The intangible assets that have been acquired are being amortized over periods of 11 to 19 years.
The fair value for trade names and technology were estimated using the income approach, specifically the relief-from-royalty method which estimates the cost savings that accrue to the owner of the intangible assets that would otherwise be payable as royalties or licenses fees on revenues earned through the use of the asset. The fair value of customer relationships was estimated using the multi-period excess earnings method. The excess earning method model estimates revenues and cash flows derived from the asset and then deducts portions of the cash flow that can be attributed to supporting assets. The resulting cash flow, which is attributable solely to the asset acquired, is then discounted at a rate of return commensurate with the risk of the asset to calculate the present value.
Property, plant, and equipment acquired includes real and personal property of approximately $665. The fair value of property, plant and equipment were estimated using a combination of the market and cost approach. The value of personal property of approximately $535 was estimated using the replacement cost method under the cost approach. Assumptions used within the replacement cost approach include the cost to acquire or construct comparable assets, the age of the assets, and the condition of the assets.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information
The acquired Westlake Epoxy business contributed net sales and net income of $1,446 and $42, respectively, to the Company for the period from February 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022. The following unaudited pro forma summary presents the results of operations of the Company as if the acquisition of Westlake Epoxy occurred on January 1, 2021:
20222021
Revenues$15,954 $13,385 
Net income attributable to Westlake Corporation$2,317 $2,181 
The amounts have been calculated after applying the Company's accounting policies and adjusting the results of Westlake Epoxy to reflect additional depreciation, amortization, and other purchase accounting adjustments assuming the fair value adjustments to the property, plant and equipment and intangibles assets and other purchase accounting adjustments have been applied on January 1, 2021. The pro forma amounts do not include any potential synergies, cost savings or other expected benefits of the acquisition, and are presented for illustrative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of results that would have been achieved if the acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2021 or of future operating performance.
Boral Target Companies in North America.
On October 1, 2021, the Company completed its acquisition of Boral Limited's North American building products businesses in roofing, siding, trim and shutters, decorative stone and windows (the "Boral Target Companies") for a total final purchase consideration of $2,140. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the results of operations of the Boral Target Companies are included in the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment. The Company recognized intangible assets of $952, of which $645 is included in customer relationships, net on the Company's consolidated balance sheets and goodwill of $787. The purchase accounting adjustments for the year ended December 31, 2022, resulted in a $16 increase in goodwill. The intangible assets that have been acquired are being amortized over periods of 12 to 22 years.
The information below represents the final purchase price allocation:
Cash$
Accounts receivable119 
Inventories156 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Property, plant and equipment482 
Operating lease right-of-use assets87 
Intangible assets952 
Other assets18 
Total assets acquired1,822 
Accounts payable46 
Accrued and other liabilities105 
Deferred income taxes243 
Operating lease liabilities73 
Other liabilities
Total liabilities assumed469 
Total identifiable net assets acquired1,353 
Goodwill787 
Total purchase consideration$2492,140 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
LASCO Fittings, Inc.
On August 19, 2021, the Company completed its acquisition of LASCO Fittings, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("LASCO"), a manufacturer of injected-molded polyvinyl chloride ("PVC") fittings that serve the plumbing, pool and spa, industrial, irrigation and retail markets in the United States, for a total final closing purchase consideration of $277. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the results of operations of LASCO are included in the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment. The Company recognized intangible assets of $77, of which $50 is included in customer relationships, net on the Company's consolidated balance sheets, and goodwill of $105, with the remainder of the purchase consideration primarily allocated to property, plant, and equipment, net and working capital balances. The intangible assets that have been acquired are being amortized over a period of 17 to 18 years.
Dimex LLC.
On September 10, 2021, the Company completed its acquisition of DX Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation ("Dimex"), a producer of various consumer products made from post-industrial-recycled PVC, polyethylene and thermoplastic elastomer materials, including, landscape edging; home, office and industrial matting; marine dock edging; and masonry joint controls. The total final closing purchase consideration was $172. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the results of operations of Dimex are included in the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment. The Company recognized intangible assets of $72, of which $48 is included in customer relationships, net on the Company's consolidated balance sheets, and goodwill of $68, with the remainder of the purchase consideration primarily allocated to property, plant, and equipment, net and working capital balances. The intangible assets that have been acquired are being amortized over a period of 17 to 19 years.
3. Financial Instruments
Cash Equivalents
The Company had $0 and $240 of held-to-maturity securities with original maturities of three months or less, primarily consisting of corporate debt securities, classified as cash equivalents at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company's investments in held-to-maturity securities were held at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company had restricted cash and cash equivalents of $24$18 and $22$33 at December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively. The Company's restricted cash and cash equivalents are primarily related to balances that are restricted for payment of distributions to certain of the Company's current and former employees and are reflected primarily in other assets, net in the consolidated balance sheets.
4. Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable consist of the following at December 31:
20222021
Trade customers$1,676 $1,764 
Related parties
Allowance for credit losses(28)(26)
1,651 1,741 
Federal and state taxes69 62 
Other81 65 
Accounts receivable, net$1,801 $1,868 
5. Inventories
Inventories consist of the following at December 31:
20222021
Finished products$1,157 $842 
Feedstock, additives, chemicals and other raw materials495 374 
Materials and supplies213 191 
Inventories$1,866 $1,407 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
4. Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable consist of the following at December 31:
20202019
Trade customers$1,086 $948 
Related parties12 
Allowance for credit losses(17)(22)
1,078 938 
Federal and state taxes92 59 
Other44 39 
Accounts receivable, net$1,214 $1,036 
5. Inventories
Inventories consist of the following at December 31:
20202019
Finished products$524 $568 
Feedstock, additives, chemicals and other raw materials227 210 
Materials and supplies167 158 
Inventories$918 $936 
6. Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment consist of the following at December 31:
2020201920222021
LandLand$207 $198 Land$299 $284 
Buildings and improvementsBuildings and improvements652 608 Buildings and improvements895 818 
Plant and equipmentPlant and equipment8,687 8,227 Plant and equipment10,499 9,355 
OtherOther557 496 Other711 629 
10,103 9,529 12,404 11,086 
Less: Accumulated depreciationLess: Accumulated depreciation(3,710)(3,168)Less: Accumulated depreciation(4,698)(4,134)
6,393 6,361 7,706 6,952 
Construction in progressConstruction in progress527 551 Construction in progress819 654 
Property, plant and equipment, netProperty, plant and equipment, net$6,920 $6,912 Property, plant and equipment, net$8,525 $7,606 
Depreciation expense on property, plant and equipment of $558, $519$762, $604 and $478$558 is included primarily in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018,2020, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
7. Leases
Lease-related asset and liability balances were as follows:consist of the following at December 31:
December 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
20222021
Operating LeasesOperating LeasesOperating Leases
Right-of-use assetsRight-of-use assets$461 $443 Right-of-use assets$615 $562 
Accrued and other liabilitiesAccrued and other liabilities$89 $93 Accrued and other liabilities$116 $106 
Operating lease liabilitiesOperating lease liabilities376 355 Operating lease liabilities504 461 
Total operating lease liabilitiesTotal operating lease liabilities$465 $448 Total operating lease liabilities$620 $567 
Weighted Average Remaining Term (in years)Weighted Average Remaining Term (in years)88Weighted Average Remaining Term (in years)99
Weighted Average Lease Discount RateWeighted Average Lease Discount Rate3.1 %3.5 %Weighted Average Lease Discount Rate2.9 %2.7 %
The Company's operating lease cost is comprised of payments related to operating leases recorded in the consolidated balance sheet and short-term rental payments for leases that are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheet. Variable operating lease cost was not material to the consolidated statementstatements of operations for the years ended December 31, 20202022, 2021, and 2019.2020. The components of operating lease expense were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
December 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
202220212020
Operating lease cost (1)
Operating lease cost (1)
$117 $113 
Operating lease cost (1)
$139 $117 $117 
Short-term lease costShort-term lease cost70 58 Short-term lease cost101 85 70 
Total operating lease costTotal operating lease cost$187 $171 Total operating lease cost$240 $202 $187 

