UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
(Mark one)
☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
[x]ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017
or
[ ]TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from            to
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
or
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-33156
fslr-20221231_g1.jpg
First Solar, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware20-4623678
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
350 West Washington Street, Suite 600
Tempe, Arizona 8528185288
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(602) 414-9300
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.001 par valueFSLRThe NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes [x]☒   No [ ]☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes [ ]   ☐ No [x]☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes [x]☒   No [ ]☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes [x]☒   No [ ]
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  [ ]☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer [x]☒Accelerated filer [ ]☐Non-accelerated filer [ ]☐
Smaller reporting company [ ]☐Emerging growth company [ ](Do not check if a smaller reporting company)☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  [ ]☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  Yes [ ]☐   No [x]☒
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant onas of June 30, 2017,2022, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $2.4$7.2 billion (based on the closing sales price of the registrant’s common stock on that date). As of February 16, 2018, 104,474,65624, 2023, 106,609,094 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share, were outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The information required by Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held in 2018,2023, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates.




FIRST SOLAR, INC.


FORM 10-K FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 20172022


TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PART I
Item 1.
3
15
Item 1A.
18
Item 1B.
40
Item 2.
40
Item 3.
40
Item 4.
40
PagePART II
PART I
Item 1.5.
Business
3
Executive Officers of the Registrant
17
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
19
Item 1B.
Unresolved Staff Comments
46
Item 2.
Properties
46
Item 3.
Legal Proceedings
46
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures
46
PART II
Item 5.
Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
4741
Item 6.
4842
Item 7.
4942
Item 7A.
7259
Item 8.
7461
Item 9.
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Item 9A.
7561
Item 9B.
7662
Item 9C.
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PART III
PART III
Item 10.
7663
Item 11.
7663
Item 12.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
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Item 13.
7764
Item 14.
7764
PART IV
Item 15.
7865
Item 16.
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151125


Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we refer to First Solar, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries as “First Solar,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our.” When referring to our manufacturing capacity, total sales, and solar module sales, the unit of electricity in watts for megawatts (“MW”) and gigawatts (“GW”) is direct current (“DC” or “DC”) unless otherwise noted. When referring to our projects or systems, the unit of electricity in watts for MW and GW is alternating current (“AC” or “AC”) unless otherwise noted.




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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS


This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), which are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict. All statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are made pursuant to safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The forward-looking statements include statements, among other things, concerning: effects resulting from certain module manufacturing changes and associated restructuring activities;changes; our business strategy, including anticipated trends and developments in and management plans for our business and the markets in which we operate; future financial results, operating results, revenues, gross margin, operating expenses, products, projected costs (including estimated future module collection and recycling costs), warranties, solar module technology and cost reduction roadmaps, restructuring, product reliability, investments, in unconsolidated affiliates, and capital expenditures; our ability to continue to reduce the cost per watt of our solar modules; the impact of public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules;policies; the potential impact of legislation intended to encourage renewable energy investments through tax credits; our ability to expand manufacturing capacity worldwide; the impact of supply chain disruptions, which may affect the procurement of raw materials used in our ability to reducemanufacturing process and the costs to develop and construct photovoltaic (“PV”) solar power systems;distribution of our modules; research and development (“R&D”) programs and our ability to improve the conversion efficiencywattage of our solar modules; sales and marketing initiatives; and competition. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words, such as “estimate,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “project,” “plan,” “intend,” “seek,” “believe,” “forecast,” “foresee,” “likely,” “may,” “should,” “goal,” “target,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “predict,” “continue,” “contingent,” and the negative or plural of these words, and other comparable terminology.

Forward-looking statements are only predictions based on our current expectations and our projections about future events. All forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are based upon information available to us as of the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and therefore speak only as of the filing date. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason, whether as a result of new information, future developments, or otherwise. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these statements, including,statements. These factors include, but are not limited to:


•structural imbalances in global supply and demand for PVphotovoltaic solar modules;


•the market for renewable energy, including solar energy;


•our competitive position and other key competitive factors;


•the reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, policies, and support programs for solar energy projects and other renewable energy projects;


•the impact of public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules;

•the passage of legislation intended to encourage renewable energy investments through tax credits, such as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022;

•our ability to execute on our long-term strategic plans;plans, including our ability to secure financing;


•our ability to execute on our solar module technology and cost reduction roadmaps;


•our ability to incorporate technology improvements into our manufacturing process, including the production of bifacial solar modules and next generation Series 7 modules;

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•our ability to improve the wattage of our solar modules;

•interest rate fluctuations and both our and our customers’ ability to secure financing;


•the loss of any of our large customers, or the ability of our customers and counterparties to perform under their contracts with us;

•the severity and duration of public health threats (including pandemics such as COVID-19), including its potential impact on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations;

•the satisfaction of conditions precedent in our sales agreements;

•our ability to attract new customers and to develop and maintain existing customer and supplier relationships;


•our ability to successfully develop and complete our systems business projects;construct new production facilities to support new product lines;

•
our ability to convert existing production facilities to support new product lines, such as Series 6TM (“Series 6”) module manufacturing;





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•general economic and business conditions, including those influenced by U.S., international, and geopolitical events;


•environmental responsibility, including with respect to cadmium telluride (“CdTe”)Cadmium Telluride and other semiconductor materials;


•claims under our limited warranty obligations;


•changes in, or the failure to comply with, government regulations and environmental, health, and safety requirements;


•effects arising from and results of pending litigation;

•future collection and recycling costs for solar modules covered by our module collection and recycling program;


•supply chain disruptions, including demurrage and detention charges;

•our ability to protect our intellectual property;


•our ability to prevent and/or minimize the impact of cyber-attacks or other breaches of our information systems;


•our continued investment in R&D;research and development;


•the supply and price of components and raw materials, including CdTe;Cadmium Telluride;


•our ability to attract and retain key executive officers and associates; and


•all other matters discussed in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).


You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described under this section.




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PART I


Item 1. Business


Company Overview


We are a leading American solar technology company and global provider of comprehensive PVphotovoltaic (“PV”) solar energy solutions. We design,Developed at our research and development (“R&D”) labs in California and Ohio, we manufacture and sell PV solar modules with an advanced thin film semiconductor technology and also develop, design, construct, and sellthat provide a high-performance, lower-carbon alternative to conventional crystalline silicon PV solar power systems that primarily usemodules. From raw material sourcing through end-of-life module recycling, we are committed to reducing the modules we manufacture. Additionally, we provide operationsenvironmental impacts and maintenance (“O&M”) services to system owners. We have substantial, ongoing R&D efforts focused on moduleenhancing the social and system-level innovations.economic benefits of our products across their life cycle. We are the world’s largest thin film PV solar module manufacturer and one of the world’s largest PV solar module manufacturers. Our mission is to provide cost-advantaged solar technology through innovation, customer engagement, industry leadership, and operational excellence.manufacturer in the Western Hemisphere.


In addressing the overall global demand for electricity, our high-efficiency CdTe modules and fully integrated systems business provide competitively priced utility-scale PV solar energy solutions, which compete on an economic basis in many climates withat a lower levelized cost of electricity (“LCOE”), meaning the net present value of a system’s total life cycle costs divided by the quantity of energy that is expected to be produced over the system’s life, when compared to traditional forms of energy generationgeneration. With over $1 billion in cumulative R&D investments in the last 10 years alone, we have a demonstrated history of innovation and provide low cost electricity to end-users. Our vertically-integrated capabilities enable us to provide such solutions, accelerate the adoption of our technology, and successfully sell into key markets around the world. We seek to offer leadership across the entire solar value chain, resulting in more reliable and cost effective PV solar energy solutions for our customers.

Business Strategy

continuous improvement. We believe the followingour strategies and points of differentiation provide the foundation for our leading industrycompetitive position and enable us to remain one of the preferred providers of PV solar energy solutions.modules.


Differentiated
Business Strategy

Advanced Module Technology


AsOur current module semiconductor structure is a field-proven technology, oursingle-junction polycrystalline thin film that uses Cadmium Telluride (“CdTe”) as the absorption layer. CdTe has absorption properties that are well matched to the solar modules offer certain advantages over traditionalspectrum and can deliver competitive wattage using approximately 2% to 3% of the amount of semiconductor material used to manufacture conventional crystalline silicon based solar modules by delivering competitive efficiency, higher real-world energy yield, and long-term reliability. Proven to deliver up to 8% more usable energy per nameplate watt than competing technologies in certain geographic markets and with a record of reliable system performance, our CdTe technology delivers more energy, more consistently, over the lifetime of a PV solar power system. Our recently introduced Series 6 module technology, with its combination of high conversion efficiencies, low manufacturing costs, larger form factor, and balance of systems (“BoS”) component compatibility, is expected to further enhance our competitive position once production of such module technology begins in 2018. We expect our transition to Series 6 module technology to enable us to maximize the intrinsic cost advantage of CdTe thin film technology versus crystalline silicon.

modules. In terms of energy yield,performance, in many climates our CdTe solar modules provide a significantcertain energy production advantage over mostadvantages relative to competing crystalline silicon solar modules of equivalent efficiency rating.modules. For example, our CdTe solar modules provide technology provides:

•a superior temperature coefficient, which results in stronger system performance in typical high insolation climates as the majority of a system’s generation, on average, occurs when module temperatures are well above 25°C (standard test conditions). In addition, our CdTe solar modules provide ;
•a superior spectral response in humid environments where atmospheric moisture alters the solar spectrum relative to laboratory standards. Our CdTe solar modules also provide standard test conditions;
•a better partial shading response than conventionalcompeting crystalline silicon technologies, which may experience significantly lower energy generation than CdTe solar technologies when partial shading occurs; and
•an immunity to cell cracking and its resulting power output loss, a common failure often observed in crystalline silicon modules caused by poor manufacturing, handling, weather, or other conditions.

In addition to these technological advantages, we also warrant that our solar modules which may losewill produce at least 98% of their labeled power output rating during the first year, with the warranty coverage reducing by a degradation factor between 0.3% and 0.5%, depending on the module series, every year thereafter throughout the limited power output warranty period of up to three times as much power as CdTe solar modules when shading occurs.30 years. As a result of these and other factors, our PV solar power systems typicallymodules can produce more annual energy in real world fieldoperating conditions than competing systemsconventional crystalline silicon modules with the same nameplate capacity.


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Manufacturing Process


Our modules combine our leading-edge CdTe technology with the manufacturing excellence and quality control that comes from being the world’s most experienced producer of thin film PV solar modules. With more than 50 GWDC of modules sold worldwide, we have a demonstrated history of manufacturing success and innovation. Our global manufacturing footprint includes facilities in the United States, Malaysia, and Vietnam. We are in the process of expanding our manufacturing capacity by approximately 11 GWDC, including the construction of our third manufacturing facility in the United States, which commenced commercial production of modules in early 2023; our first manufacturing facility in India, which is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2023; our fourth manufacturing facility in the United States, which is expected to commence operations in late 2024; and the expansion of our manufacturing footprint at our existing facilities in Ohio. Our newest factory in the United States began producing and our newest factory in India is expected to produce our next generation Series 7 modules, which combine our thin film CdTe technology with a larger form factor and an innovative steel back rail mounting structure that reduces module installation time.

Our modules are manufactured in a high-throughput, automated environment that integrates all manufacturing steps into a continuous flow line.process. Such manufacturing process eliminates the multiple supply chain operators and expensive



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and time-consumingresource-intensive batch processing steps that are used to produce crystalline silicon solar modules.modules, which typically occur over several days and across multiple factories. At the outset of our module production, a sheet of glass enters the production line and in less than 3.5a matter of hours is transformed into a completed module which is flash tested, boxed, and ready for shipment. With over 17 GW

This proprietary production process includes the following three stages: (i) the deposition stage, (ii) the cell definition and treatment stage, and (iii) the assembly and test stage. In the deposition stage, panels of transparent oxide-coated glass are robotically loaded onto the production line where they are cleaned, laser-mark identified with a serial number, heated, and coated with thin layers of CdTe and other semiconductor materials using our vapor transport deposition technology, after which the semiconductor-coated plates are cooled rapidly to increase glass strength. In the cell definition and treatment stage, we use high-speed lasers to transform the large continuous semiconductor coating on the glass plate into a series of interconnected cells that deliver the desired current and voltage output. In this stage, we also treat the semiconductor film using certain chemistries and processes to improve the device’s performance and apply a metal sputtered back contact. In the assembly and test stage, we apply busbars, inter-layer material, and a rear glass cover sheet that is laminated to encapsulate the device. We then apply anti-reflective coating material to the substrate glass to further improve the module’s performance by increasing its ability to absorb sunlight. Finally, junction boxes, termination wires, and a frame are applied to complete the module assembly.

We maintain a robust quality and reliability assurance program that monitors critical process parameters and measures product performance to ensure that industry and more stringent internal standards are met. We also conduct acceptance testing for electrical leakage, visual quality, and power measurement on a solar simulator prior to preparing a module for shipment. Our quality and reliability tests complement production surveillance with an ongoing monitoring program, subjecting production modules sold worldwide, weto accelerated life stress testing to help ensure ongoing conformance to requirements of the International Electrotechnical Commission and Underwriters Laboratories Inc. These programs and tests help assure delivery of power and performance in the field with a high level of product quality and reliability.

Research and Development

Our R&D model differentiates us from much of our competition due to its vertical integration, from advanced research to product development, manufacturing, and applications. We continue to devote substantial resources to our R&D efforts, which generally focus on continually improving the wattage and energy yield of our solar modules. We also have R&D programs to improve module durability and manufacturing efficiencies, including throughput, volume ramp, and material cost reduction. We continue to invest significant financial resources in such initiatives, including approximately $0.3 billion for a demonstrated history of manufacturing success and innovation. We currently have multiple production lines at our manufacturing facilities in Perrysburg, Ohio and Kulim, Malaysia and plan to also utilize our manufacturingdedicated R&D facility in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnamthe United States to support the
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implementation of our technology roadmap. We expect such R&D facility to feature a high-tech pilot manufacturing line, allowing for the production of full-sized prototypes of thin film and tandem PV modules. Such R&D facility is expected to be completed in 2024. Based on publicly available information, we are one of the leaders in R&D investment among PV solar module manufacturers.

In the course of our R&D activities, we explore various technologies in our efforts to sustain competitive differentiation in our modules. We primarily conduct our R&D activities and qualify process and product improvements for full production at our Perrysburg, Ohio plant and systematically deploy them to our other facilities. We believe that our systematic approach to technology change management enables continuous improvements and ensures uniform adoption across our production lines. In addition, our production lines are replicas or near replicas of each other and, as a result, a process or production improvement on one line can be rapidly and reliably replicated across other production lines.

We regularly produce research cells in our laboratories, some of which are tested for performance and certified by independent labs, such as the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Cell efficiency measures the proportion of light converted to electricity in a single solar cell at standard test conditions. Our research cells are produced using laboratory equipment and methods and are not intended to be representative of our manufacturing capability. Our module conversion efficiency has improved on average more than half a percent every year for the last ten years. We currently hold two world records for CdTe PV cell efficiency, achieving an independently certified research cell efficiency of 22.1% and a module aperture area efficiency of 19.7%. We continue to evaluate opportunities to develop and leverage other solar cell technologies in multi-junction applications consisting of CdTe, silicon, or other materials. We believe such applications have the potential to enable our module conversion efficiency to reach 28% by 2030.

Sustainability

We are committed to enhancing the social and economic benefits of our products and reducing our carbon footprint, even as we continue to increase our manufacturing capacity and module throughput. Our thin film modules are manufactured through an integrated process that uses less energy, water, and semiconductor material than conventional crystalline silicon modules. Accordingly, our modules provide an ecologically leading solution to address climate change, energy security, and water scarcity. On a lifecycle basis, our thin film module technology has the fastest energy payback time, smallest carbon footprint, and lowest water use of any competing PV solar technology.

The energy payback time of our module technology, which is the amount of time a module must operate to generate the energy required to produce it, is facilitated by our proprietary and resource efficient production process. Our module energy payback time is approximately four months, which represents a 90-fold energy return on investment over a theoretical 30-year system lifetime and an abundant net energy gain to the electricity grid. Furthermore, our modules have a carbon footprint that is 2.5 times lower and a water footprint that is three times lower than conventional crystalline silicon modules, measured on a lifecycle basis that accounts for the energy and water used for the raw materials, throughout our manufacturing process, and during end-of-life module recycling. In addition, our industry-leading PV solar module recycling process further enhances our sustainability advantage by recovering approximately 90% of the glass for reuse in new glass container products and over 90% of the semiconductor material for reuse in new modules. The module frame is removed and recycled for reuse in aluminum products, and in Malaysia, the recovered laminate material is reused in rubber products. We are the only PV solar module manufacturer with global in-house recycling capabilities.

Our Series 6TM (“Series 6”) and Series 6 modules. As we transition our remaining manufacturing capacity to PlusTM (“Series 6 Plus”) modules are the world’s first and only PV products to be included in the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (“EPEAT”) Registry’s Photovoltaic Modules and Inverters product category. The EPEAT Registry enables the identification of credible sustainable electronic products from a broad range of manufacturers based on several factors, including the management of substances in the product, manufacturing energy, water use, product packaging, end-of-life recycling, corporate
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responsibility, and human rights. We have also committed to the RE100 campaign, a collaborative, global initiative of influential businesses committed to 100% renewable electricity, in which we plan to utilize renewable sources to power our manufacturing operations by 2028. We have set science-based targets to reduce our absolute direct (scope 1) and indirect (scope 2) greenhouse gas emissions by 34% by 2028, from a 2020 baseline, and achieve net zero emissions by 2050. As a result of these commitments and our engagement with key suppliers to minimize the carbon footprint of our module technology,components, we expect to ramp down production ofreduce our Series 4TM (“Series 4”) modules over the next several years. This transition process, which has resulted in a temporary reduction in production capacity, allows usmodule carbon footprint by more than 65% by 2028, further enabling our customers to use our existing manufacturing infrastructure to more quickly and cost effectively deploy our Series 6 module technology to best position us for long-term competitiveness and growth.achieve their sustainability objectives.


Vertical IntegrationFinancial Stability


We are vertically integrated across substantially the entire solar value chain. Many of the efficiencies, cost reductions, and capabilities that we deliverIn addition to our customerssustainability commitments, we are not easily replicable for other industry participants that are not vertically integrated in a similar manner. Accordingly, our operational model offers PV solar energy solutions that benefit from our wide range of capabilities, including: advanced PV solar module manufacturing; project development; engineering and plant optimization; grid integration and plant control systems; procurement and construction consulting; and O&M services.

Financial Viability

Our commitment isalso committed to createcreating long-term shareholder value through a decision-making framework that delivers a balance of growth, profitability, and liquidity. Despite substantial downward pressure on the price of solar modules due to pricing competition and significant capacity in the industry, we have continued to deliver strong and balanced financial performance. Such performanceThis framework has also enabled us to fund our Series 6 transitionmodule manufacturing and capacity expansion initiatives primarily using cash flows generated by our operations. Accordingly, ouroperations and by maintaining appropriate debt levels based on cash flow expectations. Our financial viabilitystability provides strategic optionality as we evaluate how to invest in our business and generate returns for our shareholders. Our bankability and financial viabilitystability also enableenables us to offer meaningful module and system warranties, after installation, which provide us with a competitive advantage relative to somemany of our peers in the solar industry in the context of project financing and offering PV solar energy solutions to long-term owners.

Sustainability

In addition toindustry. Furthermore, we expect our financial commitments,discipline and ability to manage operating costs to enhance our profitability as we are also committedcontinue to minimizing the environmental impacts and enhancing the social and economic benefits ofscale our products across their life cycle, from raw material sourcing through end-of-life module recycling. Accordingly, our modules and systems provide an ecologically leading solution to climate change, energy security, and water scarcity, which also enables our customers to achieve their sustainability objectives. On a lifecycle basis, our thin film module technology has the smallest carbon footprint, fastest energy payback time, and lowest water use of any PV solar technology on the market.business.


As a result of our specialized manufacturing process, our modules have approximately half the carbon footprint of conventional crystalline silicon modules and a fraction of the carbon footprint of conventional energy sources. Furthermore, our technology displaces up to 98% of greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants when replacing traditional forms of energy generation. Our manufacturing process also facilitates the fastest energy payback time (which is the amount of time a system must operate to recover the energy required to produce it) of all PV solar technologies. In less than six months under high irradiance conditions, our PV solar power systems produce more energy than was required to create them, which represents a 50-fold energy return on investment over a 25-year system lifetime and an abundant net energy gain to the electricity grid. Our modules also use up to 300 times less water per MW hour than conventional energy and up to 12 times less water than other solar technologies. In addition, our industry-leading recycling process further enhances our sustainability advantage by recovering approximately 90% of the glass for reuse in new glass products and over 90% of the semiconductor material for reuse in new First Solar modules.




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Offerings and Capabilities

We are focusing on markets and energy applications in which solar power can be a least-cost, best-fit energy solution, particularly in regions with high solar resources, significant current or projected electricity demand, and/or relatively high existing electricity prices. We differentiate our product offerings by geographic market and localize the solution, as needed. Our consultative approach to our customers’ solar energy needs and capabilities results in customized solutions to meet their economic goals. As a result, we have designed our product and service offerings according to the following business areas:

PV Solar Modules. Our modules couple our leading-edge CdTe technology with the manufacturing excellence and quality control that comes from being one of the world’s most experienced producers of advanced PV solar modules. Our technology demonstrates a proven performance advantage over most crystalline silicon solar modules of equivalent efficiency rating by delivering competitive efficiency, higher real-world energy yield, and long-term reliability. We are able to provide such product performance, quality, and reliability to our customers due, in large part, to investing more in R&D than any other solar company in the world.

Utility-Scale Power Plant. We have extensive, proven experience in developing and constructing reliable grid-connected power systems for utility-scale generation. Our grid-connected PV solar power systems diversify the energy portfolio, reduce fossil-fuel consumption, reduce the risk of fuel price volatility, and save costs, proving that centralized solar generation can deliver dependable and affordable solar electricity to the grid in many places around the world. Our plant control systems provide reliability services, such as frequency control, voltage control, ramping capacity, and automated generation control, which enable expanded integration of PV solar power systems into the power grid. Such reliability services also help balance the grid during times of high renewable energy generation. Our solar energy systems also offer a meaningful value proposition by eliminating commodity price risks thereby providing a long-term fixed price with relatively low operating costs. When compared to the price of power derived from a conventional source of energy, a fixed price cannot be achieved unless the cost of hedging is included. Hedging costs of a commodity such as natural gas, along with the costs of credit support required for a long-term hedge, can significantly increase conventional energy costs. Additional benefits of our grid-connected power systems include reductions of fuel imports and improvements in energy security; enhanced peaking generation and faster time-to-power; and managed variability through accurate forecasting.

EPC Services. We provide engineering, procurement, and construction (“EPC”) services to projects developed by us and other system owners such as utilities, independent power producers, and commercial and industrial companies. EPC services include engineering design and related services, BoS procurement, advanced development of grid integration solutions, and construction contracting and management. Depending on the customer and market needs, we may provide our full EPC services or any combination of individual products and services within our EPC capabilities. Our vertical integration combined with our partner collaboration enables us to identify and make system-level innovations, which creates further value for our customers.

•
O&M Services. By leveraging our extensive experience in plant optimization and advanced diagnostics, we have developed one of the largest and most advanced O&M programs in the industry, which includes more than 7 GWDC of utility-scale PV solar power systems. Despite this scale, we have historically maintained an average fleet system effective availability greater than 99%. Utilizing a state of the art Global Operations Center, our team of O&M associates provide a variety of services to optimize system performance and comply with power purchase agreements (“PPA”), other agreements, and regulations. Our products and services are engineered to maximize energy output and revenue for our customers while significantly reducing their unplanned maintenance costs. Plant owners benefit from predictable expenses over the life of the contract and reduced risk of energy loss. Our O&M program is compliant with the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (“NERC”) standards and is designed to be scalable to accommodate the growing O&M needs of customers worldwide. We offer our O&M services to solar power plant owners that use either our solar modules or modules manufactured by third-parties.



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Market Overview


Solar energy is one of the fastest growing forms of renewable energy with numerous economic and environmental benefits that make it an attractive complement to and/or substitute for traditional forms of energy generation. In recent years, the price of PV solar power systems, and accordingly the cost of producing electricity from suchPV solar power systems has droppeddecreased to levels that are competitive with or even below the wholesale price of electricity in many markets. The rapidThis price decline that PV solar energy has experienced in recent years has opened new possibilities to develop systems in somemany locations with limited or no financial incentives. The fact that a PVincentives, thereby promoting the widespread adoption of solar power system requires no fuel provides a unique and valuable hedging benefit to ownersenergy. Other technological developments in the industry, such as the advancement of such systems relative to traditional energy generation assets. Once installed, PVstorage capabilities, have further enhanced the prospects of solar power systems can function for 25 or more years with relatively less maintenance or oversight comparedenergy as an alternative to traditional forms of energy generation. In addition to these economic benefits, solar energy has substantial environmental benefits. For example, PV solar power systems generate no greenhouse gas andor other emissions and use no or minimal amounts of water compared to traditional formsenergy generation assets. As a result of electricity generation. Worldwidethese and other factors, worldwide solar markets continue to develop aidedand expand.

Recently enacted government support programs, such as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”), have contributed and are expected to continue to contribute to this momentum by providing solar module manufacturers, project developers, and project owners with tax incentives to accelerate the ongoing transition to clean energy. The provisions of the IRA are generally effective for tax years beginning after 2022 and, based on recent U.S. Treasury Department estimates, are expected to provide aggregate funding of $369 billion to address climate change, of which $270 billion is expected in the form of various tax incentives. Among other things, the IRA (i) reinstates the 30% investment tax credit for qualifying solar projects that meet certain wage and apprenticeship requirements, (ii) extends the production tax credit (“PTC”) to include energy generated from solar projects, (iii) provides incremental investment and production tax credits for solar projects that meet certain domestic content and location requirements, and (iv) offers tax credits for solar modules and solar module components manufactured in the United States and sold to third parties. In light of such regulatory developments, we have commenced certain manufacturing expansion activities and continue to evaluate opportunities for future expansion, particularly within the United States, as described below under “Global Markets.” For more information about certain risks associated with the IRA, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – We expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the above factors as well as demand elasticity resultingInflation Reduction Act of 2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from declining industry average selling prices, both at the moduleour assumptions, our business, financial condition, and system level, which make solar power more affordable.results of operations could be adversely affected.”


The solar industry continues to be characterized by intense pricing competition, both at the module and system levels. In particular,
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Although module average selling prices in many global markets have declined for several years, recent module spot pricing has increased, in part, due to trade measures and policies, government regulations, raw material availability, and supply chain disruptions. For example, module spot pricing in the United States has increased, in part, due to elevated commodity and several other key markets have experienced an accelerated decline in recent years,logistics costs and, module average selling prices are expectedmore recently, due to continue to decline globally to some degreethe rising demand for modules manufactured in the future. InUnited States as a result of the aggregate, we believe manufacturersIRA described above. The duration of solar cells and modules have significant installed production capacity, relative to global demand, and the ability for additional capacity expansion. We believe the solar industry may from time to time experience periodsthis elevated period of structural imbalance between supply and demand (i.e., where production capacity exceeds global demand), and that such periods will put pressure on pricing. Additionally, intense competition at the system level may result in an environment in which pricing falls rapidly, thereby further increasing demand for solar energy solutions but constraining the ability for project developers, EPC companies, and vertically-integrated solar companies such as First Solar to sustain meaningful and consistent profitability.is uncertain. In light of such market realities, we are focusingcontinue to focus on our strategies and points of differentiation, which include our advanced module and system technologies,technology, our manufacturing process, our vertically-integrated business model, our financial viability, andR&D capabilities, the sustainability advantage of our modules, and systems.our financial stability.


Global Markets


We have established and are continuingcontinue to develop a global business presence. Energy markets are, by their nature, localized, with different drivers and market forces impacting electricity generation and demand in a particular region or for a particular application. Accordingly, our business is evolving worldwide and is shaped by the varying ways in which our PV solar energy solutionsmodules can be aprovide compelling and economically viable solutionsolutions to energy needs in differentvarious markets. We are currently focusing on markets, and applications. The followingincluding those listed below, in which our CdTe solar modules provide certain advantages over conventional crystalline silicon solar modules, including high insolation climates in which our modules provide a superior temperature coefficient, humid environments in which our modules provide a superior spectral response, markets representthat favor the key markets forsuperior sustainability profile of our PV solar modulestechnology, and systems.markets that value responsible sourcing through transparent supply chain reporting and ethical business practices. To the extent our production capacity expands in future periods, we have the potential to extend our focus to additional geographic markets.


The Americas

United States.Multiple markets within the United States, which accounted for 77%84% of our 20172022 net sales, exemplify favorable characteristics for a solar market, including (i) sizeable electricity demand, particularly around growing population centers and industrial areas; (ii) strong demand for renewable energy generation; and (iii) abundant solar resources. In those areas and applications in which these factors are more pronounced, our PV solar energy solutionsmodules compete favorably on an economic basis with traditional forms of energy generation. The market penetration of PV solar is also impacted by certain statefederal and federalstate support programs including the current 30% federal investment tax credit, as described below under “Support Programs.” We have significant experienceThe United States currently has an installed solar generation capacity of approximately 140 GWDC, which is expected to double by 2027 due, in part, to the economic incentives provided by the IRA. In addition, the government has established a net-zero carbon emissions target by 2050. As a result of such market opportunities and a market leadership position in developing, engineering, constructing, and maintaining utility-scale power plantsrenewable targets, we are in the United States, particularly in California and other southwestern states, and increasingly in southeastern states. Currently,process of expanding our solar projectsU.S. manufacturing capacity by approximately 7.7 GWDC, including the construction of our third manufacturing facility in the United States account for a majorityU.S., which commenced commercial production of modules in early 2023, our fourth manufacturing facility in the U.S., which is expected to commence operations in late 2024, and the expansion of our manufacturing footprint at our existing facilities in Ohio.

India. India continues to represent one of the advanced-stage pipeline of projects that we are either currently constructing or expect to construct. See Item 7. “Management’s Discussionlargest and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Systems Project Pipeline” for more information about these projects.



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Asia-Pacific

Australia. Australia continues to be a promising regionfastest growing markets for PV solar energy with strong growth in 2017 that is expected to continue in 2018. This growth isan installed generation capacity of approximately 63 GWAC, approximately 30 GWAC of projects under various stages of construction, and over 19 GWAC of new projects being driven by an increased demand for PPAs from Australian utilities and large industrial off-takers. In recent years, we redirected our strategy in Australia away from EPC services to focus more on utility-scale project development and module sales. Moving into 2018, we expect to pursue a robust Australian development pipeline, including self-developed projects in Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria.contracted under active procurement programs. In addition, to this growing development pipeline, we plan to deliver modules to various third-party developers in 2018.

Japan. Japan’s electricity markets have various characteristics, which make them attractive markets for PV solar energy. In particular, Japan has few domestic fossil fuel resources and relies heavily on fossil fuel imports. The country has also introduced certain initiatives to limit its reliance on nuclear power as a result of previous issues with such technology. Accordingly, the Japanese government has announced a long-term goal of dramatically increasing installed solar power capacity and has provided various incentives for solar power installations. These programs are expected to maintain strong solar demand over the next several years. We are partnering with local companies to develop, construct, and operate PV solar power systems, which will further mitigate Japan’s dependence on fossil fuel imports and nuclear power. Our sales offerings in Japan also include our solar modules and O&M services. In December 2017, we executed sales agreements for multiple projects in Japan totaling 15 MWAC, which are the first projects we developed, constructed, and sold in the country. We are also in the process of constructing a 59 MWAC project in Ishikawa prefecture, a 40 MWAC project in Miyagi prefecture, and a 19 MWAC project in Tochigi prefecture. We have secured rights to sell power for these projects under separate 20-year PPAs with local power companies.

India. There is significant potential for PV solar energy in India due to its growing energy needs, substantial population centers, lack of electrification to many parts of the country, high energy costs, strong irradiance, andestablished aggressive renewable energy targets, set by the government, which include increasing the country’s solaroverall renewable energy capacity to 100500 GWAC by the year 2022. To support this initiative, several key regulations have been announced relating to ramping up renewable purchase obligations, implementing penal provisions for non-compliance with the obligations under the Indian Electricity Act, budgetary allocations for2030 and establishing a Green Transmission Corridor, andnet-zero carbon emissions target by 2070. Based on these targets, it is projected that the creation of numerousinstalled solar parks in various states with dedicated transmission infrastructure to be installed by the government. In addition to these measures, the Indian government also introduced the Renewable Generation Obligations, which mandate that all thermal power generators must implement new renewable energy generation capacity to match 10%will be 350 GWAC by 2030. The government has also announced a series of their new thermal generation capacity. Overall, these policy and regulatory measures have been introduced to incentivize domestic manufacturing of PV solar modules, as described below under “Support Programs.” These targets, policies, and regulatory measures are expected to help create significant and sustained demand for PV solar energy. In addition to these factors, our CdTe solar technology is well suited for the India market given its hot and humid climate conditions. As a result of such market opportunities, we are in India. Accordingly, we continue to sell modules and develop utility-scale PV solar projectsthe process of expanding our manufacturing capacity by an additional 3.3 GWDC by constructing our first manufacturing facility in India, which is expected to addresscommence operations in the energy and renewable purchase obligation needssecond half of utilities and target the open access industrial and commercial power demand.

In December 2017, we completed the sale2023. Such expansion builds upon our existing presence of our 25 MWAC Polepally and 10 MWAC Mahabubnagar projects, which are the first projects we developed, constructed, andapproximately 2.2 GWDC of modules sold in India. During 2017, we also executed definitive sales agreements

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Europe. Most markets across Europe reflect strong demand for our Winsol and Hindupur projects, which total 155 MWAC, and commissioned two additional projects totaling 40 MWAC in Karnataka, for which we have secured rights to sell power under separate 25-year PPAs to the state owned electricity distribution companies. We continue to maintain our strong module presence in India with over 1.8 GWDC of installed modules.

Europe, the Middle East, and Africa

Europe. Historically, PV solar energy adoption in Europe was driven to a large degree by feed-in-tariffs (“FiTs”) and other incentive programs in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Italy, and Spain. However, PV solar energy in the region is transitioningdue to its next phase, in which growth will be driven by the degreeability to which PV solar energy solutions can compete economically with more traditional forms of energy generation especiallyand, more recently, as a means to establish greater energy independence. During 2022, European Union (“EU”) member states added a combined 41 GWDC of solar capacity, representing the largest annual solar deployment in areas with high prevailing electricity prices, strong electricity demand, and strongthe region in the last 10 years. Such expansion, which was primarily driven by solar resources. In particular,capacity additions in Germany, France,Spain, Poland, the Netherlands, and Spain are all running tenders in which utility-scale PV solar projects can bid for capacity. Such tenders and other recent market developments indicateFrance, brings the potential for significant growth in the demand for PV solar energy.region’s installed generation capacity to approximately 209 GWDC. We continue



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to pursue module sales activities in France,many of the Netherlands, Germany, and Turkey and are actively evaluating additional sales opportunities in other markets where we are collaborating with certain local partners for the distribution of our modules or select project development opportunities.countries mentioned above.


The Middle East. The market potential for solar energy in the Middle East continues to be driven by a combination of strong economic fundamentals, aggressive tariff pricing, abundant solar resources, and robust policy. The United Arab Emirates (the “UAE”), Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Jordan have established utility-scale solar programs, which are at varying degrees of maturity. The UAE and Jordan lead the region with policy mechanisms designed to ramp up the amount of renewable energy in their generation portfolios. Oman, Qatar, and Kuwait are also promising markets with indicators of future potential for solar energy. While there are several motives for investing in solar energy, including energy security, diversification of generation portfolios, and the minimization of domestic consumption of hydrocarbons, the common factor is that the economics of PV solar energy have made it a compelling energy generation source. Since establishing a presence in the Middle East in 2013, we have approximately 300 MWDC of installed modules across the region.

Africa. Africa offers strong potential for PV solar energy, which can play a useful role in meeting the region’s diversified energy needs. As the overall African market matures, the engagement of experienced project developers and support from international lenders are expected to further the adoption and growth of utility-scale PV solar energy solutions. Our primary focus in Africa is the sale of modules for utility-scale projects. Additionally, we are working with our channel partners to provide various solutions to the distributed generation and commercial and industrial markets.

Support ProgramsManufacturing Process


AlthoughOur modules combine our leading-edge CdTe technology with the manufacturing excellence and quality control that comes from being the world’s most experienced producer of thin film PV solar modules. With more than 50 GWDC of modules sold worldwide, we compete in key markets that do not require solar-specific government subsidies or support programs, our net saleshave a demonstrated history of manufacturing success and profits remain subject,innovation. Our global manufacturing footprint includes facilities in the United States, Malaysia, and Vietnam. We are in the process of expanding our manufacturing capacity by approximately 11 GWDC, including the construction of our third manufacturing facility in the United States, which commenced commercial production of modules in early 2023; our first manufacturing facility in India, which is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2023; our fourth manufacturing facility in the United States, which is expected to commence operations in late 2024; and the expansion of our manufacturing footprint at our existing facilities in Ohio. Our newest factory in the United States began producing and our newest factory in India is expected to produce our next generation Series 7 modules, which combine our thin film CdTe technology with a larger form factor and an innovative steel back rail mounting structure that reduces module installation time.

Our modules are manufactured in a high-throughput, automated environment that integrates all manufacturing steps into a continuous flow process. Such process eliminates the multiple supply chain operators and resource-intensive batch processing steps that are used to produce crystalline silicon modules, which typically occur over several days and across multiple factories. At the outset of our module production, a sheet of glass enters the production line and in a matter of hours is transformed into a completed module ready for shipment.

This proprietary production process includes the following three stages: (i) the deposition stage, (ii) the cell definition and treatment stage, and (iii) the assembly and test stage. In the deposition stage, panels of transparent oxide-coated glass are robotically loaded onto the production line where they are cleaned, laser-mark identified with a serial number, heated, and coated with thin layers of CdTe and other semiconductor materials using our vapor transport deposition technology, after which the semiconductor-coated plates are cooled rapidly to increase glass strength. In the cell definition and treatment stage, we use high-speed lasers to transform the large continuous semiconductor coating on the glass plate into a series of interconnected cells that deliver the desired current and voltage output. In this stage, we also treat the semiconductor film using certain chemistries and processes to improve the device’s performance and apply a metal sputtered back contact. In the assembly and test stage, we apply busbars, inter-layer material, and a rear glass cover sheet that is laminated to encapsulate the device. We then apply anti-reflective coating material to the substrate glass to further improve the module’s performance by increasing its ability to absorb sunlight. Finally, junction boxes, termination wires, and a frame are applied to complete the module assembly.

We maintain a robust quality and reliability assurance program that monitors critical process parameters and measures product performance to ensure that industry and more stringent internal standards are met. We also conduct acceptance testing for electrical leakage, visual quality, and power measurement on a solar simulator prior to preparing a module for shipment. Our quality and reliability tests complement production surveillance with an ongoing monitoring program, subjecting production modules to accelerated life stress testing to help ensure ongoing conformance to requirements of the International Electrotechnical Commission and Underwriters Laboratories Inc. These programs and tests help assure delivery of power and performance in the field with a high level of product quality and reliability.

Research and Development

Our R&D model differentiates us from much of our competition due to its vertical integration, from advanced research to product development, manufacturing, and applications. We continue to devote substantial resources to our R&D efforts, which generally focus on continually improving the wattage and energy yield of our solar modules. We also have R&D programs to improve module durability and manufacturing efficiencies, including throughput, volume ramp, and material cost reduction. We continue to invest significant financial resources in such initiatives, including approximately $0.3 billion for a dedicated R&D facility in the United States to support the
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implementation of our technology roadmap. We expect such R&D facility to feature a high-tech pilot manufacturing line, allowing for the production of full-sized prototypes of thin film and tandem PV modules. Such R&D facility is expected to be completed in 2024. Based on publicly available information, we are one of the leaders in R&D investment among PV solar module manufacturers.

In the course of our R&D activities, we explore various technologies in our efforts to sustain competitive differentiation in our modules. We primarily conduct our R&D activities and qualify process and product improvements for full production at our Perrysburg, Ohio plant and systematically deploy them to our other facilities. We believe that our systematic approach to technology change management enables continuous improvements and ensures uniform adoption across our production lines. In addition, our production lines are replicas or near term,replicas of each other and, as a result, a process or production improvement on one line can be rapidly and reliably replicated across other production lines.

We regularly produce research cells in our laboratories, some of which are tested for performance and certified by independent labs, such as the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Cell efficiency measures the proportion of light converted to regulationelectricity in a single solar cell at standard test conditions. Our research cells are produced using laboratory equipment and variabilitymethods and are not intended to be representative of our manufacturing capability. Our module conversion efficiency has improved on average more than half a percent every year for the last ten years. We currently hold two world records for CdTe PV cell efficiency, achieving an independently certified research cell efficiency of 22.1% and a module aperture area efficiency of 19.7%. We continue to evaluate opportunities to develop and leverage other solar cell technologies in multi-junction applications consisting of CdTe, silicon, or other materials. We believe such applications have the potential to enable our module conversion efficiency to reach 28% by 2030.

Sustainability

We are committed to enhancing the social and economic benefits of our products and reducing our carbon footprint, even as we continue to increase our manufacturing capacity and module throughput. Our thin film modules are manufactured through an integrated process that uses less energy, water, and semiconductor material than conventional crystalline silicon modules. Accordingly, our modules provide an ecologically leading solution to address climate change, energy security, and water scarcity. On a lifecycle basis, our thin film module technology has the fastest energy payback time, smallest carbon footprint, and lowest water use of any competing PV solar technology.

The energy payback time of our module technology, which is the amount of time a module must operate to generate the energy required to produce it, is facilitated by our proprietary and resource efficient production process. Our module energy payback time is approximately four months, which represents a 90-fold energy return on investment over a theoretical 30-year system lifetime and an abundant net energy gain to the electricity grid. Furthermore, our modules have a carbon footprint that is 2.5 times lower and a water footprint that is three times lower than conventional crystalline silicon modules, measured on a lifecycle basis that accounts for the energy and water used for the raw materials, throughout our manufacturing process, and during end-of-life module recycling. In addition, our industry-leading PV solar module recycling process further enhances our sustainability advantage by recovering approximately 90% of the glass for reuse in new glass container products and over 90% of the semiconductor material for reuse in new modules. The module frame is removed and recycled for reuse in aluminum products, and in Malaysia, the recovered laminate material is reused in rubber products. We are the only PV solar module manufacturer with global in-house recycling capabilities.

Our Series 6TM (“Series 6”) and Series 6 PlusTM (“Series 6 Plus”) modules are the world’s first and only PV products to be included in the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (“EPEAT”) Registry’s Photovoltaic Modules and Inverters product category. The EPEAT Registry enables the identification of credible sustainable electronic products from a broad range of manufacturers based on several factors, including the availabilitymanagement of substances in the product, manufacturing energy, water use, product packaging, end-of-life recycling, corporate
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responsibility, and sizehuman rights. We have also committed to the RE100 campaign, a collaborative, global initiative of government subsidiesinfluential businesses committed to 100% renewable electricity, in which we plan to utilize renewable sources to power our manufacturing operations by 2028. We have set science-based targets to reduce our absolute direct (scope 1) and indirect (scope 2) greenhouse gas emissions by 34% by 2028, from a 2020 baseline, and achieve net zero emissions by 2050. As a result of these commitments and our engagement with key suppliers to minimize the carbon footprint of our module components, we expect to reduce our module carbon footprint by more than 65% by 2028, further enabling our customers to achieve their sustainability objectives.

Financial Stability

In addition to our sustainability commitments, we are also committed to creating long-term shareholder value through a decision-making framework that delivers a balance of growth, profitability, and liquidity. This framework has enabled us to fund our module manufacturing and capacity expansion initiatives primarily using cash flows generated by our operations and by maintaining appropriate debt levels based on cash flow expectations. Our financial stability provides strategic optionality as we evaluate how to invest in our business and generate returns for our shareholders. Our financial stability also enables us to offer meaningful warranties, which provide us with a competitive advantage relative to many of our peers in the solar industry. Furthermore, we expect our financial discipline and ability to manage operating costs to enhance our profitability as we continue to scale our business.

Market Overview

Solar energy is one of the fastest growing forms of renewable energy with numerous economic and environmental benefits that make it an attractive complement to and/or substitute for traditional forms of energy generation. In recent years, the cost of producing electricity from PV solar power systems has decreased to levels that are competitive with or below the wholesale price of electricity in many markets. This price decline has opened new possibilities to develop systems in many locations with limited or no financial incentives, thereby promoting the widespread adoption of solar energy. Other technological developments in the industry, such as quotas, renewable portfolio standards, and tendering systems.the advancement of energy storage capabilities, have further enhanced the prospects of solar energy as an alternative to traditional forms of energy generation. In addition to these support programs, financial incentives for PVeconomic benefits, solar energy generation include tax incentives, grants, loans, rebates, and production incentives. Although we expect to become less impacted by, and less dependent on these forms of government support over time, such programs will continue to play varying roles in accelerating the adoption ofhas substantial environmental benefits. For example, PV solar power systems around the world.

In Europe, renewablegenerate no greenhouse gas or other emissions and use minimal amounts of water compared to traditional energy targets, in conjunction with tenders for utility-scale PV solargeneration assets. As a result of these and other factors, worldwide solar markets continue to develop and expand.

Recently enacted government support measures,programs, such as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”), have contributed and are expected to the growth in PV solar markets. Renewable energy targets prescribe how much energy consumption must come from renewable sources, while incentive policies and competitive tender policies are intendedcontinue to support new supply developmentcontribute to this momentum by providing certaintysolar module manufacturers, project developers, and project owners with tax incentives to investors. Various European Union (“EU”) directives on renewable energy have set targets for all EU member states in supportaccelerate the ongoing transition to clean energy. The provisions of the goalIRA are generally effective for tax years beginning after 2022 and, based on recent U.S. Treasury Department estimates, are expected to provide aggregate funding of a 35% share$369 billion to address climate change, of energy from renewable sourceswhich $270 billion is expected in the EU by 2030.

Tax incentive programs exist inform of various tax incentives. Among other things, the United States at bothIRA (i) reinstates the federal30% investment tax credit for qualifying solar projects that meet certain wage and state level and can takeapprenticeship requirements, (ii) extends the form ofproduction tax credit (“PTC”) to include energy generated from solar projects, (iii) provides incremental investment and production tax credits accelerated depreciation,for solar projects that meet certain domestic content and saleslocation requirements, and property tax exemptions and abatements. At the federal level, investment(iv) offers tax credits for businesssolar modules and residential solar systems have gone through several cycles of enactment and expiration since the 1980s. In 2015, the U.S. Congress extended the 30% federal energy investment tax credit (“ITC”) for both residential and commercial solar installations through 2019. The credit will step down to 26% in 2020, 22% in 2021, and remain at 10% permanently beginning in 2022. The ITC has been an important economic driver of solar installationsmodule components manufactured in the United States and its extension is expectedsold to contribute to greater medium-term demand visibility in the United States. The positive impactthird parties. In light of the ITC depends to a large degree on the availability of tax equity for project financing,such regulatory developments, we have commenced certain manufacturing expansion activities and any significant reduction in the availability of tax equity in the future could make it more difficult to develop and construct projects requiring financing. The eventual step-down of the ITC to 10% underscores the need for the levelized cost of electricity (“LCOE”), meaning the net present value of a system’s total life cycle costs divided by the quantity of energy that is expected to be produced over the system’s life, of solar systems to continue to decline and remain competitive with other sources of energy generation.



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In October 2017, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking proposing to repeal the previous U.S. presidential administration’s Clean Power Plan (the “Rule”), which establishes standards to limit carbon dioxide emissions from existing power generation facilities. Accordingly, there is significant uncertainty regarding what effects, if any, the Rule may have on PV solar markets. The implementation and adoption of the Rule remains subject to ongoing litigation initiated by states and other stakeholders.

The majority of states inevaluate opportunities for future expansion, particularly within the United States, have enacted legislation adopting Renewable Portfolio Standard (“RPS”) mechanisms. Under a RPS, regulated utilities and other load serving entities are required to procure a specified percentage of their total retail electricity sales to end-user customers from eligible renewable resources, such as solar energy generation facilities, by a specified date. Some programs may further require that a specified portion of the total percentage of renewable energy must come from solar generation facilities or other technologies. RPS legislation and implementing regulations vary significantly from state to state, particularly with respect to the percentage of renewable energy required to achieve the state’s RPS, the definition of eligible renewable energy resources, and the extent to which renewable energy credits (certificates representing the generation of renewable energy) qualify for RPS compliance. Measured in terms of the volume of renewable electricity required to meet its RPS mandate, California’s RPS program is the most significant in the United States, and the California market for renewable energy has dominated the western U.S. region for the past several years. First enacted in 2002, California’s RPS statute has been amended several times to increase the overall percentage requirement as well as to accelerate the target date for program compliance. Pursuant to amendments enacted by the California Legislature in 2015, the California RPS program now requires utilities and other obligated load serving entities to procure 50% of their total retail electricity demand from eligible renewable resources by 2030. In 2017, approximately 29% of our total net sales were derived from our systems projects or third-party module sales to solar power projects in California.

Various proposed and contemplated environmental and tax policies may create regulatory uncertainty in the renewable energy sector, including the solar energy sector, and may lead to a reduction or removal of various clean energy programs and initiatives designed to curtail climate change.described below under “Global Markets.” For more information about thecertain risks associated with these potential government actions,the IRA, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – The reduction, elimination, or expirationWe expect certain financial benefits as a result of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives renewable energy targets,provided by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from our assumptions, our business, financial condition, and other supportresults of operations could be adversely affected.”

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Although module average selling prices in many global markets have declined for on-grid solar electricity applications, or other adverse publicseveral years, recent module spot pricing has increased, in part, due to trade measures and policies, government regulations, raw material availability, and supply chain disruptions. For example, module spot pricing in the United States has increased, in part, due to elevated commodity and logistics costs and, more recently, due to the rising demand for modules manufactured in the United States as a result of the IRA described above. The duration of this elevated period of pricing is uncertain. In light of such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposedmarket realities, we continue to focus on solar cellsour strategies and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels forpoints of differentiation, which include our solaradvanced module technology, our manufacturing process, our R&D capabilities, the sustainability advantage of our modules, and systems and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.”financial stability.


Business SegmentsGlobal Markets


We operatehave established and continue to develop a global business presence. Energy markets are, by their nature, localized, with different drivers and market forces impacting electricity generation and demand in a particular region or for a particular application. Accordingly, our business is evolving worldwide and is shaped by the varying ways in two segments. Ourwhich our modules segment involves the design, manufacture,can provide compelling and sale ofeconomically viable solutions to energy needs in various markets. We are currently focusing on markets, including those listed below, in which our CdTe solar modules which convert sunlight into electricity. Third-party customers of our modules segment include integrators and operators of PV solar power systems. Our second segment is our fully integrated systems segment, through which we provide complete turn-key PV solar power systems, or solar solutions, that draw upon our capabilities, which include (i) project development, (ii) EPC services, and (iii) O&M services. We may provide our full EPC services or any combination of individual products and services within our EPC capabilities depending upon the customer and market opportunity. All of our systems segment products and services are for PV solar power systems, which primarily use our solar modules, and we sell such products and services to utilities, independent power producers, commercial and industrial companies, and other system owners. Additionally, within our systems segment we may temporarily own and operate certain of our systems for a period of time based on strategic opportunities or market factors.

See Note 22. “Segment and Geographical Information” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on our business segments.




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Modules Business

Solar Modules

Since the inception of First Solar, our flagship module has been manufactured using our advanced CdTe thin film technology. Each Series 4module is a glass laminate approximately 2ft x 4ft (60cm x 120cm) in size that encapsulates thin film semiconductor materials. Our modules had an average rated power per module of approximately 118 watts, 114 watts, and 107 watts for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Our Series 4 module, which offers up to 8% more energy than conventional crystalline silicon modules of equivalent efficiency rating, is compatible with advanced 1500-volt plant architectures. Our Series 4ATM module variant features anti-reflective coated glass, which further enhances energy production. Our module semiconductor structure is a single-junction polycrystalline thin film that uses CdTe as the absorption layer. CdTe has absorption properties that are well matched to the solar spectrum and can deliver competitive conversion efficiencies using approximately 1-2% of the amount of semiconductor material that is used to manufactureadvantages over conventional crystalline silicon solar modules.

In November 2016, we announced plans formodules, including high insolation climates in which our modules provide a superior temperature coefficient, humid environments in which our modules provide a superior spectral response, markets that favor the introductionsuperior sustainability profile of our Series 6 module,PV solar technology, and markets that value responsible sourcing through transparent supply chain reporting and ethical business practices. To the extent our production capacity expands in future periods, we have the potential to extend our focus to additional geographic markets.

United States. Multiple markets within the United States, which will be manufactured using similar materialsaccounted for 84% of our 2022 net sales, exemplify favorable characteristics for a solar market, including (i) sizeable electricity demand, particularly around growing population centers and processes asindustrial areas; (ii) strong demand for renewable energy generation; and (iii) abundant solar resources. In those areas and applications in which these factors are more pronounced, our legacy module technologies that have been proven in high volume productionPV solar modules compete favorably on an economic basis with traditional forms of energy generation. The market penetration of PV solar is also impacted by certain federal and have been in the field for over a decade. Each Series 6 module isstate support programs described below under “Support Programs.” The United States currently has an installed solar generation capacity of approximately 4ft x 6ft (123cm x 201cm) in size and140 GWDC, which is expected to have an average rated power per moduledouble by 2027 due, in part, to the economic incentives provided by the IRA. In addition, the government has established a net-zero carbon emissions target by 2050. As a result of over 420 watts. We expect to beginsuch market opportunities and renewable targets, we are in the process of expanding our U.S. manufacturing capacity by approximately 7.7 GWDC, including the construction of our third manufacturing facility in the U.S., which commenced commercial production of our Series 6 modules in 2018.early 2023, our fourth manufacturing facility in the U.S., which is expected to commence operations in late 2024, and the expansion of our manufacturing footprint at our existing facilities in Ohio.


India. India continues to represent one of the largest and fastest growing markets for PV solar energy with an installed generation capacity of approximately 63 GWAC, approximately 30 GWAC of projects under various stages of construction, and over 19 GWAC of new projects being contracted under active procurement programs. In addition, the government has established aggressive renewable energy targets, which include increasing the country’s overall renewable energy capacity to 500 GWAC by 2030 and establishing a net-zero carbon emissions target by 2070. Based on these targets, it is projected that the installed solar energy generation capacity will be 350 GWAC by 2030. The government has also announced a series of policy and regulatory measures to incentivize domestic manufacturing of PV solar modules, as described below under “Support Programs.” These targets, policies, and regulatory measures are expected to help create significant and sustained demand for PV solar energy. In addition to these factors, our CdTe solar technology is well suited for the India market given its hot and humid climate conditions. As a result of such market opportunities, we are in the process of expanding our manufacturing capacity by an additional 3.3 GWDC by constructing our first manufacturing facility in India, which is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2023. Such expansion builds upon our existing presence of approximately 2.2 GWDC of modules sold in India.

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Europe. Most markets across Europe reflect strong demand for PV solar energy due to its ability to compete economically with more traditional forms of energy generation and, more recently, as a means to establish greater energy independence. During 2022, European Union (“EU”) member states added a combined 41 GWDC of solar capacity, representing the largest annual solar deployment in the region in the last 10 years. Such expansion, which was primarily driven by solar capacity additions in Germany, Spain, Poland, the Netherlands, and France, brings the region’s installed generation capacity to approximately 209 GWDC. We continue to pursue module sales activities in many of the countries mentioned above.

Manufacturing Process


Our modules combine our leading-edge CdTe technology with the manufacturing excellence and quality control that comes from being the world’s most experienced producer of thin film PV solar modules. With more than 50 GWDC of modules sold worldwide, we have a demonstrated history of manufacturing success and innovation. Our global manufacturing footprint includes facilities in the United States, Malaysia, and Vietnam. We manufactureare in the process of expanding our manufacturing capacity by approximately 11 GWDC, including the construction of our third manufacturing facility in the United States, which commenced commercial production of modules in early 2023; our first manufacturing facility in India, which is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2023; our fourth manufacturing facility in the United States, which is expected to commence operations in late 2024; and the expansion of our manufacturing footprint at our existing facilities in Ohio. Our newest factory in the United States began producing and our newest factory in India is expected to produce our next generation Series 7 modules, which combine our thin film CdTe solartechnology with a larger form factor and an innovative steel back rail mounting structure that reduces module installation time.

Our modules onare manufactured in a high-throughput, integrated production lines in an automated proprietary, andenvironment that integrates all manufacturing steps into a continuous flow process. Our solar modules employ a thin layer of semiconductor material to convert sunlight into electricity. Our manufacturingSuch process eliminates the multiple supply chain operators and expensive and time-consumingresource-intensive batch processing steps that are used to produce crystalline silicon solar modules. We currently manufacture solar modules, atwhich typically occur over several days and across multiple factories. At the outset of our Perrysburg, Ohio and Kulim, Malaysia manufacturing facilities, and plan to utilize our manufacturing facility in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam formodule production, a sheet of glass enters the production line and in a matter of Series 6 modules. As we transition our manufacturing capacity to Series 6hours is transformed into a completed module technology, we expect to ramp downready for shipment.

This proprietary production of our Series 4 modules over the next several years.

Our CdTe manufacturing processesprocess includes the following three stages: (i) the deposition stage, (ii) the cell definition and treatment stage, and (iii) the assembly and test stage. In the deposition stage, panels of transparent oxide-coated glass are robotically loaded onto the production line where they are cleaned, laser-mark identified with a serial number, heated, and coated with thin layers of CdTe and other semiconductor materials using our proprietary vapor transport deposition technology, after which the semiconductor-coated plates are cooled rapidly to increase glass strength. In the cell definition and treatment stage, we use high-speed lasers to transform the large continuous semiconductor coating on the glass plate into a series of interconnected cells that deliver the desired current and voltage output. In this stage, we also treat the semiconductor film using proprietarycertain chemistries and processes to improve the device’s performance and we apply a metal sputtered back contact. Finally, inIn the assembly and test stage, we apply busbars, inter-layer material, and a rear glass cover sheet that is laminated to encapsulate the device. AWe then apply anti-reflective coating material to the substrate glass to further improve the module’s performance by increasing its ability to absorb sunlight. Finally, junction box,boxes, termination wires, and an under-mounta frame (for Series 6 modules) are then applied to complete the module assembly. The final assembly stage is the only stage in our production line that requires manual processing.


We maintain a robust quality and reliability assurance program that monitors critical process parameters and measures product performance to ensure that industry and more stringent internal standards are met. AcceptanceWe also conduct acceptance testing for electrical leakage, visual quality, and power measurement on a solar simulator are also conducted prior to preparing a module being boxed for shipment. TheOur quality and reliability tests complement production surveillance with an ongoing monitoring program, subjecting production modules to accelerated life stress testing to help ensure ongoing conformance to requirements of the International Electrotechnical Commission and Underwriters Laboratories Inc. These programs and tests help assure delivery of power and performance in the field with a high level of product quality and reliability.



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Research Development, and EngineeringDevelopment


Our R&D model differentiates us from much of our competition due to its vertical integration, from advanced research to product development, manufacturing, and applications. We continue to devote substantial resources to our R&D efforts, which generally focus on continually improving the conversion efficiencywattage and energy yield of our solar modules. We also focus ourhave R&D activities on continuously improvingprograms to improve module durability and manufacturing efficiencies, including throughput, improvement, volume ramp, and material cost reduction. We continue to invest significant financial resources in such initiatives, including approximately $0.3 billion for a dedicated R&D facility in the United States to support the
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implementation of our technology roadmap. We expect such R&D facility to feature a high-tech pilot manufacturing line, allowing for the production of full-sized prototypes of thin film and tandem PV modules. Such R&D facility is expected to be completed in 2024. Based on publicly available information, we lead allare one of the leaders in R&D investment among PV solar module manufacturers in R&D investment, maintaining a rate of innovation that enables rapid efficiency gains and cost reductions.manufacturers.


In the course of our R&D activities, we explore various technologies in our efforts to sustain competitive differentiation in our modules. We primarily conduct our R&D activities and qualify process and product improvements for full production at our Perrysburg, Ohio plant and then use a systematic process to propagatesystematically deploy them to our other production lines.facilities. We believe that our systematic approach to technology change management providesenables continuous improvements and ensures uniform adoption across our production lines. In addition, our CdTe production lines are replicas or near replicas of each other and, as a result, a process or production improvement on one line can be rapidly and reliably deployed toreplicated across other production lines.


We regularly produce research cells in our laboratories, some of which are tested for performance and certified by independent labs, such as the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Cell efficiency measures the proportion of light converted to electricity in a single solar cell at standard test conditions. Our research cells are produced using laboratory equipment and methods and are not intended to be representative of our manufacturing capability. Our module conversion efficiency has improved on average more than half a percent every year for the last ten years. We currently hold two world records for CdTe PV cell efficiency, achieving an independently certified research cell efficiency of 22.1% and a fullmodule aperture area module efficiency of 18.2%19.7%. We continue to evaluate opportunities to develop and leverage other solar cell technologies in multi-junction applications consisting of CdTe, silicon, or other materials. We believe such applications have the potential to enable our module conversion efficiency to reach 28% by 2030.

Sustainability

We are committed to enhancing the social and economic benefits of our products and reducing our carbon footprint, even as we continue to increase our manufacturing capacity and module throughput. Our thin film modules are manufactured through an integrated process that uses less energy, water, and semiconductor material than conventional crystalline silicon modules. Accordingly, our record cells demonstratemodules provide an ecologically leading solution to address climate change, energy security, and water scarcity. On a potential long-termlifecycle basis, our thin film module efficiency entitlementtechnology has the fastest energy payback time, smallest carbon footprint, and lowest water use of any competing PV solar technology.

The energy payback time of our module technology, which is the amount of time a module must operate to generate the energy required to produce it, is facilitated by our proprietary and resource efficient production process. Our module energy payback time is approximately four months, which represents a 90-fold energy return on investment over 20% usinga theoretical 30-year system lifetime and an abundant net energy gain to the electricity grid. Furthermore, our commercial-scale manufacturing equipment. For information regarding our researchmodules have a carbon footprint that is 2.5 times lower and development expensea water footprint that is three times lower than conventional crystalline silicon modules, measured on a lifecycle basis that accounts for the energy and water used for the raw materials, throughout our manufacturing process, and during end-of-life module recycling. In addition, our industry-leading PV solar module recycling process further enhances our sustainability advantage by recovering approximately 90% of the glass for reuse in new glass container products and over 90% of the semiconductor material for reuse in new modules. The module frame is removed and recycled for reuse in aluminum products, and in Malaysia, the recovered laminate material is reused in rubber products. We are the only PV solar module manufacturer with global in-house recycling capabilities.

Our Series 6TM (“Series 6”) and Series 6 PlusTM (“Series 6 Plus”) modules are the world’s first and only PV products to be included in the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (“EPEAT”) Registry’s Photovoltaic Modules and Inverters product category. The EPEAT Registry enables the identification of credible sustainable electronic products from a broad range of manufacturers based on several factors, including the management of substances in the product, manufacturing energy, water use, product packaging, end-of-life recycling, corporate
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responsibility, and human rights. We have also committed to the RE100 campaign, a collaborative, global initiative of influential businesses committed to 100% renewable electricity, in which we plan to utilize renewable sources to power our manufacturing operations by 2028. We have set science-based targets to reduce our absolute direct (scope 1) and indirect (scope 2) greenhouse gas emissions by 34% by 2028, from a 2020 baseline, and achieve net zero emissions by 2050. As a result of these commitments and our engagement with key suppliers to minimize the carbon footprint of our module components, we expect to reduce our module carbon footprint by more than 65% by 2028, further enabling our customers to achieve their sustainability objectives.

Financial Stability

In addition to our sustainability commitments, we are also committed to creating long-term shareholder value through a decision-making framework that delivers a balance of growth, profitability, and liquidity. This framework has enabled us to fund our module manufacturing and capacity expansion initiatives primarily using cash flows generated by our operations and by maintaining appropriate debt levels based on cash flow expectations. Our financial stability provides strategic optionality as we evaluate how to invest in our business and generate returns for our shareholders. Our financial stability also enables us to offer meaningful warranties, which provide us with a competitive advantage relative to many of our peers in the solar industry. Furthermore, we expect our financial discipline and ability to manage operating costs to enhance our profitability as we continue to scale our business.

Market Overview

Solar energy is one of the fastest growing forms of renewable energy with numerous economic and environmental benefits that make it an attractive complement to and/or substitute for traditional forms of energy generation. In recent years, ended December 31, 2017, 2016,the cost of producing electricity from PV solar power systems has decreased to levels that are competitive with or below the wholesale price of electricity in many markets. This price decline has opened new possibilities to develop systems in many locations with limited or no financial incentives, thereby promoting the widespread adoption of solar energy. Other technological developments in the industry, such as the advancement of energy storage capabilities, have further enhanced the prospects of solar energy as an alternative to traditional forms of energy generation. In addition to these economic benefits, solar energy has substantial environmental benefits. For example, PV solar power systems generate no greenhouse gas or other emissions and 2015,use minimal amounts of water compared to traditional energy generation assets. As a result of these and other factors, worldwide solar markets continue to develop and expand.

Recently enacted government support programs, such as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”), have contributed and are expected to continue to contribute to this momentum by providing solar module manufacturers, project developers, and project owners with tax incentives to accelerate the ongoing transition to clean energy. The provisions of the IRA are generally effective for tax years beginning after 2022 and, based on recent U.S. Treasury Department estimates, are expected to provide aggregate funding of $369 billion to address climate change, of which $270 billion is expected in the form of various tax incentives. Among other things, the IRA (i) reinstates the 30% investment tax credit for qualifying solar projects that meet certain wage and apprenticeship requirements, (ii) extends the production tax credit (“PTC”) to include energy generated from solar projects, (iii) provides incremental investment and production tax credits for solar projects that meet certain domestic content and location requirements, and (iv) offers tax credits for solar modules and solar module components manufactured in the United States and sold to third parties. In light of such regulatory developments, we have commenced certain manufacturing expansion activities and continue to evaluate opportunities for future expansion, particularly within the United States, as described below under “Global Markets.” For more information about certain risks associated with the IRA, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – We expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from our assumptions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.”

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Although module average selling prices in many global markets have declined for several years, recent module spot pricing has increased, in part, due to trade measures and policies, government regulations, raw material availability, and supply chain disruptions. For example, module spot pricing in the United States has increased, in part, due to elevated commodity and logistics costs and, more recently, due to the rising demand for modules manufactured in the United States as a result of the IRA described above. The duration of this elevated period of pricing is uncertain. In light of such market realities, we continue to focus on our strategies and points of differentiation, which include our advanced module technology, our manufacturing process, our R&D capabilities, the sustainability advantage of our modules, and our financial stability.

Global Markets

We have established and continue to develop a global business presence. Energy markets are, by their nature, localized, with different drivers and market forces impacting electricity generation and demand in a particular region or for a particular application. Accordingly, our business is evolving worldwide and is shaped by the varying ways in which our modules can provide compelling and economically viable solutions to energy needs in various markets. We are currently focusing on markets, including those listed below, in which our CdTe solar modules provide certain advantages over conventional crystalline silicon solar modules, including high insolation climates in which our modules provide a superior temperature coefficient, humid environments in which our modules provide a superior spectral response, markets that favor the superior sustainability profile of our PV solar technology, and markets that value responsible sourcing through transparent supply chain reporting and ethical business practices. To the extent our production capacity expands in future periods, we have the potential to extend our focus to additional geographic markets.

United States. Multiple markets within the United States, which accounted for 84% of our 2022 net sales, exemplify favorable characteristics for a solar market, including (i) sizeable electricity demand, particularly around growing population centers and industrial areas; (ii) strong demand for renewable energy generation; and (iii) abundant solar resources. In those areas and applications in which these factors are more pronounced, our PV solar modules compete favorably on an economic basis with traditional forms of energy generation. The market penetration of PV solar is also impacted by certain federal and state support programs described below under “Support Programs.” The United States currently has an installed solar generation capacity of approximately 140 GWDC, which is expected to double by 2027 due, in part, to the economic incentives provided by the IRA. In addition, the government has established a net-zero carbon emissions target by 2050. As a result of such market opportunities and renewable targets, we are in the process of expanding our U.S. manufacturing capacity by approximately 7.7 GWDC, including the construction of our third manufacturing facility in the U.S., which commenced commercial production of modules in early 2023, our fourth manufacturing facility in the U.S., which is expected to commence operations in late 2024, and the expansion of our manufacturing footprint at our existing facilities in Ohio.

India. India continues to represent one of the largest and fastest growing markets for PV solar energy with an installed generation capacity of approximately 63 GWAC, approximately 30 GWAC of projects under various stages of construction, and over 19 GWAC of new projects being contracted under active procurement programs. In addition, the government has established aggressive renewable energy targets, which include increasing the country’s overall renewable energy capacity to 500 GWAC by 2030 and establishing a net-zero carbon emissions target by 2070. Based on these targets, it is projected that the installed solar energy generation capacity will be 350 GWAC by 2030. The government has also announced a series of policy and regulatory measures to incentivize domestic manufacturing of PV solar modules, as described below under “Support Programs.” These targets, policies, and regulatory measures are expected to help create significant and sustained demand for PV solar energy. In addition to these factors, our CdTe solar technology is well suited for the India market given its hot and humid climate conditions. As a result of such market opportunities, we are in the process of expanding our manufacturing capacity by an additional 3.3 GWDC by constructing our first manufacturing facility in India, which is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2023. Such expansion builds upon our existing presence of approximately 2.2 GWDC of modules sold in India.

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Europe. Most markets across Europe reflect strong demand for PV solar energy due to its ability to compete economically with more traditional forms of energy generation and, more recently, as a means to establish greater energy independence. During 2022, European Union (“EU”) member states added a combined 41 GWDC of solar capacity, representing the largest annual solar deployment in the region in the last 10 years. Such expansion, which was primarily driven by solar capacity additions in Germany, Spain, Poland, the Netherlands, and France, brings the region’s installed generation capacity to approximately 209 GWDC. We continue to pursue module sales activities in many of the countries mentioned above.

Support Programs

Although we compete in markets that do not require solar-specific government subsidies or support programs, our net sales and profits remain subject to variability based on the scope of tax and production incentives, renewable portfolio standards, tendering systems, and other policies or support programs intended to stimulate economies, achieve decarbonization initiatives, and/or establish greater energy independence. Such programs continue to influence the demand for PV solar energy around the world.

United States. In the United States, support programs exist at both the federal and state levels and can take the form of investment and production tax credits, sales and property tax exemptions and abatements, and/or renewable energy targets. Such incentives include the following:

•Advanced Manufacturing Production Credit. In August 2022, the U.S. President signed the IRA into law, which is intended to accelerate the country’s ongoing transition to clean energy. The provisions of the IRA are generally effective for tax years beginning after 2022. As discussed above, the IRA offers various tax credits, including the advanced manufacturing production credit, pursuant to Section 45X of the Internal Revenue Code (the “IRC”), for solar modules and solar module components manufactured in the United States and sold to third parties. Such credit, which may be refundable or transferable to a third party, is available through 2032, subject to phase down beginning in 2030. For eligible components, the credit is equal to (i) $12 per square meter for a PV wafer, (ii) 4 cents multiplied by the capacity of a PV cell, and (iii) 7 cents multiplied by the capacity of a PV module. Such credit is expected to increase domestic manufacturing of solar modules and solar module components in the near term. For more information about certain risks associated with the benefits available to us under the IRA, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – We expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from our assumptions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.” For more information about pending and ongoing developments related to the IRA, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Results- Certain Trends and Uncertainties.”

•Investment Tax Credit. At the federal level, investment tax credits for business and residential solar systems have gone through several cycles of Operations.”

Customers

During 2017, we soldenactment and expiration since the majority1980s. The current federal energy investment tax credit (“ITC”) for solar energy property requires projects to meet certain wage and apprenticeship requirements and to have commenced construction by a certain date, which may be achieved by certain qualifying procurement activities. In 2020, the U.S. Congress extended the 26% ITC through 2022 as part of ourits COVID-19 relief efforts, and such credit was scheduled to step down to 22% for projects that commence construction in 2023. However, during 2022, the U.S. Congress reinstated the 30% ITC through 2032 as part of the IRA discussed above. Such credit is currently scheduled to step down to 26% for projects that commence construction in 2033, 22% for projects that commence construction in 2034, and will expire thereafter. The ITC has been an important economic driver of solar modules (not included in our systems projects) to integratorsinstallations and operators of systemsqualifying procurement activities in the United States, India, and Turkey, and such third-party module sales represented approximately 27% of our total net sales. During 2017, Zorlu Enerji and RCR O’Donnell Griffin Pty, Ltd each accounted for more than 10% of our modules business net sales.

We continueits extension is expected to invest in key geographic markets, particularly in areas with abundant solar resources and sizable electricity demand, and additional customer relationshipscontribute to diversify our customer base. We also collaborate with strategic partners in community solar solutions, which address the residential and small business sectors to provide a broad range of customers with access to competitively priced solar energy regardlessgreater long-term demand. The positive impact of the suitabilityITC depends on the availability of their rooftops. Community solar utilizes relatively small ground-mounted installations that provide clean energy to utilities, which then offer consumerstax equity for project financing or the ability to buy into a specific community installation and benefit fromtransfer the solar power generated by that resource. The demand for such offerings continuesITC to build as states across the country are beginning to enact community solar policies, and utilities are looking to diversify their energy generation portfolio in order to meet customer demand for affordable, clean energy. We also collaborate with providers of Community Choice Aggregation programs, which allow cities and counties to purchase power on behalf of residents and businesses to provide clean energy options at competitive prices. Our expertise in utility-scale generation and module technology, paired with community solar and/or Community Choice Aggregation, allows residential power consumers to “go solar,” including those who live in apartment buildings or whose home rooftops cannot accommodate solar panels.other taxpayers.




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•R&D grants. In July 2022, the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies Office announced the 2022 Solar Manufacturing Incubator Funding Opportunity, which provides up to $27 million for qualifying solar R&D projects, particularly those related to CdTe. These grants are intended to accelerate and expand domestic solar R&D to strengthen U.S. solar manufacturing and contribute to renewable energy targets. Award recipients are expected to be announced in early 2023.
Competition

The•Renewable portfolio standards. Many states have enacted legislation adopting Renewable Portfolio Standard (“RPS”) mechanisms. Under an RPS, regulated utilities and other load serving entities are required to procure a specified percentage of their total retail electricity sales to end-user customers from eligible renewable resources, such as solar energy generation facilities, by a specified date. For example, California’s RPS program, which is one of the most significant in the United States in terms of the volume of renewable electricity required to meet its RPS mandate, currently requires utilities and other obligated load serving entities to procure 60% of their total retail electricity demand from eligible renewable resources by 2030 and 100% of such electricity demand from carbon-free resources by 2045. Some programs may further require that a specified portion of the total percentage of renewable energy sectorsmust come from solar generation facilities or other technologies. RPS mechanisms and other legislation vary significantly from state to state, particularly with respect to the percentage of renewable energy required to achieve the state’s RPS, the definition of eligible renewable energy resources, and the extent to which renewable energy credits qualify for RPS compliance.

India. In India, incentives at both the federal and state levels have contributed to growth in domestic PV solar module manufacturing and solar energy installations. Such incentives include the following:

•Production Linked Incentive. In September 2022, the Indian government announced an expansion of the Production Linked Incentive (“PLI”) scheme to INR 195 billion ($2.6 billion), which is intended to promote the manufacturing of high efficiency solar modules in India and to reduce India’s dependency on foreign imports of solar modules. Under the PLI scheme, manufacturers are highlyselected through a competitive bid process and continually evolving as participants in these sectors strivereceive certain cash incentives over a five-year period following the commissioning of their manufacturing facilities. Among other things, such incentives are based on the efficiency and temperature coefficient of the modules produced, the proportion of raw materials sourced from the domestic market, the extent to distinguish themselveswhich the manufacturer’s operations are fully integrated within their marketsIndia, and compete within the larger electric power industry. We face intense competition for salesquantity of modules sold from such manufacturing operations.

•Import duty tariffs. In April 2022, the Indian government began imposing import duty tariffs of 40% on solar modules and 25% on solar cells. In connection with such tariffs, the Indian government has also implemented a regulation mandating that any solar project with federal utility, state utility, or commercial and industrial off-takers that interconnects through government owned transmission lines only use solar modules from an approved list of module manufacturers, and a requirement that all federal procurement of solar modules be only from cells and modules produced domestically.