_____________________________
(1)Includes fixed lease payments for operating leases recorded in the consolidated balance sheet.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows at December 31, 2020:2022:
Operating LeasesOperating Leases
2021$102 
202285 
2023202369 2023$129 
2024202454 2024108 
2025202542 202587 
2026202674 
2027202764 
ThereafterThereafter171 Thereafter275 
Total lease paymentsTotal lease payments523 Total lease payments737 
Less: imputed interestLess: imputed interest(58)Less: imputed interest(117)
Present value of lease liabilitiesPresent value of lease liabilities$465 Present value of lease liabilities$620 
Related Party Leases
The Company leases certain assets under operating leases with related parties. Right-of-use assets and the associated operating lease liabilities for related party operating leases were approximately $41$29 and $50$33 as of December 31, 20202022 and December 31, 2019,2021, respectively. The Company recognized operating lease cost for fixed lease payments to related parties of $12$6 and $18$11 for the years ended December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
8. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
The following table summarizes gross carrying amounts and changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 20202022 and 2019 are as follows:2021.
Vinyls SegmentOlefins SegmentTotal
Balance at December 31, 2018$972 $30 $1,002 
Goodwill acquired during the year67 67 
Effects of changes in foreign exchange rates
Balance at December 31, 20191,044 30 1,074 
Effects of changes in foreign exchange rates
Balance at December 31, 2020$1,053 $30 $1,083 
Vinyls Segment Goodwill
Performance and Essential Materials SegmentHousing and Infrastructure Products SegmentTotal
Balance at December 31, 2020$901 $182 $1,083 
Goodwill acquired during the year— 943 943 
Effects of changes in foreign exchange rates(3)(2)
Balance at December 31, 2021902 1,122 2,024 
Goodwill acquired during the year119 124 
Measurement period adjustment16 24 
Effects of changes in foreign exchange rates(9)(2)(11)
Balance at December 31, 2022$1,020 $1,141 $2,161 
The Company performed its annual impairment analysis for the VinylsPerformance and Essential Materials and the Housing and Infrastructure Products reporting units during the secondfourth quarter of 2020.2022. The Company elected to perform a qualitative assessment for the purposes of its annual goodwill impairment analysis for the reporting units under both segments. Based upon this assessment, the Company determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting units exceeds its carrying value. Factors considered in the qualitative assessment included macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors related to raw materials and labor, current and projected financial performance, changes in management or strategy and market capitalization.
During 2021, as part of the reorganization of operating segments, the Company assessed and re-defined reporting units effective as of the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2021, including reallocation of goodwill on a relative fair value basis as applicable to affected reporting units. Goodwill impairment analyses were performed as of the effective reorganization date both before and after the reorganization. The fair values of the North America and other reporting units assessed during the April 2020 impairment analysis were determined using both a discounted cash flow methodology and a market value methodology. Based upon this assessment, the Company determined that the fair values of the Vinyls reporting units were greaterit was more likely than their carrying value.
The discounted cash flow projections were based on a long-term forecast to reflect the cyclicality of the housing and construction markets as the Company's Vinyls businesses are significantly influenced by those markets. The forecast was based on prices and spreads projected by IHS Markit ("IHS"), a chemical industry organization offering market and business advisory services for the chemical market, historical results and estimates by management, including its strategic and operational plans. Other significant assumptions used in the discounted cash flow projection included projected sales volumes based on production capacities. The future cash flows were discounted to present value using a discount rate ranging from 7.8% to 10.8%. The significant assumptions used in determining the fair values of the reporting units using the market value methodology include the determination of appropriate market comparables and the estimated multiples of net income before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") a willing buyer is likely to pay.
Olefins Segment Goodwill
The Company performed its annual impairment analysis for the Olefins segment, the reporting unit assessed, during the fourth quarter of 2020. The fair value of the Olefins segment reporting unit assessed during the October 2020 impairment analysis was determined using both a discounted cash flow methodology and a market value methodology. Based upon this assessment, the Company determinednot that the fair value of the Olefins segment reporting unit was greater than its carrying value.
The discounted cash flow projections were based on a long-term forecast to reflect the cyclicality of the Company's Olefins business. The forecast was based on prices and spreads projected by IHS, historical results and estimates by management, including its strategic and operational plans. Other significant assumptions used in the discounted cash flow projection included projected sales volumes based on production capacities. The future cash flows were discounted to present value using a discount rate of 9.0%. The significant assumptions used in determining the fair values of the reporting unit using the market value methodology included the determination of appropriate market comparables and the estimated multiples of EBITDA a willing buyer was likely to pay.
There were no events or circumstances indicating that the fair value of either of the Vinyls or Olefins reporting units had been reduced belowexceeds its carrying value during 2020.both prior to the reorganization and after the reorganization.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets consistedconsist of the following at December 31:
20202019Weighted
Average
Life
20222021Weighted
Average
Life
CostAccumulated
Amortization
NetCostAccumulated
Amortization
NetCostAccumulated
Amortization
NetCostAccumulated
Amortization
Net
Customer relationshipsCustomer relationships$845 $(401)$444 $832 $(309)$523 11Customer relationships$1,589 $(596)$993 $1,581 $(498)$1,083 15
Other intangible assets:Other intangible assets:Other intangible assets:
Licenses and intellectual propertyLicenses and intellectual property178 (94)84 172 (79)93 13Licenses and intellectual property306 (124)182 311 (109)202 16
Trademarks125 (50)75 120 (37)83 13
Trade nameTrade name411 (86)325 342 (63)279 18
OtherOther35 (26)35 (24)11 11Other84 (19)65 34 (18)16 14
Total other intangible assetsTotal other intangible assets$338 $(170)$168 $327 $(140)$187 Total other intangible assets$801 $(229)$572 $687 $(190)$497 
Scheduled amortization of intangible assets for the next five years is as follows: $120, $108, $60, $54$147, $117, $116, $106 and $52$106 in 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 and 2025,2027, respectively.
9. Equity Method Investments
LACC, LLC Joint Venture
In 2015, Eagle US 2 LLC ("Eagle"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and Lotte Chemical USA Corporation, a subsidiary of Lotte Chemical Corporation ("Lotte"), formed a joint venture, LACC, LLC ("LACC"), to design, build and operate an ethylene facility with 2.2 billion pounds per year of ethylene production capacity. Pursuant to a contribution and subscription agreement between Eagle and LACC, Eagle contributed $225 to LACC to fund construction costs of the ethylene plant, representing approximately 12% of the membership interests in LACC.
On November 12, 2019, we,the Company, through Eagle, completed the acquisition of an additional 34.8% of the membership interests in LACC from Lotte for approximately $817. On March 15, 2022, the Company acquired an additional 3.2% of the membership interests in LACC from Lotte for $89. As of December 31, 2020,2022, the Company owned an aggregate 50% membership interest in LACC. As of December 31, 2022, the Company's investment exceeded the underlying equity in net assets by approximately $166$201 which was assigned to goodwill and not amortized.
The ethylene plant was built adjacent to the Company's chlor-alkali facility in Lake Charles. During the third quarter of 2019, the ethylene plant began commercial operations.
The Company accounts for its investment in LACC under the equity method of accounting. The LACC joint venture is a cost-sharing arrangement between the members of LACC. The members of LACC receive their proportionate shares of ethylene offtake each month and fund cash operating costs, excluding depreciation and amortization. As a result, LACC recognizes net losses equal to depreciation and amortization each period. The Company's equity in losses from LACC, which is equal to its share of depreciation and amortization expenses, is recognized in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company's investment in LACC is recorded as a component of equity method investments in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company's capital contributions to fund its share of capital expenditures are classified within investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
The Company's ethylene offtake from LACC was approximately 787766 million and 909 million pounds during the yearyears ended December 31, 2020.2022 and 2021, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Changes in the Company's investment in LACC for the years ended December 31, 20202022 and 20192021 were as follows:
Investment in LACC
Balance at December 31, 20182020$183961 
Cash contributions4522 
Depreciation and amortization(40)
Balance at December 31, 2021943 
Cash contributions87 
Additional interest purchased81789 
Depreciation and amortization(7)(44)
Return of investment
Balance at December 31, 20191,038 
Cash contributions
Additional interest purchased
Depreciation and amortization(37)
Return of investment(44)
Balance at December 31, 20202022$9611,075 
Services Provided to LACC and Lotte
The Company provides certain utilities and other services to LACC and Lotte. Pursuant to a construction and reimbursement agreement, LACC and Lotte agreed to reimburse the Company for construction costs over a 6.5-year period beginning in 2020. In addition to the reimbursements for construction costs, the Company charges LACC and Lotte certain fixed fees under an operating, maintenance and logistics agreement. The Company accounts for the reimbursement of construction costs and the fixed fees as components of the total transaction price and recognizes it ratably in net sales over approximately 25 years. The remaining performance obligations at December 31, 2020,2022, representing these fixed components of the transaction price, totaled $57$54 and $78$76 from LACC and Lotte, respectively. The associated contract liabilities recorded from LACC and Lotte totaled $10$19 and $12$24 as of December 31, 2020,2022, respectively, and $5$14 and $7$18 as of December 31, 2019,2021, respectively. In addition to the reimbursements for construction costs and other fixed fees, the Company charges LACC and Lotte certain variable fees.
Other Equity Method Investments
In addition to LACC, the Company has other equity method investments amounting to $98$67 and $74$64 as of December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively. See Note 20 for more detailed information.
10. Accounts Payable
Accounts payable consist of the following:following at December 31:
December 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
20222021
Accounts payable—third partiesAccounts payable—third parties$529 $435 Accounts payable—third parties$870 $849 
Accounts payable to related partiesAccounts payable to related parties12 Accounts payable to related parties16 15 
Notes payableNotes payable26 Notes payable15 
Accounts payableAccounts payable$536 $473 Accounts payable$889 $879 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
11. Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt consistedconsist of the following at December 31:
December 31, 2020December 31, 201920222021
Principal AmountUnamortized Discount and Debt Issuance CostsNet Long-Term DebtPrincipal AmountUnamortized Discount and Debt Issuance CostsNet Long-Term DebtPrincipal AmountUnamortized Discount and Debt Issuance CostsNet Long-Term DebtPrincipal AmountUnamortized Discount and Debt Issuance CostsNet Long-Term Debt
3.60% senior notes due 2022 (the "3.60% 2022 Senior Notes")3.60% senior notes due 2022 (the "3.60% 2022 Senior Notes")$250 $(1)$249 $250 $(1)$249 3.60% senior notes due 2022 (the "3.60% 2022 Senior Notes")$— $— $— $250 $— $250 
0.875% senior notes due 2024 (the "0.875% 2024 Senior Notes")0.875% senior notes due 2024 (the "0.875% 2024 Senior Notes")300 (1)299 300 (2)298 
3.60% senior notes due 2026 (the "3.60% 2026 Senior Notes")3.60% senior notes due 2026 (the "3.60% 2026 Senior Notes")750 (6)744 750 (8)742 3.60% senior notes due 2026 (the "3.60% 2026 Senior Notes")750 (4)746 750 (5)745 
Loan related to tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds due 2027Loan related to tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds due 202711 11 11 11 Loan related to tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds due 202711 — 11 11 — 11 
1.625% senior notes due 2029 (the "1.625% 2029 Senior Notes")1.625% senior notes due 2029 (the "1.625% 2029 Senior Notes")859 (10)849 785 (11)774 1.625% senior notes due 2029 (the "1.625% 2029 Senior Notes")750 (7)743 794 (8)786 
6 ½% senior notes due 2029 (the "6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes")100 (1)99 
3.375% senior notes due 2030 (the "3.375% 2030 Senior Notes")3.375% senior notes due 2030 (the "3.375% 2030 Senior Notes")300 (4)296 3.375% senior notes due 2030 (the "3.375% 2030 Senior Notes")300 (3)297 300 (4)296 
3.50% senior notes due 2032 (the "3.50% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes")250 (1)249 250 (1)249 
6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes")89 (1)88 
6 ½% senior notes due 2035 (the "6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes")65 65 
5.0% senior notes due 2046 (the "5.0% 2046 Senior Notes")700 (23)677 700 (23)677 
3.50% senior notes due 2032 (the "3.50% 2032 tax-exempt GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes")3.50% senior notes due 2032 (the "3.50% 2032 tax-exempt GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes")250 (1)249 250 (1)249 
2.875% senior notes due 2041 (the "2.875% 2041 Senior Notes")2.875% senior notes due 2041 (the "2.875% 2041 Senior Notes")350 (11)339 350 (11)339 
5.00% senior notes due 2046 (the "5.00% 2046 Senior Notes")5.00% senior notes due 2046 (the "5.00% 2046 Senior Notes")700 (21)679 700 (22)678 
4.375% senior notes due 2047 (the "4.375% 2047 Senior Notes")4.375% senior notes due 2047 (the "4.375% 2047 Senior Notes")500 (9)491 500 (9)491 4.375% senior notes due 2047 (the "4.375% 2047 Senior Notes")500 (8)492 500 (8)492 
Long-term debt$3,620 $(54)$3,566 $3,500 $(55)$3,445 
3.125% senior notes due 2051 (the "3.125% 2051 Senior Notes")3.125% senior notes due 2051 (the "3.125% 2051 Senior Notes")600 (22)578 600 (23)577 
3.375% senior notes due 2061 (the "3.375% 2061 Senior Notes")3.375% senior notes due 2061 (the "3.375% 2061 Senior Notes")450 (19)431 450 (19)431 
8.73% RS Cogen debt due 2022 (the "8.73% 2022 RS Cogen Debt")8.73% RS Cogen debt due 2022 (the "8.73% 2022 RS Cogen Debt")— — — 19 — 19 
Term loan 2026 (the "2026 Term Loan")Term loan 2026 (the "2026 Term Loan")15 — 15 — 
Total long-term debtTotal long-term debt4,976 (97)4,879 5,283 (103)5,180 
Less current portion:Less current portion:
3.60% 2022 Senior Notes3.60% 2022 Senior Notes— — — (250)— (250)
8.73% 2022 RS Cogen Debt8.73% 2022 RS Cogen Debt— — — (19)— (19)
Long-term debt, net of current portionLong-term debt, net of current portion$4,976 $(97)$4,879 $5,014 $(103)$4,911 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
New Credit Agreement
On July 24, 2018,June 9, 2022, the Company entered into a new $1,000$1,500 revolving credit facility that is scheduled to mature on July 24, 2023June 9, 2027 (the "Credit"New Credit Agreement") and, in connection therewith, terminated the Company's existing $1,000 revolving credit facility that was scheduled to mature on August 23, 2021 (the "Prior Credit Agreement").agreement. The New Credit Agreement bears interest at either (a) LIBORAdjusted Term SOFR (as defined in the New Credit Agreement) plus a spreadmargin ranging from 1.00% to 1.75%1.625% per annum or (b) Alternate Base Rate (as defined in the New Credit Agreement) plus a spreadmargin ranging from 0.00% to 0.75%0.625% per annum, in each case depending on the credit rating of the Company. At December 31, 2020, the Company had 0 borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had 0 outstanding letters of credit and had $1,000 of borrowing availability under the Credit Agreement. The New Credit Agreement contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including a quarterly total leverage ratio financial maintenance covenant. As of December 31, 2020,2022, the Company was in compliance with the total leverage ratio financial maintenance covenant. The New Credit Agreement also contains certain events of default and, if and for so long as certain events of default have occurred and are continuing, any overdue amounts outstanding under the New Credit Agreement will accrue interest at an increased rate, the lenders can terminate their commitments to lend thereunder and payments of any outstanding amounts thereunder could be accelerated by the lenders. None of the Company's subsidiaries are required to guarantee the obligations of the Company under the New Credit Agreement.
The New Credit Agreement includes a $150 sub-limit for letters of credit, and any outstanding letters of credit will be deducted from availability under the facility. The New Credit Agreement also provides for a discretionary $50 commitment for swingline loans to be provided on a same-day basis. The Company may also increase the size of the facility, in increments of at least $25, up to a maximum of $500, subject to certain conditions and if certain lenders agree to commit to such an increase.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millionsDecember 31, 2022, the Company had no borrowings and no letters of dollars, except share amountscredit outstanding, and per share data)
had borrowing availability of $1,500, under the New Credit Agreement.
3.60% Senior Notes due 2022
In July 2012, the Company issued $250 aggregate principal amount of the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes. The 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes are unsecured and were issued with an original issue discount of $1. There is no sinking fund and no scheduled amortization of the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes prior to maturity. The Company may optionally redeem the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes in accordance with the terms of the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes.
During April 2022, the Company provided notice to the trustee of the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes that the Company had elected to redeem all of the outstanding 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes on May 14, 2022 (the "Redemption Date") pursuant to its optional redemption right under the indenture governing the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes. The 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes were redeemed on May 14, 2022. The redemption price was equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest on the 3.60% 2022 Senior Notes to the Redemption Date.
0.875% Senior Notes due 2024
In August 2021, the Company completed the registered public offering of $300 aggregate principal amount of the 0.875% 2024 Senior Notes. The Company may optionally redeem the 0.875% 2024 Senior Notes at any time and from time to time on or after August 15, 2022 for 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest.
3.60% Senior Notes due 2026 and 5.0%5.00% Senior Notes due 2046
In August 2016, the Company issued $750 aggregate principal amount of the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and $700 aggregate principal amount of the 5.0%5.00% 2046 Senior Notes. In March 2017, the Company commenced registered exchange offers to exchange the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and the 5.0%5.00% 2046 Senior Notes for new notes that are identical in all material respects to the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and the 5.0%5.00% 2046 Senior Notes, except that the offer and issuance of the new Securities and Exchange Commission-registered notes have been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). The exchange offers expired on April 24, 2017, and approximately 99.97% of the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes and 100% of the 5.0%5.00% 2046 Senior Notes were exchanged. The 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes that were not exchanged in the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes exchange offer have not been registered under the Securities Act or any state securities laws and may not be offered or sold in the U.S. absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements or a transaction not subject to the registration requirements of the Securities Act or any state securities law.
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WESTLAKE CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Revenue Bonds
In December 1997, the Company entered into a loan agreement with a public trust established for public purposes for the benefit of the Parish of Calcasieu, Louisiana. The public trust issued $11 principal amount of tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds in order to finance the Company's construction of waste disposal facilities for an ethylene plant. The waste disposal revenue bonds expire in December 2027 and are subject to redemption and mandatory tender for purchase prior to maturity under certain conditions. The interest rate on the waste disposal revenue bonds at December 31, 20202022 and 20192021 was 0.14%3.88% and 1.78%0.14%, respectively.
1.625% Senior Notes due 2029
On July 17, 2019, the Company completed the registered public offering of €700 aggregate principal amount of the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes. The Company received approximately $779 of net proceeds from the offering. The 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes will accrue interest from July 17, 2019 at a rate of 1.625% per annum, payable annually in arrears on July 17 of each year, beginning July 17, 2020. The Company may optionally redeem the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes in accordance with the terms of the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes. The Company designated this euro-denominated debt as a non-derivative net investment hedge of a portion of the Company's net investments in euro functional-currency denominated subsidiaries to offset foreign currency fluctuations.
GO Zone Bonds and IKE Zone Bonds
In December 2010, the Louisiana Local Government Authority Environmental Facilities and Community Development Authority (the "Authority"), a political subdivision of the State of Louisiana, completed the offering of $65 of 6 ½% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 1, 2035 under Section 704 of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (the "6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Bonds") and $89 of 6 ½% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 1, 2035 under the Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005 (the "GO Zone Act") (the "6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds"). In connection with the issuance of the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Bonds and the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds, the Company issued $65 of the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes and $89 of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes, respectively.