•Green hydrogen targets. In January 2023, the Indian government announced its National Green Hydrogen Mission (“NGHM”), which has resulted inis intended to make India a hub for the production and may continueexport of green hydrogen and to contribute to the broader energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. The NGHM provides for an initial outlay of approximately $225 million for pilot projects and R&D, which, among other program investments, is expected to result in reduced average selling prices5 million metric tons of annual green hydrogen production capacity and loss125 GWAC of market share. With respect to our modules business, our primary sourcesincremental renewable energy capacity, among other initiatives, by 2030. The Ministry of competition are crystalline silicon solar module manufacturers, as well asNew and Renewable Energy (“MNRE”) will be responsible for overall coordination and implementation of the NGHM, including formulating programs for financial incentives, and other thin film solar module manufacturers.central and state government agencies will be responsible for implementing various policies, regulations, and compliance standards.

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Europe. In addition, we expect to competeEurope, renewable energy targets, in conjunction with future entrants into thetenders for utility-scale PV solar industry that offer new technological solutions. We also face competition from semiconductor manufacturers and semiconductor equipment manufacturers or their customers that produceother support measures, have contributed to growth in PV solar cells,markets. Renewable energy targets prescribe how much energy consumption must come from renewable sources, while incentive policies and competitive tender policies are intended to support new supply development by providing certainty to investors. Such targets and policies include the following:

•REPowerEU plan. In May 2022, the European Commission set forth its REPowerEU plan, which aims to reduce dependence on Russian fossil fuels by 2027. The REPowerEU plan supports the EU’s rapid deployment of renewable energy sources, including solar energy, as a means to establish greater energy independence. Such plan sets forth targets for all EU member states, which includes an EU energy mix with a 45% share of energy from renewable sources by 2030. Solar targets for the same period include 300 GWAC installed by 2025 and 600 GWAC by 2030. The REPowerEU plan also aims to facilitate solar deployment through easier access to land and a framework to expedite permitting at national and local levels.

•Renewable energy tenders. Certain markets in Europe, such as France, have adopted regulations for public tenders of renewable energy to prioritize PV solar power systems that utilize solar modules or turn-key production lines. We also compete with companiesproduced in low-carbon manufacturing processes. Such regulations require developers to provide information about the carbon footprint of PV solar modules used in their utility-scale projects and precludes the use of module technology that currently offer or are developing otherdoes not meet certain minimum carbon footprint thresholds.

Various proposed and contemplated environmental and tax policies may create regulatory uncertainty in the renewable energy technologies (including wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, and tidal technologies), as well as traditional energy generation sources.

Certain of our existing or future competitors may have direct or indirect access to sovereign capital, which could enable such competitors to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time. Among PV solar module manufacturers, the principal methods of competition include sales price per watt, conversion efficiency, energy yield, reliability, warranty terms, and customer payment terms. If competitors reduce module pricing to levels near or below their manufacturing costs, or are able to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time, our results of operations could be adversely affected. We believesector, including the solar industryenergy sector, and may from timelead to time experience periodsa reduction or removal of structural imbalance between supplyvarious clean energy programs and demand (i.e., where production capacity exceeds global demand), and that such periods will put pressure on pricing, which could adversely affect our results of operations.initiatives designed to curtail climate change. For additionalmore information about the risks associated with these potential government actions, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – CompetitionThe reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for on-grid solar electricity applications, or the impact of other public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales or increase our costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.”

Modules Business

Our primary segment is our modules business, which involves the design, manufacture, and sale of CdTe solar markets globallymodules, which convert sunlight into electricity. Since the inception of First Solar, our modules have used our advanced thin film semiconductor technology. Each of our currently produced Series 6 and acrossSeries 6 Plus modules is a glass laminate approximately 4ft x 6ft in size that encapsulates thin film semiconductor materials. Our Series 7 modules, which we began producing in early 2023 at our newest manufacturing facility in the solar value chain is intense,U.S. and could remain that way for an extended periodexpect to begin producing in India in the second half of time. An increased global supply of PV modules has caused and may continue2023, are expected to cause structural imbalances in which global PV module supply exceeds demand, which could have a material adverse effect onlarger form factor of approximately 4ft x 7ft in size. At the end of 2022, our business, financial condition, and resultsmodules had an average power output of operations.”467 watts.


Raw Materials


Our CdTe module manufacturing process uses approximately 30 types of raw materials and components to construct a solar module. One critical raw material in our production process is CdTe. Of the other raw materials and components, the following are also critical to our manufacturing process:module, including CdTe, front glass coated with transparent conductive oxide, other semiconductor materials, organics such as photo resist, tempered back glass, frames, packaging components such as interlayer, cord plate/cord plate cap, lead wire, and solar connectors. Before we use these materials and components in our manufacturing process, a supplier must undergo a rigorous qualification process. Weprocedures, and we continually evaluate new suppliers as part of our cost reduction roadmap and currently are qualifying new suppliers and materials.expansion activities. When possible, we attempt to use suppliers that can provide a raw material supply source that is near our manufacturing locations, reducing the cost and lead times for such materials. For more information about the risks associated with our supply chain, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Several of our key raw materials and components are either single-sourced or sourced from a limited number of suppliers.

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suppliers, and their failure to perform could cause manufacturing delays and impair our ability to deliver solar modules to customers in the required quality and quantities and at a price that is profitable to us.”

Customers

Our customers include developers and operators of systems, utilities, independent power producers, commercial and industrial companies, and other system owners. During 2022, our third-party module sales represented approximately 93% of our total net sales, and we sold the majority of our solar modules to developers and operators of systems in the United States. During 2022, Intersect Power, Lightsource BP, and NextEra Energy each accounted for more than 10% of our modules business net sales. For more information about risks related to our customers, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – The loss of any of our large customers, or the inability of our customers and counterparties to perform under their contracts with us, could significantly reduce our net sales and negatively impact our results of operations.

We continue to focus on certain key geographic markets, particularly in areas with abundant solar resources and sizable electricity demand, and additional customer relationships to diversify our customer base. The wholesale commercial and industrial market continues to represent a promising opportunity for the widespread adoption of PV solar technology as corporations undertake certain sustainability commitments. The demand for corporate renewables continues to accelerate, with corporations worldwide committing to the RE100 campaign. We believe we also have a competitive advantage in the commercial and industrial market due to many customers’ sensitivity to the sustainability, experience, and financial stability of their suppliers and geographically diverse operating locations. With our sustainability advantage, financial strength, and global footprint, we are well positioned to meet these needs.

Additionally, the increase of utility-owned generation has expanded the number of potential buyers of our modules as such utility customers benefit from a potentially low cost of capital available through rate-based utility investments. Given their long-term ownership profile, utility-owned generation customers typically seek to partner with stable companies that can provide low-cost alternatives to or replacements for aging fossil fuel-based generation resources, including reliable PV solar technology, thereby mitigating their long-term ownership risks.

Competition

The solar energy and renewable energy sectors are highly competitive and continually evolving as participants in these sectors strive to distinguish themselves within their markets and compete within the larger electric power industry. Among PV solar module manufacturers, the principal method of competition is sales price per watt, which may be influenced by several module value attributes, including wattage (through a larger form factor or an improved conversion efficiency), energy yield, degradation, sustainability, and reliability. Sales price per watt may also be influenced by warranty terms and customer payment terms. We face intense competition for sales of solar modules, which may result in reduced selling prices and loss of market share. Our primary source of competition is crystalline silicon module manufacturers, the majority of which are linked to China. Allegations of forced labor in the Chinese solar supply chain have emerged in recent years, which means we also compete on our approach to responsible sourcing and supply chain due diligence. Our differentiated technology, integrated manufacturing process, and tightly controlled supply chain helps limit the risks associated with outsourcing and the multiple supply tiers of conventional crystalline silicon module manufacturing.

We also expect to compete with future entrants into the PV solar industry and existing market participants that offer new or differentiated technological solutions. For additional information, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Our failure to further refine our technology and develop and introduce improved PV products, including as a result of delays in implementing planned advancements, could render our solar modules uncompetitive and reduce our net sales, profitability, and/or market share.”

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Certain of our existing or future competitors, including many linked to China, may have direct or indirect access to sovereign capital or other forms of state support, which could enable such competitors to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time. Our results of operations could be adversely affected if competitors reduce module pricing to levels below their costs, bid aggressively low prices for module sale agreements, or are able to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time. We believe the solar industry may experience periods of structural imbalance between supply and demand, which could lead to periods of pricing volatility. For additional information, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Competition in solar markets globally and across the solar value chain is intense and could remain that way for an extended period of time. The solar industry may experience periods of structural imbalance between global PV module supply and demand that result in periods of pricing volatility, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.”

Solar Module Warranties

We provide a limited PV solar module warranty covering defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service conditions for up to 12.5 years. We also typically warrant that modules installed in accordance with agreed-upon specifications will produce at least 98% of their labeled power output rating during the first year, with the warranty coverage reducing by a degradation factor every year thereafter throughout the limited power output warranty period of up to 30 years. Among other things, our solar module warranty also covers the resulting power output loss from cell cracking. For additional information on our solar module warranty programs, refer to Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Problems with product quality or performance may cause us to incur significant and/or unexpected contractual damages and/or warranty and related expenses, damage our market reputation, and prevent us from maintaining or increasing our market share.”

Solar Module Collection and Recycling Program


We are committed to extended producer responsibility and take into accountmitigating the environmental impact of our products over their entire life cycle. As part of such efforts, we offer recycling services to help module owners meet their end-of-life (“EOL”) obligations. In 2005, we voluntarily established the solar industry’s first global and comprehensive module collection and recycling program.program, and in 2013 we implemented a “pay-as-you-go” recycling service. We continue to invest in module recycling technology improvements to increase recycling efficiency and reduce recycling prices for our customers. Our module recycling process is designed to enablemaximize the recovery of valuable materials, including the glass and encapsulated semiconductor material, for use in new modules or other products and minimizesenhances the environmental impacts associated withsustainability profile of our modules at the end of their useful lives.modules. Approximately 90% of each collected First Solar module can be recycled into materials for reuse. We currently operate recycling facilities at our manufacturing sites in the United States, Malaysia, and Vietnam and at our former manufacturing facility in Germany.

For certain legacy customer sales contracts that include moduleswere covered under thisthe 2005 module collection and recycling program, which has since been discontinued, we agreeagreed to pay the costs for the collection and recycling of qualifying solar modules, and the end-users agreeend users agreed to notify us, disassemble their solar power systems, package the solar modules for shipment, and revert ownership rights over the modules back to us at the end of the modules’ service lives. We currently have recycling facilities operating at each of our manufacturing facilities in the United States and Malaysia and at our former manufacturing facility location in Germany.




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The EU’s Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment (“WEEE”) directive places the obligation of recycling (including collection, treatment, and environmentally sound disposal) of electrical and electronic equipment products upon producers, and such directive is applicable to PV solar modules in EU member states. For modules covered under our program that were previously sold into and installed in the EU, we continue to maintain a commitment to cover the estimated collection and recycling costs consistent with our historical program. Additionally, asThe EU’s Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (“WEEE”) Directive places the obligation of recycling (including collection, treatment, and environmentally sound disposal) of electrical and electronic equipment products upon producers and is applicable to all PV solar modules in EU member states. As a result of the transposition of the WEEE directiveDirective by the EU member states, we have adjusted our recycling offerings, as required, in various EU member states to ensure compliance with specific EU member state WEEE regulations.

Solar Module Warranties

We provide a limited PV solar module warranty covering defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service conditions for approximately 10 years. We also typically warrant that modules installed in accordance with agreed-upon specifications will produce at least 98% of their labeled power output rating during the first year, with the warranty coverage reducing by 0.5% every year thereafter throughout the approximate 25-year performance warranty period. As an alternative form of our standard limited module power output warranty, we also offer an aggregated or system-level limited module performance warranty. This system-level limited module performance warranty is designed for utility-scale systems and provides 25-year system-level energy degradation protection. For additional information on our solar module warranty programs, refer to Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Problems with product quality or performance, including our Series 4 modules and Series 6 modules, may cause us to incur significant and/or unexpected warranty and related expenses, damage our market reputation, and prevent us from maintaining or increasing our market share.”

Systems Business

Project Development

Project development activities generally include (i) site selection and securing rights to acquire or use the site, (ii) obtaining the requisite interconnection and transmission studies, (iii) executing an interconnection agreement, (iv) obtaining environmental and land-use permits, (v) maintaining effective site control, and (vi) entering into a PPA with an off-taker of the power to be generated by the project. The sequence of such development activities varies by international location and, in certain locations, may begin by initially bidding for PPA or off-take agreements. These activities culminate in receiving the right to construct and operate a PV solar power system. Depending on the market opportunity or geographic location, we may acquire projects in various stages of development or acquire project companies from developers in order to complete the development process, construct a system incorporating our modules, and sell the system to a long-term owner. We may also collaborate with local partners in connection with these project development activities. Depending on the type of project or geographic location, PPAs or FiT structures define the price and terms the utility or customer will pay for power produced from the project. Depending primarily on the location, stage of development upon our acquisition of the project, and/or other site attributes, the development cycle typically ranges from one to two years but can be as long as five years. We may be required to incur significant costs for preliminary engineering, permitting, legal, and other expenses before we can determine whether a project is feasible, economically attractive, or capable of being built. If there is a delay in obtaining any required regulatory approvals, we may be forced to incur additional costs or impair our project assets, and the termination rights of the off-taker under the PPA may be triggered.

EPC Services

EPC services include engineering design and related services, BoS procurement, advanced development of grid integration solutions, and construction contracting and management. We provide the majority of our EPC services to our self-developed projects intended to be sold; however, we may also provide EPC services to other system owners such as utilities, independent power producers, and commercial and industrial companies. Depending on the customer and market need, we may provide our full EPC services or any combination of individual products and services within our EPC capabilities.




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We conduct performance testing of a system prior to substantial completion to confirm the system meets its operational and capacity expectations noted in the EPC agreement. For PV solar power systems we construct, we typically provide limited warranties for defects in engineering design, installation, and BoS part workmanship for a period of one to two years following the substantial completion of a system or a block within the system. We may also provide an energy performance test during the first or second year of a system’s operation to demonstrate that the actual energy generation for the applicable year meets or exceeds the modeled energy expectation, after certain adjustments, such as irradiance, weather, module degradation, soiling, curtailment, and other conditions that may affect a system’s energy output but are unrelated to quality, design, or construction.

O&M Services

Our typical O&M service arrangements involve the performance of standard activities associated with operating and maintaining a PV solar power system. We perform such activities pursuant to the scope of services outlined in the underlying contract. These activities are considered necessary to optimize system performance and comply with PPAs, other agreements, and regulations. Although the scope of our services may vary by contract, our O&M service arrangements generally include 24/7 system monitoring, certain PPA and other agreement compliance, NERC compliance, large generator interconnection agreement compliance, energy forecasting, performance engineering analysis, regular performance reporting, turn-key maintenance services including spare parts and corrective maintenance repair, warranty management, and environmental services. As part of our O&M services, we also typically provide an effective availability guarantee, which stipulates that a system will be available to generate a certain percentage of total possible energy during a specific period after adjusting for factors outside of our control as the service provider, such as weather, curtailment, outages, force majeure, and other conditions that may affect system availability.

Customers

Our systems customers consist of utilities, independent power producers, commercial and industrial companies, and other system owners, such as investors who are looking for long-term investment vehicles that are expected to generate consistent returns. Such customers may purchase completed systems, which include our solar modules, or any combination of development, EPC services, and/or O&M services. During 2017, the substantial majority of our systems business sales were in North America, and the principal customer of our systems business was Capital Dynamics, Inc. (“Capital Dynamics”), who accounted for more than 10% of our systems business net sales.

In certain markets, the emergence of utility-owned generation has increased the number of potential project buyers as such utility customers benefit from a potentially low cost of capital available through rate-basing utility investments. Given their long-term ownership profile, utility-owned generation customers typically seek to partner with vertically-integrated companies, such as First Solar, who can provide a broad spectrum of utility-scale generation solutions, including reliable PV solar technology, project development and construction, and O&M services, thereby mitigating their long-term ownership risks. The wholesale commercial and industrial market also represents a promising opportunity given our utility-scale PV solar power system expertise. The demand for corporate renewables is accelerating, with corporations worldwide committing to the RE100 campaign, a collaborative, global initiative of influential businesses committed to 100% renewable electricity. We believe we also have a competitive advantage in the commercial and industrial market due to customers’ sensitivity to the bankability and financial viability of their suppliers and geographically diverse operating locations. With our strong development experience, financial strength, and global footprint, we are well positioned to meet their needs. For example, we recently completed the sale of our California Flats project in Monterey County, California, from which Apple Inc. will purchase electricity from 130 MWAC of the project under a 25-year PPA.

Competition

With respect to our systems business, we face competition from other providers of renewable energy solutions, including developers of PV solar power systems and developers of other forms of renewable energy projects, such as wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, and tidal projects. To the extent other solar module manufacturers become more



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vertically integrated, we expect to face increased competition from such companies as well. We also face competition from other EPC companies and joint venture type arrangements between EPC companies and solar companies. Certain current or potential future competitors may have a low cost of capital and/or access to foreign capital. The decline in module prices over the last several years has increased interest in solar energy worldwide, and there are limited barriers to entry in certain parts of the PV solar value chain, depending on the geographic market. Accordingly, competition at the system level can be intense, thereby exerting downward pressure on system-level average selling prices industry-wide. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Competition at the system level can be intense, thereby potentially exerting downward pressure on system-level profit margins industry-wide, which could reduce our profitability and adversely affect our results of operations.”

Research, Development, and Engineering

Our systems related R&D activities are primarily focused on the objective of lowering the LCOE of a PV solar power system through reductions in BoS costs, improved system design, and energy yield enhancements associated with systems that use our modules. Such R&D efforts are also focused on continuing to improve our systems in terms of grid integration and reliability. We conduct our R&D activities for systems primarily in the United States. Innovations related to system design, inverters and power converters, hardware platforms and installation techniques, and know-how, among other things, can and are expected in the future to continue to reduce BoS costs, which can represent a significant portion of the costs associated with the construction of a typical utility-scale PV solar power system. For information regarding our research and development expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Results of Operations.”

Own and Operate

From time to time, we may temporarily own and operate, or retain interests in, certain of our systems for a period of time based on strategic opportunities or market factors. The ability to do so provides certain potential benefits, including greater control over the sales process and offering a lower risk profile to project buyers. As of December 31, 2017, we owned and operated a number of systems in various geographic markets, including Chile, India, the United States, and the Asia-Pacific region. As an owner and operator of certain U.S. systems, we may be subject to the authority of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”), as well as various other local, state, and federal regulatory bodies. For more information about risks related to owning and operating such systems, please see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – As an owner and operator of PV solar power systems that deliver electricity to the grid, certain of our affiliated entities may be regulated as public utilities under U.S. federal and state law, which could adversely affect the cost of doing business and limit our growth.” For more information about the economics of such ownership and the impacts on our liquidity see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Intellectual Property


Our success depends, in part, on our ability to maintain and protect our proprietary technology and to conduct our business without infringing on the proprietary rights of others. We rely primarily on a combination of patents, trademarks, and trade secrets, as well as associate and third-party confidentiality agreements, to safeguard our intellectual property. We regularly file patent applications to protect inventions arising from our R&D activities and are currently pursuing patent applications in the United States and other countries. Our patent applications and any future patent applications mightmay not result in a patent being issued with the scope of the claims we seek, or at all, and any patents we may receive may be challenged, invalidated, or declared unenforceable. In addition, we have registered and/or have applied to register trademarks and service marks in the United States and a number of foreign countries for “First Solar.”


With respect to proprietary know-how that is not patentable and processes for which patents are difficult to enforce, we rely on, among other things, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to safeguard our interests. We believe that many elements of our PV solar module manufacturing processes, including our unique materials sourcing,



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involve proprietary know-how, technology, or data that are not covered by patents or patent applications, including technical processes, equipment designs, algorithms, and procedures. We have taken security measures to protect these elements. Our R&D personnel have entered into confidentiality and proprietary information agreements with us. These agreements address intellectual property protection issues and require our associates, to the extent permitted by law, to assign to us all of the inventions, designs, and technologies they develop during the course of their employment with us.us that are directed towards our actual or anticipated business. We also require our customers and business partners to enter into confidentiality agreements before we disclose sensitive aspects of our modules, technology, or business plans.


We have not been subject to any material intellectual property infringement or misappropriation claims.

Regulatory, Environmental, Health, and Safety Matters


Our operations include the use, handling, storage, transportation, generation, and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. We are subject to various federal, state, local, and international laws and regulations, and are often subject to oversight and regulation in accordance with national and local ordinances relating to building codes, safety, and other matters. The impact of these laws and requirements may increase our overall costs and may delay, prevent, or increase the cost of manufacturing PV modules. As we operate in the U.S. and internationally, we are also subject to the application of U.S. trade laws and trade laws of other countries. Such tariffs and policies, or any other U.S. or global trade remedies or other trade barriers that apply to us given our global operations, may directly or indirectly affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Existing regulations and policies, changes thereto, and new regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory, and economic barriers to the purchase and use of PV solar products, which may significantly reduce demand for our modules.”

We are also subject to the application of various anti-bribery laws, some of which prohibit improper payments to government and non-government persons and entities, and others (e.g., the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”) and the U.K. Bribery Act) that extend their application to activities outside their country of origin. From time to time, we may compete against companies for contracts in China, India, South America, and the Middle East, which require substantial government contact and where norms can differ from U.S. standards, and not all competitors are subject to compliance with the same anti-bribery laws. See Item 1A. Risk Factors – “We could be adversely affected by any violations of the FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act, and other foreign anti-bribery laws.”

We are also subject to various federal, state, local, and international laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, including those governing the discharge of pollutants into the air and water; the use, management, and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes; occupational health and safety; and the cleanup of contaminated sites. Our operations include the use, handling, storage, transportation, generation, and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Therefore, we could incur substantial costs, including cleanup costs, fines, and civil or criminal sanctions and costs arising from third-party property damage or personal injury claims as a result of violations of, or liabilities under, environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations or non-compliance with environmental permits required for our operations. We believe we are currently in substantial compliance with applicable environmental and occupational health and safety requirements and do not expect to
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incur material expenditures for environmental and occupational health and safety controls in the foreseeable future. However, future developments such as the implementation of new, more stringent laws and regulations, more aggressive enforcement policies, or the discovery of unknown environmental conditions may require expenditures that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Environmental obligations and liabilities could have a substantial negative impact on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.operations.”


From time to time, we may also be subject to government policies or laws intended to protect human rights. For example, in late 2021 the U.S. President signed the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act, which bans the import of goods from China’s Xinjiang region into the United States due to concerns about forced labor practices in the region, which provides approximately half of the world’s polysilicon supply. While we do not use polysilicon in our solar modules, which mitigates the potential supply chain disruptions and human rights risks associated with such import ban, the implementation of similar restrictions or trade embargoes on the purchase of certain materials or equipment necessary to sustain our manufacturing operations may require expenditures and process changes to ensure our supply chain remains free of such materials, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. We are committed to protecting human rights, enforcing fair labor practices, and addressing the potential risks of forced labor across our own operations and the operations of our suppliers.
Corporate History

We were incorporated in Delaware in February 2006. Our common stock has been listed on The NASDAQ Global Select Market (“NASDAQ”) under the symbol FSLR since our initial public offering in November 2006.Human Capital

Associates


As of December 31, 2017,2022, we had approximately 4,1005,500 associates (our term for full and part-time employees), including approximately 2,9004,700 in our modules business and approximately 400 associates that work directlyprimarily in our systems business.the United States, Malaysia, and Vietnam. The remainder of our associates are in R&D, sales and marketing, and general and administrative positions.

Our company’s success depends, to a significant extent, on our ability to attract, train, and retain management, operations, sales, and technical talent, including associates in foreign jurisdictions. We strive to attract, hire, and retain qualified individuals globally to further our mission of providing cost-advantaged solar technology through rigorous safety practices, innovation, customer engagement, industry leadership, and operational excellence. We take a consciously inclusive approach to our hiring practices, which we monitor through a review of applicant and new-hire metrics on a quarterly basis. We prohibit discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin, veteran status, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity. As part of our global talent management process, we engage in succession planning by prioritizing the development and retention of associates in critical roles.

We follow a pay-for-performance model in which associates are compensated for achieving goals and associated metrics and demonstrating First Solar values. We review associate compensation on a regular basis to ensure internal and external equity, including, among other things, minimum wage and living wage assessments across our global operations. We offer competitive compensation and benefits to our associates, including, for example, health care and other insurance benefits, retirement programs, paid time off, paid parental leave, flexible work schedules, and education assistance, depending on eligibility.

We are committed to developing and providing career growth opportunities for our associates. We believe a strong culture of inclusiveness is essential to the success of our company. We gather and respond to associate feedback in a variety of ways, including through anonymous, periodic associate engagement and inclusion surveys, pulse surveys, and one-on-one interactions. Additionally, we support career advancement, mentorship, and leadership development programs to ensure the professional growth of our diverse talent.

None of our associates are currently represented by labor unions or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. As we continue to expand domestically and internationally, we may encounter either regional laws that mandate union representation or associates who desire union representation or a collective bargaining agreement. We believerecognize that our relations with our associates are good.

Information about Geographic Areas

We have significant manufacturing, development, construction, sales, and marketing operations both within and outside the United States. We manufacture our solar modules at our manufacturing facilities in Perrysburg, Ohio and Kulim, Malaysia and plan to also utilize our manufacturing facility in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

As part of our long-term strategic plans, we conduct business in various countries across the world, including the United States, countries in the Asia-Pacific region, India, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. As a result, we are subject to the legal, tax, political, social, regulatory, and economic conditions of an increasing number of foreign jurisdictions. During 2017, the foreign countries with the greatest concentration of customer risk were India and Turkey which


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accounted for a total of 9% of our consolidated net sales. The international nature of our operations also subjects us to a number of risks, including fluctuations in exchange rates, adverse changes in foreign laws or regulatory requirements, and tariffs, taxes, and other trade restrictions. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Our substantial international operations subject us to a number of risks, including unfavorable political, regulatory, labor, and tax conditions in the United States and/locations where we operate, employees have the right to freely associate or foreign countries” and “We may be unablenot associate with third-party labor organizations, along with the right to fully execute on our long-term strategic plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition,bargain or results of operations.” See Note 22.“Segment and Geographical Information”not to our consolidated financial statements includedbargain collectively in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information about our net sales and long-lived assets by geographic region.accordance with local laws.


Available Information


We maintain a website at www.firstsolar.com. We make available free of charge on our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish them to, the SEC. The information contained in or connected to our website is not incorporated by reference into this report. We use our website as one means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under the SEC’s Regulation FD. Such disclosures are typically included within the Investor Relations section of our website at investor.firstsolar.com. Accordingly, investors should monitor such portions of our website in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, and public conference calls and webcasts. The public may also read and copy any materials that we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports and other information regarding issuers, such as First Solar, that file electronically with the SEC.


Information about Our Executive Officers of the Registrant


Our executive officers and their ages and positions as of February 22, 201828, 2023 were as follows:
NameAgePosition
Mark R. Widmar5257Chief Executive Officer
Alexander R. Bradley3641Chief Financial Officer
Georges Antoun5560Chief Commercial Officer
Philip Tymen deJongMichael Koralewski5851Chief OperationsSupply Chain Officer
Raffi GarabedianKuntal Kumar Verma5150Chief Manufacturing Officer
Patrick Buehler45Chief Product Officer
Markus Gloeckler49Chief Technology Officer
Paul KaletaCaroline Stockdale6259Executive Vice President, Chief People and Communications Officer
Jason Dymbort45General Counsel and Secretary
Christopher R. Bueter54Executive Vice President, Human Resources


Mark R. Widmar was appointed Chief Executive Officer in July 2016. He joined First Solar in April 2011 as Chief Financial Officer and also served as First Solar’s Chief Accounting Officer from February 2012 through June 2015. From March 2015 to June 2016, Mr. Widmar also servesserved as the Chief Financial Officer and through June 2018, served as a director on the board of the general partner of 8point3 Energy Partners LP (“8point3”), the joint yieldco formed by First Solar and SunPower Corporation in 2015 to own and operate a portfolio of selected solar generation assets. From March 2015 to June 2016, Mr. Widmar served as the Chief Financial Officer of the general partner of 8point3 Energy Partners LP. Prior to joining First Solar, Mr. Widmar served as Chief Financial Officer of GrafTech International Ltd., a leading global manufacturer of advanced carbon and graphite materials, from May 2006 through March 2011. Prior to joining GrafTech, Mr. Widmar served as Corporate Controller of NCR Inc. from 2005 to 2006, and was a Business Unit Chief Financial Officer for NCR from November 2002 to his appointment as Controller. He also served as a Division Controller at Dell, Inc. from August 2000 to November 2002 prior to joining NCR.2002. Mr. Widmar also held various financial and managerial positions with Lucent Technologies Inc., Allied Signal, Inc., and Bristol Myers/Squibb, Inc. He began his career in 1987 as an accountant with Ernst & Young. Mr. Widmar holds a Bachelor of Science in Business Accountingbusiness accounting and a MastersMaster of Business Administration from Indiana University.




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Alexander R. Bradley was appointed interim Chief Financial Officer in July 2016 and confirmed as Chief Financial Officer in October 2016. Mr. BradleyHe joined First Solar in May 2008, and previously served as Vice President of both Treasury and Project Finance, for First Solar. Mr. Bradley also serves as a director on the board of the general partner of 8point3 Energy Partners LP. From June 2015 to June 2016, Mr. Bradley served as a Vice President of Operations of the general partner of 8point3 Energy Partners LP. Mr. Bradley has ledleading or supportedsupporting the structuring, sale, and financing of over $10 billion and approximately 2.7 GWDC of the Company’s worldwide development assets, including several of the largest PV power plant projects in North America. From June 2016 to June 2018, Mr. Bradley’s professional experience includes more than 10 years in investment banking, mergersBradley also served as an officer and acquisitions, project finance, and business development inboard member of the United States and internationally.general partner of 8point3. Prior to joining the Company in May 2008,First Solar, Mr. Bradley worked at HSBC in investment banking and leveraged finance, in London and New York, covering the energy and utilities sector. He received his Master of Arts from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.


Georges Antoun was appointed Chief Commercial Officer in July 2016. He joined First Solar in July 2012 as Chief Operating Officer before being appointed as President, U.S. in July 2015. Mr. Antoun has over 2530 years of operational and technical experience, including leadership positions at several global technology companies. Prior to joining First Solar, Mr. Antoun served as Venture Partner at Technology Crossover Ventures (“TCV”), a private equity and venture firm that he joined in July 2011. Before joining TCV, Mr. Antoun was the Head of Product Area IP & Broadband Networks for Ericsson, based in San Jose, California. Mr. Antoun joined Ericsson in 2007, when Ericsson acquired Redback Networks, a telecommunications equipment company, where Mr. Antoun served as the Senior Vice President of World Wide Sales & Operations. After the acquisition, Mr. Antoun was promoted to Chief Executive Officer of the Redback Networks subsidiary. Prior to Redback Networks, Mr. Antoun spent five years at Cisco Systems, where he served as Vice President of Worldwide Systems Engineering and Field Marketing, Vice President of Worldwide Optical Operations, and Vice President of Carrier Sales. Prior to Cisco Systems, he was the Director of Systems Engineering at Newbridge Networks, a data and voice networking company. Mr. Antoun started his career at Nynex (now Verizon Communications), where he was part of its Science and Technology Division. Mr. Antoun also servedserves as a member of the board of directors of Ruckus Wireless, Inc. and Violin Memory, Inc., both publicly-traded companies.Marathon Digital Holdings. He is also the Chairman of the University of Louisiana’s College of Engineering Dean’s Advisory Council board. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineeringengineering from the University of Louisiana at Lafayette and a Master’s degree in Information Systems Engineeringinformation systems engineering from NYU Poly.


Philip Tymen deJongMichael Koralewski was appointed Chief OperatingSupply Chain Officer in July 2015.November 2022 and is accountable for maintaining executive oversight of First Solar’s strategic global supply chain. He previously served as First Solar’s Chief Manufacturing Operations Officer and provides over 25 years of global operational experience to the executive leadership team. Mr. deJong has comprehensive leadership responsibility for areas including manufacturing, EPC, quality and reliability, supply chain, and product management. Mr. deJongKoralewski joined First Solar in January 2010 as Vice President, Plant Management2006, serving in several senior roles in operations and served in severalquality management, including Senior Vice President, roles in manufacturing and operations prior to being appointed SeniorGlobal Manufacturing since 2015; Vice President, Manufacturing & EPC in January 2015.Global Site Operations and Plant Manager since 2011; and Vice President, Global Quality since 2009. In all of these roles Mr. Koralewski has been significantly involved since the beginning of First Solar’s manufacturing scaling and expansion from site selection through sustaining operations and supply chain development. Prior to joining First Solar, Mr. deJong was Vice President of Assembly/Test Manufacturing for Numonyx Corporation. Prior to that,Koralewski worked at Dana Incorporated where he worked for 25 years at Intel Corporation, holding variousheld several positions with global responsibility in engineering, manufacturing, wafer fabrication management,operations and assembly/test manufacturing. Mr. deJong holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Engineering/Mechanical Engineering from Oregon State University and has completed advanced study at the University of New Mexico Anderson School of Management.

Raffi Garabedian has been the Chief Technology Officer of First Solar since May 2012 and manages the Company’s technology, PV module, and power plant system products and roadmaps. Mr. Garabedian joined First Solar in June 2008 as Director of Disruptive Technologies. Prior to First Solar, Mr. Garabedian spent over 15 years in the MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) industry, developing new products ranging from automotive engine control sensors to fiber optic telecommunications switching systems.quality management. He was the founding CEO of Touchdown Technologies, Inc., which was acquired by Verigy, as well as Micromachines Inc., which was acquired by Kavlico. Mr. Garabedian is named on approximately 28 issued U.S. patents. Mr. Garabedian earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineeringchemical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteCase Western Reserve University and a Master of Science degreeBusiness Administration from Bowling Green State University.

Kuntal Kumar Verma was appointed Chief Manufacturing Officer in ElectricalNovember 2022 and previously served as First Solar’s Chief Manufacturing Engineering with a focus on semiconductorOfficer. He is responsible for First Solar’s global manufacturing operations and microsystemsengineering, including its performance and improvement roadmap, global technology from the University of California Davis.

Paul Kaletascaling, new plant start-ups, and strategic initiatives. Mr. Verma joined First Solar in March 2014 as Executive2002, serving in progressively more senior roles in engineering and manufacturing, including Vice President, & General Counsel. In February 2017, Mr. Kaleta was appointed as First Solar’s corporate secretary.Global Manufacturing Engineering since 2012. Prior to joining First Solar, Mr. Kaleta was Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Shared Services & Secretary,Verma held several engineering and Chief Compliance Officer for NV Energy, Inc., which



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was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway’s Energy Groupoperations positions at Reliance Industries Limited, India. He is a Master Black Belt in December 2013. Before that, he was Vice President and General Counsel for Koch Industries, Inc., one of the world’s largest privately held companiesSix Sigma/Lean Manufacturing with diverse businesses worldwide, including refining, petrochemicals, and commodity trading, among others. He also servedan expert certification in a number of legal and other leadership roles for Koch companies. Before joining Koch, he was Vice President and General Counsel of Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation (now part of National Grid). In private practice, Mr. Kaleta was an equity partner in the Washington D.C. law firm Swidler Berlin LLP and an associate in the Washington D.C. office of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP. He also served as a federal judicial clerk. Mr. Kaleta is the founding chair of the Southern Nevada Chapter of the “I Have a Dream Foundation” (now “Core Academy-powered by The Rogers Foundation”), a member of the board of directors of Advanced Energy Economy, a member of the client advisory council of Lex Mundi, and has taught both energy law and business ethics and leadership, as an adjunct professor, among other industry professional and community activities. Mr. Kaleta holds a juris doctor degree from Georgetown University Law CenterTaguchi Methods (Robust Engineering) and a bachelor’s degreeCertification in Production and Inventory Management from Hamilton College.

Christopher R. Bueter was appointed Executive Vice President, Human Resources in February 2016. Mr. Bueter joined First Solar in November 2009 as Global Director for Industrial RelationsAmerican Production and also served as Vice President, Human Resources Global Business Development and Corporate Services, Vice President, Global Human Resources and Labor Relations, and Senior Vice President, Human Resources. Prior to joining First Solar, Mr. Bueter served as the Vice President of Global Employee Relations at Dana Corporation, an American-based worldwide supplier of powertrain components. In his 24 years at Dana Corporation, he served in a variety of roles, including Corporate Director of Employee Relations and Distribution Services Division Human Resources Manager. Mr. Bueter holdsInventory Control Society. He earned a Bachelor of Science in human resources managementmechanical engineering from the National Institute of Technology in India, a Master of Science in industrial engineering from the University of Toledo, and a juris doctorMaster of Business Administration from Bowling Green State University.

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Patrick Buehler was appointed Chief Product Officer in December 2022, having previously served as Chief Quality and Reliability Officer. Mr. Buehler has over 20 years of operational and technical experience. In his role, Mr. Buehler is responsible for all aspects of product lifecycle management, including understanding market demands, technology trends, and competition to facilitate implementation of new or enhanced products. Mr. Buehler maintains global leadership responsibility for quality and reliability, environmental, health, safety, and security, recycling technology process development and operations, customer service, program management, and strategic initiatives. Mr. Buehler joined First Solar in 2006, serving in progressively more senior technical and operations roles, including Vice President, Quality and Reliability since 2019. Prior to joining First Solar, Mr. Buehler held several roles in manufacturing, engineering, maintenance, and product development at DuPont de Nemours, Inc. and Cummins, Inc. He earned a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Cincinnati and a Master of Science in mechanical engineering from Purdue University.

Markus Gloeckler was appointed Chief Technology Officer in November 2020 after being appointed Co-Chief Technology Officer in July 2020. He is focused on driving First Solar’s thin film PV module technology. Mr. Gloeckler has extensive experience guiding strategic research and development activities and served First Solar as Vice President and Chief Scientist before being promoted to Senior Vice President, Module Research and Development. He was instrumental in enabling First Solar’s achievement of various world records relating to conversion efficiency for CdTe solar cells. In his role as Vice President of Research, he led the thin film technology transfer from General Electric to First Solar following the intellectual property acquisition in 2013. He joined First Solar in 2005 in an engineering function supporting First Solar’s technology development after the initial launch of the Series 2 module. Mr. Gloeckler holds an undergraduate degree in microsystems engineering from the Regensburg University of Applied Sciences in Germany, and a Doctor of Philosophy in physics from Colorado State University.

Caroline Stockdale joined First Solar in October 2019 as Executive Vice President, Human Resources and Communications and was appointed Chief People and Communications Officer in October 2020. Prior to joining First Solar, she served as the Chief Executive Officer for First Perform, a provider of human resources services for a variety of customers, from Fortune 100 companies to cyber start-ups. Previously, she served as Chief Human Resources Officer for Medtronic from 2010 to 2013 and Warner Music Group from 2005 to 2009. Before joining Warner Music Group, she served as the senior human resources leader in global divisions of American Express from 2002 to 2005 and General Electric from 1997 to 2002. Ms. Stockdale is a member of the Forbes Human Resources Council. Ms. Stockdale holds a Bachelor of Arts in political theories and institutions, and philosophy, from the University of Sheffield, England.

Jason Dymbort joined First Solar in March 2008, serving in a broad range of legal roles before being appointed General Counsel and Secretary in July 2020. Between 2015 and 2018, Mr. Dymbort served as General Counsel and Secretary for the general partner of 8point3 Energy Partners, then a publicly-traded yieldco and affiliate of First Solar. Before joining First Solar, Mr. Dymbort was a corporate attorney at Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP. He holds a Juris Doctor degree from the University of ToledoPennsylvania Law School.School, where he was a member of the Penn Law Review, and a bachelor’s degree from Brandeis University.


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Item 1A. Risk Factors


An investment in our stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following information, together with the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before buying shares of our stock. If any of the following risks or uncertainties occur, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected and the trading price of our stock could decline.


Summary of Risk Factors

The following is a summary of the principal risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations and make an investment in our stock speculative or risky. You should read this summary together with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained below.

Risks Related to Our Markets and Customers


•Competition in solar markets globally and across the solar value chain is intense and could remain that way for an extended period of time. An increased global supply of PV modules has caused and may continue to cause structural imbalances in which global PV module supply exceeds demand, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In the aggregate, we believe manufacturers of solar cells and modules have significant installed production capacity, relative to global demand, and the ability for additional capacity expansion. For example, we estimate that in 2017, over 20 GW of capacity was added by solar module manufacturers, particularly but not exclusively in Asia. We believe theThe solar industry may from time to time experience periods of structural imbalance between global PV module supply and demand (i.e., where production capacity exceeds global demand), and that suchresult in periods will put pressure on pricing. During the past several years, industry average selling prices per watt have declined, at times significantly, both at the module and system levels, as competitors have reduced prices to sell inventories worldwide. There may be additional pressure on global demand and average selling prices in the future resulting from fluctuating demand in certain major solar markets such as China.of pricing volatility. If our competitors reduce module pricing to levels near or below their manufacturing costs, or are able to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time, or if global demand for PV modules does not grow sufficientlydecreases relative to justify the currentinstalled production supply,capacity, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.





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If PV solar and related technologies are not suitable for widespread adoption at economically attractive rates of return or if sufficient additional demand for solar modules, related technologies, and systems does not develop or takes longer to develop than we anticipate, our net sales and profit may flatten or decline and we may be unable to sustain profitability.

In comparison to traditional forms of energy generation, the solar energy market continues to be at a relatively early stage of development. If utility-scale PV solar technology proves unsuitable for widespread adoption at economically attractive rates of return or if additional demand for solar modules and systems fails to develop sufficiently or takes longer to develop than we anticipate, we may be unable to grow our business or generate sufficient net sales to sustain profitability. In addition, demand for solar modules, related technologies, and systems in our targeted markets may develop to a lesser extent than we anticipate. Many factors may affect the viability of widespread adoption of utility-scale PV solar technology in our targeted markets, as well as the demand for solar modules and systems generally, including the following:

cost-effectiveness of the electricity generated by PV solar power systems compared to conventional energy sources, such as natural gas (which fuel source may be subject to significant price fluctuations from time to time), and other non-solar renewable energy sources, such as wind, geothermal, and hydroelectric;

changes in tax, trade remedies, and other public policy, as well as in economic, market, and other conditions that affect the price of, and demand for, conventional energy resources, non-solar renewable energy resources (e.g., wind and hydroelectric), and energy efficiency programs and products, including increases or decreases in the prices of natural gas, coal, oil, and other fossil fuels and in the prices of competing renewable resources;

the extent of competition, barriers to entry, and overall conditions and timing relating to the development of solar in new and emerging market segments such as commercial and industrial customers, community solar, community choice aggregators, and microgrids, among other customer segments;

availability, substance, and magnitude of support programs including federal, state, and local government subsidies, incentives, targets, and renewable portfolio standards, among other policies and programs, to accelerate the development of the solar industry;

performance, reliability, and availability of energy generated by PV solar power systems compared to conventional and other non-solar renewable energy sources and products, particularly conventional energy generation capable of providing 24-hour, non-intermittent baseload power;

the development, functionality, scale, cost, and timing of storage solutions; and

changes in the amount and priorities of capital expenditures by end-users of solar modules and systems (e.g., utilities), which capital expenditures tend to decrease when the economy slows or when interest rates increase, thereby resulting in redirection away from solar generation to development of competing forms of electric generation and to distribution (e.g., smart grid), transmission, and energy efficiency measures.

•The reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for on-grid solar electricity applications, or other adverse public policies such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modulesmodules. The imposition of tariffs on our products could materially increase our costs to perform under our contracts with customers, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

•The loss of any of our large customers, or the inability of our customers and systems and limit our growth or leadcounterparties to a reduction in our net sales, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.

Although we believe that solar energy will experience widespread adoption in those applications where it competes economicallyperform under their contracts with traditional forms of energy without any support programs, in certain marketsus, could significantly reduce our net sales and profit remain subject to variability based on the availability and size of government subsidies and economic incentives. Federal, state, and local governmental bodies in many countries have provided subsidies in the form of FiTs, rebates,



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tax incentives, and other incentives to end-users, distributors, system integrators, and manufacturers of PV solar products. Many of these support programs expire, phase out over time, require renewal by the applicable authority, or may be amended. A summary of certain recent developments in the major government support programs that may impact our business appears under Item 1. “Business – Support Programs.” To the extent these support programs are reduced earlier than previously expected or are changed retroactively, such changes could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and systems, lead to a reduction in our net sales, and adversely impact our operating results. Another consideration in the U.S. market, and to a lesser extent in other global markets, is the effect of governmental land-use planning policies and environmental policies on utility-scale PV solar development. The adoption of restrictive land-use designations or environmental regulations that proscribe or restrict the siting of utility-scale solar facilities could adversely affect the marginal cost of such development.

In addition, policies of the U.S. presidential administration may create regulatory uncertainty in the renewable energy industry, including the solar industry, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. Members of the U.S. presidential administration, including representatives of the U.S. Department of Energy, have made public statements that indicate that the administration may not be supportive of various clean energy programs and initiatives designed to curtail climate change. For example, in June 2017, the U.S. President announced that the U.S. would withdraw from participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation. In addition, the administration has indicated that it may be supportive of overturning or modifying policies of or regulations enacted by the prior administration that placed limitations on gas and coal electricity generation, mining, and/or exploration. Additionally, in October 2017, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, proposing to repeal the previous U.S. presidential administration’s Clean Power Plan, which establishes standards to limit carbon dioxide emissions from existing power generation facilities. If the current U.S. administration and/or the U.S. Congress takes action, or continues to publicly speak out about the need to take action, in furtherance of any such policies, we would be subject to significant risks, including the following:

a reduction or removal of clean energy programs and initiatives and the incentives they provide may diminish the market for future solar energy off-take agreements and reduce the ability for solar developers to compete for future solar energy off-take agreements, which may reduce incentives for project developers to develop solar projects and purchase PV solar modules;

any limitations on the value or availability to potential investors of tax incentives that benefit solar energy projects such as the ITC and accelerated depreciation deductions could result in such investors generating reduced revenues and economic returns and facing a reduction in the availability of affordable financing, thereby reducing demand for PV solar modules. The ITC is a U.S. federal incentive that provides an income tax credit to the owner of the project after the project is placed in service of up to 30% of eligible basis. Under the Modified Accelerated Cost-Recovery System, owners of equipment used in a solar project may claim all of their depreciation deductions with respect to such equipment over five years, even though the useful life of such equipment is generally greater than five years. In addition, in December 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax reform legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). Under the Tax Act, qualified property placed in service after September 22, 2017 and before January 1, 2023 is generally eligible for 100% expensing, and such property placed in service after December 31, 2022 and before January 1, 2027 is generally eligible for expensing at lower percentages. However, the Tax Act also reduces the U.S. corporate income tax rate to 21% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, which could diminish the capacity of potential investors to benefit from incentives such as the ITC and reduce the value of accelerated depreciation deductions and expensing, thereby reducing the relative attractiveness of solar projects as an investment; and

any effort to overturn federal and state laws, regulations, or policies that are supportive of solar energy generation or that remove costs or other limitations on other types of electricity generation that compete with solar energy projects could negatively impact our ability to compete with traditional forms of electricity generation and materially and adversely affect our business.




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Application of U.S. trade laws, or trade laws of other countries, may also impact, either directly or indirectly, our operating results. For example, in April 2017, a U.S.-based manufacturer of solar cells filed a petition under Sections 201 and 202 of the Trade Act of 1974 for global safeguard relief with the U.S. International Trade Commission (the “USITC”). Such petition requested, among other things, the imposition of certain tariffs on crystalline silicon solar cells imported into the United States and the establishment of a minimum price per watt on imported crystalline silicon solar modules. In September 2017, the USITC determined such products are being imported into the United States in such increased quantities as to be a substantial cause of serious injury to the relevant domestic industry and subsequently recommended various remedies to the U.S. President. In January 2018, the President proclaimed tariffs on imported crystalline silicon modules, and a tariff-rate quota on imported crystalline silicon cells, over a four-year period, with the tariff on modules, and the tariff on cells above the first 2.5 GWDC of imports, starting at 30% for the February 2018 to February 2019 period and declining by five percentage points in each subsequent 12-month period. Thin film solar cell products, such as our CdTe technology, are expressly excluded from the tariffs. Some countries and companies have challenged the tariffs under the rules of the World Trade Organization and U.S. law. It is unknown if such tariffs will be applied as originally proclaimed, or how such tariffs, or any other U.S. or global trade remedies or other trade barriers, may directly or indirectly affect U.S. or global markets for solar energy and our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

These examples show that established markets for PV solar development, such as the U.S. market, face uncertainties arising from policy, regulatory, and governmental constraints. While the expected potential of the emerging markets we are targeting is significant, policy promulgation and market development are especially vulnerable to governmental inertia, political instability, the imposition of trade remedies and other trade barriers, geopolitical risk, fossil fuel subsidization, potentially stringent localization requirements, and limited available infrastructure.

We may be unable to fully execute on our long-term strategic plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We face numerous difficulties in executing on our long-term strategic plans, particularly in new foreign jurisdictions, including the following:

difficulty in accurately prioritizing geographic markets that we can most effectively and profitably serve with our PV offerings, including miscalculations in overestimating or underestimating addressable market demand;

difficulty in competing against companies who may have greater financial resources and/or a more effective or established localized business presence and/or an ability to operate with minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time;

difficulty in overcoming the inertia involved in changing local electricity ecosystems as necessary to accommodate large-scale PV solar deployment and integration;

adverse public policies in countries we operate in and/or are pursuing, including local content requirements, the imposition of trade remedies, or capital investment requirements;

business climates, such as that in China, that may have the effect of putting foreign companies at a disadvantage relative to domestic companies;

unstable economic, social, and/or operating environments in foreign jurisdictions, including social unrest, currency, inflation, and interest rate uncertainties;

the possibility of applying an ineffective commercial approach to targeted markets, including product offerings that may not meet market needs;

difficulty in generating sufficient sales volumes at economically sustainable profitability levels;



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difficulty in timely identifying, attracting, training, and retaining qualified sales, technical, and other personnel in geographies targeted for expansion;

difficulty in maintaining proper controls and procedures as we expand our business operations both in terms of complexity and geographical reach, including transitioning certain business functions to low-cost geographies, with any material control failure potentially leading to reputational damage and loss of confidence in our financial reporting accuracy;

difficulty in competing successfully for market share in overall solar markets as a result of the success of companies participating in the global rooftop PV solar market, which is a segment in which we do not have significant historical experience;

difficulty in establishing and implementing a commercial and operational approach adequate to address the specific needs of the markets we are pursuing;

difficulty in identifying effective local partners and developing any necessary partnerships with local businesses on commercially acceptable terms; and

difficulty in balancing market demand and manufacturing production in an efficient and timely manner, potentially causing our manufacturing capacity to be constrained in some future periods or over-supplied in others.

In addition, please see the Risk Factors entitled “Our substantial international operations subject us to a number of risks, including unfavorable political, regulatory, labor, and tax conditions in the United States and/or foreign countries,” and “The reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for on-grid solar electricity applications, or other adverse public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and systems and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.”

We may be unable to profitably provide new solar offerings or achieve sufficient market penetration with such offerings.

We may expand our portfolio of offerings to include solutions that build upon our core competencies but for which we have not had significant historical experience, including variations in our traditional product offerings or other offerings related to commercial and industrial customers and community solar. We cannot be certain that we will be able to ascertain and allocate the appropriate financial and human resources necessary to grow these business areas. We could invest capital into growing these businesses but fail to address market or customer needs or otherwise not experience a satisfactory level of financial return. Also, in expanding into these areas, we may be competing against companies that previously have not been significant competitors, such as companies that currently have substantially more experience than we do in the residential, commercial and industrial, or other targeted offerings. If we are unable to achieve growth in these areas, our overall growth and financial performance may be limited relative to our competitors and our operating results could be adversely impacted.

An increase in interest rates or tightening of the supply of capital in the global financial markets (including a reduction in total tax equity availability) could make it difficult for customers to finance the cost of a PV solar power system and could reduce the demand for our modules or systems and/or lead to a reduction in the average selling price for such offerings.

Many of our customers and our systems business depend on debt and/or equity financing to fund the initial capital expenditure required to develop, build, and/or purchase a PV solar power system. As a result, an increase in interest rates, or a reduction in the supply of project debt financing or tax equity investments (including reductions due to a



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change in tax related incentives that benefit tax equity investors, such as the reduction of the U.S. corporate income tax rate to 21% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 under the Tax Act, which could reduce the value of these incentives), could reduce the number of solar projects that receive financing or otherwise make it difficult for our customers or our systems business to secure the financing necessary to develop, build, purchase, or install a PV solar power system on favorable terms, or at all, and thus lower demand for our solar modules, which could limit our growth or reduce our net sales. See the Risk Factor entitled “The reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for on-grid solar electricity applications, or other adverse public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and systems and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales, thereby adversely impacting our operating results” for additional information. In addition, we believe that a significant percentage of our customers install systems as an investment, funding the initial capital expenditure through a combination of equity and debt. An increase in interest rates and the reduction of the U.S. corporate income tax rate as described above could lower an investor’s return on investment in a system, increase equity return requirements, or make alternative investments more attractive relative to PV solar power systems and, in each case, could cause these customers to seek alternative investments.


Risks Related to ourOur Operations, Manufacturing, and Technology


Our future success depends on our ability to effectively balance manufacturing production with market demand, convert existing production facilities to support new product lines, such as our transition to Series 6 module manufacturing, and, when necessary, continue to build new manufacturing plants over time in response to such demand and add production lines in a cost-effective manner, all of which are subject to risks and uncertainties.

Our future success depends on our ability to effectively balance manufacturing production with market demand, convert existing production facilities to support new product lines, such as our transition to Series 6 module manufacturing, and increase both our manufacturing capacity and production throughput over time in a cost-effective and efficient manner. If we cannot do so, we may be unable to expand our business, decrease our manufacturing cost per watt, maintain our competitive position, satisfy our contractual obligations, sustain profitability, or create long-term shareholder value. Our ability to expand production capacity, or to convert existing production facilities to support new product lines, such as our transition to Series 6 module manufacturing, is subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including the following:

delays and cost overruns as a result of a number of factors, many of which may be beyond our control, such as our inability to secure successful contracts with equipment vendors;

our custom-built equipment taking longer and costing more to manufacture than expected and not operating as designed;

delays or denial of required approvals by relevant government authorities;

being unable to hire qualified staff;

failure to execute our expansion or conversion plans effectively;

manufacturing concentration risk resulting from a current majority of our production lines worldwide being located in one geographic area, Malaysia, and the possible inability to meet customer demand in the event of compromises to shipping processes, supply chain, or other aspects of such facility;

difficulty in balancing market demand and manufacturing production in an efficient and timely manner, potentially causing our manufacturing capacity to be constrained in some future periods or over-supplied in others; and




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incurring manufacturing asset write-downs, write-offs, and other charges and costs, which may be significant, during those periods in which we idle, slow down, shut down, convert, or otherwise adjust our manufacturing capacity.

•We face intense competition from manufacturers of crystalline silicon solar modules, as well as other thin film solar modules; if global supply exceeds global demand, it could lead to a further reduction in the average selling price for PV solar modules,, which could reduce our net sales and adversely affect our results of operations.


The solar and renewable energy industries are highly competitive and are continually evolving as participants strive to distinguish themselves within their markets and compete with the larger electric power industry. Within the global PV solar industry, we face intense competition from crystalline silicon solar module manufacturers and other thin film solar module manufacturers. Existing or future solar module manufacturers might be acquired by larger companies with significant capital resources, thereby further intensifying competition with us. In addition, the introduction of a low cost disruptive technology could adversely affect our ability to compete, which could reduce our net sales and adversely affect our results of operations.

Even if demand for solar modules continues to grow, the rapid manufacturing capacity expansion undertaken by many module manufacturers, particularly manufacturers of crystalline silicon cells and modules, has created and may continue to cause periods of structural imbalance in which supply exceeds demand. See the Risk Factor entitled “Competition in solar markets globally and across the solar value chain is intense, and could remain that way for an extended period of time. An increased global supply of PV modules has caused and may continue to cause structural imbalances in which global PV module supply exceeds demand, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations,” for additional information. In addition, we believe any significant decrease in the cost of silicon feedstock or polysilicon would reduce the manufacturing cost of crystalline silicon modules and lead to further pricing pressure for solar modules and potentially an oversupply of solar modules. We also believe many crystalline silicon cell and wafer manufacturers are transitioning from lower efficiency Back Surface Field (“BSF”) multi-crystalline cells (the legacy technology against which we have generally competed in our markets) to higher efficiency Passivated Emitter Rear Contact (“PERC”) multi-crystalline and mono-crystalline cells at competitive cost structures. As a result, we expect that in the future, our primary competition might transition to multi-crystalline and mono-crystalline PERC based modules with higher conversion efficiencies. Additionally, while conventional solar modules, including the solar modules we produce, are monofacial, meaning their ability to produce energy is a function of direct and diffuse irradiance on their front side, certain manufacturers of mono-crystalline PERC solar modules are pursuing the commercialization of bifacial modules that also capture diffuse irradiance on the back side of a module. Such technology can improve the overall energy production of a module relative to nameplate efficiency when applied in certain applications and BoS configurations, which could potentially lower the overall LCOE of a system when compared to systems using conventional solar modules, including the modules we produce.

During any such period, our competitors could decide to reduce their sales prices in response to competition, even below their manufacturing costs, in order to generate sales, and may do so for a sustained period. Other competitors may have direct or indirect access to sovereign capital, which could enable such competitors to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time. As a result, we may be unable to sell our solar modules or systems at attractive prices, or for a profit, during any period of excess supply of solar modules, which would reduce our net sales and adversely affect our results of operations. Additionally, we may decide to lower our average selling prices to certain customers in certain markets in response to competition, which could also reduce our net sales and adversely affect our results of operations.

•Problems with product quality or performance including our Series 4 modules and Series 6 modules, may cause us to incur significant and/or unexpected contractual damages and/or warranty and related expenses, damage our market reputation, and prevent us from maintaining or increasing our market share.


We perform a variety of module quality and life tests under different conditions upon which we base our assessments and warranty of module performance over the duration of the warranty. However, if our thin film solar modules,



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including our Series 4 modules and Series 6 modules, perform below expectations, we could experience significant warranty and related expenses, damage to our market reputation, and erosion of our market share. With respect to our modules, we provide a limited warranty covering defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service conditions for approximately 10 years. We also typically warrant that modules installed in accordance with agreed-upon specifications will produce at least 98% of their labeled power output rating during the first year, with the warranty coverage reducing by 0.5% every year thereafter throughout the approximate 25-year performance warranty period. As an alternative form of our standard limited module power output warranty, we also offer an aggregated or system-level limited module performance warranty. This system-level limited module performance warranty is designed for utility-scale systems and provides 25-year system-level energy degradation protection. This warranty represents a practical expedient to address the challenge of identifying, from the potential millions of modules installed in a utility-scale system, individual modules that may be performing below warranty thresholds by focusing on the aggregate energy generated by the system rather than the power output of individual modules. The system-level limited module performance warranty is typically calculated as a percentage of a system’s expected energy production, adjusted for certain actual site conditions, with the warranted level of performance declining each year in a linear fashion, but never falling below 80% during the term of the warranty. As a result of these programs, we bear the risk of product warranty claims long after we have sold our solar modules and recognized net sales.

If any of the assumptions used in estimating our module warranties prove incorrect, we could be required to accrue additional expenses, which could adversely impact our financial position, operating results, and cash flows. Although we have taken significant precautions to avoid a manufacturing excursion from occurring, any manufacturing excursions, including any commitments made by us to take remediation actions in respect of affected modules beyond our warranties, could adversely impact our reputation, financial position, operating results, and cash flows.

Although our module performance warranties extend for 25 years, our oldest solar modules manufactured during the qualification of our pilot production line have only been in use since 2001. Accordingly, our warranties are based on a variety of quality and life tests that enable predictions of durability and future performance. These predictions, however, could prove to be materially different from the actual performance during the warranty period, causing us to incur substantial expense to repair or replace defective solar modules or provide financial remuneration in the future. For example, our solar modules, including our Series 4 modules and Series 6 modules, could suffer various failure modes, including breakage, delamination, corrosion, or performance degradation in excess of expectations, and our manufacturing operations or supply chain could be subject to materials or process variations that could cause affected modules to fail or underperform compared to our expectations. These risks could be amplified as we implement design and process changes in connection with our efforts to improve our products and accelerate module conversion efficiencies as part of our long-term strategic plans and as we transition to Series 6 module manufacturing. In addition, as we increase the number of installations in extreme climates, we may experience increased failure rates due to deployment into such field conditions. Any widespread product failures may damage our market reputation, cause our net sales to decline, require us to repair or replace the defective modules or provide financial remuneration, and result in us taking voluntary remedial measures beyond those required by our standard warranty terms to enhance customer satisfaction, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

In resolving claims under both the limited defect and power output warranties, we typically have the option of either repairing or replacing the covered modules or, under the limited power output warranty, providing additional modules to remedy the power shortfall or making certain cash payments; however, historical versions of our module warranty did not provide a refund remedy. Consequently, we may be obligated to repair or replace the covered modules under such historical programs. As our manufacturing process may change from time-to-time in accordance with our technology roadmap, we may elect to stop production of older versions of our modules that would constitute compatible replacement modules. In some jurisdictions, our inability to provide compatible replacement modules could potentially expose us to liabilities beyond the limitations of our module warranties, which could adversely impact our reputation, financial position, operating results, and cash flows.

For PV solar power systems we construct, we typically provide limited warranties for defects in engineering design, installation, and BoS part workmanship for a period of one to two years following the substantial completion of a



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system or a block within the system. In resolving claims under such BoS warranties, we have the option of remedying the defect through repair or replacement. As with our modules, these warranties are based on a variety of quality and life tests that enable predictions of durability and future performance. Any failures in BoS equipment or system construction beyond our expectations may also adversely impact our reputation, financial position, operating results, and cash flows.

•Our failure to further refine our technology reduce module manufacturing and BoS costs, and develop and introduce improved PV products, including as a result of delays in implementing planned advancements, could render our solar modules or systems uncompetitive and reduce our net sales, profitability, and/or market share.


We need to continue to invest significant financial resources in R&D to continue to improve our module conversion efficiencies, lower the LCOE of our PV solar power systems, and otherwise keep pace with technological advances in the solar industry. However, R&D activities are inherently uncertain, and we could encounter practical difficulties in commercializing our research results. We seek to continuously improve our products and processes, including, for example, our transition to Series 6 module manufacturing, and the resulting changes carry potential risks in the form of delays, performance, additional costs, or other unintended contingencies. In addition, our significant expenditures on R&D may not produce corresponding benefits. Other companies are developing a variety of competing PV technologies, including advanced multi-crystalline silicon cells, PERC or advanced p-type crystalline silicon cells, high-efficiency n-type crystalline silicon cells, copper indium gallium diselenide thin films, amorphous silicon thin films, and new emerging technologies such as hybrid perovskites, which could produce solar modules or systems that prove more cost-effective or have better performance than our solar modules or systems.

In addition, other companies could potentially develop a highly reliable renewable energy system that mitigates the intermittent power generation drawback of many renewable energy systems, or offer other value-added improvements from the perspective of utilities and other system owners, in which case such companies could compete with us even if the LCOE associated with such new systems is higher than that of our systems. As a result, our solar modules or systems may be negatively differentiated or rendered obsolete by the technological advances of our competitors, which would reduce our net sales, profitability, and/or market share. In addition, we often forward price our products and services in anticipation of future cost reductions and technology improvements, and thus, an inability to further refine our technology and execute our module technology and cost reduction roadmaps could adversely affect our operating results.

If our estimates regarding the future costs of collecting and recycling CdTe solar modules covered by our solar module collection and recycling program are incorrect, we could be required to accrue additional expenses and face a significant unplanned cash burden.

As necessary, we fund any incremental amounts for our estimated collection and recycling obligations each year. We determine the funding requirement, if any, based on estimated costs of collecting and recycling covered modules, estimated rates of return on our restricted investments, and an estimated solar module life of 25 years less amounts already funded in prior years. We estimate the cost of our collection and recycling obligations based on the present value of the expected probability-weighted future cost of collecting and recycling the solar modules, which includes estimates for the cost of packaging materials; the cost of freight from the solar module installation sites to a recycling center; the material, labor, capital costs; the scale of recycling centers; and an estimated third-party profit margin and return on risk for collection and recycling services. We base these estimates on (i) our experience collecting and recycling our solar modules, (ii) the expected timing of when our solar modules will be returned for recycling, and (iii) the expected economic conditions at the time the solar modules will be collected and recycled. If our estimates prove incorrect, we could be required to accrue additional expenses and could also face a significant unplanned cash burden at the time we realize our estimates are incorrect or end-users return their modules, which could adversely affect our operating results. In addition, participating end-users can return their modules covered under the collection and recycling program at any time. As a result, we could be required to collect and recycle covered CdTe solar modules earlier than we expect.




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Our failure to protect our intellectual property rights may undermine our competitive position, and litigation to protect our intellectual property rights or defend against third-party allegations of infringement may be costly.

Protection of our proprietary processes, methods, and other technology is critical to our business. Failure to protect and monitor the use of our existing intellectual property rights could result in the loss of valuable technologies. We rely primarily on patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights, and contractual restrictions to protect our intellectual property. We regularly file patent applications to protect certain inventions arising from our R&D and are currently pursuing such patent applications in various countries in accordance with our strategy for intellectual property in that jurisdiction. Our existing patents and future patents could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, or rendered unenforceable. Our pending patent applications may not result in issued patents, or if patents are issued to us, such patents may not be sufficient to provide meaningful protection against competitors or against competitive technologies.

We also rely upon unpatented proprietary manufacturing expertise, continuing technological innovation, and other trade secrets to develop and maintain our competitive position. Although we generally enter into confidentiality agreements with our associates and third parties to protect our intellectual property, such confidentiality agreements are limited in duration and could be breached and may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or proprietary manufacturing expertise. Adequate remedies may not be available in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our trade secrets and manufacturing expertise. In addition, others may obtain knowledge of our trade secrets through independent development or legal means. The failure of our patents or confidentiality agreements to protect our processes, equipment, technology, trade secrets, and proprietary manufacturing expertise, methods, and compounds could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, effective patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection may be unavailable or limited in some foreign countries, especially any developing countries into which we may expand our operations. In some countries, we have not applied for patent, trademark, or copyright protection.

Third parties may infringe or misappropriate our proprietary technologies or other intellectual property rights, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results. Policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology can be difficult and expensive. Additionally, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our trade secrets, or determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. We cannot ensure that the outcome of such potential litigation will be in our favor, and such litigation may be costly and may divert management attention and other resources away from our business. An adverse determination in any such litigation may impair our intellectual property rights and may harm our business, prospects, and reputation. In addition, we have no insurance coverage against such litigation costs and would have to bear all costs arising from such litigation to the extent we are unable to recover them from other parties.

Some of our manufacturing equipment is customized and sole sourced. If our manufacturing equipment fails or if our equipment suppliers fail to perform under their contracts, we could experience production disruptions and be unable to satisfy our contractual requirements.

Some of our manufacturing equipment, including manufacturing equipment related to the production of our Series 6 modules, is customized to our production lines based on designs or specifications that we provide to equipment manufacturers, which then undertake a specialized process to manufacture the custom equipment. As a result, the equipment is not readily available from multiple vendors and would be difficult to repair or replace if it were to become delayed, damaged, or stop working. If any piece of equipment fails, production along the entire production line could be interrupted. In addition, the failure of our equipment manufacturers to supply equipment in a timely manner or on commercially reasonable terms could delay our expansion or conversion plans, otherwise disrupt our production schedule, and/or increase our manufacturing costs, all of which would adversely impact our operating results.




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•Several of our key raw materials and components, in particular CdTe and substrate glass, and manufacturing equipment are either single-sourced or sourced from a limited number of third-party suppliers, and their failure to perform could cause manufacturing delays, andespecially as we expand or seek to expand our business, and/or impair our ability to deliver solar modules to customers in the required quality and quantities and at a price that is profitable to us.

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•Our failure to obtaineffectively manage module manufacturing production and selling costs, including costs related to raw materials and components that meetlogistics services, could render our quality, quantity,solar modules uncompetitive and cost requirements in a timely manner could interrupt reduce our net sales, profitability, and/or impairmarket share.

•Our future success depends on our ability to manufactureeffectively balance manufacturing production with market demand, effectively manage our solar modules or increase ourcost per watt, and, when necessary, continue to build new manufacturing costs. Severalplants over time in response to market demand, all of our key raw materialswhich are subject to risks and components are either single-sourced or sourced from a limited number of third-party suppliers. As a result, the failure of any of our suppliers to perform could disrupt our supply chain and adversely impact our operations. In addition, some of our suppliers are smaller companies that may be unable to supply our increasing demand for raw materials and components as we expand our business. uncertainties.

•We may be unable to identify new suppliersgenerate sufficient cash flows or qualify their products for use on our production lineshave access to the sources of external financing necessary to fund planned capital investments in a timely manner and on commercially reasonable terms. A constraint on our production may result in our inability to meet our capacity plans and/or our obligations under our customer contracts, which would have an adverse impact on our business. Additionally, reductions in our production volume may put pressure on suppliers, resulting in increased material and component costs.

A disruption in our supply chain for CdTe could interrupt or impair our ability to manufacture solar modules and could adversely impact our profitability and long-term growth prospects.

A key raw material used in our module production process is a CdTe compound. Tellurium, one of the main components of CdTe, is mainly produced as a by-product of copper refining, and therefore, its supply is largely dependent upon demand for copper. Our supply of CdTe could be limited if any of our current suppliers or any of our future suppliers are unable to acquire an adequate supply of tellurium in a timely manner or at commercially reasonable prices. If our current suppliers or any of our future suppliers cannot obtain sufficient tellurium, they could substantially increase prices or be unable to perform under their contracts. Furthermore, if our competitors begin to use or increase their demand for tellurium, our requirements for tellurium increase, new applications for tellurium become available, or adverse trade laws or policies restrict our ability to obtain tellurium from foreign vendors or make doing so cost prohibitive, the supply of tellurium and related CdTe compounds could be reduced and prices could increase. As we may be unable to pass such increases in the costs of our raw materials through to our customers, a substantial increase in tellurium prices or any limitations in the supply of tellurium could adversely impact our profitability and long-term growth objectives.

If any future production lines are not built in line with our committed schedules, it may impair any future growth plans. If any future production lines do not achieve operating metrics similar to our existing production lines, our solar modules could perform below expectations and cause us to lose customers.

If we are unable to systematically replicate our production lines as necessary over time and achieve and sustain similar operating metrics in our future production lines as we have achieved at our existing production lines, such as the future production lines at our manufacturing facility in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, our manufacturing capacity could be substantially constrained, our manufacturing costs per watt could increase, and our growth could be limited. Such factors may result in lower net sales and lower net income than we anticipate. For instance, future production lines could produce solar modules that have lower conversion efficiencies, higher failure rates, and higher rates of degradation than solar modules from our existing production lines, and we could be unable to determine the cause of the lower operating metrics or develop and implement solutions to improve performance.product development.


Our substantial international operations subject us to a number of risks, including unfavorable political, regulatory, labor, and tax conditions in the United States and/or foreign countries.

We have significant manufacturing, development, construction, sales, and marketing operations both within and outside the United States and expect to continue to expand our operations worldwide. As a result, we are subject to the legal, political, social, tax, and regulatory requirements, and economic conditions of many jurisdictions.




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Risks inherent to international operations include, but are not limited to, the following:

difficulty in enforcing agreements in foreign legal systems;

difficulty in forming appropriate legal entities to conduct business in foreign countries and the associated costs of forming those legal entities;

varying degrees of protection afforded to foreign investments in the countries in which we operate and irregular interpretations and enforcement of laws and regulations in such jurisdictions;

foreign countries may impose additional income and withholding taxes or otherwise tax our foreign operations, impose tariffs, or adopt other restrictions on foreign trade and investment, including currency exchange controls;

fluctuations in exchange rates may affect demand for our products and services and may adversely affect our profitability and cash flows in U.S. dollars to the extent that our net sales or our costs are denominated in a foreign currency and the cost associated with hedging the U.S. dollar equivalent of such exposures is prohibitive; the longer the duration of such foreign currency exposure, the greater the risk;

anti-corruption compliance issues, including the costs related to the mitigation of such risk;

risk of nationalization or other expropriation of private enterprises;

changes in general economic and political conditions in the countries in which we operate, including changes in government incentive provisions;

unexpected adverse changes in U.S. or foreign laws or regulatory requirements, including those with respect to environmental protection, import or export duties, and quotas;

opaque approval processes in which the lack of transparency may cause delays and increase the uncertainty of project approvals;

difficulty in staffing and managing widespread operations;

difficulty in repatriating earnings;

difficulty in negotiating a successful collective bargaining agreement in applicable foreign jurisdictions;

trade barriers such as export requirements, tariffs, taxes, local content requirements, anti-dumping regulations and requirements, and other restrictions and expenses, which could increase the effective price of our solar modules and make us less competitive in some countries; and

difficulty of, and costs relating to, compliance with the different commercial and legal requirements of the overseas countries in which we offer and sell our solar modules.

Our business in foreign markets requires us to respond to rapid changes in market conditions in these countries. Our overall success as a global business depends, in part, on our ability to succeed in differing legal, regulatory, economic, social, and political conditions. We may not be able to develop and implement policies and strategies that will be effective in each location where we do business.




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Risks Related to Our Systems Business

Project development or construction activities may not be successful; projects under development may not receive required permits, real property rights, PPAs, interconnection, and transmission arrangements; or financing or construction may not commence or proceed as scheduled, which could increase our costs and impair our ability to recover our investments.

The development and construction of solar energy generation facilities and other energy infrastructure projects involve numerous risks. We may be required to spend significant sums for land and interconnection rights, preliminary engineering, permitting, legal services, and other expenses before we can determine whether a project is feasible, economically attractive, or capable of being built. Success in developing a particular project is contingent upon, among other things:

obtaining financeable land rights, including land rights for the project site, transmission lines, and environmental mitigation;

entering into financeable arrangements for the purchase of the electrical output and renewable energy attributes generated by the project;

receipt from governmental agencies of required environmental, land-use, and construction and operation permits and approvals;

receipt of tribal government approvals for projects on tribal land;

receipt of governmental approvals related to the presence of any protected or endangered species or habitats, migratory birds, wetlands or other jurisdictional water resources, and/or cultural resources;

negotiation of development agreements, public benefit agreements, and other agreements to compensate local governments for project impacts;

negotiation of state and local tax abatement and incentive agreements;

receipt of rights to interconnect the project to the electric grid or to transmit energy;

negotiation of satisfactory EPC agreements;

securing necessary rights of way for access and transmission lines;

securing necessary water rights for project construction and operation;

securing appropriate title coverage, including coverage for mineral rights, mechanics’ liens, etc.;

obtaining financing, including debt, equity, and funds associated with the monetization of tax credits and other tax benefits;

payment of PPA, interconnection, and other deposits (some of which are non-refundable);

providing required payment and performance security for the development of the project, such as through the provision of letters of credit; and

timely implementation and satisfactory completion of construction.




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Successful completion of a particular project may be adversely affected, delayed and/or rendered infeasible by numerous factors, including:

delays in obtaining and maintaining required governmental permits and approvals, including appeals of approvals obtained;

potential permit and litigation challenges from project stakeholders, including local residents, environmental organizations, labor organizations, tribes, and others who may oppose the project;

in connection with any such permit and litigation challenges, grants of injunctive relief to stop development and/or construction of a project;

discovery of unknown impacts to protected or endangered species or habitats, migratory birds, wetlands or other jurisdictional water resources, and/or cultural resources at project sites;

discovery of unknown title defects;

discovery of unknown environmental conditions;

unforeseen engineering problems;

construction delays and contractor performance shortfalls;

work stoppages;

cost over-runs;

labor, equipment, and material supply shortages, failures, or disruptions;

cost or schedule impacts arising from changes in local, state, or federal land-use or regulatory policies;

changes in electric utility procurement practices;

risks arising from transmission grid congestion issues;

project delays that could adversely impact our ability to maintain interconnection rights;

additional complexities when conducting project development or construction activities in foreign jurisdictions (either on a stand-alone basis or in collaboration with local business partners), including operating in accordance with the FCPA and applicable local laws and customs;

unfavorable tax treatment or adverse changes to tax policy;

adverse weather conditions;

water shortages;

adverse environmental and geological conditions; and

force majeure and other events out of our control.




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If we fail to complete the development of a solar energy project, fail to meet one or more agreed upon target construction milestone dates, fail to achieve system-level capacity, or fail to meet other contract terms, we may be subject to forfeiture of significant deposits under PPAs or interconnection agreements or termination of such agreements, incur significant liquidated damages, penalties, and/or other obligations under other project related agreements, and may not be able to recover our investment in the project. If we are unable to complete the development of a solar energy project, we may impair some or all of these capitalized investments, which would have an adverse impact on our net income in the period in which the loss is recognized.