In July 2010, the Authority completed the reoffering of $100 of 6 ½% tax-exempt revenue bonds due August 1, 2029 under the GO Zone Act (the "6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds"). In connection with the reoffering of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds, the Company issued $100 of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
In November 2017, the Authority completed the remarketing of $250 aggregate principal amount of 3.50% tax-exempt revenue refunding bonds due November 1, 2032 (the "3.50% 2032 GO Zone Bonds"). In connection with the remarketing of the 3.50% 2032 GO Zone Bonds, the Company issued $250 of the 3.50% 2032 Senior Notes. The 3.50% 2032 GO Zone Bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company at any time on or after November 1, 2027, for 100% of the principal amount plus accrued interest. The indenture governing the 3.50% 2032 Senior Notes contains customary events of default and covenants that will restrict the Company and certain of the Company's subsidiaries' ability to (1) incur certain secured indebtedness, (2) engage in certain sale-leaseback transactions and (3) consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of its assets.
On August 1, 2020, the Company purchased in lieu of optional redemption $100 aggregate principal amount of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds plus accrued and unpaid interest to August 1, 2020. In connection with the purchase in lieu of optional redemption of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds, the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes were cancelled.
On November 1, 2020, the Company purchased in lieu of optional redemption (1) $89 aggregate principal amount of the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds, and (2) $65 aggregate principal amount of the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Bonds (together with the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Bonds, the "2035 Revenue Bonds"), in each case, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2035 Revenue Bonds plus accrued and unpaid interest to November 1, 2020. In connection with the purchase of the 2035 Revenue Bonds by the Company in lieu of optional redemption, the 6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes and the 6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes were cancelled. A portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes was used to fund the purchase in lieu of optional redemption of the 6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Bonds and the 2035 Revenue Bonds.
In connection with each offering of the tax-exempt bonds, the Company entered into a loan agreement with the Authority pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay all of the principal, premium, if any, and interest on the bonds and certain other amounts to the Authority. The net proceeds from the offerings were loaned by the Authority to the Company. The Company used the proceeds to expand, refurbish and maintain certain of its facilities in the Louisiana Parishes of Calcasieu and Ascension. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had drawn all proceeds from the tax-exempt bonds.
3.375% Senior Notes due 2030
On June 12, 2020, the Company completed the registered public offering of $300 aggregate principal amount of itsthe 3.375% Senior Notes due June 15, 2030 (the "3.375% 2030 Senior Notes").Notes. There is no sinking fund and no scheduled amortization of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes prior to maturity. The 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes accrue interest from June 12, 2020 at a rate of 3.375% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning December 15, 2020. The Company may optionally redeem the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes in accordance with the terms of the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes.
4.375%3.50% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Bonds
In November 2017, the Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facility and Development Authority (the "Authority") completed the remarketing of $250 aggregate principal amount of 3.50% tax-exempt revenue refunding bonds due November 1, 2032 (the "3.50% 2032 GO Zone Bonds"), the net proceeds of which were used to redeem $250 aggregate principal amount of the Authority's 6 ¾% tax-exempt revenue bonds due November 1, 2032 issued by the Authority under the GO Zone Act in December 2007. In connection with the remarketing of the 3.50% 2032 GO Zone Bonds, the Company issued $250 aggregate principal amount of the 3.50% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes. The 3.50% 2032 GO Zone Bonds are subject to optional redemption by the Authority upon the direction of the Company at any time on or after November 1, 2027, for 100% of the principal amount plus accrued interest.
2.875% Senior Notes due 2041
In August 2021, the Company completed the registered public offering of $350 aggregate principal amount of the 2.875% 2041 Senior Notes. The Company may optionally redeem the 2.875% 2041 Senior Notes at any time and from time to time prior to February 15, 2041 (six months prior to the maturity date) for a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest and (ii) the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments on the 2.875% 2041 Senior Notes being redeemed that would be due if the 2.875% 2041 Senior Notes matured on February 15, 2041, discounted to the redemption date on a semi-annual basis, plus 20 basis points, and plus accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, the Company may optionally redeem the 2.875% 2041 Senior Notes at any time on or after February 15, 2041 for 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest.
4.375% Senior Notes due 2047
In November 2017, the Company completed the registered public offering of $500 aggregate principal amount of the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes. The 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes are unsecured and mature on November 15, 2047. There is no sinking fund and no scheduled amortization of the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes prior to maturity. The Company may optionally redeem the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes in accordance with the terms of the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes.
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WESTLAKE CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
3.125% Senior Notes due 2051
In August 2021, the Company completed the registered public offering of $600 aggregate principal amount of the 3.125% 2051 Senior Notes. The indenture governingCompany may optionally redeem the 3.60%3.125% 2051 Senior Notes at any time and from time to time prior to February 15, 2051 (six months prior to the maturity date) for a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest and (ii) the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments on the 3.125% 2051 Senior Notes being redeemed that would be due if the 3.125% 2051 Senior Notes matured on February 15, 2051, discounted to the redemption date on a semi-annual basis, plus 25 basis points, and plus accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, the Company may optionally redeem the 3.125% 2051 Senior Notes at any time on or after February 15, 2051 for 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest.
3.375% Senior Notes due 2061
In August 2021, the Company completed the registered public offering of $450 aggregate principal amount of the 3.375% 2061 Senior Notes. The Company may optionally redeem the 3.375% 2061 Senior Notes at any time and from time to time prior to February 15, 2061 (six months prior to the maturity date) for a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest and (ii) the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments on the 3.375% 2061 Senior Notes being redeemed that would be due if the 3.375% 2061 Senior Notes matured on February 15, 2061, discounted to the redemption date on a semi-annual basis, plus 25 basis points, and plus accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, the Company may optionally redeem the 3.375% 2061 Senior Notes at any time on or after February 15, 2061 for 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest.
2026 Term Loans
In March 2021, Taiwan Chlorine Industries, Ltd., the Company's 60%-owned joint venture, entered into five-year loan agreements for a maximum total limit of approximately $22. The interest rate on these loans at December 31, 2022 was 0.20%. The unsecured loans include a government rate subsidy and have a 5-year maturity. The balance outstanding under these loans was approximately $15 at December 31, 2022.
The holders of the 0.875% 2024 Senior Notes, the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes, the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes, the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes, the 3.50% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes, the 5.0%2.875% 2041 Senior Notes, the 5.00% 2046 Senior Notes, and the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes, containthe 3.125% 2051 Senior Notes and the 3.375% 2061 Senior Notes may require the Company to repurchase the notes at a price equal to 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of repurchase, upon the occurrence of both a "change of control" and, within 60 days of such change of control, a "below investment grade rating event" (as such terms are defined in the respective indentures governing these notes).
The indenture governing the 0.875% 2024 Senior Notes, the 3.60% 2026 Senior Notes, the 1.625% 2029 Senior Notes, the 3.375% 2030 Senior Notes, the 3.50% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes, the 2.875% 2041 Senior Notes, the 5.00% 2046 Senior Notes, the 4.375% 2047 Senior Notes, the 3.125% 2051 Senior Notes, and the 3.375% 2061 Senior Notes (together, the "Notes") contains customary events of default and covenants that, willamong other things and subject to certain exceptions, restrict the Company and certain of the Company's subsidiaries' ability to (1) incur certain secured indebtedness, (2) engage in certain sale-leasebacksale and leaseback transactions and (3) consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of its assets. The Notes are unsecured and none of the Company's subsidiaries have guaranteed any series of the Notes.
As of December 31, 2020,2022, the Company was in compliance with all of its long-term debt covenants.
The weighted average interest rate on all long-term debt was 3.4% and 3.6%3.2% at December 31, 20202022 and 2019, respectively.2021. Unamortized debt issuance costs on long-term debt were $28$40 and $30$42 at December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively.
Aggregate scheduled maturities of long-term debt during the next five years consist of $250$300 in 2022.2024, $765 in 2026 and $11 in 2027. There are no other scheduled maturities of debt in 20212023 through 2025.2027.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
12. Stockholders' Equity
The Company's Board of Directors has declared regular quarterly dividends to holders of its common stock aggregating $137, $132$169, $145 and $120$137 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, 2019respectively.
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WESTLAKE CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and 2018, respectively.per share data)
Common Stock
Each share of common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters on which holders are permitted to vote, including the election of directors. There are no cumulative voting rights. Accordingly, holders of a majority of the total votes entitled to vote in an election of directors will be able to elect all of the directors standing for election. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding preferred stock, the holders of the common stock will share equally on a per share basis any dividends when, as and if declared by the Board of Directors out of funds legally available for that purpose. If the Company is liquidated, dissolved or wound up, the holders of the Company's common stock will be entitled to a ratable share of any distribution to stockholders, after satisfaction of all the Company's liabilities and of the prior rights of any outstanding class of the Company's preferred stock. The Company's common stock has no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the Company's common stock.
Preferred Stock
The Company's charter authorizes the issuance of shares of preferred stock. The Company's Board of Directors has the authority, without shareholder approval, to issue preferred shares from time to time in one or more series, and to fix the number of shares and terms of each such series. The Board may determine the designations and other terms of each series including dividend rates, whether dividends will be cumulative or non-cumulative, redemption rights, liquidation rights, sinking fund provisions, conversion or exchange rights and voting rights.
Stock Repurchase Program
In November 2014, the Company's Board of Directors approved a $250 share repurchase program (the "2014 Program"). In November 2015, the Company's Board of Directors approved the expansion of the 2014 Program by an additional $150. In August 2018, the Company's Board of Directors approved the expansion of the 2014 Program by an additional $150. In August 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved the further expansion of the existing 2014 Program by an additional $500. The number of shares repurchased by the Company under the 2014 Program was 995,529, 517,7121,079,736, 355,800 and 1,368,881995,529 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018,2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2020,2022, the Company had repurchased a total of 7,075,7208,511,256 shares of its common stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $419.$551.
Any shares repurchased under the 2014 Program are held by the Company as treasury stock and may be used for general corporate purposes, including for the 2013 Omnibus Incentive Plan. In 2014, the Company began delivering treasury shares to employees and non-employee directors for options exercised and for the settlement of restricted stock units. The cost of treasury shares delivered is determined using the specific identification method.
13. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component were as follows:
Pension and Other Post-Retirement Benefits Liability, Net of TaxCumulative Foreign Currency
Exchange, Net of Tax
Total
Balances at December 31, 2018$27 $(89)$(62)
Net other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation(24)12 (12)
Balances at December 31, 2019(77)(74)
Net other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation(27)37 10 
Balances at December 31, 2020$(24)$(40)$(64)

In 2018, the Company reclassified certain income tax effects to retained earnings upon adoption of ASU No. 2018-02. See Note 1 (Income taxes) for additional information.
Pension and Other Post-Retirement Benefits Liability, Net of TaxCumulative Foreign Currency
Exchange, Net of Tax
Total
Balances at December 31, 2020$(24)$(40)$(64)
Net other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Westlake Corporation44 (16)28 
Balances at December 31, 202120 (56)(36)
Net other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Westlake Corporation32 (85)(53)
Balances at December 31, 2022$52 $(141)$(89)
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The following table provides the details of the amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net income in the consolidated statements of operations:
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) ComponentsLocation of Reclassification
(Income (Expense)) in
Consolidated Statements
of Operations
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Pension settlement gain(1)14 
Income tax benefit (provision) on pension and other post-retirement benefitsProvision for (benefit from) income taxes(3)
Total reclassifications for the period$$$11 

(1)The accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) component is included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost and reflected in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 14 for additional information on the pension settlement gain recognized in 2018.
14. Employee Benefits
Defined Contribution Plans
U.S. Plans
The Company has a defined contribution savings plan covering the eligible U.S. regular full-time and part-time employees, whereby eligible employees may elect to contribute up to 100% of their annual eligible compensation, subject to an annual plan limit in line with the annual elective contribution limit as determined by the Internal Revenue Service. The Company matches its employee's contribution up to a certain percentage of such employee's compensation, per the terms of the plan. The Company may, at its discretion and per the terms of the plan, make an additional non-matching contribution in an amount as the Board of Directors may determine. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018,2020, the Company recorded approximately $21, $20$33, $24 and $21, respectively, to expense for these contributions.
Further, within the plan, the Company also makes an annual retirement contribution to substantially all employees of certain subsidiaries. The Company's contributions to the plan are determined as a percentage of employees' pay. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018,2020, the Company charged approximately $34, $32$46, $35 and $31,$34, respectively, to expense for these contributions.
Non-U.S. Plans
The Company has defined contribution plans in several countries covering eligible employees of the Company. The Company's contributions to the plans are based on applicable laws in each country.country and eligibility of employees of certain subsidiaries for the annual retirement contribution. Contributions to the Company's non-U.S. defined contribution plans are made by both the employee and the Company. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018,2020, the Company charged approximately $4,$3, $4 and $5,$4, respectively, to expense for its contributions to these plans. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company charged an additional $2, $1 and $0, respectively, to expense related to the annual retirement contributions to these plans.
Defined Benefit Plans
U.S. Plans
The Company has noncontributory defined benefit pension plans that cover certain eligible salaried and wage employees of certain subsidiaries. However, eligibility for the Company's plans has been frozen. Benefits for salaried employees under these plans are based primarily on years of service and employees' pay near retirement. Benefits for wage employees are based upon years of service and a fixed amount as periodically adjusted. The Company recognizes the years of service prior to the Company's acquisition of the subsidiary's facilities for purposes of determining vesting, eligibility and benefit levels for certain employees of the subsidiary and for determining vesting and eligibility for certain other employees of the subsidiary. The measurement date for these plans is December 31.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Non-U.S. Plans
The Company has defined benefit pension plans covering current and former employees associated with the Company's operations. In conjunction with the Westlake Epoxy acquisition on February 1, 2022, as disclosed in Note 2, the Company assumed certain defined benefit pension plans that are incorporated in the information disclosed. Several non-U.S. pension plans are unfunded and have no plan assets. These pension plans are closed to new participants. Benefits for employees for these plans are based primarily on employees' pay near retirement. The majority of these pension plans are unfunded and have no plan assets. The measurement date for the non-U.S. plans is December 31.
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WESTLAKE CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Details of the changes in benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status of the Company's pension plans are as follows:
2020201920222021
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
Change in benefit obligationChange in benefit obligationChange in benefit obligation
Benefit obligation, beginning of yearBenefit obligation, beginning of year$703 $144 $648 $136 Benefit obligation, beginning of year$673 $152 $748 $173 
Benefit obligation assumed with acquisitionBenefit obligation assumed with acquisition— 612 — 
Service costService costService cost
Interest costInterest cost17 23 Interest cost14 11 
Actuarial loss (gain)Actuarial loss (gain)64 14 80 14 Actuarial loss (gain)(121)(188)(35)(9)
Benefits paidBenefits paid(39)(4)(51)(4)Benefits paid(49)(17)(52)(4)
Plan amendmentsPlan amendments(4)Plan amendments— — (2)— 
SettlementsSettlements(1)Settlements— (1)— (1)
Foreign exchange effectsForeign exchange effects13 (2)Foreign exchange effects— (38)— (11)
Other
Benefit obligation, end of yearBenefit obligation, end of year$748 $173 $703 $144 Benefit obligation, end of year$518 $530 $673 $152 
Change in plan assetsChange in plan assetsChange in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of yearFair value of plan assets, beginning of year$526 $19 $486 $17 Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year$562 $21 $563 $21 
Plan assets assumed with acquisitionPlan assets assumed with acquisition— 538 — — 
Actual returnActual return78 92 Actual return(97)(145)52 
Employer contributionEmployer contributionEmployer contribution
Benefits paidBenefits paid(39)(4)(51)Benefits paid(49)(17)(52)(4)
Administrative expenses paidAdministrative expenses paid(4)(3)Administrative expenses paid(3)— (3)— 
SettlementsSettlements— (1)— (1)
Foreign exchange effectsForeign exchange effectsForeign exchange effects— (27)— — 
Fair value of plan assets, end of yearFair value of plan assets, end of year$563 $21 $526 $19 Fair value of plan assets, end of year$415 $370 $562 $21 
Funded status, end of yearFunded status, end of year$(185)$(152)$(177)$(125)Funded status, end of year$(103)$(160)$(111)$(131)