We may be unable to acquire or lease land, obtain necessary interconnection and transmission rights, and/or obtain the approvals, licenses, permits, and electric transmission grid interconnection and transmission rights necessary to build and operate PV solar power systems in a timely and cost effective manner, and regulatory agencies, local communities, labor unions, tribes, or other third parties may delay, prevent, or increase the cost of construction and operation of the system we intend to build.

In order to construct and operate our PV solar power systems, we need to acquire or lease land and rights of way, obtain interconnection rights, negotiate agreements with affected transmission systems, and obtain all necessary local, county, state, federal, and foreign approvals, licenses, and permits, as well as rights to interconnect the systems to the transmission grid and transmit energy generated from the system. We may be unable to acquire the land or lease interests needed, may not obtain or maintain satisfactory interconnection rights, may have difficulty reaching agreements with affected transmission systems and/or incur unexpected network upgrade costs, may not receive or retain the requisite approvals, permits, licenses, and interconnection and transmission rights, or may encounter other problems that could delay or prevent us from successfully constructing and operating such systems.

Many of our proposed projects are located on or require access through public lands administered by state and federal agencies pursuant to competitive public leasing and right-of-way procedures and processes. Our projects may also be located on tribal land pursuant to land agreements that must be approved by tribal governments and federal agencies. The authorization for the use, construction, and operation of systems and associated transmission facilities on federal, tribal, state, and private lands will also require the assessment and evaluation of mineral rights, private rights-of-way, and other easements; environmental, agricultural, cultural, recreational, and aesthetic impacts; and the likely mitigation of adverse impacts to these and other resources and uses. The inability to obtain the required permits and other local, state, federal, and tribal approvals, and any excessive delays in obtaining such permits and approvals due, for example, to litigation or third-party appeals, could potentially prevent us from successfully constructing and operating such systems in a timely manner and could result in the potential forfeiture of any deposit we have made with respect to a given project. Moreover, project approvals subject to project modifications and conditions, including mitigation requirements and costs, could affect the financial success of a given project. Changing regulatory requirements and the discovery of unknown site conditions could also affect the financial success of a given project.

In addition, local labor unions may increase the cost of project development in California and elsewhere. We may also be subject to labor unavailability and/or increased union labor requirements due to multiple simultaneous projects in a geographic region.

Competition at the system level can be intense, thereby potentially exerting downward pressure on system-level profit margins industry-wide, which could reduce our profitability and adversely affect our results of operations.

The significant decline in PV solar module prices over the last several years continues to create a challenging environment for module manufacturers, but it has also helped drive demand for solar electricity worldwide. Aided by such lower module prices, our customers and potential customers have in many cases been willing and able to bid aggressively for new projects and PPAs, using low cost assumptions for modules, BoS parts, installation, maintenance, and other costs as the basis for such bids. Relatively low barriers to entry for solar project developers and EPC companies, including those we compete with, have led to, depending on the market and other factors, intense competition at the system level, which may result in an environment in which system-level pricing falls rapidly, thereby further increasing demand for solar energy solutions but constraining the ability for project developers, EPC companies, and vertically-



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integrated solar companies such as First Solar to sustain meaningful and consistent profitability. Accordingly, while we believe our system offerings and experience are positively differentiated in many cases from that of our competitors, we may fail to correctly identify our competitive position, we may be unable to develop or maintain a sufficient magnitude of new system projects worldwide at economically attractive rates of return, and we may not otherwise be able to achieve meaningful profitability under our long-term strategic plans.

Depending on the market opportunity, we may be at a disadvantage compared to potential system-level competitors. For example, certain of our competitors may have a stronger and/or more established localized business presence in a particular geographic region. Certain of our competitors may be larger entities that have greater financial resources and greater overall brand name recognition than we do and, as a result, may be better positioned to impact customer behavior or adapt to changes in the industry or the economy as a whole. Certain competitors may also have direct or indirect access to sovereign capital and/or other incentives, which could enable such competitors to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time.

Additionally, large-scale solar systems are still in their relatively early stages of existence, and, depending on the geographic area, certain potential customers may still be in the process of educating themselves about the points of differentiation among various available providers of PV solar energy solutions, including a company’s proven overall experience and bankability, system design and optimization expertise, grid interconnection and stabilization expertise, and proven O&M capabilities. If we are unable over time to meaningfully differentiate our offerings at scale, or if available competitive pricing is prioritized over the value we believe is added through our system offerings and experience, from the viewpoint of our potential customer base, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We may not be able to obtain long-term contracts for the sale of power produced by our projects at prices and on other terms favorable to attract financing and other investments; with regard to projects for which electricity is or will be sold on an open contract basis rather than under a PPA, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent prevailing spot electricity prices decline in an unexpected manner.

Obtaining long-term contracts for the sale of power produced by our projects at prices and on other terms favorable to us is essential for obtaining financing and commencing construction of our projects. We must compete for PPAs against other developers of solar and renewable energy projects. This intense competition for PPAs has resulted in downward pressure on PPA pricing for newly contracted projects. In addition, we believe the solar industry may experience periods of structural imbalance between supply and demand that put downward pressure on module pricing. This downward pressure on module pricing would also create downward pressure on PPA pricing for newly contracted projects. See the Risk Factor entitled “Competition at the system level can be intense, thereby potentially exerting downward pressure on system-level profit margins industry-wide, which could reduce our profitability and adversely affect our results of operations” for additional information. If falling PPA pricing results in forecasted project revenue that is insufficient to generate returns anticipated to be demanded in the project sale market, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Other sources of power, such as natural gas-fired power plants, have historically been cheaper than the cost of solar power, and certain types of generation projects, such as natural gas-fired power plants, can deliver power on a firm basis. The inability to compete successfully against other power producers or otherwise enter into PPAs favorable to us would negatively affect our ability to develop and finance our projects and negatively impact our revenue. In addition, the availability of PPAs is dependent on utility and corporate energy procurement practices that could evolve and shift allocation of market risks over time. In addition, PPA availability and terms are a function of a number of economic, regulatory, tax, and public policy factors, which are also subject to change. Also, certain of our projects may be scheduled for substantial completion prior to the commencement of a long-term PPA with a major off-taker, in which case we would be required to enter into a stub-period PPA for the intervening time period or sell down the project. We may not be able to do either on terms that are commercially attractive to us. Finally, the electricity from certain of our projects is or is expected to be sold on an open contract basis for a period of time rather than under a PPA. If prevailing spot



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electricity prices relating to any such project were to decline in an unexpected manner, such project may decline in value and our results of operations could otherwise be adversely affected.

Lack of transmission capacity availability, potential upgrade costs to the transmission grid, and other systems constraints could significantly impact our ability to build PV solar power systems and generate solar electricity power sales.

In order to deliver electricity from our PV solar power systems to our customers, our projects generally need to connect to the transmission grid. The lack of available capacity on the transmission grid could substantially impact our projects and cause reductions in project size, delays in project implementation, increases in costs from transmission upgrades, and potential forfeitures of any deposit we have made with respect to a given project. In addition, there could be unexpected costs required to complete transmission and network upgrades that adversely impact the economic viability of our PV solar power systems. These transmission and network issues and costs, as well as issues relating to the availability of large equipment such as transformers and switchgear, could significantly impact our ability to interconnect our systems to the transmission grid, build such systems, and generate solar electricity sales.

Our systems business is largely dependent on us and third parties arranging financing from various sources, which may not be available or may only be available on unfavorable terms or in insufficient amounts.

The construction of large utility-scale solar power projects in many cases requires project financing, including non-recourse project specific debt financing in the bank loan market and institutional debt capital markets. Uncertainties exist as to whether our planned projects will be able to access the debt markets in a magnitude sufficient to finance their construction. If we are unable to arrange such financing or if it is only available on unfavorable terms, we may be unable to fully execute our systems business plan. In addition, we generally expect to sell interests in our projects by raising project equity capital from tax-oriented, strategic industry, and other equity investors. Such equity sources may not be available or may only be available in insufficient amounts or on unfavorable terms, in which case our ability to sell interests in our projects may be delayed or limited, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected. Uncertainty in or adverse changes to tax policy, including the amount of ITC, accelerated depreciation, expensing, and the reduction of the U.S. corporate income tax rate to 21% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 under the Tax Act (which could reduce the value of these tax related incentives) may reduce project value or negatively affect our ability to timely secure equity investment for our projects. Even if such financing sources are available, the counterparty to many of our fixed-price EPC contracts, which own the projects we are constructing, are often special purpose vehicles that do not have significant assets other than their interests in the project and have pledged all or substantially all of these assets to secure the project-related debt and certain other sources of financing. If the owner defaults on its payments or other obligations to us, we may face difficulties in collecting payment of amounts due to us for the costs previously incurred or for the amounts previously expended or committed to be expended to purchase equipment or supplies (including intercompany purchases of modules), or for termination payments we are entitled to under the terms of the related EPC contract. If we are unable to collect the amounts owed to us, or are unable to complete the project because of an owner default, we may be required to record a charge against earnings related to the project, which could result in a material loss.

In addition, for projects to which we provide EPC services but are not the project developer, our EPC activities are in many cases dependent on the ability of third parties to finance their system projects on acceptable terms. Depending on prevailing conditions in the credit markets, interest rates and other factors, such financing may not be available or may only be available on unfavorable terms or in insufficient amounts. If third parties are limited in their ability to access financing to support their purchase of system construction services from us, we may not realize the cash flows that we expect from such sales, which could adversely affect our ability to invest in our business and/or generate revenue. See also the Risk Factor above entitled “An increase in interest rates or tightening of the supply of capital in the global financial markets (including a reduction in total tax equity availability) could make it difficult for customers to finance the cost of a PV solar power system and could reduce the demand for our modules or systems and/or lead to a reduction in the average selling price for such offerings.”




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Developing solar power projects may require significant upfront investment prior to the signing of an EPC contract and commencing construction, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our solar power project development cycles, which span the time between the identification of a site location and the construction of a system, vary substantially and can take years to mature. As a result of these long project development cycles, we may need to make significant up-front investments of resources (including, for example, payments for land rights, large transmission and PPA deposits, or other payments, which may be non-refundable) in advance of the signing of EPC contracts, commencing construction, receiving cash proceeds, or recognizing any revenue, which may not be recognized for several additional months or years following contract signing. Our potential inability to enter into sales contracts with customers on favorable terms after making such upfront investments could cause us to forfeit certain nonrefundable payments or otherwise adversely affect our business and results of operations. Furthermore, we may become constrained in our ability to simultaneously fund our other business operations and these systems investments through our long project development cycles.

Our liquidity may also be adversely affected to the extent the project sales market weakens and we are unable to sell interests in our solar projects on pricing, timing, and other terms commercially acceptable to us. In such a scenario, we may choose to continue to temporarily own and operate certain solar projects for a period of time, after which interests in the projects may be sold to third parties.

We may be unable to accurately estimate costs under fixed-price EPC agreements in which we act as the general contractor for our customers in connection with the construction and installation of their PV solar power systems.

We may enter into fixed-price EPC contracts in which we act as the general contractor for our customers in connection with the installation of their PV solar power systems. All essential costs are estimated at the time of entering into the EPC contract for a particular project, and these are reflected in the overall fixed-price that we charge our customers for the project. These cost estimates are preliminary and may or may not be covered by contracts between us or the subcontractors, suppliers, and other parties to the project. In addition, we require qualified, licensed subcontractors to install many of our systems. Shortages of such skilled labor could significantly delay a project or otherwise increase our costs. Should actual results prove different from our estimates (including those due to unexpected increases in inflation, commodity prices, or labor costs) or we experience delays in execution and we are unable to commensurately increase the EPC sales price, we may not achieve our expected margins or we may be required to record a loss in the relevant fiscal period.

We may be subject to unforeseen costs, liabilities, or obligations when providing O&M services. In addition, certain of our O&M agreements include provisions permitting the counterparty to terminate the agreement without cause.

We may provide ongoing O&M services to system owners under separate service agreements, pursuant to which we generally perform standard activities associated with operating a PV solar power system, including 24/7 monitoring and control, compliance activities, energy forecasting, and scheduled and unscheduled maintenance. Our costs to perform these services are estimated at the time of entering into the O&M agreement for a particular project, and these are reflected in the price we charge our customers, including certain agreements which feature fixed pricing. Should our estimates of O&M costs prove inaccurate (including any unexpected serial defects, unavailability of parts, or increases in inflation, labor, or BoS costs), our growth strategy and results of operations could be adversely affected. Because of the potentially long-term nature of these O&M agreements, the adverse impacts on our results of operations could be significant, particularly if our costs are not capped under the terms of the agreements. In addition, certain of our O&M agreements include provisions permitting the counterparty to terminate the agreement without cause or for convenience. The exercise of such termination rights, or the use of such rights as leverage to re-negotiate terms and conditions of the O&M agreement, including pricing terms, could adversely impact our results of operations. We may also be subject to substantial costs in the event we do not achieve certain thresholds under the effective availability guarantees included in our O&M agreements.




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Our systems business is subject to regulatory oversight and liability if we fail to operate PV solar power systems in compliance with electric reliability rules.

The ongoing O&M services that we provide for system owners may subject us to regulation by the NERC, or its designated regional representative, as a “generator operator,” or “GOP,” under electric reliability rules filed with FERC. Our failure to comply with the reliability rules applicable to GOPs could subject us to substantial fines by NERC, subject to FERC’s review. In addition, the system owners that receive our O&M services may be regulated by NERC as “generator owners,” or “GOs,” and we may incur liability for GO violations and fines levied by NERC, subject to FERC’s review, based on the terms of our O&M agreements. Finally, as a system owner and operator, we may in the future be subject to regulation by NERC as a GO.

Risks Related to Regulations


•We expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from our assumptions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

•Existing regulations and policies, changes thereto, and new regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory, and economic barriers to the purchase and use of PV solar products, which may significantly reduce demand for our modules.

Risks Related to Our Markets and Customers

Competition in solar markets globally and across the solar value chain is intense and could remain that way for an extended period of time. The solar industry may experience periods of structural imbalance between global PV module supply and demand that result in periods of pricing volatility, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In the aggregate, we believe manufacturers of solar cells and modules have significant installed production capacity, relative to global demand, and the ability for additional capacity expansion. For example, we estimate that in 2022 approximately 160 GWDC of capacity was added by solar module manufacturers, primarily in China. We believe the solar industry may from time to time experience periods of structural imbalance between supply and demand, and that excess capacity will continue to put pressure on pricing. Although module average selling prices in many global markets have declined for several years, recent module spot pricing has increased, in part, due to trade measures and policies, government regulations, raw material availability, and supply chain disruptions. There may be additional pressure on global demand and average selling prices in the future resulting from fluctuating demand in certain major solar markets, such as China. If our competitors reduce module pricing to levels near or below their manufacturing costs, or are able to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time, or if global demand for PV modules decreases relative to installed production capacity, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

The reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for on-grid solar electricity applications, or the impact of other public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales or increase our costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.

Although we believe that solar energy will experience widespread adoption in those applications where it competes economically with traditional forms of energy without any support programs, in certain markets our net sales and profits remain subject to variability based on the availability and size of government subsidies and economic incentives. Federal, state, and local governmental bodies in many countries have provided subsidies in the form of feed-in-tariff structures, rebates, tax incentives, and other incentives to end users, distributors, system integrators,
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and manufacturers of PV solar products. Many of these support programs expire, phase down over time, require renewal by the applicable authority, or may be amended. A summary of certain recent developments in the major government support programs that may impact our business appears under Item 1. “Business – Support Programs.” To the extent these support programs are reduced earlier than previously expected, are changed retroactively, or are not renewed, such changes could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules, lead to a reduction in our net sales, and adversely impact our operating results.

Current regulatory policies, or any future changes or threatened changes to such policies, may subject us to significant risks, including the following:

•a reduction or removal of clean energy programs and initiatives and the incentives they provide may diminish the market for future solar energy off-take agreements, slow the retirement of aging fossil fuel plants, including the retirements of coal generation plants, and reduce the ability for solar project developers to compete for off-take agreements, which may reduce PV solar module sales;

•any limitations on the value or availability to manufacturers or potential investors of tax incentives that benefit solar energy production, sales, or projects, such as the Section 45X advanced manufacturing production credit, ITC, and PTC, could result in reducing such manufacturers’ or investors’ economic returns and could cause a reduction in the availability of financing, thereby reducing demand for PV solar modules;

•any incentives contingent upon domestic production of modules, such as tax incentives set forth under the IRA, could limit our ability to sell modules manufactured in certain foreign jurisdictions, which may adversely impact our module average selling prices and could require us to record significant charges to earnings should we determine that the manufacturing equipment in such foreign jurisdictions is impaired; and

•any effort to overturn federal and state laws, regulations, or policies that are supportive of solar energy generation or that remove costs or other limitations on other types of electricity generation that compete with solar energy projects could negatively impact our ability to compete with traditional forms of electricity generation and materially and adversely affect our business.

Application of trade laws may also impact, either directly or indirectly, our operating results. In some instances, the application of trade laws is currently beneficial to the Company, and changes in their application could have an adverse impact. Recent developments include the following:

•United States — Tariffs on certain imported crystalline silicon PV cells and modules. The United States currently imposes different types of tariffs and/or other trade remedies on certain imported crystalline silicon PV cells and modules from various countries. In February 2022, the U.S. President proclaimed a four-year extension of a global safeguard measure imposed pursuant to Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 that provides for tariffs on imported crystalline silicon solar modules and a tariff-rate quota on imported crystalline silicon solar cells. Thin film solar cell products, such as our CdTe technology, are specifically excluded from the tariffs. Moreover, the extension measure does not apply tariffs to imports of bifacial modules. The extension measure’s tariff rate was originally set at 14.75%, with annual reductions of 0.25 percentage points over the remainder of its four-year term. The current rate is 14.5%. The extension measure also provides an annual tariff-rate quota, whereby tariffs apply to imported crystalline silicon solar cells above the first 5.0 GWDC of imports.

•United States — Antidumping and countervailing duties on certain imported crystalline silicon PV cells and modules. The United States currently imposes antidumping and countervailing duties on certain imported crystalline silicon PV cells and modules from China and Taiwan. Such antidumping and countervailing duties can change over time pursuant to annual reviews conducted by the U.S. Department
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of Commerce (“USDOC”), and a decline in duty rates or USDOC failure to fully enforce U.S. antidumping and countervailing duty laws could have an adverse impact on our operating results. In March 2022, the USDOC initiated inquiries concerning alleged circumvention of antidumping and countervailing duties on Chinese imports by crystalline silicon PV cells and module imports assembled and completed in Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. In June 2022, the U.S. President declared an emergency with respect to threats to electricity generation capacity and authorized the U.S. Secretary of Commerce to consider permitting the importation of crystalline silicon PV products from those four countries free of antidumping and countervailing duties for 24 months, or until the emergency has terminated. The USDOC has issued regulations implementing that moratorium on antidumping and countervailing duties in the event that it finds circumvention with respect to crystalline silicon PV products assembled and completed in those four countries. In December 2022, the USDOC issued affirmative preliminary determinations finding “country-wide” circumvention with respect to those four countries, but it also found that certain companies were not circumventing the antidumping and countervailing duties. The USDOC is scheduled to issue its final circumvention determinations in May 2023, subject to possible extension. We cannot predict what further actions the USDOC will take with respect to these circumvention inquiries. Our operating results could be adversely impacted if the USDOC makes negative circumvention determinations or refrains from imposing antidumping and countervailing duties on imports covered by affirmative circumvention determinations. Conversely, affirmative final circumvention determinations could positively impact our operating results.

•United States — Tariffs on certain Chinese imports. The United States currently imposes tariffs on various articles imported from China at a rate of 25%, including crystalline silicon solar cells and modules, based on an investigation under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974. In May 2022, the Office of the United States Trade Representative initiated a statutory four-year review of those tariff actions, which could result in the termination or modification of the tariffs. The review remains pending, and we cannot predict its outcome. Our operating results could be adversely impacted if the review results in a termination or reduction in tariffs on crystalline silicon solar cells and modules from China.

•United States — Tariffs on certain foreign-imported aluminum and steel. The United States currently imposes tariffs on certain imported aluminum and steel articles from certain foreign jurisdictions, generally at rates of 10% and 25%, respectively, under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. Such tariffs and policies, or any other U.S. or global trade remedies or other trade barriers, may directly or indirectly affect U.S. or global markets for solar energy and our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

•India — Domestic and foreign imports. India maintains an Approved List of Module Manufacturers (“ALMM”), which is set by the MNRE. Only PV modules and module manufacturers listed on the ALMM can be used for certain solar projects in India, including government projects or government-assisted projects. Our ability to sell modules in the Indian market depends on the inclusion of our modules on the ALMM, and we currently expect that we will be included in the ALMM once we begin manufacturing solar panels in India. However, our operating results could be adversely impacted if the ALMM restriction is significantly relaxed to allow modules to be imported from countries that are part of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

•European Union — Foreign subsidies. In January 2023, the EU adopted the Foreign Subsidies Regulation (“FSR”), which was established to provide the European Commission with authority to investigate financial contributions granted by foreign governments to businesses operating within the EU. Because the FSR is not effective until July 2023 and the European Commission has not yet issued any application guidance, it is not currently clear whether, and to what extent, the FSR could impact our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

These examples show that established markets for PV solar development face uncertainties arising from policy, regulatory, and governmental actions. While the expected potential of the markets we are targeting is significant,
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policy promulgation and market development are especially vulnerable to governmental inertia, political instability, the imposition or lowering of trade remedies and other trade barriers, geopolitical risk, fossil fuel subsidization, potentially stringent localization requirements, and limited available infrastructure.

The loss of any of our large customers, or the inability of our customers and counterparties to perform under their contracts with us, could significantly reduce our net sales and negatively impact our results of operations.

Our customers include developers and operators of systems, utilities, independent power producers, commercial and industrial companies, and other system owners, who may experience intense competition at the system level, thereby constraining the ability for such customers to sustain meaningful and consistent profitability. The loss of any of our large customers, their inability to perform under their contracts, or their default in payment could significantly reduce our net sales and/or adversely impact our operating results. While our contracts with customers typically have certain firm purchase commitments and may include provisions for the payment of amounts to us in certain events of contract termination, these contracts may be subject to amendments made by us or requested by our customers. These amendments may reduce the volume of modules to be sold under the contract, adjust delivery schedules, or otherwise decrease the expected revenue under these contracts. Although we believe that we can mitigate this risk, in part, by reallocating modules to other customers if the need arises, we may be unable, in whole or in part, to do so on similar terms or at all. We may also mitigate this risk by requiring some form of payment security from our customers, such as cash deposits, parent guarantees, bank guarantees, surety bonds, or commercial letters of credit. However, in the event the providers of such payment security fail to perform their obligations, our operating results could be adversely impacted.

An increase in interest rates or tightening of the supply of capital in the global financial markets (including a reduction in total tax equity availability) could make it difficult for customers to finance the cost of a PV solar power system and could reduce the demand for our modules and/or lead to a reduction in the average selling price for our modules.

Many of our customers depend on debt and/or equity financing to fund the initial capital expenditure required to develop, build, and/or purchase a PV solar power system. As a result, an increase in interest rates, or a reduction in the supply of project debt financing or tax equity investments, could reduce the number of solar projects that receive financing or otherwise make it difficult for our customers to secure the financing necessary to develop, build, purchase, or install a PV solar power system on favorable terms, or at all, and thus lower demand for our solar modules, which could limit our growth or reduce our net sales. For additional information, see the Risk Factor entitled, “The reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for on-grid solar electricity applications, or the impact of other public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales or increase our costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.” In addition, we believe that a significant percentage of our customers install systems as an investment, funding the initial capital expenditure through a combination of equity and debt. An increase in interest rates could lower an investor’s return on investment in a system, increase equity return requirements, or make alternative investments more attractive relative to PV solar power systems and, in each case, could cause these customers to seek alternative investments.

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We may be unable to fully execute on our long-term strategic plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We face numerous difficulties in executing on our long-term strategic plans, particularly in new foreign jurisdictions, including the following:

•difficulty in competing against companies who may have greater financial resources and/or a more effective or established localized business presence and/or an ability to operate with minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time;

•difficulty in competing successfully with other technologies, such as hybrid perovskites, tandem solar cells, or other thin films;

•difficulty in accurately prioritizing geographic markets that we can most effectively and profitably serve with our solar module offerings, including miscalculations in overestimating or underestimating addressable market demand;

•adverse public policies in countries we operate in and/or are pursuing, including local content requirements, the imposition of trade remedies, the removal of trade barriers, or capital investment requirements;

•business climates, such as that in China, that may have the effect of putting foreign companies at a disadvantage relative to domestic companies;

•unstable or adverse economic, social, and/or operating environments, including social unrest, currency, inflation, and interest rate uncertainties;

•the possibility of applying an ineffective commercial approach to targeted markets, including product offerings that may not meet market needs;

•difficulty in generating sufficient sales volumes at economically sustainable profitability levels;

•difficulty in timely identifying, attracting, training, and retaining qualified sales, technical, and other talent in geographies targeted for expansion;

•difficulty in maintaining proper controls and procedures as we expand our business operations in terms of geographical reach, including transitioning certain business functions to low-cost geographies, with any material control failure potentially leading to reputational damage and loss of confidence in our financial reporting;

•difficulty in competing successfully for market share in overall solar markets as a result of the success of companies participating in other solar segments in which we do not have significant historical experience, such as residential;

•difficulty in establishing and implementing a commercial and operational approach adequate to address the specific needs of the markets we are pursuing;

•difficulty in identifying effective local partners and developing any necessary partnerships with local businesses on commercially acceptable terms; and

•difficulty in balancing market demand and manufacturing production in an efficient and timely manner, potentially causing our manufacturing capacity to be constrained in some future periods or over-supplied in others.
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Refer also to the Risk Factors entitled, “Our substantial international operations subject us to a number of risks, including unfavorable political, regulatory, labor, and tax conditions in the United States and/or foreign countries,” “The reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for on-grid solar electricity applications, or the impact of other public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales or increase our costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results,” and “We may be unable to generate sufficient cash flows or have access to the sources of external financing necessary to fund planned capital investments in manufacturing capacity and product development.”

Risks Related to Our Operations, Manufacturing, and Technology

We face intense competition from manufacturers of crystalline silicon solar modules; if global supply exceeds global demand, it could lead to a further reduction in the average selling price for PV solar modules, which could reduce our net sales and adversely affect our results of operations.

The solar and renewable energy industries are highly competitive and are continually evolving as participants strive to distinguish themselves within their markets and compete with the larger electric power industry. Within the global PV solar industry, we face intense competition from crystalline silicon module manufacturers. Existing or future module manufacturers might be acquired by larger companies with significant capital resources, thereby further intensifying competition with us. In addition, the introduction of a low-cost disruptive technology could adversely affect our ability to compete, which could reduce our net sales and adversely affect our results of operations.

We expect to compete with future entrants into the PV solar industry and existing market participants that offer new or differentiated technological solutions. For example, while conventional solar modules are monofacial, meaning their ability to produce energy is a function of direct and diffuse irradiance on their front side, most module manufacturers offer bifacial modules that also capture diffuse irradiance on the back side of a module. Such technology can improve the overall energy production of a module relative to nameplate efficiency when applied in certain applications, which could potentially lower the overall LCOE of a system when compared to systems using conventional solar modules, including the modules we currently produce. Additionally, certain module manufacturers have introduced n-type mono-crystalline modules, such as tunnel oxide passivated contact (“TOPCon”) modules, which are expected to provide certain improvements to module efficiency, temperature coefficient, and bifacial performance, and claim to provide certain degradation advantages compared to other mono-crystalline modules. Finally, many of our competitors are promoting modules with larger overall area based on the use of larger silicon wafers. While the transition to such larger wafers would increase nameplate wattage, we believe the associated production cost would not improve significantly.

Even if demand for solar modules continues to grow, the rapid manufacturing capacity expansion undertaken by many module manufacturers in China and certain parts of Southeast Asia, particularly manufacturers of crystalline silicon wafers, cells, and modules, has created and may continue to cause periods of structural imbalances between supply and demand. For additional information, see the Risk Factor entitled, “Competition in solar markets globally and across the solar value chain is intense and could remain that way for an extended period of time. The solar industry may experience periods of structural imbalance between global PV module supply and demand that result in periods of pricing volatility, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.” In addition, we believe any significant decrease in the cost of silicon feedstock or polysilicon would reduce the manufacturing cost of crystalline silicon modules and lead to further pricing pressure for solar modules and potentially an oversupply of solar modules.

Our competitors could decide to reduce their sales prices in response to competition, even below their manufacturing costs, in order to generate sales, and may do so for a sustained period. Certain competitors, including many in China, may have direct or indirect access to sovereign capital or other forms of state support, which could enable such competitors to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time. As a result, we may
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be unable to sell our solar modules at attractive prices, or for a profit, during any period of excess supply of solar modules, which would reduce our net sales and adversely affect our results of operations. Additionally, we may decide to lower our average selling prices to customers in certain markets in response to competition, which could also reduce our net sales and adversely affect our results of operations.

Problems with product quality or performance may cause us to incur significant and/or unexpected contractual damages and/or warranty and related expenses, damage our market reputation, and prevent us from maintaining or increasing our market share.

We perform a variety of module quality and life tests under different environmental conditions upon which we base our assessments of future module performance over the duration of the warranty. However, if our thin film solar modules perform below expectations, we could experience significant warranty and related expenses, damage to our market reputation, and erosion of our market share. With respect to our modules, we provide a limited warranty covering defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service conditions for up to 12.5 years. We also typically warrant that modules installed in accordance with agreed-upon specifications will produce at least 98% of their labeled power output rating during the first year, with the warranty coverage reducing by a degradation factor every year thereafter throughout the limited power output warranty period of up to 30 years. Among other things, our solar module warranty also covers the resulting power output loss from cell cracking. As an alternative form of our standard limited module power output warranty, we have also offered an aggregated or system-level limited module performance warranty. This system-level limited module performance warranty is designed for utility-scale systems and provides 25-year system-level energy degradation protection. This warranty represents a practical expedient to address the challenge of identifying, from the potential millions of modules installed in a utility-scale system, individual modules that may be performing below warranty thresholds by focusing on the aggregate energy generated by the system rather than the power output of individual modules. The system-level limited module performance warranty is typically calculated as a percentage of a system’s expected energy production, adjusted for certain actual site conditions, with the warranted level of performance declining each year in a linear fashion, but never falling below 80% during the term of the warranty. As a result of these warranty programs, we bear the risk of product warranty claims long after we have sold our solar modules and recognized net sales.

If any of the assumptions used in estimating our module warranties prove incorrect, we could be required to accrue additional expenses, which could adversely impact our financial position, operating results, and cash flows. Although we have taken significant precautions to avoid a manufacturing excursion from occurring, any manufacturing excursions, including any commitments made by us to take remediation actions in respect of affected modules beyond the stated remedies in our warranties, could adversely impact our reputation, financial position, operating results, and cash flows.

Although our module performance warranties extend for up to 30 years, our oldest solar modules manufactured during the qualification of our pilot production line have only been in use since 2001. Accordingly, our warranties are based on a variety of quality and life tests that enable predictions of durability and future performance. These predictions, however, could prove to be materially different from the actual performance during the warranty period, causing us to incur substantial expense to repair or replace defective solar modules or provide financial remuneration in the future. For example, our solar modules could suffer various failures, including breakage, delamination, corrosion, or performance degradation in excess of expectations, and our manufacturing operations or supply chain could be subject to materials or process variations that could cause affected modules to fail or underperform compared to our expectations. These risks could be amplified as we implement design and process changes in connection with our efforts to improve our products and accelerate module wattage as part of our long-term strategic plans. In addition, if we increase the number of installations in extreme climates, we may experience increased failure rates due to deployment into such field conditions. Any widespread product failures may damage our market reputation, cause our net sales to decline, require us to repair or replace the defective modules or provide financial remuneration, and result in us taking voluntary remedial measures beyond those required by our standard warranty terms to enhance customer satisfaction, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.
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In resolving claims under both the limited defect and power output warranties, we typically have the option of either repairing or replacing the covered modules or, under the limited power output warranty, providing additional modules to remedy the power shortfall or making certain cash payments; however, historical versions of our module warranty did not provide a refund remedy. Consequently, we may be obligated to repair or replace the covered modules under such historical programs. As our manufacturing process may change from time-to-time in accordance with our technology roadmap, we may elect to stop production of older versions of our modules that would constitute compatible replacement modules. In some jurisdictions, our inability to provide compatible replacement modules could potentially expose us to liabilities beyond the limitations of our module warranties, which could adversely impact our reputation, financial position, operating results, and cash flows.

In addition to our limited solar module warranties described above, for PV solar power systems we have constructed for customers in prior periods, we have provided limited warranties for defects in engineering design, installation, and balance of systems (“BoS”) part workmanship for a period of one to two years following the substantial completion of a system or a block within the system. BoS parts represent mounting, electrical, and other parts used in PV solar power systems. In resolving claims under such BoS warranties, we have the option of remedying the defect through repair or replacement. As with our modules, these warranties are based on a variety of quality and life tests that enable predictions of durability and future performance. Any failures in BoS equipment beyond our expectations may also adversely impact our reputation, financial position, operating results, and cash flows.

In addition, our contracts with customers may include provisions with particular product specifications, minimum wattage requirements, and specified delivery schedules. These contracts may be terminated, or we may incur significant liquidated damages or other damages, if we fail to perform our contractual obligations. In addition, our costs to perform under these contracts may exceed our estimates, which could adversely impact our profitability. Any failures to comply with our contracts for the sale of our modules could adversely impact our reputation, financial position, operating results, and cash flows.

Our failure to further refine our technology and develop and introduce improved PV products, including as a result of delays in implementing planned advancements, could render our solar modules uncompetitive and reduce our net sales, profitability, and/or market share.

We need to continue to invest significant financial resources in R&D to continue to improve our module conversion efficiencies and otherwise keep pace with technological advances in the solar industry. However, R&D activities are inherently uncertain, and we could encounter difficulties in commercializing our research results. We seek to continuously improve our products and processes, including, for example, certain planned improvements to our CdTe module technology and manufacturing capabilities, such as the increase to our module form factor (which we refer to as Series 7), and the resulting changes carry potential risks in the form of delays, performance, additional costs, or other unintended contingencies. For example, the successful launch of our Series 7 module technology, which we began producing at our third manufacturing facility in the U.S. and we expect to produce at our first manufacturing facility in India, is sensitive to changes in the final product size and module mounting structure, among others. While we believe that we will be able to manage these uncertainties, we may encounter unanticipated challenges as we implement design and process changes in connection with this new module series.

We may expand our portfolio of offerings to include solutions that build upon our core competencies but for which we have not had significant historical experience, including variations in our traditional product offerings or other offerings related to certain markets. There can be no guarantee that our significant R&D expenditures will produce corresponding benefits. Other companies are developing a variety of competing PV technologies, including advanced mono-crystalline silicon cells, advanced p-type crystalline silicon cells, high-efficiency n-type crystalline silicon cells, and new emerging technologies such as hybrid perovskites, tandem solar cells, or other thin films, which could result in solar modules that prove to be more cost-effective or have better performance than our solar modules. If we are unable to achieve the necessary technology improvements to remain competitive, our overall growth and financial performance may be limited relative to our competitors and our operating results could be adversely impacted.
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We often forward price our products in anticipation of future technology improvements. Furthermore, certain of our contracts with customers may include transaction price adjustments associated with future module technology improvements, including new product designs and enhancements to certain energy related attributes. Accordingly, an inability to further refine our technology and execute our module technology roadmap, or changes to the expected timing such technology improvements are incorporated into our manufacturing process, could adversely affect our operating results.

Some of our manufacturing equipment is customized and sole sourced. If our manufacturing equipment fails or if our equipment suppliers fail to perform under their contracts, we could experience production disruptions and be unable to satisfy our contractual requirements.

Some of our manufacturing equipment is customized to our production lines based on designs or specifications that we provide to equipment manufacturers, which then undertake a specialized process to manufacture the custom equipment. As a result, the equipment is not readily available from multiple vendors and would be difficult to repair or replace if it were to become delayed, damaged, or stop working. If any piece of equipment fails, production along the entire production line could be interrupted. In addition, the failure of our equipment manufacturers to supply equipment in a timely manner or on commercially reasonable terms could delay our expansion or conversion plans, otherwise disrupt our production schedule, and/or increase our manufacturing costs, all of which would adversely impact our operating results.

Several of our key raw materials and components are either single-sourced or sourced from a limited number of suppliers, and their failure to perform could cause manufacturing delays and impair our ability to deliver solar modules to customers in the required quality and quantities and at a price that is profitable to us.

Our failure to obtain raw materials and components that meet our quality, quantity, and cost requirements in a timely manner could interrupt or impair our ability to manufacture our solar modules, or increase our manufacturing costs. Several of our key raw materials and components, in particular CdTe and substrate glass, are either single-sourced or sourced from a limited number of suppliers. As a result, the failure of any of our suppliers to perform could disrupt our supply chain and adversely impact our operations. In addition, some of our suppliers are smaller companies that may be unable to supply our increasing demand for raw materials and components as we expand or seek to expand our business. We may be unable to identify new suppliers or qualify their products for use on our production lines in a timely manner and on commercially reasonable terms. A constraint on our production may result in our inability to meet our capacity plans and/or our obligations under our customer contracts, which would have an adverse impact on our business. Additionally, reductions in our production volume may put pressure on suppliers, resulting in increased material and component costs.

A disruption in our supply chain for CdTe, other key raw materials, or equipment could interrupt or impair our ability to manufacture solar modules and could adversely impact our profitability and long-term growth prospects.

A key raw material used in our module production process is a CdTe compound. Tellurium, one of the main components of CdTe, is mainly produced as a by-product of copper refining, and therefore, its supply is largely dependent upon demand for copper. If our competitors begin to use or increase their demand for tellurium, our requirements for tellurium increase, new applications for tellurium emerge, or adverse trade laws or policies restrict our ability to obtain tellurium from foreign vendors or make doing so cost prohibitive, the supply of tellurium and related CdTe compounds could be reduced and prices could increase.

Furthermore, our supply chain could be limited if any of our current or future suppliers fail to perform or are unable to acquire an adequate supply in a timely manner or at commercially reasonable prices. If our current or future suppliers cannot obtain sufficient raw materials or key equipment, they could substantially increase prices or be unable to perform under their contracts. Additionally, we may also be unable to effectively manage fluctuations in the availability and cost of logistics services associated with the procurement of raw materials or equipment used in our manufacturing process. If we are unable to pass such cost increases to our customers, a substantial increase in
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prices or any limitations or disruptions in our supply chain could adversely impact our profitability and long-term growth objectives.

Our failure to effectively manage module manufacturing production and selling costs, including costs related to raw materials and logistics services, could render our solar modules uncompetitive and reduce our net sales, profitability, and/or market share.

Certain of our key raw material purchase contracts include variable pricing terms, which are driven by underlying indices for certain commodities, including aluminum, steel, and natural gas, among others. Fluctuations in such underlying commodity indices may increase our raw material costs. Additionally, an increase in price levels generally, such as inflation related to the cost of raw materials, key manufacturing equipment, labor, and logistics services, could adversely impact our profitability. From time to time, we may utilize derivative hedging instruments to mitigate price changes related to our raw materials or key manufacturing equipment. Our profitability could be adversely impacted if we are unable to effectively hedge such prices or pass these cost increases through to our customers. We often forward price our products in anticipation of future cost reductions, and thus, an inability to execute our cost reduction roadmap could adversely affect our operating results.

Our future success depends on our ability to effectively balance manufacturing production with market demand, effectively manage our cost per watt, and, when necessary, continue to build new manufacturing plants over time in response to market demand, all of which are subject to risks and uncertainties.

Our future success depends on our ability to effectively balance manufacturing production with market demand, effectively manage our cost per watt, and increase our manufacturing capacity in a cost-effective and efficient manner. If we cannot do so, we may incur damages under our contracts with our customers or be unable to decrease our cost per watt, maintain our competitive position, sustain profitability, expand our business, or create long-term shareholder value. Our ability to effectively manage our cost per watt or successfully expand production capacity is subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including the following:

•failure to reduce manufacturing material, labor, or overhead costs;

•an inability to increase production throughput or the average power output per module, or minimize manufacturing yield losses;

•failure to effectively manage the availability and cost of logistics services associated with the procurement of raw materials or equipment used in our manufacturing process and the shipping, handling, storage, and distribution of our modules;

•delays and cost overruns as a result of a number of factors, many of which may be beyond our control, such as our inability to secure economical contracts with equipment vendors;

•our custom-built equipment taking longer and costing more to manufacture than expected and not operating as designed;

•delays or denial of required approvals by relevant government authorities;

•an inability to hire qualified staff;

•capital expenditures exceeding our initial estimates with respect to expanding and building our manufacturing and R&D facilities;

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•difficulty in balancing market demand and manufacturing production in an efficient and timely manner, potentially causing our manufacturing capacity to be constrained in some future periods or over-supplied in others; and

•incurring manufacturing asset write-downs, write-offs, and other charges and costs, which may be significant, during those periods in which we idle, slow down, shut down, or otherwise adjust our manufacturing capacity.

We may be unable to generate sufficient cash flows or have access to the sources of external financing necessary to fund planned capital investments in manufacturing capacity and product development.

Our business and our future plans for expansion are capital-intensive, and we anticipate that our operating and capital expenditure requirements may increase. To develop new products, support future growth, and maintain product quality, we may need to make significant capital investments in manufacturing technology, facilities and capital equipment, and research and development. Consequently, we may seek to raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-related, or debt securities or through obtaining credit from financial institutions to fund, together with our traditional sources of liquidity, the costs of developing and manufacturing our current or future products. We cannot be certain that we will be able to generate sufficient cash flows, or that additional funds will be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all. If we cannot fund the required investments from our operating cash flows or raise additional funds when we need them, we may be unable to fully execute our business plan and our financial condition, results of operations, and business prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

If our estimates regarding the future costs of collecting and recycling CdTe solar modules covered by our solar module collection and recycling program are incorrect, we could be required to accrue additional expenses and face a significant unplanned cash burden.

As necessary, we fund any incremental amounts for our estimated collection and recycling obligations on an annual basis based on the estimated costs of collecting and recycling covered modules, estimated rates of return on our restricted marketable securities, and an estimated solar module life of 25 years less amounts already funded in prior years. We estimate the cost of our collection and recycling obligations based on the present value of the expected future cost of collecting and recycling the solar modules, which includes estimates for the cost of packaging materials; the cost of freight from the solar module installation sites to a recycling center; material, labor, and capital costs; by-product credits for certain materials recovered during the recycling process; the estimated useful lives of modules covered by the program; and the number of modules expected to be recycled. We base these estimates on our experience collecting and recycling solar modules and certain assumptions regarding costs at the time the solar modules will be collected and recycled. If our estimates prove incorrect, we could be required to accrue additional expenses and could also face a significant unplanned cash burden at the time we realize our estimates are incorrect or end users return their modules, which could adversely affect our operating results. Participating end users can return their modules covered under the collection and recycling program at any time. As a result, we could be required to collect and recycle covered CdTe solar modules earlier than we expect.

Our failure to protect or successfully commercialize our intellectual property rights may undermine our competitive position, and litigation to protect our intellectual property rights or defend against third-party allegations of infringement may be costly.

Protection of our proprietary processes, methods, and other technology is critical to our business. Failure to protect and monitor the use of our existing intellectual property rights or to successfully commercialize future intellectual property rights could result in the loss of valuable technologies. We rely primarily on patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights, and contractual restrictions to protect our intellectual property. We regularly file patent applications to protect certain inventions arising from our R&D and are currently pursuing such patent applications in various countries in accordance with our strategy for intellectual property in that jurisdiction. Our existing patents
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and future patents could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, or rendered unenforceable. Our pending patent applications may not result in issued patents, or if patents are issued to us, such patents may not be sufficient to provide meaningful protection against competitors or against competitive technologies.

We also rely on unpatented proprietary manufacturing expertise, continuing technological innovation, and other trade secrets to develop and maintain our competitive position. Although we generally enter into confidentiality agreements with our associates and third parties to protect our intellectual property, such confidentiality agreements are limited in duration and could be breached and may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or proprietary manufacturing expertise. Adequate remedies may not be available in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our trade secrets and manufacturing expertise. In addition, others may obtain knowledge of our trade secrets through independent development or legal means. The failure of our patents or confidentiality agreements to protect our processes, equipment, technology, trade secrets, and proprietary manufacturing expertise, methods, and compounds could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, effective patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection may be unavailable or limited in some foreign countries, especially any developing countries into which we may expand our operations. In some countries, we have not applied for patent, trademark, or copyright protection.

Third parties may infringe or misappropriate our proprietary technologies or other intellectual property rights, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results. Policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology can be difficult and expensive. Additionally, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our trade secrets, or determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. We cannot ensure that the outcome of such potential litigation will be in our favor, and such litigation may be costly and may divert management attention and other resources away from our business. An adverse determination in any such litigation may impair our intellectual property rights and may harm our business, prospects, and reputation. In addition, we have no insurance coverage against such litigation costs and would have to bear all costs arising from such litigation to the extent we are unable to recover them from other parties.

If any future production lines are not built in line with committed schedules, it may adversely affect our future growth plans. If any future production lines do not achieve operating metrics similar to our existing production lines, our solar modules could perform below expectations and cause us to lose customers.

If we are unable to systematically replicate our production lines over time and achieve operating metrics similar to our existing production lines, our manufacturing capacity could be substantially constrained, our manufacturing costs per watt could increase, our growth could be limited, and we may be in breach of our contracts with customers for failure to deliver modules. Such factors may result in lower net sales, and/or lower net income than we anticipate. Future production lines could produce solar modules that have lower conversion efficiencies, higher failure rates, and/or higher rates of degradation than solar modules from our existing production lines, and we could be unable to determine the cause of the lower operating metrics or develop and implement solutions to improve performance.

We are in the process of expanding our manufacturing capacity by approximately 11 GWDC including the construction of our third manufacturing facility in the United States, which commenced commercial production of modules in early 2023; our first manufacturing facility in India, which is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2023; our fourth manufacturing facility in the United States, which is expected to commence operations in late 2024; and the expansion of our manufacturing footprint at our existing facilities in Ohio. If we cannot successfully execute on our current capacity expansion plans, we may incur significant costs in excess of our current plans to invest approximately $2.7 billion in the aggregate for these new facilities. If we are not able to effectively manage current or future expansion activities or realize their anticipated benefits, it may adversely impact our results of operations.

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Our substantial international operations subject us to a number of risks, including unfavorable political, regulatory, labor, and tax conditions in the United States and/or foreign countries.

We have significant manufacturing, sales, and marketing operations both within and outside the United States and expect to continue to expand our operations worldwide. Our global business requires us to respond to rapid changes in market conditions worldwide. Our overall success depends, in part, on our ability to succeed in differing legal, regulatory, economic, social, and political conditions. We may not be able to timely develop and implement policies and strategies that will be effective in each location where we do business. Risks inherent to international operations include, but are not limited to, the following:

•difficulty in enforcing agreements in foreign legal systems;

•varying degrees of protection afforded to foreign investments in the countries in which we operate and irregular interpretations and enforcement of laws and regulations in such jurisdictions;

•foreign countries may impose additional income and withholding taxes or otherwise tax our foreign operations, impose tariffs, or adopt other restrictions on foreign trade and investment, including currency exchange controls;

•fluctuations in exchange rates may affect demand for our products and services and may adversely affect our profitability and cash flows in U.S. dollars to the extent that our net sales or our costs are denominated in a foreign currency and the cost associated with hedging the U.S. dollar equivalent of such exposures is prohibitive; the longer the duration of such foreign currency exposure, the greater the risk;

•anti-corruption compliance issues, including the costs related to the mitigation of such risk;

•risk of nationalization or other expropriation of private enterprises;

•changes in general economic and political conditions in the countries in which we operate, including changes in government incentive provisions;

•unexpected adverse changes in U.S. or foreign laws or regulatory requirements, including those with respect to environmental protection, import or export duties, and quotas;

•opaque approval processes in which the lack of transparency may cause delays and increase the uncertainty of project approvals;

•difficulty in staffing and managing widespread operations;

•difficulty in repatriating earnings;

•difficulty in negotiating a successful collective bargaining agreement in applicable foreign jurisdictions;

•trade barriers such as export requirements, tariffs, taxes, local content requirements, anti-dumping regulations and requirements, and other restrictions and expenses, which could increase the effective price of our solar modules and make us less competitive in some countries or increase the costs to perform under our existing contracts; and

•difficulty of, and costs relating to, compliance with the different commercial and legal requirements of the overseas countries in which we offer and sell our solar modules.

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Risks Related to Regulations

We expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from our assumptions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

In August 2022, the U.S. President signed the IRA into law, which is intended to accelerate the country’s ongoing transition to clean energy. The provisions of the IRA are generally effective for tax years beginning after 2022. We continue to evaluate the extent of benefits available to us, which we expect will favorably impact our results of operations in future periods. For example, we currently expect to qualify for the advanced manufacturing production credit under Section 45X of the IRC, which provides certain specified benefits for solar modules and solar module components manufactured in the United States and sold to third parties. For eligible components, the credit is equal to (i) $12 per square meter for a PV wafer, (ii) 4 cents multiplied by the capacity of a PV cell, and (iii) 7 cents multiplied by the capacity of a PV module. Based on the current form factor of our modules, we expect to qualify for a credit of approximately 17 cents per watt for each module produced in the United States and sold to a third party. Such credit may be refundable or transferable to a third party and is available from 2023 to 2032, subject to phase down beginning in 2030.

There are currently several critical and complex aspects of the IRA pending technical guidance and regulations from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and U.S. Treasury Department, including, but not limited to, the following:

•Total credit under Section 45X. The guidance is expected to confirm that a vertically-integrated solar module manufacturer is entitled to the sum of the credit amounts for each eligible component that is integrated into the solar module, including the credit amounts for the PV wafer, cell, and module, provided such components are produced in the United States. This clarification may impact to what extent we qualify for a credit of approximately 17 cents per watt based on the current form factor of our modules.

•Standardization of per-watt measurements. The guidance is expected to confirm and/or clarify the method by which wattage is calculated to determine the applicable credit amounts for PV cells and modules. Our current evaluation of the benefits available to us is based on the use of industry-wide standard test conditions to determine the nameplate capacity of PV cells and modules. The guidance is expected to create meaningful consistency for credit calculation by standardizing the process for determining solar module nameplate capacity. These clarifications may impact the extent of the credit available to us for eligible PV cells and modules.

•Direct payment and transfer elections. The guidance is expected to clarify whether a taxpayer’s direct payment election with respect to the Section 45X credit applies only to a single 5-year period or whether the taxpayer is entitled to make a second direct payment election for a subsequent 5-year period during the 10-year credit period. This clarification will impact whether we can monetize the credit in the form of cash payments directly from the government throughout the 10-year credit period, or whether we would be required to monetize the credit through a sale to another taxpayer or taxpayers during the subsequent 5-year period. The guidance is also expected to clarify whether the taxpayer is entitled to make the direct payment election on a facility-by-facility basis, especially with respect to new manufacturing facilities that commence production after the taxpayer has made the initial direct payment election. Such clarification may impact the extent to which we will be able to make additional direct payment elections across multiple years for multiple manufacturing facilities. Furthermore, the guidance is expected to address (i) how and when the credit is claimed by the taxpayer, including the type of information necessary to verify the credit amount, (ii) whether the credit must be applied as a reduction to any quarterly estimated tax payments or as an offset to any taxes that are reported on the taxpayer’s income tax return for any taxable year in which a direct payment election is made, and (iii) the degree of review or examination by the IRS or any other agency, including whether such review or examination would be a condition to receiving any direct payment. These clarifications may impact the timing and extent of cash benefits available to us and, if the
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direct payment election cannot be made a second time, our ability to transfer the tax credits to another taxpayer or taxpayers, which depends on the future demand for such credits.

•Domestic content requirements. The guidance is expected to confirm that domestic content rules are applied separately with respect to steel and iron as compared to manufactured products, which would require that only a certain percentage of the total costs of such manufactured product components are of U.S. origin. These clarifications may impact whether our modules meet domestic content requirements, which is a key value proposition for current and future customers. Alternatively, if the domestic content rules as defined by the final guidance are defined broadly, we may face significant additional competition for module sales within the U.S. If our modules manufactured in the U.S. do not meet the domestic content requirements as defined by the final guidance or if the guidance definition is defined broadly, this may adversely impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and future expansion plans within the United States.

Any modifications to the law or its effects arising, for example, through (i) technical guidance and regulations from the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department, including the certain aspects disclosed above, (ii) subsequent amendments to or interpretations of the law, and/or (iii) future laws or regulations rendering certain provisions of the IRA less effective or ineffective, in whole or in part, could result in changes to the expected and/or actual benefits in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on demand and/or price levels for our solar modules, our net sales, and future expansion plans within the United States, and/or otherwise adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Existing regulations and policies, changes thereto, and new regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory, and economic barriers to the purchase and use of PV solar products, or systems, which may significantly reduce demand for our modules, systems, or services.modules.


The market for electricity generation products is heavily influenced by local,federal, state, federal,local, and foreign government regulations and policies concerning the electric utility industry, as well as policies promulgated by electric utilities. These regulations and policies often relate to electricity pricing and interconnection of customer-owned electricity generation. In the United States and in a number ofcertain other countries, these regulations and policies have been modified in the past and may be modified again in the future. These regulations and policiesfuture, which could deter end-user purchases of PV products or systems and investment in the R&D of PV solar technology.products. For example, without a mandated regulatory exception for PV solar power systems, utility customerssystem owners are often charged interconnection or standby fees for putting distributed power generation on the electric utility grid. IfTo the extent these interconnection standby fees wereare applicable to PV solar power systems, it is likely that they would increase the cost of using such systems, for end-users, which could make the systems less desirable, thereby adversely affecting our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, with respect to utilities that utilize a peak-hour pricing policy or time-of-use pricing methods wherebyAnother example is the priceeffect of electricity is adjusted basedgovernmental land-use planning policies and environmental policies on electricity supply and demand, electricity generated byutility-scale PV solar power systems currently benefits from competing primarily with expensive peak-hour electricity, rather thandevelopment. The adoption of restrictive land-use designations or environmental regulations that proscribe or restrict the less expensive average pricesiting of electricity. Modifications toutility-scale solar facilities could adversely affect the peak-hour pricing policiesmarginal cost of utilities, such as to a flat rate for all times of the day, would require PV solar power systems to achieve lower prices in order to compete with the price of electricity from other sources and would adversely impact our operating results.development.


Our modules systems, and services (such as O&M) are often subject to oversight and regulation in accordance with national and local ordinances relating to building codes, safety, environmental protection, utility interconnection and metering, and other matters, and tracking the requirements of individual jurisdictions is complex. Any new government regulations or utility policies pertaining to our modules systems, or services may result in significant additional expenses to us or our customers and, as a result, could cause a significant reduction in demand for our modules, systems, or services.products. In addition, any regulatory compliance failure could result in significant management distraction, unplanned costs, and/or reputational damage.


We could be adversely affected by any violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”),FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act, and other foreign anti-bribery laws.


The FCPA generally prohibits companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Other countries in which we operate also have anti-bribery laws, some of which prohibit improper payments to government and non-government persons and
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entities, and others (e.g., the FCPA and the U.K. Bribery Act) extend their application to activities outside of their country of origin. Our policies mandate compliance with all applicable anti-bribery laws. We currently operate in, and pursuant to our long-term strategic plans may further expand into, key parts of the world that have experienced governmental corruption to some degree and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery laws may conflict with



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local customs and practices. In addition, due to the level of regulation in our industry, our operations in certain jurisdictions where norms can differ from U.S. standards, including China, India, China, South America, and the Middle East, require substantial government contact, either directly by us or through intermediaries over whom we have less direct control, such as subcontractors, agents, and partners (such as joint venture partners), where norms can differ from U.S. standards.. Although we have implemented policies, procedures, and, in certain cases, contractual arrangements designed to facilitate compliance with these anti-bribery laws, our officers, directors, associates, subcontractors, agents, and partners may take actions in violation of our policies, procedures, contractual arrangements, and anti-bribery laws. Any such violation, even if prohibited by our policies, could subject us and such persons to criminal and/or civil penalties or other sanctions potentially by government prosecutors from more than one country, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and reputation.


Environmental obligations and liabilities could have a substantial negative impact on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.


Our operations involve the use, handling, generation, processing, storage, transportation, and disposal of hazardous materials and are subject to extensive environmental laws and regulations at the local,national, state, national,local, and international levels. These environmental laws and regulations include those governing the discharge of pollutants into the air and water, the use, management, and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes, the cleanup of contaminated sites, and occupational health and safety. As we execute our long-term strategic plans and expand our business into foreign jurisdictions worldwide, our environmental compliance burden may continue to increase both in terms of magnitude and complexity. We have incurred and may continue to incur significant costs in complying with these laws and regulations. In addition, violations of, or liabilities under, environmental laws or permits may result in restrictions being imposed on our operating activities or in our being subjectedsubject to substantial fines, penalties, criminal proceedings, third-party property damage or personal injury claims, cleanup costs, or other costs. Such solutions could also result in substantial delay or termination of projects under construction within our systems business, which could adversely impact our results of operations. While we believe we are currently in substantial compliance with applicable environmental requirements, future developments such as more aggressive enforcement policies, the implementation of new, more stringent laws and regulations, or the discovery of presently unknown environmental conditions may require expenditures that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.


Our solar modules contain CdTe and other semiconductor materials. Elemental cadmium and certain of its compounds are regulated as hazardous materials due to the adverse health effects that may arise from human exposure. Based on existing research, the risks of exposure to CdTe are not believed to be as serious as those relating to exposure to elemental cadmium.cadmium due to CdTe’s limited bioavailability. In our manufacturing operations, we maintain engineering controls to minimize our associates’ exposure to cadmium or cadmium compounds and require our associates who handle cadmium compounds to follow certain safety procedures, including the use of personal protective equipment such as respirators, chemical goggles, and protective clothing. Relevant studies and third-party peer reviewreviews of our technology have concluded that the risk of exposure to cadmium or cadmium compounds from our end-products is negligible. In addition, the risk of exposure is further minimized by the encapsulated nature of these materials in our products, the physical properties of cadmium compounds used in our products, and the recycling or responsible disposal of our modules. While we believe that these factors and procedures are sufficient to protect our associates, end-users,end users, and the general public from adverse health effects that may arise from cadmium exposure, we cannot ensure that human or environmental exposure to cadmium or cadmium compounds used in our products will not occur. Any such exposure could result in future third-party claims against us, damage to our reputation, and heightened regulatory scrutiny, which could limit or impair our ability to sell and distribute our products. The occurrence of future events such as these could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.


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The use of cadmium or cadmium compounds in various products is also coming under increasingly stringent governmental regulation. Future regulation in this area could impact the manufacturing, sale, collection, and recycling of solar modules and could require us to make unforeseen environmental expenditures or limit our ability to sell and distribute our products. For example, Examples of such regulations include the following:

•European Union Directive 2011/65/EU on the Restriction of the Use of Hazardous



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Substances (“RoHS”) in electrical and electronic equipment (recast RoHS Directive)(the “RoHS Directive”) restricts the use of certain hazardous substances, including cadmium and its compounds, in specified products. Other jurisdictions, such as China, have adopted similar legislation or are considering doing so.all electronic equipment sold into the European market, unless excluded from the law. Currently, PV solar modules are explicitly excluded from the scope of recast RoHS (Article 2), as adopted by the European Parliament and the Council in June 2011. Other jurisdictions have adopted similar legislation or are considering doing so. The next general reviewrevision of the RoHS Directive is scheduled for 2021, involving a broader discussion of the existing scope. A scope review focusing on additional exclusions was proposed by the European Commissionexpected in 2017 under the EU’s co-decision process which allows the European Parliament and the European Council to amend the European Commission’s proposal on exclusions. The co-decision procedure was completed in 2017 and the existing exclusion of PV modules was maintained.2025. If PV modules were to be included in the scope of future RoHS revisions without an exemption, or exclusion, we would be required to redesign our solar modules to reduce cadmium and other affected hazardous substances to the maximum allowable concentration thresholds in the RoHS Directive in order to continue to offer them for sale within the EU. As such actions would be impractical, this type of regulatory development would effectively close the EU market to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.


As an owner•In November 2022, the government of India, through its Ministry of Environment, Forest and operatorClimate Change and MNRE, introduced legislation intended to expand the scope of existing electronic waste (“e-waste”) regulations, including PV solar modules. This regulation, as subsequently amended in January 2023, will also create extended producer obligations for mandatory recycling of PV solar power systems that deliver electricitywaste at the end of its useful life. These regulations are expected to the grid, certain of our affiliated entities may be regulated as public utilities under U.S. federal and state law, which could adversely affect the cost of doing business and limit our growth.

As an owner and operator of PV solar power systems that deliver electricity to the grid, certain of our affiliated entities may be considered public utilities for purposes of the Federal Power Act, as amended (the “FPA”), and public utility companies for purposes of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 2005 (“PUHCA 2005”), and are subject to regulation by the FERC, as well as various local and state regulatory bodies.

Some of our affiliated entities may be exempt wholesale generators or qualifying facilities under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, as amended (“PURPA”), and as such are exempt from regulation under PUHCA 2005. In addition, our affiliated entities may be exempt from most provisions of the FPA, as well as state laws regarding the financial or organizational regulation of public utilities. We are not directly subject to FERC regulation under the FPA. However, we are considered to be a “holding company” for purposes of Section 203 of the FPA, which regulates certain transactions involving public utilities, and such regulation could adversely affect our ability to grow the business through acquisitions. Likewise, investors seeking to acquire our public utility subsidiaries or acquire ownership interests in our securities sufficient to give them control over us and our public utility subsidiaries may require prior FERC approval to do so. Such approval could result in transaction delays or uncertainties.

Public utilities under the FPA are required to obtain FERC acceptance of their rate schedules for wholesale sales of electricity and to comply with various regulations. The FERC may grant our affiliated entities the authority to sell electricity at market-based rates and may also grant them certain regulatory waivers, such as waivers from compliance with FERC’s accounting regulations. These FERC orders reserve the right to revoke or revise market-based sales authority if the FERC subsequently determines that our affiliated entities can exercise market power in the sale of generation products, the provision of transmission services, or if it finds that any of the entities can create barriers to entry by competitors. In addition, if the entities fail to comply with certain reporting obligations, the FERC may revoke their power sales tariffs. Finally, if the entities were deemed to have engaged in manipulative or deceptive practices concerning their power sales transactions, they would be subject to potential fines, disgorgement of profits, and/or suspension or revocation of their market-based rate authority. If our affiliated entities were to lose their market-based rate authority, such companies would be required to obtain the FERC’s acceptance of a cost-of-service rate schedule and could become subject to the accounting, record-keeping, and reporting requirements that are imposed on utilities with cost-based rate schedules, which would impose cost and compliance burdens on us and have an adversecome into effect on our resultsApril 1, 2023. At this time, the recycling targets, monitoring mechanism, and determination of operations. In addition towho finances the risks described above, we may be subject to additional regulatory regimes at state or foreign levels torecycling costs are unclear, and, depending on the extent we own and operate PV solar power systems in such jurisdictions.




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Other Risks

We may not realize the anticipated benefits of past or future business combinations or acquisition transactions, and integration of business combinations may disrupt our business and management.

We have made several acquisitions in prior years and in the future we may acquire additional companies, project pipelines, products, or technologies or enter into joint ventures or other strategic initiatives. We may not realize the anticipated benefits of such business combinations or acquisitions, and each transaction has numerous risks. The risks associated with such transactions may include the following:

difficulty in assimilating the operations and personnel of the acquired or partner company;

difficulty in effectively integrating the acquired products or technologies with our current products or technologies;

difficulty in achieving profitable commercial scale from acquired technologies;

difficulty in maintaining controls,final procedures and policies during the transition and integration;

disruption of our ongoing business and distraction of our management and associates from other opportunities and challenges due to integration issues;

difficulty integrating the acquired or partner company’s accounting, management information, and other administrative systems;

difficulty managing joint ventures with our partners, potential litigation with joint venture partners, and reliance upon joint ventures that we do not control; for example, our ability to effectively manage 8point3 Energy Partners, LP (the “YieldCo” or the “Partnership”), the limited partnership formed with SunPower Corporation (“SunPower” and together with First Solar, the “Sponsors”);

inability to retain key technical and managerial personnel of the acquired business;

inability to retain key customers, vendors, and other business partners of the acquired business;

inability to achieve the financial and strategic goals for the acquired and combined businesses, as a result of insufficient capital resources or otherwise;

incurring acquisition-related costs or amortization costs for acquired intangible assets thatrules, such regulations could negatively impact our operating results;

potential impairment of our relationships with our associates, customers, partners, distributors, or third-party providers of products or technologies;

potential failure of the due diligence processes to identify significant issues with product quality, legal and financial liabilities, among other things;

potential inability to assert that internal controls over financial reporting are effective;

potential inability to obtain, or obtain in a timely manner, approvals from governmental authorities, which could delay or prevent such acquisitions; and

potential delay in customer purchasing decisions due to uncertainty about the direction of our product offerings.



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Mergers and acquisitions of companies are inherently risky, and ultimately, if we do not complete the integration of acquired businesses successfully and in a timely manner, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisitions to the extent anticipated, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations. In addition, we may seek to dispose of our interests in acquired companies, project pipelines, products, or technologies. We may not recover our initial investment in such interests, in part or at all, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We may be unable to complete the sale of our interests in 8point3 Energy Partners LP on the terms and in the timeframe anticipated, or at all, and if we are unable to complete such sale, we may continue to hold the interests and may not be able to achieve the full strategic and financial benefits expected to result from the formation of the Partnership, or the sale could result in shareholder litigation.

In June 2015, the Partnership formed by the Sponsors completed its initial public offering (the “IPO”). The YieldCo is a joint venture vehicle into which we and SunPower each contributed a portfolio of selected solar generation assets from our existing portfolios of assets. Since the formation of the Partnership, we and SunPower have, from time to time, sold interests in solar projects to the Partnership. We launched the YieldCo to enable a competitive cost of capital and greater optionality in the project sales process for a portion of our future project sales.

In February 2018, we entered into an agreement (the “Merger Agreement”) with CD Clean Energy and Infrastructure V JV, LLC, an equity fund managed by Capital Dynamics and certain other co-investors and certain other parties, pursuant to which such parties agreed to acquire our interests in the Partnership and its subsidiaries (the “Transaction”). The closing of the Transaction is subject to various conditions, including, among others, approval by the YieldCo’s shareholders, and the receipt of consents from third parties and governmental approvals, including approval under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, FERC Section 203 approval, and the approval of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States. Known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors could impact the satisfaction of these conditions and therefore the expected timing and likelihood of completion of the Transaction. Failure or delay to satisfy these or other conditions may have adverse consequences, including that the market price of the YieldCo’s shares may decline, to the extent that their current market price reflects a market assumption that the Transaction will be completed, certain costs relating to the Transaction, such as certain financial advisor and legal fees, must be paid even if the Transaction is not completed, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. The YieldCo and Capital Dynamics also have the ability to terminate the Merger Agreement in certain circumstances. If we are unable to close the Transaction, we may continue to hold the interests and may not be able to realize the strategic and financial benefits that we expect to derive from our YieldCo strategy and our investment in the Yieldco. If the Transaction is not completed, we will have to reassess our long-term strategy with respect to our continued ownershipIndia.

General Risk Factors

Cyber-attacks or other breaches of our interests in the YieldCo.

In addition, we may be subject to class action lawsuits relating to the Transaction, and other additional lawsuits that may be filed. Such litigation is common in connectioninformation systems, or those of third parties with acquisitions of public companies, regardless of any merits related to the underlying acquisition. While we will evaluate and defend against any actions vigorously, the costs of the defense of such lawsuits and other effects of such litigation could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

The viability of the YieldCo strategy and the Transaction are also subject to the risks described in the YieldCo’s Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, due to the joint venture nature of the YieldCo,which we do not exercise control over the YieldCo in the same manner that we could over our wholly-owned subsidiaries, and, as such, the viability of the YieldCo strategy and the Transaction also depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage our business, relationships with SunPower. If we are unable to achieve the strategic and financial benefits expected to result from the YieldCo strategy and the Transaction, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. See Note 12. “Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates and Joint Ventures” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding the Partnership.




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We are subject to litigation risks, including securities class actions and stockholder derivative actions, which may be costly to defend and the outcome of which is uncertain.

From time to time, we are subject to legal claims, with and without merit, that may be costly and which may divert the attention of our management and our resources in general. In addition, our projects may be subject to litigation or other adverse proceedings that may adversely impact our ability to proceed with construction or sell a given project, which may adversely affect our ability to recognize revenue with respect to such project. The results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict. Moreover, many of the complaints filed against us do not specify the amount of damages that plaintiffs seek, and we therefore are unable to estimate the possible range of damages that might be incurred should these lawsuits be resolved against us. Certain of these lawsuits assert types of claims that, if resolved against us, could give rise to substantial damages, and an unfavorable outcome or settlement of one or more of these lawsuits, or any future lawsuits, may result in a significant monetary judgment or award against us or a significant monetary payment by us, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our operations rely on our computer systems, hardware, software, and networks, as well as those of third parties with which we do business, to securely process, store, and transmit proprietary, confidential, and other information, including intellectual property and personally identifiable information. We also rely heavily on these information systems to operate our manufacturing lines. These information systems may be compromised by cyber-attacks, computer viruses, and other events that could be materially disruptive to our business operations and could put the security of our information, and that of the third parties with which we do business, at risk of misappropriation or destruction. In recent years, such cyber incidents have become increasingly frequent and sophisticated, targeting or otherwise affecting a wide range of companies. While we have instituted security measures and procured insurance to mitigate the likelihood and impact of a cyber incident, there is no assurance that these measures, or those of the third parties with which we do business, will be adequate in the future. If these measures fail, valuable information may be lost; our operations may be disrupted; we may be unable to fulfill our customer obligations; and our reputation may suffer. Additionally, any cyber incident affecting our automated manufacturing lines could adversely affect our ability to produce solar modules or otherwise affect the quality and performance of the modules produced. We may also be subject to litigation, regulatory action, remedial expenses, and financial losses beyond the scope or limits of our insurance coverage. These consequences of a failure of security measures could, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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The severity and duration of public health threats (including pandemics such as COVID-19 or similarly infectious diseases) could materially impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact various countries throughout the world, including those in which we do business or have operations, though the scope and severity of COVID-19 continues to evolve. With the exception of certain manufacturing charges incurred in 2020 and 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on the economy did not materially impact our business, financial condition, and/or results of operations. Even if these lawsuits,However, the extent to which public health threats (including pandemics such as COVID-19 or any future lawsuits, are not resolved against us, the costs of defending such lawsuits may be significant and may not be covered by our insurance policies. Because the price of our common stock has been, and may continue to be, volatile, we can provide no assurance that additional securities or other litigation will not be filed againstsimilarly infectious diseases) could impact us in the future. See Note 15. “Commitmentsfuture is highly uncertain and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings”cannot be predicted, and will depend largely on subsequent developments, including but not limited to (i) the severity and duration of any public health threat, (ii) measures taken to contain the spread of any public health threat, such as restrictions on travel and gatherings of people and temporary closures of or limitations on businesses and other commercial activities, (iii) the timing and nature of policies implemented by governmental authorities, and (iv) any future variants of any public health threat, which may surge over time.

As a result of any public health threat and any related containment measures and reopening policies, we may be subject to significant risks, which have the potential to materially and adversely impact our consolidatedbusiness, financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more informationcondition, and results of operations, including the following:

•we may at any time be ordered by governmental authorities, or we may determine, based on our legal proceedings,understanding of the recommendations or orders of governmental authorities, that we have to curtail or cease business operations or activities, including manufacturing and R&D activities; and

•the failure of our securities class actionsuppliers or vendors to supply materials or equipment, or the failure of our vendors to install, repair, or replace our specialized equipment, due to any public health threat and derivative actions.related containment measures, may idle, slowdown, shutdown, or otherwise cause us to adjust our manufacturing capacity, and the availability and cost of logistics services associated with the procurement of raw materials or equipment used in our manufacturing process and the shipping, handling, storage, and distribution of our modules may require us to adjust our module manufacturing plans or module delivery commitments, which may result in additional unplanned charges.


If we are unable to attract, train, retain, and successfully integrate key talent into our management team, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Our future success depends, to a significant extent, on our ability to attract, train, and retain management, operations, sales, and technical talent, including associates in foreign jurisdictions. Recruiting and retaining capable individuals, particularly those with expertise in the PV solar industry across a variety of technologies, are vital to our key associates and to successfully integrate them into our management team.

success. We are also dependent on the services of our executive officers and other members of our senior management team. The loss of one or more of these key associates or any other member of our senior management team could have a material adverse effect on our business. WeAlthough we have a succession planning process in place, we may not be able to retain or replace these key associates and may not have adequate succession plans in place.a timely manner. Several of our current key associates, including our executive officers, are subject to employment conditions or arrangements that contain post-employment non-competition provisions. However, these arrangements permit the associates to terminate their employment with us upon little or no notice. In addition, on January 5, 2023, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) voted to issue a notice of proposed rulemaking that, if adopted, would ban non-competition provisions. The proposed rule would make it illegal for an employer to enter into, attempt to enter into, or maintain a non-competition provision. It would also require an employer to rescind any existing non-competition provisions. The proposed rule is subject to a public comment period through March 10, 2023, after which the FTC may vote to implement the proposed rule or may update or revise it based on the comments received and the enforceabilityFTC’s further analysis of the issue. Although it is uncertain if the rule will be adopted or what the final language of the rule, if adopted, will be, the implementation of a ban on non-competition provisions in certain jurisdictions is uncertain.could make it more difficult for us to retain qualified associates.

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If we are unable to attract, train, and retain key personnel, our business may be materially and adversely affected; any regulatory compliance failure with respect to applicable labor laws and regulations, including the Davis-Bacon and Related Acts, could have an adverse effect on us.

Our future success depends, to a significant extent, on our ability to attract, train, and retain management, operations, sales, training, and technical personnel, including personnel in foreign jurisdictions. Recruiting and retaining capable personnel, particularly those with expertise in the PV solar industry across a variety of technologies, are vital to our success. There is substantial competition for qualified technical and manufacturing personnel, and while we continue to benchmark our organization against thea broad spectrum of businessbusinesses in our market space to remain economically competitive, there can be no assurances that we will be able to attract and retain our technical personnel. As we continue to expand domestically and internationally, we may encounter regional laws that mandate union representation or associates who desire union representation or a collective bargaining agreement. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified associates, or otherwise experience unexpected labor disruptions within our business, we may be materially and adversely affected.

Labor used on some of our job sites may be subject to the Davis-Bacon and Related Acts (collectively, “Davis-Bacon”). Davis-Bacon requires that personnel assigned to the project be paid at least the prevailing wage and fringe benefits, as established by and in accordance with the regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”). We have an established policy pursuant to which we evaluate Davis-Bacon requirements in conjunction with our subcontractors and ensure our collective compliance with these requirements. If it is determined that any person working under Davis-Bacon requirements on First Solar projects is not properly classified, is being paid the incorrect prevailing wage, or has not been paid fringe benefits to which he or she was entitled, we could incur additional liability with respect to such worker or be exposed to other adverse outcomes.



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We may be exposed to infringement or misappropriation claims by third parties, which, if determined adversely to us, could cause us to pay significant damage awards or prohibit us from the manufacture and sale of our solar modules or the use of our technology.


Our success depends largely on our ability to use and develop our technology and know-how without infringing or misappropriating the intellectual property rights of third parties. The validity and scope of claims relating to PV solar technology patents involve complex scientific, legal, and factual considerations and analysis and, therefore, may be highly uncertain. We may be subject to litigation involving claims of patent infringement or violation of intellectual property rights of third parties. For example, during 2022, we received various indemnification demands from certain customers, for whom we provided EPC services, regarding claims that such customers’ PV tracker systems infringe, in part, on patents owned by Rovshan Sade (“Sade”), the owner of a company called Trabant Solar, Inc. See Note 12. “Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings” to our consolidated financial statements for more information on our legal proceedings. The defense and prosecution of intellectual property suits, patent opposition proceedings, and related legal and administrative proceedings can be both costly and time consuming and may significantly divert the efforts and resources of our technical and management personnel. An adverse determination in any such litigation or proceedings to which we may become a party could subject us to significant liability to third parties, require us to seek licenses from third parties, which may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all, or pay ongoing royalties, require us to redesign our solar modules, or subject us to injunctions prohibiting the manufacture and sale of our solar modules or the use of our technologies. Protracted litigation could also result in our customers or potential customers deferring or limiting their purchase or use of our solar modules until the resolution of such litigation.


Currency translation and transaction risk may negatively affect our results of operations.


Although our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, we conduct certain business and incur costs in the local currency of most countries in which we operate. As a result, we are subject to currency translation and transaction risk. For example, certain of our net sales in 20172022 were denominated in foreign currencies, such as EurosJapanese yen and Indian rupees,Euro, and we expect to continue to have net sales denominated in foreign currencies in the future. Joint ventures or otherfuture, such as Indian rupee. Certain business arrangements with strategic partners outside of the United States have involved and in the future may involve significant investments denominated in local currencies. Changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar could affect our results of operations and result in exchange gains or losses. We cannot accurately predict the impact of future exchange rate fluctuations on our results of operations.


We could also expand our business into emerging markets, many of which have an uncertain regulatory environment relating to currency policy. Conducting business in such emerging markets could cause our exposure to changes in exchange rates to increase, due to the relatively high volatility associated with emerging market currencies and potentially longer payment terms for our proceeds.


Our ability to hedge foreign currency exposure is dependent on our credit profile with the banks that are willing and able to do business with us. Deterioration in our credit position or a significant tightening of the credit market conditions could limit our ability to hedge our foreign currency exposures; and therefore, result in exchange gains or losses.

Our largest stockholder has significant influence over us and his interests may conflict with or differ from interests of other stockholders.

Our largest stockholder, Lukas T. Walton (the “Significant Stockholder”), owned approximately 22% of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2017. As a result, the Significant Stockholder has substantial influence over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of our directors and the approval of significant corporate transactions such as mergers, tender offers, and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets. The interests of the Significant Stockholder could conflict with or differ from interests of other stockholders. For example, the concentration of ownership held by the Significant Stockholder could delay, defer, or prevent a change of control of our company or impede a merger, takeover, or other business combination, which other stockholders may view favorably.




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If our long-lived assets or project related assets become impaired, we may be required to record significant charges to earnings.

We may be required to record significant charges to earnings should we determine that our long-lived assets or project related assets are impaired. Such charges may have a material impact on our financial position and results of operations. We review long-lived and project related assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. We consider a project commercially viable or recoverable if it is anticipated to be sold for a profit once it is either fully developed or fully constructed or if the expected operating cash flows from future power generation exceed the cost basis of the asset. If our projects are not considered commercially viable, we would be required to impair the respective assets.

Unanticipated changes in our tax provisions,provision, the enactment of new tax legislation, or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect our profitability.


We are subject to income taxes in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. In December 2017,Accordingly, we are subject to a variety of tax laws and interpretations of such laws by local tax authorities. For example, in January 2022, the U.S. government enacted the Tax Act. The changes includedpublished new regulations in the Tax ActU.S. Federal Register to address various aspects of foreign tax credit regimes, including, among other things, guidance related to the disallowance of credits or deductions for foreign income taxes. These regulations, which became effective in March 2022, contain certain provisions that are broad and complex,applicable for periods prior to the effective date, and the final effects of the Tax Act, including those related to the mandatory one-time transitioncould result in material income tax on certain accumulated earnings and profits of foreign corporate subsidiaries that may electively be paid over eight years, may differ from the estimates provided elsewhereexpense in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, possibly materially, due to, among other things, changes in interpretations of the Tax Act, any legislative action to address questions that arise because of the Tax Act, any changes in accounting standards for income taxes or related interpretations in response to the Tax Act, any updates or changes to estimates utilized to calculate provisional amounts, or actions we may take as a result of the Tax Act. Additionally,future periods. Furthermore, longstanding international tax laws that determine each country’s jurisdictional tax rights in cross-border international trade are evolvingcontinue to evolve as a result of the base erosion and profit shifting reporting requirements and the introduction of the global minimum tax recommended by the OrganisationOrganization for Economic Co-operation and Development. As theseAdditionally, in August 2022, the U.S. President signed into law the IRA, which revised U.S. tax law by, among other things, including a new corporate alternative minimum tax (the “CAMT”) of 15% on certain large corporations, imposing a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks, and otherproviding various incentives to address climate change, including the introduction of the advanced manufacturing production credit. The provisions of the IRA are generally effective for tax lawsyears beginning after 2022. Given the complexities of the IRA, which is pending technical guidance and regulations change,from the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department, we will continue to monitor these developments and evaluate the potential future impact to our results of operations. For further information, see the Risk Factor entitled, “We expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from our assumptions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.” Changes to these and other tax laws and regulations could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.


We are subject to potential tax examinations in various jurisdictions, and taxing authorities may disagree with our interpretations of U.S. and foreign tax laws and may assess additional taxes. We regularly assess the likely outcomes of these examinations in order to determine the appropriateness of our tax provision; however, the outcome of tax examinations cannot be predicted with certainty. Therefore, the amounts ultimately paid upon resolution of such examinations could be materially different from the amounts previously included in our income tax provision, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations and cash flows.operations.


In addition, our future effective tax rate could be adversely affected by changes to our operating structure, losses of tax holidays, changes in the jurisdictional mix of earnings among countries with tax holidays or differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in tax laws, and the discovery of new information in the course of our tax return preparation process. Any changes in our effective tax rate may materially and adversely impact our results of operations.

Cyber-attacks or other breaches of our information systems, or those of third parties with which we do business, could have a material adverse effectimpact on our business, financial conditionconditions, and results of operations.


Our operations rely on our computer systems, hardware, software,We have been and networks, as well as those of the third parties with which we do business, to securely process, store, and transmit proprietary, confidential, and other information, including intellectual property. Such information systems may be compromised by cyber-attacks, computer viruses, and other events that could be materially disruptive to our business operations and could put the security of our information, and that of the third parties with which we do business, at risk of misappropriation or destruction. In recent years, such cyber incidents have become increasingly frequent and sophisticated, targeting or otherwise affecting a wide range of companies. While we have instituted security measures to minimize the likelihood and impact of a cyber incident, there is no assurance that these measures, or those of the third parties with which we do business, will be adequate in the future. If these measures fail, valuable information may be lost; our manufacturing, development,



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construction, O&M, and other operations may be disrupted; and our reputation may suffer. We may also be subject to or involved in litigation regulatory action, remedialor threatened litigation, the outcome of which may be difficult to predict, and which may be costly to defend, divert management attention, require us to pay damages, or restrict the operation of our business.

From time to time, we have been and may be subject to disputes and litigation, with and without merit, that may be costly and which may divert the attention of our management and our resources in general, whether or not any dispute actually proceeds to litigation. The results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict. Moreover, complaints filed against us may not specify the amount of damages that plaintiffs seek, and we therefore may be unable to estimate the possible range of damages that might be incurred should these lawsuits be resolved against us. Even if we are able to estimate losses related to these actions, the ultimate amount of loss may be materially higher than our estimates. Any resolution of litigation, or threatened litigation, could involve the payment of damages or expenses and financial losses beyondby us, which may be significant or involve an agreement with terms that restrict the scope oroperation of our business. Even if any future lawsuits are not resolved against us, the costs of defending such lawsuits may be significant. These costs may exceed the dollar limits of our insurance coverage. These consequencespolicies or may not be covered at all by our
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insurance policies. Because the price of security measures could, individuallyour common stock has been, and may continue to be, volatile, we can provide no assurance that additional securities or other litigation will not be filed against us in the aggregate, have a material adverse effectfuture. See Note 12. “Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings” to our consolidated financial statements for more information on our financial condition and results of operations.legal proceedings.


Changes in, or any failure to comply with, privacy laws, regulations, and standards may adversely affect our business.


Personal privacy and data security have become significant issues in the United States, India, Europe, and in many other jurisdictions in which we operate. The regulatory framework for privacy and security issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. For example, in 2015 the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that the U.S.-EU Safe Harbor framework, which provided U.S. companies with a streamlined means of complying with the EU’s Data Protection Directive regarding the treatment of customers’ and employees’ personal information and other privacy matters, and upon which we relied for the transfer of personal data from the EU to the U.S., was invalid. As a result of such invalidation, we have implemented data transfer agreements between certain of our U.S. and EU based entities. Furthermore, federal, state, federal, or foreign government bodies or agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, laws and regulations affecting data privacy, all of which may be subject to invalidation by relevant foreign judicial bodies. Industry organizations also regularly adopt and advocate for new standards in this area.


In the United States, these include rules and regulations promulgated or pending under the authority of federal agencies, and state attorneys general, and legislatures, and consumer protection agencies. Internationally, many jurisdictions in which we operate have established their own data security and privacy legal framework with which we, or ourrelevant suppliers, and customers must comply, including but not limited to,comply. For example, the Data Protection Directive established in the EU and data protection legislation of the individual member states subject to such directive. The Data Protection Directive will be replaced in May 2018 by the pending European General Data Protection Regulation, a broad-based data privacy regime that will imposeenacted by the European Parliament, which became effective in May 2018, imposed new requirements on how we collect, process, transfer, and store personal data, and also imposed additional obligations, potential penalties, and risk upon our business. Additionally, the California Consumer Privacy Act, which became effective in January 2020, imposed similar data privacy requirements. In many jurisdictions, enforcement actions and consequences for noncompliance are also rising. In addition to government regulation, privacy advocates and industry groups may propose new and different self-regulatory standards that either legally or contractually apply to us. AnyAlthough we have implemented policies, procedures, and, in certain cases, contractual arrangements designed to facilitate compliance with applicable privacy and data security laws and standards, any inability or perceived inability to adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy and data security laws, regulations, and policies, could result in additional costfines, costs, and liabilityliabilities to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales, and adversely affect our business.


Our credit agreements contain covenant restrictions that mayAmended and Restated Bylaws designate a state or federal court located within the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, and the federal district courts of the United States as the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action under the Securities Act of 1933, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to operatechoose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our business.directors, officers, employees, agents or stockholders.


We may be unableOur Amended and Restated Bylaws (“Bylaws”) provide that, unless we consent in writing to respond to changes in businessthe selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) is the sole and economic conditions, engage in transactions that might otherwise be beneficialexclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, other employees, agents or stockholders to us and obtain additional financing, if needed, because the senior secured credit facility made available underor our amended and restated credit agreement with several financial institutions as lenders and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) and certainstockholders, (iii) any action or proceeding against us or any of our project financing arrangements contain,directors, officers, other employees, agents or stockholders arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”), our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation or our Bylaws, (iv) any action or proceeding against us or any of our directors, officers or other future debt agreements may contain, covenant restrictionsemployees asserting a claim that limitis governed by the internal affairs doctrine, or (v) any action or proceeding asserting an “internal corporate claim,” as defined in the DGCL. Our Bylaws also provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States are the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action under the Securities Act. Nothing in our abilityBylaws precludes stockholders that assert claims under the Exchange Act from bringing such claims in any court, subject to among other things:applicable law.

incur additional debt, assume obligations in connection with letters of credit, or issue guarantees;

create liens;

enter into certain transactions with our affiliates;

sell certain assets; and

declare or pay dividends, make other distributions to stockholders, or make other restricted payments.




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Under our Revolving Credit Facility and certain of our project financing arrangements, we are also subject to certain financial covenants. Our ability to comply with covenants under our credit agreements is dependent on our future performanceAny person or the performance of specifically financed projects, which will be subject to many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including prevailing economic conditions. In addition, our failure to comply with these covenants could resultentity holding, owning or otherwise acquiring any interest in a default under these agreements and any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to these provisions. These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers, other future debt agreements,employees, agents or stockholders, which if not curedmay discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, other employees, agents or waived, could permit the holders thereof to accelerate such debtstockholders. The enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ governing documents has been challenged in legal proceedings, and could cause cross-defaults under our other facility agreements and the possible acceleration of debt under such agreements, as well as cross-defaults under certain of our key project and operational agreements and could also result in requirements to post additional security instruments to secure future obligations. In addition, we cannot assure you that events that occur within the Company, or in the industry or the economy as a whole, will not constitute material adverse effects under these agreements. If it is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable. For example, in December 2018, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware determined that a material adverse effect has occurred,provision stating that federal district courts of the lenders can,United States are the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under certain circumstances, restrict future borrowingsthe Securities Act is not enforceable. Although this decision was reversed by the Delaware Supreme Court in March 2020, courts in other states may still find these provisions to be inapplicable or accelerateunenforceable. If a court were to find the due date of outstanding amounts. If any ofexclusive forum provisions in our debt is accelerated,Bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may not have sufficient funds available to repay such debt and may experience cross-defaults under ourincur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other debt or operational agreements,jurisdictions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.


Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments


None.


Item 2. Properties


As of December 31, 2017,2022, our principal properties consisted of the following:
NaturePrimary Segment(s) Using PropertyLocationHeld
Corporate headquartersModules & SystemsOtherTempe, Arizona, United StatesLease
Manufacturing plant,plants, R&D facility,facilities, and administrative officesModulesPerrysburg and Lake Township, Ohio, United StatesOwn
Administrative officesSystemsSan Francisco, California, United StatesLease
R&D facilityModules & SystemsSanta Clara, California, United StatesLease
Manufacturing plant and administrative officesModulesKulim, Kedah, MalaysiaLease land, own buildings
Administrative officesModules & SystemsOtherGeorgetown, Penang, MalaysiaLease
Manufacturing plant (1)ModulesHo Chi Minh City, VietnamLease land, own buildings
Manufacturing plant (1)ModulesTamil Nadu, IndiaLease land, own buildings
Manufacturing plant (2)ModulesFrankfurt/Oder, GermanyOwn
Manufacturing plant (3)ModulesTrinity, Alabama, United StatesOwn
——————————
(1)In July 2017, we announced our plans to utilize our manufacturing plant in Vietnam for production of our next generation Series 6 module technology.

(2)In December 2012, we ceased manufacturing at our German plant. Since its closure, we have continued to market such property for sale.

(1)Manufacturing plant currently under construction; operations are expected to commence in the second half of 2023.

(2)In addition,December 2012, we lease small amounts of office and warehouse spaceceased manufacturing at our German plant. Since its closure, we have, from time to time, marketed such property for sale.

(3)Manufacturing plant currently under construction; operations are expected to commence in several other U.S. and international locations.late 2024.


Item 3. Legal Proceedings


See Note 15.12. “Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding legal proceedings and related matters.


Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures


None.



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PART II


Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related StockholderMatters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities


Price Range of Common StockMarket Information


Our common stock is listed on NASDAQThe Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbol FSLR. The following table sets forth the range of high and low closing prices per share as reported on NASDAQ for the periods indicated:

  High Low
2017    
First quarter $37.90
 $27.10
Second quarter 40.49
 26.33
Third quarter 51.41
 38.67
Fourth quarter 70.63
 46.91
2016  
  
First quarter $73.21
 $60.99
Second quarter 67.48
 44.23
Third quarter 49.24
 34.00
Fourth quarter 42.25
 29.21
Holders


The closing price of our common stock on NASDAQ was $65.85 per share on February 16, 2018. As of February 16, 2018,24, 2023, there were 4844 record holders of our common stock, which does not reflect the beneficial ownershipowners of shares held in nominee names.our shares.


Dividend Policy


We have never paid and it is our present intention for the foreseeable futuredo not expect to pay dividends on our common stock. Our Revolving Credit Facility imposes restrictions on our ability to declare or pay dividends.stock for the foreseeable future. The declaration and payment of dividends is subject to the discretion of our board of directors and depends on various factors, including the continued applicability of the above-referenced restrictions under our Revolving Credit Facility, our net income, financial condition, cash requirements, future prospects, and other factors considered relevant by our board of directors. We expect to prioritize our working capital requirements, capacity expansion and other capital expenditure needs, project developmentR&D and construction,technology investments, and merger and acquisition opportunities prior to returning capital to our shareholders.


Stock Price Performance Graph


The following graph compares the five-year cumulative total return on our common stock relative to the cumulative total returns of the S&P 500 Index and the GuggenheimInvesco Solar ETF, which represents a peer group of solar companies. InFor purposes of the stock price performance graph, included below, an investment of $100 (with reinvestment of all dividends) is assumed to have been made in our common stock, the S&P 500 Index, and the GuggenheimInvesco Solar ETF on December 31, 2012,2017, and its relative performance is tracked through December 31, 2017.2022. This performance graph is not “soliciting material,” is not deemed filed with the SEC, and is not to be incorporated by reference in any filing by us under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date hereof, and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing. The stock price performance shown onin the graph represents past performance and shouldis not be considered an indicationnecessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

fslr-20221231_g2.jpg

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COMPARISON OF FIVE-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*
Among First Solar, the S&P 500 Index,
and the Guggenheim Solar ETF

——————————
*$100 invested on December 31, 2012 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends. Index calculated on a month-end basis.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities


None.


Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliate Purchases


None.


Item 6. Selected Financial DataReserved


The following tables set forth our selected financial data for the periods and at the dates indicated. The selected financial data from the consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 and the selected financial data from the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 have been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected financial data from the consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 and the selected financial data from the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 have been derived from audited consolidated financial statements not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information presented below should also be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto and None.

Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”




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Table of Contents

For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, we have recast certain of the following financial data as a result of the adoption of ASU 2014-09. See Note 3. “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information regarding these changes.
  Years Ended
 
 
 December 31,
2017		 December 31,
2016		 December 31,
2015		 December 31,
2014		 December 31,
2013
  (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Net sales $2,941,324
 $2,904,563
 $4,112,650
 $3,391,187
 $3,309,616
Gross profit 548,947
 638,418
 1,132,762
 824,941
 864,632
Operating income (loss) 177,851
 (568,151) 730,159
 421,999
 370,407
Net (loss) income (165,615) (416,112) 593,406
 395,964
 350,718
Net (loss) income per share:  
  
  
  
  
Basic $(1.59) $(4.05) $5.88
 $3.96
 $3.74
Diluted $(1.59) $(4.05) $5.83
 $3.90
 $3.67
Cash dividends declared per common share $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
           
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $1,340,677
 $206,753
 $(325,209) $735,516
 $856,126
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (626,802) 144,520
 (156,177) (387,818) (537,106)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 192,045
 (136,393) 101,207
 (46,907) 101,164
 
 
 December 31,
2017		 December 31,
2016		 December 31,
2015		 December 31,
2014		 December 31,
2013
  (In thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents $2,268,534
 $1,347,155
 $1,126,826
 $1,482,054
 $1,325,072
Marketable securities 720,379
 607,991
 703,454
 509,032
 439,102
Total assets 6,864,501
 6,824,368
 7,360,392
 6,720,991
 6,876,586
Total long-term debt 393,540
 188,388
 289,415
 213,473
 223,323
Total liabilities 1,765,804
 1,606,019
 1,741,996
 1,729,504
 2,408,516
Total stockholders’ equity 5,098,697
 5,218,349
 5,618,396
 4,991,487
 4,468,070

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition andResults of Operations


The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions as described under the “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” that appears earlier in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis does not address certain items in respect of the year ended December 31, 2020. See Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 for comparative discussions of our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.





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Table of Contents

Executive Overview


We are a leading American solar technology company and global provider of comprehensive PV solar energy solutions. We design,Developed at our R&D labs in California and Ohio, we manufacture and sell PV solar modules with an advanced thin film semiconductor technology and also develop, design, construct, and sellthat provide a high-performance, lower-carbon alternative to conventional crystalline silicon PV solar power systems that primarily usemodules. From raw material sourcing through end-of-life module recycling, we are committed to reducing the modules we manufacture. Additionally, we provide O&M services to system owners. We have substantial, ongoing R&D efforts focused on moduleenvironmental impacts and system-level innovations.enhancing the social and economic benefits of our products across their life cycle. We are the world’s largest thin film PV solar module manufacturer and one of the world’s largest PV solar module manufacturers. Our mission is to provide cost-advantaged solar technology through innovation, customer engagement, industry leadership, and operational excellence.manufacturer in the Western Hemisphere.


Certain highlights of our financial results and other key operational developments for the year ended December 31, 20172022 include the following:


•Net sales for 2022 decreased by 10% to $2.6 billion compared to $2.9 billion in 2017 were $2.9 billion, which was consistent with2021. The decrease in net sales was primarily attributable to sales of certain projects in 2016. Such results were primarily driven bythe United States and Japan in the prior period, the prior period settlement of an outstanding indemnification arrangement associated with the sale of one of our projects, and a decrease in the Moapa, California Flats, Switch Station, and Cuyama projects in 2017, together withaverage selling price per watt, partially offset by an increase in third-party module sales in 2017 comparedthe volume of modules sold to 2016, offset by the completion of substantially all construction activities on a number of projects in 2016, including the Desert Stateline, Astoria, Taylor, East Pecos, Silver State South, Butler, and McCoy projects.
third parties.


•Gross profit decreased 3.322.3 percentage points to 18.7% during 20172.7% in 2022 from 22.0% during 201625.0% in 2021 primarily due to a mix of lower gross profit projects sold and under construction during the period and reductionsdecrease in the average selling price per watt of our modules, the volume of higher gross profit projects sold directlyduring the prior period, an increase in sales freight, demurrage, and detention charges, an impairment loss for our Luz del Norte PV solar power plant, and the prior period settlement of the indemnification matter mentioned above. These decreases to third parties,gross profit were partially offset by reductions in our product warranty liabilitythe higher volume of modules sold and ourcontinued module collection and recycling liability.cost reductions.

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•As of December 31, 2017,2022, we had 18approximately 9.8 GWDC of total installed nameplate module production lines atcapacity across all our manufacturing facilities in Perrysburg, Ohio and Kulim, Malaysia.facilities. We produced 2.39.1 GWDC of solar modules during 2017,2022, which represented a 26% decrease15% increase in module production from 2016.2021. The decreaseincrease in production was primarily driven by higher throughput at our previously announced plans to ramp down production of our Series 4 modules and transition to Series 6 module manufacturing over the next several years.facilities. We expect to produce approximately 3.1between 11.5 GWDC and 12.2 GWDC of solar modules during 2018, including approximately 1 GW of Series 6 modules.
2023.


In November 2017,•During 2022, we produced our initial Series 6 modules atannounced plans to expand our manufacturing facility in Perrysburg, Ohio. We continue to qualify such modules for commercial production and expect the Ohio facility to begin commercial production in early 2018. In late 2017, we also began installing Series 6 production lines atcapacity by an additional 4.4 GWDC by constructing our facility in Kulim, Malaysia.

During 2017, we ran ourfourth manufacturing facilities at approximately 99% capacity utilization, which represented a 2.0 percentage point increase from 2016.

The average conversion efficiency of our modules produced in 2017 was 16.9%, which represented an improvement of 0.5 percentage points from our average conversion efficiency of 16.4% in 2016.

Market Overview

The solar industry continues to be characterized by intense pricing competition, both at the module and system levels. In particular, module average selling pricesfacility in the United States and several other key markets have experienced an accelerated declineincreasing our manufacturing footprint at our existing facilities in recent years, and module average selling pricesOhio. Such expansion plans, in combination with our previously announced expansion plans, are expected to continueincrease our manufacturing capacity by approximately 11 GWDC by 2025.

•In May 2022, we entered into various agreements with certain subsidiaries of PAG Real Assets (“PAG”), a private investment firm, for the sale of our Japan project development business. In June 2022, we completed the sale and, following certain customary post-closing adjustments, received total consideration of ¥66.4 billion ($490.8 million) and transferred cash and restricted cash of ¥8.4 billion ($61.9 million) to PAG. As a result of this transaction, we recognized a gain of $245.2 million, net of transaction costs, which was included in “Gain on sales of businesses, net” in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. In September 2022, we also completed the sale of our Japanese O&M operations to a subsidiary of PAG and, following certain customary post-closing adjustments, received total consideration of ¥692.7 million ($4.8 million). As a result of this transaction, we recognized a gain of $1.4 million, net of transaction costs and post-closing adjustments, which was included in “Gain on sales of businesses, net” in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Market Overview

Solar energy is one of the fastest growing forms of renewable energy with numerous economic and environmental benefits that make it an attractive complement to and/or substitute for traditional forms of energy generation. In recent years, the cost of producing electricity from PV solar power systems has decreased to levels that are competitive with or below the wholesale price of electricity in many markets. This price decline globallyhas opened new possibilities to some degreedevelop systems in many locations with limited or no financial incentives, thereby promoting the widespread adoption of solar energy. Additionally, recently enacted government support programs, such as the IRA discussed above, have contributed to this momentum by providing solar module manufacturers, project developers, and project owners with various incentives to accelerate the ongoing transition to clean energy. For more information about these support programs, see Item 1. “Business - Support Programs.”

Supply and demand. As a result of the market opportunities described above, we are in the future.process of expanding our manufacturing capacity by approximately 11 GWDC, including the construction of our third manufacturing facility in the United States, which commenced commercial production of modules in early 2023; our first manufacturing facility in India, which is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2023; our fourth manufacturing facility in the United States, which is expected to commence operations in late 2024; and the expansion of our manufacturing footprint at our existing facilities in Ohio. In the aggregate, we believe manufacturers of solar cells and modules, particularly those in China, have significant installed production capacity, relative to global demand, and the ability for additional capacity expansion. WeAccordingly, we believe the solar industry may from time to time experience periods of structural imbalance between supply and demand, (i.e., where production capacity exceeds global demand),which could lead to periods of pricing volatility. In light of such market realities, we continue to focus on our strategies and that such periods will put pressure on pricing. Additionally,points of differentiation, which include our advanced module technology, our manufacturing process, our R&D capabilities, the sustainability advantage of our modules, and our financial stability.

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Pricing competition. The solar industry has been characterized by intense pricing competition, both at the module and system levellevels. This competition may result in an environment in which pricing falls rapidly, thereby further



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potentially increasing demand for solar energy solutions but constraining the ability for project developers EPC companies, and vertically-integrated solar companies such as First Solarmodule manufacturers to sustain meaningful and consistent profitability. In light of such market realities, we are focusing on our strategies and points of differentiation, which include our advanced module and system technologies, our manufacturing process, our vertically-integrated business model, our financial viability, and the sustainability of our modules and systems.

Worldwide solar markets continue to develop, in part aided by demand elasticity resulting from declining industry average selling prices, both at the module and system levels, which make solar power more affordable. We are developing, constructing, and operating multiple solar projects around the world as we continue to execute on our advanced-stage utility-scale project pipeline. We expect a significant portion of our future consolidated net sales, operating income, and cash flows to be derived from such projects. We also continue to develop our early-to-mid-stage project pipeline and evaluate acquisitions of projects to further expand both our early-to-mid-stage and advanced-stage project pipelines. See the tables under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Systems Project Pipeline” for additional information about projects within our advanced-stage project pipeline.

Lower industry module and system pricing, while currently challenging for certain solar manufacturers (particularly manufacturers with higher cost structures), is expected to continue to contribute to diversification in global electricity generation and further demand for solar energy solutions. Over time, we believe that solar energy generation will experience widespread adoption in those applications where it competes economically with traditional forms of energy generation. In the near term, however, declining average selling prices are expected to adversely affect ourOur results of operations relative to prior years. Ifcould be adversely affected if competitors reduce pricing to levels below their costs;costs, bid aggressively low prices for module sale agreements, EPC agreements, and PPAs; or are able to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time,time. For certain of our resultscompetitors, including many in China, these practices may be enabled by their direct or indirect access to sovereign capital or other forms of operations could be further adversely affected. In certainstate support. Although module average selling prices in many global markets have declined for several years, recent module spot pricing has increased, in Californiapart, due to trade measures and elsewhere, an oversupply imbalance atpolicies, government regulations, raw material availability, and supply chain disruptions. For example, module spot pricing in the grid level may further contributeUnited States has increased, in part, due to reduce short-to-medium termelevated commodity and logistics costs and, more recently, due to the rising demand for new solar installations relative to prior years, lower PPAmodules manufactured in the United States as a result of the IRA. The duration of this elevated period of pricing and lower margins on module and system sales to such markets. We continue to mitigate these uncertainties in part by executing on our module technology improvements, including our transition to Series 6 module manufacturing, continuing the development of key markets, and implementing certain other cost reduction initiatives, including both manufacturing, BoS, and other operating costs.is uncertain.


Diverse offerings. We face intense competition from manufacturers of crystalline silicon solar modules and developers of solar power projects.other emerging technologies. Solar module manufacturers compete with one another on sales price and onper watt, which may be influenced by several module value attributes, including wattage (through a larger form factor or an improved conversion efficiency,efficiency), energy yield, degradation, sustainability, and reliability, and developers of systems compete on various factors such as net present value, return on equity, and LCOE. As noted above, competition on the basis of sellingreliability. Sales price per watt has intensified in recent years, which has contributed to declines in module average selling prices in several key markets. Many crystalline silicon cellmay also be influenced by warranty terms and wafer manufacturers are transitioning from lower efficiency BSF multi-crystalline cells (the legacy technology against which we have generally competed in our markets) to higher efficiency PERC multi-crystalline and mono-crystalline cells at competitive cost structures. Additionally, whilecustomer payment terms. While conventional solar modules including the solar modules we produce, are monofacial, meaning their ability to produce energy is a function of direct and diffuse irradiance on their front side, certainmost module manufacturers of mono-crystalline PERC solar modules are pursuing the commercialization ofoffer bifacial modules that also capture diffuse irradiance on the back side of a module. We believecurrently produce monofacial solar modules and, based on recent R&D activities, expect to produce bifacial solar modules in the cost effective manufacture of bifacial PERC modules is being enabled by the expansion of inexpensive crystal growth and diamond wire saw capacity in China.near term. Bifaciality compromises nameplate efficiency, but by converting both front and rear side irradiance, such technology canmay improve the overall energy production of a module relative to nameplate efficiency when applied in certain applications, and BoS configurations, which could potentially lower the overall LCOE of a system when compared to systems using conventional solar modules, including the modules we currently produce. Additionally, certain module manufacturers have introduced n-type mono-crystalline modules, such as TOPCon modules, which are expected to provide certain improvements to module efficiency, temperature coefficient, and bifacial performance, and claim to provide certain degradation advantages compared to other mono-crystalline modules.


Product efficiencies. We believe we are among the lowest cost PV module manufacturers in the solar industry on a module cost per watt basis, based on publicly available information. This cost competitiveness allows us to compete favorably in markets where pricing for modules and fully integrated PV solar power systems is highly competitive. Our cost competitiveness is based in large part on our advanced thin film semiconductor technology, module wattage (or conversion efficiency,efficiency), proprietary manufacturing technologyprocess (which enables us to



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produce a CdTe module in less than 3.5a matter of hours using a continuous and highly automated industrial manufacturing process, as opposed to a batch process), and our focus on operational excellence. In addition, our CdTe modules use approximately 1-2%2% to 3% of the amount of semiconductor material that is used to manufacture traditionalconventional crystalline silicon solar modules. The cost of polysilicon is a significant driver of the manufacturing cost of crystalline silicon solar modules, and the timing and rate of change in the cost of silicon feedstock and polysilicon could lead to changes in solar module pricing levels. Polysilicon costs have had periods of decline over the past severalIn recent years, and polysilicon consumption per cell has been reduced through various initiatives, such as the adoption of diamond wire saw technology, contributingwhich have contributed to a declinedeclines in our relative manufacturing cost competitiveness over traditionalconventional crystalline silicon module manufacturers.


Given the smaller size (sometimes referred to as form factor) of our current Series 4 modules compared to certain types of crystalline silicon modules, we may incur higher labor and BoS costs associated with the construction of systems using our Series 4 modules. Thus, to compete effectively on an LCOE basis, our Series 4 modules may need to maintain a certain cost advantage per watt compared to crystalline silicon-based modules with larger form factors. We recently introduced our next generation Series 6 module technology, which is expected to enable the production of modules with a larger form factor along with better product attributes and a lower manufacturing cost structure. Accordingly, the larger form factor of our Series 6 modules is expected to reduce the number of electrical connections and hardware required for system installation. The resulting labor and material savings are expected to represent a significant improvement compared to current technologies and a substantial reduction in total installed system costs resulting in improved project returns as BoS costs represent a significant portion of the costs associated with the construction of a typical utility-scale system.

Energy performance. In terms of energy yield, in many climates our CdTesolar modules provide a significantcertain energy production advantage over most conventionaladvantages relative to competing crystalline silicon solar modules (including BSF and PERC technologies) of equivalent efficiency rating. For example, our CdTe solar modules provide a superior temperature coefficient, which results in stronger system performance in typical high insolation climates as the majority of a system’s generation, on average, occurs when module temperatures are well above 25°C (standard test conditions). In addition, our CdTe modules provide a superior spectral response in humid environments where atmospheric moisture alters the solar spectrum relative to laboratory standards. Our CdTe solar modules also provide a better shading response than conventional crystalline silicon solar modules, which may lose up to three times as much power as CdTe solar modules when shading occurs.modules. As a result, of these and other factors, our PV solar power systems typicallymodules can produce more annual energy in real world fieldoperating conditions than competing systemsconventional crystalline silicon modules with the same nameplate capacity. For more information about these advantages, see Item 1. “Business – Business Strategy.” Additionally, we warrant that our solar modules will produce at least 98% of their labeled power output rating during the first year, with the warranty coverage reducing by a degradation factor between 0.3% and 0.5%, depending on the module series, every year thereafter throughout the limited power output warranty period of up to 30 years.


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While our modules and systems are generally competitive in cost, reliability, and performance attributes, there can be no guarantee such competitiveness will continue to exist in the future to the same extent or at all. Any declines in the competitiveness of our products could result in additional margin compression, further declines in the average selling prices of our modules and systems, erosion in our market share for modules and systems, and/or declines in overall net sales.additional margin compression. We continue to focus on enhancing the competitiveness of our solar modules and systems by accelerating progress alongthrough our module technology and cost reduction roadmaps, continuing to make technological advances at the system level, using innovative installation techniques and know-how, and leveraging volume procurement around standardized hardware platforms.roadmaps.


Certain Trends and Uncertainties


We believe that our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be favorably or unfavorably impacted by the following trends and uncertainties that may affect our financial condition and results of operations.uncertainties. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussiondiscussions of other risks that may affect our financial condition and results of operations.us.


Our long-term strategic plansbusiness is evolving worldwide and is shaped by the varying ways in which our offerings can be compelling and economically viable solutions to energy needs in various markets. In addressing electricity demands, we are focused on our goal to create long-term shareholder value through a balance of growth, profitability, and liquidity. In executing such plans, we are focusing on providing utility-scale PV solar energy solutions using our modulesmodule offerings in key geographic markets that we believe have a compellingsignificant need for mass-scale PV solar electricity, including markets throughout the Americas,United States, India, and Europe. We closely evaluate and monitor the Asia-Pacific region,appropriate level of resources required to support such markets and certain other strategic markets. Additionally,



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we are focusing on opportunitiestheir associated sales opportunities. When deployed in whichutility-scale applications, our PV solarmodules provide energy solutions can compete directly withat a lower LCOE compared to traditional forms of energy generation, onmaking them an LCOEattractive alternative to or similar basis, or complement suchreplacement for aging fossil fuel-based generation offerings. Suchresources. Accordingly, future retirements of aging energy generation resources represent a significant increase in the potential market for solar energy.

This focus on our coreutility-scale module and utility-scale offerings exists within a current market environment that includes rooftop and distributed generation solar, particularly in the United States. While it is unclear how rooftop and distributed generation solar might impact our core utility-scale based offerings in the next several years, wesolar. We believe that utility-scale solar will continue to be a compelling solar offering for companies with technology and cost leadership and will continue to represent an increasing portion of the overall electricity generation mix. Additionally,However, our abilitymodule offerings in certain markets may be driven, in part, by future demand for rooftop and distributed generation solar solutions. For example, we continue to provide utility-scaleevaluate opportunities to develop and leverage other solar cell technologies in multi-junction applications that utilize our thin film PV technology. We believe such applications have the potential to enable our module conversion efficiency to reach 28% by 2030.

Demand for our PV solar module offerings on economically attractive terms depends, in part, on certain market factors outside our control. For example, many governments have proposed or enacted policies or support programs intended to encourage renewable energy investments to achieve decarbonization objectives and/or establish greater energy independence. While we compete in markets that do not require solar-specific government subsidies or support programs, our net sales and profits remain subject to variability based on the availability and size of our control, such as interest rate fluctuations, domestic or international trade policies,government subsidies and government support programs.economic incentives. Adverse changes in these factors could increase the cost of utility-scale systems, which could reduce demand for such systemsour solar modules. Recent developments to government support programs include the following:

•United States. In August 2022, the U.S. President signed the IRA into law, which is intended to accelerate the country’s ongoing transition to clean energy. The provisions of the IRA are generally effective for tax years beginning after 2022. Among other things, the financial incentives provided by the IRA are expected to significantly increase demand for modules manufactured in the United States. Accordingly, the demand for these solar modules is expected to increase domestic manufacturing in the near term, which may result in localized supply chain constraints and limit the numberperiods of potential buyers.

We are closely evaluating and managing the appropriate levelinflationary pricing for certain of resources required as we pursue the most advantageous and cost effective projects and partnerships in our key markets. We have dedicated,raw materials, including substrate glass and intendcover glass. The financial incentives provided by the IRA are also expected to significantly increase demand for solar modules in general due to the incremental tax credit available for the qualified production of clean hydrogen that is powered by renewable resources. Given the complexities of the IRA, which is pending technical guidance and regulations from the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department, we continue to dedicate, significant capitalevaluate the extent of benefits available to us, which we expect will favorably impact our results of operations in future periods. For example, we currently expect to qualify for the advanced manufacturing production credit under Section 45X of the IRC, which provides certain specified
45
benefits for solar modules and human resourcessolar module components manufactured in the United States and sold to third parties. Such credit, which may be refundable to us or transferable to a third party, is available through 2032, subject to phase down beginning in 2030. For more information about certain risks associated with the benefits available to us under the IRA, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – We expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from our assumptions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.”

•India. In September 2022, the government of India approved an expansion to its PLI scheme to INR 195 billion ($2.5 billion), which is intended to promote the manufacturing of high efficiency solar modules in India and to reduce India’s dependency on foreign imports of solar modules. Under the total installed costPLI scheme, manufacturers are selected through a competitive bid process and receive certain cash incentives over a five-year period following the commissioning of PV solar energy,their manufacturing facilities. Among other things, such incentives are based on the efficiency and temperature coefficient of the modules produced, the proportion of raw materials sourced from the domestic market, the extent to optimizewhich the designmanufacturer’s operations are fully integrated within India, and logistics aroundthe quantity of modules sold from such manufacturing operations. At this time, it is uncertain whether and to what extent we may qualify for such incentives.

Demand for our PV solar energy solutions also depends on domestic or international trade policies and government regulations, which may be proposed, revised, and/or enacted across short- and long-term time horizons with varying degrees of impact to ensureour net sales, profit, and manufacturing operations. Changes in these policies and regulations could adversely impact the competitive landscape of solar markets, which could reduce demand for our solar modules. Recent revisions or proposed changes to trade policy and government regulations include the following:

•United States. In June 2022, the U.S. President authorized the U.S. Secretary of Commerce to provide a 24-month antidumping and countervailing duty tariff exemption for imported solar panels from certain Southeast Asian countries. For more information about this development, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – The reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for on-grid solar electricity applications, or the impact of other public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales or increase our costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.” Separately, the U.S. President also authorized the use of the Defense Production Act to expand domestic production of clean energy technologies. At this time, it is uncertain what impact, if any, these developments will have on future investments in solar module manufacturing in the United States.

•United States. In June 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in West Virginia, et al. v. Environmental Protection Agency, et al., which limited the Environmental Protection Agency’s (“EPA”) ability to regulate greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions under the Clean Air Act using a “generation shifting” approach from coal-fired power plants to renewable energy sources over time. At this time, it is unclear what effect this ruling will have on future EPA regulation of GHG emissions, the U.S. President’s climate change initiatives, internationally agreed-upon climate goals, the extent and timing of future coal plant retirements in the United States, and/or future investments in renewable energy.

•India. The ALMM was introduced in 2021 as a non-tariff barrier to incentivize domestic manufacturing of PV modules by approving the list of models and manufacturers who can participate in certain solar development projects. The ALMM is approved by the MNRE, and any modifications to the ALMM and its application may affect future investments in solar module manufacturing in India. For more information about the ALMM, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – The reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for on-grid solar electricity applications, or the impact of other public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar
46
modules and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales or increase our costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.”

Our ability to provide solar modules on economically attractive terms is also affected by the availability and cost of logistics services associated with the procurement of raw materials or equipment used in our manufacturing process and the shipping, handling, storage, and distribution of our modules. For example, although the cost of ocean freight throughout many parts of the world has recently decreased, such costs remain at elevated levels relative to pre-COVID-19 pandemic rates. Such factors may disrupt our supply chain and adversely impact our manufacturing operations as several of our key raw materials and components are either single-sourced or sourced from a limited number of international suppliers. We may also incur additional logistics costs, such as demurrage and detention, to the extent we are unable to retrieve or return our shipping containers in a timely manner. To mitigate such costs and better meet our customer commitments, we may adjust our shipping plans to include additional lead times for module deliveries and/or utilize our network of U.S. distribution centers. We are also employing module contract structures that provide additional consideration to us if the cost of logistics services, excluding demurrage and detention, exceeds a defined threshold. Additionally, our solutions integrate wellmanufacturing capacity expansions in the U.S. and India are expected to bring manufacturing activities closer to customer demand, further mitigating our exposure to the cost of ocean freight. While it is currently unclear how long these issues will persist, they may be further exacerbated by the disruption of major shipping routes or other economic disruptions.

We generally price and sell our solar modules on a per watt basis. As of December 31, 2022, we had entered into contracts with customers for the overall electricity ecosystemfuture sale of each specific market. We61.4 GWDC of solar modules for an aggregate transaction price of $17.7 billion, which we expect to recognize as revenue through 2029 as we transfer control of the modules to the customers. Such volume includes contracts for the sale of 31.5 GWDC of solar modules that over time,include transaction price adjustments associated with future module technology improvements, including new product designs and enhancements to certain energy related attributes. Based on these potential technology improvements, the contracted module volumes as of December 31, 2022, the expected timing such technology improvements are incorporated into our manufacturing process, and the expected timing of module deliveries, such adjustments, if realized, could result in additional revenue of up to $0.5 billion, the majority of which would be recognized in 2025, 2026, and 2027. In addition to these price adjustments, certain of our consolidated netcontracts with customers may include favorable price adjustments associated with the extension of the ITC and/or sales operating income,freight in excess of a defined threshold. Certain of our contracts with customers may also include favorable or unfavorable price adjustments associated with changes to certain commodity prices and/or the module wattage committed for delivery. As a result, the revenue recognized from such contracts may increase or decrease in future periods relative to the original transaction price.

We continue to increase the nameplate production capacity of our existing manufacturing facilities by improving our production throughput, increasing module wattage (or conversion efficiency), and cash flows will come from solar offeringsreducing manufacturing yield losses. Additionally, we are in the key geographic markets described above. The timing, execution, and financial impactsprocess of expanding our manufacturing capacity by approximately 11 GWDC, including the construction of our long-term strategic plans are subject to risks and uncertainties, as described in Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We are focusing our resources in those markets and energy applications in which solar power can be a least-cost, best-fit energy solution, particularly in regions with significant current or projected electricity demand, relatively high existing electricity prices, strong demand for renewable energy generation, and high solar resources.

Creating or maintaining a market position in certain strategically targeted markets and energy applications also requires us to adapt to new and changing market conditions. For example, our offerings from time to time may need to be competitively priced at levels associated with minimal gross profit margins, which may adversely affect our results of operations. We expect the profitability associated with our various sales offerings to vary from one another over time, and possibly vary from our internal long-range profitability expectations and targets, depending on the market opportunity and the relative competitiveness of our offerings compared with other energy solutions, traditional or otherwise, that are available to potential customers. In addition, as we execute on our long-term strategic plans, we will continue to monitor and adapt to any changing dynamics in emerging technologies, such as commercially viable energy storage solutions, which are expected to further enable PV solar power systems to compete with traditional forms of energy generation by shifting the delivery of energy generated by such systems to periods of greater demand. Such storage solutions continue to evolve in terms of technology and cost, and global deployments of storage capacity are expected to exceed 100 GW by 2030, representing a significant increasethird manufacturing facility in the potential market for renewable energy. We will also continue to monitor and adapt to any changing dynamics in the market set of potential buyers of solar projects. Market environments with few potential project buyers and a higher cost of capital would generally exert downward pressure on the potential revenue from the solar projects we are developing, whereas, conversely, market environments with many potential project buyers and a lower cost of capital would likely have a favorable impact on the potential revenue from such solar projects.

On occasion, we may temporarily own and operate certain systems with the intention to sell them at a later date. We may also elect to construct and temporarily retain ownership interests in partially contracted or uncontracted systems forUnited States, which there is a partial or no PPA with an off-taker, such as a utility, but rather an intent to sell a portion of or all the electricity produced by the system on an open contract basis until the system is sold. Expected revenue from projects without a PPA for the full offtake of the system is subject to greater variability and uncertainty based on market factors and is typically lower than projects with a fully contracted PPA. Additionally, our joint ventures and other business arrangements with strategic partners have and may in the future result in us temporarily retaining a noncontrolling ownership interest in the underlying systems projects we develop, supply modules to, or construct, potentially for a period of up to several years. In each of the above mentioned examples, we may retain such ownership interests in a consolidated or unconsolidated separate entity.



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We continually evaluate forecasted global demand, competition, and our addressable market, and seek to effectively balance manufacturing capacity with market demand and the nature and extent of our competition. In July 2017, we announced our plans to utilize our idled Vietnamese manufacturing plant forcommenced commercial production of modules in early 2023; our next generation Series 6 module technology. This decision is expected to provide us with several operational benefits, including (i) the ability to add additional Series 6 production lines without ramping down current Series 4 production, (ii) flexibilityfirst manufacturing facility in production capacity during our Series 6 transition period, and (iii) installing Series 6 production lines in a facility that is substantially identical to our Malaysian manufacturing plant where such lines are currently being installed,India, which is expected to acceleratecommence operations in the second half of 2023; our fourth manufacturing facility in the United States, which is expected to commence operations in late 2024; and facilitate a cost-effective installation. Our Vietnamese plant, including the recently announced expansion of a second Series 6 production lineour manufacturing footprint at the facility,our existing facilities in Ohio. This additional capacity, and any other potential investments to add to or otherwise modify our existing manufacturing capacity in response to market demand and competition, may require significant internal and possibly external sources of liquiditycapital, and may be subject to certain risks and uncertainties described in Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” including those described under the headings “Our“Our future success depends on our ability to effectively balance manufacturing production with market demand, convert existing production facilities to support new product lines, such aseffectively manage our transition to Series 6 module manufacturing,cost per watt, and, when necessary, continue to build new manufacturing plants over time in response to suchmarket demand, and add production lines in a cost-effective manner, all of which are subject to risks and uncertainties”uncertainties” and “If“If any future production lines are not built in line with our committed schedules, it may impair anyadversely affect our future growth plans. If any future production lines do not achieve operating metrics similar to our existing production lines, our solar modules could perform below expectations and cause us to lose customers.”

8point3 Energy Partners LP

In June 2015, the 8point Energy Partners LP or “the Partnership” completed its IPO. As part of the offering, we contributed interests in various projects to a subsidiary of the Partnership in exchange for an ownership interest in the entity. Since the formation of the Partnership, the Sponsors have, from time to time, sold interests in solar projects to the Partnership, which owns and operates a portfolio of solar energy generation projects.

In February 2018, we entered into an agreement with CD Clean Energy and Infrastructure V JV, LLC, an equity fund managed by Capital Dynamics and certain other co-investors and certain other parties, pursuant to which such parties agreed to acquire our interests in the Partnership and its subsidiaries. In connection with the Transaction, we entered into an agreement with Capital Dynamics and certain other parties, whereby we and SunPower have agreed, among other things, to vote to approve the Merger Agreement at any meeting of shareholders of the Partnership for such purpose, as shareholders of the Partnership and holders of equity units in OpCo.

For additional information on the Partnership, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – We may be unable to complete the sale of our interests in 8point3 Energy Partners LP on the terms and in the timeframe anticipated, or at all, and if we are unable to complete such sale, we may continue to hold the interests and may not be able to achieve the full strategic and financial benefits expected to result from the formation of the Partnership, or the sale could result in shareholder litigation” and Note 12. “Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates and Joint Ventures – 8point3 Energy Partners LP” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Systems Project Pipeline

The following tables summarize, as of February 22, 2018, our approximately 2.2 GW advanced-stage project pipeline. The actual volume of modules installed in our projects will be greater than the project size in MWAC as module volumes required for a project are based upon MWDC, which will be greater than the MWAC size pursuant to a DC-AC ratio typically ranging from 1.2 to 1.3. Such ratio varies across different projects due to various system design factors. Projects are typically removed from our advanced-stage project pipeline tables below once we substantially complete construction of the project and after substantially all of the associated project revenue is recognized. Projects, or portions of projects, may also be removed from the tables below in the event an EPC-contracted or partner-developed project does not obtain permitting or financing, a project is not able to be sold due to the changing economics of the project or other factors, or we decide to temporarily own and operate, or retain interests in, such projects based on strategic opportunities or market factors.



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Projects under Sales Agreements
(Includes uncompleted sold projects, projects under sales contracts subject to conditions precedent, and EPC agreements, including partner developed projects that we will be or are constructing.)
Project/Location 
Project Size in MWAC
 PPA Contracted Partner EPC Contract/Partner Developed Project Expected Year Revenue Recognition Will Be Completed % of Revenue Recognized as of December 31, 2017
California Flats, California 280
 PG&E / Apple (1) Capital Dynamics 2018 69%
Florida (multiple locations) 206
 (2) Tampa Electric Company 2018/2019 —%
India (multiple locations) 155
 (3) (5) 2018 —%
Cuyama, California 40
 PG&E D.E. Shaw Renewable Investments 2018 98%
Japan (multiple locations) 15
 (4) (6) 2018 —%
Total 696
        

Projects with Executed PPA Not under Sales Agreements
Project/Location 
Project Size in MWAC
 PPA Contracted Partner Fully Permitted Expected or Actual Substantial Completion Year % Complete as of December 31, 2017
Twiggs County Solar, Georgia 200
 Georgia Power Company No 2019/2020 5%
Rosamond, California 150
 SCE Yes 2018 15%
Sun Streams, Arizona 150
 SCE Yes 2019 10%
Southwestern U.S. 150
 (6) Yes 2020/2021 4%
Luz del Norte, Chile 141
 (7) Yes 2016 100%
American Kings Solar, California 123
 SCE No 2020 16%
Willow Springs, California 100
 SCE Yes 2018 21%
Sunshine Valley, Nevada 100
 SCE Yes 2019 3%
Sun Streams 3, Arizona 65
 APS Yes 2020 —%
Beryl, Australia 61
 (6) Yes 2019 2%
Ishikawa, Japan 59
 Hokuriku Electric Power Company Yes 2018 62%
Japan (multiple locations) 84
 (8) No 2020 18%
Manildra, Australia 49
 EnergyAustralia Yes 2018 29%
Little Bear, California 40
 Marin Clean Energy (9) No 2020 5%
Miyagi, Japan 40
 Tohoku Electric Power Company No 2020 12%
India (multiple locations) 40
 (10) Yes 2017 100%
Total 1,552
        
——————————
(1)
PG&E – 150 MWAC and Apple Energy, LLC – 130 MWAC

(2)Utility-owned generation

(3)
Southern Power Distribution Company of Telangana State Ltd – 75 MWAC and Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Ltd – 80 MWAC

(4)Hokuriku Electric Power Company, Tokyo Electric Power Company, and Tohoku Electric Power Company

(5)Vector Green Energy Private Limited and India Infrastructure Fund II



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(6)Contracted but not specified

(7)
PPAs executed for approximately 70 MWAC; remaining electricity to be sold on an open contract basis

(8)Hokuriku Electric Power Company and Tokyo Electric Power Company

(9)
Expandable to 160 MWAC, subject to satisfaction of certain PPA contract conditions

(10)
Gulbarga Electricity Supply Co. – 20 MWAC and Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Co. – 20 MWAC

Results of Operations


The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations as a percentage of net sales for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015:2020:
 Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
Net sales100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %
Cost of sales97.3 %75.0 %74.9 %
Gross profit2.7 %25.0 %25.1 %
Selling, general and administrative6.3 %5.8 %8.2 %
Research and development4.3 %3.4 %3.5 %
Production start-up2.8 %0.7 %1.5 %
Litigation loss— %— %0.2 %
Gain on sales of businesses, net9.7 %5.0 %— %
Operating (loss) income(1.0)%20.1 %11.7 %
Foreign currency loss, net(0.6)%(0.3)%(0.2)%
Interest income1.3 %0.2 %0.6 %
Interest expense, net(0.5)%(0.4)%(0.9)%
Other income (expense), net1.2 %— %(0.4)%
Income tax (expense) benefit(2.0)%(3.5)%4.0 %
Net (loss) income(1.7)%16.0 %14.7 %
  Years Ended December 31,
  2017 2016 2015
Net sales 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 %
Cost of sales 81.3 % 78.0 % 72.5 %
Gross profit 18.7 % 22.0 % 27.5 %
Selling, general and administrative 6.9 % 9.0 % 6.2 %
Research and development 3.0 % 4.3 % 3.2 %
Production start-up 1.4 % — % 0.4 %
Restructuring and asset impairments 1.3 % 25.6 % — %
Goodwill impairment — % 2.6 % — %
Operating income (loss) 6.0 % (19.6)% 17.8 %
Foreign currency loss, net (0.3)% (0.5)% (0.2)%
Interest income 1.2 % 0.9 % 0.5 %
Interest expense, net (0.9)% (0.7)% (0.2)%
Other income (expense), net 0.8 % 1.4 % (0.1)%
Income tax expense (12.6)% (0.8)% (0.8)%
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax 0.1 % 5.0 % (2.6)%
Net (loss) income (5.6)% (14.3)% 14.4 %


Segment Overview
We operate
Our primary segment is our modules business, in two segments. Our modules segmentwhich involves the design, manufacture, and sale of CdTe solar modules, to third parties,which convert sunlight into electricity. Third-party customers of our modules segment include developers and ouroperators of systems, segment includesutilities, independent power producers, commercial and industrial companies, and other system owners. Our residual business operations include certain project development activities, O&M services, the development, construction, operation, maintenance, and saleresults of operations from PV solar power systems including any modules installedwe owned and operated in such systemscertain international regions, and any revenue from energy generated by such systems. See Note 22.“Segment and Geographical Information” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on our operating segments. See also Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Systems Project Pipeline” for a description of the system projects in our advanced-stage project pipeline.

Beginning with the three months ended December 31, 2017, we changed the composition of our reportable segments to align with revisions to our internal reporting structure and long-term strategic plans. As a result of this change, our modules segment, which was historically referred to as our components segment, includes module sales to third parties and excludes any module sales to our systems segment. Previously, we included an allocation of net sales value for all solar modules manufactured by our modules segment and installed in projects sold or built by our systems segment in the net sales of our modules segment. Our systems segment now includes all net sales from the sale of solar power systems and related products and services, including any modules installed in such systems and any revenue from energy generated by such systems. All prior year balances were revised to conform to the current year presentation.third-party customers.



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Net sales

Modules Business


We generally price and sell our solar modules on a per watt of nameplate power.basis. During 2017, Zorlu Enerji2022, Intersect Power, Lightsource BP, and RCR O’Donnell Griffin Pty, LtdNextEra Energy each accounted for more than 10% of our modules business net sales, and the majority of our solar modules were sold to integratorsdevelopers and operators of systems in the United States, India, and Turkey.States. Substantially all of our modules business net sales during 20172022 were denominated in U.S. dollars. We recognize revenue for module sales at a point in time following the transfer of control of such productsthe modules to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. The revenue recognition policies for module sales are further described in Note 2. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Systems Business

Throughstatements. Net sales from our fully integrated systemsresidual business we provide complete turn-key PV solar power systems, or solar solutions, that draw upon our capabilities, which include (i) project development, (ii) EPC services, and (iii) O&M services. Additionally within our systems segment, we may temporarily own and operate certainoperations primarily consists of our systems for a period of time based on strategic opportunities or market factors. We typically recognize revenue recognized for sales of solar powerdevelopment projects or completed systems, using cost based input methods, which resultincluding any modules installed in such systems and any revenue being recognized as work is performed based on the relationship between actual costs incurred comparedfrom energy generated by such systems. In certain prior periods, our residual business operations also included O&M services we provided to the total estimated costs for a given contract. We may also recognize revenue for the salethird parties.

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During 2017, the majority of our systems business net sales were in North America, and the principal customer of our systems business was Capital Dynamics, which accounted for more than 10% of our systems business net sales.

The following table shows net sales by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015:2020:
 Years EndedChange
(Dollars in thousands)2022202120202022 over 20212021 over 2020
Modules$2,428,278 $2,331,380 $1,736,060 $96,898 4 %$595,320 34 %
Other191,041 591,997 975,272 (400,956)(68)%(383,275)(39)%
Net sales$2,619,319 $2,923,377 $2,711,332 $(304,058)(10)%$212,045 8 %
  Years Ended Change
(Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2017 over 2016 2016 over 2015
Modules $806,398
 $675,452
 $227,461
 $130,946
 19 % $447,991
 197 %
Systems 2,134,926
 2,229,111
 3,885,189
 (94,185) (4)% (1,656,078) (43)%
Net sales $2,941,324
 $2,904,563
 $4,112,650
 $36,761
 1 % $(1,208,087) (29)%


Net sales from our modules segment increased by $130.9$96.9 million in 20172022 primarily due to a 68%20% increase in the volume of watts sold, partially offset by a 29%13% decrease in the average selling price per watt. Net sales from our systems segmentresidual business operations decreased by $94.2$401.0 million in 20172022 primarily as a resultdue to sales of certain projects in the United States and Japan in the prior period and the settlement of an outstanding indemnification arrangement associated with the sale of one of our projects. Under the terms of the completionindemnification arrangement, we received $65.1 million for our portion of substantially all construction activities on a number of projectsthe settlement payment, which we recorded as revenue in 2016, including the Desert Stateline, Astoria, Taylor, East Pecos, Silver State South, Butler, and McCoy projects,prior period. These decreases in net sales from our residual business operations were partially offset by the sale of the Moapa, California Flats, Switch Station, and Cuyama projects in 2017.

Net sales from our modules segment increased by $448.0 million in 2016 primarily due to a 211% increaseLuz del Norte PV solar power plant in the volumecurrent period. See Note 12. “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of watts sold, partially offset by a 5% decrease in the average selling price per watt. Net sales from our systems segment decreased by $1.7 billion in 2016 primarily from the sale of majority interests in the Desert Stateline, North Star, and Lost Hills projects in 2015, the completion of substantially all construction activities on the Imperial Solar Energy Center West and Decatur projects in 2015, the completion of substantially all construction activities on the Silver State South and McCoy projects in the first half of 2016, and lower module plus sales transactions. This decrease in revenue was partially offset by higher revenue from the commencement of construction on the Taylor and Butler projects in late 2015, the commencement of construction on the East Pecos project in early 2016, and completion of substantially all construction activities on the Astoria project.indemnification arrangements.



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Cost of sales

Modules Business


Our modules business cost of sales includes the cost of raw materials and components for manufacturing solar modules, such as glass, transparent conductive coatings, CdTe and other thin film semiconductors, laminate materials, connector assemblies, and edge seal materials.materials, and frames. In addition, our cost of sales includes direct labor for the manufacturing of solar modules and manufacturing overhead, such as engineering, equipment maintenance, environmental health and safety, quality and production control, and information technology, and procurement costs.technology. Our cost of sales also includes depreciation of manufacturing plant and equipment, facility-related expenses, environmental health and safety costs, and costs associated with shipping, warranties, and solar module collection and recycling (excluding accretion).

Systems Business

For Cost of sales for our systemsresidual business operations primarily consists of project-related costs, includesuch as development costs (legal, consulting, transmission upgrade, interconnection, permitting, and other similar costs), EPCengineering, procurement, and construction (“EPC”) costs (consisting primarily of solar modules, inverters, electrical and mounting hardware, project management and engineering, costs, and construction labor costs)labor), and site specific costs.


The following table shows cost of sales by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015:2020:
 Years EndedChange
(Dollars in thousands)2022202120202022 over 20212021 over 2020
Modules$2,312,881 $1,858,454 $1,306,929 $454,427 24 %$551,525 42 %
Other236,580 334,969 723,730 (98,389)(29)%(388,761)(54)%
Cost of sales$2,549,461 $2,193,423 $2,030,659 $356,038 16 %$162,764 8 %
% of net sales97.3 %75.0 %74.9 % 
  Years Ended Change
(Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2017 over 2016 2016 over 2015
Modules $694,060
 $564,942
 $175,530
 $129,118
 23 % $389,412
 222 %
Systems 1,698,317
 1,701,203
 2,804,358
 (2,886) — % (1,103,155) (39)%
Cost of sales $2,392,377
 $2,266,145
 $2,979,888
 $126,232
 6 % $(713,743) (24)%
% of net sales 81.3% 78.0% 72.5%  
      


Cost of salesincreased $126.2$356.0 million, or 6%16%, and increased 3.322.3 percentage points as a percent of net sales when comparing 20172022 with 2016.2021. The increase in cost of sales was driven by a $129.1$454.4 million increase in our modules segment cost of sales primarily due to as a result of the following:

•higher costs of $366.2$350.9 million from an increase in the increased volume of modules sold directlysold;
•higher sales freight, demurrage, and detention charges of $167.2 million; and
•a reduction to third parties,our product warranty liability of $33.1 million in 2021 due to reductions to our projected module return rates; partially offset by
•continued module cost reductions, in the cost per watt of our solar modules, which decreased cost of sales by $182.4$60.9 million;
•manufacturing charges of $15.7 million a reduction in our product warranty liabilitythe prior period associated with the COVID-19 pandemic;
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•an increase to lower estimated module replacement costs, a reduction in our module collection and recycling liability of $13.5$10.8 million fromin 2021 due to lower estimated by-product credits for certain semiconductor materials recovered during the recycling process and updates to severalcertain valuation assumptions, including assumptions;
•a decreasereduction to our product warranty liability of $10.2 million in certain inflation rates, and lower inventory write-downs of $9.2 million.

Cost of sales decreased $713.7 million, or 24%, and increased 5.5 percentage points as a percentage of net sales when comparing 2016 with 2015. The decrease in cost of sales was primarily the result of a $1.1 billion decrease in our systems segment cost of sales primarily2022 due to the volumereductions to our projected module return rates; and
•a reduction to our module collection and recycling liability of projects under construction$7.5 million in 2022 due to lower estimated capital and the timing of when all revenue recognition criteria were met. This net decrease was partially offset by a $389.4 millionchemical costs resulting from improvements to our module recycling technology.

Such increase in our modules segment cost of sales was partially offset by a $98.4 million decrease in our residual business operations cost of sales primarily due to higher coststhe sales of $510.8 million associated withcertain projects in the increased volume of modules sold directly to third parties, a reductionUnited States and Japan in our module collection and recycling liability of $69.6 million in 2015 resulting from certain recycling technology advancements, which significantly increased the throughput of modules able to be recycled at a point in time, along with other material and labor cost reductions, and higher inventory write-downs of $22.3 million primarily related to our remaining crystalline silicon module inventories,prior period, partially offset by continued cost reductionsthe impairment loss in the cost per wattcurrent period for our Luz del Norte PV solar power plant. See Note 7. “Consolidated Balance Sheet Details” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of the impairment of our solar modules, which decreased our cost of sales by $217.3 million.Luz del Norte project.



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Gross profit


Gross profit may be affected by numerous factors, including the selling prices of our modules and systems,the selling prices of projects and services included in our residual business operations, our manufacturing costs, project development costs, BoS costs, the capacity utilization of our manufacturing facilities, and foreign exchange rates. Gross profit may also be affected by the mix of net sales from our modules business and systems businesses.residual business operations.


The following table shows gross profit for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015:2020:
 Years EndedChange
(Dollars in thousands)2022202120202022 over 20212021 over 2020
Gross profit$69,858 $729,954 $680,673 $(660,096)(90)%$49,281 7 %
% of net sales2.7 %25.0 %25.1 %  
  Years Ended Change
(Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2017 over 2016 2016 over 2015
Gross profit $548,947
 $638,418
 $1,132,762
 $(89,471) (14)% $(494,344) (44)%
% of net sales 18.7% 22.0% 27.5%      
  


Gross profit decreased 3.322.3 percentage points to 18.7% during 20172.7% in 2022 from 22.0% during 201625.0% in 2021 primarily due to a mix of lower gross profit projects sold and under construction during the period and reductionsdecrease in the average selling price per watt of our modules, the volume of higher gross profit projects sold directlyduring the prior period, an increase in sales freight, demurrage, and detention charges, the impairment loss in the current period for our Luz del Norte PV solar power plant described above, and the prior period indemnification matter descried above. These decreases to third parties,gross profit were partially offset by the reductions in our product warranty liability and our module collection and recycling liability as described above.

Gross profit decreased 5.5 percentage points to 22.0% during 2016 from 27.5% during 2015 primarily as a resulthigher volume of a mix of lower gross profit projectsmodules sold and under construction, the reduction in ourcontinued module collection and recycling liability in 2015 as described above, and higher inventory write-downs, partially offset by continued cost reductions in the cost per watt of our solar modules.reductions.


Selling, general and administrative


Selling, general and administrative expense consists primarily of salaries and other personnel-related costs, professional fees, insurance costs, travel expenses, and other business development and selling expenses.


The following table shows selling, general and administrative expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015:2020:
 Years EndedChange
(Dollars in thousands)2022202120202022 over 20212021 over 2020
Selling, general and administrative$164,724 $170,320 $222,918 $(5,596)(3)%$(52,598)(24)%
% of net sales6.3 %5.8 %8.2 %  

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  Years Ended Change
(Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2017 over 2016 2016 over 2015
Selling, general and administrative $202,699
 $261,994
 $255,192
 $(59,295) (23)% $6,802
 3%
% of net sales 6.9% 9.0% 6.2%  
  
    

Selling, general and administrative expense in 20172022 decreased compared to 20162021 primarily due to higher charges for impairments of certain project assets in 2016, lowerthe prior period, a decrease in employee compensation expense due to various restructuring activities, lower professional fees, lower infrastructure related expenses,primarily driven by reductions in headcount from the sales of our North American O&M operations and lowerU.S. project development business development expenses. Selling, general and administrative expense in 2016 increased compared to 2015 primarily from higher development costs for early-stage projects and impairments of certain project assets, partially offset by lower employee compensation expense due to various restructuring activities,the prior period, and lower professional fees, associated with the formationpartially offset by an increase in employee compensation expense driven by higher share-based compensation and IPO of the Partnership.employee bonus expenses.


Research and development


Research and development expense consists primarily of salaries and other personnel-related costs; the cost of products, materials, and outside services used in our process and product R&D activities; and depreciation and amortization expense associated with R&D specific facilities and equipment. We maintain a number of programs and activities to improve our technology and processes in order to enhance the performance and reduce the costs of our solar modules and systems.modules.




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The following table shows research and development expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015:2020:
 Years EndedChange
(Dollars in thousands)2022202120202022 over 20212021 over 2020
Research and development$112,804 $99,115 $93,738 $13,689 14 %$5,377 6 %
% of net sales4.3 %3.4 %3.5 %  
  Years Ended Change
(Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2017 over 2016 2016 over 2015
Research and development $88,573
 $124,762
 $130,593
 $(36,189) (29)% $(5,831) (4)%
% of net sales 3.0% 4.3% 3.2%  
  
    


Research and development expense in 2017 decreased2022 increased compared to 20162021 primarily due to lower costs for third-party contracted services, reduced material and module testing costs, the termination of certain R&D programs for legacy module technologies, and lowerhigher employee compensation expense resulting from reductions to our R&Dan increase in headcount, as part of various restructuring activities. During 2017, the average conversion efficiency of our CdTe solar modules produced was 16.9% compared to 16.4% in 2016. Research and developmentlower share-based compensation expense in 2016 decreased compared to 2015 primarily due to reductionsthe prior period driven by the forfeiture of unvested shares by our former Chief Technology Officer, who retired in our R&D headcountMarch 2021, increased freight costs, and employee compensation expense resulting from various restructuring activities. During 2016, the average conversion efficiency of our CdTe solar modules was 16.4% compared to 15.6% in 2015.increased material and module testing costs.


Production start-up


Production start-up expense consists primarily of employee compensation and other costs associated with operating a production line before it has beenis qualified for fullcommercial production, including the cost of raw materials for solar modules run through the production line during the qualification phase, employee compensation for individuals supporting production start-up activities, and applicable facility related costs. Costs related to equipment upgrades and implementation of manufacturing process improvements are also included in productionProduction start-up expense as well asalso includes costs related to the selection of a new site related legal and regulatoryimplementation costs and costs to maintain our plant replication programfor manufacturing process improvements to the extent we cannot capitalize these expenditures. In general, we expect production start-up expense per production line to be higher when we build an entirely new manufacturing facility compared with the addition or replacement of production lines at an existing manufacturing facility, primarily due to the additional infrastructure investment required when building an entirely new facility.


The following table shows production start-up expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015:2020:
 Years EndedChange
(Dollars in thousands)2022202120202022 over 20212021 over 2020
Production start-up$73,077 $21,052 $40,528 $52,025 247 %$(19,476)(48)%
% of net sales2.8 %0.7 %1.5 %  
  Years Ended Change
(Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2017 over 2016 2016 over 2015
Production start-up $42,643
 $1,021
 $16,818
 $41,622
 4,077% $(15,797) (94)%
% of net sales 1.4% —% 0.4%  
  
    


During 2017 and 2016,2022, we primarily incurred production start-up expense primarily for our third manufacturing facility in the U.S. and for certain manufacturing upgrades at our Malaysian facilities. During 2021, we incurred production start-up expense primarily for the transition to Series 6 module manufacturing at our facilitiessecond facility in Perrysburg, OhioKulim, Malaysia, which commenced commercial production in early 2021, and Kulim, Malaysia. Production start-up expense for 2015 was primarily driven bycertain manufacturing upgrades at our previous crystalline silicon module manufacturing operations, which we ended in 2016 as further described in Note 4. “Restructuring and Asset Impairments” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Malaysian facilities.

Restructuring and asset impairments

Restructuring and asset impairmentsconsists of expenses incurred related to material restructuring initiatives and includes any associated asset impairments, costs for employee termination benefits, costs for contract terminations and penalties, and other restructuring related costs. Such restructuring initiatives are intended to align the organization with then current business conditions and to reduce costs.




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Gain on sales of businesses, net

The following table shows restructuring and asset impairmentsgain on sales of businesses, net for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015:2020:

 Years Ended Change Years EndedChange
(Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2017 over 2016 2016 over 2015(Dollars in thousands)2022202120202022 over 20212021 over 2020
Restructuring and asset impairments $37,181
 $743,862
 $—
 $(706,681) (95)% $743,862
 100%
Gain on sales of businesses, netGain on sales of businesses, net$253,511 $147,284 $— $106,227 72 %$147,284 100 %
% of net sales 1.3% 25.6% —%  
  
    % of net sales9.7 %5.0 %— %  


In November 2016, our board of directors approved a set of initiatives to accelerate our transition to Series 6 module manufacturing and restructure our operations. In June 2016,2022, we ended productioncompleted the sales of our crystalline silicon modulesJapan project development business and our Japan O&M operations to focus onPAG and the sales of certain other international O&M operations to a subsidiary of Clairvest Group, Inc. (“Clairvest”). During 2021, we completed the sales of our core CdTe moduleNorth American O&M operations to a subsidiary of Clairvest and utility-scale systems. As a result of these decisions, we recorded restructuring and asset impairment charges of $41.8 million and $743.9 million during 2017 and 2016, respectively. In 2017, we also reversed a customs tax liability associated with a prior restructuring activity, which reduced our restructuring charges by $4.7 million during the period.U.S. project development business to Leeward Renewable Energy Development, LLC (“Leeward”). See Note 4. “Restructuring and Asset Impairments”3. “Sales of Businesses” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additionalfurther information onrelated to these matters.transactions.

Goodwill impairment

The following table shows goodwill impairments for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015:
  Years Ended Change
(Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2017 over 2016 2016 over 2015
Goodwill impairment $—
 $74,930
 $—
 $(74,930) (100)% $74,930
 100%
% of net sales —% 2.6% —%  
  
    

As a result of our annual impairment analysis in the fourth quarter of 2016, we impaired the remaining $68.8 million of goodwill of our systems reporting unit primarily due to a strategic shift in the mix of our module and system net sales, which was approved by our board of directors in November 2016 as part of the restructuring activities described above. This shift involved an expected reduction in the annual megawatts sold through systems business projects. Other factors that contributed to the impairment included our reduced market capitalization and the challenging conditions within the solar industry as of the date of our testing. In June 2016, we also impaired the remaining $6.1 million of goodwill associated with our crystalline silicon modules reporting unit due to the decision to end the related manufacturing operations as described above. See Note 6. “Goodwill and Intangible Assets” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.


Foreign currency loss, net


Foreign currency loss, net consists of the net effect of gains and losses resulting from holding assets and liabilities and conducting transactions denominated in currencies other than our subsidiaries’ functional currencies.


The following table shows foreign currency loss, net for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015:2020:
 Years EndedChange
(Dollars in thousands)2022202120202022 over 20212021 over 2020
Foreign currency loss, net$(16,414)$(7,975)$(4,890)$(8,439)106 %$(3,085)63 %
  Years Ended Change
(Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2017 over 2016 2016 over 2015
Foreign currency loss, net $(9,640) $(14,007) $(6,868) $4,367
 (31)% $(7,139) 104%


Foreign currency loss net decreasedincreased in 20172022 compared to 2016 primarily as a result of lower costs associated with hedging activities related to our subsidiaries in India, the weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to certain foreign currencies, and differences between our economic hedge positions and the underlying exposures. Foreign currency loss, net increased in 2016 compared to 20152021 primarily due to higher costs for hedging activities related to our subsidiaries in India,the differences between our economic hedge positions and the underlying exposures and changeshigher costs associated with hedging activities related to our subsidiaries in certain foreign currency rates.India.




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Interest income


Interest income is earned on our cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and restricted cash, and investments.restricted marketable securities. Interest income also includes interest earned from notes receivable and late customer payments.


The following table shows interest income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015:2020:
 Years EndedChange
(Dollars in thousands)2022202120202022 over 20212021 over 2020
Interest income$33,284 $6,179 $16,559 $27,105 439 %$(10,380)(63)%
  Years Ended Change
(Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2017 over 2016 2016 over 2015
Interest income $35,704
 $25,193
 $22,516
 $10,511
 42% $2,677
 12%


Interest income during 20172022 increased compared to 2016 primarily due to higher cash balances during the period, higher interest rates associated with such cash balances, and a promissory note with an affiliate issued in late 2016. Interest income during 2016 increased compared to 20152021 primarily due to higher interest rates on ourcash, marketable securities, and restricted marketable securities.


Interest expense, net


Interest expense, net is primarily comprised of interest incurred on long-term debt, settlements of interest rate swap contracts, and changes in the fair value of interest rate swap contracts that do not qualify for hedge accounting in accordance with ASCAccounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 815. We may capitalize interest expense intoto our project assets or property, plant and equipment when such costs qualify for interest capitalization, which reduces the amount of net interest expense reported in any given period.


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The following table shows interest expense, net for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015:2020:
 Years EndedChange
(Dollars in thousands)2022202120202022 over 20212021 over 2020
Interest expense, net$(12,225)$(13,107)$(24,036)$882 (7)%$10,929 (45)%
  Years Ended Change
(Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2017 over 2016 2016 over 2015
Interest expense, net $(25,765) $(20,538) $(6,975) $(5,227) 25% $(13,563) 194%


Interest expense, net increased in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to changes in the fair value of interest rate swap contracts that do not qualify for hedge accounting and higher levels of project specific debt financings, partially offset by lower interest expense associated2022 was consistent with certain Malaysian credit facilities that were fully repaid in 2016. Interest expense, net increased in 2016 compared to 2015 primarily as a result of lower interest costs capitalized to certain projects that were substantially completed in 2016 and higher levels of project specific debt financings outstanding during the period.2021.


Other income (expense), net


Other income (expense), net is primarily comprised of miscellaneous items and realized gains and losses on the sale of marketable securities and cost method investments.restricted marketable securities.


The following table shows other income (expense), net for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015:2020:
 Years EndedChange
(Dollars in thousands)2022202120202022 over 20212021 over 2020
Other income (expense), net$31,189 $314 $(11,932)$30,875 >100%$12,246 103 %
  Years Ended Change
(Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2017 over 2016 2016 over 2015
Other income (expense), net $23,965
 $40,252
 $(5,502) $(16,287) (40)% $45,754
 832%


Other income, (expense), net decreasedincreased in 20172022 compared to 20162021 primarily due to realized gainsthe partial loan forgiveness of $41.3 millionthe Luz del Norte Credit Facilities in 2016 fromconnection with the sale of certain restricted investments driven by an effortour Luz del Norte PV solar power plant. See Note 11. “Debt” to align the currencies of the investments with those of the corresponding collection and recycling liabilities and a $7.4 million reversal of the outstanding contingent consideration associated with our TetraSun acquisition as the result of our crystalline silicon module manufacturing restructuring in 2016, partially offset by an incremental settlement in 2017consolidated financial statements for the resolution of an outstanding matter with a former customer. The increase in other income (expense), net in 2016 comparedfurther information related to 2015 was primarily attributable to the transactions described above, partially offset by the impairment of a cost method investment in 2016.this transaction.