2020201920222021
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31
Noncurrent assetsNoncurrent assets$— $63 $— $— 
Current liabilitiesCurrent liabilities$(2)$(4)$(2)$(2)Current liabilities(2)(9)(2)(3)
Noncurrent liabilitiesNoncurrent liabilities(183)(148)(175)(123)Noncurrent liabilities(101)(214)(109)(128)
Net amount recognizedNet amount recognized$(185)$(152)$(177)$(125)Net amount recognized$(103)$(160)$(111)$(131)
2020201920222021
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Net loss (gain)Net loss (gain)$$34 $(16)$22 Net loss (gain)$(30)$(10)$(43)$23 
Prior service cost(4)(4)
Prior service creditPrior service credit(2)(4)(2)(4)
Total before tax (1)
Total before tax (1)
$$30 $(16)$18 
Total before tax (1)
$(32)$(14)$(45)$19 

(1)After-tax totals for pension benefits were $(24)$45 and $0$21 for 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively, and are reflected in stockholders' equity as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
In the U.S., the Pension Protection Act of 2006 (the "Pension Protection Act") established a relationship between a qualified pension plan's funded status and the actual benefits that can be provided. Restrictions on plan benefits and additional funding and notice requirements are imposed when a plan's funded status is less than certain threshold levels. For the 20202022 plan year, the funded status for the Company's U.S. pension plans are above 80% and, as such, are exempt from the Pension Protection Act's benefit restrictions.
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets at December 31 are as follows:
2020201920222021
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
Information for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assetsInformation for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assetsInformation for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets
Projected benefit obligationProjected benefit obligation$(748)$(164)$(703)$(143)Projected benefit obligation$(518)$(223)$(673)$(130)
Accumulated benefit obligationAccumulated benefit obligation(748)(163)(703)(138)Accumulated benefit obligation(518)(221)(673)(128)
Fair value of plan assetsFair value of plan assets563 13 526 18 Fair value of plan assets415 — 562 — 
The following table provides the components of net periodic benefit costs, other changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in other comprehensive income.
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
202020192018202220212020
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
Components of net periodic benefit costComponents of net periodic benefit costComponents of net periodic benefit cost
Service costService cost$$$$$$Service cost$$$$$$
Administrative expensesAdministrative expensesAdministrative expenses— — — 
Interest costInterest cost17 23 24 Interest cost14 11 17 
Expected return on plan assetsExpected return on plan assets(35)(1)(33)(1)(42)(1)Expected return on plan assets(38)(12)(38)(1)(35)(1)
Net amortizationNet amortization(1)Net amortization— — — 
Settlement gain(14)
Net periodic benefit cost (gain)Net periodic benefit cost (gain)$(12)$$(3)$$(27)$Net periodic benefit cost (gain)$(20)$(1)$(21)$$(12)$
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI)Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI)Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI)
Net loss (gain) emergingNet loss (gain) emerging$22 $13 $20 $13 $20 $Net loss (gain) emerging$13 $(31)$(49)$(9)$22 $13 
Settlement gain14 
Effect of plan change(4)
Prior service creditPrior service credit— — (2)— — — 
Amortization of net gain (loss)Amortization of net gain (loss)(1)(1)Amortization of net gain (loss)— (1)— (2)— (1)
Foreign exchange effectsForeign exchange effects— (1)— — — — 
Total recognized in OCITotal recognized in OCI$22 $12 $20 $$35 $Total recognized in OCI$13 $(33)$(51)$(11)$22 $12 
Total net periodic benefit cost and OCITotal net periodic benefit cost and OCI$10 $16 $17 $13 $$Total net periodic benefit cost and OCI$(7)$(34)$(72)$(6)$10 $16 
The estimated prior service costcredit and net lossgain for the defined benefit plans to be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit cost during 20212023 are expected to be $0$1 and $3,$2, respectively.
During 2018, the Company's U.S. pension plans settled portions of their projected benefit obligations through the purchase of annuities and lump sum payments to certain participants. In conjunction with the settlement, the Company also remeasured the pension obligations and plan assets of the affected plans, resulting in a $26 increase in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) before tax and a corresponding decrease in net pension liabilities recorded in the consolidated balance sheets. During 2018, the Company recognized a $14 one-time settlement gain in other income, net, which was reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The weighted-average assumptions used to determine pension plan obligations and net periodic benefit costs for the plans are as follows:
202020192018202220212020
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31
Discount rateDiscount rate2.1 %0.8 %3.0 %1.3 %4.1 %2.0 %Discount rate4.9 %3.7 %2.6 %1.4 %2.1 %0.8 %
Rate of compensation increaseRate of compensation increase%2.6 %%2.6 %%2.6 %Rate of compensation increase— %2.9 %— %2.6 %— %2.6 %
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs for years ended December 31Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs for years ended December 31Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs for years ended December 31
Discount rate for benefit obligationsDiscount rate for benefit obligations3.0 %1.3 %4.1 %2.0 %3.4 %1.8 %Discount rate for benefit obligations2.5 %1.2 %2.1 %0.8 %3.0 %1.3 %
Discount rate for service costDiscount rate for service cost3.2 %1.4 %4.2 %2.2 %3.8 %2.0 %Discount rate for service cost2.8 %1.4 %2.4 %0.8 %3.2 %1.4 %
Discount rate for interest costDiscount rate for interest cost2.6 %1.6 %3.7 %2.2 %3.3 %2.0 %Discount rate for interest cost2.1 %1.2 %1.5 %0.8 %2.6 %1.6 %
Expected return on plan assetsExpected return on plan assets7.0 %4.0 %7.0 %4.0 %7.0 %3.8 %Expected return on plan assets7.0 %2.6 %7.0 %4.0 %7.0 %4.0 %
Rate of compensation increaseRate of compensation increase%2.6 %%2.6 %%2.6 %Rate of compensation increase— %2.8 %— %2.6 %— %2.6 %
The discount rates for the Company's U.S. and non-U.S. plans are determined using a benchmark pension discount curve and applying spot rates from the curve to each year of expected benefit payments to determine the appropriate discount rate for the Company. The assumed long-term return on plan assets is estimated by considering factors such as the plan's overall investment strategy, current economic conditions and historical averages.
The Company's U.S. pension plan investments are held in the Westlake Defined Benefit Plan. The Company's overall investment strategy for these pension plan assets is to achieve a balance between moderate income generation and capital appreciation. The investment strategy includes a mix of approximately 60% of investments for long-term growth, and 40% for near-term benefit payments with a diversification of asset types. These pension funds' investment policies target asset allocations fromof approximately 60% equity securities and 40% fixed income securities in order to pursue a balance between moderate income generation and capital appreciation.
The Company's non-U.S. pension plan investments are primarily held in three pension plans in the Netherlands (collectively, the "Netherlands Plan"). Per the terms of the Netherlands Plan asset management agreement between the Company and the asset manager, the Netherlands Plan's current portfolio is strategically weighted towards fixed income securities. The Netherlands Plan's investment policy targets asset allocations of approximately 20% equity securities and 80% fixed income securities. The Netherlands Plan's investment strategy allows for re-allocations of either of the equity or the fixed income securities from 0% up to 100%.
Equity securities primarily include investments in large-cap and small-cap companies located in the U.S. and international developed and emerging markets stocks. Fixed income securities are comprised of investment and non-investment grade bonds, including U.S. Treasuries and U.S. and non-U.S. corporate bonds of companies from diversified industries. EachFixed income funds also include international government bonds and mortgage funds. The U.S. pension fund investment policy allows a discretionary range in various asset classes within the asset allocation model of up to 10%. The Company does not believe that there are significant concentrations of risk in the pension plan assets due to its strategy of asset diversification. At December 31, 2020,2022, plan assets did not include direct ownership of the Company's common stock.
Under the accounting guidance for fair value measurements, inputs used to measure fair value are classified in one of three levels:
Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2: Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The investments in the collective trust and mutual funds are valued using a market approach based on the net asset value of units held. The fair values of the Company's U.S. plan assets at December 31, by asset category, are as follows:
20202022
U.S. PlansNon U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
Level 1Level 2TotalLevel 1Level 2TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Cash and common stock:Cash and common stock:Cash and common stock:
Cash and cash equivalentsCash and cash equivalents$$$$$$Cash and cash equivalents$— $— $— $— $$— $— $
Common stock
Collective investment trust and
mutual funds—Equity securities:
Collective investment trust and
mutual funds—Equity securities:
Collective investment trust and mutual funds—Equity securities:
Large-cap funds (1)
Large-cap funds (1)
64 132 196 
Large-cap funds (1)
42 90 — 132 — — 
Small-cap funds (2)
Small-cap funds (2)
14 14 
Small-cap funds (2)
— 10 — 10 — — — — 
International funds (3)
International funds (3)
84 50 134 
International funds (3)
72 24 — 96 — 73 — 73 
Collective investment trust and mutual funds—Fixed income:Collective investment trust and mutual funds—Fixed income:Collective investment trust and mutual funds—Fixed income:
Bond funds (4)
Bond funds (4)
116 96 212 
Bond funds (4)
37 128 — 165 — 280 — 280 
Short-term investment fundsShort-term investment fundsShort-term investment funds— 12 — 12 — — — — 
Group insurance contractGroup insurance contract— — — — — — 
$264 $299 $563 $$15 $21 $151 $264 $— $415 $$354 $$370 

20192021
U.S. PlansNon U.S. PlansU.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
Level 1Level 2TotalLevel 1Level 2TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Cash and common stock:Cash and common stock:Cash and common stock:
Cash and cash equivalentsCash and cash equivalents$$$$$$Cash and cash equivalents$— $— $— $— $$— $— $
Common stock15 15 
Collective investment trust and mutual funds—Equity securities:Collective investment trust and mutual funds—Equity securities:Collective investment trust and mutual funds—Equity securities:
Large-cap funds (1)
Large-cap funds (1)
49 112 161 
Large-cap funds (1)
62 125 — 187 — — 
Small-cap funds (2)
Small-cap funds (2)
14 22 
Small-cap funds (2)
— 14 — 14 — — — — 
International funds (3)
International funds (3)
75 45 120 
International funds (3)
93 33 — 126 — — 
Collective investment trust and mutual funds—Fixed income:Collective investment trust and mutual funds—Fixed income:Collective investment trust and mutual funds—Fixed income:
Bond funds (4)
Bond funds (4)
100 98 198 
Bond funds (4)
127 99 — 226 — — 
Short-term investment fundsShort-term investment funds10 10 Short-term investment funds— — — — — — 
$247 $279 $526 $$13 $19 $282 $280 $— $562 $$15 $— $21 

(1)Substantially all of the assets of these funds are invested in large-cap U.S. companies. The remainder of the assets of these funds is invested in cash reserves.
(2)Substantially all of the assets of these funds are invested in small-cap U.S. companies. The remainder of the assets of these funds is invested in cash reserves.
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WESTLAKE CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
(3)Substantially all of the assets of thesethe U.S. Plans' funds are invested in international companies in developed markets (excluding the U.S.). The, and the remainder of the assets of these funds is invested in cash reserves. The assets of the non-U.S. Plans' funds are primarily invested in diversified global equities, real estate and private equities.
(4)This category representsThe assets of the U.S. Plans' funds represent investment grade bonds of U.S. issuers, including U.S. Treasury notes. The assets of the non-U.S. Plans represent fixed income funds that are primarily invested in international government bonds and mortgage funds.
The Company's funding policy for its U.S. plans is consistent with the minimum funding requirements of federal law and regulations, and basedregulations. Based on preliminary estimates, the Company expects to make contributions of approximately $1$0 and $7 for the U.S. and Non-U.S. pension plans, respectively, in 2021.2023.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Multi-employer Plans
Non-U.S. Plans
The Company participates in 2two multi-employer plans, Pensionskasse der Mitarbeiter der Hoechst-Gruppe VVaG and Pensionskasse der Wacker-Chemie GmbH VVaG, which provide benefits to certain of the Company's employees in Germany. These multi-employer plans are closed to new participants. The benefit obligations are covered up to a certain salary threshold by contributions made by the Company and employees to the plans.
Contributions to the Company's multi-employer plans are expensed as incurred and were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Non-U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
Contributions to multi-employer plans (1)
$$$
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Non-U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
Contributions to multi-employer plans (1)
$$10 $

(1)The plan information for both the Pensionskasse der Mitarbeiter der Hoechst-Gruppe VVaG and Pensionskasse der Wacker-Chemie GmbH VVaG plans is publicly available. The plans provide fixed, monthly retirement payments on the basis of the credits earned by the participating employees. To the extent that the plans are underfunded, future contributions to the plans may increase and may be used to fund retirement benefits for employees related to other employers. The Company does not consider either of its multi-employer plans individually significant.
Other Post-retirement Benefits
In the U.S., the Company provides post-retirement healthcare and life insurance benefits for certain employees and their dependents who meet minimum age and service requirements. The Company has the right to modify or terminate some of these benefits.
The Company also has a post-retirement plan in Canada which is unfunded and provides medical and life insurance benefits for certain employees and their dependents.
The following table provides In conjunction with the Westlake Epoxy acquisition on February 1, 2022, as disclosed in Note 2, the Company assumed a reconciliation ofpost-retirement benefit plan in the benefit obligations ofNetherlands which is incorporated in the Company's unfunded post-retirement healthcare plans.
20202019
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
Change in benefit obligation
Benefit obligation, beginning of year$65 $$67 $
Service cost— 
Interest cost
Actuarial loss (gain)
Benefits paid(7)(8)
Benefit obligation, end of year$63 $$65 $
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year$$$$
Employer contribution
Benefits paid(7)(8)
Fair value of plan assets, end of year$$$$
Funded status, end of year$(63)$(4)$(65)$(4)
information disclosed.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
20202019
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31
Current liabilities$(8)$$(8)$
Noncurrent liabilities(55)(5)(57)(5)
Net amount recognized$(63)$(5)$(65)$(5)
The following table provides a reconciliation of the benefit obligations of the Company's unfunded post-retirement healthcare plans.
20222021
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
Change in benefit obligation
Benefit obligation, beginning of year$59 $$63 $
Benefit obligation assumed with acquisition— — — 
Service cost— — — 
Interest cost— — 
Actuarial loss (gain)(7)(1)(2)(1)
Benefits paid(7)— (8)— 
Plan amendments— — — 
Benefit obligation, end of year$46 $$59 $
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year$— $— $— $— 
Employer contribution— — 
Benefits paid(7)— (8)— 
Fair value of plan assets, end of year$— $— $— $— 
Funded status, end of year$(46)$(3)$(59)$(3)
20222021
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31
Current liabilities$(8)$(1)$(8)$— 
Noncurrent liabilities(38)(2)(51)(3)
Net amount recognized$(46)$(3)$(59)$(3)

2020201920222021
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Net gainNet gain$$$(3)$Net gain$(9)$(2)$(2)$(1)
Prior service costPrior service cost— — 
Total before tax (1)
Total before tax (1)
$$$(3)$
Total before tax (1)
$(6)$(2)$$(1)

(1)After-tax totals for post-retirement healthcare benefits were $0a gain of $7 and $3a loss of $1 for 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively, and are reflected in stockholders' equity as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
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WESTLAKE CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The following table provides the components of net periodic benefit costs, other changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in other comprehensive income.
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
202020192018202220212020
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
Components of net periodic benefit costComponents of net periodic benefit costComponents of net periodic benefit cost
Service costService cost$$$$$$Service cost$— $— $$— $$— 
Interest costInterest costInterest cost— — — 
Net amortizationNet amortizationNet amortization— — — — — 
Net periodic benefit costNet periodic benefit cost$$$$$$Net periodic benefit cost$$— $$— $$— 
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in OCIOther changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in OCIOther changes in plan assets and benefit obligation recognized in OCI
Net loss (gain) emergingNet loss (gain) emerging$$$$$(1)$(1)Net loss (gain) emerging$(7)$(1)$(2)$(1)$$— 
Prior service costPrior service cost— — — — — 
Amortization of prior service costAmortization of prior service cost(1)— — — — — 
Total recognized in OCITotal recognized in OCI$$$$$(1)$(1)Total recognized in OCI$(8)$(1)$$(1)$$— 
Total net periodic benefit cost and OCITotal net periodic benefit cost and OCI$$$$$$(1)Total net periodic benefit cost and OCI$(6)$(1)$$(1)$$— 
The estimated prior service cost and net lossgain for the post-retirement healthcare benefit plans that willto be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit cost during 20212023 are both expected to be 0.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts$1 and per share data)
$0, respectively.
The weighted-average assumptions used to determine post-retirement healthcare plan obligations and net periodic benefit costs for the plans are as follows:
202020192018202220212020
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S.
Plans
Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31
Discount rateDiscount rate1.5 %2.7 %2.5 %3.2 %3.7 %3.9 %Discount rate4.7 %4.8 %2.2 %3.5 %1.5 %2.7 %
Health care cost trend rateHealth care cost trend rateHealth care cost trend rate
- Initial rate- Initial rate6.5 %5.6 %6.8 %5.7 %7.0 %5.8 %- Initial rate6.5 %5.5 %6.3 %5.6 %6.5 %5.6 %
- Ultimate rate- Ultimate rate4.5 %4.0 %4.5 %4.0 %4.5 %4.0 %- Ultimate rate4.8 %4.0 %4.5 %4.0 %4.5 %4.0 %
- Years to ultimate- Years to ultimate92010211122- Years to ultimate818819920
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs for years ended December 31Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs for years ended December 31Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs for years ended December 31
Discount rate for benefit obligationsDiscount rate for benefit obligations2.5 %3.2 %3.7 %3.9 %3.0 %3.6 %Discount rate for benefit obligations2.2 %3.0 %1.5 %2.7 %2.5 %3.2 %
Discount rate for service costDiscount rate for service cost2.8 %3.2 %4.0 %3.9 %3.4 %3.6 %Discount rate for service cost2.6 %3.0 %2.1 %2.7 %2.8 %3.2 %
Discount rate for interest costDiscount rate for interest cost2.2 %3.2 %3.4 %3.9 %2.7 %3.6 %Discount rate for interest cost1.5 %3.0 %0.9 %2.7 %2.2 %3.2 %
Health care cost trend rateHealth care cost trend rateHealth care cost trend rate
- Initial rate- Initial rate6.8 %5.7 %7.0 %5.8 %7.0 %6.1 %- Initial rate6.3 %5.6 %6.5 %5.6 %6.8 %5.7 %
- Ultimate rate- Ultimate rate4.5 %4.0 %4.5 %4.0 %4.5 %4.5 %- Ultimate rate4.5 %4.0 %4.5 %4.0 %4.5 %4.0 %
- Years to ultimate- Years to ultimate92010211011- Years to ultimate718819920
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WESTLAKE CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The discount rate is determined using a benchmark pension discount curve and applying spot rates from the curve to each year of expected benefit payments to determine the appropriate discount rate for the Company. A one percentage-point increase or decrease in assumed healthcare trend rates would not have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the healthcare plans.
Estimated Future Benefit Payments
The following benefit payments are expected to be paid:
Pension
Benefits
Other Post-
retirement
Benefits
Pension
Benefits
Other Post-
retirement
Benefits
Estimated future benefit payments:Estimated future benefit payments:Estimated future benefit payments:
Year 1Year 1$45 $Year 1$65 $
Year 2Year 245 Year 264 
Year 3Year 347 Year 364 
Year 4Year 446 Year 465 
Year 5Year 547 Year 564 
Years 6 to 10Years 6 to 10234 18 Years 6 to 10321 16 
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
15. Stock-Based Compensation
Under the Westlake Chemical Corporation 2013 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as amended and restated in 2017, the "2013 Plan"), all employees and non-employee directors of the Company, as well as certain individuals who have agreed to become the Company's employees, are eligible for awards. Shares of common stock may be issued as authorized in the 2013 Plan. At the discretion of the administrator of the 2013 Plan, employees and non-employee directors may be granted awards in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, restricted stock units or cash awards (any of which may be a performance award). Outstanding stock option awards have a 10-year term and vest (1) ratably on an annual basis over a three-year period or (2) at the end of a five-year period. Outstanding restricted stock units and performance stock units vest either (1) ratably on an annual basis over a twoone to five-year period or (2) at the end of a three or six-year period. In accordance with accounting guidance related to share-based payments, stock-based compensation expense for all stock-based compensation awards is based on estimated grant-date fair value. The Company recognizes these stock-based compensation costs net of a forfeiture rate and on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award for only those shares expected to vest. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018,2020, the total recognized stock-based compensation expense related to equity awards issued under the 2013 Plan was $29, $24$35, $31 and $18,$29, respectively.
Option activity and changes during the year ended December 31, 20202022 were as follows:
OptionsWeighted
Average
Exercise
Price
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Term
(Years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
OptionsWeighted
Average
Exercise
Price
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Term
(Years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
Outstanding at December 31, 20191,385,948 $60.29 
Outstanding at December 31, 2021Outstanding at December 31, 20211,569,656 $72.43 
GrantedGranted462,007 65.81 Granted219,053 108.12 
ExercisedExercised(247,414)23.78 Exercised(249,532)70.37 
CancelledCancelled(21,671)77.46 Cancelled(8,107)92.59 
Outstanding at December 31, 20201,578,870 $67.39 6.8$27 
Exercisable at December 31, 2020877,908 $62.91 5.2$19 
Outstanding at December 31, 2022Outstanding at December 31, 20221,531,070 $77.76 6.2$40 
Exercisable at December 31, 2022Exercisable at December 31, 2022999,887 $71.40 5.1$32 
For options outstanding at December 31, 2020,2022, the options had the following range of exercise prices:
Range of PricesOptions 
Outstanding
Weighted
Average
Remaining 
Contractual
Life (Years)
$30.05 - $45.70309,149 3.6
$61.87 - $63.98280,044 5.6
$65.81 - $65.81453,311 9.1
$68.09 - $79.83369,495 7.2
$107.75 - $107.75166,871 7.1
Range of PricesOptions 
Outstanding
Weighted
Average
Remaining 
Contractual
Life (Years)
$44.42 - $61.87317,649 3.7
$63.98 - $65.81386,400 6.5
$68.09 - $79.83241,121 5.2
$86.54 - $86.54237,684 8.1
$107.75 - $108.12348,216 7.6
The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pretax intrinsic value (the difference between the Company's closing stock price on the last trading day of the year and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 2020.2022. This amount changes based on the fair market value of the Company's common stock. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018,2020, the total intrinsic value of options exercised was $11, $1$13, $9 and $21,$11, respectively.
As of December 31, 2020,2022, $7 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.81.7 years. Income tax benefits of $2, $0$2 and $4$2 were realized from the exercise of stock options during the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018,2020, respectively.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The Company used the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value its options. The table below presents the weighted average value and assumptions used in determining each option's fair value. Volatility was calculated using historical trends of the Company's common stock price.
Stock Option GrantsStock Option Grants
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
202020192018202220212020
Weighted average fair valueWeighted average fair value$15.55 $21.02 $28.94 Weighted average fair value$34.20 $25.18 $15.55 
Risk-free interest rateRisk-free interest rate1.4 %2.5 %2.7 %Risk-free interest rate1.8 %0.6 %1.4 %
Expected life in yearsExpected life in years555Expected life in years555
Expected volatilityExpected volatility29.4 %28.9 %27.6 %Expected volatility36.9 %36.9 %29.4 %
Expected dividend yieldExpected dividend yield1.6 %1.2 %0.7 %Expected dividend yield1.1 %1.2 %1.6 %
Non-vested restricted stock units as of December 31, 20202022 and changes during the year ended December 31, 20202022 were as follows:
Number of
Units
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Number of
Units
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Non-vested at December 31, 2019463,283 $78.69 
Non-vested at December 31, 2021Non-vested at December 31, 2021676,299 $77.73 
GrantedGranted368,868 65.09 Granted201,094 107.75 
VestedVested(193,550)64.10 Vested(168,021)79.76 
ForfeitedForfeited(18,945)76.42 Forfeited(18,958)85.63 
Non-vested at December 31, 2020619,656 $75.22 
Non-vested at December 31, 2022Non-vested at December 31, 2022690,414 $85.77 
As of December 31, 2020,2022, there was $18$25 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock units. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.91.8 years. The total fair value of restricted stock units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 2019was $18, $18 and 2018 was $12, $28 and $10, respectively.
Performance stock unit payout is based on the greater of the average annual economic-value added results for the Company (equal to net operating profit after tax less a capital charge based upon the weighted average cost of capital) and relative total shareholder return as compared to a peer group of companies. The units have payouts that range from zero to 200 percent of the target award.
Non-vested performance stock units as of December 31, 20202022 and changes during the year ended December 31, 20202022 were as follows:
Number of
Units
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Number of
Units
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Non-vested at December 31, 201977,217 $114.38 
Non-vested at December 31, 2021Non-vested at December 31, 2021256,394 $97.14 
GrantedGranted109,552 74.61 Granted69,491 147.98 
VestedVestedVested(71,757)114.38 
ForfeitedForfeited(2,979)88.23 Forfeited(3,759)109.38 
Non-vested at December 31, 2020183,790 $91.10 
Non-vested at December 31, 2022Non-vested at December 31, 2022250,369 $106.13 
As of December 31, 2020,2022, there was $9$11 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested performance stock units. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years. The total fair value of performance stock units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $8, $0 and 2019, was $0. The Company did not commence awarding performance stock units until after January 1, 2019.$0, respectively.
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WESTLAKE CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation model to value the performance stock units on the grant date. The table below presents the assumptions used in determining grant date fair value. Volatility was calculated using historical trends of the Company's common stock price.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Performance Stock UnitsPerformance Stock Units
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
20202019202220212020
Risk-free interest rateRisk-free interest rate1.4 %2.5 %Risk-free interest rate1.7 %0.2 %1.4 %
Expected life in yearsExpected life in years2.882.88Expected life in years2.872.872.88
Expected volatility of Westlake Chemical Corporation common stock32.0 %30.3 %
Expected volatility of Westlake Corporation common stockExpected volatility of Westlake Corporation common stock49.3 %49.4 %32.0 %
Expected volatility of peer companiesExpected volatility of peer companies15.7% - 47.4%14.5% - 47.8%Expected volatility of peer companies30.8% - 67.2%30.7% - 65.6%15.7% - 47.4%
Average correlation coefficient of peer companiesAverage correlation coefficient of peer companies0.490.49Average correlation coefficient of peer companies0.660.650.49
Grant date fair valueGrant date fair value$74.61 $114.38 Grant date fair value$147.98 $109.94 $74.61 
Westlake Chemical Partners LP Awards
The Company's wholly-owned subsidiary and the general partner of Westlake Partners, Westlake Chemical Partners GP LLC ("Westlake Partners GP"), maintains a unit-based compensation plan for directors and employees of WLKPWestlake Partners GP and Westlake Partners.
The Westlake Partners 2014 Long-term Incentive Plan ("Westlake Partners 2014 Plan") permits various types of equity awards including but not limited to grants of phantom units and restricted units. Awards granted under the Westlake Partners 2014 Plan may be settled with Westlake Partners units or in cash or a combination thereof. Compensation expense for these awards was not material to the Company's consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018.2020.
16. Fair Value Measurements
The Company has financial assets and liabilities subject to fair value measures. These financial assets and liabilities include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net, accounts payable and long-term debt, all of which are recorded at carrying value. The amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net and accounts payable approximate their fair value due to the short maturities of these instruments. The carrying and fair values of the Company's long-term debt at December 31, 20202022 and 20192021 are summarized in the table below. The Company's long-term debt instruments are publicly-traded. A market approach, based upon quotes from financial reporting services, is used to measure the fair value of the Company's long-term debt. Because the Company's long-term debt instruments may not be actively traded, the inputs used to measure the fair value of the Company's long-term debt are classified as Level 2 inputs within the fair value hierarchy.
20202019
Carrying
Value
Fair
Value
Carrying
Value
Fair
Value
3.60% 2022 Senior Notes$249 $259 $249 $255 
3.60% 2026 Senior Notes744 846 742 777 
Loan related to tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds due 202711 11 11 11 