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Income tax expense(expense) benefit

In December 2017, the U.S. President signed into law the Tax Act, which significantly revised U.S. tax law by, among other things, lowering the statutory federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, eliminating certain deductions, imposing a mandatory one-time transition tax on certain accumulated earnings and profits of foreign corporate subsidiaries (the “transition tax”) that may electively be paid over eight years, introducing new tax regimes, and changing how foreign earnings are subject to U.S. tax. The Tax Act also includes many new provisions, such as changes to bonus depreciation, changes to deductions for executive compensation, net operating loss deduction limitations, a tax on global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) earned by foreign corporate subsidiaries, a base erosion anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”), and a deduction for foreign-derived intangible income (“FDII”). Many of these provisions, including the tax on GILTI, the BEAT, and the deduction for FDII, are not applicable to us until 2018, and we continue to evaluate the impact of such provisions of the Tax Act.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized an aggregate provisional tax expense of $408.1 million, which included an amount for the transition tax of $401.5 million and a net deferred tax expense of $6.6 million for the remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities taking into account the lower U.S. corporate income tax rate of 21%. The final effects of the Tax Act may differ from these provisional amounts, possibly materially, due to, among other things, changes in interpretations of the Tax Act, any legislative action to address questions that arise because of the Tax Act, any changes in accounting standards for income taxes or related interpretations in response to the Tax Act, any updates or changes to estimates utilized to calculate provisional amounts, or actions we may take as a result of the Tax Act. The associated accounting for the Tax Act is expected to be completed when our 2017 U.S. corporate income tax return is filed in 2018.


Income tax expense or benefit, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits reflect our best estimate of current and future taxes to be paid. We are subject to income taxes in both the U.S.United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions in which we operate, principally Australia, India,Singapore, Malaysia, and Malaysia.Vietnam. Significant judgments and estimates are required in determiningto determine our consolidated income tax expense. The statutory federal corporate income tax rate in the U.S. will decrease from 35% toUnited States is 21% beginning in January 2018, while, and the tax rates in Australia, India,Singapore, Malaysia, and MalaysiaVietnam are 30%17%, 34.6%24%, and 24%20%, respectively. In Malaysia, we have been granted a long-term tax holiday, scheduled to expire in 2027, pursuant to which substantially all of our income earned in Malaysia is exempt from income tax.tax, conditional upon our continued compliance with certain employment and investment thresholds. In Vietnam, we have been granted a long-term tax incentive, scheduled to expire at the end of 2036, pursuant to which income earned in Vietnam is subject to reduced annual tax rates, conditional upon our continued compliance with certain revenue and R&D spending thresholds.


The following table shows income tax expense(expense) benefit for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015:2020:
 Years EndedChange
(Dollars in thousands)2022202120202022 over 20212021 over 2020
Income tax (expense) benefit$(52,764)$(103,469)$107,294 $50,705 49 %$(210,763)(196)%
Effective tax rate613.7 %18.1 %(36.6)%  
  Years Ended Change
(Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2017 over 2016 2016 over 2015
Income tax expense $(371,996) $(23,167) $(32,329) $(348,829) 1,506% $9,162
 (28)%
Effective tax rate 184.1% (4.3)% 4.4%  
  
    


Our tax rate is affected by recurring items, such as tax rates in foreign jurisdictions and the relative amounts of income we earn in those jurisdictions. The rate is also affected by discrete items that may occur in any given period, but are not consistent from period to period. Income tax expense increaseddecreased by $348.8$50.7 million during 20172022 compared to 20162021 primarily due to provisionallower pretax income in the current year, partially offset by higher tax expense of $408.1$37.3 million related to the Tax Act as described above, higher pretax income, a $35.4 million reversal of an uncertain tax position in 2016 related to the income of a foreign subsidiary, and lower excess tax benefits associated with share-based compensation, partially offset by certain U.S. taxes in 2016 on a cash distribution received from a foreign subsidiary and a $42.1 million discrete tax benefit associated with the acceptance of our election to classify certain of our German subsidiaries as disregarded entities of First Solar, Inc.

Income tax expense decreased by $9.2 million during 2016 compared to 2015 primarily as a result of lower pretax income and the $35.4 million reversal of an uncertain tax position as described above, partially offset by certain U.S. taxes on a cash distribution received from a foreign subsidiary and a $41.7 million discrete tax benefit associated with the receipt of a private letter ruling during 2015. See Note 19. “Income Taxes” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.




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Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of taxrepresents our proportionate share of the earnings or losses of unconsolidated affiliates with whom we have made equity method investments as well as any gains or losses on the sale or disposal of such investments.

The following table shows equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015:
  Years Ended Change
(Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2017 over 2016 2016 over 2015
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax $4,266
 $144,306
 $(107,595) $(140,040) (97)% $251,901
 234%

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax decreased in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to the recognition of a gain of $125.1 million, net of tax, in December 2016 from the sale of our residual interest in the Desert Stateline project to 8point3 Operating Company, LLC (“OpCo”), a subsidiaryLuz del Norte PV solar power plant during 2022.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources


As of December 31, 2017,2022, we believe that our cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, cash flows from operating activities, advanced-stage project pipeline, availability under our senior secured revolving credit facility considering minimum liquidity covenant requirements, and access tocontracts with customers for the capital marketsfuture sale of solar modules will be sufficient to meet our working capital systems project investment, and capital expenditure needs for at least the next 12 months. As necessary, we also believe we will have adequate access to the capital markets. We monitor our working capital to ensure we have adequate liquidity, both domestically and internationally.

We intend to maintain appropriate debt levels based upon cash flow expectations, our overall cost of capital, and expected cash requirements for operations, capital expenditures,including near-term construction activities and strategic discretionary spending. Inpurchases of manufacturing equipment for our newest manufacturing and R&D facilities in India and the future, we may also engage in additional debt or equity financings, including project specific debt financings. We believe that when necessary, we will have adequate access to the capital markets, althoughUnited States. However, our ability to raise capital on terms commercially acceptable to us could be constrained if there is insufficient lender or investor interest due to company-specific, industry-wide, or company-specificbroader market concerns. SuchAny incremental debt financings could result in increased debt service expenses dilution to our existing stockholders, and/or restrictive covenants, which require uscould limit our ability to maintain certain financial conditions.pursue our strategic plans.


As of December 31, 2017,2022, we had $3.0$2.6 billion in cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities compared to $2.0$1.8 billion as of December 31, 2016. Cash,2021. The increase in cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities as of December 31, 2017 increasedwas primarily driven by cash receipts from module sales, including advance payments for future sales, proceeds from the salesales of the Moapa, California Flats, Switch Station,our Japan project development business and Cuyama projectscertain international O&M operations, and proceeds from borrowings, under project specific debt financings, partially offset by purchases of property, plant and equipment.equipment, expenditures for the construction of certain projects in Japan, and other operating expenditures. As of December 31, 2017, $1.62022 and 2021, $1.2 billion and $0.8 billion, respectively, of our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities was held by our foreign subsidiaries and was primarily based in U.S. dollar, Euro, and Japanese yen, denominated holdings. As of December 31, 2016, $1.2 billion of our cash, cash equivalents,Indian rupee, and marketable securities was held by our foreign subsidiaries and was primarily based in U.S. dollar, Euro and Malaysian ringgit denominated holdings.


We utilize a variety of tax planning and financing strategies in an effort to ensure that our worldwide cash is available in the locations in which it is needed. If certain international funds were needed for our operations in the U.S.,United States, we may be required to accrue and pay certain U.S. and foreign taxes to repatriate such funds. Although weWe maintain the intent and ability to permanently reinvest our accumulated earnings outside of the U.S.,United States, with the exception of our subsidiaries in Canada and Germany, we continue to evaluate how the Tax Act may affect our plans to repatriate additional amounts



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to fund our domestic operations or otherwise deploy our worldwide cash.Germany. In addition, changes to foreign government banking regulations may restrict our ability to move funds among various jurisdictions under certain circumstances, which could negatively impact our access to capital, resulting in an adverse effect on our liquidity and capital resources.


Our systems business requires significantAlthough we compete in markets that do not require solar-specific government subsidies or support programs, such incentives continue to influence the demand for PV solar energy around the world. For example, the financial incentives provided by the IRA are expected to increase both the demand for and the domestic manufacturing of solar modules in the United States. We continue to evaluate the extent of benefits available to us by the IRA, which are expected to favorably impact our liquidity and capital resources in future periods. For example, we currently expect to qualify for the advanced manufacturing production credit under Section 45X of the IRC, which provides certain specified benefits for solar modules and solar module components manufactured in the United States and sold to third parties. Such credit may be refundable or transferable to a third party and is available from 2023 to 2032, subject to phase down beginning in 2030. Based on the current form factor of our modules, we expect to qualify for a credit of approximately 17 cents per watt for each module produced in the United States and sold to a third party. Accordingly, we expect the advanced manufacturing production credit will provide us with a significant source of funding throughout its 10-year period. For more information about certain risks associated with the benefits available to us under the IRA, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – “We expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from our assumptions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.”

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As a result of such market opportunities and increased demand for our products, we are in the process of expanding our capacity by approximately 11 GWDC, including the construction of our third manufacturing facility in the United States, which commenced commercial production of modules in early 2023; our first manufacturing facility in India, which is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2023; our fourth manufacturing facility in the United States, which is expected to commence operations in late 2024; and the expansion of our manufacturing footprint at our existing facilities in Ohio. Our newest factory in the United States began producing and our newest factory in India is expected to produce our next generation Series 7 modules, which combine our thin film CdTe technology with a larger form factor and an innovative steel back rail mounting structure that reduces module installation time. In aggregate, we currently expect to invest approximately $2.7 billion for these facilities and upgrades. As we expand our manufacturing capacity, we expect to continue to receive advance payments from customers for the future sale of modules. Such advance payments are reflected as deferred revenue in our consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2022, our deferred revenue was approximately $1.2 billion. Accordingly, the capital expenditures necessary to expand our capacity in the near term are expected to be financed, in part, by advance payments for module sales in future periods and by the advanced manufacturing production credit described above.

In addition to the expansion plans described above, we continue to increase the nameplate production capacity of our existing manufacturing facilities by improving our production throughput, increasing module wattage (or conversion efficiency), and reducing manufacturing yield losses. We have a demonstrated history of innovation, continuous improvement, and manufacturing success driven by our significant liquidityinvestments in various R&D initiatives. We continue to invest significant financial resources in such initiatives, including approximately $0.3 billion for a dedicated R&D facility in the United States to support the implementation of our technology roadmap. We expect such R&D facility to feature a high-tech pilot manufacturing line, allowing for the production of full-sized prototypes of thin film and tandem PV modules. Such R&D facility is expected to be completed in 2024. During 2023, we expect to spend $1.9 billion to $2.1 billion for capital expenditures, including the new facilities mentioned above and upgrades to machinery and equipment that we believe will further increase our module wattage and expand capacity and throughput at our manufacturing facilities.

We have also committed and expect to continue committing significant working capital to purchase various raw materials used in our module manufacturing process. Our failure to obtain raw materials and components that meet our quality, quantity, and cost requirements in a timely manner could interrupt or impair our ability to manufacture our solar modules, or increase our manufacturing costs. Accordingly, we may enter into long-term supply agreements to mitigate potential risks related to the future. The net amountprocurement of key raw materials and components, and such agreements may be noncancelable or cancelable with a significant penalty. For example, we have entered into long-term supply agreements for the purchase of certain specified minimum volumes of substrate glass and cover glass for our project assetsPV solar modules. Our remaining purchases under these supply agreements are expected to be approximately $3.7 billion of substrate glass and related portionapproximately $301 million of deferred revenue, which approximates our net capital investmentcover glass. We have the right to terminate these agreements upon payment of specified termination penalties (which, in the development and construction of systems projects, was $0.5 billionaggregate, are up to $251 million as of December 31, 2017. Solar power project development2022 and construction cycles, which spandecline over the time between the identification of a site location and the commercial operation of a system, vary substantially and can take many years to mature. As a result of these long project cycles andremaining supply periods). Additionally, for certain strategic decisions to finance the construction of certain projects using our working capital,suppliers, we may need to make significant up-front investments of resources in advance of the receipt of any cash from the sale of such projects. Delays in construction progress or in completing the sale of our systems projects that we are self-financing may also impact our liquidity. We have historically financed these up-front systems project investments primarily using working capital. In certain circumstances, we may need to finance construction costs exclusively using working capital, if project financing becomes unavailable due to market-wide, regional, or other concerns.

From time to time, we develop projects in certain markets around the world where we may hold all or a significant portion of the equity in a project for several years. Given the duration of these investments and the currency risk relative to the U.S. dollar in some of these markets, we continue to explore local financing alternatives. Should these financing alternatives be unavailable or too cost prohibitive, we could be exposed to significant currency risk and our liquidity could be adversely impacted.

Additionally, we may elect to retain an ownership interest in certain systems projects after they become operational if we determine it would be of economic and strategic benefit to do so. If, for example, we cannot sell a systems project at economics that are attractive to us or potential customers are unwilling to assume the risks and rewards typical of PV solar power system ownership, we may instead elect to temporarily own and operate such systems until we can sell the systems on economically attractive terms. The decision to retain ownership of a system impacts liquidity depending upon the size and cost of the project. As of December 31, 2017, we had $0.4 billion of net PV solar power systems that had been placed in service, primarily in international markets. We have elected,made, and may in the future elect,be required to enter into temporary or long-term project financingmake, certain advance payments to reducesecure the impact onraw materials necessary for our liquidity and working capital with regards to such projects and systems. We may also consider entering into tax equity or other arrangements with respect to ownership interests in certain of our projects, which could cause a portion of the economics of such projects to be realized over time.module manufacturing.

The following additional considerations have impacted or may impact our liquidity in 2018 and beyond:


We expecthave also committed certain financial resources to make significant capital investments over the next several years as we transitionfulfill our production to Series 6solar module technologycollection and purchase the related manufacturing equipmentrecycling obligations and infrastructure. Such investments also include the commencementhave established a trust under which these funds are put into custodial accounts with an established and expansion of operations at our previously announced manufacturing plant in Vietnam. We expect the aggregate capital investment for currently planned Series 6 related programs to be approximately $1.4 billion, including $0.5 billion of capital expenditures already made asreputable bank. As of December 31, 2017. Such programs are expected to provide an annual Series 6 manufacturing capacity2022, such funds were comprised of approximately 5 GW once completed. During 2018, we expect to spend $650restricted marketable securities of $182.1 million to $750 million for capital expenditures, the majorityand restricted cash and cash equivalents balances of which is associated with the Series 6 transition. We believe these capital expenditures will increase our aggregate manufacturing capacity, increase our solar module conversion efficiencies, reduce our manufacturing costs, and reduce the overall cost of systems using our modules.

The balance of our solar module inventories and BoS parts was $151.4 million as$6.7 million. As of December 31, 2017. As we continue2022, our module collection and recycling liability was $128.1 million. Trust funds may be disbursed for qualified module collection and recycling costs (including capital and facility related recycling costs), payments to developcustomers for assuming collection and construct our advanced-stage project pipeline, we must produce solar modulesrecycling obligations, and procure BoS partsreimbursements of any overfunded amounts. Investments in the required volumestrust must meet certain investment quality criteria comparable to supporthighly rated government or agency bonds. As necessary, we adjust the funded amounts for our planned construction schedules. As part ofestimated collection and recycling obligations based on the construction cycle, we typically produce or procure such inventories in advance of receiving payment for such materials, which may temporarily reduce our liquidity. Once solar modules and BoS parts are installed in a


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estimated costs of collecting and recycling covered modules, estimated rates of return on our restricted marketable securities, and an estimated solar module life of 25 years, less amounts already funded in prior years.
project, they
As of December 31, 2022, we had no off-balance sheet debt or similar obligations, other than financial assurance related instruments, which are not classified as either project assets, PV solar power systems, or cost of sales depending on whether the project is subject to a definitive sales contract and whether other revenue recognition criteria have been met.debt. We also produce significant volumes of modules for sale directly to third-parties, which requires us to carry inventories at levels sufficient to satisfy the demand of our customers and the needs of their utility-scale projects, which may also temporarily reduce our liquidity.

We may commit working capital during 2018 and beyond to acquire solar power projects in various stages of development, including advanced-stage projects with PPAs, and to continue developing those projects as necessary. Depending upon the size and stage of development, costs to acquire such solar power projects could be significant. When evaluating project acquisition opportunities, we consider both the strategic and financial benefits of any such acquisitions.

We have initiatives in several markets to expedite our penetration of those markets and establish relationships with potential customers. Some of these arrangements may involve significant investments or other allocations of capital that could reduce our liquidity or require us to pursue additional sources of financing, assuming such sources are available to us.Additionally, we have elected and may in the future elect or be required to temporarily retain a noncontrolling ownership interest in certain underlying systems projects we develop, supply modules to, or construct. Any such retained ownership interest is expected to impact our liquidity to the extent we do not obtain new sources of capitalguarantee any third-party debt. See Note 12. “Commitments and Contingencies” to fund such investments.
our consolidated financial statements for further information about our financial assurance related instruments.


Cash Flows


The following table summarizes key cash flow activity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 (in thousands):
 202220212020
Net cash provided by operating activities$873,369 $237,559 $37,120 
Net cash used in investing activities(1,192,574)(99,040)(131,227)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities309,392 40,550 (82,587)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents47,438 3,174 3,778 
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents$37,625 $182,243 $(172,916)
  2017 2016 2015
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $1,340,677
 $206,753
 $(325,209)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (626,802) 144,520
 (156,177)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 192,045
 (136,393) 101,207
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 8,866
 (6,306) (19,272)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $914,786
 $208,574
 $(399,451)


Operating Activities


The increase in net cash provided by operating activities during 20172022 was primarily driven by the sale of the Moapa, California Flats, Switch Station, and Cuyama projects,higher cash receipts from module sales, including advance payments for future sales, partially offset by higher expenditures for the construction of certain projects. The increaseprojects in net cash provided by operating activities during 2016 was primarily due toJapan and certain advance payments for raw materials in the lower volume of solar power projects under development and construction, which generally require significant liquidity when such projects are financed using working capital. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities during 2016 was also driven by the sale of certain other solar power projects at or near substantial completion.current year.


Investing Activities


The increase in net cash used in investing activities during 20172022 was primarily due to (i) proceeds from saleshigher net purchases of equity and cost method investments of $291.5 million in 2016, including the sale of our remaining interest in the Desert Stateline project, (ii) an increase inmarketable securities, higher purchases of property, plant and equipment, driven by our transition to Series 6 module manufacturing, and (iii) net purchases of marketable securities and restricted investments of $114.7 million in 2017 compared to net proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities and restricted investments of $102.9 million in 2016. The increase in net cash provided by investing activities during 2016 was primarily due to (i) proceeds fromthe sales of equityour North American O&M operations and cost method investments described above and (ii) higher net proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities and restricted investments also described above compared to net purchases of marketable



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securities and restricted investments of $203.1 millionU.S. project development business in 2015,the prior year, partially offset by the receipt of $239.0 millionproceeds from the IPOsales of our Japan project development business and certain international O&M operations in the Partnership in 2015.current year.


Financing Activities


The increase in net cash provided by financing activities during 20172022 was primarily the result ofdue to higher net proceeds from borrowings under long-termproject specific debt arrangements associated with the construction of certain projects in Japan, India, and Australia of $191.3 million in 2017 compared to net repayments on such debt arrangements of $110.6 million in 2016 and proceeds from commercial letters of creditfinancings for the construction of certain projects in IndiaJapan. Such project specific debt financings were assumed by PAG when we completed the sale of $43.0 million. Cash usedour Japan project development business in financing activities during 2016 was primarily driven by the net repayments of long-term debt arrangements described above comparedJune 2022. The increase is also due to net proceeds from borrowings under such debt arrangements of $98.9 millionthe India Credit Facility in 2015.

Contractual Obligations

The following table presents the payments due by fiscalcurrent year for the development and construction of our outstanding contractual obligations as of December 31, 2017 (in thousands):first manufacturing facility in India.

    Payments Due by Year
  Total 
Less Than
1 Year
 
1 - 3
Years
 
3 - 5
Years
 
More Than
5 Years
Long-term debt obligations $406,388
 $13,062
 $30,776
 $69,077
 $293,473
Interest payments (1) 211,420
 19,104
 37,301
 33,571
 121,444
Capital lease obligations 162
 97
 65
 —
 —
Operating lease obligations 262,450
 13,487
 22,261
 20,154
 206,548
Sale-leaseback payments (2) 9,115
 5,161
 3,954
 —
 —
Purchase obligations (3) 708,148
 635,553
 46,447
 10,246
 15,902
Recycling obligations 166,609
 —
 —
 —
 166,609
Contingent consideration (4) 9,315
 6,162
 3,153
 —
 —
Transition tax obligations (5) 101,340
 8,107
 16,214
 16,214
 60,805
Other obligations (6) 22,330
 4,752
 9,138
 8,440
 —
Total $1,897,277
 $705,485
 $169,309
 $157,702
 $864,781
——————————
(1)Includes estimated cash interest to be paid over the remaining terms of the underlying debt. Interest payments are based on fixed and floating rates as of December 31, 2017.

(2)Sale-leaseback payments represent the fixed rent payments associated with our leaseback of the Maryland Solar project from a subsidiary of the Partnership. See Note 12. “Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates and Joint Ventures” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

(3)Purchase obligations represent agreements to purchase goods or services, including open purchase orders and contracts with fixed volume commitments, that are noncancelable or cancelable with a significant penalty.

(4)In connection with business or project acquisitions, we may agree to pay additional amounts to the selling parties upon achievement of certain milestones. See Note 15. “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

(5)Transition tax obligations represent estimated payments for U.S. federal taxes associated with accumulated earnings and profits of our foreign corporate subsidiaries. See Note 19. “Income Taxes” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

(6)Includes expected letter of credit fees and unused revolver fees.

We have excluded $84.2 million of unrecognized tax benefits from the amounts presented above as the timing of such obligations is uncertain.



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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2017, we had no off-balance sheet debt or similar obligations, other than financial assurance related instruments and operating leases, which are not classified as debt. We do not guarantee any third-party debt. See Note 15. “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information about our financial assurance related instruments.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements


See Note 3. “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a summaryNone.

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Critical Accounting Estimates


In preparing our consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), we make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of reported assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, as well as the disclosure of contingent liabilities. Some of our accounting policies require the application of significant judgment in the selection of the appropriate assumptions for making these estimates. By their nature, these judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. We base our judgments and estimates on our historical experience, our forecasts, and other available information as appropriate. The actual results experienced by us may differ materially and adversely from our estimates. To the extent there are material differences between our estimates and the actual results, our future results of operations will be affected. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.statements. The accounting policies that require the most significant judgment and estimates include the following:


Revenue Recognition – Solar Power System Sales and/or Engineering, Procurement, and Construction Services. We generally recognize revenue for sales of solar power systems and/or EPC services over time as our performance creates or enhances an energy generation asset controlled by the customer. Furthermore, the sale of a solar power system when combined with EPC services represents a single performance obligation for the development and construction of a single generation asset. For such sales arrangements, we recognize revenue using cost based input methods, which recognize revenue and gross profit as work is performed based on the relationship between actual costs incurred compared to the total estimated costs of the contract. For sales of solar power systems in which we obtain an interest in the project sold to the customer, we recognize all of the revenue for the consideration received, including the fair value of the noncontrolling interest we obtained. We may also recognize revenue for the sale of a solar power system after it has been completed due to the timing of when we enter into the associated sales contract with the customer.

Estimating the fair value of the noncontrolling interest we obtain begins with the valuation of the entire solar project (i.e., solar power system) being sold to the customer. Such valuation generally uses an income based valuation technique in which relevant cash flows are discounted to estimate the expected economic earnings capacity of the project. Typical factors considered in a project’s valuation include expected energy generation, the duration and pricing of the PPA, the pricing of energy to be sold on an open contract basis following the termination of the PPA (i.e., merchant pricing curves), other offtake agreements, the useful life of the system, tax attributes such as accelerated depreciation and tax credits, sales of renewable energy certificates, interconnection rights, operating agreements, and the cost of capital. Once the overall project valuation is agreed upon with the customer, we determine the relative value related to our specific ownership interests conveyed through the transaction agreements, including the membership interest purchase and sale agreement and the limited liability company agreement (or equivalent) of the project or its holding company.

In applying cost based input methods of revenue recognition, we use the actual costs incurred relative to the total estimated costs (including solar module costs) to determine our progress towards contract completion and to calculate the corresponding amount of revenue and gross profit to recognize. Cost based input methods of revenue recognition are considered a faithful depiction of our efforts to satisfy long-term construction contracts and therefore reflect the



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transfer of goods to a customer under such contracts. Costs incurred that do not contribute to satisfying our performance obligations (“inefficient costs”) are excluded from our input methods of revenue recognition as the amounts are not reflective of our transferring control of the system to the customer. Costs incurred towards contract completion may include costs associated with solar modules, direct materials, labor, subcontractors, and other indirect costs related to contract performance. We recognize solar module and direct material costs as incurred when such items have been installed in a system. Cost based input methods of revenue recognition require us to make estimates of net contract revenues and costs to complete our projects. In making such estimates, significant judgment is required to evaluate assumptions related to the amount of net contract revenues, including the impact of any performance incentives, liquidated damages, and other payments to customers. Significant judgment is also required to evaluate assumptions related to the costs to complete our projects, including materials, labor, contingencies, and other system costs.

If the estimated total costs on any contract, including any inefficient costs, are greater than the net contract revenues, we recognize the entire estimated loss in the period the loss becomes known. The cumulative effect of revisions to estimates related to net contract revenues or costs to complete contracts are recorded in the period in which the revisions to estimates are identified and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. The effect of the changes on future periods are recognized as if the revised estimates had been used since revenue was initially recognized under the contract. Such revisions could occur in any reporting period, and the effects may be material depending on the size of the contracts or the changes in estimates.

As part of our solar power system sales, we conduct performance testing of a system prior to substantial completion to confirm the system meets its operational and capacity expectations noted in the EPC agreement. In addition, we may provide an energy performance test during the first or second year of a system’s operation to demonstrate that the actual energy generation for the applicable year meets or exceeds the modeled energy expectation, after certain adjustments. These tests are based on meteorological, energy, and equipment performance data measured at the system’s location as well as certain projections of such data over the remaining measurement period. In certain instances, a bonus payment may be received at the end of the applicable test period if the system performs above a specified level. Conversely, if there is an underperformance event with regards to these tests, we may incur liquidated damages as a percentage of the EPC contract price. Such performance guarantees represent a form of variable consideration and are estimated at contract inception at their most likely amount and updated at the end of each reporting period as additional performance data becomes available and only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of any incremental revenue will not occur.

Revenue Recognition – Operations and Maintenance. We recognize revenue for standard, recurring O&M services over time as customers receive and consume the benefits of such services. Costs of O&M services are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. As part of our O&M service offerings, we typically offer an effective availability guarantee, which stipulates that a system will be available to generate a certain percentage of total possible energy during a specific period after adjusting for factors outside of our control as the service provider. These tests are based on meteorological, energy, and equipment performance data measured at the system’s location as well as certain projections of such data over the remaining measurement period. If system availability exceeds a contractual threshold, we may receive a bonus payment, or if system availability falls below a separate threshold, we may incur liquidated damages for certain lost energy under the PPA. Such bonuses or liquidated damages represent a form of variable consideration and are estimated and recognized over time as customers receive and consume the benefits of the O&M services.

Accrued Solar Module Collection and Recycling Liability.We recognizepreviously established a module collection and recycling program, which has since been discontinued, to collect and recycle modules sold and covered under such program once the modules reach the end of their service lives. For legacy customer sales contracts that were covered under this program, we recognized expense at the time of sale for the estimated cost of our obligations to collect and recycle solar modules covered by our solar module collection and recycling program.such modules. We estimate the cost of our collection and recycling obligations based on the present value of the expected probability-weighted future cost of collecting and recycling the solar modules, which includes estimates for the cost of packaging materials; the cost of freight from the solar module installation sites to a recycling center; the material, labor, and capital costs; and by-product credits for certain materials recovered during the scale of recycling centers; and an estimated third-party profit margin and return on risk for collection and recycling services.process. We base these estimates on (i) our experience collecting and recycling our solar modules (ii)and certain assumptions regarding the estimated useful lives of modules covered by the program and the number of modules expected timing of when our solar modules willto be returned for recycling, and (iii) the expected



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economic conditions at the time the solar modules will be collected and recycled. In the periods between the time of sale and the related settlement of the collection and recycling obligation, we accrete the carrying amount of the associated liability by applyingand classify the discount rate used for its initial measurement. corresponding expense within “Selling, general and administrative” expense on our consolidated statements of operations.

We periodically review our estimates of expected future recycling costs and may adjust our liability accordingly.

Such adjustments are presented within “Cost of Sales” on our consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we completed our annual cost study of obligations under our module collection and recycling program and reduced the associated liability by $7.5 million primarily due to lower estimated capital and chemical costs resulting from improvements to our module recycling technology. As of December 31, 2017, our estimated liability for collecting and recycling solar modules covered by our collection and recycling program was $166.6 million. A 1%2022, a 10% increase in the annualized inflation rate used in our estimatedexpected future collection and recycling cost per modulecosts would increase ourthe liability by $33.5 million, and a 1% decrease in that rate would decrease our liability by $28.1$13.7 million.


Product Warranties. We provide a limited PV solar module warranty covering defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service conditions for approximately 10up to 12.5 years. We also typically warrant that modules installed in accordance with agreed-upon specifications will produce at least 98% of their labeled power output rating during the first year, with the warranty coverage reducing by 0.5%a degradation factor every year thereafter throughout the approximate 25-year performancelimited power output warranty period.period of up to 30 years. Among other things, our solar module warranty also covers the resulting power output loss from cell cracking.


As an alternative form of our standard limited module power output warranty, we have also offeroffered an aggregated or system-level limited module performance warranty. This system-level limited module performance warranty is designed for utility-scale systems and provides 25-year system-level energy degradation protection. This warranty represents a practical expedient to address the challenge of identifying, from the potential millions of modules installed in a utility-scale system, individual modules that may be performing below warranty thresholds by focusing on the aggregate energy generated by the system rather than the power output of individual modules. The system-level limited module performance warranty is typically calculated as a percentage of a system’s expected energy production, adjusted for certain actual site conditions, with the warranted level of performance declining each year in a linear fashion, but never falling below 80% during the term of the warranty.


In addition to our limited solar module warranties described above, for PV solar power systems we construct, we typically provide limited warranties for defects in engineering design, installation, and BoS part workmanship for a period
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When we recognize revenue for modulesales of modules or system sales,projects, we accrue liabilities for the estimated future costs of meeting our limited warranty obligations. We make and revise these estimates based primarily on the number of our solar modules under warranty installed at customer locations, our historical experience with and projections of warranty claims, our monitoring of field installation sites, our internal testing of and the expected future performance of our solar modules and BoS parts, and our estimated per-module replacement costs. As a result of such factors,We also monitor our expected future module performance through certain quality and reliability testing and actual performance in certain field installation sites. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we revised this estimate our limited product warranties based on updated information regarding our warranty return rates of approximately 1% to 3%claims, which reduced our product warranty liability by $10.2 million. This updated information reflected lower-than-expected warranty claims for modules covered under warranty, depending on theour older series of module technology.

technology as well as the evolving claims profile of our newest series of module technology, resulting in reductions to our projected module return rates. In general, we expect the return rates for our Series 6 modules to be lower than our older series, and we estimate that the return rate for such newer series of module technology will be less than 1%. As of December 31, 2017,2022, a 1% increase in the return rate across all series of module technology would increase our accrued liabilities for product warranties were $224.3 million. A 1% change in estimated warranty return rates would change our module warranty liability by $71.0 million, and a 1% change in the estimated warranty return rate for BoS parts would not have a material impact on the associated warranty liability.$147.0 million.


Income Taxes. We are subject to the income tax laws of the United States, its states and municipalities, and those of the foreign jurisdictions in which we have significant business operations. Such tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant governmental taxing authorities. We make judgments and interpretations regarding the application of these inherently complex tax laws when determining our provision for income taxes and also make estimates about when in the future certain items are expected to affect taxable income in the various tax jurisdictions. Disputes over interpretations of tax laws may be settled with the relevant taxing authority upon examination or audit. We regularly evaluate the likelihood of assessments in each of our taxing jurisdictions resulting from current and future examinations, and we record tax liabilities as appropriate.




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We establish liabilities for potential additional taxes based on our assessment of the outcome of our tax positions. Once established, we adjust these liabilities when additional information becomes available or when an event occurs requiring an adjustment. Significant judgment is required in making these estimates and the actual cost of a tax assessment, fine, or penalty may ultimately be materially different from our recorded liabilities, if any.


In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we calculate our income tax provision based on our interpretation of the tax laws and regulations in the various jurisdictions where we conduct business. This requires us to estimate our current tax obligations, evaluate our ability and intent to permanently reinvest our accumulated earnings in jurisdictions outside the United States, assess uncertain tax positions, and assess temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. These temporary differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities.

We must also assess the likelihood that each of our deferred tax assets will be realized. To the extent we believe that realization of any of our deferred tax assets is not more likely than not, we establish a valuation allowance. When we establish a valuation allowance or increase this allowance in a reporting period, we generally record a corresponding tax expense. Conversely, to the extent circumstances indicate that a valuation allowance is no longer necessary, that portion of the valuation allowance is reversed, which generally reduces our overall income tax expense.


We establish liabilities for potential additional taxes based on our assessment of the outcome of our tax positions. Once established, we adjust these liabilities when additional information becomes available or when an event occurs requiring an adjustment. Significant judgment is required in making these estimates and the actual cost of a tax assessment, fine, or penalty may ultimately be materially different from our recorded liabilities, if any.

We continually explore initiatives to better align our tax and legal entity structure with the footprint of our non-U.S.global operations and recognize the tax impact of these initiatives, including changes in the assessment of uncertain tax positions, indefinite reinvestment exception assertions, and the realizability of deferred tax assets, in the period when we believe all necessary internal and external approvals associated with such initiatives have been obtained, or when the initiatives are materially complete. It is possible that the completion of one or more of these initiatives may occur within the next 12 months.


Asset Impairments. We assess long-lived assets classified as “held and used,” including our property, plant and equipment; operating lease assets; intangible assets; project assets; and PV solar power systems; and intangible assets,systems, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances arise, including consideration of technological obsolescence, that may indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable, and these assessments require significant judgment in determining whether such events or changes have occurred. Relevant considerationsThese events or changes in circumstances may include a significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset; a significant adverse change in the
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extent or manner in which a long-lived asset is being used or in its physical condition; a significant adverse change in the business climate that could affect the value of a long-lived asset; an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of a long-lived asset; a current-period operating or cash flow loss combined with a history of such losses or a projection of future losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset; or a current expectation that, more likely than not, a long-lived asset will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. For purposes of recognition and measurement of an impairment loss, long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities, and we must also exercise judgment in assessing such groupings and levels.


When impairment indicators are present, we compare undiscounted future cash flows, including the eventual disposition of the asset group at market value, to the asset group’s carrying value to determine if the asset group is recoverable. If the carrying value of the asset group exceeds the undiscounted future cash flows, we measure any impairment by comparing the fair value of the asset group to its carrying value. Fair value is generally determined by considering (i) internally developed discounted cash flows for the asset group, (ii) third-party valuations, and/or (iii) information available regarding the current market value for such assets. If the fair value of an asset group is determined to be less than its carrying value, an impairment in the amount of the difference is recorded in the period that the impairment indicator occurs. Estimating future cash flows requires significant judgment, and such projections may vary from the cash flows eventually realized.





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Goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of acquired businesses over the estimated fair value assigned to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed. We do not amortize goodwill, but instead are required to test goodwill for impairment at least annually. We perform impairment tests between scheduled annual tests in the fourth quarter if facts and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit that has goodwill is less than its carrying value.

We may first make a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. Such qualitative impairment test considers various factors, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, the overall financial performance of a reporting unit, and any other relevant events affecting our company or a reporting unit. If we determine through the qualitative assessment that a reporting unit’s fair value is more likely than not greater than its carrying value, the quantitative impairment test is not required. If the qualitative assessment indicates it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value, we perform a quantitative impairment test. We may also elect to proceed directly to the quantitative impairment test without considering qualitative factors.

The quantitative impairment test is the comparison of the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. Our reporting units consist of our CdTe module manufacturing (or “modules”) business and our fully integrated systems business. We define the fair value of a reporting unit as the price that would be received to sell the unit as a whole in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We primarily use an income approach to estimate the fair value of our reporting units. Significant judgment is required when estimating the fair value of a reporting unit, including the forecasting of future operating results and the selection of discount and expected future growth rates used to determine projected cash flows. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is not impaired, and no further analysis is required. Conversely, if the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, we record an impairment loss equal to the excess, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk


Foreign Currency Exchange Risk


Cash Flow Exposure. We expect certain of our subsidiaries to have future cash flows that will be denominated in currencies other than the subsidiaries’ functional currencies. Changes in the exchange rates between the functional currencies of our subsidiaries and the other currencies in which they transact will cause fluctuations in the cash flows we expect to receive or pay when these cash flows are realized or settled. Accordingly, we enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge a portion of these forecasted cash flows. These foreign exchange forward contracts qualify for accounting as cash flow hedges in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”)ASC 815Derivatives and Hedging, and we designated them as such. We initially report the effective portion of a derivative’s unrealized gaingains or losslosses for such contracts in “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)”loss” and subsequently reclassify amounts into earnings when the hedged transaction occurs and impacts earnings.

For additional details on our derivative hedging instruments and activities, see Note 10.8. “Derivative Financial Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.statements.


Certain of our international operations, such as our manufacturing facilityfacilities in Malaysia and Vietnam, pay a portion of their operating expenses, including associate wages and utilities, in local currencies, which exposes us to foreign currency exchange risk for such expenses. Our manufacturing facilities are also exposed to foreign currency exchange risk for purchases of certain equipment and raw materials from international vendors. AsTo the extent we expand into new markets, worldwide, particularly emerging markets, our total foreign currency exchange risk, in terms of both size and exchange rate volatility, and the number of foreign currencies we are exposed to could increase significantly.




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For the year ended December 31, 2017, our international customers accounted for 23% of our net sales, and2022, 5% of our net sales during the period were denominated in foreign currencies, including EurosJapanese yen and Indian rupees.Euro. As a result, we may, from time to time, have exposure to foreign currency exchange riskcurrencies with respect to our net sales, which has historically represented one of our primary foreign currency exchange risks. A 10% change in the U.S. dollar to EuroJapanese yen and U.S. dollar to Indian rupeeEuro exchange rates would have had an aggregate impact on our net sales of $10.1$9.1 million, excluding the effect of our hedging activities.


Transaction Exposure. Many of our subsidiaries have assets and liabilities (primarily cash, receivables, marketable securities, deferred taxes, payables, accrued expenses, long-term debt, and solar module collection and recycling liabilities) that are denominated in currencies other than the subsidiaries’ functional currencies. Changes in the exchange rates between
59
the functional currencies of our subsidiaries and the other currencies in which these assets and liabilities are denominated will create fluctuations in our reported consolidated statements of operations and cash flows. We may enter into foreign exchange forward contracts or other financial instruments to economically hedge assets and liabilities against the effects of currency exchange rate fluctuations. The gains and losses on such foreign exchange forward contracts will economically offset all or part of the transaction gains and losses that we recognize in earnings on the related foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities.

For additional details on our economic hedging instruments and activities, see Note 10.8. “Derivative Financial Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.statements.


For the year endedAs of December 31, 2017,2022, a 10% change in the U.S. dollar relative to Japanese yen and U.S. dollarour primary foreign currency exposures would not have had a significant impact to Vietnamese dong exchange rates would have impacted our net foreign currency income or loss, by $2.6 million, including the effect of our hedging activities. Other than such exposures, we did not have material transaction exposure to other foreign currencies as of December 31, 2017.


Interest Rate Risk


Variable Rate Debt Exposure. We are exposed to interest rate risk as certain of our project specific debt financings have variable interest rates, exposing us to variability in interest expense and cash flows. See Note 14. “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our long-term debt borrowing rates. An increase in relevant interest rates would increase the cost of borrowing under certain of our project specific debt financings. If such variable interest rates changed by 100 basis points, our interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 would have changed by $0.7 million.

Customer Financing Exposure. We are also indirectly exposed to interest rate risk because many of our customers depend on debt financings to purchase modules or systems.modules. An increase in interest rates could make it challenging for our customers to obtain the capital necessary to make such purchases on favorable terms, or at all. Such factors could lowerreduce demand or lower the price we can charge for our modules, and systems, thereby reducing our net sales and gross profit. In addition, we believe that a significant percentage of our customers purchase systems as an investment, funding the initial capital expenditure through a combination of equity and debt. An increase in interest rates could lower an investor’s return on investment in a system or make alternative investments more attractive relative to PV solar power systems, which, in either case, could cause these end-users to seek alternative investments that promise higher returns.


Marketable Securities and Restricted InvestmentsMarketable Securities Exposure. We invest in various debt securities, which exposes us to interest rate risk. The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve principal and provide liquidity, while at the same time maximizing the return on our investments. Many of the securities in which we invest may be subject to market risk. Accordingly, a change in prevailing interest rates may cause the market value of such investments to fluctuate. For example, if we hold a security that was issued with an interest rate fixed at the then-prevailing rate and the prevailing interest rate subsequently rises, the market value of our investment may decline.


For the year ended December 31, 2017,2022, our marketable securities earned a return of 1%2%, including the impact of fluctuations in the price of the underlying securities, and had a weighted-average maturity of 126 months as of the end



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of the period. Based on our investment positions as of December 31, 2017,2022, a hypothetical 100 basis point change in interest rates would have resulted in a $4.6$0.5 million change in the market value of our marketable securities investment portfolio. For the year ended December 31, 2017,2022, our restricted investmentsmarketable securities incurred a loss of 3%22%, including the impact of fluctuations in the price of the underlying securities, and had a weighted-average maturity of approximately 1712 years as of the end of the period. Based on our restricted investmentmarketable securities positions as of December 31, 2017,2022, a hypothetical 100 basis point change in interest rates would have resulted in a $62.8$17.6 million change in the market value of our restricted investmentmarketable securities portfolio.


Commodity and Component Risk


We are exposed to price risks for the raw materials, components, services, and energy costs used in the manufacturing and transportation of our solar modules and BoS parts used in our systems. Also, someSome of our raw materials and components are sourced from a limited number of suppliers or a single supplier. We endeavor to qualify multiple suppliers using a robust qualification process. In some cases,Although we alsomay enter into long-term supply contracts for certain raw materials and components. As a result,components, we remainmay be exposed to price changes in thefor certain raw materials and components used into manufacture our solar modules and systems.for which we are unable to secure long-term supply contracts or if our demand exceeds our committed supply. From time to time, we may utilize derivative hedging instruments to mitigate such raw material price changes. In addition, the failure of a key supplier could disrupt our supply chain, which could result in higher prices and/or a disruption in our manufacturing or construction processes. We may be unable to pass along changes in the costs of the raw materials and components for our modules and systems to our customers andprocess. As a result, we may be in default of our delivery obligations if we experience a manufacturing disruption. In addition to price changes in the raw materials and components used in our manufacturing process, we are also exposed to price changes associated with the shipping, handling, storage, and distribution of our modules. To mitigate such price changes, we have used and expect to continue using module contract structures that provide additional consideration to us if the cost of certain raw materials or construction disruption.logistics services

60
exceeds a defined threshold. However, we may be unable to pass along the full amount of cost increases we experience for such raw materials, components, and logistics services to our customers.

Credit Risk


We have certain financial and derivative instruments that subject us to credit risk. These consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, trade accounts receivable, restricted cash, and investments, notes receivable, andrestricted cash equivalents, restricted marketable securities, foreign exchange forward contracts, and commodity swap contracts. We are exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties to our financial and derivative instruments. We place cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, restricted cash and investments, and foreign exchange forward contractsthese instruments with various high-quality financial institutions and limit the amount of credit risk from any one counterparty. We continuously evaluatemonitor the credit standing of our counterparty financial institutions. Our net sales are primarily concentrated among a limited number of customers. We monitor the financial condition of our customers and perform credit evaluations whenever considered necessary. Depending upon the sales arrangement, we mayWe typically require some form of payment security from our customers, including, but not limited to, advance payments, parent guarantees, letters of credit, bank guarantees, or commercial letters of credit.surety bonds.


Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data


Consolidated Financial Statements


Our consolidated financial statements as required by this item are included in Item 15. “Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.” See Item 15(a) for a list of our consolidated financial statements.


Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

The following selected quarterly financial data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” This information has been derived from our unaudited consolidated financial statements that, in our opinion, reflect all recurring adjustments necessary to fairly present this information when read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements. The interim periods presented below for the year ended December 31, 2016 reflect the adoption of ASU 2014-09. See Note 3. “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K further information regarding these changes. The results of operations for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future period.



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  Quarters Ended
 
 
 Dec 31,
2017		 Sep 30,
2017		 Jun 30,
2017		 Mar 31,
2017		 Dec 31, 2016 Sep 30,
2016		 Jun 30,
2016		 Mar 31,
2016
  (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Net sales $339,181
 $1,087,026
��$623,326
 $891,791
 $330,795
 $681,276
 $1,016,424
 $876,068
Gross profit 62,070
 291,800
 110,893
 84,184
 7,848
 170,908
 182,051
 277,611
Production start-up 20,488
 12,624
 8,381
 1,150
 214
 752
 55
 —
Restructuring and asset impairments (1,927) 791
 18,286
 20,031
 660,113
 4,314
 79,435
 —
Goodwill impairment —
 —
 —
 —
 68,833
 —
 6,097
 —
Operating (loss) income (35,071) 206,989
 13,928
 (7,995) (821,153) 73,324
 (243) 179,921
Net (loss) income (432,454) 205,747
 51,963
 9,129
 (750,790) 150,457
 (11,415) 195,636
Net (loss) income per share:    
      
  
  
  
Basic $(4.14) $1.97
 $0.50
 $0.09
 $(7.22) $1.46
 $(0.11) $1.92
Diluted $(4.14) $1.95
 $0.50
 $0.09
 $(7.22) $1.45
 $(0.11) $1.90

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting andFinancial Disclosure


None.


Item 9A. Controls and Procedures


Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures


We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures” as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of December 31, 20172022 our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.


Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting


Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate “internal control over financial reporting,” as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). We also carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20172022 based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (or “COSO”(“COSO”). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).GAAP. Based on such evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017.2022. The
61
effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20172022 has also been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report which appears herein.




75


Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting


We also carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of our internal“internal control over financial reportingreporting” to determine whether any changes in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 20172022 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Based on that evaluation, there were no such changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2017.2022.


Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls


Control systems, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control systems’ objectives are being met. Further, the design of any system of controls must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of all controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our Companycompany have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of error or mistake. Control systems can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.


Item 9B. Other Information


None.


Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

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PART III


Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance


Information concerning our board of directors and audit committee will appear in our 2018 Proxy Statement, under the sections entitled “Directors” and “Corporate Governance.” The information in such sections of the Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For information with respect to our executive officers, see Item 1. “Business – Information about Our Executive OfficersOfficers.” Information concerning our board of directors and audit committee of our board of directors will appear in our 2023 Proxy Statement, under the Registrant.sections “Directors” and “Corporate Governance,”

Information and information concerning Section 16(a) beneficial ownership reporting compliance will appear in our 20182023 Proxy Statement under the section entitled “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance.” The information in such section of the 2018 Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We have adopted a Codecode of Business Conductbusiness conduct and Ethicsethics that applies to all directors, officers, and associates of First Solar. Information concerning this code will appear in our 20182023 Proxy Statement under the section entitled “Corporate Governance.” The information in such sectionsections of the Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.


Item 11. Executive Compensation


Information concerning executive compensation and related information will appear in our 20182023 Proxy Statement under the section entitled “Executive Compensation,” and information concerning the compensation committee of our board of directors (the “compensation committee”) will appear under the sections “Corporate Governance” and “Compensation Committee Report.” The information in such sections of the 20182023 Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.





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Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Managementand Related Stockholder Matters


Information concerning the security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters, including certain information regarding our equity compensation plans, will appear in our 20182023 Proxy Statement under the section entitled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.” The information in such section of the Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.


Equity Compensation Plans


The following table sets forth certain information as of December 31, 20172022 concerning securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans:
Plan Category Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options and Rights (a)(1) Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options and Rights (b)(2) Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a))(c)(3)Plan CategoryNumber of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options and Rights
(a)(1)		Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options and Rights
(b)(2)		Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a))
(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders 2,302,906
 $—
 4,128,595
Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders1,310,887 $— 6,500,832
Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders —
 —
 —
Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders— — — 
Total 2,302,906
 $—
 4,128,595
Total1,310,887 $— 6,500,832
——————————
(1)Includes 2,302,906 shares issuable upon vesting of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) granted under our 2010 and 2015 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plans.

(2)The weighted-average exercise price does not take into account the shares issuable upon vesting of outstanding RSUs, which have no exercise price.

(3)Includes 645,774 shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under our stock purchase plan for employees.

(1)Includes 1,310,887 shares issuable upon vesting of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) granted under our 2020 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (“2020 Omnibus Plan”). These RSUs include the maximum amount of performance units available for issuance under our long-term incentive program for key executive officers and associates.

(2)The weighted-average exercise price does not take into account the shares issuable upon vesting of outstanding RSUs, which have no exercise price.

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See Note 18.15. “Share-Based Compensation” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion on our equity compensation plans.


Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and DirectorIndependence


Information concerning certain relationships and related party transactions will appear in our 20182023 Proxy Statement under the section entitled “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions.Transactions,” and information concerning director independence will appear in our 2023 Proxy Statement under the section “Corporate Governance.” The information in such sectionsections of the 2018 Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

Information concerning director independenceprincipal accounting fees and services and the audit committee of our board of directors’ pre-approval policies and procedures for these items will appear in our 20182023 Proxy Statement under the section entitled “Corporate Governance.“Principal Accountant Fees and Services.” The information in such section of the Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

Information concerning principal accounting fees and services and the audit committee’s pre-approval policies and procedures for these items will appear in our 2018 Proxy Statement under the section entitled “Principal Accounting Fees and Services.” The information in such section of the 2018 Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.




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77

PART IV


Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules


(a)
Documents. The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

(a)Documents. The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 238)
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


(b)
Exhibits. The exhibits listed on the accompanying Index to Exhibits are filed with or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(b)Exhibits. Unless otherwise noted, the exhibits listed on the accompanying Index to Exhibits are filed with or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(c)
Financial Statement Schedules. All financial statement schedules have been omitted as the required information is not applicable or is not material to require presentation of the schedule, or because the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.


(c)Financial Statement Schedules. All financial statement schedules have been omitted as the required information is not applicable or is not material to require presentation of the schedule, or because the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.


65

78

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm


To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of First Solar, Inc.


Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting


We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of First Solar, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“the Company”) as of December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017,2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”).We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework(2013)issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”).


In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, and the results oftheir its operations and theirits cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20172022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control -– Integrated Framework(2013)issued by the COSO.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for revenues from contracts with customers in 2017.


Basis for Opinions


The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal ControlsControl over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidatedfinancial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and the PCAOB.


We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.


Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidatedfinancial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.




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79

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting


A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.


Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.


Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Product Warranty Liability

As described in Notes 2 and 12 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company provides a limited PV solar module warranty which covers defects in materials and workmanship for up to 12.5 years and warrants that modules will produce at least a specified minimum percentage of their labeled power output rating, on either an individual module or system-level basis, for up to 30 years. The Company’s product warranty liability was $33.8 million as of December 31, 2022. Product warranty estimates are based primarily on the number of solar modules under warranty installed at customer locations, historical experience with and projections of warranty claims, and estimated per-module replacement costs.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the product warranty liability is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management in estimating the projections of warranty claims and (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures to evaluate the projections of warranty claims and related audit evidence.

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Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to valuation of the product warranty liability. These procedures also included, among others, testing the appropriateness of the methodology used and the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management in developing these estimates related to projections of warranty claims. Evaluating whether the significant assumptions relating to the product warranty liability were reasonable involved (i) testing historical warranty claims and settlements, (ii) evaluating the reasonableness and appropriateness of factors considered by management in estimating the final settlement of open customer claims, and (iii) evaluating the reasonableness and appropriateness of the methodology used by management to determine return rates used in the valuation of the product warranty liability.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP


Phoenix, Arizona
February 22, 201828, 2023


We have served as the Company’s or its predecessor’s auditor since 2000, which includes periods before the Company became subject to SEC reporting requirements.



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80

FIRST SOLAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share data)
December 31,
20222021
ASSETS
Current assets:  
Cash and cash equivalents$1,481,269 $1,450,654 
Marketable securities1,096,712 375,389 
Accounts receivable trade, net324,337 429,436 
Accounts receivable unbilled, net30,654 25,273 
Inventories621,376 666,299 
Other current assets237,073 244,192 
Total current assets3,791,421 3,191,243 
Property, plant and equipment, net3,536,902 2,649,587 
PV solar power systems, net6,242 217,293 
Project assets30,108 315,488 
Deferred tax assets, net78,680 59,162 
Restricted marketable securities182,070 244,726 
Goodwill14,462 14,462 
Intangible assets, net31,106 45,509 
Inventories260,395 237,512 
Other assets319,842 438,764 
Total assets$8,251,228 $7,413,746 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:  
Accounts payable$341,409 $193,374 
Income taxes payable29,397 4,543 
Accrued expenses382,782 288,450 
Current portion of long-term debt— 3,896 
Deferred revenue263,215 201,868 
Other current liabilities21,245 34,747 
Total current liabilities1,038,048 726,878 
Accrued solar module collection and recycling liability128,114 139,145 
Long-term debt184,349 236,005 
Deferred revenue944,725 95,943 
Other liabilities119,937 256,224 
Total liabilities2,415,173 1,454,195 
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 106,609,094 and 106,332,315 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively107 106 
Additional paid-in capital2,887,476 2,871,352 
Accumulated earnings3,140,289 3,184,455 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(191,817)(96,362)
Total stockholders’ equity5,836,055 5,959,551 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$8,251,228 $7,413,746 
  December 31,
  2017 2016
ASSETS    
Current assets:    
Cash and cash equivalents $2,268,534
 $1,347,155
Marketable securities 720,379
 607,991
Accounts receivable trade, net 211,797
 266,687
Accounts receivable, unbilled and retainage 174,608
 206,739
Inventories 172,370
 363,219
Balance of systems parts 28,840
 62,776
Project assets 77,931
 700,800
Notes receivable, affiliate 20,411
 15,000
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 157,902
 217,462
Total current assets 3,832,772
 3,787,829
Property, plant and equipment, net 1,154,537
 629,142
PV solar power systems, net 417,108
 448,601
Project assets 424,786
 762,148
Deferred tax assets, net 51,417
 255,152
Restricted cash and investments 424,783
 371,307
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates and joint ventures 219,503
 234,610
Goodwill 14,462
 14,462
Intangibles assets, net 80,227
 87,970
Inventories 113,277
 100,512
Notes receivable, affiliates 48,370
 54,737
Other assets 83,259
 77,898
Total assets $6,864,501
 $6,824,368
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY    
Current liabilities:  
  
Accounts payable $120,220
 $148,730
Income taxes payable 19,581
 12,562
Accrued expenses 366,827
 262,977
Current portion of long-term debt 13,075
 27,966
Deferred revenue 81,816
 308,704
Other current liabilities 48,757
 146,942
Total current liabilities 650,276
 907,881
Accrued solar module collection and recycling liability 166,609
 166,277
Long-term debt 380,465
 160,422
Other liabilities 568,454
 371,439
Total liabilities 1,765,804
 1,606,019
Commitments and contingencies 

 

Stockholders’ equity:    
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 104,468,460 and 104,034,731 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively 104
 104
Additional paid-in capital 2,799,107
 2,765,310
Accumulated earnings 2,297,227
 2,462,842
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 2,259
 (9,907)
Total stockholders’ equity 5,098,697
 5,218,349
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $6,864,501
 $6,824,368


See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.



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81

FIRST SOLAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
 Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
Net sales$2,619,319 $2,923,377 $2,711,332 
Cost of sales2,549,461 2,193,423 2,030,659 
Gross profit69,858 729,954 680,673 
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative164,724 170,320 222,918 
Research and development112,804 99,115 93,738 
Production start-up73,077 21,052 40,528 
Litigation loss— — 6,000 
Total operating expenses350,605 290,487 363,184 
Gain on sales of businesses, net253,511 147,284 — 
Operating (loss) income(27,236)586,751 317,489 
Foreign currency loss, net(16,414)(7,975)(4,890)
Interest income33,284 6,179 16,559 
Interest expense, net(12,225)(13,107)(24,036)
Other income (expense), net31,189 314 (11,932)
Income before taxes and equity in earnings8,598 572,162 293,190 
Income tax (expense) benefit(52,764)(103,469)107,294 
Equity in earnings, net of tax— — (2,129)
Net (loss) income$(44,166)$468,693 $398,355 
Net (loss) income per share:
Basic$(0.41)$4.41 $3.76 
Diluted$(0.41)$4.38 $3.73 
Weighted-average number of shares used in per share calculations:
Basic106,551 106,263 105,867 
Diluted106,551 106,924 106,686 
  Years Ended December 31,
  2017 2016 2015
Net sales $2,941,324
 $2,904,563
 $4,112,650
Cost of sales 2,392,377
 2,266,145
 2,979,888
Gross profit 548,947
 638,418
 1,132,762
Operating expenses:      
Selling, general and administrative 202,699
 261,994
 255,192
Research and development 88,573
 124,762
 130,593
Production start-up 42,643
 1,021
 16,818
Restructuring and asset impairments 37,181
 743,862
 —
Goodwill impairment —
 74,930
 —
Total operating expenses 371,096
 1,206,569
 402,603
Operating income (loss) 177,851
 (568,151) 730,159
Foreign currency loss, net (9,640) (14,007) (6,868)
Interest income 35,704
 25,193
 22,516
Interest expense, net (25,765) (20,538) (6,975)
Other income (expense), net 23,965
 40,252
 (5,502)
Income (loss) before taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates 202,115
 (537,251) 733,330
Income tax expense (371,996) (23,167) (32,329)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax 4,266
 144,306
 (107,595)
Net (loss) income $(165,615) $(416,112) $593,406
       
Net (loss) income per share:      
Basic $(1.59) $(4.05) $5.88
Diluted $(1.59) $(4.05) $5.83
Weighted-average number of shares used in per share calculations:      
Basic 104,328
 102,866
 100,886
Diluted 104,328
 102,866
 101,815


See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.



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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
Net (loss) income$(44,166)$468,693 $398,355 
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments(32,021)(13,213)(2,810)
Unrealized (loss) gain on marketable securities and restricted marketable securities, net of tax of $2,639, $1,497, and $(1,231)(56,744)(24,666)21,659 
Unrealized (loss) gain on derivative instruments, net of tax of $1,678, $(55), and $(31)(6,690)3,243 (1,241)
Other comprehensive (loss) income(95,455)(34,636)17,608 
Comprehensive (loss) income$(139,621)$434,057 $415,963 
  Years Ended December 31,
  2017 2016 2015
Net (loss) income $(165,615) $(416,112) $593,406
Other comprehensive income (loss):      
Foreign currency translation adjustments 11,832
 (7,409) (16,432)
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities and restricted investments, net of tax of $(588), $2,518, and $1,248 3,217
 (21,713) (15,415)
Unrealized (loss) gain on derivative instruments, net of tax of $1,396, $(691), and $2,071 (2,883) 3,735
 (2,813)
Other comprehensive income (loss) 12,166
 (25,387) (34,660)
Comprehensive (loss) income $(153,449) $(441,499) $558,746


See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.



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FIRST SOLAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands)
 Common StockAdditional
Paid-In
Capital		Accumulated EarningsAccumulated
Other
Comprehensive (Loss) Income		Total
Stockholders’
Equity
 SharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 2019105,449 $105 $2,849,376 $2,326,620 $(79,334)$5,096,767 
Cumulative-effect adjustment for the adoption of ASU 2016-13— — — (9,213)— (9,213)
Net income— — — 398,355 — 398,355 
Other comprehensive income— — — — 17,608 17,608 
Common stock issued for share-based compensation814 1 1,362 — — 1,363 
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock(283)— (13,118)— — (13,118)
Share-based compensation expense— — 29,166 — — 29,166 
Balance at December 31, 2020105,980 106 2,866,786 2,715,762 (61,726)5,520,928 
Net income— — — 468,693 — 468,693 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — (34,636)(34,636)
Common stock issued for share-based compensation561 — — — — — 
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock(209)— (15,989)— — (15,989)
Share-based compensation expense— — 20,555 — — 20,555 
Balance at December 31, 2021106,332 106 2,871,352 3,184,455 (96,362)5,959,551 
Net loss— — — (44,166)— (44,166)
Other comprehensive loss— — — — (95,455)(95,455)
Common stock issued for share-based compensation444 1 — — — 1 
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock(167)— (12,092)— — (12,092)
Share-based compensation expense— — 28,216 — — 28,216 
Balance at December 31, 2022106,609 $107 $2,887,476 $3,140,289 $(191,817)$5,836,055 
  Common Stock 
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 Accumulated Earnings 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive (Loss) Income
 
Total
Equity
  Shares Amount    
Balance at December 31, 2014 100,288
 $100
 $2,697,558
 $2,243,689
 $50,140
 $4,991,487
Cumulative-effect adjustment for the adoption of ASU 2014-09 —
 —
 40
 16,825
 —
 16,865
Net income —
 —
 —
 593,406
 —
 593,406
Other comprehensive loss —
 —
 —
 —
 (34,660) (34,660)
Common stock issued for share-based compensation 1,782
 2
 5,886
 —
 —
 5,888
Share-based compensation tax benefits —
 —
 20,626
 —
 —
 20,626
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock (303) —
 (18,189) —
 —
 (18,189)
Share-based compensation expense —
 —
 42,973
 —
 —
 42,973
Balance at December 31, 2015 101,767
 102
 2,748,894
 2,853,920
 15,480
 5,618,396
Cumulative-effect adjustment for the adoption of ASU 2016-09 —
 —
 2,420
 25,034
 —
 27,454
Net loss —
 —
 —
 (416,112) —
 (416,112)
Other comprehensive loss —
 —
 —
 —
 (25,387) (25,387)
Common stock issued for share-based compensation 2,574
 2
 6,318
 —
 —
 6,320
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock (306) —
 (20,407) —
 —
 (20,407)
Share-based compensation expense —
 —
 28,085
 —
 —
 28,085
Balance at December 31, 2016 104,035
 104
 2,765,310
 2,462,842
 (9,907) 5,218,349
Net loss —
 —
 —
 (165,615) —
 (165,615)
Other comprehensive income —
 —
 —
 —
 12,166
 12,166
Common stock issued for share-based compensation 580
 —
 4,474
 —
 —
 4,474
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock (147) —
 (5,137) —
 —
 (5,137)
Share-based compensation expense —
 —
 34,460
 —
 —
 34,460
Balance at December 31, 2017 104,468
 $104
 $2,799,107
 $2,297,227
 $2,259
 $5,098,697


See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.



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FIRST SOLAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
  Years Ended December 31,
  2017 2016 2015
Cash flows from operating activities:      
Net (loss) income $(165,615) $(416,112) $593,406
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to cash provided by (used in) operating activities:      
Depreciation, amortization and accretion 115,313
 230,940
 257,825
Impairments and net losses on disposal of long-lived assets 35,364
 838,467
 14,593
Share-based compensation 35,121
 28,712
 44,899
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax (4,266) (144,306) 107,595
Distributions received from equity method investments 23,042
 18,562
 —
Remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities (15,823) 5,442
 (4,229)
Deferred income taxes 173,368
 90,555
 5,882
Gains on sales of marketable securities and restricted investments (49) (41,632) —
Noncash consideration from the sale of systems —
 (20,091) (457,596)
Liabilities assumed by customers for the sale of systems (24,203) —
 —
Other, net 2,339
 13,863
 520
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:      
Accounts receivable, trade, unbilled and retainage 85,760
 178,894
 (427,648)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 26,680
 9,269
 (38,823)
Inventories and balance of systems parts 212,758
 95,785
 113,537
Project assets and PV solar power systems 981,273
 (571,655) (525,551)
Other assets (1,269) (19,245) (1,163)
Income tax receivable and payable 169,079
 (61,383) 1,788
Accounts payable (47,191) (191,642) 143,872
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (258,028) 158,693
 (74,890)
Accrued solar module collection and recycling liability (2,976) 3,637
 (79,226)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 1,340,677
 206,753
 (325,209)
Cash flows from investing activities:      
Purchases of property, plant and equipment (514,357) (229,452) (166,438)
Purchases of marketable securities and restricted investments (580,971) (422,609) (556,479)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities and restricted investments 466,309
 525,515
 353,359
Proceeds from sales of equity and cost method investments —
 291,502
 —
Distributions received from equity method investments 720
 1,502
 238,980
Investments in notes receivable, affiliates —
 (4,760) (55,163)
Payments received on notes receivable, affiliates 1,740
 3,053
 57,866
Other investing activities (243) (20,231) (28,302)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (626,802) 144,520
 (156,177)
Cash flows from financing activities:      
Repayment of borrowings under revolving credit facility —
 (550,000) —
Proceeds from borrowings under revolving credit facility —
 550,000
 —
Repayment of long-term debt (24,078) (137,367) (47,078)
Proceeds from borrowings under long-term debt, net of discounts and issuance costs 215,415
 26,816
 146,027
Repayment of sale-leaseback financing (5,218) (5,276) (3,702)
Proceeds from sale-leaseback financing —
 —
 44,718
Payments of tax withholdings for restricted shares (5,137) (20,407) (18,189)
Proceeds from commercial letters of credit 43,025
 —
 11,200
Contingent consideration payments and other financing activities (31,962) (159) (31,769)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 192,045
 (136,393) 101,207
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 8,866
 (6,306) (19,272)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 914,786
 208,574
 (399,451)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of the period 1,415,690
 1,207,116
 1,606,567
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of the period $2,330,476
 $1,415,690
 $1,207,116
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities:  
  
  
Property, plant and equipment acquisitions funded by liabilities $164,946
 $28,687
 $17,749
Acquisitions currently or previously funded by liabilities and contingent consideration $9,315
 $30,092
 $17,988
Sale of equity method investment funded by note receivable, affiliate $—
 $50,000
 $—
Accrued interest capitalized to long-term debt $18,401
 $—
 $—

 Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
Cash flows from operating activities:   
Net (loss) income$(44,166)$468,693 $398,355 
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and accretion269,724 259,900 232,925 
Impairments and net losses on disposal of long-lived assets63,338 22,876 35,806 
Share-based compensation28,656 20,902 29,267 
Deferred income taxes(12,799)49,847 36,013 
Gain on sales of businesses, net(253,511)(147,284)— 
Gains on sales of marketable securities and restricted marketable securities— (11,696)(15,346)
Liabilities assumed by customers for the sale of systems(145,281)(85,490)(136,745)
Gain on debt forgiveness(30,201)— — 
Other, net(1,029)(3,484)19,297 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, trade and unbilled118,724 (96,951)345,150 
Inventories16,693 (136,365)(145,396)
Project assets and PV solar power systems(14,336)23,402 106,867 
Other assets(72,602)(69,942)(33,065)
Income tax receivable and payable43,592 (13,062)(177,431)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses5,569 48,968 (109,583)
Deferred revenue912,946 47,062 (157,284)
Other liabilities(11,948)(139,817)(391,710)
Net cash provided by operating activities873,369 237,559 37,120 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property, plant and equipment(903,605)(540,291)(416,635)
Purchases of marketable securities and restricted marketable securities(3,375,008)(2,147,136)(901,924)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities and restricted marketable securities2,646,787 2,294,595 1,192,832 
Proceeds from sales of businesses, net of cash and restricted cash sold442,302 300,499 — 
Other investing activities(3,050)(6,707)(5,500)
Net cash used in investing activities(1,192,574)(99,040)(131,227)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repayment of long-term debt(75,896)(72,676)(225,344)
Proceeds from borrowings under long-term debt, net of discounts and issuance costs397,380 129,215 156,679 
Payments of tax withholdings for restricted shares(12,092)(15,989)(13,118)
Other financing activities— — (804)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities309,392 40,550 (82,587)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents47,438 3,174 3,778 
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents37,625 182,243 (172,916)
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, beginning of the period1,455,837 1,273,594 1,446,510 
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, end of the period$1,493,462 $1,455,837 $1,273,594 
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities:   
Property, plant and equipment acquisitions funded by liabilities$315,961 $61,598 $110,576 
See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.



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FIRST SOLAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES


NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


1. First Solar and Its Business


We are a leading American solar technology company and global provider of comprehensive PV solar energy solutions. We design,Developed at our R&D labs in California and Ohio, we manufacture and sell PV solar modules with an advanced thin film semiconductor technology and also develop, design, construct, and sellthat provide a high-performance, lower-carbon alternative to conventional crystalline silicon PV solar power systems that primarily usemodules. From raw material sourcing through end-of-life module recycling, we are committed to reducing the modules we manufacture. Additionally, we provide O&M services to system owners. We have substantial, ongoing R&D efforts focused on moduleenvironmental impacts and system-level innovations.enhancing the social and economic benefits of our products across their life cycle. We are the world’s largest thin film PV solar module manufacturer and one of the world’s largest PV solar module manufacturers. Our mission is to provide cost-advantaged solar technology through innovation, customer engagement, industry leadership, and operational excellence.manufacturer in the Western Hemisphere.


2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies


Basis of Presentation. These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of First Solar, Inc. and its subsidiaries and are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We eliminated all intercompany transactions and balances during consolidation. Investments in unconsolidated affiliates in which we have less than a controlling interest are accounted for using the cost or equity method of accounting. Certain prior year balances were reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. Such reclassifications primarily related to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09 as further described in Note 3. “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” to our consolidated financial statements.


Use of Estimates. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to inputs used to recognize revenue over time, accrued solar module collection and recycling liabilities, product warranties, accounting for income taxes, and long-lived asset impairments, and testing goodwill.impairments. Despite our intention to establish accurate estimates and reasonable assumptions, actual results could differ materially from such estimates and assumptions.


Fair Value Measurements. We measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value, which is defined as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., an exit price) on the measurement date in an orderly transaction between market participants in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability. Our fair value measurements use the following hierarchy, which prioritizes valuation inputs based on the extent to which the inputs are observable in the market.


•Level 1 – Valuation techniques in which all significant inputs are unadjusted quoted prices from active markets for assets or liabilities that are identical to the assets or liabilities being measured.


•Level 2 – Valuation techniques in which significant inputs include quoted prices from active markets for assets or liabilities that are similar to the assets or liabilities being measured and/or quoted prices for assets or liabilities that are identical or similar to the assets or liabilities being measured from markets that are not active. Also, model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable in active markets are Level 2 valuation techniques.


•Level 3 – Valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable. Such inputs reflect our estimate of assumptions that market participants would use to price an asset or liability.


Cash and Cash Equivalents. We consider all highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 daysthree months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents.equivalents with the exception of time deposits, which are presented as marketable securities.




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Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents. Restricted cash consistsand restricted cash equivalents consist of deposits held by various banks to secure certain of our letters of credit, and other deposits designated for the construction or operation of systems projects as well as deposits held in custodial accounts to fund the paymentestimated future costs of amounts related to project specific debt financings.our solar module collection and recycling obligations. Restricted cash for our letters of credit is classified as current or noncurrent based on the maturity date of the corresponding letter of credit. Restricted cash for project construction, operation, and financing isrestricted cash equivalents held in custodial accounts are classified as current or noncurrent based onto align with the intended usenature of the restricted funds.corresponding module collection and recycling liabilities.


Marketable Securities and Restricted Investments.Marketable Securities. We determine the classification of our marketable securities and restricted investmentsmarketable securities at the time of purchase and reevaluate such designation at each balance sheet date. We classifyAs of December 31, 2022 and 2021, all of our marketable securities and restricted investmentsmarketable securities were classified as available-for-sale.available-for-sale debt securities. Accordingly, we record them at fair value and account for the net unrealized gains and losses as part of “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)”loss” until realized. We record realized gains and losses on the sale of our marketable securities and restricted investmentsmarketable securities in “Other income (expense), net” computed using the specific identification method.


We may sell marketable securities prior to their stated maturities after consideration of our liquidity requirements. We view unrestricted securities with maturities beyond 12 months as available to support our current operations and, accordingly, classify such securities as current assets under “Marketable securities” in theour consolidated balance sheets. Restricted investmentsmarketable securities consist of long-term duration marketable securities that we hold through ain custodial accountaccounts to fund the estimated future costs of our solar module collection and recycling obligations. Accordingly, we classify restricted investmentsmarketable securities as noncurrent assets under “Restricted cash and investments”marketable securities” in theour consolidated balance sheets.


All of our available-for-sale marketable securities and restricted investments are subject to a periodic impairment review. We consider a marketable security or restricted investment to be impaired when it’s fair value is less than its cost basis, in which case we would further review the security or investment to determine if it is other-than-temporarily impaired. In performing such an evaluation, we review factors such as the length of time and the extent to which its fair value has been below its cost basis, the financial condition of the issuer and any changes thereto, our intent to sell, and whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the marketable security or restricted investment before we have recovered its cost basis. If a marketable security or restricted investment were other-than-temporarily impaired, we write it down through “Other income (expense), net” to its impaired value and establish that value as its new cost basis.

Accounts Receivable Trade and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. We record trade accounts receivable for our unconditional rights to consideration arising from our performance under contracts with customers. The carrying value of such receivables, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts,credit losses, represents their estimated net realizable value. We estimate our allowance for doubtful accounts for specific trade receivable balances based on historical collection trends, the age of outstanding trade receivables, existing economic conditions, and the financial security, if any, associated with the receivables. Past-due trade receivable balances are written off when our internal collection efforts have been unsuccessful.

Our module and other equipment sales generally include up to 45-day payment terms following the transfer of control of the products to the customer. In addition, certain module and equipment salesales agreements may require a down payment for a portion of the transaction price upon or shortly after entering into the agreement or related purchase order. Payment terms for sales of our solar power systems, EPC services, and operations and maintenance services vary by contract but are generally due upon demand or within several months of satisfying the associated performance obligations. As a practical expedient, we do not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component when we expect, at contract inception, that the period between our transfer of a promised product or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that product or service will be one year or less. We typically do not include extended payment terms in our contracts with customers.


Accounts Receivable Unbilled. Accounts receivable unbilled represents a contract asset for revenue that has been recognized in advance of billing the customer, which iswas common for long-term constructionour project-related sales contracts. For example, we typically recognize revenue from contracts for the construction and sale of PV solar power systems over time using cost based input methods, which recognize revenue and gross profit as work is performed based on the relationship between actual costs incurred compared to the total estimated costs of the contract. Accordingly, revenue couldRevenue may be



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recognized in advance of billing the customer, resulting in an amount recorded to “Accounts receivable unbilled, and retainage.”net” or “Other assets” depending on the expected timing of payment for such unbilled receivables. Once we have an unconditional right to consideration, under a construction contract, we typically bill our customer accordingly and reclassify the “Accounts receivable unbilled, and retainage”net” to “Accounts receivable trade, net.” Billing requirements vary by contract but are generally structured around the completion of certain development, construction, or other specified milestones.


Retainage. CertainAllowance for Credit Losses. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from a financial asset’s amortized cost to present the net amount we expect to collect from such asset. We estimate allowances for credit losses using relevant available information from both internal and external sources. We monitor the estimated credit losses associated with our trade accounts receivable and unbilled accounts receivable based primarily on our collection history, which we review annually, and the delinquency status of our EPC contracts for PV solar power systemsamounts owed to us, which we build contain retainage provisions. Retainage represents a contract asset fordetermine based on the portion of the contract price earned by us for work performed, but held for payment by the customer as a form of security until we reach certain construction milestones. We consider whether collectibilityaging of such retainage is reasonably assured in connectionreceivables. We estimate credit losses associated with our overall assessment ofmarketable securities and restricted marketable securities based on the collectibility of amounts due or that will become due under our EPC contracts. Retainage included within “Accounts receivable, unbilledexternal credit ratings for such investments and retainage” is expected to be billedthe historical loss rates associated with such credit ratings, which we obtain from third parties. Such methods and collectedestimates are adjusted, as appropriate, for relevant past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. We recognize writeoffs within the next 12 months. After we satisfy the EPC contract requirements and have an unconditional right to consideration, we typically billallowance for retainage and reclassify such amounts to “Accounts receivable trade, net.”credit losses when cash receipts associated with our financial assets are deemed uncollectible.

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Inventories – Current and Noncurrent. We report our inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We determine cost on a first-in, first-out basis and include both the costs of acquisition and the costs of manufacturing in our inventory costs. These costs include direct material,materials, direct labor, and indirect manufacturing costs, including depreciation and amortization. Our capitalization of indirect costs into inventory is based on the normal utilization of our plants. If our plant utilization is abnormally low, the portion of our indirect manufacturing costs related to the abnormal utilization level is expensed as incurred. Finished goods inventory is comprised exclusively of solar modules that have not yet been installed in a PV solar power plant under constructionOther abnormal manufacturing costs, such as wasted materials or sold to a third-party customer.excess yield losses, are also expensed as incurred.


As needed, we may purchase a critical raw materialmaterials that isare used in our core production process in quantities that exceed anticipated consumption within our normal operating cycle, (whichwhich is 12 months).months. We classify such raw materials that we do not expect to consume within our normal operating cycle as noncurrent.


We regularly review the cost of inventories, including noncurrent inventories, against their estimated net realizable value and record write-downs if any inventories have costs in excess of their net realizable values. We also regularly evaluate the quantities and values of our inventories, including noncurrent inventories, in light of current market conditions and trends, among other factors, and record write-downs for any quantities in excess of demand or for any obsolescence. This evaluation considers the use of modules in our systems business, expected demand, anticipated salesproduct warranties, module selling prices, product obsolescence, strategic raw material requirements, new product development schedules, the effect new products might have on the sale of existing products, product obsolescence, product merchantability, and other factors. Market conditions are subject to change, and actual consumption of our inventory could differ from forecasted demand.


Balance of Systems Parts. BoS parts represent mounting, electrical, and other construction parts purchased for PV solar power systems to be constructed or currently under construction, which we hold title to and are not yet installed in a system. Such construction parts include items such as posts, tilt brackets, tables, harnesses, combiner boxes, inverters, cables, tracker equipment, and other parts that we may purchase or assemble for the systems we construct. We carry these parts at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with such value being based primarily on recoverability through installation in a system or recoverability through a sales agreement. BoS parts do not include any solar modules that we manufacture.

Property, Plant and Equipment. We report our property, plant and equipment at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Cost includes the price paid to acquire or construct the assets, required installation costs, interest capitalized during the construction period, and any expenditures that substantially add to the value of or substantially extend the useful life of the assets. We capitalize costs related to computer software obtained or developed for internal use, which generally includes enterprise-level business and finance software that we customize to meet our specific operational requirements. We expense repair and maintenance costs at the time we incur them.




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We begin depreciation for our property, plant and equipment when theythe assets are placed in service. We consider such assets to be placed in service when they are both in the location and condition for their intended use. We compute depreciation expense using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of assets, as presented in the table below. We depreciate leasehold improvements over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the remaining term of the lease. The estimated useful life of an asset is reassessed whenever applicable facts and circumstances indicate a change in the estimated useful life of such asset has occurred.
 
 
Useful Lives

in Years
Buildings and building improvements25 – 40
Manufacturing machinery and equipment5 – 1015
Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware, and computer software3 – 7
Leasehold improvementsup to 15


PV Solar Power Systems. PV solar power systems represent project assets that we may temporarily own and operate after being placed in service. We report our PV solar power systems at cost, less accumulated depreciation. When we are entitled to incentive tax credits for our systems, we reduce the related carrying value of the assets by the amount of the tax credits, which reduces future depreciation. We begin depreciation for PV solar power systems when they are placed in service. We compute depreciation expense for the systems using the straight-line method over the shortestshorter of the term of the related PPA the lease on the land, or 25 years. Our current PV solar power systems have estimated useful lives ranging from 15 to 25 years.


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Project Assets. Project assets primarily consist of costs related to solar power projects in various stages of development that are capitalized prior to the completion of the sale of the project, including projects that may have begun commercial operation under PPAs and are actively marketed and intended to be sold.projects. These project related costs include costs for land, development, and construction of a PV solar power system. Development costs may include legal, consulting, permitting, transmission upgrade, interconnection, and other similar costs. We typically classify project assets as noncurrent due to the nature of solar power projects (long-lived(as long-lived assets) and the time required to complete all activities to develop, construct, and sell projects, which is typically longer than 12 months. Once we enter into a definitive sales agreement, we classify such project assets as current until the sale is completed and we have met all of the criteria to recognize the sale as revenue. Any income generated by a project while it remains within project assets is accounted for as a reduction to our basis in the project, which at the time of sale and meeting all revenue recognition criteria will be recorded within cost of sales. If a project is completed and begins commercial operation prior to the closing of a sales arrangement, the completed project will remain in project assets until placed in service. We present all expenditures related to the development and construction of project assets whether fully or partially owned, as a component of cash flows from operating activities.


We review project assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. We consider a project commercially viable or recoverable if it is anticipated to be sold for a profit once it is either fully developed or fully constructed. We consider a partially developed or partially constructed project commercially viable or recoverable if the anticipated selling price is higher than the carrying value of the related project assets. We examine a number of factors to determine if the project is expected to be recoverable, including whether there are any changes in environmental, ecological, permitting, market pricing, or regulatory conditions that may impact the project. Such changes could cause the costs of the project to increase or the selling price of the project to decrease. If a project is not considered recoverable, we impair the respective project assets and adjust the carrying value to the estimated fair value, with the resulting impairment recorded within “Selling, general and administrative” expense.

Interest Capitalization. We capitalize interest as part of the historical cost of acquiring or constructing certain assets, including property, plant and equipment; project assets; and PV solar power systems, during the period of time required to place the assets in service or, in the case of project assets, to sell the assets to customers. Interest capitalized for property, plant and equipment or PV solar power systems is depreciated over the estimated useful life of the related



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assets when they are placed in service. We charge interest capitalized for project assets to cost of sales when such assets are sold and we have met all revenue recognition criteria. We capitalize interest to the extent that interest cost has been incurred and payments have been made to acquire, construct, or develop an asset. We cease capitalization of interest for assets in development or under construction if the assets are substantially complete or if we have sold such assets.

Asset Impairments. We assess long-lived assets classified as “held and used,” including our property, plant and equipment; project assets; PV solar power systems; project assets; operating lease assets; and intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances arise, including consideration of technological obsolescence, that may indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. These events and changes in circumstances may include a significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset; a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which a long-lived asset is being used or in its physical condition; a significant adverse change in the business climate that could affect the value of a long-lived asset; an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of a long-lived asset; a current-period operating or cash flow loss combined with a history of such losses or a projection of future losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset; or a current expectation that, more likely than not, a long-lived asset will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. For purposes of recognition and measurement of an impairment loss, long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities.


When impairment indicators are present, we compare undiscounted future cash flows, including the eventual disposition of the asset group at market value, to the asset group’s carrying value to determine if the asset group is recoverable. If the carrying value of the asset group exceeds the undiscounted future cash flows, we measure any impairment by comparing the fair value of the asset group to its carrying value. Fair value is generally determined by considering (i) internally developed discounted cash flows for the asset group, (ii) third-party valuations, and/or (iii) information available regarding the current market value for such assets. If the fair value of an asset group is determined to be less than its carrying value, an impairment in the amount of the difference is recorded in the period that the impairment indicator occurs. Estimating future cash flows requires significant judgment, and such projections may vary from the cash flows eventually realized.


We consider a long-lived asset to be abandoned after we have ceased use of suchthe asset and we have no intent to use or repurpose the assetit in the future. Abandoned long-lived assets are recorded at their salvage value, if any.


We classify long-lived assets or asset groups we plan to sell, excluding project assets and PV solar power systems to be sold as part of our ongoing operations, as held for sale on our consolidated balance sheets only after certain criteria have been met, including: (i) management has the authority and commits to a plan to sell the asset, (ii) the asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition, (iii) an active program to locate a buyer and the plan to sell the asset have been initiated, (iv) the sale of the asset is probable within 12 months, (v) the asset is being actively marketed at a reasonable sales price relative to its current fair value, and (vi) it is unlikely that the plan to sell will be withdrawn or that significant changes to the plan will be made. We record assets or asset groups held for sale at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less costs to sell. If, due to unanticipated circumstances, such assets or asset groups are not sold in the 12 months after being classified as held for sale, then held for sale classification willwould continue as long as the above criteria are still met.


Ventures and Variable Interest Entities. In the normal course of business, we establish wholly owned project companies which may be considered variable interest entities (“VIEs”). We consolidate wholly owned VIEs when we are considered the primary beneficiary of such entities. Additionally, we have, and may in the future form, joint venture type arrangements, including partnerships and partially owned limited liability companies or similar legal structures, with one or more third parties primarily to develop, construct, own, and/or sell solar power projects. We analyze all of our ventures and classify them into two groups: (i) ventures that must be consolidated because they are either not VIEs and we hold a majority voting interest, or because they are VIEs and we are the primary beneficiary and (ii) ventures that do not need to be consolidated and are accounted for under either the cost or equity method of accounting because they are either not VIEs and we hold a minority voting interest, or because they are VIEs and we are not the primary beneficiary.



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Ventures are considered VIEs if (i) the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support; (ii) as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack the ability to make certain decisions, the obligation to absorb expected losses, or the right to receive expected residual returns; or (iii) an equity investor has voting rights that are disproportionate to its economic interest and substantially all of the entity’s activities are conducted on behalf of that investor. Our venture agreements typically require us to fund some form of capital for the development and construction of a project, depending upon the opportunity and the market in which our ventures are located.

We are considered the primary beneficiary of and are required to consolidate a VIE if we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the entity. If we determine that we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity, then we are not the primary beneficiary of the VIE.

Cost and Equity Method Investments. We account for our unconsolidated ventures using either the cost or equity method of accounting depending upon whether we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the venture. As part of this evaluation, we consider our participating and protective rights in the venture as well as its legal form. We use the cost method of accounting for our investments when we do not have the ability to significantly influence the operations or financial activities of the investee. We record our cost method investments at their historical cost and subsequently record any distributions received from the net accumulated earnings of such investments as income. Distributions received from our cost method investments in excess of their earnings are considered returns of investment and are recorded as reductions in the cost of the investments. We use the equity method of accounting for our investments when we have the ability to significantly influence, but not control, the operations or financial activities of the investee. We record our equity method investments at cost and subsequently adjust their carrying amount each period for our share of the earnings or losses of the investee and other adjustments required by the equity method of accounting. Distributions received from our equity method investments are recorded as reductions in the carrying value of such investments and are classified on the consolidated statements of cash flows pursuant to the cumulative earnings approach. Under this approach, distributions received are considered returns on investment and are classified as cash inflows from operating activities unless our cumulative distributions received, less distributions received in prior periods that were determined to be returns of investment, exceed our cumulative equity in earnings recognized from the investment. When such an excess occurs, the current period distributions up to this excess are considered returns of investment and are classified as cash inflows from investing activities.

We monitor our cost and equity method investments, which are included in “Investments in unconsolidated affiliates and joint ventures” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, for impairment and record reductions in their carrying values if the carrying amount of an investment exceeds its fair value. An impairment charge is recorded when such impairment is deemed to be other-than-temporary. To determine whether an impairment is other-than-temporary, we consider our ability and intent to hold the investment until the carrying amount is fully recovered. Circumstances that indicate an other-than-temporary impairment may have occurred include factors such as decreases in quoted market prices or declines in the operations of the investee. The evaluation of an investment for potential impairment requires us to exercise significant judgment and to make certain assumptions. The use of different judgments and assumptions could result in different conclusions. We recorded impairment losses related to our cost and equity method investments of $2.0 million, $15.3 million, and zero during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

Goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of acquired businesses over the estimated fair value assigned to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed. We do not amortize goodwill, but instead are required to test goodwill for impairment at least annually. We perform impairment tests between the scheduled annual teststest in the fourth quarter if facts and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit that has goodwill is less than its carrying value.

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We may first make a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. Such



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qualitative impairment test considers various factors, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, the overall financial performance of a reporting unit, and any other relevant events affecting our company or a reporting unit. If we determine through the qualitative assessment that a reporting unit’s fair value is more likely than not greater than its carrying value, the quantitative impairment test is not required. If the qualitative assessment indicates it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value, we perform a quantitative impairment test. We may also elect to proceed directly to the quantitative impairment test without considering qualitative factors.


The quantitative impairment test is the comparison of the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. Our reporting units consist of our modules business which was also historically referred to asrepresents our components business, and our fully integrated systems business.only reporting unit. We define the fair value of a reporting unit as the price that would be received to sell the unit as a whole in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We primarily use an income approach to estimate the fair value of our reporting units.unit. Significant judgment is required when estimating the fair value of a reporting unit, including the forecasting of future operating results and the selection of discount and expected future growth rates used to determine projected cash flows. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is not impaired, and no further analysis is required. Conversely, if the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, we record an impairment loss equal to the excess, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.


In-Process ResearchIntangible Assets. Intangible assets primarily include developed technologies and Development. In-process researchour internally-generated intangible assets, substantially all of which are patents on technologies related to our products and development (“IPR&D”) is initially capitalized at fair value asproduction processes. We record an asset for patents after the patent has been issued based on the legal, filing, and other costs incurred to secure it. We amortize intangible asset with an indefinite life and assessed for impairment thereafter. When the IPR&D project is complete, it is reclassified asassets on a definite-lived intangible asset and amortizedstraight-line basis over itstheir estimated useful life. If an IPR&D project is abandoned,lives, which generally range from 5 to 20 years.

Leases. Upon commencement of a lease, we record an impairment chargerecognize a lease liability for the carryingpresent value of the related intangiblelease payments not yet paid, discounted using an interest rate that represents our ability to borrow on a collateralized basis over a period that approximates the lease term. We also recognize a lease asset, which represents our right to control the use of the underlying property, plant or equipment, at an amount equal to the lease liability, adjusted for prepayments and initial direct costs.

We subsequently recognize the cost of operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and any variable lease costs, which represent amounts owed to the lessor that are not fixed per the terms of the contract, are recognized in the period it is abandoned.in which they are incurred. Any costs included in our lease arrangements that are not directly related to the leased assets, such as maintenance charges, are included as part of the lease costs. Leases with an initial term of one year or less are considered short-term leases and are not recognized as lease assets and liabilities. We also recognize the cost of such short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying agreement.


Many of our leases contain renewal or termination options that are exercisable at our discretion. At the commencement date of a lease, we include in the lease term any periods covered by a renewal option, and exclude from the lease term any periods covered by a termination option, to the extent we are reasonably certain to exercise such options. In making this determination, we seek to align the lease term with the expected economic life of the underlying asset.

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Deferred Revenue. When we receive consideration, or such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to transferring goods or services to the customer under the terms of a sales contract, we record deferred revenue, which represents a contract liability. We recognizeSuch deferred revenue results from advance payments received on sales of solar modules. Deferred revenue is classified as netcurrent or noncurrent based on the expected date that module shipments commence for each sales after we have transferred control of the goods or services to the customer and all revenue recognition criteria are met.contract. As a practical expedient, we do not adjust the consideration in a contract for the effects of a significant financing component when we expect, at contract inception, that the period between a customer’s downadvance payment and our transfer of a promised product or service to the customer will be one year or less. Additionally, we do not adjust the consideration in a contract for the effects of a significant financing component when the consideration is received as a form of performance security.


Product Warranties. We provide a limited PV solar module warranty covering defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service conditions for approximately 10up to 12.5 years. We also typically warrant that modules installed in accordance with agreed-upon specifications will produce at least 98% of their labeled power output rating during the first year, with the warranty coverage reducing by 0.5%a degradation factor every year thereafter throughout the approximate 25-year performancelimited power output warranty period.period of up to 30 years. Among other things, our solar module warranty also covers the resulting power output loss from cell cracking. In resolving claims under both the limited defect and power output warranties, we typically have the option of either repairing or replacing the covered modules or, under the limited power output warranty, providing additional modules to remedy the power shortfall. Our limited module warranties also include an option for us to remedy claims under such warranties, generally exercisable only after the second year of the warranty period, by making certain cash payments. Under the limited workmanship warranty, the optional cash payment will be equal to the original purchaseprevailing market price of the module, reduced by a degradation factor, and under the limited power output warranty, the cash payment will be equal to the shortfall in power output. Such limited module warranties are standard for module sales and may be transferred from the original purchasers of the solar modules to subsequent purchasers upon resale.


As an alternative form of our standard limited module power output warranty, we have also offeroffered an aggregated or system-level limited module performance warranty. This system-level limited module performance warranty is designed for utility-scale systems and provides 25-year system-level energy degradation protection. This warranty represents a practical expedient to address the challenge of identifying, from the potential millions of modules installed in a utility-scale system, individual modules that may be performing below warranty thresholds by focusing on the aggregate



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energy generated by the system rather than the power output of individual modules. The system-level limited module performance warranty is typically calculated as a percentage of a system’s expected energy production, adjusted for certain actual site conditions, with the warranted level of performance declining each year in a linear fashion, but never falling below 80% during the term of the warranty. In resolving claims under the system-level limited module performance warranty to restore the system to warranted performance levels, we first must validate that the root cause of the issue is due to module performance; we then have the option of either repairing or replacing the covered modules, providing supplemental modules, or making a cash payment. Consistent with our limited module power output warranty, when we elect to satisfy a warranty claim by providing replacement or supplemental modules under the system-level module performance warranty, we do not have any obligation to pay for the labor to remove or install modules.


In addition to our limited solar module warranties described above, for PV solar power systems we construct,have constructed, we typically providehave provided limited warranties for defects in engineering design, installation, and BoS part workmanship for a period of one to two years following the substantial completion of a system or a block within the system. In resolving claims under such BoS warranties, we have the option of remedying the defect through repair or replacement.


When we recognize revenue for modulesales of modules or system sales,projects, we accrue liabilities for the estimated future costs of meeting our limited warranty obligations. We make and revise these estimates based primarily on the number of our solar modules under warranty installed at customer locations, our historical experience with and projections of warranty claims, our monitoring of field installation sites, our internal testing of and the expected future performance of our solar modules and BoS parts, and our estimated per-module replacement costs. We also monitor our expected future module performance through certain quality and reliability testing and actual performance in certain field installation sites.


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Accrued Solar Module Collection and Recycling Liability. We recognize Historically, we recognized expense at the time of sale for the estimated cost of our future obligations for collecting and recycling solar modules covered by our solar module collection and recycling program. See Note 13. “Solar Module Collection12. “Commitments and Recycling Liability”Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for further information.


Asset Retirement Obligations. We develop, construct, and operate certain project assets and PV solar power systems with land lease or other agreements that include a requirement for the removal of the assets at the end of the term of the agreement. We also lease certain manufacturing facilities or administrative offices under agreements that require the removal of our leasehold improvements or other property upon termination of the lease.

We recognize such asset retirement obligations (“AROs”) in the period in which they are incurred based on the present value of estimated third-party decommissioning costs, and we capitalize the associated asset retirement costs as part of the carrying amount of the related assets. Once an asset is placed in service, the asset retirement cost is subsequently depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the asset. Changes in AROs resulting from the passage of time are recognized as an increase in the carrying amount of the liability and as accretion expense. Our AROs were included within “Other liabilities” at December 31, 2017 and 2016 and totaled $16.7 million and $22.4 million, respectively.

Derivative Instruments. We recognize derivative instruments on our consolidated balance sheets at their fair value. On the date that we enter into a derivative contract, we designate the derivative instrument as a fair value hedge, a cash flow hedge, a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation, or a derivative instrument that will not be accounted for using hedge accounting methods. As of December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, all of our derivative instruments were designated either as cash flow hedges or as derivative instruments not accounted for using hedge accounting methods.


We record changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument that is highly effective and that is designated and qualifies as a cash flow hedge in “Other“Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)”loss” until our earnings are affected by the variability of the cash flows from the underlying hedge.hedged item. We record any hedge ineffectiveness and amounts excluded from effectiveness testing in current period earnings within “Otherin the same income (expense), net.”statement line item in which the earnings effect of the hedged item is reported. We report changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are not designated or do not qualify for hedge accounting in current period earnings. We classify cash flows from derivative instruments on the consolidated statements of cash flows in the same category as the item being hedged or on a basis consistent with the nature of the instrument.




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At the inception of a hedge, we formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and the underlying hedged items as well as our risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge transaction. We also formally assess (both at inception and on an ongoing basis) whether our derivative instruments are highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the underlying hedged items and whether those derivatives are expected to remain highly effective in future periods. When we determine that a derivative instrument is not highly effective as a hedge, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively. In all situations in which we discontinue hedge accounting and the derivative instrument remains outstanding, we carry the derivative instrument at its fair value on our consolidated balance sheets and recognize subsequent changes in its fair value in current period earnings.


Business Combinations.Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss. Our accumulated other comprehensive income or loss includes foreign currency translation adjustments, unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities, and unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges. We account for business combinations usingrecord these components of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss net of tax and release such tax effects when the acquisition method of accounting and record intangible assets separate from goodwill. Such intangible assets are recorded at fair value based on estimates as of the date of acquisition. Goodwill is recorded as the residual amount of the purchase price consideration less the fair value assigned to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition. We charge acquisition related costs that are not part of the purchase price consideration to “Selling, general and administrative” as they are incurred. These costs typically include transaction and integration costs, such as legal, accounting, and other professional fees. We account for any contingent consideration, which represents an obligation of the acquirer to transfer additional assets or equity interests to the former owner as part of the exchange if specified future events occur or conditions are met, at fair value either as a liability or as equity depending on the terms of the acquisition agreement.underlying components affect earnings.


Revenue Recognition – Module and Other Equipment Sales. We recognize revenue for module and other equipment sales (e.g., module plus arrangements) at a point in time following the transfer of control of such productsthe modules to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. For module and other equipment salesSuch contracts may contain provisions that contain multiple performance obligations, such as the shipment or delivery of solar modules and other BoS parts, we allocate the transaction pricerequire us to each performance obligation identified in the contract based on relative standalone selling prices, or estimates of such prices, and recognize the related revenue as control of each individual product is transferredmake liquidated damage payments to the customer if we fail to ship or deliver modules by scheduled dates. We recognize these liquidated damages as a reduction of revenue in satisfactionthe period we transfer control of the corresponding performance obligations.modules to the customer.


Revenue Recognition – Solar Power SystemProject Sales and/or Engineering, Procurement, and Construction Services. We generally recognize revenue for sales of solar power systems and/or EPC services over time as our performance creates or enhances an energy generation asset controlled by the customer. Furthermore, the sale of a solar power system, including those in which we may receive considerationdevelopment project or for the sale of a noncontrolling interest,completed system when combinedwe enter into the associated sales contract with EPC services represents a single performance obligation for the development and construction of a single generation asset. For such sales arrangements, we recognizecustomer. Such revenue using cost based input methods, which recognize revenue and gross profit as workrecognition is performed baseddependent, in part, on the relationship between actual costs incurred compared to the total estimated costs of the contract, after consideration of our customers’ commitment to perform itstheir obligations under the contract, which is typically measured through the receipt of cash deposits or other forms of financial security issued by creditworthy financial institutions or parent entities. For sales of solar power systems in which we obtain an interest in the project sold to the customer, we recognize all of the revenue for the consideration received, including the fair value of the noncontrolling interest we obtained, and defer any profit associated with the interest obtained through “Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax.” We may also recognize revenue for the sale of a solar power system after it has been completed due to the timing of when we enter into the associated sales contract with the customer.

In applying cost based input methods of revenue recognition, we use the actual costs incurred relative to the total estimated costs (including solar module costs) to determine our progress towards contract completion and to calculate the corresponding amount of revenue and gross profit to recognize. Cost based input methods of revenue recognition are considered a faithful depiction of our efforts to satisfy long-term construction contracts and therefore reflect the transfer of goods to a customer under such contracts. Costs incurred that do not contribute to satisfying our performance obligations (“inefficient costs”) are excluded from our input methods of revenue recognition as the amounts are not reflective of our transferring control of the system to the customer. Costs incurred towards contract completion may include costs associated with solar modules, direct materials, labor, subcontractors, and other indirect costs related to contract performance. We recognize solar module and direct material costs as incurred when such items have been



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installed in a system. Cost based input methods of revenue recognition require us to make estimates of net contract revenues and costs to complete our projects. In making such estimates, significant judgment is required to evaluate assumptions related to the amount of net contract revenues, including the impact of any performance incentives, liquidated damages, and other payments to customers. Significant judgment is also required to evaluate assumptions related to the costs to complete our projects, including materials, labor, contingencies, and other system costs.

If the estimated total costs on any contract, including any inefficient costs, are greater than the net contract revenues, we recognize the entire estimated loss in the period the loss becomes known. The cumulative effect of revisions to estimates related to net contract revenues or costs to complete contracts are recorded in the period in which the revisions to estimates are identified and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. The effect of the changes on future periods are recognized as if the revised estimates had been used since revenue was initially recognized under the contract. Such revisions could occur in any reporting period, and the effects may be material depending on the size of the contracts or the changes in estimates.

As part of our solar power systemcertain prior project sales, we conduct performance testing of a system prior to substantial completion to confirm the systemit meets itsthe operational and capacity expectations noted in theits EPC agreement. In addition, we may provide an energy performance test during the first or second year of a system’s operation to demonstrate that the actual energy generation for the applicable yearperiod meets or exceeds the modeled energy expectation, after certain adjustments. In certain instances, a bonus payment may be received at the end of the applicable test period if the system performs above a specified level. Conversely, if there is an underperformance event with regardsregard to these tests, we may incur liquidated damages as a percentage ofspecified in the applicable EPC contract price.agreement. Such performance guarantees represent a form of variable consideration and are estimated at contract inception at their most likely amount and updated at the end of each reporting period as additional performance data becomes available and only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of any incremental revenue will not occur.


Revenue Recognition – Operations and Maintenance. We recognize revenue for standard, recurring O&M services over time as customers receive and consume the benefits of such services, which typically include 24/7 system monitoring, certain PPA and other agreement compliance, NERC compliance, large generator interconnection agreement compliance, energy forecasting, performance engineering analysis, regular performance reporting, turn-key maintenance services including spare parts and corrective maintenance repair, warranty management, and environmental services. Other ancillary O&M services, such as equipment replacement, weed abatement, landscaping, or solar module cleaning, are recognized as revenue as the services are provided and billed to the customer. Costs of O&M services are expensed in the period in which they are incurred.


As part of our O&M service offerings, we typically offer an effective availability guarantee, which stipulates that a system will be available to generate a certain percentage of total possible energy during a specific period after adjusting for factors outside of our control as the service provider. If system availability exceeds a contractual threshold, we may receive a bonus payment, or if system availability falls below a separate threshold, we may incur liquidated damages for certain lost energy under the PPA. Such bonuses or liquidated damages represent a form of variable consideration and are estimated and recognized over time as customers receive and consume the benefits of the O&M services.

Revenue Recognition – Energy Generation. We typically recognize revenue forsell energy generated and sold by PV solar power systems under ASC 840, Leases, consistent with the classification of the associated PPAs. Accordingly,PPAs or on an open contract basis. For energy sold under PPAs, we recognize revenue each period based on the volume of energy delivered to the customer (i.e., the PPA off-taker). and the price stated in the PPA. For energy generated and sold by PV solar power systems on an open contract basis, we recognize revenue at the point in time the energy is delivered to the grid.grid based on the prevailing spot market prices.


Shipping and Handling Costs. We account for shipping and handling activities related to contracts with customers as costs to fulfill our promise to transfer the associated products. Accordingly, we record amounts billed for shipping and handling costs as a component of net sales, and classify such costs as a component of cost of sales.





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Taxes Collected from Customers and Remitted to Governmental Authorities.We exclude from our measurement of transaction prices all taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are both (i) imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and (ii) collected from customers. Accordingly, such tax amounts are not included as a component of net sales or cost of sales.


Research and Development Expense.Development. We incur research and development costs during the process of researching and developing new products and enhancing our existing products, technologies, and manufacturing processes. Our research and development costs consist primarily of employee compensation, materials, outside services, and depreciation. We expense these costs as incurred until the resulting product has been completed, tested, and made ready for commercial manufacturing.


Production Start-Up. Production start-up expense consists primarily of employee compensation and other costs associated with operating a production line before it has beenis qualified for fullcommercial production, including the cost of raw materials for solar modules run through the production line during the qualification phase, employee compensation for individuals supporting production start-up activities, and applicable facility related costs. Costs related to equipment upgrades and implementation of manufacturing process improvements are also included in productionProduction start-up expense as well asalso includes costs related to the selection of a new site related legal and regulatoryimplementation costs and costs to maintain our plant replication programfor manufacturing process improvements to the extent we cannot capitalize these expenditures.


Restructuring and Exit Activities. We record costs associated with exit activities, such as one-time employee termination benefits, when management approves and commits to a plan
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Share-Based Compensation. We recognize share-based compensation expense for the estimated grant-date fair value of equity awards issued as compensation to employees over the requisite service period, which is generally four or five years. For awards with performance conditions, we recognize share-based compensation expense if it is probable that the performance conditions will be achieved. We account for forfeitures of share-based awards as such forfeitures occur. Accordingly, when an associate’s employment is terminated, all previously unvested awards granted to such associate are forfeited, which results in a benefit to share-based compensation expense in the period of such associate’s termination equal to the cumulative expense recorded through the termination date for suchthe unvested awards. We recognize share-based compensation expense for awards with graded vesting schedules on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods for each separately vesting portion of the award as if each award was in substance multiple awards.


Foreign Currency Translation. The functional currencies of certain of our foreign subsidiaries are their local currencies. Accordingly, we apply period-end exchange rates to translate their assets and liabilities and daily transaction exchange rates to translate their revenues, expenses, gains, and losses into U.S. dollars. We include the associated translation adjustments as a separate component of “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)”loss” within stockholders’ equity. The functional currency of our subsidiaries in Canada, Chile, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam is the U.S. dollar; therefore, we do not translate their financial statements. Gains and losses arising from the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than a subsidiary’s functional currency are included in “Foreign currency loss, net” in the period in which they occur.


Income Taxes. We use the asset and liability method to account for income taxes whereby we calculate deferred tax assets or liabilities using the enacted tax rates and tax law applicable to when any temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.reverse. We establish valuation allowances, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the extent it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets will not be realized. We do not provide deferred taxes related to the U.S. GAAP basis in excess of the outside tax basis in the investment in our foreign subsidiaries to the extent such amounts relate to indefinitely reinvested earnings and profits of such foreign subsidiaries.


Income tax expense includes (i) deferred tax expense, which generally represents the net change in deferred tax assets or liabilities during the year plus any change in valuation allowances, and (ii) current tax expense, which represents the amount of tax currently payable to or receivable from taxing authorities. We only recognize tax benefits related to



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uncertain tax positions that are more likely than not of being sustained upon examination. For those positions that satisfy such recognition criteria, the amount of tax benefit that we recognize is the largest amount of tax benefit that is more likely than not of being sustained on ultimate settlement of the uncertain tax position.


Per Share Data. Basic net income or loss per share is computed by dividing net income or loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income or loss per share is computed giving effect to all potentially dilutive common shares, including restricted stock and performance stock units, and stock purchase plan shares, unless there is a net loss for the period. In computing diluted net income per share, we utilize the treasury stock method.


Comprehensive Income. Our comprehensive income consists of our net income, the effects on our consolidated financial statements of translating the financial statements of our subsidiariesGovernment Grants. We account for government assistance that operate in foreign currencies, the unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale marketable securities and restricted investments, and the unrealized gains or losses on derivative instruments that qualify for and have been designated as cash flow hedges.

3. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2018, the Financial Accounting Standard Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) – Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, to allow entities to reclassify the income tax effects of the Tax Act on items within accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. ASU 2018-02 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact ASU 2018-02 will have on our consolidated financial statements and associated disclosures.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) – Targeted Improvementsnot subject to Accounting for Hedging Activities, to simplify certain aspects of hedge accounting for both non-financial and financial risks and better align the recognition and measurement of hedge results with an entity’s risk management activities. ASU 2017-12 also amends certain presentation and disclosure requirements for hedging activities and changes how an entity assesses hedge effectiveness. ASU 2017-12 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact ASU 2017-12 will have on our consolidated financial statements and associated disclosures.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) – Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. ASU 2017-04 simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. In computing the implied fair value of goodwill under Step 2, an entity had to perform procedures to determine the fair value at the impairment testing date of its assets and liabilities (including unrecognized assets and liabilities) following the procedure that would be required in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Under ASU 2017-04, an entity should perform its goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and then recognize an impairment charge, as necessary, for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. As a result of our adoption of ASU 2017-04 in the first quarter of 2017, we eliminated Step 2 of our goodwill impairment tests.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 230) – Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. ASU 2016-16 requires the recognition of income tax consequences of intra-entity transfers of assets, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs. Two common examples of assets included in the scope of ASU 2016-16 are intellectual propertyASC 740 using a grant accounting model, by analogy to International Accounting Standards 20, Accounting for Government Grants and long-lived assets. ASU 2016-16 is effective for fiscal yearsDisclosure of Government Assistance, and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2017. We are currently evaluatingrecognize such grants when we have reasonable assurance that we will comply with the impact ASU 2016-16 will have on our consolidated financial statementsgrant’s conditions and associated disclosures.

In June 2016,that the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), to provide financial statement users with more useful information about expected credit losses. ASU 2016-13 also changes how entities measure credit losses on financial instruments and the timing of when such losses are recorded. ASU 2016-13 is effective



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for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted for periods beginning after December 15, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact ASU 2016-13 will have on our consolidated financial statements and associated disclosures.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leasesgrant will be classifiedreceived. Government grants whose primary condition is the purchase, construction, or acquisition of a long-lived asset are considered asset-based grants and are recognized as either operating or financing, witha reduction to such classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal yearsasset’s cost basis, which reduces future depreciation. Other government grants not related to long-lived assets are considered income-based grants, which are initially recognized as “Government grants receivable” and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact ASU 2016-02 will have on our consolidated financial statements and associated disclosures.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10) – Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. ASU 2016-01 changes how entities measure certain equity investments and present changes in the fair value of financial liabilities measured under the fair value option that are attributable to their own credit. The guidance also changes certain disclosure requirements and other aspects of current U.S. GAAP. ASU 2016-01 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2017. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2016-01 to haverecognized as a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and associated disclosures.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), to clarify the principles of recognizing revenue and create common revenue recognition guidance between U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards. Under ASU 2014-09, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services and is recognized at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for such goods or services. In addition, ASU 2014-09 requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers.

We adopted ASU 2014-09 in the first quarter of 2017 using the full retrospective method. This adoption primarily affected our systems business sales arrangements previously accounted for under ASC 360-20, which had required us to evaluate whether such arrangements had any forms of continuing involvement that may have affected the revenue or profit recognition of the transactions, including arrangements with prohibited forms of continuing involvement. When such forms of continuing involvement were present, we reduced the potential profit on the applicable project sale by our maximum exposure to loss.

Our adoption of ASU 2014-09, which supersedes the real estate sales guidance under ASC 360-20, generally requires us to recognize revenue and profit from our systems business sales arrangements earlier and in a more linear fashion than our historical practice under ASC 360-20, including the estimation of certain profits that would otherwise have been deferred. Additionally, for systems business sales arrangements in which we obtain an interest in the project soldreduction to the customer, we recognize allrelated cost of activities that generated the revenue forbenefit. Proceeds received from asset-based grants are presented as cash inflows from investing activities on the consideration received, including the fair value of the noncontrolling interest we obtained, and defer any profit associated with the interest obtained through “Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax.” Following the adoption of ASU 2014-09, the revenue recognition for our other sales arrangements, including sales of solar modules and O&M services, remained materially consistent with our historical practice.

See Note 2. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the effects of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 on our significant accounting policies. The adoption of ASU 2014-09 also affected the cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings for the prior year adoption of ASU 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718) – Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, by reducing the deferred tax assets for excess tax benefits that had previously not been recognized by $6.1 million.



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The following table presents the effect of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016 (in thousands):
  December 31, 2016
  As Reported Adoption of ASU 2014-09 As Adjusted
Accounts receivable, unbilled and retainage $205,530
 $1,209
 $206,739
Deferred project costs 701,105
 (701,105) —
Project assets, current —
 700,800
 700,800
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 217,157
 305
 217,462
Total current assets 3,786,620
 1,209
 3,787,829
Project assets and deferred project costs 800,770
 (800,770) —
Project assets, noncurrent —
 762,148
 762,148
Deferred tax assets, net 252,655
 2,497
 255,152
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates and joint ventures 242,361
 (7,751) 234,610
Other assets 78,076
 (178) 77,898
Total assets 6,867,213
 (42,845) 6,824,368
Income taxes payable 5,288
 7,274
 12,562
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings 115,623
 (115,623) —
Payments and billings for deferred project costs 284,440
 (284,440) —
Deferred revenue —
 308,704
 308,704
Other current liabilities 54,683
 92,259
 146,942
Total current liabilities 899,707
 8,174
 907,881
Other liabilities 428,120
 (56,681) 371,439
Total liabilities 1,654,526
 (48,507) 1,606,019
Additional paid-in capital 2,759,211
 6,099
 2,765,310
Accumulated earnings 2,463,279
 (437) 2,462,842
Total stockholders’ equity 5,212,687
 5,662
 5,218,349
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity 6,867,213
 (42,845) 6,824,368

The following tables present the effect of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 on our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
  Year Ended December 31, 2016
  As Reported Adoption of ASU 2014-09 As Adjusted
Net sales $2,951,328
 $(46,765) $2,904,563
Cost of sales 2,247,349
 18,796
 2,266,145
Gross profit 703,979
 (65,561) 638,418
Operating loss (502,590) (65,561) (568,151)
Loss before taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates (471,690) (65,561) (537,251)
Income tax expense (58,219) 35,052
 (23,167)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax 171,945
 (27,639) 144,306
Net loss (357,964) (58,148) (416,112)
Comprehensive loss (383,351) (58,148) (441,499)
       
Basic net loss per share $(3.48) $(0.57) $(4.05)
Diluted net loss per share $(3.48) $(0.57) $(4.05)



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  Year Ended December 31, 2015
  As Reported Adoption of ASU 2014-09 As Adjusted
Net sales $3,578,995
 $533,655
 $4,112,650
Cost of sales 2,659,728
 320,160
 2,979,888
Gross profit 919,267
 213,495
 1,132,762
Operating income 516,664
 213,495
 730,159
Income before taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates 519,835
 213,495
 733,330
Income tax benefit (expense) 6,156
 (38,485) (32,329)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax 20,430
 (128,025) (107,595)
Net income 546,421
 46,985
 593,406
Comprehensive income 511,761
 46,985
 558,746
       
Basic net income per share $5.42
 $0.46
 $5.88
Diluted net income per share $5.37
 $0.46
 $5.83

The following tables present the effect of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 on our consolidated statements of cash flows, for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):whereas proceeds received from income-based grants are presented as cash inflows from operating activities.

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  Year Ended December 31, 2016
  As Reported Adoption of ASU 2014-09 As Adjusted
Net loss $(357,964) $(58,148) $(416,112)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash provided by operating activities:      
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax (171,945) 27,639
 (144,306)
Deferred income taxes 123,864
 (33,309) 90,555
Noncash consideration from the sale of systems

 —
 (20,091) (20,091)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:      
Accounts receivable, trade, unbilled and retainage 92,747
 86,147
 178,894
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 9,574
 (305) 9,269
Project assets and PV solar power systems (592,204) 20,549
 (571,655)
Other assets (19,423) 178
 (19,245)
Income tax receivable and payable (59,640) (1,743) (61,383)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 179,610
 (20,917) 158,693
  Year Ended December 31, 2015
  As Reported Adoption of ASU 2014-09 As Adjusted
Net income $546,421
 $46,985
 $593,406
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash used in operating activities:      
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax (20,430) 128,025
 107,595
Deferred income taxes (17,534) 23,416
 5,882
Noncash consideration from the sale of systems

 —
 (457,596) (457,596)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:      
Accounts receivable, trade, unbilled and retainage (340,292) (87,356) (427,648)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (38,635) (188) (38,823)
Project assets and PV solar power systems (857,529) 331,978
 (525,551)
Other assets (8,484) 7,321
 (1,163)
Income tax receivable and payable (13,281) 15,069
 1,788
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (67,236) (7,654) (74,890)



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3. Sales of Businesses
4. Restructuring
Sale of Japan Project Development Business

In May 2022, we entered into various agreements with certain subsidiaries of PAG, a private investment firm, for the sale of our Japan project development business. The transaction included our approximately 293 MWDC utility-scale solar project development platform, which comprised the business of developing, contracting for the construction of, and Asset Impairmentsselling utility-scale PV solar power systems. Additionally, PAG agreed to certain module purchase commitments.

Cadmium Telluride Module Manufacturing and Corporate Restructuring


In November 2016,June 2022, we completed the sale of our boardJapan project development business and, following certain customary post-closing adjustments, received total consideration of directors approved¥66.4 billion ($490.8 million) and transferred cash and restricted cash of ¥8.4 billion ($61.9 million) to PAG. As a setresult of initiatives intended to accelerate our transition to Series 6 module manufacturing and restructure our operations to reducethis transaction, we recognized a gain of $245.2 million, net of transaction costs, and better align the organization with our long-term strategic plans. Accordingly, we expect to upgrade and replace our legacy manufacturing fleet over the next several years with Series 6 manufacturing equipment, thereby enabling the production of solar modules with a larger form factor, better product attributes, and a lower cost structure.

As part of these initiatives, we incurred net charges of $41.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2017,2022, which was included (i) $27.6 millionin “Gain on sales of charges, primarily related to net losses onbusinesses, net” in our consolidated statements of operations.

Sales of North American and International O&M Operations

In August 2020, we entered into an agreement with a subsidiary of Clairvest for the disposition of previously impaired Series 4 and Series 5 manufacturing equipment, (ii) $7.6 million of severance benefits to terminated employees, and (iii) $6.7 million of net miscellaneous charges, primarily related to contract terminations, the write-off of operating supplies, and other Series 4 manufacturing exit costs.

The commencement of this operational transition in November 2016 represented an expectation that certainsale of our module manufacturing assets would be sold or otherwise disposedNorth American O&M operations. In March 2021, we completed the transaction and, following certain customary post-closing adjustments, received total consideration of significantly before the end of their previously estimated useful lives.$149.1 million. As a result of this transaction, we compared the undiscounted future cash flowsrecognized a gain of our module manufacturing assets to the carrying value$115.8 million, net of the asset grouptransaction costs and determined that the group was not recoverable. Accordingly, we measured the fair value of the asset group using a combination of income and cost valuation techniques and recorded impairment losses of $640.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Such impairment losses included $120.7 million of charges related to stored Series 4 manufacturing equipment originally intended for use in previously planned manufacturing capacity expansions. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we also incurred charges of $14.1 million for severance benefits to terminated employees as we substantially reduced our workforce at our domestic and international facilities, including reductions in administrative and other staff, and $8.1 million for the closure of ancillary foreign operations, the write-off of operating supplies, and other miscellaneous charges.

Substantially all amounts associated with these restructuring and asset impairment charges related to our modules segment and were classified as “Restructuring and asset impairments” on the consolidated statements of operations. The following table summarizes our CdTe module manufacturing and corporate restructuring activity for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):
  Asset Impairments Severance Other Total
Charges to income $640,340
 $14,056
 $8,111
 $662,507
Cash payments —
 (6,191) (151) (6,342)
Non-cash amounts (640,340) —
 (7,410) (647,750)
Ending liability balance at December 31, 2016 —
 7,865
 550
 8,415
Charges to income 27,606
 7,577
 6,664
 41,847
Cash payments —
 (14,986) (6,442) (21,428)
Non-cash amounts (27,606) —
 (772) (28,378)
Ending liability balance at December 31, 2017 $—
 $456
 $—
 $456

Crystalline Silicon Module Manufacturing Restructuring

In June 2016, our executive management elected to reallocate our crystalline silicon module production capacity to support next generation CdTe module offerings. As a result, we ended production of our crystalline silicon modules to focus on our core CdTe module technology and utility-scale PV solar power systems. The majority of our crystalline silicon module manufacturing associates were expected to be redeployed in other manufacturing operations.




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In connection with these restructuring activities, we incurred charges of $81.4 millionpost-closing adjustments, during the year ended December 31, 2016,2021, which was included (i) $35.9 millionin “Gain on sales of impairment charges related to certain crystalline silicon module manufacturing equipment considered abandoned for accounting purposes, (ii) $35.8 million of impairment charges for developed technology intangible assets associated withbusinesses, net” in our crystalline silicon module technology, (iii) $8.4 million of miscellaneous charges related to certain contract manufacturing agreements and the write-off of operating supplies, and (iv) $1.3 million of charges for severance benefits to terminated employees. All amounts associated with these charges related to our modules segment and were classified as “Restructuring and asset impairments” on the consolidated statements of operations.


Other Restructuring

DuringIn January 2022, we completed the sale of our Chilean O&M operations to a separate subsidiary of Clairvest and, following certain customary post-closing adjustments, received total consideration of $1.9 million. As a result of this transaction, we recognized a gain of $1.6 million, net of transaction costs and post-closing adjustments, during the year ended December 31, 2012,2022, which was included in “Gain on sales of businesses, net” in our consolidated statements of operations.

In September 2022, we completed the sale of our Australian O&M operations to a separate subsidiary of Clairvest and, following certain customary post-closing adjustments, received total consideration of $6.0 million. As a result of this transaction, we recognized a liability forgain of $4.4 million, net of transaction costs and post-closing adjustments, during the expected repaymentyear ended December 31, 2022, which was included in “Gain on sales of businesses, net” in our consolidated statements of operations.

In September 2022, we also completed the sale of our Japanese O&M operations to a subsidiary of PAG and, following certain customs tax benefits as partcustomary post-closing adjustments, received total consideration of a prior restructuring activity. In December 2017, we reversed this liability as¥692.7 million ($4.8 million). As a result of meeting certain investment certificate criteria associated with the commencementthis transaction, we recognized a gain of operations at our previously announced manufacturing plant in Vietnam and recorded a $4.7 million benefit to “Restructuring and asset impairments.”

5. Business Acquisitions

Enki Technology

In October 2016, we acquired 100% of the shares of Enki Technology, Inc. (“Enki”), a developer of advanced coating materials for the PV solar industry, for cash payments of $10.3$1.4 million, net of cash acquiredtransaction costs and post-closing adjustments, during the year ended December 31, 2022, which was included in “Gain on sales of $0.3 million,businesses, net” in our consolidated statements of operations.

Sale of U.S. Project Development Business

In January 2021, we entered into an agreement with Leeward, a subsidiary of the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System, for the sale of our U.S. project development business. In March 2021, we completed the transaction and a promise to pay additionalreceived consideration of up to $7.0$151.4 million contingentfor the sale of such business. As a result of this transaction, we recognized a gain of $31.5 million, net of transaction costs and post-closing adjustments, during the year ended December 31, 2021, which was included in “Gain on the achievementsales of certain production and module performance milestones. In connection with applying the acquisition methodbusinesses, net” in our consolidated statements of accounting, $17.3 millionoperations.

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6.4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets


Goodwill


The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, by reporting unit,Goodwill for the years endedmodules business consisted of the following at December 31, 20172022 and 2016 were as follows2021 (in thousands):
December 31, 2021Acquisitions (Impairments)December 31, 2022
Gross amount$407,827 $— $407,827 
Accumulated impairment losses(393,365)— (393,365)
Total$14,462 $— $14,462 
December 31, 2020Acquisitions (Impairments)December 31, 2021
 Balance at December 31, 2016 Acquisitions (Impairments) Balance at December 31, 2017
Modules $407,827
 $—
 $407,827
Gross amountGross amount$407,827 $— $407,827 
Accumulated impairment losses (393,365) —
 (393,365)Accumulated impairment losses(393,365)— (393,365)
Total $14,462
 $—
 $14,462
Total$14,462 $— $14,462 
  Balance at December 31, 2015 Acquisitions (Impairments) Balance at December 31, 2016
Modules $403,420
 $4,407
 $407,827
Crystalline silicon modules 6,097
 —
 6,097
Systems 68,833
 —
 68,833
Accumulated impairment losses (393,365) (74,930) (468,295)
Total $84,985
 $(70,523) $14,462



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Accumulated impairment losses at December 31, 2017 were entirely for our modules reporting unit. Accumulated impairment losses at December 31, 2016 were $393.4 million for our modules, $68.8 million for our systems, and $6.1 million for our crystalline silicon modules reporting units.

2017 Goodwill Impairment Testing


We performed our annual impairment analysis in the fourth quarterquarters of 2017.2022, 2021, and 2020. ASC 350-20 provides that prior to performing a quantitative goodwill impairment test,allows companies are permitted to perform a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. Such qualitative impairment testassessment considers various factors, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, the overall financial performance of a reporting unit, and any other relevant events affecting our company or a reporting unit.

We performed a qualitative assessment for our modules reporting unitbusiness in each respective period and concluded that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unitmodules business was less than its carrying amount. Accordingly, a quantitative goodwill impairment test for this reporting unitthe modules business was not required.required in any period presented.

2016 Goodwill Impairment Testing

As part of our annual impairment analysis in the fourth quarter of 2016, we elected to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test instead of first performing a qualitative goodwill impairment test. Such quantitative impairment test represented the comparison of the fair value of our reporting units with their carrying amounts, including goodwill. As of the date of our testing, our reporting units were consistent with our reportable segments: modules and systems. In determining the fair value of our reporting units, we used a combination of income and market based valuation techniques.

Significant estimates used in our income based fair value calculations included: (i) future sales volumes and average selling prices per watt; (ii) cost per watt projections for module and system sales; (iii) future effective tax rates, which we estimated to be between 10% and 35%; (iii) forecasts of capital expenditures and working capital requirements; (iv) discount rates, which we estimated to range between 11.5% and 18%; and (v) future terminal values of our reporting units, which are based on their ability to exist into perpetuity. Significant estimates used in our market based fair value calculations included business enterprise values and revenue multiples of various publicly traded companies. The underlying assumptions used in the quantitative impairment test also considered our market capitalization as of the date of our testing and then-current solar industry market conditions.

As a result of our testing, we determined that the estimated fair value of our modules reporting unit exceeded its carrying value indicating no impairment was necessary for this reporting unit. However, we determined that the estimated fair value of our systems reporting unit was less than its carrying value, which required us to determine the implied fair value of goodwill for the systems reporting unit by allocating the fair value of the systems reporting unit to its individual assets and liabilities, including any unrecognized intangible assets. Based on such calculation, the implied fair value of goodwill for the systems reporting unit was zero, and we recorded an impairment loss of $68.8 million. Such impairment was primarily driven by a strategic shift in the mix of our module and system net sales, which was approved by our board of directors in November 2016. This shift involved an expected reduction in the annual megawatts sold through systems business projects from approximately two gigawatts per year over the prior several years to approximately one gigawatt per year going forward. Other factors that contributed to the impairment included our reduced market capitalization and the challenging conditions within the solar industry as of the date of our testing.

In June 2016, we impaired $6.1 million of goodwill associated with our crystalline silicon modules reporting unit as a result of the decision to end the related manufacturing operations and dispose of the reporting unit. See Note 4. “Restructuring and Asset Impairments” to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion related to this restructuring activity.




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Intangible Assets, Net


Intangible assets, primarily include developed technologies from prior business acquisitions, certain PPAs acquired after the associated PV solar power systems were placed in service, our internally-generated intangible assets, substantially all of which were patents on technologies related to our products and production processes, and IPR&D related to our Enki acquisition as described in Note 5. “Business Acquisitions.” We record an asset for patents, after the patent has been issued, based on the legal, filing, and other costs incurred to secure them. We amortize intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives once the intangible assets meet the criteria to be amortized.net


The following tables summarize our intangible assets at December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
December 31, 2022
 Gross AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet Amount
Developed technology$97,347 $(68,650)$28,697 
Patents8,970 (6,561)2,409 
Total$106,317 $(75,211)$31,106 
 December 31, 2017December 31, 2021
 Gross Amount Accumulated Amortization Accumulated Impairments Net Amount Gross AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet Amount
Developed technology $114,612
 $(25,578) $(36,215) $52,819
Developed technology$99,964 $(61,985)$37,979 
Power purchase agreements 6,486
 (324) —
 6,162
Power purchase agreements6,486 (1,621)4,865 
Patents 7,068
 (3,077) —
 3,991
Patents8,480 (5,815)2,665 
In-process research and development 17,255
 —
 —
 17,255
Total $145,421
 $(28,979) $(36,215) $80,227
Total$114,930 $(69,421)$45,509 
  December 31, 2016
  Gross Amount Accumulated Amortization Accumulated Impairments Net Amount
Developed technology $114,612
 $(18,208) $(36,215) $60,189
Power purchase agreements 6,486
 —
 —
 6,486
Patents 6,538
 (2,498) —
 4,040
In-process research and development 17,255
 —
 —
 17,255
Total $144,891
 $(20,706) $(36,215) $87,970


Amortization expense for ourof intangible assets was $8.3$10.9 million, $10.1$10.9 million, and $9.2$10.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015,2020, respectively.


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Estimated future amortization expense for our definite-lived intangible assets was as follows at December 31, 20172022 (in thousands):
Amortization Expense
2023$10,510 
202410,380 
20253,910 
20262,526 
20272,426 
Thereafter1,354 
Total amortization expense$31,106 

  Amortization Expense
2018 $8,325
2019 8,325
2020 8,325
2021 8,323
2022 8,299
Thereafter 21,375
Total amortization expense $62,972




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7.5. Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Marketable Securities


Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities consisted of the following at December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
20222021
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash$1,476,945 $1,450,654 
Money market funds4,324 — 
Total cash and cash equivalents1,481,269 1,450,654 
Marketable securities:
Foreign debt59,777 103,317 
U.S. debt56,463 18,627 
Time deposits980,472 253,445 
Total marketable securities1,096,712 375,389 
Total cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities$2,577,981 $1,826,043 
  2017 2016
Cash and cash equivalents:    
Cash $2,142,949
 $1,347,155
Money market funds 125,585
 —
Total cash and cash equivalents 2,268,534
 1,347,155
Marketable securities:    
Foreign debt 238,858
 296,819
Foreign government obligations 152,850
 271,172
U.S. debt 73,671
 —
Time deposits 255,000
 40,000
Total marketable securities 720,379
 607,991
Total cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities $2,988,913
 $1,955,146


The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents reported within our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 to the total of such amounts as presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):
Balance Sheet Line Item20222021
Cash and cash equivalentsCash and cash equivalents$1,481,269 $1,450,654 
Restricted cash – currentOther current assets3,175 1,532 
Restricted cash – noncurrentOther assets2,734 3,651 
Restricted cash equivalents – noncurrentOther assets6,284 — 
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents$1,493,462 $1,455,837 

During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2021 and 2015,2020, we sold marketable securities for proceeds of $118.3 million, $159.2$5.5 million and $65.0$188.1 million, respectively, and realized gains of less than $0.1 million $0.3 million, and less than $0.1$0.2 million, respectively, on such sales. See Note 11.10. “Fair Value Measurements” to our consolidated financial statements for information about the fair value of our marketable securities.


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The following tables summarize the unrealized gains and losses related to our available-for-sale marketable securities, by major security type, as of December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
 As of December 31, 2022
Amortized
Cost		Unrealized
Gains		Unrealized
Losses		Allowance for Credit LossesFair
Value
Foreign debt$59,940 $— $140 $23 $59,777 
U.S. debt58,308 — 1,823 22 56,463 
Time deposits980,810 — — 338 980,472 
Total$1,099,058 $— $1,963 $383 $1,096,712 
 As of December 31, 2017 As of December 31, 2021
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gains
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost		Unrealized
Gains		Unrealized
Losses		Allowance for Credit LossesFair
Value
Foreign debt $240,643
 $3
 $1,788
 $238,858
Foreign debt$103,263 $81 $18 $9 $103,317 
Foreign government obligations 153,999
 —
 1,149
 152,850
U.S. debt 73,746
 —
 75
 73,671
U.S. debt19,003 10 384 2 18,627 
Time deposits 255,000
 —
 —
 255,000
Time deposits253,531 — — 86 253,445 
Total $723,388
 $3
 $3,012
 $720,379
Total$375,797 $91 $402 $97 $375,389 

  As of December 31, 2016
  
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gains
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
Foreign debt $298,085
 $2
 $1,268
 $296,819
Foreign government obligations 272,357
 —
 1,185
 271,172
Time deposits 40,000
 —
 —
 40,000
Total $610,442
 $2
 $2,453
 $607,991

As ofThe following table presents the change in the allowance for credit losses related to our available-for-sale marketable securities for the years ended December 31, 2017, we identified 16 investments totaling $210.3 million that had been in a loss position for a period of time greater than 12 months with unrealized losses of $1.9 million. As of December 31, 2016, we identified three investments totaling $51.2 million that had been in a loss position for a period of time greater than 12 months with unrealized losses of $0.1 million. The unrealized losses were primarily due to increases in interest rates relative to rates at the time of purchase. Based on the underlying credit quality of the investments, we do not intend to sell these securities prior to the recovery of our cost basis. Therefore, we did not consider these securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired.




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The following tables show unrealized losses2022 and fair values for those marketable securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, aggregated by major security type and the length of time the marketable securities have been in a continuous loss position2021 (in thousands):
20222021
Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period$97 $121 
Provision for credit losses, net667 423 
Sales and maturities of marketable securities(381)(447)
Allowance for credit losses, end of period$383 $97 
  As of December 31, 2017
  
In Loss Position for
Less Than 12 Months
 
In Loss Position for
12 Months or Greater
 Total
  
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
Foreign debt $119,869
 $735
 $88,919
 $1,053
 $208,788
 $1,788
Foreign government obligations 31,467
 289
 121,383
 860
 152,850
 1,149
U.S. debt 73,671
 75
 —
 —
 73,671
 75
Total $225,007
 $1,099
 $210,302
 $1,913
 $435,309
 $3,012
  As of December 31, 2016
  
In Loss Position for
Less Than 12 Months
 
In Loss Position for
12 Months or Greater
 Total
  
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
Foreign debt $234,332
 $1,123
 $51,236
 $145
 $285,568
 $1,268
Foreign government obligations 272,503
 1,185
 —
 —
 272,503
 1,185
Total $506,835
 $2,308
 $51,236
 $145
 $558,071
 $2,453


The contractual maturities of our marketable securities as of December 31, 20172022 were as follows (in thousands):
Fair
Value
One year or less$983,472 
One year to two years73,086 
Two years to three years31,841 
Three years to four years4,427 
Four years to five years— 
More than five years3,886 
Total$1,096,712 

86
  
Fair
Value
One year or less $430,419
One year to two years 175,095
Two years to three years 114,865
Total $720,379
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6. Restricted Marketable Securities

8. Restricted Cash and Investments

Restricted cash and investmentsmarketable securities consisted of the following at as of December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
20222021
Foreign government obligations$46,886 $64,855 
Supranational debt8,661 10,997 
U.S. debt109,328 145,326 
U.S. government obligations17,195 23,548 
Total restricted marketable securities$182,070 $244,726 
  2017 2016
Restricted cash $50,822
 $31,381
Restricted investments 373,961
 339,926
Total restricted cash and investments (1) $424,783
 $371,307

——————————
(1)There was an additional $11.1 million and $37.2 million ofOur restricted cash included within “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

At December 31, 2017 and 2016, our restricted cash consisted of deposits held by various banks to secure certain of our letters of credit and other deposits designated for the construction or operation of systems projects as well as the payment of amounts related to project specific debt financings. See Note 15. “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion relating to our letters of credit.




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At December 31, 2017 and 2016, our restricted investments consisted of long-term marketable securities that were held in custodial accountsrepresent long-term investments to fund the estimated future costscost of collecting and recycling modules covered under our solar module collection and recycling program. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we sold certain restricted investments for proceeds of $118.2 million and realized gains of $41.3 million on such sales as part of an effort to align the currencies of the investments with those of the corresponding collection and recycling liabilities. See Note 11. “Fair Value Measurements” to our consolidated financial statements for information about the fair value of our restricted investments.

As necessary, we fund any incremental amounts for our estimated collection and recycling obligations within 90 days of the end of each year. We determine the funding requirement, if any, based on estimated costs of collecting and recycling covered modules, estimated rates of return on our restricted investments, and an estimated solar module life of 25 years less amounts already funded in prior years. No incremental funding was required in 2017 as substantially all of our module sales in the prior year were not covered under our solar module collection and recycling program. We also do not expect to fund any incremental amounts in 2018. To ensure that amounts previously funded will be available in the future regardless of potential adverse changes in our financial condition (even in the case of our own insolvency), we have established a trust under which estimated funds are put into custodial accounts with an established and reputable bank, for which First Solar, Inc.; First Solar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. (“FS Malaysia”); and First Solar Manufacturing GmbH are grantors. In October 2017, we amended the trust agreement to allow trustAs of December 31, 2022 and 2021, such custodial accounts also included noncurrent restricted cash and cash equivalents balances of $6.7 million and $0.9 million, respectively, which were reported within “Other assets.” Trust funds tomay be disbursed for qualified module collection and recycling costs (including capital and facilitiesfacility related recycling costs), payments to customers for assuming collection and recycling obligations, and reimbursements of any overfunded amounts. Investments in the trust must meet certain investment quality criteria comparable to highly rated government or agency bonds. As necessary, we fund any incremental amounts for our estimated collection and recycling obligations on an annual basis based on the estimated costs of collecting and recycling covered modules, estimated rates of return on our restricted marketable securities, and an estimated solar module life of 25 years, less amounts already funded in prior years.


During the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold all our restricted marketable securities for proceeds of $258.9 million and realized gains of $11.7 million on such sales, and repurchased $255.6 million of restricted marketable securities as part of our ongoing management of the custodial accounts. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we sold certain restricted marketable securities for proceeds of $115.2 million and realized gains of $15.1 million on such sales, and repurchased $114.5 million of restricted marketable securities as part of our ongoing management of the custodial accounts. See Note 10. “Fair Value Measurements” to our consolidated financial statements for information about the fair value of our restricted marketable securities.

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The following tables summarize the unrealized gains and losses related to our restricted investments,marketable securities, by major security type, as of December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
 As of December 31, 2022
Amortized
Cost		Unrealized
Gains		Unrealized
Losses		Allowance for Credit LossesFair
Value
Foreign government obligations$64,008 $— $17,112 $10 $46,886 
Supranational debt11,146 — 2,485 — 8,661 
U.S. debt148,288 — 38,932 28 109,328 
U.S. government obligations24,551 — 7,352 4 17,195 
Total$247,993 $— $65,881 $42 $182,070 
 As of December 31, 2017 As of December 31, 2021
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gains
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost		Unrealized
Gains		Unrealized
Losses		Allowance for Credit LossesFair
Value
Foreign government obligations $127,436
 $62,483
 $—
 $189,919
Foreign government obligations$66,867 $— $2,002 $10 $64,855 
Supranational debtSupranational debt11,362 — 365 — 10,997 
U.S. debtU.S. debt150,060 — 4,697 37 145,326 
U.S. government obligations 174,624
 12,944
 3,526
 184,042
U.S. government obligations24,640 — 1,086 6 23,548 
Total $302,060
 $75,427
 $3,526
 $373,961
Total$252,929 $— $8,150 $53 $244,726 

  As of December 31, 2016
  
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gains
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
Foreign government obligations $107,604
 $62,350
 $—
 $169,954
U.S. government obligations 169,294
 10,468
 9,790
 169,972
Total $276,898
 $72,818
 $9,790
 $339,926
The following table presents the change in the allowance for credit losses related to our restricted marketable securities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

20222021
Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period$53 $13 
Provision for credit losses, net(11)69 
Sales of restricted marketable securities— (29)
Allowance for credit losses, end of period$42 $53 

As of December 31, 2017, we identified six restricted investments totaling $107.7 million that had been in a loss position for a period of time greater than 12 months with unrealized losses of $3.5 million. The unrealized losses were primarily due to increases in interest rates relative to rates at the time of purchase. Based on the underlying credit quality of the investments, we do not intend to sell these securities prior to the recovery of our cost basis. Therefore, we did not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired.

As of December 31, 2017,2022, the contractual maturities of our restricted investmentsmarketable securities were between 128 years and 19 years.17 years.




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9.7. Consolidated Balance Sheet Details


Accounts receivable trade, net


Accounts receivable trade, net consisted of the following at December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
 20222021
Accounts receivable trade, gross$325,379 $430,100 
Allowance for credit losses(1,042)(664)
Accounts receivable trade, net$324,337 $429,436 
  2017 2016
Accounts receivable trade, gross $213,776
 $266,687
Allowance for doubtful accounts (1,979) —
Accounts receivable trade, net $211,797
 $266,687


At December 31, 2017 and 2016, $16.8 million and $12.2 million, respectively, of our accounts receivable trade, net were secured by letters of credit, bank guarantees, or other forms of financial security issued by creditworthy financial institutions.

Accounts receivable unbilled, and retainagenet


Accounts receivable unbilled, and retainagenet consisted of the following at December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
 20222021
Accounts receivable unbilled, gross$30,654 $25,336 
Allowance for credit losses— (63)
Accounts receivable unbilled, net$30,654 $25,273 
  2017 2016
Accounts receivable, unbilled $172,594
 $200,474
Retainage 2,014
 6,265
Accounts receivable, unbilled and retainage $174,608
 $206,739


Allowance for credit losses

The following tables present the change in the allowances for credit losses related to our accounts receivable for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):
Accounts receivable trade20222021
Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period$664 $3,009 
Provision for credit losses, net553 (2,224)
Writeoffs(175)(121)
Allowance for credit losses, end of period$1,042 $664 
Accounts receivable unbilled20222021
Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period$63 $303 
Provision for credit losses, net(63)(240)
Allowance for credit losses, end of period$— $63 

Inventories


Inventories consisted of the following at December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
 20222021
Raw materials$397,912 $404,727 
Work in process66,641 65,573 
Finished goods417,218 433,511 
Inventories$881,771 $903,811 
Inventories – current$621,376 $666,299 
Inventories – noncurrent$260,395 $237,512 

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  2017 2016
Raw materials $148,968
 $148,222
Work in process 14,085
 13,204
Finished goods 122,594
 302,305
Inventories $285,647
 $463,731
Inventories – current $172,370
 $363,219
Inventories – noncurrent $113,277
 $100,512

Prepaid expenses and otherOther current assets


Prepaid expenses and otherOther current assets consisted of the following at December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
 20222021
Spare maintenance materials and parts$114,428 $112,070 
Operating supplies47,492 41,034 
Prepaid expenses43,262 28,232 
Prepaid income taxes8,314 41,379 
Restricted cash3,175 1,532 
Derivative instruments (1)2,018 5,816 
Other18,384 14,129 
Other current assets$237,073 $244,192 
  2017 2016
Prepaid expenses $41,447
 $42,007
Prepaid income taxes 31,944
 35,336
Value added tax receivables 12,232
 22,308
Restricted cash 11,120
 37,154
Derivative instruments  4,303
 6,078
Other current assets 56,856
 74,579
Prepaid expenses and other current assets $157,902
 $217,462
——————————

(1)See Note 8. “Derivative Financial Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of our derivative instruments.




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Property, plant and equipment, net


Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following at December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
 20222021
Land$35,259 $18,359 
Buildings and improvements893,049 693,289 
Machinery and equipment2,762,801 2,527,627 
Office equipment and furniture146,467 139,611 
Leasehold improvements40,160 40,517 
Construction in progress1,121,938 461,708 
Property, plant and equipment, gross4,999,674 3,881,111 
Accumulated depreciation(1,462,772)(1,231,524)
Property, plant and equipment, net$3,536,902 $2,649,587 
  2017 2016
Land $8,181
 $7,839
Buildings and improvements 424,266
 378,981
Machinery and equipment 1,059,103
 1,444,442
Office equipment and furniture 157,512
 147,833
Leasehold improvements 48,951
 53,552
Construction in progress 641,263
 93,164
Stored assets (1) —
 17,995
Property, plant and equipment, gross 2,339,276
 2,143,806
Accumulated depreciation (1,184,739) (1,514,664)
Property, plant and equipment, net $1,154,537
 $629,142

——————————We assess our property, plant and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances arise that may indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. We consider a long-lived asset to be abandoned after we have ceased use of the asset and we have no intent to use or repurpose it in the future, and such abandoned assets are recorded at their salvage value, if any. During 2020, we recorded an impairment loss of $17.4 million in “Cost of sales” for certain abandoned module manufacturing equipment, including framing and assembly tools, as such equipment was no longer compatible with our long-term module technology roadmap.
(1)Consisted of certain machinery and equipment (“stored assets”) that were originally intended for use in previously planned manufacturing capacity expansions. The majority of the stored assets remaining at December 31, 2016 were repurposed for Series 6 module manufacturing.


Depreciation of property, plant and equipment was $91.4$244.9 million, $211.2$233.2 million, and $245.7$198.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015,2020, respectively.


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PV solar power systems, net


PV solar power systems, net consisted of the following at December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
20222021
PV solar power systems, gross$11,593 $281,660 
Accumulated depreciation(5,351)(64,367)
PV solar power systems, net$6,242 $217,293 
  2017 2016
PV solar power systems, gross $451,045
 $464,581
Accumulated depreciation (33,937) (15,980)
PV solar power systems, net $417,108
 $448,601


Depreciation of PV solar power systems was $19.8$9.2 million, $11.7$11.8 million, and $2.9$19.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015,2020, respectively.


Capitalized interestWe evaluate our PV solar power systems for impairment under a held and used impairment model whenever events or changes in circumstances arise that may indicate that the carrying amount of a particular system may not be recoverable. Such events or changes may include a significant decrease in the market price of the asset, current-period operating or cash flow losses combined with a history of such losses or a projection of future losses associated with the use of the asset, and changes in expectations regarding our intent to hold the asset on a long-term basis or the timing of a potential asset disposition.


The costIn November 2021, the off-taker for our 4 MWAC PV solar power plant located in Samoa notified us of constructing facilities, equipment,its intention to terminate the PPA. Given the limited availability of alternative off-take opportunities, including both contracted and uncontracted sales of electricity produced by the project, we determined it was more likely than not that the carrying amount of the project was not recoverable due to our expectation that the project would be disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. As a result, we measured the fair value of the plant using an income approach valuation technique and recorded an impairment loss of $10.2 million in “Cost of sales” for the difference between the estimated fair value and carrying value of the plant.

During 2022, we received multiple non-binding offers to purchase our Luz del Norte PV solar power plant and elected to pursue such opportunities in coordination with the project’s lenders. As a result of the expected sale, we compared the undiscounted future cash flows for the project to its carrying value and determined that the project was not recoverable. Accordingly, we measured the fair value of the project using a market approach valuation technique and recorded an impairment loss of $57.8 million in “Cost of sales” in our consolidated statements of operations. Such impairment loss was comprised of $55.6 million for PV solar power systems, $1.3 million for intangible assets, includes interest costs incurred duringand $0.9 million for operating lease assets. In December 2022, we completed the assets’ construction period. The componentssale of interest expense and capitalized interest were as follows during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 (in thousands):project to a subsidiary of Toesca Asset Management (“Toesca”). In connection with the sale, the project’s lenders agreed to forgive a portion of the loan balance. See Note 11. “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements for further information related to this transaction.

  2017 2016 2015
Interest cost incurred $(27,457) $(26,157) $(19,367)
Interest cost capitalized – property, plant and equipment —
 1,878
 1,335
Interest cost capitalized – project assets 1,692
 3,741
 11,057
Interest expense, net $(25,765) $(20,538) $(6,975)




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Project assets


Project assets consisted of the following at December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
 20222021
Project assets – development costs, including project acquisition and land costs$30,108 $117,407 
Project assets – construction costs— 198,081 
Project assets$30,108 $315,488 

In June 2022, we completed the sale of the majority of our project assets to PAG in connection with the sale of our Japan project development business. See Note 3. “Sales of Businesses” to our consolidated financial statements for further information about this transaction.

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  2017 2016
Project assets – development costs, including project acquisition and land costs $250,590
 $444,264
Project assets – construction costs 252,127
 1,018,684
Project assets 502,717
 1,462,948
Project assets – current $77,931
 $700,800
Project assets – noncurrent $424,786
 $762,148
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Other assets


Other assets consisted of the following at December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
  2017 2016
Deferred rent $26,760
 $27,160
Notes receivable (1) 10,495
 7,385
Income taxes receivable 4,454
 4,230
Other 41,550
 39,123
Other assets  $83,259
 $77,898
 20222021
Operating lease assets (1)$93,185 $207,544 
Advance payments for raw materials91,260 86,962 
Income tax receivables56,993 39,862 
Accounts receivable unbilled, net11,498 20,840 
Restricted cash equivalents6,284 — 
Restricted cash2,734 3,651 
Accounts receivable trade, net1,500 21,293 
Indirect tax receivables123 21,873 
Other56,265 36,739 
Other assets $319,842 $438,764 
——————————
(1)In April 2009, we entered into a credit facility agreement with a solar power project entity of one of our customers for an available amount of €17.5 million to provide financing for a PV solar power system. The credit facility bears interest at 8.0% per annum, payable quarterly, with the full amount due in December 2026. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the balance outstanding on the credit facility was €7.0 million ($8.4 million and $7.4 million, respectively).

(1)See Note 9. "Leases" to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of our lease arrangements.

Accrued expenses


Accrued expenses consisted of the following at December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
 2017 2016 20222021
Accrued property, plant and equipment $133,433
 $14,828
Accrued property, plant and equipment$148,777 $42,031 
Accrued freightAccrued freight77,136 61,429 
Accrued compensation and benefits 73,985
 47,877
Accrued compensation and benefits47,939 34,606 
Accrued project assets 55,834
 71,164
Accrued inventoryAccrued inventory44,679 42,170 
Accrued other taxesAccrued other taxes19,765 23,103 
Product warranty liability (1) 28,767
 40,079
Product warranty liability (1)10,660 13,598 
Accrued inventory 24,830
 13,085
Accrued project costsAccrued project costs4,601 48,836 
Other 49,978
 75,944
Other29,225 22,677 
Accrued expenses $366,827
 $262,977
Accrued expenses$382,782 $288,450 
——————————
(1)See Note 15. “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of our “Product warranty liability.
(1)    See Note 12. “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of our “Product Warranties.”




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Other current liabilities


Other current liabilities consisted of the following at December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
20222021
 2017 2016
Operating lease liabilities (1)Operating lease liabilities (1)$9,193 $12,781 
Derivative instruments (2) $27,297
 $6,642
6,668 3,550 
Contingent consideration (1) 6,162
 19,620
Financing liability (2) 5,161
 5,219
Indemnification liabilities (1) 2,876
 100,000
Other taxes payableOther taxes payable1,185 8,123 
Other 7,261
 15,461
Other4,199 10,293 
Other current liabilities $48,757
 $146,942
Other current liabilities$21,245 $34,747 
——————————
(1)See Note 15. “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of our “Contingent consideration” and “Indemnification liabilities” arrangements.

(1)See Note 9. "Leases" to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of our lease arrangements.
(2)See Note 12. “Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates and Joint Ventures” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of the financing liabilities associated with our leaseback of the Maryland Solar project.


(2)See Note 8. “Derivative Financial Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of our derivative instruments.

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Other liabilities


Other liabilities consisted of the following at December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
  2017 2016
Product warranty liability (1) $195,507
 $212,329
Transition tax liability (2) 93,233
 —
Other taxes payable 89,724
 24,099
Deferred revenue 63,257
 —
Commercial letter of credit liability (1) 43,396
 26,579
Financing liability (3) 29,822
 33,314
Derivative instruments 5,932
 444
Contingent consideration (1) 3,153
 10,472
Other 44,430
 64,202
Other liabilities $568,454
 $371,439
 20222021
Operating lease liabilities (1)$40,589 $145,912 
Deferred tax liabilities, net (2)28,929 27,699 
Product warranty liability (3)23,127 38,955 
Other27,292 43,658 
Other liabilities$119,937 $256,224 
——————————
(1)See Note 15. “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of “Product warranty liability,” “Commercial letter of credit liability,” and “Contingent consideration” arrangements.

(2)See Note 19. “Income Taxes” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of the one-time transition tax on accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries as a result of the Tax Act.

(3)See Note 12. “Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates and Joint Ventures” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of the financing liabilities associated with our leaseback of the Maryland Solar project.

(1)See Note 9. "Leases" to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of our lease arrangements.



(2)See Note 16. “Income Taxes” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of our net deferred tax liabilities.


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(3)See Note 12. “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of our “Product Warranties.”
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10.8. Derivative Financial Instruments


As a global company, we are exposed in the normal course of business to interest rate, and foreign currency, and commodity price risks that could affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. We use derivative instruments to hedge against these risks and only hold such instruments for hedging purposes, not for speculative or trading purposes.


Depending on the terms of the specific derivative instruments and market conditions, some of our derivative instruments may be assets and others liabilities at any particular balance sheet date. We report all of our derivative instruments at fair value and account for changes in the fair value of derivative instruments within “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)”loss” if the derivative instruments qualify for hedge accounting. For those derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting (“economic(i.e., “economic hedges”), we record the changes in fair value directly to earnings. See Note 11.10. “Fair Value Measurements” to our consolidated financial statements for information about the techniques we use to measure the fair value of our derivative instruments.