1.625% 2029 Senior Notes849 897 774 785 
6 ½% 2029 GO Zone Senior Notes99 103 
3.375% 2030 Senior Notes296 332 
3.50% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes249 276 249 267 
6 ½% 2035 GO Zone Senior Notes88 92 
6 ½% 2035 IKE Zone Senior Notes65 68 
5.0% 2046 Senior Notes677 905 677 761 
4.375% 2047 Senior Notes491 597 491 505 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
20222021
Carrying
Value
Fair
Value
Carrying
Value
Fair
Value
3.60% 2022 Senior Notes$— $— $250 $252 
0.875% 2024 Senior Notes299 279 298 287 
3.60% 2026 Senior Notes746 705 745 805 
Loan related to tax-exempt waste disposal revenue bonds due 202711 11 11 11 
1.625% 2029 Senior Notes743 606 786 824 
3.375% 2030 Senior Notes297 258 296 319 
3.50% 2032 GO Zone Refunding Senior Notes249 233 249 271 
2.875% 2041 Senior Notes339 231 339 339 
5.00% 2046 Senior Notes679 583 678 885 
4.375% 2047 Senior Notes492 379 492 592 
3.125% 2051 Senior Notes578 373 577 582 
3.375% 2061 Senior Notes431 267 431 432 
8.73% 2022 RS Cogen Debt— — 19 19 
2026 Term Loans15 15 
17. Income Taxes
The components of income before income taxes are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
202020192018202220212020
DomesticDomestic$233 $460 $1,087 Domestic$2,523 $2,298 $233 
ForeignForeign98 110 247 Foreign423 379 98 
$331 $570 $1,334 $2,946 $2,677 $331 
The Company's provision for (benefit from) income taxes consistsconsist of the following:
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
202020192018202220212020
CurrentCurrentCurrent
FederalFederal$(208)$20 $158 Federal$473 $434 $(208)
StateState28 State74 57 
ForeignForeign14 25 52 Foreign123 93 14 
Total currentTotal current(188)54 238 Total current670 584 (188)
DeferredDeferredDeferred
FederalFederal154 69 59 Federal(1)19 154 
StateState(13)11 (2)State(14)13 (13)
ForeignForeign(26)Foreign(6)(9)
Total deferredTotal deferred146 54 62 Total deferred(21)23 146 
Total provision for (benefit from) income taxesTotal provision for (benefit from) income taxes$(42)$108 $300 Total provision for (benefit from) income taxes$649 $607 $(42)
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
A reconciliation of taxes computed at the statutory rate to the Company's income tax expense is as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Provision for federal income tax, at statutory rate$70 $120 $280 
State income tax provision, net of federal income tax effect10 28 
Foreign income tax rate differential(6)14 
CARES Act net operating loss carryback tax benefit(95)
Depletion(5)(5)(4)
Noncontrolling interests(9)(8)(6)
Change in valuation allowance(17)(9)
Changes in state apportionment and other state adjustments(7)11 (6)
Other, net(3)
Total income tax expense (benefit)$(42)$108 $300 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Provision for federal income tax, at statutory rate$619 $563 $70 
State income tax provision, net of federal income tax effect59 56 
Foreign income tax rate differential30 22 
CARES Act net operating loss carryback tax benefit— — (95)
Noncontrolling interests(8)(11)(9)
Change in valuation allowance— (29)
U.S. federal research and development credits(27)(1)(2)
Other, net(24)(13)
Total income tax expense (benefit)$649 $607 $(42)
The tax effects of the principal temporary differences between financial reporting and income tax reporting at December 31 are as follows:
2020201920222021
Net operating loss carryforwardNet operating loss carryforward$105 $209 Net operating loss carryforward$103 $96 
Credit carryforwardCredit carryforward25 25 Credit carryforward19 23 
Operating lease liabilitiesOperating lease liabilities113 96 Operating lease liabilities149 136 
AccrualsAccruals63 65 Accruals96 68 
PensionPension90 83 Pension99 64 
InventoriesInventories13 20 Inventories34 22 
Research and experimental expendituresResearch and experimental expenditures94 — 
OtherOther43 26 Other18 26 
Deferred taxes assets—totalDeferred taxes assets—total452 524 Deferred taxes assets—total612 435 
Property, plant and equipmentProperty, plant and equipment(1,080)(1,017)Property, plant and equipment(1,301)(1,134)
IntangiblesIntangibles(137)(156)Intangibles(272)(288)
Operating lease right-of-use assetOperating lease right-of-use asset(112)(95)Operating lease right-of-use asset(149)(134)
Turnaround costsTurnaround costs(17)(21)Turnaround costs(49)(27)
Consolidated partnershipsConsolidated partnerships(181)(194)Consolidated partnerships(234)(256)
Equity method investmentsEquity method investments(227)(220)Equity method investments(237)(223)
OtherOther(18)(18)Other(42)(17)
Deferred tax liabilities—totalDeferred tax liabilities—total(1,772)(1,721)Deferred tax liabilities—total(2,284)(2,079)
Valuation allowanceValuation allowance(33)(30)Valuation allowance(47)(4)
Total net deferred tax liabilitiesTotal net deferred tax liabilities$(1,353)$(1,227)Total net deferred tax liabilities$(1,719)$(1,648)
Balance sheet classificationsBalance sheet classificationsBalance sheet classifications
Noncurrent deferred tax assetNoncurrent deferred tax asset$15 $28 Noncurrent deferred tax asset$16 $33 
Noncurrent deferred tax liabilityNoncurrent deferred tax liability(1,368)(1,255)Noncurrent deferred tax liability(1,735)(1,681)
Total net deferred tax liabilitiesTotal net deferred tax liabilities$(1,353)$(1,227)Total net deferred tax liabilities$(1,719)$(1,648)
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
At December 31, 2020,2022, the Company had federal, foreign and state net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLs") of approximately $209$18, $224 and $807,$733, respectively. The decreasefederal NOL of $18 was acquired in connection with the NOLs is primarily due toacquisition of Dimex and a foreign NOL of $76 was acquired in connection with the carrybackacquisition of Westlake Epoxy. The federal net operating loss as permitted under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief,NOL and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act"). Certaincertain foreign and state NOLs do not expire, while certain other foreign and state NOLs expire in varying amounts between 20212023 and 2040. Certain2042. The federal NOL and certain state NOLs are subject to limitations on an annual basis. At December 31, 2020,2022, the Company had various foreignfederal and state credits carryforwards of $3$2 and $22,$17, respectively, which either do not expire or expire in varying amounts between 20212028 and 2034.2032. Management believes the Company will realize the benefit of a portion of the net operating loss carryforwards before they expire, but to the extent that the full benefit may not be realized, a valuation allowance has been recorded. The valuation allowance increased by $3 in 2020, primarily due to additional foreign current year losses not expected to be realized, partially offset by utilization$43 as a result of certain foreign net operating loss carryforwardsthe Westlake Epoxy acquisition and a release in valuation allowance resulting from a change in management judgment regarding the realizability of certain foreign deferred tax assets including net operating loss as a resultcarryforwards.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the changeoption to deduct research and experimental expenditures immediately in expectations of income in future years.
the year incurred and requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize such expenditures over five years for domestic expenditures and over fifteen years for foreign expenditures effective beginning January 1, 2022. As a result, of the carryback of federal net operating loss to taxable years that were taxed at the U.S. corporate tax rate of 35% as permitted under the CARES Act, the Company has identified research and experimental expenditures required to be capitalized and established a deferred tax asset of $94.
The Company has recognized a netliability for uncertain income tax benefitpositions of $95, primarily from the tax rate difference, partially offset by the reduction$30 as of December 31, 2022. The Company does not believe it is likely that any material amounts will be paid in the Section 199 domestic manufacturing deduction.2023. The ultimate resolution and timing of payment for remaining matters continues to be uncertain.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various states and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to examinations by tax authorities before the year 2014.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
18. Earnings and Dividends per Share
The Company has unvested restricted stock units outstanding that are considered participating securities and, therefore, computes basic and diluted earnings per share under the two-class method. Basic earnings per share for the periods are based upon the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the periods. Diluted earnings per share include the effects of certain stock options and performance stock units.
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
202020192018202220212020
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation$330 $421 $996 
Net income attributable to Westlake CorporationNet income attributable to Westlake Corporation$2,247 $2,015 $330 
Less:Less:Less:
Net income attributable to participating securitiesNet income attributable to participating securities(1)(2)(5)Net income attributable to participating securities(12)(10)(1)
Net income attributable to common shareholdersNet income attributable to common shareholders$329 $419 $991 Net income attributable to common shareholders$2,235 $2,005 $329 
The following table reconciles the denominator for the basic and diluted earnings per share computations shown in the consolidated statements of operations:
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
202020192018202220212020
Weighted average common shares—basicWeighted average common shares—basic127,850,592 128,395,184 129,401,823 Weighted average common shares—basic127,970,445 128,002,911 127,850,592 
Plus incremental shares from:Plus incremental shares from:Plus incremental shares from:
Assumed exercise of options and vesting of performance stock unitsAssumed exercise of options and vesting of performance stock units238,466 362,109 583,930 Assumed exercise of options and vesting of performance stock units875,117 695,071 238,466 
Weighted average common shares—dilutedWeighted average common shares—diluted128,089,058 128,757,293 129,985,753 Weighted average common shares—diluted128,845,562 128,697,982 128,089,058 
Earnings per common share attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation:
Earnings per common share attributable to Westlake Corporation:Earnings per common share attributable to Westlake Corporation:
BasicBasic$2.57 $3.26 $7.66 Basic$17.46 $15.66 $2.57 
DilutedDiluted$2.56 $3.25 $7.62 Diluted$17.34 $15.58 $2.56 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 20182020 are options to purchase 1,151,776, 562,773315,864, 461,618 and 150,4791,151,776 shares of common stock, respectively. These options were outstanding during the periods reported but were excluded because the effect of including them would have been antidilutive.
Dividends per Share
Dividends per common share for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 20182020 were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Dividends per common share$1.0650 $1.0250 $0.9200 
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Dividends per common share$1.3090 $1.1350 $1.0650 
19. Supplemental Information
Other Assets, Net
Other assets, net were $569 and $417 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Deferred turnaround costs, net of accumulated amortization, included in other assets, net were $359 and $261 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Accrued and Other Liabilities
Accrued and other liabilities were $821$1,409 and $768$1,196 at December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively. Accrued rebates and accrued income taxes, which is a componentare components of accrued and other liabilities, was $128were $227 and $169 at December 31, 2022 and $115213 and $88 at December 31, 2020 and 2019,2021, respectively. Other than the lease liability disclosed in Note 7, noNo other component of accrued and other liabilities was more than five percent of total current liabilities. Accrued liabilities with related parties were $61$44 and $41$49 at December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively.
Non-cash Investing Activity
The changeCapital expenditure related liabilities, included in capital expenditure accruals reducing additions to property, plantaccounts payable and equipment was $2accrued and $48 for the years endedother liabilities, were $171, $156, and $86 at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, and 2018, respectively. The change in capital expenditure accruals increasing additions to property, plant and equipment was $14 for the year ended December 31, 2019.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Restructuring, Transaction and Integration-related Costs
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs of $33 and $21, respectively, primarily consist of integration-related consulting fees, restructuring expenses and costs associated with the businesses acquired in the first quarter of 2022, and in the second half of 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the restructuring, transaction and integration-related costs of $36 primarily consistedconsist of restructuring expenses of $34 related to the decision to close a non-integrated plant located in Germany that was part of the VinylsPerformance and Essential Materials segment. The expenses primarily consisted of the write-off of certain assets of $8 and other costs associated with the plant closure.
Other Income, Net
For the year ended December 31, 2019, the restructuring, transaction2022, other income, net included income from pension and integration-related costs of $37 primarily consisted of restructuring expensespost-retirement plans, income from unconsolidated subsidiaries and interest income of $26, $15 and acquisition costs. The restructuring expenses represent charges associated with$24, respectively. For the write-offyear ended December 31, 2021, other income, net included income from pension and post-retirement plans, income from unconsolidated subsidiaries and interest income of certain assets in the Vinyls segment.
Other Income, Net
$23, $13 and $7, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2020, other income, net included income from pension and post-retirement plans, income from unconsolidated subsidiaries and interest income of $14 $16 and $14, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2019, other income, net included income from unconsolidated subsidiaries
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and interest income of $17 and $20, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2018, other income, net included income from pension and post-retirement plans, including a one-time settlement gain, income from unconsolidated subsidiaries and interest income of $25, $16 and $17, respectively. No other components of other income, net were material to the statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.per share data)
Operating Lease Supplemental Cash Flow
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
20202019202220212020
Operating cash flows from operating leases (1)
Operating cash flows from operating leases (1)
$114 $112 
Operating cash flows from operating leases (1)
$134 $114 $114 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligationsRight-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations112 119 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations187 215 112 
_____________