The following tables present the fair values of derivative instruments included in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2022
 Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets Other Current Liabilities Other Liabilities Other Current AssetsOther AssetsOther Current LiabilitiesOther Liabilities
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:      Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:  
Foreign exchange forward contracts $252
 $13,240
 $—
Commodity swap contractsCommodity swap contracts$— $17 $4,447 $144 
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments $252
 $13,240
 $—
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments$— $17 $4,447 $144 
      
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:    
  
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:  
Foreign exchange forward contracts $4,051
 $14,057
 $—
Foreign exchange forward contracts$2,018 $— $2,221 $— 
Interest rate swap contracts —
 —
 5,932
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments $4,051
 $14,057
 $5,932
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments$2,018 $— $2,221 $— 
Total derivative instruments $4,303
 $27,297
 $5,932
Total derivative instruments$2,018 $17 $6,668 $144 
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  December 31, 2016
  Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets Other Current Liabilities Other Liabilities
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:      
Foreign exchange forward contracts $2,072
 $387
 $444
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments $2,072
 $387
 $444
       
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:    
  
Foreign exchange forward contracts $4,006
 $6,255
 $—
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments $4,006
 $6,255
 $—
Total derivative instruments $6,078
 $6,642
 $444




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 December 31, 2021
 Other Current AssetsOther Current Liabilities
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: 
Foreign exchange forward contracts$1,336 $139 
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments$1,336 $139 
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: 
Foreign exchange forward contracts$4,480 $3,411 
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments$4,480 $3,411 
Total derivative instruments$5,816 $3,550 

The following table presents the pretax amounts related to derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges affecting accumulated other comprehensive income or loss(loss) and our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 (in thousands):
Foreign Exchange Forward ContractsCommodity Swap ContractsTotal
Balance as of December 31, 2019$(962)$— $(962)
Amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)(3,881)1,472 (2,409)
Amounts reclassified to earnings impacting:
Cost of sales1,199 — 1,199 
Balance as of December 31, 2020(3,644)1,472 (2,172)
Amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)2,864 1,531 4,395 
Amounts reclassified to earnings impacting:
Cost of sales1,906 (3,003)(1,097)
Balance as of December 31, 20211,126 — 1,126 
Amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)545 (8,101)(7,556)
Amounts reclassified to earnings impacting:
Cost of sales(1,671)859 (812)
Balance as of December 31, 2022$— $(7,242)$(7,242)
  Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts Interest Rate Swap Contract Cross Currency Swap Contract Total
Balance in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2014 $6,621
 $(210) $(3,399) $3,012
Amounts reclassified to net sales as a result of forecasted transactions being probable of not occurring (1,295) —
 —
 (1,295)
Amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) 832
 23
 (9,219) (8,364)
Amounts reclassified to earnings impacting:        
Net sales (487) —
 —
 (487)
Cost of sales (5,509) —
 —
 (5,509)
Foreign currency loss, net —
 —
 10,135
 10,135
Interest expense, net —
 171
 466
 637
Balance in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2015 162
 (16) (2,017) (1,871)
Amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) 2,513
 (2) 5,108
 7,619
Amounts reclassified to earnings impacting:        
Foreign currency loss, net —
 —
 (4,896) (4,896)
Interest expense, net (119) 18
 1,805
 1,704
Balance in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2016 2,556
 —
 —
 2,556
Amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) (4,468) —
 —
 (4,468)
Amounts reclassified to earnings impacting:        
Other income (expense), net 189
 —
 —
 189
Balance in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2017 $(1,723) $—
 $—
 $(1,723)


We recorded no amounts related to ineffective portions of our derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges duringDuring the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022 and 2015. We2021, we recognized unrealized gains of $0.7 million and unrealized losses of $0.9 million andless than $0.1 million related towithin “Cost of sales” for amounts excluded from effectiveness testing for our foreign exchange forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized unrealized gains of $1.2 million within “Cost of sales” for amounts excluded from effectiveness testing for our foreign exchange forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges.

The following table presents the pretax amounts related to derivative instruments designated as net investment hedges affecting accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands):
Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts
Balance as of December 31, 2021$— 
Amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)(667)
Balance as of December 31, 2022$(667)

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During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized unrealized gains of $0.9 million within “Other income (expense), net” during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.for amounts excluded from effectiveness testing for our derivative instruments designated as net investment hedges.


The following table presents amountsgains and losses related to derivative instruments not designated as hedges affecting our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 (in thousands):
Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income
Income Statement Line Item202220212020
Foreign exchange forward contractsCost of sales$583 $57 $(462)
Foreign exchange forward contractsForeign currency loss, net75,421 15,053 (6,317)
Interest rate swap contractsInterest expense, net— (315)(7,259)
    Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income
  Income Statement Line Items 2017 2016 2015
Foreign exchange forward contracts Foreign currency loss, net $(33,882) $(14,002) $(3,425)
Foreign exchange forward contracts Cost of sales —
 —
 12,422
Interest rate swap contracts Interest expense, net (5,932) —
 —


Interest Rate Risk


WeFrom time to time, we may use interest rate swap and cross-currency swap contracts to mitigate our exposure to interest rate fluctuations associated with certain of our debt instruments. We do not use such swap contracts for speculative or trading purposes.




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Table During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, all of Contents

In March 2017, Manildra Finco Pty Ltd, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary and project financing company, entered into various interest rate swap contracts related to hedge a portion of the floating rate construction loan facility under the associated project’s Manildra Credit Facility (as defined in Note 14. “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements).project specific debt facilities. Such swaps had an initial aggregate notional value of AUD 12.8 million and entitled the project to receive a one-month or three-month floating Bank Bill Swap or “BBSW” interest rate while requiring the project to pay a fixed rate of 3.13%. The aggregate notional amount of the interest rate swap contracts proportionately adjusts with the scheduled draws and principal payments on the underlying hedged debt. As of December 31, 2017, the aggregate notional value of the interest rate swap contracts was AUD 68.1 million ($53.2 million). These derivative instruments dodid not qualify for accounting as cash flow hedges in accordance with ASC 815 due to our expectation to sell the associated projectprojects before the maturity of itstheir project specific debt financingfinancings and corresponding swap contracts. Accordingly, the changes in the fair valuevalues of thethese swap contracts arewere recorded directly to “Interest expense, net.”


In January 2017, FS Japan Project 12 GK, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary and project company, entered into an interest rate swap contract to hedge a portion of the floating rate senior loan facility under the project’s Ishikawa Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 14. “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements). Such swap had an initial notional value of ¥5.7 billion and entitled the project to receive a six-month floating Tokyo Interbank Offered Rate (“TIBOR”) plus 0.75% interest rate while requiring the project to pay a fixed rate of 1.482%. The notional amount of the interest rate swap contract proportionately adjusts with the scheduled draws and principal payments on the underlying hedged debt. As of December 31, 2017, the notional value of the interest rate swap contract was ¥12.8 billion ($113.4 million). This derivative instrument does not qualify for accounting as a cash flow hedge in accordance with ASC 815 due to our expectation to sell the associated project before the maturity of its project specific debt financing and corresponding swap contract. Accordingly, the changes in the fair value of the swap contract are recorded directly to “Interest expense, net.”

Foreign Currency Risk


Cash Flow Exposure


We expect certain of our subsidiaries to have future cash flows that will be denominated in currencies other than the subsidiaries’ functional currencies. Changes in the exchange rates between the functional currencies of our subsidiaries and the other currencies in which they transact will cause fluctuations in the cash flows we expect to receive or pay when these cash flows are realized or settled. Accordingly, we enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge a portion of these forecasted cash flows. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016,2021, these foreign exchange forward contracts hedged our forecasted cash flows for periods up to 9 months and 21 months, respectively.11 months. These foreign exchange forward contracts qualify for accounting as cash flow hedges in accordance with ASC 815, and we designated them as such. We initially report the effective portion of a derivative’s unrealized gaingains or losslosses on such contracts in “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)”loss” and subsequently reclassify applicable amounts into earnings when the hedged transaction occurs and impacts earnings. We determined that these derivative financial instruments were highly effective as cash flow hedges as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.2021.


As of December 31, 2017 and 2016,2021, the notional values associated with our foreign exchange forward contracts qualifying as cash flow hedges were as follows (notional amounts and U.S. dollar equivalents in millions):
December 31, 2021
CurrencyNotional AmountUSD Equivalent
U.S. dollar (1)$38.4$38.4
British poundGBP 10.6$14.4
——————————
(1)These derivative instruments represent hedges of outstanding payables denominated in U.S. dollars at certain of our foreign subsidiaries whose functional currencies are other than the U.S. dollar.

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December 31, 2017
CurrencyNotional AmountUSD Equivalent
Indian rupeeINR 4,730.0$74.1
Euro€15.7$18.8
December 31, 2016
CurrencyNotional AmountUSD Equivalent
Indian rupeeINR 860.0$12.7
Australian dollarAUD 55.3$40.0



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Net Investment Exposure
In
The functional currencies of certain of our foreign subsidiaries are their local currencies. Accordingly, we apply period-end exchange rates to translate their assets and liabilities and daily transaction exchange rates to translate their revenues, expenses, gains, and losses into U.S. dollars. We include the following 12 months,associated translation adjustments as a separate component of “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” within stockholders’ equity. From time to time, we expectmay seek to reclassify to earnings $1.7 millionmitigate the impact of net unrealized losses related to thesesuch translation adjustments by entering into foreign exchange forward contracts that are includeddesignated as hedges of net investments in certain foreign subsidiaries. In June 2022, we entered into a foreign exchange forward contract with a notional value of ¥8.0 billion ($60.6 million), which matured in December 2022. Such foreign exchange forward contract qualified for and was designated as a hedge of our net investment in a certain foreign subsidiary in Japan. We report unrealized gains or losses on this contract, which are based on spot exchange rates, as a component of our foreign currency translation adjustments within “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” at December 31, 2017 as we realizeloss” and subsequently reclassify applicable amounts into earnings when the earnings effects of the related forecasted transactions. The amount we ultimately record to earnings will depend on the actual exchange rates when we realize the related forecasted transactions.net investments are sold or substantially liquidated.


Transaction Exposure and Economic Hedging


Many of our subsidiaries have assets and liabilities (primarily cash, receivables, marketable securities, deferred taxes, payables, accrued expenses, operating lease liabilities, and solar module collection and recycling liabilities) that are denominated in currencies other than the subsidiaries’ functional currencies. Changes in the exchange rates between the functional currencies of our subsidiaries and the other currencies in which these assets and liabilities are denominated will create fluctuations in our reported consolidated statements of operations and cash flows. We may enter into foreign exchange forward contracts or other financial instruments to economically hedge assets and liabilities against the effects of currency exchange rate fluctuations. The gains and losses on such foreign exchange forward contracts will economically offset all or part of the transaction gains and losses that we recognize in earnings on the related foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities.


We also enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to economically hedge balance sheet and other exposures related to transactions between certain of our subsidiaries and transactions with third parties. Such contracts are considered economic hedges and do not qualify for hedge accounting. Accordingly, we recognize gains or losses from the fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and the fair value of these derivative contracts in “Foreign currency loss, net” on our consolidated statements of operations. These contracts mature at various dates within the next 11 months.

As of December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, the notional values of our foreign exchange forward contracts that do not qualify for hedge accounting were as follows (notional amounts and U.S. dollar equivalents in millions):
December 31, 2022
TransactionCurrencyNotional AmountUSD Equivalent
December 31, 2017
TransactionCurrencyNotional AmountUSD Equivalent
PurchaseEuro€151.4$181.6
SellEuro€193.2$231.7
PurchaseAustralian dollarAUD 12.7$9.9
SellAustralian dollarAUD 56.8$44.4
PurchaseMalaysian ringgitMYR 31.0$7.7
SellMalaysian ringgitMYR 336.5$83.1
SellCanadian dollarCAD 1.7$1.4
SellChilean pesoCLP 10,180.9$16.6
PurchaseChinese yuanCNY 13.8$2.1
SellJapanese yen¥23,922.2$212.6
PurchaseIndian rupeeINR 645.7$10.1
SellIndian rupeeINR 8,376.0$131.1
SellSingapore dollarSGD 3.1$2.3
PurchaseSouth African randZAR 12.5$1.0
SellSouth African randZAR 61.1$5.0



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December 31, 2016
TransactionCurrencyNotional AmountUSD Equivalent
PurchaseEuro€64.5$68.0
SellEuroCanadian dollar€103.6CAD 4.2$109.33.1
PurchaseAustralian dollarAUD 1.2$0.9
SellAustralian dollarChilean pesoAUD 19.3CLP 5,996.5$14.07.0
SellMalaysian ringgitMYR 24.5$5.5
SellCanadian dollarCAD 17.7$13.2
SellPurchaseChilean pesoEuroCLP 13,611.6€160.2$20.3170.5
PurchaseSellChinese yuanEuroCNY 24.3€38.4$3.540.9
PurchaseJapanese yen¥97.3$0.8
SellJapanese yenIndian rupee¥15,610.4INR 27,119.5$133.7327.4
SellPurchaseBritish poundJapanese yen£0.6¥2,982.7$0.722.4
SellIndian rupeeJapanese yenINR 12,753.2¥8,950.3$187.767.1
SellPurchaseSouth African randMalaysian ringgitZAR 51.2MYR 99.8$3.722.6
SellMalaysian ringgitMYR 13.7$3.1
SellMexican pesoMXN 34.6$1.8
PurchaseSingapore dollarSGD 1.4$1.0

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December 31, 2021
TransactionCurrencyNotional AmountUSD Equivalent
PurchaseAustralian dollarAUD 3.2$2.3
PurchaseBrazilian realBRL 2.6$0.5
SellBrazilian realBRL 2.6$0.5
PurchaseBritish poundGBP 2.5$3.4
SellChilean pesoCLP 4,058.6$4.8
PurchaseEuro€77.6$88.0
SellEuro€38.6$43.8
SellIndian rupeeINR 10,943.0$147.1
PurchaseJapanese yen¥667.5$5.8
SellJapanese yen¥31,524.6$273.9
PurchaseMalaysian ringgitMYR 17.0$4.1
SellMalaysian ringgitMYR 24.5$5.9
SellMexican pesoMXN 34.6$1.7
PurchaseSingapore dollarSGD 5.5$4.1
11.
Commodity Price Risk

We use commodity swap contracts to mitigate our exposure to commodity price fluctuations for certain raw materials used in the production of our modules. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we entered into various commodity swap contracts to hedge a portion of our forecasted cash flows for purchases of aluminum frames between July 2022 and December 2023. Such swaps had an aggregate initial notional value based on metric tons of forecasted aluminum purchases, equivalent to $70.5 million, and entitle us to receive a three-month average London Metals Exchange price for aluminum while requiring us to pay certain fixed prices. The notional amount of the commodity swap contracts proportionately adjusts with forecasted purchases of aluminum frames. As of December 31, 2022, the notional value associated with these contracts were $30.5 million.

These commodity swap contracts qualify for accounting as cash flow hedges in accordance with ASC 815, and we designated them as such. We report unrealized gains or losses on such contracts in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” and subsequently reclassify applicable amounts into earnings when the hedged transactions occur and impact earnings. We determined that these derivative financial instruments were highly effective as cash flow hedges as of December 31, 2022. In the following 12 months, we expect to reclassify into earnings $6.6 million of net unrealized losses related to these commodity swap contracts that are included in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” at December 31, 2022 as we realize the earnings effects of the related forecasted transactions. The amount we ultimately record to earnings will depend on the actual commodity pricing when we realize the related forecasted transactions.

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9. Leases

Our lease arrangements include land associated with our corporate and administrative offices, land for our international manufacturing facilities, and certain of our manufacturing equipment. Such leases primarily relate to assets located in the United States, Malaysia, India, and Vietnam.

The following table presents certain quantitative information related to our lease arrangements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):
20222021
Operating lease cost$14,634$17,681
Variable lease cost2,5172,041
Short-term lease cost339817
Total lease cost$17,490$20,539
Payments of amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities$15,359$19,405
Lease assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities$4,394$21,187
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Operating lease assets$93,185$207,544
Operating lease liabilities – current
9,19312,781
Operating lease liabilities – noncurrent
40,589145,912
Weighted-average remaining lease term6 years19 years
Weighted-average discount rate5.1 %2.8 %

In June 2022, we completed the sale of our Japan project development business to PAG, which included the transfer of various land leases associated with the business. As a result, we derecognized lease assets of $87.7 million, current lease liabilities of $3.0 million, and noncurrent lease liabilities of $77.9 million. See Note 3. “Sales of Businesses” to our consolidated financial statements for further information about this transaction.

As of December 31, 2022, the future payments associated with our lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands):
Total Lease Liabilities
2023$11,319 
202410,895 
20259,814 
20268,343 
20275,768 
Thereafter11,384 
Total future payments57,523 
Less: interest(7,741)
Total lease liabilities$49,782 

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10. Fair Value Measurements


The following is a description of the valuation techniques that we use to measure the fair value of assets and liabilities that we measure and report at fair value on a recurring basis:


•Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash Equivalents. At December 31, 2017,2022, our cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents consisted of money market funds. We value our money marketcash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents using observable inputs that reflect quoted prices for securities with identical characteristics and accordingly, we classify the valuation techniques that use these inputs as Level 1.


•Marketable Securities and Restricted Investments.Marketable Securities. At December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, our marketable securities consisted of foreign debt, foreign government obligations,U.S. debt, and time deposits, and our restricted investmentsmarketable securities consisted of foreign and U.S. government obligations. At December 31, 2017, our marketable securities also consisted ofobligations, supranational debt, and U.S. debt. We value our marketable securities and restricted investmentsmarketable securities using observable inputs that reflect quoted prices for securities with identical characteristics or quoted prices for securities with similar characteristics and other observable inputs (such as interest rates that are observable at commonly quoted intervals). Accordingly, we classify the valuation techniques that use these inputs as either Level 1 or Level 2 depending on the inputs used. We also consider the effect of our counterparties’ credit standing in these fair value measurements.


•Derivative Assets and Liabilities. At December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, our derivative assets and liabilities consisted of foreign exchange forward contracts involving major currencies. At December 31, 2017,2022, our derivative assets and liabilities also consisted of various interest ratecommodity swap contracts involving major interest rates.commodity prices. Since our derivative assets and liabilities are not traded on an exchange, we value them using standard industry valuation models. As applicable, these models project future cash flows and discount the amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs, including interest rate curves, credit risk, foreign exchange rates, and forward and spot prices for currencies.currencies, and forward prices for commodities. These inputs are observable in active markets over the contract term of the derivative instruments we hold, and accordingly, we classify the valuation techniques as Level 2. In evaluating credit risk, we consider the effect of our counterparties’ and our own credit standing in the fair value measurements of our derivative assets and liabilities, respectively.




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At December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, the fair value measurements of our assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis were as follows (in thousands):
Fair Value Measurements at Reporting
Date Using
December 31, 2022Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds$4,324 $4,324 $— $— 
Restricted cash equivalents:
Money market funds6,284 6,284 — — 
Marketable securities:
Foreign debt59,777 — 59,777 — 
U.S. debt56,463 — 56,463 — 
Time deposits980,472 980,472 — — 
Restricted marketable securities182,070 — 182,070 — 
Derivative assets2,035 — 2,035 — 
Total assets$1,291,425 $991,080 $300,345 $— 
Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities$6,812 $— $6,812 $— 

Fair Value Measurements at Reporting
Date Using
December 31, 2021Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Assets:
Marketable securities:
Foreign debt$103,317 $— $103,317 $— 
U.S. debt18,627 — 18,627 — 
Time deposits253,445 253,445 — — 
Restricted marketable securities244,726 — 244,726 — 
Derivative assets5,816 — 5,816 — 
Total assets$625,931 $253,445 $372,486 $— 
Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities$3,550 $— $3,550 $— 

100
  December 31, 2017
    
Fair Value Measurements at Reporting
Date Using
  
Total Fair
Value and
Carrying
Value on
Balance Sheet
 
Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Assets:        
Cash equivalents:        
Money market funds $125,585
 $125,585
 $—
 $—
Marketable securities:        
Foreign debt 238,858
 —
 238,858
 —
Foreign government obligations 152,850
 —
 152,850
 —
U.S. debt 73,671
 —
 73,671
 —
Time deposits 255,000
 255,000
 —
 —
Restricted investments 373,961
 —
 373,961
 —
Derivative assets 4,303
 —
 4,303
 —
Total assets $1,224,228
 $380,585
 $843,643
 $—
Liabilities:        
Derivative liabilities $33,229
 $—
 $33,229
 $—
  December 31, 2016
    
Fair Value Measurements at Reporting
Date Using
  
Total Fair
Value and
Carrying
Value on
Balance Sheet
 
Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Assets:        
Marketable securities:        
Foreign debt $296,819
 $—
 $296,819
 $—
Foreign government obligations 271,172
 —
 271,172
 —
Time deposits 40,000
 40,000
 —
 —
Restricted investments 339,926
 —
 339,926
 —
Derivative assets 6,078
 —
 6,078
 —
Total assets $953,995
 $40,000
 $913,995
 $—
Liabilities:        
Derivative liabilities $7,086
 $—
 $7,086
 $—




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Fair Value of Financial Instruments


At December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, the carrying values and fair values of our financial instruments not measured at fair value were as follows (in thousands):
 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 
Carrying
Value
 
Fair
Value
 
Carrying
Value
 
Fair
Value
Carrying
Value		Fair
Value		Carrying
Value		Fair
Value
Assets:        Assets:
Note receivable – noncurrent $10,495
 $10,516
 $7,385
 $7,493
Notes receivable, affiliate – current 20,411
 23,317
 15,000
 16,946
Notes receivable, affiliates – noncurrent 48,370
 47,441
 54,737
 53,586
Accounts receivable unbilled, net - noncurrentAccounts receivable unbilled, net - noncurrent$11,498 $10,304 $20,840 $18,846 
Accounts receivable trade, net - noncurrentAccounts receivable trade, net - noncurrent1,500 1,339 21,293 18,605 
Liabilities:        Liabilities:
Long-term debt, including current maturities (1) $406,388
 $416,486
 $196,691
 $195,160
Long-term debt, including current maturities (1)$185,000 $160,986 $246,737 $243,865 
——————————
(1)Excludes capital lease obligations and unamortized discounts and issuance costs.

(1)Excludes unamortized discounts and issuance costs.

The carrying values in our consolidated balance sheets of our cash and cash equivalents,current trade accounts receivable, current unbilled accounts receivable, and retainage, restricted cash, accounts payable, income taxes payable, and accrued expenses approximated their fair values due to their nature and relatively short maturities; therefore, we excluded them from the foregoing table. We estimated theThe fair value ofmeasurements for our notesnoncurrent unbilled accounts receivable, noncurrent trade accounts receivable, and long-term debt using a discounted cash flow approach (an income approach) based on observable market inputs. We incorporated the credit risk of our counterparty for all asset fair value measurements and our own credit risk for all liability fair value measurements. Such fair value measurements are considered Level 2 measurements under the fair value hierarchy.


Credit Risk


We have certain financial and derivative instruments that subject us to credit risk. These consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, trade accounts receivable, restricted cash, and investments, notes receivable, andrestricted cash equivalents, restricted marketable securities, foreign exchange forward contracts, and commodity swap contracts. We are exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties to our financial and derivative instruments. We place cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, restricted cash and investments, and foreign exchange forward contractsthese instruments with various high-quality financial institutions and limit the amount of credit risk from any one counterparty. We continuously evaluatemonitor the credit standing of our counterparty financial institutions. Our net sales are primarily concentrated among a limited number of customers. We monitor the financial condition of our customers and perform credit evaluations whenever considered necessary. Depending upon the sales arrangement, we mayWe typically require some form of payment security from our customers, including, but not limited to, advance payments, parent guarantees, letters of credit, bank guarantees, or commercial letters of credit.surety bonds.

12. Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates and Joint Ventures

We have joint ventures or other strategic arrangements with partners in several markets, which are generally used to expedite our penetration of those markets and establish relationships with potential customers. We also enter into joint ventures or strategic arrangements with customers or other entities to maximize the value of particular projects. Some of these arrangements may involve significant investments or other allocations of capital. Investments in unconsolidated entities for which we have significant influence, but not control, over the entities’ operating and financial activities are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Investments in unconsolidated entities for which we do not have the ability to exert such significant influence are accounted for under the cost method of accounting.




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11. Debt
The following table summarizes our equity and cost method investments as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):
  2017 2016
Equity method investments $217,230
 $232,337
Cost method investments 2,273
 2,273
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates and joint ventures $219,503
 $234,610

8point3 Energy Partners LP

In June 2015, the Partnership, a limited partnership formed by the Sponsors, completed its IPO pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended. As part of the IPO, the Sponsors contributed interests in various projects to OpCo in exchange for voting and economic interests in the entity, and the Partnership acquired an economic interest in OpCo using proceeds from the IPO. Since the formation of the Partnership, the Sponsors have, from time to time, sold interests in solar projects to the Partnership, which owns and operates such portfolio of solar energy generation projects. In February 2018, we entered into an agreement with CD Clean Energy and Infrastructure V JV, LLC, an equity fund managed by Capital Dynamics and certain other co-investors and certain other parties, pursuant to which such parties have agreed to acquire our interests in the Partnership and its subsidiaries.

As of December 31, 2017, we owned an aggregate of 22,116,925 Class B shares representing a 28% voting interest in the Partnership, and an aggregate of 6,721,810 common units and 15,395,115 subordinated units in OpCo together representing a 28% limited liability company interest in the entity. Future quarterly distributions from OpCo are subject to a subordination period in which holders of the subordinated units are not entitled to receive any distributions until the common units have received their minimum quarterly distribution plus any arrearages in the payment of minimum distributions from prior quarters. The subordination period will end after OpCo has earned and paid minimum quarterly distributions for three years ending on or after August 31, 2018 and there are no outstanding arrearages on common units. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the subordination period could end early if OpCo has earned and paid 150% of minimum quarterly distributions, plus the related distributions to incentive distribution right holders, for one year and there are no outstanding arrearages on common units. At the end of the subordination period, all subordinated units will convert to common units on a one-for-one basis. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we received distributions from OpCo of $23.0 million. We also hold certain incentive distribution rights in OpCo, which represent a right to incremental distributions after certain distribution thresholds are met.

The Partnership is managed and controlled by its general partner, 8point3 General Partner, LLC (“General Partner”), and we account for our interest in OpCo, a subsidiary of the Partnership, under the equity method of accounting as we are able to exercise significant influence over the Partnership due to our representation on the board of directors of its General Partner and certain of our associates serving as officers of its General Partner. Under the equity method of accounting, we recognize equity in earnings for our proportionate share of OpCo’s net income or loss, including adjustments for the amortization of a $40.6 million remaining basis difference, which resulted from the cost of our investment differing from our proportionate share of OpCo’s equity. We recognized equity in earnings, net of tax, from our investment in OpCo of $9.8 million, $32.6 million, and $18.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Our equity in earnings for the year ended December 31, 2016 also included an $8.5 million gain, net of tax, following OpCo’s issuance of 8,050,000 shares to the Partnership as part of its public offering of a corresponding number of shares. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the carrying value of our investment in OpCo was $199.5 million and $206.8 million, respectively.

In connection with the IPO, we also entered into an agreement with a subsidiary of the Partnership to lease back one of our originally contributed projects, Maryland Solar, until December 31, 2019. Under the terms of the agreement, we make fixed rent payments to the Partnership’s subsidiary and are entitled to all of the energy generated by the project. Due to our continuing involvement with the project, we account for the leaseback agreement as a financing transaction. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, our financing obligation associated with the leaseback was $35.0 million and $38.5 million, respectively.



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In December 2016, we sold our remaining 34% interest in the 300 MW Desert Stateline project located in San Bernardino County, California to OpCo for aggregate consideration of $329.5 million, including a $50.0 million promissory note, and recognized a gain on the sale of $125.1 million, net of tax, in equity in earnings. The promissory note is unsecured and matures in December 2020. The promissory note bears interest at 4% per annum, which rate may increase to 6% per annum (i) upon the occurrence and during the continuation of a specified event of default and (ii) in respect of amounts accrued as payments-in-kind pursuant to the terms of such promissory note. Subject to certain conditions, OpCo may prepay the promissory note. Until OpCo has paid in full the principal and interest on the promissory note, OpCo is restricted in its ability to: (i) acquire interests in additional projects; (ii) use the net proceeds of equity issuances except as prescribed in the promissory note; (iii) incur additional indebtedness to which the promissory note would be subordinate; and (iv) extend the maturity date under OpCo’s existing credit facility. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the balance outstanding on the promissory note was $48.4 million and $50.0 million, respectively. In May 2016, we completed the sale of our two 20 MW Kingbird projects located in Kern County, California to OpCo and a third-party investor for net revenue of $114.1 million.

We provide O&M services to certain of the Partnership’s partially owned project entities, including SG2 Holdings, LLC; Lost Hills Blackwell Holdings, LLC; NS Solar Holdings, LLC; Kingbird Solar A, LLC; Kingbird Solar B, LLC; and Desert Stateline LLC. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we recognized revenue of $11.0 million, $6.1 million and $2.6 million respectively, for such O&M services.

In June 2015, OpCo entered into a $525.0 million senior secured credit facility, consisting of a $300.0 million term loan facility, a $25.0 million delayed draw term loan facility, and a $200.0 million revolving credit facility (the “OpCo Credit Facility”). In September 2016, OpCo amended its senior secured credit facility to include an incremental $250.0 million term loan facility, which increased the maximum borrowing capacity under the OpCo Credit Facility to $775.0 million. The OpCo Credit Facility is secured, in part, by a pledge of the Sponsors’ equity interests in OpCo.

Clean Energy Collective, LLC

In November 2014, we entered into various agreements to purchase a minority ownership interest in Clean Energy Collective, LLC (“CEC”). This investment provided us with additional access to the distributed generation market and a partner to develop and market community solar offerings to North American residential customers and businesses directly on behalf of client utility companies. As part of the investment, we also received a warrant, valued at $1.8 million, to purchase additional ownership interests in CEC.

In addition to our equity investment, we also entered into a term loan agreement and a convertible loan agreement with CEC in November 2014 and February 2016, respectively. In August 2017, we amended the terms of the warrant and loan agreements to (i) fix the exercise price of the warrant at our initial investment price per unit, (ii) extend the maturity of the loans to November 2018, (iii) allow for the capitalization of certain accrued and future interest on the term loan, (iv) require mandatory prepayments on the term loan under certain conditions, and (v) fix the interest rate of the term loan at 16% per annum, payable semiannually. The interest rate of the convertible loan remained at 10% per annum, payable at maturity unless converted earlier pursuant to a qualified equity financing by CEC. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the balance outstanding on the term loans was $15.8 million and $15.0 million, respectively, and the balance outstanding on the convertible loan was $4.6 million.

CEC is considered a variable interest entity, or VIE, and our 26% ownership interest in and loans to the company are considered variable interests. We account for our investment in CEC under the equity method of accounting as we are not the primary beneficiary of the company given that we do not have the power to make decisions over the activities that most significantly impact the company’s economic performance. Under the equity method of accounting, we recognize equity in earnings for our proportionate share of CEC’s net income or loss including adjustments for the amortization of a basis difference resulting from the cost of our investment differing from our proportionate share of CEC’s equity. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we recognized losses, net of tax, of $2.6 million, $3.6 million and $1.9 million, respectively, from our investment in CEC. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the carrying value of our investment was $6.5 million and $10.5 million, respectively.



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During the year ended December 31, 2017, we sold 21 MWof solar modules to CEC and recognized revenue of $7.6 million on such transactions.

Joint Venture with Customer

In September 2013, we contributed an immaterial amount for a 50% ownership interest in a newly formed joint venture, which was established to develop solar power projects in Europe, North Africa, the United States, and the Middle East. One of our customers also contributed an immaterial amount for the remaining 50% ownership interest in the joint venture. The project development and related activities of the entity are governed by a joint venture agreement. The intent of this agreement is to outline the general parameters of the arrangement with our customer, whereby we supply solar modules for various solar power projects and our customer develops and constructs the projects. The joint venture agreement also requires each party to consent to all decisions related to the most significant activities of the entity. There are no requirements for us to make further contributions to the joint venture, and the proceeds from the sale of any projects are to be divided equally between us and our customer after the repayment of any project financing and project development related costs.

In 2014 and 2015, we subsequently entered into various loan agreements with solar power project entities of the joint venture pursuant to which the project entities borrowed funds for the construction of solar power projects in the United Kingdom. The loans bore interest at rates ranging from 6% to 8% per annum and were generally paid upon the sale of the associated project entities. As of December 31, 2016, the loans were substantially repaid.

Summarized Financial Information

The following table presents summarized financial information, in the aggregate, for our significant equity method investees, as provided to us by the investees (in thousands):
  Fiscal 2017 Fiscal 2016 Fiscal 2015
Summary statement of operations information:      
Net sales $70,089
 $125,643
 $7,099
Operating income (loss) 24,661
 55,266
 (555)
Net income (1)
 46,713
 63,893
 8,936
Net income attributable to equity method investees (1)
 53,183
 190,240
 111,135
       
    As of Fiscal 2017 As of Fiscal 2016
Summary balance sheet information:      
Current assets   $36,744
 $35,407
Long-term assets   1,573,115
 1,299,656
Current liabilities   7,648
 26,606
Long-term liabilities   706,885
 398,192
Noncontrolling interests, including redeemable noncontrolling interests   72,945
 58,658
——————————
(1)The difference between Net income and Net income attributable to equity method investees is due to OpCo’s tax equity financing facilities with third-party investors that hold noncontrolling ownership interests in certain of its subsidiaries. Accordingly, earnings or losses are allocated to such tax equity investors using the Hypothetical Liquidation at Book Value (or “HLBV”) method. During the fiscal 2017, 2016, and 2015 periods, OpCo allocated certain losses to such third-party investors under the HLBV method, which represented the difference between Net income and Net income attributable to equity method investees.




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13. Solar Module Collection and Recycling Liability

We voluntarily established a module collection and recycling program to collect and recycle modules sold and covered under such program once the modules reach the end of their useful lives. For customer sales contracts that include modules covered under this program, we agree to pay the costs for the collection and recycling of qualifying solar modules, and the end-users agree to notify us, disassemble their solar power systems, package the solar modules for shipment, and revert ownership rights over the modules back to us at the end of the modules’ service lives. Accordingly, we record any collection and recycling obligations within “Cost of sales” at the time of sale based on the estimated cost to collect and recycle the covered solar modules. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, substantially all of our modules sold were not covered by our collection and recycling program.

We estimate the cost of our collection and recycling obligations based on the present value of the expected probability-weighted future cost of collecting and recycling the solar modules, which includes estimates for the cost of packaging materials; the cost of freight from the solar module installation sites to a recycling center; material, labor, and capital costs; the scale of recycling centers; and an estimated third-party profit margin and return on risk for collection and recycling services. We base these estimates on (i) our experience collecting and recycling our solar modules, (ii) the expected timing of when our solar modules will be returned for recycling, and (iii) the expected economic conditions at the time the solar modules will be collected and recycled. In the periods between the time of sale and the related settlement of the collection and recycling obligation, we accrete the carrying amount of the associated liability by applying the discount rate used for its initial measurement. We classify accretion as an operating expense within “Selling, general and administrative” expense on our consolidated statements of operations.

We periodically review our estimates of expected future recycling costs and may adjust our liability accordingly. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we reduced our module collection and recycling liability by $15.8 million as a result of updates to several valuation assumptions, including a decrease in certain inflation rates. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we reduced the liability by $80.0 million based on certain recycling technology advancements at our manufacturing facility in Perrysburg, Ohio, which represented a significant improvement over previous technologies and included a continuous flow recycling process, which increased the throughput of modules able to be recycled at a point in time. Such process improvements also resulted in corresponding reductions in capital, chemical, labor, maintenance, and other general recycling costs, which further contributed to the reduction in the recycling rate per module and corresponding change in the liability for the period.

Our module collection and recycling liability was $166.6 million and $166.3 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized a net benefit of $13.2 million to cost of sales primarily as a result of the reduction in our module collection and recycling liability described above and also recognized net accretion expense of $3.9 million associated with the liability. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recognized accretion expense of $6.1 million associated with the liability. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we recognized a benefit of $67.6 million to cost of sales and a benefit of $4.4 million to accretion expense primarily as a result of the reduction in our module collection and recycling liability described above, net of the incremental costs associated with module sales and accretion expense. As of December 31, 2017, a 1% increase in the annualized inflation rate used in our estimated future collection and recycling cost per module would increase our liability by $33.5 million, and a 1% decrease in that rate would decrease our liability by $28.1 million.

See Note 8. “Restricted Cash and Investments” to our consolidated financial statements for more information about our arrangements for funding this liability.




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14. Debt

Our long-term debt consisted of the following at December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 (in thousands):
Balance (USD)
Loan AgreementCurrency20222021
India Credit FacilityUSD$185,000 $— 
Luz del Norte Credit FacilitiesUSD— 183,829 
Kyoto Credit FacilityJPY— 62,908 
Long-term debt principal185,000 246,737 
Less: unamortized discounts and issuance costs(651)(6,836)
Total long-term debt184,349 239,901 
Less: current portion— (3,896)
Noncurrent portion$184,349 $236,005 
    Balance (USD)
Loan Agreement Currency 2017 2016
Revolving Credit Facility USD $—
 $—
Luz del Norte Credit Facilities USD 185,675
 180,939
Ishikawa Credit Agreement JPY 121,446
 —
Japan Credit Facility JPY 10,710
 9,477
Tochigi Credit Facility JPY —
 —
Marikal and Mahabubnagar Credit Facilities INR 7,384
 4,067
Polepally Credit Facility INR —
 2,208
Hindupur Credit Facility INR 18,722
 —
Manildra Credit Facility AUD 62,451
 —
Capital lease obligations Various 156
 562
Long-term debt principal   406,544
 197,253
Less: unamortized discounts and issuance costs   (13,004) (8,865)
Total long-term debt   393,540
 188,388
Less: current portion   (13,075) (27,966)
Noncurrent portion   $380,465
 $160,422


RevolvingIndia Credit Facility


In July 2017, we amended2022, FS India Solar Ventures Private Limited, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a finance agreement (the “India Credit Facility”) with the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (“DFC”) for aggregate borrowings up to $500.0 million for the development and restated the Revolving Credit Facility. Such amendment and restatement extended the maturityconstruction of the prioran approximately 3.3 GWDC solar module manufacturing facility to July 2022 and reduced the aggregate borrowing capacity under the facility to $500.0 million, which we may increase to $750.0 million, subject to certain conditions. Borrowings under the amended and restated facility bear interest at (i) London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), adjusted for Eurocurrency reserve requirements, plus a margin of 2.00% or (ii) a base rate as definedlocated in the credit agreement plus a margin of 1.00% dependingTamil Nadu, India. Principal on the type of borrowing requested. These margins are also subject to adjustment depending on our consolidated leverage ratio. We had no borrowings under our RevolvingIndia Credit Facility as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and had issued $57.5 million and $125.0 million, respectively, of letters of credit using availability underis payable in scheduled semi-annual installments through the facility. Loans and letters of credit issued under the Revolvingfacility’s expected maturity in August 2029. The India Credit Facility are jointly and severallyis guaranteed by First Solar, Inc.; First Solar Electric, LLC; First Solar Electric (California), Inc.; and First Solar Development, LLC and are secured by interests in substantially all of the guarantors’ tangible and intangible assets other than certain excluded assets.


In addition to paying interest on outstanding principal under the Revolving Credit Facility, we are required to pay a commitment fee at a rate of 0.30% per annum, based on the average daily unused commitments under the facility, which may also be adjusted due to changes in our consolidated leverage ratio. We also pay a letter of credit fee based on the applicable margin for Eurocurrency revolving loans on the face amount of each letter of credit and a fronting fee of 0.125%.

Luz del Norte Credit Facilities


In August 2014, Parque Solar Fotovoltaico Luz del Norte SpA (“Luz del Norte”), our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary and project company, entered into credit facilities (the “Luz del Norte Credit Facilities”) with the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (“OPIC”)DFC and the International Finance Corporation (“IFC”) to provide limited-recourse senior secured debt financing for the design, development, financing, construction, testing, commissioning, operation, and maintenance of a 141 MWAC PV solar power plant located near Copiapó, Chile. AtIn December 2022, we completed the same time, Luz del Norte also entered intosale of the project to a Chilean peso facility (“VAT facility” and togethersubsidiary of Toesca. In connection with the OPICsale, DFC and IFC loans, the “Luz del Norte Credit Facilities”) with Banco de Crédito



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e Inversionesagreed to fund Chilean value added tax associated with the constructionforgive a portion of the Luz del Norte project. In March 2017, we repaid theoutstanding loan balance, resulting in a gain of $30.2 million recorded within "Other income, net” in our consolidated statements of operations. The remaining outstanding balance on the VAT facility. As of December 31, 2016, the balance outstanding on the VAT facility$145.3 million was $13.7 million.assumed by Toesca.


In March 2017, we amended the terms of the OPIC and IFC credit facilities. Such amendments (i) allowed for the capitalization of accrued and unpaid interest through March 15, 2017, along with the capitalization of certain future interest payments as variable rate loans under the credit facilities, (ii) allowed for the conversion of certain fixed rate loans to variable rate loans upon scheduled repayment, (iii) extended the maturity of the OPIC and IFC loans until June 2037, and (iv) canceled the remaining borrowing capacity under the OPIC and IFC credit facilities with the exception of the capitalization of certain future interest payments. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the balance outstanding on the OPIC loans was $139.0 million and $125.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the balance outstanding on the IFC loans was $46.6 million and $42.2 million, respectively. The OPIC and IFC loans are secured by liens over all of Luz del Norte’s assets, which had an aggregate book value of $330.5 million, including intercompany charges, as of December 31, 2017 and by a pledge of the equity interests in the entity.

Ishikawa Credit Agreement

In December 2016, FS Japan Project 12 GK (“Ishikawa”), our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary and project company, entered into a credit agreement (the “Ishikawa Credit Agreement”) with Mizuho Bank, Ltd. for aggregate borrowings of up to ¥27.3 billion ($242.6 million) for the development and construction of a 59 MW PV solar power plant located in Ishikawa, Japan. The credit agreement consists of a ¥24.0 billion ($213.3 million) senior loan facility, a ¥2.1 billion ($18.7 million) consumption tax facility, and a ¥1.2 billion ($10.7 million) letter of credit facility. The senior loan facility matures in October 2036, and the consumption tax facility matures in April 2020. The credit agreement is secured by pledges of Ishikawa’s assets, accounts, material project documents, and by the equity interests in the entity. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the balance outstanding on the credit agreement was $121.4 million and zero, respectively.

JapanKyoto Credit Facility


In September 2015,July 2020, First Solar Japan GK, our wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a construction loan facility with Mizuho Bank, Ltd. for borrowings up to ¥4.0¥15.0 billion ($35.6142.8 million), which are intended to be used for the development and construction of utility-scalea 38 MWAC PV solar power plantsplant located in Japan (the “Japan Credit Facility”).Kyoto, Japan. In September 2017, First Solar Japan GK renewedMay 2022, we repaid the facility for an additional one-year period until September 2018. The facility is guaranteed by First Solar, Inc. and secured by pledges of certain projects’ cash accounts and other rights in the projects. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, theremaining $73.2 million principal balance outstanding on the facility was $10.7 million and $9.5 million, respectively.credit facility.


TochigiMomura Credit Facility


In June 2017, First SolarMay 2022, FS Japan Project 25 GK our wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a term loan facility with Mizuho Bank, Ltd. for borrowings up to ¥7.0 billion ($62.2 million) for the development of utility-scale PV solar power plants in Japan (the “Tochigi Credit Facility”(“Momura”). The majority of the facility is available to be drawn by or before November 2018, and the aggregate term loan facility matures in March 2021. The facility is guaranteed by First Solar, Inc. and secured by pledges of certain of First Solar Japan GK’s accounts. As of December 31, 2017, there was no balance outstanding on the term loan facility.

Marikal and Mahabubnagar Credit Facilities

In March 2015, Marikal Solar Parks Private Limited and Mahabubnagar Solar Parks Private Limited, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries and project companies, entered into term loan facilities (the “Marikal and Mahabubnagar Credit Facilities”) with Axis Bank as administrative agent for combined aggregate borrowings up to INR 1.1 billion ($17.2 million) for the development and construction of two 10 MW PV solar power plants located in Telangana, India. The term loan facilities had a letter of credit sub-limit of INR 0.8 billion ($12.5 million), which was used to support



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construction activities. In December 2017, we completed the sale of our Mahabubnagar project, and its outstanding term loan balance of $7.4 million was assumed by the customer. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had issued zero and INR 0.8 billion ($11.2 million), respectively, of letters of credit under the facilities. The remaining term loan facility (the “Marikal Credit Facility”) matures in December 2028 and is secured by certain assets of the borrower, which had an aggregate book value of $89.7 million, including intercompany charges, as of December 31, 2017 and by a pledge of a portion of the equity interests in the borrower. In addition, the Marikal Credit Facility is guaranteed by First Solar, Inc. until certain conditions are met, including the repayment of an intercompany loan to the project company. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the balance outstanding on the term loan facilities was $7.4 million and $4.1 million, respectively.

Polepally Credit Facility

In March 2016, Polepally Solar Parks Private Limited, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary and project company, entered into a term loan facility (the “Polepally Credit Facility”)credit agreement with AxisNomura Capital Investment Co., Ltd. and Aozora Bank, as administrative agentLtd. for aggregate borrowings up to INR 1.3¥21.5 billion ($20.4168.1 million) for costs related tothe development and construction of a 2553 MWAC PV solar power plant located in Telangana, India.Tochigi, Japan. The credit facility consisted of an ¥18.8 billion ($146.6 million) term loan facility, had a letter of credit sub-limit of INR 1.1¥1.9 billion ($17.215.1 million), which was used for project related costs. consumption tax facility, and a ¥0.8 billion ($6.4 million) debt service reserve facility. In December 2017,June 2022, we completed the sale of our PolepallyJapan project development business, and itsthe credit facility’s outstanding term loan balance of $1.5$107.2 million was assumed by the customer. AsPAG. See Note 3. “Sales of December 31, 2016, we had issued INR 1.0 billion ($15.3 million)Businesses” to our consolidated financial statements for further information about this transaction.
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HindupurYatsubo Credit Facility


In November 2016, Hindupur Solar Parks Private Limited,May 2022, FS Japan Project 24 GK (“Yatsubo”), our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary and project company, entered into a credit agreement with Nomura Capital Investment Co., Ltd. and Aozora Bank, Ltd. for aggregate borrowings up to ¥10.9 billion ($85.0 million) for the development and construction of a 26 MWAC PV solar power plant located in Tochigi, Japan. The credit agreement consisted of a ¥9.5 billion ($74.2 million) term loan facility, (the “Hindupur Credit Facility”) with Yes Bank Limiteda ¥1.0 billion ($7.6 million) consumption tax facility, and a ¥0.4 billion ($3.2 million) debt service reserve facility. In June 2022, we completed the sale of our Japan project development business, and the credit facility’s outstanding balance of $70.0 million was assumed by PAG. See Note 3. “Sales of Businesses” to our consolidated financial statements for borrowings up to INR 4.3 billion ($67.3 million) for costs related to an 80 MW portfolio of PV solar power plants located in Andhra Pradesh, India. The term loan facility has a letter of credit sub-limit of INR 3.2 billion ($50.1 million), which may also be used for project related costs. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had issued INR 2.9 billion ($45.4 million) and zero, respectively, of letters of credit under the term loan facility. The term loan facility matures in December 2030 and is secured by certain assets of the borrower, which had an aggregate book value of $101.4 million, including intercompany charges, as of December 31, 2017 and by a pledge of a portion of the equity interests in the borrower. In addition, the term loan facility is guaranteed by First Solar, Inc. until certain conditions are met, including the achievement of commercial operations by the plants and various other compliance and performance metrics. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the balance outstanding on the term loan facility was $18.7 million and zero, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, we were seeking a waiver for a technical noncompliance related to the Hindupur Credit Facility.further information about this transaction.


ManildraOrido Credit Facility


In March 2017, Manildra Finco Pty Ltd,May 2022, FS Japan Project B5 GK (“Orido”), our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary and project financing company, entered into a term loancredit agreement (the “Manildra Credit Facility”) with Société Générale S.A.Nomura Capital Investment Co., Ltd. and TheAozora Bank, of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. for aggregate borrowings up to AUD 81.7 million¥5.3 billion ($63.841.3 million) for costs related tothe development and construction of a 4914 MWAC PV solar power plant located in New South Wales, Australia.Tochigi, Japan. The credit facility consistsagreement consisted of an AUD 75.7 milliona ¥4.6 billion ($59.136.0 million) construction loan facility and an additional AUD 6.0 million ($4.7 million) goods and service tax facility (“GST facility”) to fund certain taxes associated with the construction of the associated project. Upon completion of the project’s construction, the construction loan facility will convert to a term loan facility, which matures in March 2022. The GSTa ¥0.5 billion ($3.6 million) consumption tax facility, matures in March 2019. Theand a ¥0.2 billion ($1.7 million) debt service reserve facility. In June 2022, we completed the sale of our Japan project development business, and the credit facility is securedfacility’s outstanding balance of $18.0 million was assumed by pledgesPAG. See Note 3. “Sales of the borrower’s assets, accounts, material project documents, and by the equity interests in the entity. Businesses” to our consolidated financial statements for further information about this transaction.

Interest Rate Risk

As of December 31, 2017, the balance outstanding on the term loan facility was $62.5 million.




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Variable Interest Rate Risk

Certain of2022, our long-term debt agreements bear interest at prime, LIBOR, TIBOR, Bank Bill Swap Bid Rate (“BBSY”), or equivalent variable rates. A disruption of the credit environment, as previously experienced, could negatively impact interbank lending and, therefore, negatively impact these floating rates. An increase in prime, LIBOR, TIBOR, BBSY, or equivalent variable rates would increase the cost of borrowing under our Revolving Credit Facility and certain project specific debt financings.

Our long-term debt borrowing rates as of December 31, 2017 were as follows:
Loan AgreementDecember 31, 2017Interest RateEffective Interest Rate
RevolvingIndia Credit Facility3.56%
Luz del Norte Credit Facilities (1)Fixed rate loans at bank rate plus 3.50%
Variable rate loans at 91-Day U.S. Treasury BillConstant Maturity Yield or LIBOR plus 3.50%
Ishikawa Credit Agreement1.75%Senior loan facility at 6-month TIBOR plus 0.75% (2)
Consumption tax facility at 3-month TIBOR plus 0.5%
Japan Credit Facility1-month TIBOR plus 0.5%
Tochigi Credit Facility3-month TIBOR plus 1.0%
Marikal Credit FacilityBank rate plus 2.35%
Hindupur Credit FacilityBank rate plus 1.0%
Manildra Credit FacilityConstruction loan facility at 1-month BBSY plus 1.70% (2)
GST facility at 1-month BBSY plus 1.60%
Capital lease obligationsVarious4.96%
——————————
(1)Outstanding balance comprised of $165.4 million of fixed rate loans and $20.3 million of variable rate loans as of December 31, 2017.

(2)We have entered into interest rate swap contracts to hedge portions of these variable rates. See Note 10. “Derivative Financial Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.


During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015,2020, we paid $10.2$11.6 million, $4.3$12.7 million, and $15.2$14.9 million, respectively, of interest related to our long-term debt arrangements.


Future Principal Payments


At December 31, 2017,2022, the future principal payments on our long-term debt excluding payments related to capital leases, were due as follows (in thousands):
Total Debt
2023$— 
202413,117 
202533,633 
202633,633 
202733,652 
Thereafter70,965 
Total long-term debt future principal payments$185,000 

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  Total Debt
2018 $13,062
2019 11,137
2020 19,639
2021 10,179
2022 58,898
Thereafter 293,473
Total long-term debt future principal payments $406,388




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15.12. Commitments and Contingencies


Commercial Commitments


During the normal course of business, we enter into commercial commitments in the form of letters of credit bank guarantees, and surety bonds to provide financial and performance assurance to third parties. Our amended and restated Revolving Credit Facility provides us with a sub-limit of $400.0 million to issue letters of credit, subject to certain additional limits depending on the currencies of the letters of credit, at a fee based on the applicable margin for Eurocurrency revolving loans and a fronting fee. As of December 31, 2017, we had $57.5 million in2022, the majority of these commercial commitments supported our modules business.

As of December 31, 2022, the issued and outstanding amounts and available capacities under these commitments were as follows (in millions):
Issued and OutstandingAvailable Capacity
Bilateral facilities (1)$117.4 $98.8 
Surety bonds9.1 232.8 
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(1)Of the total letters of credit issued under our Revolving Credit Facility, leaving $342.5 million of availability for the issuance of additional letters of credit. The majority of these letters of credit supported our systems projects. As of December 31, 2017, we also had $1.8 million of bank guarantees and letters of credit under separate agreements that were posted by certain of our foreign subsidiaries, $201.0 million of letters of credit issued under two bilateral facilities, of which $2.3$5.5 million was secured with cash, and $209.4 million of surety bonds outstanding primarily for our systems projects. The available bonding capacity under our surety lines was $507.6 million as of December 31, 2017.cash.


In addition to the commercial commitments noted above, we have also issued certain commercial letters of credit, also known as letters of undertaking, under our Marikal and Mahabubnagar Credit Facilities, Polepally Credit Facility, and Hindupur Credit Facility as discussed in Note 14. “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements. Such commercial letters of credit represent conditional commitments on the part of the issuing financial institution to provide payment on amounts drawn in accordance with the terms of the individual documents. As part of the financing of the associated systems projects, we presented these commercial letters of credit to other financial institutions, whereby we received immediate funding and the other financial institutions agreed to settle such letters at a future date. At the time of settlement, the balance of the commercial letters of credit will be included in the balance outstanding of the respective credit facility. In the periods between the receipt of cash and the subsequent settlement of the commercial letters of credit, we accrue interest on the balance or otherwise accrete any discounted value of the letters to their face value and record such amounts as “Interest expense, net” on our consolidated statements of operations. In December 2017, we completed the sale of our Polepally project, and the outstanding letters of credit of $15.3 million under the Polepally Credit Facility were assumed by the customer. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we accrued $43.4 million and $26.6 million, respectively, for contingent obligations associated with such commercial letters of credit. These amounts were classified as “Other liabilities” on our consolidated balance sheets to align with the timing in which we expect to settle such obligations as payments under the associated credit facilities.

Lease Commitments

We lease our corporate headquarters, administrative offices, R&D facilities, and warehouse space in the United States and international locations under noncancelable operating leases. We also hold various land leases for the development and construction of systems projects and, in international locations, for certain of our manufacturing facilities. These leases may require us to pay property taxes, common area maintenance, and certain other costs in addition to base rent. We also lease certain machinery and equipment under operating and capital leases. Future minimum payments under all of our noncancelable leases were as follows as of December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
  2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter Total Minimum Lease Payments
Gross operating lease obligations $14,393
 $11,263
 $10,998
 $10,192
 $9,962
 $206,548
 $263,356
Sublease income (906) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (906)
Net operating lease obligations $13,487
 $11,263
 $10,998
 $10,192
 $9,962
 $206,548
 $262,450

Our rent expense was $22.1 million, $24.5 million, and $22.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.




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Purchase Commitments

We purchase raw materials, manufacturing equipment, construction materials, and various services from a variety of vendors. During the normal course of business, in order to manage manufacturing and construction lead times and help ensure an adequate supply of certain items, we enter into agreements with suppliers that either allow us to procure goods and services when we choose or that establish purchase requirements over the term of the agreement. In certain instances, our purchase agreements allow us to cancel, reschedule, or adjust our purchase requirements based on our business needs prior to firm orders being placed. Consequently, only a portion of our purchase commitments are firm and noncancelable. At December 31, 2017, our obligations under such arrangements were $708.1 million, of which $431.2 million related to capital expenditures. We expect to make $635.6 million of payments under these purchase obligations in 2018.

Product Warranties


When we recognize revenue for modulesales of modules or system sales,projects, we accrue liabilities for the estimated future costs of meeting our limited warranty obligations for both modules and the balance of the systems. We estimate our limited product warranty liability for power output and defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service conditions based on return rates for each series of module technology. We make and revise these estimates based primarily on the number of solar modules under warranty installed at customer locations, our historical experience with and projections of warranty claims, our monitoring of field installation sites, our internal testing and the expected future performance of our solar modules and BoS parts, and our estimated per-module replacement costs. We also monitor our expected future module performance through certain quality and reliability testing and actual performance in certain field installation sites. From time to time, we have taken remediation actions with respect to affected modules beyond our limited warranties and may elect to do so in the future, in which case we would incur additional expenses. Such potential voluntary future remediation actions beyond our limited warranty obligations may be material to our consolidated statements of operations if we commit to any such remediation actions.


Product warranty activities during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 were as follows (in thousands):
 202220212020
Product warranty liability, beginning of period$52,553 $95,096 $129,797 
Accruals for new warranties issued4,727 9,266 9,424 
Settlements(12,690)(12,337)(22,464)
Changes in estimate of product warranty liability(10,803)(39,472)(21,661)
Product warranty liability, end of period$33,787 $52,553 $95,096 
Current portion of warranty liability$10,660 $13,598 $22,278 
Noncurrent portion of warranty liability$23,127 $38,955 $72,818 

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  2017 2016 2015
Product warranty liability, beginning of period $252,408
 $231,751
 $223,057
Accruals for new warranties issued 23,313
 35,256
 50,040
Settlements (11,329) (16,266) (13,392)
Changes in estimate of product warranty liability (40,118) 1,667
 (27,954)
Product warranty liability, end of period $224,274
 $252,408
 $231,751
Current portion of warranty liability $28,767
 $40,079
 $38,468
Noncurrent portion of warranty liability $195,507
 $212,329
 $193,283
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During the year ended December 31, 2017,2022 and 2021, we revised our limited product warranty liability estimate based on updated information regarding our warranty claims, which reduced our product warranty liability by $31.3$10.2 million and $33.1 million, respectively. This updated information reflected lower-than-expected warranty claims for our older series of module technology as a result of a reduction inwell as the estimated replacement costevolving claims profile of our modules under warranty. Such changenewest series of module technology, resulting in reductions to our projected module return rates. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we revised this estimate was primarily driven by continued reductions in the manufacturing cost per watt ofbased on updated information regarding our solar modules.

We estimatewarranty claims, which reduced our limited product warranty liability by $19.7 million. This updated information reflected lower-than-expected settlements for power output and defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service conditions based on warranty return rates of approximately 1% to 3% for modules covered under warranty, depending on theour older series of module technology. As of December 31, 2017,technology and revisions to projected settlements, resulting in a 1% change in estimated warrantylower projected return rates would change our module warranty liability by $71.0 million, and a 1% change in the estimated warranty return rate for BoS parts would not have a material impact on the associated warranty liability.rate.

Performance Guarantees

As part of our systems business, we conduct performance testing of a system prior to substantial completion to confirm the system meets its operational and capacity expectations noted in the EPC agreement. In addition, we may provide an energy performance test during the first or second year of a system’s operation to demonstrate that the actual energy generation for the applicable period meets or exceeds the modeled energy expectation, after certain adjustments. If there is an underperformance event with regards to these tests, we may incur liquidated damages as a percentage of the



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EPC contract price. In certain instances, a bonus payment may be received at the end of the applicable test period if the system performs above a specified level. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we accrued $2.1 million and $6.3 million, respectively, of estimated obligations under such arrangements, which were classified as “Other current liabilities” in our consolidated balance sheets.

As part of our O&M service offerings, we typically offer an effective availability guarantee, which stipulates that a system will be available to generate a certain percentage of total possible energy during a specific period after adjusting for factors outside of our control as the service provider, such as weather, curtailment, outages, force majeure, and other conditions that may affect system availability. Effective availability guarantees are only offered as part of our O&M services and terminate at the end of an O&M arrangement. If we fail to meet the contractual threshold for these guarantees, we may incur liquidated damages for certain lost energy under the PPA. Our O&M agreements typically contain provisions limiting our total potential losses under an agreement, including amounts paid for liquidated damages, to a percentage of O&M fees. Many of our O&M agreements also contain provisions whereby we may receive a bonus payment if system availability exceeds a separate threshold. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we did not accrue any estimated obligations under our effective availability guarantees.


Indemnifications


In certain limited circumstances, we have provided indemnifications to customers including project tax equity investors,or other parties under which we are contractually obligated to compensate such parties for losses they suffer resulting from a breach of a representation, warranty, or covenantcovenant; the resolution of specific matters associated with a project’s development or construction; or guarantees of a reduction in tax benefits received, including investment tax credits. Project related tax benefits are, in part, based on guidance provided by the Internal Revenue Service and U.S. Treasury Department, which includes assumptions regarding the fair value of qualifying PV solar power systems.third party’s payment or performance obligations. For any sales contracts that have such indemnification provisions, we initially recognize a liability under ASC 460Guarantees, for the estimated premium that would be required by a guarantor to issue the same indemnity in a standalone arm’s-length transaction with an unrelated party. We recognize such liabilities at the greater of the fair value of the indemnity or the contingent liability required to be recognized under ASC 450, Contingencies, and reduce the revenue recognized in the related transaction.

As applicable, we initially estimate the fair value of any such indemnities provided basedmay base these estimates on the cost of insurance policiesor other instruments that cover the underlying risks being indemnified and may purchase such policiesinstruments to mitigate our exposure to potential indemnification payments. We subsequently measure such liabilities at the greater of the initially estimated premium or the contingent liability required to be recognized under ASC 450. We recognize any indemnification liabilities as a reduction of earnings associated with the related transaction.

After an indemnification liability is recorded, we derecognize such amount pursuant to ASC 460-10-35-2460 depending on the nature of the indemnity, which derecognition typically occurs upon expiration or settlement of the arrangement, and any contingent aspects of the indemnity are accounted for in accordance with ASC 450. Changes to any such indemnification liabilities provided are recorded as adjustments to revenue. In September 2017, we paid $100.0 million to a purchaser of one of our projects pursuant to an indemnification provision following the underpayment of anticipated cash grants for the project. As of December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, we accrued $2.9$2.5 million and $100.0$3.8 million of current indemnification liabilities, respectively, and $4.9 million and $1.9 million of noncurrent indemnification liabilities, respectively, for tax related indemnifications.respectively. As of December 31, 2017,2022, the maximum potential amount of future payments under our tax related indemnifications was $125.2$97.1 million, and we held insurance policiesand other instruments allowing us to recover up to $84.9$28.0 million of potential amounts paid under the indemnifications coveredindemnifications.

In September 2017, we made an indemnification payment in connection with the sale of one of our projects following the underpayment of anticipated cash grants by the policies.United States government. In February 2018, the associated project entity commenced legal action against the United States government seeking full payment of the cash grants. In May 2021, the parties reached an agreement, pursuant to which the United States government made a settlement payment to the project entity. Under the terms of the indemnification arrangement, we received $65.1 million for our portion of the settlement payment, which we recorded as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2021.


Contingent ConsiderationSolar Module Collection and Recycling Liability


As partWe previously established a module collection and recycling program, which has since been discontinued, to collect and recycle modules sold and covered under such program once the modules reach the end of our Enki acquisition in October 2016,their service lives. For legacy customer sales contracts that are covered under this program, we agreed to pay additional considerationthe costs for the collection and recycling of upqualifying solar modules, and the end-users agreed to $7.0notify us, disassemble their solar power systems, package the solar modules for shipment, and revert ownership rights over the modules back to us at the end of the modules’ service lives. Accordingly, we recorded any collection and recycling obligations within “Cost of sales” at the time of sale based on the estimated cost to collect and recycle the covered solar modules.

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We estimate the cost of our collection and recycling obligations based on the present value of the expected future cost of collecting and recycling the solar modules, which includes estimates for the cost of packaging materials; the cost of freight from the solar module installation sites to a recycling center; material, labor, and capital costs; and by-product credits for certain materials recovered during the recycling process. We base these estimates on our experience collecting and recycling solar modules and certain assumptions regarding costs at the time the solar modules will be collected and recycled. In the periods between the time of sale and the related settlement of the collection and recycling obligation, we accrete the carrying amount of the associated liability and classify the corresponding expense within “Selling, general and administrative” expense on our consolidated statements of operations.

We periodically review our estimates of expected future recycling costs and may adjust our liability accordingly. Such adjustments are presented within “Cost of sales” on our consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we completed our annual cost study of obligations under our module collection and recycling program and reduced the associated liability by $7.5 million primarily due to lower estimated capital and chemical costs resulting from improvements to our module recycling technology. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we completed our annual cost study of obligations under our module collection and recycling program and increased the associated liability by $10.8 million primarily due to lower estimated by-product credits for certain semiconductor materials recovered during the recycling process and updates to certain valuation assumptions. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we completed our annual cost study of obligations under our module collection and recycling program and reduced the associated liability by $18.9 million primarily due to changes to the selling shareholders contingent uponestimated timing of cash flows associated with capital, labor, and maintenance costs and updates to certain valuation assumptions.

Our module collection and recycling liability was $128.1 million and $139.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During the achievementyears ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we recognized accretion expense of certain production$5.5 million, $5.4 million and module performance milestones. In December 2017, we paid $3.5$5.2 million, to the selling shareholders as a result of the achievement of the first performance milestone.respectively, associated with this liability. See Note 5. “Business Acquisitions”6. “Restricted Marketable Securities” to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion ofmore information about our arrangements for funding this acquisition. As of December 31, 2017, we accrued $1.8 million of current liabilities for our contingent obligations associated with the Enki acquisition based on their estimated fair values and the expected timing of payment. As of December 31, 2016, we accrued $7.0 million of long-term liabilities for such obligations.liability.




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We continually seek to make additions to our advanced-stage project pipeline by actively developing our early-to-mid-stage project pipeline and by pursuing opportunities to acquire projects at various stages of development. In connection with such project acquisitions, we may agree to pay additional amounts to project sellers upon the achievement of certain milestones, such as obtaining a PPA, obtaining financing, or selling the project to a new owner. We recognize a project acquisition contingent liability when we determine that such a liability is both probable and reasonably estimable, and the carrying amount of the related project asset is correspondingly increased. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we accrued $4.4 million and $19.6 million of current liabilities, respectively, and $3.2 million and $3.5 million of long-term liabilities, respectively, for such contingent obligations. Any future differences between the acquisition-date contingent obligation estimate and the ultimate settlement of the obligation are recognized as an adjustment to the project asset, as contingent payments are considered direct and incremental to the underlying value of the related project.

Legal Proceedings


Class Action


On March 15, 2012,January 7, 2022, a purportedputative class action lawsuit titled SmilovitsCity of Pontiac General Employees’ Retirement System v. First Solar, Inc., et al., Case No. 2:12-cv-00555-DGC,22-cv-00036-MTL, was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona (hereafter “Arizona District Court”) against the Company and certain of our current and former directors and officers.officers (collectively, “Putative Class Action Defendants”). The complaint was filed on behalf of persons who purchased or otherwise acquired the Company’s publicly traded securitiesa purported class consisting of all purchasers of First Solar common stock between April 30, 2008February 22, 2019 and February 28, 2012 (the “Class Action”).20, 2020, inclusive. The complaint generally alleges that the defendants violatedasserts violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 by makingand Rule 10b-5 based on allegedly false and misleading statements regardingrelated to the Company’s financial performanceSeries 6 solar modules and prospects. The action includes claims forits project development business. It seeks unspecified damages including interest, and an award of reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees to the putative class. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses and will vigorously defend this action.

expenses. On July 23, 2012,April 25, 2022, the Arizona District Court issued an order appointing the Palm Harbor Special Fire Control & Rescue District Firefighters’ Pension Plan and the Greater Pennsylvania Carpenters’ Pension Fund as lead plaintiffs in the Class Action the Mineworkers’ Pension Scheme and British Coal Staff Superannuation Scheme (collectively “Pension Schemes”). The Pension SchemesLead Plaintiffs. On June 23, 2022, Lead Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on August 17, 2012, which contains similar allegationsAmended Complaint that brings the same claims and seeks similarthe same relief as the original complaint. Putative Class Action Defendants filed a motion to dismiss on September 14, 2012. On December 17, 2012,August 22, 2022. Lead Plaintiffs filed their opposition to the court denied defendants’ motion to dismiss.dismiss on October 21, 2022. Putative Class Action Defendants filed a reply in support of their motion to dismiss on November 21, 2022. On October 8, 2013,January 10, 2023, the Arizona District Court granted the Pension Schemes’Putative Class Action Defendants’ motion for class certification, and certifiedto dismiss in full, with leave to amend by February 10, 2023. On February 10, 2023, Lead Plaintiffs filed a class comprised of all persons who purchased or otherwise acquired publicly traded securities of the Company between April 30, 2008 and February 28, 2012 and were damaged thereby, excluding defendants and certain related parties. Merits discovery closed on February 27, 2015.

Second Amended Complaint. Putative Class Action Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment on March 27, 2015. On August 11, 2015, the Arizona District Court granted defendants’ motion in part and denied it in part, and certified an issue for immediate appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals (the “Ninth Circuit”). First Solar filed a petition for interlocutory appeal with the Ninth Circuit, and that petition was granted on November 18, 2015. On May 20, 2016, the Pension Schemes moved to vacate the order granting the petition, dismiss the appeal, and stay the merits briefing schedule. On December 13, 2016, the Ninth Circuit denied the Pension Schemes’ motion. On January 31, 2018, the Ninth Circuit issued an opinion affirming the Arizona District Court’s order denying in part defendants’ motion for summary judgment.Second Amended Complaint on February 24, 2023. Given the need for further expert discovery, andearly stage of the uncertainties of trial,litigation, at this time we are not in a position to assess whetherthe likelihood of any potential loss or adverse effect on our financial condition is probable or remote or to estimate the amount or range of possible loss, if any, from this action.
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Derivative Action

On September 13, 2022, a derivative action titled Federman v. Widmar, et al., Case No. 2:22-cv-01541-JAT, was filed by a putative stockholder purportedly on behalf of the Company in the Arizona District Court against our current directors and certain officers of the Company (collectively, “Derivative Action Defendants”), alleging violations of Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, breach of fiduciary duties, contribution and indemnification, aiding and abetting, and gross mismanagement. The complaint generally alleges that the Derivative Action Defendants caused or allowed false and misleading statements to be made concerning the Company’s Series 6 modules and project development business. The action includes claims for, among other things, damages in favor of the Company and an award of costs and expenses to the putative plaintiff stockholder, including attorneys’ fees. The Company believes that the plaintiff in the derivative action lacks standing to pursue litigation on behalf of First Solar. On February 17, 2023, the case was transferred to Judge Liburdi, who is also presiding over the related putative class action. The plaintiff in the derivative action intends to file an amended derivative complaint, which the parties have jointly stipulated will be due by March 10, 2023. Given the early stage of the litigation, at this time we are not in a position to assess the likelihood of any potential loss or adverse effect on our financial condition or to estimate the amount or range of possible loss, if any.any, from this action.


Opt-OutOpt Out Action


On June 23, 2015,First Solar was party to a suit titled Maverick Fund, L.D.C. v. First Solar, Inc., et al., Case No. 2:15-cv-01156-ROS, was filed in 2015 in the Arizona District Court by putative stockholders that opted out of our previously settled class action lawsuit.

In July 2020, the Classparties executed a definitive settlement agreement pursuant to which First Solar agreed to pay a total of $19 million in exchange for mutual releases and a dismissal with prejudice of the Opt-Out Action. The complaint names the Company and certainagreement contains no admission of our current and former directors and officers as defendants, and alleges that the defendants violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a)liability, wrongdoing, or responsibility by any of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and violated state law, by making false and misleading statements regarding the Company’s financial performance and prospects. The action includes claims for



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recessionary and actual damages, interest, punitive damages, and an award of reasonable attorneys’ fees, expert fees, and costs. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses and will vigorously defend this action.defendants. On July 30, 2020, First Solar funded the settlement, and on July 31, 2020, the individual defendants have not yet responded to the complaint. Accordingly, we are not in a position to assess whether any loss or adverse effect on our financial condition is probable or remote or to estimate the range of potential loss, if any.

Derivative Actions

On April 3, 2012, a derivative action titled Tsevegmid v. Ahearn, et al., Case No. 1:12-cv-00417-CJB, was filed by a putative stockholder on behalf of the Company in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware (hereafter “Delaware District Court”) against certain current and former directors and officers of the Company, alleging breach of fiduciary duties and unjust enrichment. The complaint generally alleges that from June 1, 2008, to March 7, 2012, the defendants caused or allowed false and misleading statements to be made concerning the Company’s financial performance and prospects. The action includes claims for, among other things, damages in favor of the Company, certain corporate actions to purportedly improve the Company’s corporate governance, and an award of costs and expenses to the putative plaintiff stockholder, including attorneys’ fees. On April 10, 2012, a second derivative complaint was filed in the Delaware District Court. The complaint, titled Brownlee v. Ahearn, et al., Case No. 1:12-cv-00456-CJB, contains similar allegations and seeks similar relief to the Tsevegmid action. By court order on April 30, 2012, pursuant to the parties’ stipulation, the Tsevegmid action and the Brownlee action were consolidated into a single action in the Delaware District Court. On May 15, 2012, defendantsparties filed a motion to challenge Delaware as the appropriate venue for the consolidated action. On March 4, 2013, the magistrate judge issued a Report and Recommendation recommending to the court that defendants’ motion be granted and that the case be transferred to the Arizona District Court. On July 12, 2013, the court adopted the magistrate judge’s Report and Recommendation and ordered the case transferred to the Arizona District Court. The transfer was completed on July 15, 2013.

On April 12, 2012, a derivative complaint was filed in the Arizona District Court, titled Tindall v. Ahearn, et al., Case No. 2:12-cv-00769-ROS. In addition to alleging claims and seeking relief similar to the claims and relief asserted in the Tsevegmid and Brownlee actions, the Tindall complaint alleges violationsjoint stipulation of Sections 14(a) and 20(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. On April 19, 2012, a second derivative complaint was filed in the Arizona District Court, titled Nederhood v. Ahearn, et al., Case No. 2:12-cv-00819-JWS. The Nederhood complaint contains similar allegations and seeks similar relief to the Tsevegmid and Brownlee actions. On May 17, 2012 and May 30, 2012, respectively, two additional derivative complaints, containing similar allegations and seeking similar relief as the Nederhood complaint, were filed in Arizona District Court: Morris v. Ahearn, et al., Case No. 2:12-cv-01031-JAT and Tan v. Ahearn, et al., 2:12-cv-01144-NVW.

On July 17, 2012, the Arizona District Court issued an order granting First Solar’s motion to transfer the derivative actions to Judge David Campbell, the judge to whom the Smilovits class action is assigned. On August 8, 2012, the court consolidated the four derivative actions pending in Arizona District Court, and on August 31, 2012, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint. Defendants filed a motion to stay the action on September 14, 2012. On December 17, 2012, the Arizona District Court granted defendants’ motion to stay pending resolution of the Smilovits class action. On August 13, 2013, Judge Campbell consolidated the two derivative actions transferred from the Delaware District Court with the stayed Arizona derivative actions. On February 19, 2016, the Arizona District Court issued an order lifting the stay in part. Pursuant to the February 19, 2016 order, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on March 11, 2016, and defendants filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint on April 1, 2016. On June 30, 2016, the Arizona District Court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss the insider trading and unjust enrichment claims with prejudice, and further granted defendants’ motion to dismiss the claims for alleged breaches of fiduciary duties with leave to amend. On July 15, 2016, plaintiffs filed a motion to reconsider certain aspects of the order granting defendants’ motion to dismiss. The Arizona District Court denied the plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration on August 4, 2016. On July 15, 2016, plaintiffs filed a motion to intervene, lift the stay, and unseal documents in the securities Class Action.dismissal. On September 30, 2016, the Arizona District Court denied plaintiffs’ motion. On October 17, 2016, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal to the Ninth Circuit of the September 30, 2016 order (the “Intervention Appeal”). On October 27, 2016, plaintiffs filed a motion to extend the October 31, 2016 deadline to file an amended complaint. On November 29, 2016,



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the Arizona District Court denied plaintiffs’ request and directed the clerk to terminate the action. On January 23, 2017,10, 2020, the Arizona District Court entered judgment in favoran order dismissing the case with prejudice. As of defendants and terminated theDecember 31, 2019, we accrued $13 million of estimated losses for this action. On January 27, 2017, plaintiffs filedAs a notice of appeal to the Ninth Circuit (the “Merits Appeal”). On January 22, 2018, the Ninth Circuit ruled in favor of First Solar in the Intervention Appeal, and dismissed that appeal. Briefing and oral argument on the Merits Appeal is now complete and the parties are awaiting an opinion from the Ninth Circuit.