(1)    Includes cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities recorded in the consolidated balance sheets.
Cash Flow Information
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
202020192018202220212020
Cash paid (refunded) for:Cash paid (refunded) for:Cash paid (refunded) for:
Interest paid, net of interest capitalizedInterest paid, net of interest capitalized$140 $116 $140 Interest paid, net of interest capitalized$172 $130 $140 
Income taxes paid (refunded)Income taxes paid (refunded)(135)77 376 Income taxes paid (refunded)570 466 (135)
20. Related Party and Affiliate Transactions
The Company and Lotte have a joint venture, LACC, to design, build and operate an ethylene facility with 2.2 billion pounds per year of ethylene production capacity. See Note 9 for details of the Company's transactions with LACC.
The Company leases office space for management and administrative services from an affiliate of the Company's principal stockholder. For each of the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018,2020, the Company incurred lease payments of approximately $3.
Cypress Interstate Pipeline L.L.C., a natural gas liquids pipeline joint venture company in which the Company owns a 50% equity stake,interest, transports natural gas liquid feedstocks to the Company's Lake Charles complex through its pipeline. The Company accounts for its investments in Cypress Interstate Pipeline L.L.C. under the equity method of accounting. The investment in Cypress Interstate Pipeline L.L.C. at December 31, 20202022 and 20192021 was $7 and $8, respectively.$7. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018,2020, the Company incurred pipeline lease service fees of approximately $13,$16, $14 and $14,$13, respectively, payable to this joint venture for usage of the pipeline. The amounts due to this joint venture were $1 and $1 at December 31, 20202022 and 2019, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
2021.
The Company owns an approximately 20% equity interest in both YNCORIS GmbH & Co. KG (formerly known as InfraServ Knapsack GmbH & Co. KG) and InfraServ Gendorf GmbH & Co. KG (collectively "Infraserv"). The Company accounts for its investments in Infraserv under the equity method of accounting. The Company has service agreements with these entities, including contracts to provide electricity, technical and leasing services to certain of the Company's production facilities in Germany. The investment in Infraserv was $64$53 and $57 at December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018,2020, the Company incurred charges aggregating approximately $149, $155$188, $174 and $145,$149, respectively, for these services. The amounts accrued for these related parties were approximately $41$37 and $36$43 at December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively.
TheIn conjunction with the Westlake Epoxy acquisition, the Company owns a 50%acquired 49.99% equity interest in RS Cogen LLC ("RS Cogen")Westlake UV Coatings (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Hexion UV Coatings Co., LTD). RS Cogen operates a process steam, natural gas-fired cogeneration facility adjacent to the Lake Charles South Facility. The Company accounts for its investment in RS Cogen under the equity method of accounting. The investment in RS CogenWestlake UV Coatings (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. was $7 at December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $26 and $9, respectively. The Company's investment in RS Cogen increased by $14 during the year ended December 31, 2020. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded purchases of approximately $29, $26 and $25 from RS Cogen, respectively.
The Company owns a 50% interest in Vinyl Solutions, LLC ("Vinyl Solutions").2022. The Company accounts for its investments in Vinyl SolutionsWestlake UV Coatings (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. under the equity method of accounting. Vinyl Solutions is a compounding manufacturer of specialty compounds. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded sales of $4, $5 and $13, respectively, to Vinyl Solutions. The amounts receivable from this related party were $1 and $2 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Dividends received from equity method investments were $12, $11$16, $15 and $5$12 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, 2019respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and 2018, respectively.per share data)
One of the Company's directors serves as Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President of American Air Liquide Holdings, Inc. and Executive Vice President of the Air Liquide Group ("Air Liquide"). and Chairman of Airgas, Inc. The Company purchased oxygen, nitrogen and utilities and leased cylinders from various affiliates of American Air Liquide Holdings, Inc. including Airgas and subsidiaries that were acquired in 2016 by Air Liquide aggregating approximately $34, $32$43, $39 and $31$34 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018,2020, respectively. The Company also sold certain utilities to Air Liquide aggregating approximately $7, $7$11, $8 and $7 during the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 and 2018,2020, respectively. The amounts payable to Air Liquide were $3$4 and $2$3 at December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively, and the amounts receivable from Air Liquide were $1$2 and $0$1 at December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively.
21. Westlake Chemical Partners LP
In 2014, the Company formed Westlake Partners to operate, acquire and develop ethylene production facilities and related assets. Also in 2014, Westlake Partners completed its initial public offering of 12,937,500 common units.
On Most recently, on March 29, 2019, Westlake Partners purchased an additional 4.5% newly issued limited partner interests in OpCo for approximately $201 and completed a private placement of 2,940,818 common units at a price of $21.40 per common unit for total proceeds of approximately $63.units. TTWF LP, the Company's principal stockholder and a related party, acquired 1,401,869 units out of the 2,940,818 common units issued in the private placement. At December 31, 2020,2022, Westlake Partners had a 22.8% limited partner interest in OpCo, and the Company retained a 77.2% limited partner interest in OpCo and a significant interest in Westlake Partners through the Company's ownership of Westlake Partners' general partner, 40.1% of the limited partner interests (consisting of 14,122,230 common units) and incentive distribution rights.
On October 4, 2018, Westlake Partners and Westlake Partners GP, the general partner of Westlake Partners, entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with UBS Securities LLC, Barclays Capital Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., RBC Capital Markets, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC to offer and sell Westlake Partners' common units, from time to time, up to an aggregate offering amount of $50. This Equity Distribution Agreement was amended on February 28, 2020 to reference a new shelf registration for utilization under this agreement. No common units werehad been issued under this program as of December 31, 2020.2022.
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(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
22. Commitments and Contingencies
The Company is involved in a number of legal and regulatory matters, principally environmental in nature, that are incidental to the normal conduct of its business, including lawsuits, investigations and claims. The outcome of these matters are inherently unpredictable. The Company believes that, in the aggregate, the outcome of all known legal and regulatory matters will not have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial statements; however, under certain circumstances, if required to recognize costs in a specific period, when combined with other factors, outcomes with respect to such matters may be material to the Company's consolidated statements of operations in such period. The Company's assessment of the potential impact of environmental matters, in particular, is subject to uncertainty due to the complex, ongoing and evolving process of investigation and remediation of such environmental matters, and the potential for technological and regulatory developments. In addition, the impact of evolving claims and programs, such as natural resource damage claims, industrial site reuse initiatives and state remediation programs creates further uncertainty of the ultimate resolution of these matters. The Company anticipates that the resolution of many legal and regulatory matters, and in particular environmental matters, will occur over an extended period of time.
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(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Antitrust Proceedings.The Company and other caustic soda producers were named as defendants in multiple purported class action civil lawsuits filed since March 2019 in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York. The lawsuits allege the defendants conspired to fix, raise, maintain and stabilize the price of caustic soda, restrict domestic (U.S.) supply of caustic soda and allocate caustic soda customers. The other defendants named in the lawsuits are Olin Corporation, K.A. Steel Chemicals (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Olin), Occidental Petroleum Corporation, Occidental Chemical Corporation d/b/a OxyChem, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., Shintech Incorporated Formosa Plastics Corporation, and Formosa Plastics Corporation, U.S.A. Each of the lawsuits is filed on behalf of the respective named plaintiff or plaintiffs and a putative class comprised of either direct purchasers or indirect purchasers of caustic soda in the U.S. The plaintiffs in the putative class for such direct purchasers seek an unspecified amount of$861 in single damages from the defendants, in addition to treble damages and attorney's fees. The plaintiffs in the putative class for such indirect purchasers seek approximately $500 in single damages from the defendants, in addition to treble damages (if permitted under applicable state law) and injunctive relief. The defendants' joint motion to dismiss the direct purchaser lawsuits was denied. The defendants’ joint motion to dismiss the indirect purchaser lawsuits was granted in part and denied and thein part. Both groups of cases have proceeded to discovery. Beginning in October 2020, similar class action proceedings were also filed in Canada before the Superior Court of Quebec as well as before the Federal Court. These proceedings seek the certification or authorization of a class action on behalf of all residents of Canada who purchased caustic soda (including, in one of the cases, those who merely purchased products containing caustic soda) from October 1, 2015 through the present or such date deemed appropriate by the court. On December 10, 2021, the Superior Court of Québec stayed its proceedings, until after a final certification decision is released in the Federal Court proceedings. At this time, the Company is not able to estimate the impact, if any, that these lawsuits could have on the Company's consolidated financial statements either in the current period or in future periods.
Environmental. As of December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, the Company had reserves for environmental contingencies totaling approximately $53$55 and $47,$56, respectively, most of which was classified as noncurrent liabilities. The Company's assessment of the potential impact of these environmental contingencies is subject to considerable uncertainty due to the complex, ongoing and evolving process of investigation and remediation, if necessary, of such environmental contingencies, and the potential for technological and regulatory developments.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Calvert City Proceedings. For several years, the Environmental Protection Agency (the "EPA") has been conducting remedial investigation and feasibility studies at the Company's Calvert City, Kentucky facility pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 ("CERCLA"). As the current owner of the Calvert City facility, the Company was named by the EPA as a potentially responsible party ("PRP") along with Goodrich Corporation ("Goodrich") and its successor-in-interest, Avient Corporation (formerly known as PolyOne Corporation, "Avient"). On November 30, 2017, the EPA published a draft Proposed Plan, incorporating by reference an August 2015 draft Remedial Investigation ("RI") report, an October 2017 draft Feasibility Study ("FS") report and a new Technical Impracticability Waiver document dated December 19, 2017. On June 18, 2018, the EPA published an amendment to its Proposed Plan. The amended Proposed Plan describes a final remedy for the onshore portion of the site comprised of a containment wall, targeted treatment and supplemental hydraulic containment. The amended Proposed Plan also describes an interim approach to address the contamination under the river that would include recovery of any mobile contaminants by an extraction well along with further study of the extent of the contamination and potential treatment options. The EPA's estimated cost of implementation is $107, with an estimated $1 to $3 in annual operation and maintenance ("O&M") costs. In September 2018, the EPA published the Record of Decision ("ROD") for the site, formally selecting the preferred final and interim remedies outlined in the amended Proposed Plan. In October 2018, the EPA issued Special Notice letters to the PRPs for the remedial design phase of work under the ROD. In April 2019, the PRPs and the EPA entered into an administrative settlement agreement and order on consent for remedial design. In October 2019, the PRPs received special notice letters for the remedial action phase of work at the site. The Company, jointly with the other PRPs, submitted a good faith offer response in December 2019. On September 17, 2020, the EPA and the Department of Justice filed a proposed consent decree for the remedial action with the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky. On November 16, 2020, the Department of Justice filed a motion to approve and enter the consent decree. On January 28, 2021, the Court granted the unopposed motion to enter the consent decree, which became effective the same day. The Company's allocation of liability for remedial and O&M costs at the Calvert City site, if any, is governed by a series of agreements between the Company, Goodrich and Avient. These agreements and the associated litigation are described below.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
In connection with the 1990 and 1997 acquisitions of the Goodrich chemical manufacturing complex in Calvert City, Goodrich agreed to indemnify the Company for any liabilities related to preexisting contamination at the complex. For its part, the Company agreed to indemnify Goodrich for post-closing contamination caused by the Company's operations. The soil and groundwater at the complex, which does not include the Company's nearby PVC facility, had been extensively contaminated by Goodrich's operations. In 1993, Goodrich spun off the predecessor of Avient, and that predecessor assumed Goodrich's indemnification obligations relating to preexisting contamination. In 2003, litigation arose among the Company, Goodrich and Avient with respect to the allocation of the cost of remediating contamination at the site. The parties settled this litigation in December 2007 and the case was dismissed. In the settlement, the parties agreed that, among other things: (1) Avient would pay 100% of the costs (with specified exceptions), net of recoveries or credits from third parties, incurred with respect to environmental issues at the Calvert City site from August 1, 2007 forward; and (2) either the Company or Avient might, from time to time in the future (but not more than once every five years), institute an arbitration proceeding to adjust that percentage. In May 2017, Avient filed a demand for arbitration. In this proceeding, Avient sought to readjust the percentage allocation of future costs and to recover approximately $11 from the Company in reimbursement of previously paid remediation costs. The Company's cross demand for arbitration seeking unreimbursed remediation costs incurred during the relevant period was dismissed from the proceedings when Avient paid such costs in full at the beginning of the arbitration hearing.
On July 10, 2018, Avient sued the Company in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky and sought to invalidate the arbitration provisions in the parties' 2007 settlement agreement and enjoin the arbitration it had initiated in 2017. On July 30, 2018, the district court refused to enjoin the arbitration and, on January 15, 2019, the court granted the Company's motion to dismiss Avient's suit. On February 13, 2019, Avient appealed those decisions to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. The court of appeals issued an opinion and final order on September 6, 2019, affirming the district court.
The arbitration hearing began in August 2018 and concluded in December 2018. On May 22, 2019, the arbitration panel issued its final award. It determined that Avient was responsible for 100% of the allocable costs at issue in the proceeding and that Avient would remain responsible for 100% of the costs to operate the existing groundwater remedy at the Calvert City site. In August 2019, Avient filed a motion to vacate before the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky, seeking to invalidate the final award under the Federal Arbitration Act. On February 11, 2020, the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky denied Avient's motion to vacate and affirmed the arbitration final award. Avient did not file a notice of appeal before the March 10, 2020 deadline to contest the court's decision. Accordingly, the final award was affirmed, and the arbitration proceeding is fully and finally resolved.
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TableIn March 2022, the Company filed a demand for arbitration seeking reimbursement for certain allocable costs incurred during the applicable period since May 2017, and which Avient has failed to pay or disputed as not subject to indemnity under the 1990 and 1997 agreements. In April 2022, Avient filed a complaint in the federal district court for the Western District of Contents
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millionsKentucky disputing the enforceability of dollars, except share amountsthe 2007 settlement agreement and per share data)
At this time,seeking to enjoin arbitration. Avient claims that the allocable costs at issue are up to $22, for which Avient claims the Company is not able to estimate the impact, if any, that any subsequent arbitration or judicial proceeding could have on the Company's consolidated financial statements either in the current period or in later periods. Any cash expenditures that thetotally liable. The Company might incur in the future with respect to the remediation of contaminationdisputes these claims and at the Calvert City complex would likely be spread out over an extended period. As a result,this time, the Company believes it is unlikely that any remediation costs allocable to it will bewould result in material in terms of expenditures made in any individual reporting period.
Other Matter. In April 2018, Triad Hunter, LLC ("Triad Hunter") filed suit against the Company and certain of its subsidiaries in the Court of Common Pleas in Monroe County, Ohio seeking injunctive relief and alleging negligence and trespass at the Natrium Plant with respect to Triad Hunter's well drilling activities in Ohio. The case was initially dismissed. Triad Hunter appealed the dismissal, and in March 2019, the Court of Appeals in the Seventh Appellate District in Monroe County, Ohio reversed the dismissal. Trial began in October 2022. On October 27, 2022, the jury returned a verdict finding that the Company had committed trespass and was negligent in conducting salt mining operations at the Natrium Plant and awarded damages of approximately $70. No final judgment has yet been entered. The final judgment could include pre-judgment interest, post-judgment interest, and attorneys' fees. If the final judgment required the Company to pay any amount of damages, the Company will appeal that decision to the Court of Appeals. Upon receipt of the jury verdict, the Company reserved approximately $70, for the damages awarded to Triad Hunter.
Environmental Remediation: Reasonably Possible Matters.Matters. The Company's assessment of the potential impact of environmental contingencies is subject to considerable uncertainty due to the complex, ongoing and evolving process of investigation and remediation, if necessary, of such environmental contingencies, and the potential for technological and regulatory developments. As such, in addition to the amounts currently reserved, the Company may be subject to reasonably possible loss contingencies related to environmental matters in the range of $65$75 to $130.$135.
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WESTLAKE CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Other Commitments
The Company has various unconditional purchase obligations, primarily to purchase goods and services, including commitments to purchase various utilities, feedstock, nitrogen, oxygen, product storage and pipeline usage. At December 31, 2020,2022, unrecorded unconditional total purchase obligations were $4,450,$6,646, which included approximately $594 in 2021, $623 in 2022, $553$914 in 2023, $462$894 in 2024, $407$817 in 2025, $780 in 2026, $703 in 2027, and $1,811$2,538 thereafter.
23. Segment and Geographic Information
Segment Information
The Company operates in 2has two principal operating segments: Vinylssegments, Performance and Olefins.Essential Materials and Housing and Infrastructure Products. These segments are strategic business units that offer a variety of different materials and products. The Company manages each segment separately as each business requires different technology and marketing strategies. The Company had historically operated in two principal operating segments, Vinyls and Olefins. In conjunction with the acquisitions in 2021 discussed in Note 2, and a resulting significant increase in the size of the Company's housing and infrastructure products operations, the Company reorganized its business into two principal operating segments, Performance and Essential Materials and Housing and Infrastructure Products, during the fourth quarter of 2021. These reporting changes have been retrospectively reflected in the segment results for all periods presented.
The Company's VinylPerformance and Essential Materials segment manufactures and markets polyethylene, styrene monomer, ethylene co-products, PVC, VCM, ethylene dichloride ("EDC"), chlor-alkali (chlorine and caustic soda), chlorinated derivative products and ethylene. The Company also manufactures and sells building products fabricated primarily from PVC, including residential siding, trim and mouldings, pipe and fittings for various water, sewer and industrial applications, profiles for windows and doors, decking products, film for various inflatables, wall covering tapes, roofing applications and composite roof tiles. The Company's primary North American chemical manufacturing facilities are located in its Calvert City, Kentucky and Lake Charles, Plaquemine and Geismar, Louisiana sites. The Company also produces chlorine, caustic soda, hydrogen and chlorinated derivative products at its facilities in Natrium, Longview, Washington and Beauharnois, Quebec and PVC resin and PVC compounds at several facilities in Mississippi. In addition to North America, the Company also has manufacturing facilities in Europe and Asia.
As of December 31, 2020, the Company owned 37 building products and PVC compound facilities. The Company primarily uses its chlorine, VCM and PVC production to manufacture its building products.
NaN single customer accounted for more than 10% of sales in the Vinyls segment for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 or 2018.
The Company's Olefins segment manufactures and markets polyethylene, styrene monomer and various ethylene co-products.epoxy resins. The Company's ethylene production is used in the Company's polyethylene, styrene and VCM operations. In addition, the Company sells ethylene and ethylene co-products, primarily propylene, crude butadiene, pyrolysis gasoline and hydrogen, to external customers. The Company's primary North American manufacturing facilities are located in its Calvert City, Kentucky; Lake Charles, Plaquemine and Geismar, Louisiana; Longview and Deer Park, Texas; Lakeland, Florida and Argo, Illinois sites. The Company's primary European facilities are located in Germany and the Netherlands. The Company produces ethylene and polyethylene at its facilities in Lake Charles, Louisiana; Calvert City, Kentucky and Longview, Texas. The Company produces chlorine, caustic soda, VCM, EDC, PVC, hydrogen and chlorinated derivative materials at its facilities in Lake Charles, Plaquemine and Geismar, Louisiana; Calvert City, Kentucky; Natrium, West Virginia; Longview, Washington; Beauharnois, Quebec; Aberdeen, Mississippi and in Germany. Epoxy resins primarily comprise of Epoxy Specialty Resins and Base Epoxy Resins and Intermediaries. Epoxy Specialty Resins are produced at manufacturing facilities in Duisburg and Esslingen in Germany; Argo and Lakeland in the United States; one plant in Spain and one plant in South Korea. Base Epoxy Resins and Intermediaries are produced at Company's facilities plants in Pernis, the Netherlands and Deer Park, United States. In addition, the Company also has other manufacturing facilities and product development facilities in North America, Europe and Asia.
NaNNo single customer accounted for more than 10% of sales in the OlefinsPerformance and Essential Materials segment for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192022, 2021 or 2018.2020.
The Housing and Infrastructure Products segment manufactures and markets products including residential siding, trim and mouldings, stone, roofing, windows, outdoor living products, PVC pipe and fittings and PVC compounds. As of December 31, 2022, the Company owned or leased 73 manufacturing facilities in North America, Europe and Asia. The Company's North American PVC facilities within the Performance and Essential Materials segment supply most of the PVC required for the building products and pipes and fittings plants. The raw materials for stone, roofing and accessories, windows, shutters and specialty tool products are externally purchased. PVC required for the PVC compounds plants is either internally sourced from Company's North American or Asian facilities or externally purchased at market prices based on the location of the plants.
No single customer accounted for more than 10% of sales in the Housing and Infrastructure Products segment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 or 2020.
The accounting policies of the individual segments are the same as those described in Note 1.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Net external sales
Vinyls
PVC, caustic soda and other$4,570 $5,068 $5,359 
Building products1,402 1,268 1,257 
Total vinyls5,972 6,336 6,616 
Olefins
Polyethylene1,226 1,301 1,519 
Styrene, feedstock and other306 481 500 
Total olefins1,532 1,782 2,019 
$7,504 $8,118 $8,635 
Intersegment sales
Vinyls$$$
Olefins276 324 500 
$277 $325 $502 
Income (loss) from operations
Vinyls$301 $451 $913 
Olefins160 260 573 
Corporate and other(32)(55)(78)
$429 $656 $1,408 
Depreciation and amortization
Vinyls$626 $563 $491 
Olefins139 142 138 
Corporate and other12 
$773 $713 $641 
Other income, net
Vinyls$30 $18 $35 
Olefins
Corporate and other10 15 13 
$44 $38 $52 
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes
Vinyls$(93)$40 $212 
Olefins38 60 128 
Corporate and other13 (40)
$(42)$108 $300 
Capital expenditures
Vinyls$443 $664 $585 
Olefins74 117 110 
Corporate and other
$525 $787 $702 
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Net external sales
Performance and Essential Materials
Performance Materials$6,964 $5,997 $3,428 
Essential Materials4,044 2,673 2,037 
Total Performance and Essential Materials11,008 8,670 5,465 
Housing and Infrastructure Products
Housing Products3,864 2,334 1,497 
Infrastructure Products922 774 542 
Total Housing and Infrastructure Products4,786 3,108 2,039 
$15,794 $11,778 $7,504 
Intersegment sales
Performance and Essential Materials$908 $798 $432 
Housing and Infrastructure Products— — — 
$908 $798 $432 
Income (loss) from operations
Performance and Essential Materials$2,416 $2,549 $231 
Housing and Infrastructure Products675 356 256 
Corporate and other(41)(105)(58)
$3,050 $2,800 $429 
Depreciation and amortization
Performance and Essential Materials$784 $665 $637 
Housing and Infrastructure Products263 168 128 
Corporate and other
$1,056 $840 $773 
Other income, net
Performance and Essential Materials$37 $33 $30 
Housing and Infrastructure Products17 10 
Corporate and other19 10 10 
$73 $53 $44 
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes
Performance and Essential Materials$435 $542 $(122)
Housing and Infrastructure Products185 80 71 
Corporate and other29 (15)
$649 $607 $(42)
Capital expenditures
Performance and Essential Materials$913 $567 $462 
Housing and Infrastructure Products187 88 55 
Corporate and other
$1,108 $658 $525 
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
A reconciliation of total segment income from operations to consolidated income before income taxes is as follows:
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
202020192018202220212020
Income from operations for reportable segmentsIncome from operations for reportable segments$429 $656 $1,408 Income from operations for reportable segments$3,050 $2,800 $429 
Interest expenseInterest expense(142)(124)(126)Interest expense(177)(176)(142)
Other income, netOther income, net44 38 52 Other income, net73 53 44 
Income before income taxesIncome before income taxes$331 $570 $1,334 Income before income taxes$2,946 $2,677 $331 