On July 16, 2013, a derivative complaint was filed in the Superior Court of Arizona, Maricopa County, titled Bargar, et al. v. Ahearn, et al., Case No. CV2013-009938, by a putative stockholder against certain current and former directors and officersresult of the Company. The complaint contains similar allegations tosettlement, we accrued an incremental $6 million litigation loss during the Delaware and Arizona derivative cases, and includes claims for, among other things, breach of fiduciary duties, insider trading, unjust enrichment, and waste of corporate assets. By court order on October 3, 2013, the Superior Court of Arizona, Maricopa County granted the parties’ stipulation to defer defendants’ response to the complaint pending resolution of the Smilovits class action or expiration of the stay issued in the consolidated derivative actions in the Arizona District Court. On November 5, 2013, the matter was placed on the court’s inactive calendar. The parties have jointly sought and obtained multiple requests to continue the stay in this action. Most recently, on October 25, 2017, the court entered an order continuing the stay until Marchyear ended December 31, 2018.2020.


The Company believes that plaintiffs in the derivative actions lack standing to pursue litigation on behalf of First Solar. The derivative actions are still in the initial stages and there has been no discovery. Accordingly, we are not in a position to assess whether any loss or adverse effect on our financial condition is probable or remote or to estimate the range of potential loss, if any.

Other Matters and Claims


On July 12, 2021, Southern Power Company and certain of its affiliates (“Southern”) filed an arbitration demand with the American Arbitration Association against two subsidiaries of the Company, alleging breach of the EPC agreements for five projects in the United States, for which the Company’s subsidiaries served as EPC contractor. The arbitration demand asserts breach of obligations to design and engineer the projects in accordance with the EPC agreements, particularly as such obligations relate to the procurement of tracker systems and inverters. The Company and its subsidiaries deny the claims, and defended the claims in arbitration hearings, which concluded in late February 2023. At this time, the Company believes that Southern is seeking damages of approximately $60 million. The parties are in the process of submitting post-hearing briefs and proposals, which are due in early May 2023. The arbitration panel will choose from the parties’ proposals by issuing an award later this year. At this time, given the inherent risks and uncertainties involved in arbitration, we believe the likelihood of a potential loss is reasonably possible, but we are unable to estimate the amount or range of potential loss, if any, from this arbitration.

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During the year ended December 31, 2022, we received several indemnification demands from certain customers, for whom we provided EPC services, regarding claims that such customers’ PV tracker systems infringe, in part, on patents owned by Sade, the owner of a company called Trabant Solar, Inc. In January 2023, we were notified by two of our customers that Sade served them with patent infringement complaints, and we have assumed the defense of these claims. We have conducted due diligence on the patents and claims and believe that we will prevail in the actions. Additionally, we anticipate the commencement of an Inter Partes Review before the United States Patent and Trademark Office seeking to invalidate such claims. Given the early stage of the litigation, at this time we are not in a position to assess the likelihood of any potential loss or adverse effect on our financial condition or to estimate the amount or range of possible loss, if any, from these actions.

We are party to other legal matters and claims in the normal course of our operations. While we believe the ultimate outcome of suchthese matters and claims will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows, the outcome of such matters and claims is not determinable with certainty, and negative outcomes may adversely affect us.


16.13. Revenue from Contracts with Customers


The following table represents apresents the disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 along with the reportable segment for each category (in thousands):
Category Segment 2017 2016 2015CategorySegment202220212020
Solar modules Modules $806,398
 $675,453
 $227,461
Solar modulesModules$2,428,278 $2,331,380 $1,736,060 
Solar power systems Systems 1,927,122
 1,131,961
 2,052,076
Solar power systemsOther153,290 513,362 794,797 
EPC services Systems 45,525
 892,814
 1,388,445
Energy generation (1)Energy generation (1)Other25,756 37,614 61,948 
O&M services Systems 101,024
 93,476
 103,827
O&M servicesOther11,995 43,060 115,590 
Module plus Systems 3,236
 84,926
 331,053
Energy generation (1) Systems 58,019
 25,933
 9,788
EPC services (2)EPC services (2)Other— (2,039)2,937 
Net sales $2,941,324
 $2,904,563
 $4,112,650
Net sales$2,619,319 $2,923,377 $2,711,332 
——————————
(1)The majority of energy generated and sold by our PV solar power systems was accounted for under ASC 840 consistent with the classification of the associated PPAs.

(1)During the year ended December 31, 2020, the majority of energy generated and sold by our PV solar power systems was accounted for under ASC 840 consistent with the classification of the associated PPAs.

(2)For certain of our EPC agreements, we provide an energy performance test during the first or second year of a system’s operation to demonstrate that the actual energy generation for the applicable period meets or exceeds the modeled energy expectation, after certain adjustments. If there is an underperformance event with regard to these tests, we may incur liquidated damages as specified in the applicable EPC agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we accrued liquidated damages for certain of these agreements, which we recognized as a reduction to revenue.

We generallyrecognize revenue for module sales at a point in time following the transfer of control of the modules to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. Such contracts may contain provisions that require us to make liquidated damage payments to the customer if we fail to ship or deliver modules by scheduled dates. We recognize these liquidated damages as a reduction of revenue in the period we transfer control of the modules to the customer.

We recognize revenue for sales of development projects or completed systems when we enter into the associated sales contract. For certain prior project sales, including sales of solar power systems and/orwith EPC services, over time using cost based input methods, in whichsuch revenue included estimated amounts of variable consideration. These estimates may require significant judgment is required to evaluate assumptions includingdetermine the most likely amount of net contract revenues and the total estimated costs to determine our progress towards contract completion and to calculate the corresponding amount of revenue to recognize. If the estimated total costs on any contract are greater than the net contract revenues, we recognize the entire estimated loss in the period the loss becomes known.revenues. The cumulative effect of revisions to



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estimates related to net contract revenues or costs to complete contracts areis recorded in the period in which the revisions to estimates are identified and the amounts can be reasonably estimated.

Changes in estimates for sales of systems and EPC services occur for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to (i) construction plan accelerations or delays, (ii) module cost forecast changes, (iii) cost related change orders, or (iv) changes in other information used to estimate costs. Changes in estimates may have a material effect on our consolidated statements of operations. The following table outlines the impact on revenue of net changes in estimated transaction prices and input costs for systems related sales contracts (both increases and decreases) for During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022 and 2015 as well as the number2021, we recorded revenue of $1.5 million and $71.3 million, respectively, due to net changes in transaction prices for certain projects that comprise such changes. For purposeswe previously sold, which represented 0.9% and 2.1% of the table, we only includeaggregate revenue for such projects, respectively. Changes for the year ended December 31, 2021 were primarily due to a $65.1 million settlement of an outstanding indemnification arrangement associated with the prior sale of a project. See Note 12. “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of
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our indemnification arrangements. During the year ended December 31, 2020, revenue decreased $17.0 million due to net changes in transaction prices for certain projects we previously sold, partially offset by a $7.5 million increase in revenue due to net changes in input cost estimates that have a net impact on revenue of at least $1.0 million during the periods presented. Also included in the table is the net change in estimate as a percentagefor such projects, which represented 0.5% of the aggregate revenue for such projects.
  2017 2016 2015
Number of projects 5
 12
 10
       
Increase (decrease) in revenue from net changes in transaction prices (in thousands) $3,579
 $(67,292) $16,255
Increase in revenue from net changes in input cost estimates (in thousands) 5,047
 164,920
 85,409
Net increase in revenue from net changes in estimates (in thousands) $8,626
 $97,628
 $101,664
       
Net change in estimate as a percentage of aggregate revenue for associated projects 0.6% 1.6% 1.9%


The following table reflects the changes in our contract assets, which we classify as “Accounts receivable unbilled” or “Retainage,”unbilled, net” and our contract liabilities, which we classify as “Deferred revenue,” for the year ended December 31, 20172022 (in thousands):
  2017 2016 Change
Accounts receivable, unbilled $172,594
 $200,474
    
Retainage 2,014
 6,265
    
Accounts receivable, unbilled and retainage $174,608
 $206,739
 $(32,131) (16)%
         
Deferred revenue (1) $145,073
 $308,704
 $(163,631) (53)%
 20222021Change
Accounts receivable unbilled, net (1)$42,152 $46,113 $(3,961)(9)%
Deferred revenue$1,207,940 $297,811 $910,129 306 %
——————————
(1)Includes $63.3 million of long-term deferred revenue classified as “Other liabilities” on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017.

Accounts(1)Includes $11.5 million and $20.8 million of noncurrent accounts receivable unbilled, represents a contract asset for revenue that has been recognized in advancenet classified as “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets as of billing the customer, which is common for long-term construction contracts. Billing requirements vary by contract but are generally structured around the completion of certain construction milestones. Some of our EPC contracts for systems we build may also contain retainage provisions. Retainage represents a contract asset for the portion of the contract price earned by us for work performed, but held for payment by the customer as a form of security until we reach certain construction milestones.December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.


When we receive consideration, or such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to transferring goods or services to the customer under the terms of a sales contract, we record deferred revenue, which represents a contract liability. Such deferred revenue typically results from billings in excess of costs incurred on long-term construction contracts and advance payments received on sales of solar modules.

ForDuring the year ended December 31, 2017,2022, our contract assets decreased by $32.1$4.0 million primarily due to final billings on the East Pecosfor certain prior project and additional billings on the Butler and Shams Ma’an projects following the completion of



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substantially all construction activities in 2016, partially offset by unbilled receivables associated with the sale of the California Flats project in 2017. Forsales. During the year ended December 31, 2017,2022, our contract liabilities decreasedincreased by $163.6$910.1 million primarily as a resultdue to advance payments received for sales of solar modules in the completion of the sale of the Moapa project, on which we had received a significant portion of the proceeds in 2016, and revenue recognized from construction on the Helios project following the partial billing of such services in 2016,current year, partially offset by advance payments received onthe recognition of revenue for sales of solar modules.modules for which payment was received in prior years. During the years ended December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, we recognized revenue of $308.6$279.1 million and $98.3$182.0 million, respectively, that was included in the corresponding contract liability balance at the beginning of the periods.


The following table represents our remaining performance obligations as of December 31, 2017 for sales of solar power systems, including uncompleted sold projects, projects under sales contracts subject to conditions precedent, and EPC agreements for partner developed projects that we are constructing or expect to construct. Such table excludes remaining performance obligations for any sales arrangements that had not fully satisfied the criteria to be considered a contract with a customer pursuant to the requirements of ASC 606. We expect to recognize $0.5 billion of revenue for such contracts through the later of the substantial completion or the closing dates of the projects.
Project/Location 
Project Size in MWAC
 Revenue Category EPC Contract/Partner Developed Project Expected Year Revenue Recognition Will Be Completed % of Revenue Recognized
California Flats, California 280
 Solar power systems Capital Dynamics 2018 69%
Florida (multiple locations) 145
 EPC Tampa Electric Company 2018 —%
Cuyama, California 40
 Solar power systems D.E. Shaw Renewable Investments 2018 98%
Japan (multiple locations) 9
 Solar power systems Contracted but not specified 2018 —%
Total 474
        

As of December 31, 2017,2022, we had entered into contracts with customers for the future sale of 6.561.4 GWDC of solar modules for an aggregate transaction price of $2.3 billion. We$17.7 billion, which we expect to recognize such amounts as revenue through 20202029 as we transfer control of the modules to customers, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the termscustomers. Such aggregate transaction price excludes estimates of variable consideration associated with (i) future module technology improvements, including new product designs and enhancements to certain energy related attributes, (ii) the extension of the underlying contracts.ITC, (iii) sales freight in excess of a defined threshold, (iv) changes to certain commodity prices, and (v) the module wattage committed for delivery, among other things. As of December 31, 2017, we had also entered into long-term O&Ma result, the revenue recognized from such contracts covering more than 7 GWDC of utility-scale PV solar power systems. We expect to recognize $0.6 billion of revenue during the noncancelable term of these O&M contracts over a weighted-average period of 11.7 years.

As part of our adoption of ASU 2014-09may increase or decrease in the first quarter of 2017, we elected to use the practical expedient under ASC 606-10-65-1(f)(3), pursuant to which we have excluded disclosures of transaction prices allocated to remaining performance obligations and when we expect to recognize such revenue for allfuture periods priorrelative to the dateoriginal transaction price. These contracts may also be subject to amendments made by us or requested by our customers. These amendments may increase or decrease the volume of initial application of ASU 2014-09.modules to be sold under the contract, change delivery schedules, or otherwise adjust the expected revenue under these contracts.


17.14. Stockholders’ Equity


Preferred Stock


We haveAs of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had authorized 30,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, $0.001 par value, none of which was issued and outstanding at December 31, 2017 and 2016.outstanding. Our board of directors is authorized to determine the rights, preferences, and restrictions on any series of preferred stock that we may issue.


Common Stock


We haveAs of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had authorized 500,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value, of which 104,468,460106,609,094 and 104,034,731106,332,315 shares, respectively, were issued and outstanding at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.outstanding. Each share of common stock is entitled to a single vote. We have not declared or paid any dividends through December 31, 2017.2022.



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18.15. Share-Based Compensation


The following table presents the share-based compensation expense recognized in our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 (in thousands):
 202220212020
Cost of sales (1)$3,174 $892 $3,183 
Selling, general and administrative (1)22,367 19,578 22,093 
Research and development (2)3,080 432 3,991 
Production start-up35 — — 
Total share-based compensation expense$28,656 $20,902 $29,267 
  2017 2016 2015
Cost of sales $6,809
 $7,598
 $10,713
Research and development 5,740
 3,284
 4,109
Selling, general and administrative 22,165
 17,830
 30,052
Production start-up 407
 —
 25
Total share-based compensation expense $35,121
 $28,712
 $44,899
——————————

(1)On March 31, 2021, we completed the sales of our North American O&M operations and U.S. project development business, which resulted in the forfeiture of unvested shares for associates departing the Company as part of the transactions. See Note 3. “Sales of Businesses” to our consolidated financial statements for further information related to these transactions.
The following table presents share-based compensation expense by type
(2)Effective March 15, 2021, our former Chief Technology Officer retired from the Company, which resulted in the forfeiture of award forhis unvested shares during the yearsyear ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 (in thousands):2021.

  2017 2016 2015
Restricted and performance stock units $32,309
 $25,076
 $40,393
Unrestricted stock 1,757
 1,677
 1,326
Stock purchase plan 394
 1,332
 1,254
  34,460
 28,085
 42,973
Net amount released from inventory 661
 627
 1,926
Total share-based compensation expense $35,121
 $28,712
 $44,899

Share-based compensation expense capitalized in inventory and PV solar power systems was $2.1$0.3 million and $2.7$0.7 million as of December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2017,2022, we had $37.7$36.5 million of unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock and performance stock units, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.51.6 years. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015,2020, we recognized an income tax benefit in our statement of operations of $6.2$7.3 million, $32.9$7.5 million,, and $15.3$7.3 million,, respectively, related to share-based compensation expense, including any excess tax benefits or deficiencies.benefits. We authorize our transfer agent to issue new shares, net of shares withheld for taxes as appropriate, for the vesting of restricted stock and performance stock units or grants of unrestricted stock.


Share-Based Compensation Plans


During the year ended December 31, 2015,2020, we adopted our 20152020 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan, (“the 2015 Omnibus Plan”), under which directors, officers, employees, and consultants of First Solar, Inc. (including any of its subsidiaries)affiliates) are eligible to participate in various forms of share-based compensation. The 20152020 Omnibus Plan is administered by the compensation committee of our board of directors (orcommittee(or any other committee designated by our board of directors), which is authorized to, among other things, determine the recipients of grants, the exercise price, and the vesting schedule of theany awards made under the 20152020 Omnibus Plan. Our board of directors may amend, modify, or terminate the 20152020 Omnibus Plan without the approval of our stockholders, except for amendments that would increase the maximum number of shares of our common stock available for awards under the 20152020 Omnibus Plan, increase the maximum number of shares of our common stock that may be delivered by incentive stock options, or modify the requirements for participation in the 20152020 Omnibus Plan.


The 20152020 Omnibus Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted shares, restricted stock units, performance units, cash incentive awards, performance compensation awards, and other equity-based and equity-related awards. In addition, the shares underlying any forfeited, expired, terminated, or canceled awards, or shares surrendered as payment for taxes required to be withheld, become available for new award grants. We may not grant awards under the 20152020 Omnibus Plan after 2025,2030, which is the tenth anniversary of the 20152020 Omnibus Plan’s approval by our stockholders. As of December 31, 2017,2022, we had 3,482,8216,500,832 shares available for future issuance under the 20152020 Omnibus Plan.



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Restricted Stock and Performance Stock Units


We issue shares to the holders of restricted stock units on the date the restricted units vest. The majority of shares issued are net of the minimum statutoryapplicable withholding requirements,taxes, which we pay on behalf of our associates. As a result, the actual number of shares issued will be less than the number of restricted stock units granted. Prior to vesting, restricted stock units do not have dividend equivalent rights or voting rights, and the shares underlying the restricted stock units are not considered issued and outstanding.


Some of our restricted stock units represent performance based restricted stock units. In February 2017,April 2018, the compensation committee approved grants of our board of directors approved a new long-term incentive programperformance units for key executive officers and associates. The new program is intended to incentivize retention of our key executive talent, provide a smooth transition from our former key senior talent equity performance program (or “KSTEPP”), and align the interests of executive management and stockholders. Specifically, the new program consists of: (i) performance stock unitsassociates to be earned over an approximately three-year performance period, beginningwhich ended in March 2017 and (ii) stub-yearDecember 2020. Vesting of the 2018 grants of separate performance units was contingent upon the relative attainment of target gross margin, operating expense, and contracted revenue metrics. In February 2021, the compensation committee certified the achievement of the vesting conditions applicable to the grants, which approximated the target level of performance. Accordingly, each participant received one share of common stock for each vested performance unit, net of any tax withholdings.

In July 2019, the compensation committee approved additional grants of performance units for key executive officers to be earned over an approximately two-yeara multi-year performance period, also beginningwhich ended in March 2017.December 2021. Vesting of the 2019 grants of performance stock units iswas contingent upon the achievement of certain performance objectives, including the relative attainment of target cost per watt, module wattage, gross profit, and operating expenseincome metrics. In March 2022, the compensation committee certified the achievement of the vesting conditions applicable to the grants, which approximated the maximum level of performance. Accordingly, each participant received one share of common stock for each vested performance unit granted, net of any tax withholdings.

In March 2020, the compensation committee approved additional grants of performance units for key executive officers to be earned over a multi-year performance period, which ended in December 2022. Vesting of the 2020 grants of performance units is contingent upon the relative attainment of target contracted revenue, module wattage, and return on capital metrics, to be certified by the compensation committee in 2023.

In May 2021, the compensation committee approved additional grants of performance units for key executive officers. Such grants are expected to be earned over a multi-year performance period ending in December 2023. Vesting of the 2021 grants of performance units is contingent upon the relative attainment of target contracted revenue, cost per watt, incremental average selling price, and operating income metrics.

In March 2022, the continuedcompensation committee approved additional grants of performance units for key executive officers. Such grants are expected to be earned over a multi-year performance period ending in December 2024. Vesting of the 2022 grants of performance units is contingent upon the relative attainment of target contracted revenue, cost per watt, and return on capital metrics.

Vesting of performance units is also contingent upon the employment of program participants through the applicable vesting dates, exceptwith limited exceptions in limited cases, such ascase of death, disability, a qualifying retirement, or a change-in-control of First Solar. SuchOutstanding performance stock units wereare included in the computation of diluted net income per share for the year ended December 31, 2017 based on the number of shares if any, that would be issuable if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period.


Our board of directors previously approved andIn February 2022, First Solar adopted a Clawback Policy (“the KSTEPP, a performance unit program under our prior 2010 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan applicable to our senior executives. The KSTEPP rewarded achievement of certain performance objectives alignedPolicy”) that applies to the successCompany’s current and former Section 16 officers. The Policy applies to all incentive compensation, including any performance-based annual incentive awards and performance-based equity compensation. The Policy was adopted to ensure that incentive compensation is paid or awarded based on accurate financial results and the correct calculation of our long-term strategic plans. Such performance objectives included KSTEPP adjusted operating income, sales in key geographic markets, and cash adjusted return on invested capital. The KSTEPP awards were designed so that the attainmentagainst incentive targets.

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Table of the performance criteria required for full or partial vesting would be attained over time. In July 2016, the compensation committee of our board of directors certified the Company’s achievement of the full KSTEPP vesting conditions for the rolling annual period ended June 30, 2016. Accordingly, the remaining two-thirds of each KSTEPP award vested in 2016, and each KSTEPP participant received one share of common stock for each vested KSTEPP performance unit, net of any forfeitures.Contents

The following is a summary of our restricted stock unit activity, including performance stock unit activity, for the year ended December 31, 2017:2022:


 
Number of Shares
Weighted-Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
 
 
Number of Shares
 
Weighted-Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
Unvested restricted stock units at December 31, 2016 956,120 $53.55
Unvested restricted stock units at December 31, 2021Unvested restricted stock units at December 31, 20211,316,860$60.09 
Restricted stock units granted (1) 1,829,762 32.81
Restricted stock units granted (1)462,23489.21 
Restricted stock units vested (405,248) 46.30
Restricted stock units vested(425,019)62.20 
Restricted stock units forfeited (77,728) 47.45
Restricted stock units forfeited(43,188)64.86 
Unvested restricted stock units at December 31, 2017 2,302,906 $38.54
Unvested restricted stock units at December 31, 2022Unvested restricted stock units at December 31, 20221,310,887$69.51 
——————————
(1)Restricted stock units granted include the maximum amount of performance stock units available for issuance under our long-term incentive program for key executive officers and associates. The actual number of shares to be issued will depend on the relative attainment of the performance metrics described above.

(1)Restricted stock units granted include the maximum amount of performance units available for issuance under our long-term incentive program for key executive officers and associates. The actual number of shares to be issued will depend on the relative attainment of the performance metrics described above.

We estimate the fair value of our restricted stock unit awards based on our stock price aton the grant date. For the years ended December 31, 20162021 and 2015,2020, the weighted-average grant-date fair value for restricted stock units granted in such years was $59.64$78.86 and $60.91,$45.01, respectively. The total fair value of restricted stock units vested during 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 was $14.1$26.4 million, $131.0$27.8 million, and $96.4$32.9 million, respectively.




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Unrestricted Stock


During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015,2020, we awarded 42,773; 38,429;19,868; 19,513; and 25,376,27,731, respectively, of fully vested, unrestricted shares of our common stock, excluding amounts withheld for taxes, to the chairman and independent members of our board of directors. Accordingly, we recognized $1.9 million, $1.8 million, $1.7 million, and $1.3$1.5 million of share-based compensation expense for these awards during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015,2020, respectively.


Stock Purchase Plan
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Our shareholders approved our stock purchase plan for employees in June 2010. The plan allows employees to purchase our common stock through payroll withholdings over a six-month offering period at a discount from the closing share price on the last day of the offering period. In April 2017, we amended our stock purchase plan to reduce the purchase discount from 15% to 4%, effective for the next six-month offering period. Accordingly, the plan is considered noncompensatory and no longer results in the recognition of share-based compensation expense.

19.16. Income Taxes


In December 2017,August 2022, the U.S. President signed into law the Tax Act,IRA, which significantly revised U.S. tax law by, among other things, loweringincluding a new CAMT of 15% on certain large corporations, imposing a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks, and providing various incentives to address climate change, including the introduction of the advanced manufacturing production credit. The provisions of the IRA are generally effective for tax years beginning after 2022. Given the complexities of the IRA, which is pending technical guidance and regulations from the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department, we will continue to monitor these developments and evaluate the potential future impact to our results of operations.

In November 2022, the U.S. Treasury Department released proposed foreign tax credit (“FTC”) regulations addressing various aspects of the U.S. FTC regime. Among other items, these proposed regulations provide certain exceptions for determining creditable foreign withholding taxes. Taxpayers may rely on these proposed regulations, which apply to tax years beginning on or after December 28, 2021. As a result of these proposed regulations, foreign withholding taxes will continue to be creditable.

In March 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was signed into law. The CARES Act includes a number of federal corporate tax relief provisions that are intended to support the ongoing liquidity of U.S. corporations. Among other provisions, the CARES Act allows net operating losses incurred in 2018, 2019, and 2020 to be carried back to each of the five preceding taxable years. As a result of the CARES Act, we expect to carry back our 2019 and 2020 net operating losses to our 2016 U.S. corporate income tax return, which restores certain foreign tax credits we expect to utilize by amending our 2017 and 2018 U.S. corporate income tax returns. Such amended returns restore other general business credits we expect to utilize in future tax years before the credits expire and eliminate the transition tax liability for accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. As a result, we recorded a tax benefit of $89.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, which represents the one-time income tax benefit for the difference between the statutory federal corporate income tax rate fromof 35% applicable to 21% forour 2016 U.S. corporate income tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, eliminating certain deductions, imposingreturn and the transition tax on certain accumulated earnings and profits of foreign corporate subsidiaries that may electively be paid over eight years, introducing new tax regimes, and changing how foreign earnings are subject to U.S. tax. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the provisions of the Tax Act that most significantly affected our Company included the reduction in thecurrent federal corporate income tax rate andof 21%. Any changes to the transition tax.

In December 2017, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 to (i) clarify certain aspects of accounting for income taxes under ASC 740estimate will be recorded in the reporting period the Tax Act was signed into law when information is not yet available or complete and (ii) provide a measurement period up to one year to complete the accounting for the Tax Act. As of December 31, 2017, we had not completed our accounting for the Tax Act; however, in certain cases, as described below, we made reasonable estimates of the effects of the Tax Act on our existing deferred income tax balances and the transition tax and recorded an aggregate provisional tax expense of $408.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. In other cases, we were not able to make a reasonable estimate of such tax effects and continued to account for the affected items, including state income taxes to the extent there is uncertainty regarding conformity to the federal tax system, based on previous tax laws.carry back claims are filed.


As a result of the Tax Act, we remeasured certain deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the tax rate applicable to when the temporary differences are expected to reverse, which is generally 21%. However,Although we continue to evaluate certain aspects of the Tax Act, which could potentially affect the remeasurement of these deferred tax balances and result in additional tax expense. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the provisional tax expense related to the remeasurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities was $6.6 million.

The transition tax was based on our total post-1986 foreign earnings and profits, which we previously deferred from U.S. income taxes. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded a provisional transition tax of $401.5 million. After the utilization of existing tax credits and current year tax losses, we expect to pay U.S. federal taxes of approximately $101.3 million for the transition tax, which we will elect to pay over an eight-year period. We have not completed our evaluation of the transition tax, and the provisional amount may change as we finalize our calculations of post-1986 foreign earnings and profits previously deferred from U.S. income taxes. The imposition of the transition tax may eliminate the need for U.S. federal deferred income taxes on unremitted earnings and profits of our foreign corporate subsidiaries. However, the transition tax does not eliminate the potential for deferred taxes related to withholding taxes, state taxes, or other income taxes that might be incurred from the reversal of a foreign entity’s outside basis difference. As we finalize and complete our plans for the reinvestment or repatriation of unremitted foreign



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earnings, and are able to calculate the resulting tax effects, we expect to recordindefinitely reinvest the associated tax effects, if any, and disclose such plans withinearnings of our foreign subsidiaries to fund our international operations, with the measurement period.

Becauseexception of the complexitycertain subsidiaries for which applicable taxes have been recorded as of the new GILTI, BEAT, and FDII provisions of the Tax Act, we continue to evaluate the associated accounting under ASC 740.December 31, 2022. Accordingly, we may elect an accounting policy to (i) recordhave not recorded any provision for additional U.S. or foreign withholding taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred (the “period cost method”) or (ii) factor such amounts intothe outside basis differences of our measurement of deferred income taxes (the “deferred method”). Our election of an accounting policy with respect to the new GILTI tax provisions will depend,foreign subsidiaries in part, on analyzing our global income to determine whetherwhich we expect to haveindefinitely reinvest their earnings. However, our future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTIplans for repatriation of unremitted foreign earnings could be affected by our current and if so, whatfuture expansion activities and the effect istiming of the IRA credits, the majority of which are expected to be. Because our future U.S. inclusionsbe refunded in taxable income related to GILTI depend on our organizational structure, our estimates of future operating results, and also our intent and ability to modify our organizational structure and/or our operations, we are not yet able to reasonably estimate the effects of this provision of the Tax Act. As a result, we did not record any adjustments related to potential GILTI taxes for the year ended December 31, 2017 and did not make a policy election regarding whether to record deferred income taxes on GILTI.cash.

The BEAT provisions of the Tax Act impose a minimum tax related to certain deductible payments made to related foreign persons. In addition, the Tax Act disallows certain interest and royalty deductions for payments made to related parties depending on their countries’ tax treatment of the payments. The new FDII provision allows a U.S. corporation to deduct 37.5% of its foreign-derived intangible income. Our evaluation of the income tax effects of these items and the provisional amounts recorded for the year ended December 31, 2017 requires additional analysis of historical records and further interpretation of the Tax Act from yet to be issued U.S. Treasury regulations and guidance from state tax authorities about the application of these new tax laws.


The U.S. and non-U.S. components of our income or loss before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 were as follows (in thousands):
 202220212020
U.S. (loss) income$(17,652)$315,297 $22,475 
Non-U.S. income26,250 256,865 270,715 
Income before taxes and equity in earnings$8,598 $572,162 $293,190 

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  2017 2016 2015
U.S. income $(22,868) $(426,791) $227,150
Non-U.S. income 224,983
 (110,460) 506,180
Income (loss) before taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates $202,115
 $(537,251) $733,330
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The components of our income tax expense or benefit for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 were as follows (in thousands):
 202220212020
Current expense (benefit):   
Federal$8,434 $9,531 $(149,162)
State399 3,469 4,027 
Foreign49,984 10,109 26,303 
Total current expense (benefit)58,817 23,109 (118,832)
Deferred (benefit) expense:   
Federal(13,928)58,510 12,681 
State(700)3,775 7,591 
Foreign8,575 18,075 (8,734)
Total deferred (benefit) expense(6,053)80,360 11,538 
Total income tax expense (benefit)$52,764 $103,469 $(107,294)
  2017 2016 2015
Current expense (benefit):      
Federal $116,956
 $(14,389) $31,988
State 3,009
 1,303
 6,644
Foreign 11,099
 (29,009) 23,215
Total current expense (benefit) 131,064
 (42,095) 61,847
Deferred expense (benefit):  
  
  
Federal 226,570
 90,319
 20,731
State 5,335
 (9,536) 5,904
Foreign 9,027
 (15,521) (56,153)
Total deferred expense (benefit) 240,932
 65,262
 (29,518)
Total income tax expense $371,996
 $23,167
 $32,329

We use the deferral method of accounting for investment tax credits under which the credits are recognized as reductions in the carrying value of the related assets. The use of the deferral method also results in a basis difference from the recognition of a deferred tax asset and an immediate income tax benefit for the future tax depreciation of the related



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assets. Such basis differences are accounted for pursuant to the income statement method. During 2015, we generated a $19.2 million investment tax credit from placing a project in service.


Our Malaysian subsidiary has been granted a long-term tax holiday that expires in 2027. The tax holiday, which generally provides for a full exemption from Malaysian income tax, is conditional upon our continued compliance with meeting certain employment and investment thresholds, which we are currently in compliance with and expect to continue to comply with through the expiration of the tax holiday in 2027.


Our Vietnamese subsidiary had previously been granted a tax incentive that provided a two-year tax exemption, which began in 2020, and reduced annual tax rates through the end of 2025. In May 2022, our Vietnamese subsidiary was granted a new long-term tax incentive that provides an additional two-year tax exemption and reduced annual tax rates through 2036, conditional upon our continued compliance with certain revenue and R&D spending thresholds, which we are currently in compliance with and expect to continue to comply with through the expiration of the tax holiday.

Our income tax results differed from the amount computed by applying the relevant U.S. statutory federal corporate income tax rate of 35.0% to our income or loss before income taxes for the following reasons for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 (in thousands):
 202220212020
 TaxPercentTaxPercentTaxPercent
Statutory income tax expense$1,806 21.0 %$120,154 21.0 %$61,570 21.0 %
Effect of tax holiday27,424 318.9 %(32,339)(5.7)%(11,500)(3.9)%
Changes in valuation allowance22,239 258.6 %2,603 0.5 %(31,671)(10.8)%
Non-deductible expenses10,776 125.3 %3,955 0.7 %3,834 1.3 %
Change in tax contingency4,326 50.3 %2,198 0.4 %(59,010)(20.1)%
Foreign dividend income2,857 33.2 %2,611 0.5 %3,004 1.0 %
Effect of CARES Act1,127 13.1 %1,880 0.3 %(89,699)(30.6)%
State tax, net of federal benefit700 8.1 %4,757 0.8 %11,059 3.8 %
Share-based compensation(1,017)(11.8)%(2,991)(0.5)%(720)(0.2)%
Return to provision adjustments(1,767)(20.5)%(4,932)(0.9)%2,414 0.8 %
Foreign tax rate differential(4,227)(49.1)%4,632 0.8 %6,135 2.1 %
Tax credits(12,654)(147.2)%(3,395)(0.6)%(8,091)(2.8)%
Other1,174 13.8 %4,336 0.8 %5,381 1.8 %
Reported income tax expense (benefit)$52,764 613.7 %$103,469 18.1 %$(107,294)(36.6)%

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  2017 2016 2015
  Tax Percent Tax Percent Tax Percent
Statutory income tax expense (benefit) $70,740
 35.0 % $(188,038) 35.0 % $256,659
 35.0 %
Provisional effect of Tax Act 408,090
 201.9 % —
 — % —
 — %
Changes in valuation allowance 9,534
 4.7 % 2,412
 (0.4)% (7,799) (1.1)%
Foreign tax rate differential (22,048) (10.9)% 6,833
 (1.3)% (20,967) (2.8)%
State tax, net of federal benefit 4,397
 2.2 % (8,655) 1.6 % 8,855
 1.2 %
Non-deductible expenses 2,703
 1.3 % 324
 — % 4,161
 0.6 %
Share-based compensation 1,161
 0.6 % (23,283) 4.3 % —
 — %
Change in tax contingency 959
 0.5 % (34,541) 6.4 % —
 — %
Foreign dividend income 540
 0.3 % 248,013
 (46.2)% —
 — %
Goodwill —
 — % 22,468
 (4.2)% —
 — %
Effect of private letter ruling —
 — % —
 — % (41,694) (5.7)%
Tax credits (18,445) (9.1)% (15,435) 2.9 % (2,566) (0.4)%
Return to provision adjustments (35,191) (17.4)% 11,757
 (2.2)% 6,596
 0.9 %
Effect of tax holiday (46,643) (23.1)% 4,640
 (0.9)% (154,650) (21.1)%
Other (3,801) (1.9)% (3,328) 0.7 % (16,266) (2.2)%
Reported income tax expense $371,996
 184.1 % $23,167
 (4.3)% $32,329
 4.4 %

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we received net tax refunds of $3.9 million. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 20162021 and 2015,2020, we made net tax payments of $1.2 million, $1.9$38.2 million and $30.8$22.2 million, respectively.

In May 2017, the U.S. federal income tax authority accepted our election to classify certain of our German subsidiaries as disregarded entities of First Solar, Inc. effective as of January 1, 2017. Accordingly, we recorded an estimated benefit of $42.1 million through the tax provision to establish a deferred tax asset for excess foreign tax credits generated as a result of the associated election.

In July 2016, we received a letter from a foreign tax authority confirming our residency status in that jurisdiction. In accordance with the letter, we reversed a liability associated with an uncertain tax position related to the income of a foreign subsidiary. Accordingly, we recorded a benefit of $35.4 million through the tax provision from the reversal of such liability.

In April 2015, we received a private letter ruling in a foreign jurisdiction related to the timing of the deduction for certain of our obligations. In accordance with the private letter ruling, we will begin treating these obligations as deductible when we actually make payments on the obligations, which are expected to occur subsequent to the expiration of the tax holiday. Accordingly, we recorded a benefit of $41.7 million through the tax provision to establish a deferred tax asset associated with the future deductibility of these obligations.




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Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities calculated forunder U.S. GAAP financial reporting purposes and the amounts calculated for preparing our income tax returns in accordance with tax regulations.returns. The items that gave rise to our deferred taxes as of December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 were as follows (in thousands):
 20222021
Deferred tax assets:  
Net operating losses$122,950 $110,979 
Tax credits103,260 86,885 
Capitalized research and development32,932 — 
Accrued expenses28,226 35,193 
Long-term contracts23,531 9,065 
Compensation13,167 10,551 
Equity in earnings4,172 4,174 
Deferred expenses1,735 1,786 
Inventory1,490 10,057 
Restricted marketable securities and derivatives357 — 
Goodwill and intangible assets221 1,784 
Other23,249 24,244 
Deferred tax assets, gross355,290 294,718 
Valuation allowance(135,763)(123,917)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance219,527 170,801 
Deferred tax liabilities:  
Property, plant and equipment(150,477)(106,361)
Investment in foreign subsidiaries(5,689)(15,583)
Acquisition accounting / basis difference(4,065)(4,065)
Capitalized interest(1,331)(1,338)
Restricted marketable securities and derivatives— (4,337)
Other(8,214)(7,654)
Deferred tax liabilities(169,776)(139,338)
Net deferred tax assets$49,751 $31,463 
  2017 2016
Deferred tax assets:    
Goodwill $12,140
 $42,168
Compensation 9,442
 18,289
Accrued expenses 62,345
 83,349
Tax credits 954
 62,254
Net operating losses 124,281
 86,328
Inventory 7,601
 6,830
Deferred expenses 2,057
 3,276
Property, plant and equipment 35,104
 64,150
Long-term contracts 4,554
 47,795
Other 11,630
 10,034
Deferred tax assets, gross 270,108
 424,473
Valuation allowance (143,818) (123,936)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance 126,290
 300,537
Deferred tax liabilities:  
  
Capitalized interest (1,722) (6,821)
Acquisition accounting / basis difference (5,880) (6,848)
Restricted investments and derivatives (10,680) (12,429)
Investments in foreign subsidiaries (9,555) (582)
Equity in earnings (40,339) (35,585)
Other (7,541) (322)
Deferred tax liabilities (75,717) (62,587)
Net deferred tax assets and liabilities $50,573
 $237,950


We use the deferral method of accounting for investment tax credits under which the credits are recognized as reductions in the carrying value of the related assets. The use of the deferral method also results in a basis difference from the recognition of a deferred tax asset and an immediate income tax benefit for the future tax depreciation of the related assets. Such basis differences are accounted for pursuant to the income statement method.
Changes
The following table shows changes in the valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets were as follows during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 (in thousands):
 202220212020
Valuation allowance, beginning of year$123,917 $127,711 $151,705 
Additions58,922 8,976 23,884 
Reversals(47,076)(12,770)(47,878)
Valuation allowance, end of year$135,763 $123,917 $127,711 

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  2017 2016 2015
Valuation allowance, beginning of year $123,936
 $121,524
 $129,323
Additions 27,591
 13,933
 368
Reversals (7,709) (11,521) (8,167)
Valuation allowance, end of year $143,818
 $123,936
 $121,524
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We maintained a valuation allowance of $143.8$135.8 million and $123.9 million as of December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, respectively, against certain of our deferred tax assets, as it is more likely than not that such amounts will not be fully realized. In 2017,During the year ended December 31, 2022, the valuation allowance increased by $19.9$11.8 million primarily due to (i) current year operating losses in certain jurisdictions, and (ii) an increase in deferred tax assets with a full valuation allowance due to a change in foreign exchange rates. These increases were partially offset by the partial release of the valuation allowancesallowance in jurisdictions with current year operating income.


As of December 31, 2017,2022, we had federal and aggregate state net operating loss carryforwards of $11.7$9.0 million and $20.3$423.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2016,2021, we had federal and aggregate state net operating loss carryforwards of $5.8$10.4 million and $12.1$428.5 million, respectively. If not used, the federal net operating loss carryforwards incurred prior to 2018 will begin to expire in 2030, and the state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2028.2029. Federal net operating losses arising in tax years beginning in 2018 may be carried forward indefinitely, and the associated deduction is limited to 80% of taxable income. The utilization



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of our net operating loss carryforwards is also subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue CodeIRC due to changes in ownership. Based on our analysis, we do not believe such annual limitation will impact our realization of the net operating loss carryforwards as we anticipate utilizing them prior to expiration. During the year ended

As of December 31, 2017,2022, we utilized substantially all of our gross federal and state R&D credit carryforwards,had U.S. foreign tax credit carryforwards of $9.3 million, federal and state research and development credit carryforwards of $63.8 million, and investment tax credits of $55.4 million available to reduce the liability associated with the transitionfuture federal and state income tax under the Tax Act.liabilities. If not used, these credits will begin to expire in 2028, 2029, and 2029, respectively.


AThe following table shows a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015 is as follows2020 (in thousands):
 202220212020
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year$7,811 $5,370 $72,169 
Increases related to prior year tax positions4,569 — 169 
Decreases related to prior year tax positions— (44)(256)
Decreases from lapse in statute of limitations(361)(492)(67,396)
Increases related to current tax positions2,474 2,977 684 
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of year$14,493 $7,811 $5,370 
  2017 2016 2015
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year $89,256
 $141,755
 $162,029
Increases related to prior year tax positions 3,827
 —
 484
Decreases related to prior year tax positions —
 (6,119) (2,693)
Decreases from lapse in statute of limitations (11,840) (14,421) (13,827)
Decreases relating to settlements with authorities (2,494) (35,416) (20,485)
Increases related to current tax positions 5,424
 3,457
 16,247
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of year $84,173
 $89,256
 $141,755


If recognized, $81.8$14.5 million of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, would reduce our annual effective tax rate. Due to the uncertain and complex application of tax laws and regulations, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of uncertain tax positions may result in liabilities that could be materially different from these estimates. In such an event, we will record additional tax expense or benefit in the period in which such resolution occurs. Our policy is to recognize any interest and penalties that we may incur related to our tax positions as a component of income tax expense.expense or benefit. During 2017,the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we recognized interest and penalties of $5.5$0.3 million, $0.3 million, and $5.3 million, respectively, related to unrecognized tax benefits. We did not recognize any interest or penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits during 2016 or 2015. It is reasonably possible that an additional $10.0 million of uncertain tax positions will be recognized within the next 12 months due to the expiration of the statute of limitations associated with such positions.


We are subject to audit by U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign tax authorities. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we settled certain examinations in Germany, which resulted in a discrete tax expense of $2.5 million. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we settled a tax audit in Spain, which resulted in a discrete tax expense of $3.0 million. We are currently under examination in India, Japan, Chile, Singapore, and the state of California. We believe that adequate provisions have been made for any adjustments that may result from tax examinations. However, the outcome of tax auditsexaminations cannot be predicted with certainty. If any issues addressed by our tax auditsexaminations are not resolved in a manner consistent with our expectations, we could be required to adjust our provision for income taxes in the period such resolution occurs.


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The following table summarizes the tax years that are either currently under audit or remain open and subject to examination by the tax authorities in the most significant jurisdictions in which we operate:
Tax Years
AustraliaVietnam2012 - 20162021
IndiaSingapore20122017 - 20172021
MalaysiaUnited States20122018 - 20162021
United StatesMalaysia20082019 - 2009; 2012 - 20162021


In certain of the jurisdictions noted above, we operate through more than one legal entity, each of which has different open years subject to examination. The table above presents the open years subject to examination for the most material of the legal entities in each jurisdiction. Additionally, tax years are not closed until the statute of limitations in each jurisdiction expires. In the jurisdictions noted above, the statute of limitations can extend beyond the open years subject to examination.




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20.17. Net (Loss) Income per Share


Basic net (loss) income per share is computed by dividing net (loss) income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income per share is computed giving effect to all potentially dilutive common shares, including restricted and performance stock units and stock purchase plan shares, unless there is a net loss for the period. In computing diluted net income per share, we utilize the treasury stock method.

The calculation of basic and diluted net (loss) income per share for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 was as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):
202220212020
Basic net (loss) income per share   
Numerator:   
Net (loss) income$(44,166)$468,693 $398,355 
Denominator:   
Weighted-average common shares outstanding106,551106,263105,867
Diluted net (loss) income per share   
Denominator:   
Weighted-average common shares outstanding106,551106,263105,867
Effect of restricted stock and performance units— 661 819 
Weighted-average shares used in computing diluted net (loss) income per share106,551106,924106,686
Net (loss) income per share:
Basic$(0.41)$4.41 $3.76 
Diluted$(0.41)$4.38 $3.73 
  2017 2016 2015
Basic net (loss) income per share      
Numerator:      
Net (loss) income $(165,615) $(416,112) $593,406
Denominator:  
  
  
Weighted-average common shares outstanding 104,328
 102,866
 100,886
       
Diluted net (loss) income per share  
  
  
Denominator:  
  
  
Weighted-average common shares outstanding 104,328
 102,866
 100,886
Effect of restricted and performance stock units and stock purchase plan shares —
 —
 929
Weighted-average shares used in computing diluted net (loss) income per share 104,328
 102,866
 101,815
       
Net (loss) income per share:      
Basic $(1.59) $(4.05) $5.88
Diluted $(1.59) $(4.05) $5.83


The following table summarizes the potential shares of common stock that were excluded from the computation of diluted net (loss) income per share for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 as such shares would have had an anti-dilutive effect (in thousands):
202220212020
Anti-dilutive shares57614—

117
  2017 2016 2015
Anti-dilutive shares 1,021 753 48




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21.18. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Loss


Accumulated other comprehensive income or loss includes foreign currency translation adjustments, unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, and unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges. The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, net of tax, for the year ended December 31, 20172022 (in thousands):
Foreign Currency Translation AdjustmentUnrealized (Loss) Gain on Marketable Securities and Restricted Marketable SecuritiesUnrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative InstrumentsTotal
Balance as of December 31, 2021$(89,452)$(8,036)$1,126 $(96,362)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications(27,306)(59,383)(7,556)(94,245)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss(4,715)— (812)(5,527)
Net tax effect— 2,639 1,678 4,317 
Net other comprehensive loss(32,021)(56,744)(6,690)(95,455)
Balance as of December 31, 2022$(121,473)$(64,780)$(5,564)$(191,817)
  Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Marketable Securities and Restricted Investments Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments Total
Balance as of December 31, 2016 $(77,178) $65,171
 $2,100
 $(9,907)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 11,832
 3,854
 (4,468) 11,218
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss —
 (49) 189
 140
Net tax effect —
 (588) 1,396
 808
Net other comprehensive income (loss) 11,832
 3,217
 (2,883) 12,166
Balance as of December 31, 2017 $(65,346) $68,388
 $(783) $2,259


The following table presents the pretax amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive incomeloss into our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 (in thousands):
Comprehensive Income ComponentsIncome Statement Line Item202220212020
Foreign currency translation adjustment:
Foreign currency translation adjustmentCost of sales$— $269 $370 
Foreign currency translation adjustmentGain on sales of businesses, net3,756 — — 
Foreign currency translation adjustmentOther income (expense), net959 (1,203)2,560 
Total foreign currency translation adjustment4,715 (934)2,930 
Unrealized gain on marketable securities and restricted marketable securitiesOther income (expense), net— 11,696 15,346 
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments:
Foreign exchange forward contractsCost of sales1,671 (1,906)(1,199)
Commodity swap contractsCost of sales(859)3,003 — 
Total unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments812 1,097 (1,199)
Total gain reclassified$5,527 $11,859 $17,077 

118
Comprehensive Income Components Income Statement Line Item Amounts Reclassified for the Year Ended December 31,
  2017 2016 2015
Unrealized gain on marketable securities and restricted investments Other income (expense), net $49
 $41,633
 $2
Unrealized (loss) gain on derivative contracts:        
Foreign exchange forward contracts Net sales —
 —
 1,782
Foreign exchange forward contracts Cost of sales —
 —
 5,509
Cross currency swap contract Foreign currency loss, net —
 4,896
 (10,135)
Foreign exchange forward, interest rate, and cross currency swap contracts Interest expense, net —
 (1,704) (637)
Foreign exchange forward contracts Other income (expense), net (189) —
 —
    (189) 3,192
 (3,481)
Total amount reclassified   $(140) $44,825
 $(3,479)
Table of Contents

22.19. Segment and Geographical Information


We operateOur primary segment is our modules business, in two segments. Our modules segmentwhich involves the design, manufacture, and sale of CdTe solar modules, which convert sunlight into electricity. Third-party customers of our modules segment include integratorsdevelopers and operators of PV solar power systems. Our second segment is our fully integrated systems, segment, through which we provide complete turn-key PV solar power systems, or solar solutions, that draw upon our capabilities, which include (i) project development, (ii) EPC services, and (iii) O&M services. We may provide our full EPC services or any combination of individual products and services within our EPC capabilities depending upon the customer and market opportunity. All of our systems segment products and services are for PV solar power systems, which primarily use our solar modules, and we sell such products and services to utilities, independent power producers, commercial and industrial companies, and other system owners. Additionally within ourOur residual business operations include certain project development activities, O&M services, the results of operations from PV solar power systems segment, we may temporarily ownowned and operateoperated in certain of our systems for a period of time based on strategic opportunities or market factors.




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Beginning with the three months ended December 31, 2017, we changed the composition of our reportable segments to align with revisions to our internal reporting structureinternational regions, and long-term strategic plans. As a result of this change, our modules segment, which was historically referred to as our components segment, includes module sales to third parties and excludes any module sales to our systems segment. Previously, we included an allocation of net sales value for all solar modules manufactured by our modules segment and installed in projects sold or built by our systems segment in the net sales of our modules segment. Our systems segment now includes all net sales from the sale of solar power systems and related products and services, including any modules installed in such systems and any revenue from energy generated by such systems. All prior year balances were revised to conform to the current year presentation.third-party customers.


Our segments arebusiness is managed by our Chief Executive Officer, who is also considered our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). Our CODM views sales of solar modules or systems as the primary driversdriver of our resource allocation, profitability, and cash flows.consolidated operating results. Our modules segment contributes to our operating results by providing the fundamental technologies and solar modules that drive our business and sales opportunities, andopportunities. Accordingly, our systems segment contributes to our operating results by using such modules as part of a range of comprehensive PV solar energy solutions, depending on the customer and market opportunity. Our CODM generally makes decisions about allocating resources to our segments and assessing their performance of the company based on the gross profit.profit of our modules segment. However, information about our modules segment assets is not reported to the CODM for purposes of making such decisions. Accordingly, we exclude such asset information from our reportable segment financial disclosures.


The following tables presentprovide a reconciliation of certain financial information for our reportable segmentssegment to information presented in our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31, 2022
 ModulesOtherTotal
Net sales$2,428,278 $191,041 $2,619,319 
Gross profit (loss)115,397 (45,539)69,858 
Depreciation and amortization expense230,827 9,361 240,188 
Goodwill14,462 — 14,462 
 Year Ended December 31, 2021
 ModulesOtherTotal
Net sales$2,331,380 $591,997 $2,923,377 
Gross profit472,926 257,028 729,954 
Depreciation and amortization expense219,712 12,189 231,901 
Goodwill14,462 — 14,462 
 Year Ended December 31, 2020
 ModulesOtherTotal
Net sales$1,736,060 $975,272 $2,711,332 
Gross profit429,131 251,542 680,673 
Depreciation and amortization expense181,402 20,813 202,215 
Goodwill14,462 — 14,462 

119
  Year Ended December 31, 2017
  Modules Systems Total
Net sales $806,398
 $2,134,926
 $2,941,324
Gross profit 112,338
 436,609
 548,947
Depreciation and amortization expense 67,597
 24,302
 91,899
Goodwill 14,462
 —
 14,462
  Year Ended December 31, 2016
  Modules Systems Total
Net sales $675,452
 $2,229,111
 $2,904,563
Gross profit 110,510
 527,908
 638,418
Depreciation and amortization expense 186,736
 17,515
 204,251
Goodwill 14,462
 —
 14,462
  Year Ended December 31, 2015
  Modules Systems Total
Net sales $227,461
 $3,885,189
 $4,112,650
Gross profit 51,931
 1,080,831
 1,132,762
Depreciation and amortization expense 213,609
 11,617
 225,226




144

The following table presents net sales for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 20152020 by geographic region, based on the customer country of invoicing (in thousands):
 202220212020
United States$2,193,619 $2,456,597 $1,843,433 
Chile173,279 32,050 21,870 
France67,656 121,537 127,097 
Japan46,426 207,609 469,657 
India37,215 37,650 33,848 
Canada82 5,288 118,865 
All other foreign countries101,042 62,646 96,562 
Net sales$2,619,319 $2,923,377 $2,711,332 
  2017 2016 2015
United States $2,273,774
 $2,418,974
 $3,634,340
India 141,491
 158,182
 134,462
Turkey 124,433
 18,809
 1,726
Australia 108,643
 9,568
 185,064
Jordan 2,255
 103,022
 17,112
Spain 379
 141,319
 797
All other foreign countries 290,349
 54,689
 139,149
Net sales $2,941,324
 $2,904,563
 $4,112,650


The following table presents long-lived assets, which include property, plant and equipment, operating lease assets, project assets, and PV solar power systems and project assets (current and noncurrent) as of December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 by geographic region, based on the physical location of the assets (in thousands):
 20222021
United States$1,876,218 $1,112,369 
Malaysia791,750 862,156 
Vietnam611,031 652,639 
India341,616 106,966 
Japan30,454 420,071 
Chile— 213,846 
All other foreign countries15,368 21,865 
Long-lived assets$3,666,437 $3,389,912 

120
  2017 2016
United States $595,062
 $1,567,060
Malaysia 483,884
 339,230
Japan 251,559
 154,398
Vietnam 252,417
 16,575
Chile 251,208
 260,751
All other foreign countries 240,232
 202,677
Long-lived assets $2,074,362
 $2,540,691

23.20. Concentrations of Risks


Customer Concentration.Concentration Risk. The following customers each comprised 10% or more of our total net sales and/or 10% or more of our total accounts receivable for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2022, 2021, and 2015:2020:
 2017 2016 2015 202220212020
 % of Net Sales % of A/R % of Net Sales % of A/R % of Net Sales % of A/R % of Net Sales% of Net Sales% of Net Sales
Customer #1 47% *
 *
 *
 *
 *
Customer #114 %**
Customer #2 *
 26% *
 *
 *
 *
Customer #210 %**
Customer #3 *
 12% *
 *
 *
 *
Customer #310 %**
Customer #4 *
 *
 39% *
 36% 21%Customer #4*12 %*
Customer #5 *
 *
 11% *
 25% 48%Customer #5*10 %11 %
Customer #6 *
 *
 10% *
 *
 *
Customer #6**10 %
Customer #7 *
 *
 *
 32% *
 *
Customer #8 *
 *
 *
 12% *
 15%
——————————
*Net sales and/or accounts receivable to
*Net sales for these customers were less than 10% of our total net sales and/or accounts receivable for the period.




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Geographic Risk. During the year ended December 31, 2017, our third-party solar module and solar power system net sales were predominantly infor the United States. The concentrationperiod.

Supplier Risk. Several of our net saleskey raw materials and components, in a limited number of geographic regions exposes us to local economic, public policy,particular CdTe and regulatory risks in such regions.

Production. Our products include components thatsubstrate glass, and manufacturing equipment are availableeither single-sourced or sourced from a limited number of suppliers. Failure of any of our key suppliers or sources.to perform could disrupt our supply chain and adversely impact our operations by impairing our ability to deliver solar modules to customers in the required quality and quantities and at a price that is profitable to us.

Production Risk. Shortages of essential components and equipment could occur due to increases in demand or interruptions of supply, which may be exacerbated by the availability of logistics services, thereby adversely affecting our ability to meet customer demand for our products. Our solar modules are currently produced at our facilities in Perrysburg, OhioOhio; Lake Township, Ohio; Kulim, Malaysia; and Kulim, Malaysia, and we expect to begin solar module production at our facility in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in 2018.Vietnam. Damage to or disruption of these facilities could interrupt our business and adversely affect our ability to generate net sales.




121

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS


The following exhibits are filed with or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
    Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit
Number
 Exhibit Description Form File No. 
Date of
First Filing
 
Exhibit
Number
3.1 
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of First Solar, Inc.
 S-1/A 333-135574 10/25/06 3.1
3.2 
Amended and Restated Bylaws of First Solar, Inc.
 10-Q 001-33156 5/5/17 3.1
4.1 
Credit Agreement, dated as of September 4, 2009, among First Solar, Inc., First Solar Manufacturing GmbH, the lenders party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Bank of America and The Royal Bank of Scotland plc, as Documentation Agents, and Credit Suisse, Cayman Islands Branch, as Syndication Agent
 8-K 001-33156 9/10/09 10.1
4.2 
Charge of Company Shares, dated as of September 4, 2009, between First Solar, Inc., as Chargor, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Security Agent, relating to 66% of the shares of First Solar FE Holdings Pte. Ltd. (Singapore)
 8-K 001-33156 9/10/09 10.2
4.3 
German Share Pledge Agreements, dated as of September 4, 2009, between First Solar, Inc., First Solar Holdings GmbH, First Solar Manufacturing GmbH, First Solar GmbH, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent
 8-K 001-33156 9/10/09 10.3
4.4 
Guarantee and Collateral Agreement, dated as of September 4, 2009, by First Solar, Inc. in favor of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent
 8-K 001-33156 9/10/09 10.4
4.5 
Guarantee, dated as of September 8, 2009, between First Solar Holdings GmbH, First Solar GmbH, First Solar Manufacturing GmbH, as German Guarantors, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent
 8-K 001-33156 9/10/09 10.5
4.6 
Assignment Agreement, dated as of September 4, 2009, between First Solar Holdings GmbH and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent
 8-K 001-33156 9/10/09 10.6
4.7 
Assignment Agreement, dated as of September 4, 2009, between First Solar GmbH and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent
 8-K 001-33156 9/10/09 10.7
4.8 
Assignment Agreement, dated as of September 8, 2009, between First Solar Manufacturing GmbH and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent
 8-K 001-33156 9/10/09 10.8
4.9 
Security Trust Agreement, dated as of September 4, 2009, between First Solar, Inc., First Solar Holdings GmbH, First Solar GmbH, First Solar Manufacturing GmbH, as Security Grantors, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the other Secured Parties party thereto
 8-K 001-33156 9/10/09 10.9
4.10 
Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 15, 2010, among First Solar, Inc., the borrowing subsidiaries party thereto, the lenders party thereto, Bank of America N.A. and The Royal Bank of Scotland PLC, as documentation agents, Credit Suisse, Cayman Islands Branch, as syndication agent and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent
 8-K 001-33156 10/20/10 10.1
4.11 
First Amendment, dated as of May 6, 2011, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 15, 2010, among First Solar, Inc., the borrowing subsidiaries party thereto, the lenders party thereto, Bank of America, N.A. and The Royal Bank of Scotland plc, as documentation agents, Credit Suisse, Cayman Islands Branch, as syndication agent, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent
 8-K 001-33156 5/12/11 10.1

Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit
Number		Exhibit DescriptionFormFile No.Date of
First Filing		Exhibit
Number
3.1
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of First Solar, Inc.
S-1/A333-13557410/25/063.1
3.2
Amended and Restated Bylaws of First Solar, Inc.
8-K001-331567/23/213.1
4.1
Description of the Registrant’s Securities
10-K001-331562/21/204.1
10.1+
Form of Change in Control Severance Agreement
S-1/A333-13557410/25/0610.15
10.2
Form of Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement
10-K001-331562/27/1310.20
10.3+
Employment Agreement, dated March 15, 2011, and Change in Control Severance Agreement, dated April 4, 2011 between First Solar, Inc. and Mark Widmar
10-Q001-331565/5/1110.3
10.4+
Employment Agreement, effective July 1, 2012, and Change in Control Severance Agreement, effective July 1, 2012 between First Solar, Inc. and Georges Antoun
10-Q001-331568/3/1210.1
10.5+
Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement, effective as of March 15, 2011, between First Solar, Inc. and Mark Widmar
10-Q001-331565/7/1310.2
10.6+
Change in Control Severance Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2012, between First Solar, Inc. and Georges Antoun
10-Q001-331565/7/1310.3
10.7+
Amendment to Change in Control Severance Agreement
10-Q001-331568/7/1310.1
10.8
Restricted Cash Assignment of Deposits
10-Q001-331568/6/1410.2
10.9+
First Solar, Inc. 2015 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan
DEF 14A001-331564/8/15App. A
10.10+
Amendment to Employment Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2016, between First Solar, Inc. and Mark Widmar, and Amendment to Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2016, between First Solar, Inc. and Mark Widmar, and Second Amendment to Change-in-Control Severance Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2016, between First Solar, Inc. and Mark Widmar
10-Q001-331564/28/1610.1
10.11+
Employment Agreement, effective as of October 24, 2016, and Change-in-Control Severance Agreement, effective as of October 24, 2016, between First Solar, Inc. and Alexander Bradley
10-Q001-3315611/3/1610.1
10.12+
Employment Agreement, Change In Control Severance Agreement, Confidentiality and Intellectual Property Agreement, and Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement, effective as of October 7, 2019 between First Solar, Inc. and Caroline Stockdale
10-K001-331562/21/2010.34
10.13+
Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement - Form Perf Unit-010
10-K001-331562/21/2010.46
10.14+
First Solar, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan
DEF 14A001-331564/1/20App. A
10.15+
Form of Grant Notice for 2020-2022 Executive Performance Equity Plan
10-Q001-331565/8/2010.1
10.16+
Employment Agreement, First Amendment to Employment Agreement, Change In Control Severance Agreement, Confidentiality and Intellectual Property Agreement, and Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement, effective as of August 10, 2020 between First Solar, Inc. and Patrick Buehler
10-Q001-3315610/28/2010.1
10.17+
Employment Agreement, Change In Control Severance Agreement, Confidentiality and Intellectual Property Agreement, and Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement, effective as of August 10, 2020 between First Solar, Inc. and Jason Dymbort
10-Q001-3315610/28/2010.2

122

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Table of Contents

    Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit
Number
 Exhibit Description Form File No. 
Date of
First Filing
 
Exhibit
Number
4.12 
Second Amendment and Waiver, dated as of June 30, 2011, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 15, 2010, among First Solar, Inc., the lenders party thereto, Bank of America, N.A. and The Royal Bank of Scotland plc, as documentation agents, Credit Suisse, Cayman Islands Branch, as syndication agent, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent
 8-K 001-33156 7/14/11 10.1
4.13 
Third Amendment, dated as of October 23, 2012 to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of October 15, 2010, among First Solar, Inc., the lenders party thereto, Bank of America, N.A. and The Royal Bank of Scotland plc, as documentation agents, Credit Suisse, Cayman Islands Branch, as syndication agent, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent
 8-K 001-33156 10/26/12 10.1
4.14 
Fourth Amendment dated as of July 15, 2013, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 15, 2010, among First Solar, Inc., the lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent
 8-K 001-33156 7/19/13 10.1
4.15 
Amended and Restated Guarantee and Collateral Agreement, dated as of July 15, 2013, by First Solar, Inc., First Solar Electric, LLC, First Solar Electric (California), Inc. and First Solar Development, LLC in favor of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent
 8-K 001-33156 7/19/13 10.2
4.16 
Fifth Amendment, dated as of June 3, 2015, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 15, 2010, among First Solar, Inc., the lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent
 8-K 001-33156 6/5/15 10.1
4.17 
Sixth Amendment, dated as of January 20, 2017, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 15, 2010, among First Solar, Inc., the lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent
 8-K 001-33156 1/27/17 10.1
4.18 
Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of July 10, 2017, among First Solar, Inc., the borrowing subsidiaries party thereto, the lenders party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent
 8-K 001-33156 7/14/17 10.10
10.1 
Form of Change in Control Severance Agreement
 S-1/A 333-135574 10/25/06 10.15
10.2 
Form of Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement
 10-K 001-33156 2/27/13 10.20
10.3 
First Solar, Inc. 2010 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan
 DEF 14A 001-33156 4/20/10 App. A
10.4 
First Solar, Inc. Stock Purchase Plan
 DEF 14A 001-33156 4/20/10 App. B
10.5 
Employment Agreement, dated March 15, 2011, and Change in Control Severance Agreement, dated April 4, 2011 between First Solar, Inc. and Mark Widmar
 10-Q 001-33156 5/5/11 10.3
10.6 
Employment Agreement, dated March 14, 2012, and Change in Control Severance Agreement, dated March 19, 2012 between First Solar, Inc. and James Hughes
 10-Q 001-33156 5/4/12 10.1
10.7 
Amendment to Employment Agreement, effective as of May 3, 2012, between First Solar, Inc. and James Hughes, and Amendment to Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement, effective as of May 3, 2012, between First Solar, Inc. and James Hughes
 8-K 001-33156 5/11/12 10.1
10.8 
Employment Agreement, effective July 1, 2012, and Change in Control Severance Agreement, effective July 1, 2012 between First Solar, Inc. and Georges Antoun
 10-Q 001-33156 8/3/12 10.1
10.9 
Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement, effective as of March 15, 2011, between First Solar, Inc. and Mark Widmar
 10-Q 001-33156 5/7/13 10.2



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Table of Contents

    Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit
Number
 Exhibit Description Form File No. 
Date of
First Filing
 
Exhibit
Number
10.10 
Change in Control Severance Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2012, between First Solar, Inc. and Georges Antoun
 10-Q 001-33156 5/7/13 10.3
10.11 
Amendment to Change in Control Severance Agreement
 10-Q 001-33156 8/7/13 10.1
10.12 
Employment Agreement, effective March 3, 2014, and Change in Control Severance Agreement, effective March 3, 2014 between First Solar, Inc. and Paul Kaleta
 10-K 001-33156 2/26/14 10.1
10.13 
Amended and Restated Corporate Governance Guidelines dated February 18, 2016
 10-K 001-33156 2/24/16 10.17
10.14 
Restricted Cash Assignment of Deposits
 10-Q 001-33156 8/6/14 10.2
10.15 
Master Formation Agreement by and between First Solar, Inc. and SunPower Corporation as of March 10, 2015
 8-K 001-33156 3/11/15 2.1
10.16 
First Solar, Inc. 2015 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan
 DEF 14A 001-33156 4/8/15 App. A
10.17 
Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of 8Point3 Operating Company, LLC as of June 24, 2015
 10-Q 001-33156 8/5/15 10.1
†10.18 
Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of 8Point3 Holding Company, LLC as of June 24, 2015
 10-Q 001-33156 8/5/15 10.2
10.19 
Employment Agreement, effective as of July 25, 2011, and Change in Control Severance Agreement, effective as of October 25, 2011 and amended as of August 1, 2013, between First Solar, Inc. and Philip Tymen deJong
 10-K 001-33156 2/24/16 10.23
10.20 
Employment Agreement, effective as of May 1, 2012, and Change in Control Severance Agreement, effective as of May 1, 2012 and amended as of August 1, 2013, between First Solar, Inc. and Raffi Garabedian
 10-K 001-33156 2/24/16 10.24
10.21 
Employment Agreement, effective as of February 17, 2016, and Change in Control Severance Agreement, effective as of February 17, 2016 between First Solar, Inc. and Chris Bueter
 10-K 001-33156 2/24/16 10.26
10.22 
Amendment to Employment Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2016, between First Solar, Inc. and Mark Widmar, and Amendment to Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2016, between First Solar, Inc. and Mark Widmar, and Second Amendment to Change-in-Control Severance Agreement, effective as of July 1, 2016, between First Solar, Inc. and Mark Widmar
 10-Q 001-33156 4/28/16 10.1
10.23 
Second Amendment to Employment Agreement, effective as of June 30, 2016, between First Solar, Inc. and James Hughes
 10-Q 001-33156 4/28/16 10.2
10.24 
Employment Agreement, effective as of October 24, 2016, and Change-in-Control Severance Agreement, effective as of October 24, 2016, between First Solar, Inc. and Alexander Bradley
 10-Q 001-33156 11/3/16 10.1
10.25 
Form of RSU Award Agreement
 10-K 001-33156 2/22/17 10.30
10.26 
Form of Option Award Agreement
 10-K 001-33156 2/22/17 10.31
10.27 
Form of Share Award Agreement
 10-K 001-33156 2/22/17 10.32
10.28 
Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement
 10-K 001-33156 2/22/17 10.33
10.29 
Form of Cash Incentive Award Agreement
 10-K 001-33156 2/22/17 10.34
10.30 
Form of Grant Notice for Executive Performance Equity Plan
 10-Q 001-33156 5/5/17 10.1
14.1 
Code of Ethics
 10-Q 001-33156 8/5/15 14.1
*21.1 
List of Subsidiaries of First Solar, Inc.
 — — — —
*23.1 
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 — — — —
*31.01 
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as amended
 — — — —
*31.02 
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as amended
 — — — —



149
Table of Contents

Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit

Number
Exhibit DescriptionFormFile No.
Date of

First Filing
Exhibit

Number
Δ*32.0110.18+
Employment Agreement, Change In Control Severance Agreement, Confidentiality and Intellectual Property Agreement, and Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement, effective as of August 10, 2020 between First Solar, Inc. and Markus Gloeckler
10-Q001-3315610/28/2010.3
10.19+
Employment Agreement, First Amendment to Employment Agreement, Change In Control Severance Agreement, Confidentiality and Intellectual Property Agreement, and Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement, effective as of August 10, 2020 between First Solar, Inc. and Michael Koralewski
10-Q001-3315610/28/2010.4
10.20+
First Amendment to Employment Agreement, effective as of October 8, 2020 between First Solar, Inc. and Caroline Stockdale
10-Q001-3315610/28/2010.5
10.21+
Employment Agreement, First Amendment to Employment Agreement, Change In Control Severance Agreement, Confidentiality and Intellectual Property Agreement, and Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement, effective as of August 10, 2020 between First Solar, Inc. and Kuntal Kumar Verma
10-Q001-3315610/28/2010.6
10.22+
First Amendment to Employment Agreement, effective as of January 8, 2021 between First Solar, Inc. and Markus Gloeckler
10-K001-331562/26/2110.46
10.23+
Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement - Form Perf Unit-011
10-K001-331562/26/2110.47
10.24+
Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement - Form Perf Unit-012
10-K001-331562/26/2110.48
10.25+
Form of Grant Notice for 2021-2023 Executive Performance Equity Plan
10-Q001-331567/30/2110.1
10.26+
Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement - Form Perf Unit-013
10-K001-331563/1/2210.31
10.27+
Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement - Form Perf Unit-014
10-Q001-331564/28/2210.1
10.28+
Form of Grant Notice for 2022-2024 Executive Performance Equity Plan
10-Q001-331564/28/2210.6
10.29‡§
Business Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated May 12, 2022, among First Solar Japan GK, PAG Renewables Holding Pte. Ltd. and PAG Renewables FM Holding Pte. Ltd.
10-Q001-331567/28/2210.1
10.30‡§
First Amendment to Business Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated June 24, 2022, among First Solar Japan GK, PAG Renewables Holding Pte. Ltd. and PAG Renewables FM Holding Pte. Ltd.
10-Q001-331567/28/2210.2
10.31‡§
Membership Interests Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated May 12, 2022, among First Solar Japan GK, Kyoto Solar Plant L.P., Yatsubo Solar Plant L.P., Momura Solar Plant L.P., Iwaki Solar Plant L.P., Hita Solar Plant L.P., Shimo Onuki Solar Plant L.P., Orido Solar Plant L.P., Handa Solar Plant L.P. and Tochigi Solar Plant L.P.
10-Q001-331567/28/2210.3
10.32‡§
First Amendment to Membership Interests Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated June 24, 2022, among First Solar Japan GK, Kyoto Solar Plant L.P., Yatsubo Solar Plant L.P., Momura Solar Plant L.P., Iwaki Solar Plant L.P., Hita Solar Plant L.P., Shimo Onuki Solar Plant L.P., Orido Solar Plant L.P., Handa Solar Plant L.P. and Tochigi Solar Plant L.P.
10-Q001-331567/28/2210.4
10.33‡§
TK Interests Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated May 12, 2022, among TK Investco 7 Pte. Ltd., TK Investco 8 Pte. Ltd., TK Investco 10 Pte. Ltd., TK Investco 11 Pte. Ltd. and Gioia Investment Pte. Ltd.
10-Q001-331567/28/2210.5
123
Table of Contents
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit
Number		Exhibit DescriptionFormFile No.Date of
First Filing		Exhibit
Number
10.34‡§
First Amendment to TK Interests Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated June 24, 2022, among TK Investco 7 Pte. Ltd., TK Investco 8 Pte. Ltd., TK Investco 10 Pte. Ltd., TK Investco 11 Pte. Ltd. and Gioia Investment Pte. Ltd.
10-Q001-331567/28/2210.6
10.35‡§
Finance Agreement between FS India Solar Ventures Private Limited and United States International Development Finance Corporation dated July 27, 2022
10-Q001-331567/28/2210.7
10.36‡§
Guaranty Agreement, dated August 4, 2022, between First Solar, Inc. and United States International Development Finance Corporation
10-Q001-3315610/27/2210.1
10.37+*
Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement - Form Perf Unit-015
————
10.38+*
Form of RSU Award Agreement
————
10.39+*
Form of Grant Notice for RSU Award Agreement
————
10.40+*
Form of Option Award Agreement
————
10.41+*
Form of Share Award Agreement
————
10.42+*
Form of Cash Incentive Award Agreement
————
10.43+*
Form of Performance Cash Incentive Award Agreement
————
21.1*
List of Subsidiaries of First Solar, Inc.
————
23.1*
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
————
31.1*
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as amended
————
31.2*
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as amended
————
32.1†
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes OxleySarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
————
*101.INS101.INS*XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document————
*101.SCH101.SCH*XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document————
*101.CAL101.CAL*XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document————
*101.DEF101.DEF*XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document————
*101.LAB101.LAB*XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document————
*101.PRE101.PRE*XBLRXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Document————
104*Cover page formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101————
——————————
*Filed herewith.

†Confidential treatment has been requested and granted for portions of this exhibit.

ΔThis exhibit shall not be deemed “filed�� for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any filings.

+    Management contract, compensatory plan, or arrangement.

‡    Portions of this exhibit have been redacted in compliance with Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K.

§    Exhibits and schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K.

*    Filed herewith.

†    Furnished herewith. This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any filings.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary


None.

124



150
Table of Contents

SIGNATURES


Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

FIRST SOLAR, INC.
Date: February 28, 2023FIRST SOLAR, INC.By:/s/ BYRON JEFFERS
Name:Byron Jeffers
February 22, 2018By:Title:/s/ BRYAN SCHUMAKER
Name:Bryan Schumaker
Title:Chief Accounting Officer


Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
SignatureTitleDate
/s/ MARK R. WIDMARChief Executive Officer and DirectorFebruary 28, 2023
Mark R. Widmar
SignatureTitleDate
/s/ MARK R. WIDMARChief Executive Officer and DirectorFebruary 22, 2018
Mark R. Widmar
/s/ ALEXANDER R. BRADLEYChief Financial OfficerFebruary 22, 201828, 2023
Alexander R. Bradley
/s/ MICHAEL J. AHEARNChairman of the Board of DirectorsFebruary 22, 2018
Michael J. Ahearn
/s/ SHARON L. ALLENDirectorFebruary 22, 2018
Sharon L. Allen
/s/ RICHARD D. CHAPMANDirectorFebruary 22, 2018
Richard D. Chapman
/s/ GEORGE A. HAMBRODirectorFebruary 22, 2018
George A. Hambro
/s/ MOLLY JOSEPHDirectorFebruary 22, 2018
Molly Joseph
/s/ CRAIG KENNEDYDirectorFebruary 22, 2018
Craig Kennedy
/s/ JAMES F. NOLANDirectorFebruary 22, 2018
James F. Nolan
/s/ WILLIAM J. POSTDirectorFebruary 22, 2018
William J. Post



151
Table of Contents

Signature/s/ MICHAEL J. AHEARNTitleChairman of the Board of DirectorsDateFebruary 28, 2023
Michael J. Ahearn
/s/ J. THOMAS PRESBYDirectorFebruary 22, 2018
J. Thomas Presby/s/ RICHARD D. CHAPMANDirectorFebruary 28, 2023
Richard D. Chapman
/s/ ANITA MARANGOLY GEORGEDirectorFebruary 28, 2023
Anita Marangoly George
/s/ GEORGE A. HAMBRODirectorFebruary 28, 2023
George A. Hambro
/s/ MOLLY E. JOSEPHDirectorFebruary 28, 2023
Molly E. Joseph
/s/ CRAIG KENNEDYDirectorFebruary 28, 2023
Craig Kennedy
/s/ LISA A. KRODirectorFebruary 28, 2023
Lisa A. Kro
/s/ WILLIAM J. POSTDirectorFebruary 28, 2023
William J. Post
/s/ PAUL H. STEBBINSDirectorFebruary 22, 201828, 2023
Paul H. Stebbins
/s/ MICHAEL SWEENEYDirectorFebruary 22, 201828, 2023
Michael Sweeney
/s/ NORMAN L. WRIGHTDirectorFebruary 28, 2023
Norman L. Wright




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