December 31, 2020December 31, 2019December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Total assetsTotal assetsTotal assets
Vinyls$10,680 $10,597 
Olefins1,923 1,991 
Performance and Essential MaterialsPerformance and Essential Materials$13,978 $11,938 
Housing and Infrastructure ProductsHousing and Infrastructure Products5,022 5,021 
Corporate and otherCorporate and other1,232 673 Corporate and other1,550 1,500 
$13,835 $13,261 $20,550 $18,459 
Geographic Information
Year Ended December 31,Year Ended December 31,
202020192018202220212020
Net sales to external customers (1)
Net sales to external customers (1)
Net sales to external customers (1)
United StatesUnited States$5,100 $5,530 $6,114 United States$10,899 $8,157 $5,100 
ForeignForeignForeign
CanadaCanada601 573 649 Canada1,051 980 601 
GermanyGermany458 478 500 Germany875 628 458 
ChinaChina173 175 155 China262 216 173 
ItalyItaly103 119 105 Italy200 181 103 
TaiwanTaiwan74 84 102 Taiwan126 95 74 
OtherOther995 1,159 1,010 Other2,381 1,521 995 
$7,504 $8,118 $8,635 $15,794 $11,778 $7,504 

December 31, 2020December 31, 2019December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Long-lived assetsLong-lived assetsLong-lived assets
United StatesUnited States$5,930 $6,012 United States$7,203 $6,633 
ForeignForeignForeign
GermanyGermany666 588 Germany749 634 
OtherOther324 312 Other573 339 
$6,920 $6,912 $8,525 $7,606 

(1)Net sales are attributed to countries based on location of customer.
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WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(in millions of dollars, except share amounts and per share data)
24. Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)
Three Months Ended
March 31,
2020
June 30,
2020
September 30,
2020
December 31,
2020
Net sales$1,932 $1,709 $1,898 $1,965 
Gross profit283 169 248 323 
Income from operations136 36 79 178 
Net income157 24 69 123 
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation145 15 57 113 
Earnings per common share attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation: (1)
Basic$1.13 $0.11 $0.45 $0.87 
Diluted$1.13 $0.11 $0.45 $0.87 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
2019
June 30,
2019
September 30,
2019
December 31,
2019
Net sales$2,025 $2,144 $2,066 $1,883 
Gross profit299 340 371 250 
Income from operations134 194 226 102 
Net income82 129 166 85 
Net income attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation72 119 158 72 
Earnings per common share attributable to Westlake Chemical Corporation: (1)
Basic$0.56 $0.92 $1.22 $0.56 
Diluted$0.55 $0.92 $1.22 $0.56 

(1)Basic and diluted earnings per common share ("EPS") for each quarter is computed using the weighted average shares outstanding during that quarter, while EPS for the year is computed using the weighted average shares outstanding for the year. As a result, the sum of the EPS for each of the four quarters may not equal the EPS for the year.

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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure, Controls and Procedures
We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our President and Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (our principal financial officer), of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K. Based upon that evaluation, our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of December 31, 20202022 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Westlake's management's report on internal control over financial reporting appears on page 4956 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has also audited the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020,2022, as stated in their report that appears on page 5057 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
ThereExcept as described below, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 20202022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we acquired all of the equity interests in Hexion's global epoxy business ("Westlake Epoxy"). We are in the process of integrating Westlake Epoxy into our overall internal control over financial reporting process. Because we acquired Westlake Epoxy during the current fiscal year, we excluded Westlake Epoxy from the scope of our assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. This exclusion is in accordance with the general guidance published by the Staff of the SEC that an assessment of a recent business combination may be omitted from management's report on internal control over financial reporting in the first year of consolidation. Westlake Epoxy's total assets and total net sales represented 6.6% and 9.2% respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
Pursuant to Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K,Except as noted below, the information required by this item with respect to our executive officers is set forth in Part I of this Form 10-K.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
The information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act within 120 days of December 31, 2020.2022.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The information required by Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K with respect to our executive officers is set forth in Part I of this Form 10-K.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
Securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans are as follows:
Plan CategoryNumber of securities 
to be issued upon
exercise of outstanding options,
warrants and rights
(a)
Weighted-average
exercise price of
outstanding
options, warrants 
and rights
(b)
Number of securities
remaining available
for future issuance under equity
compensation plans
(excluding securities
reflected in column
(a))
(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders2,471,853 (1)$77.76 (2)2,045,259 
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holdersN/AN/AN/A
Total2,471,853 $77.76 (2)2,045,259 

(1)Includes shares reserved for issuance pursuant to restricted stock units, stock options and performance stock units.
(2)Price applies only to the stock options included in column (a). Exercise price is not applicable to the other awards included in column (a).
Other information regarding our equity compensation plans is set forth in the section entitled "Executive Compensation" in our Proxy Statement, which information is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a)(1)The financial statements listed in the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K are filed as part of this Form 10-K.
(a)(2)All schedules are omitted because the information is not applicable, not required, or has been furnished in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes thereto in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
(a)(3)Exhibits
Exhibit No.Exhibit Index
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.54.4
4.64.5
4.74.6
4.84.7
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Exhibit No.Exhibit Index
4.94.8
4.9
4.10
Westlake and its subsidiaries are party to other long-term debt instruments not filed herewith under which the total amount of securities authorized does not exceed 10% of the total assets of Westlake and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. Pursuant to paragraph 4(iii)(A) of Item 601(b) of Regulation S-K, Westlake agrees to furnish a copy of such instruments to the SEC upon request.
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.410.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
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10.10+Exhibit No.Exhibit Index
10.12+
10.11+10.13+
10.1210.14
100

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Exhibit No.Exhibit Index
10.13
10.14+
10.15+
10.16+
10.17+
10.18+
10.19+
10.20+
10.21+
10.22†
21†
23.1†
31.1†
31.2†
32.1††
101.INS†XBRL Instance Document-The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH†XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL†XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF†XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB†XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE†XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
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Exhibit No.Exhibit Index
104Cover Page Interactive Data File - The cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document and contained in Exhibit 101.

†    Filed herewith.
††    Furnished herewith.
+    Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement.
* On February 18, 2022, Westlake Chemical Corporation changed its corporate name to Westlake Corporation. Accordingly, filings made prior to such date were made under the name Westlake Chemical Corporation.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
WESTLAKE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
Date:February 24, 202122, 2023
/S/    ALBERT CHAO
Albert Chao, President and Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
SignatureTitleDate
/S/    ALBERT CHAO
President, and Chief Executive Officer and Director
(Principal   (Principal Executive Officer)
February 24, 202122, 2023
Albert Chao
/S/    M. STEVEN BENDER
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial
Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
February 24, 202122, 2023
M. Steven Bender
/S/    JOHNATHAN S. ZOELLER
Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal  (Principal Accounting Officer)
February 24, 202122, 2023
Johnathan S. Zoeller
/S/    JAMES CHAO
Chairman of the Board of DirectorsFebruary 24, 202122, 2023
James Chao
/S/    ALBERT CHAO
DirectorFebruary 24, 2021
Albert Chao
/S/    DAVID T. CHAO
DirectorFebruary 24, 202122, 2023
David T. Chao
/S/    JOHN T. CHAO
DirectorFebruary 24, 202122, 2023
John T. Chao
/S/    MICHAEL J. GRAFF
DirectorFebruary 24, 202122, 2023
Michael J. Graff
/S/    MARIUS A. HAAS
DirectorFebruary 24, 202122, 2023
Marius A. Haas
/S/    DOROTHY C. JENKINS
DirectorFebruary 24, 202122, 2023
Dorothy C. Jenkins
/S/    KIMBERLY S. LUBEL
DirectorFebruary 24, 202122, 2023
Kimberly S. Lubel
/S/    MARK A. MCCOLLUM
DirectorFebruary 24, 202122, 2023
Mark A. McCollum
/S/    R. BRUCE NORTHCUTT
DirectorFebruary 24, 202122, 2023
R. Bruce Northcutt
/S/    JEFFREY W. SHEETS
DirectorFebruary 24, 202122, 2023
Jeffrey W. Sheets
102112