PART I
Item 1. Business
We are steadfast in our commitment to the advisor-centered model and the belief that Americans deserve access to personalized guidance from a financial advisor. We believe that we areadvisors should have the only company that offers advisors the unique combination of an integrated technology platform, comprehensive self-clearing services, and open architecture accessfreedom to a wide range of non-proprietary products, all delivered in an environment unencumbered by conflicts from product manufacturing, underwriting, and market-making.
manage their client relationships because they know their clients best. We believe investors achieve better outcomes when working with a financial advisor. We strive to make it easy for advisors to do what is best for their clients while protecting advisors and investors andby promoting independencefreedom and choice through access to a wide range of diligently evaluated non-proprietary products.products while protecting advisors and clients.
We began operations through LPL Financial LLC, our broker-dealer subsidiary (“LPL Financial”),believe that we are the only company that offers the unique combination of an integrated technology platform, comprehensive self-clearing services, and curated access to a wide range of non-proprietary products all delivered in 1989. an environment unencumbered by conflicts from product manufacturing, underwriting, and market-making.
LPL Financial Holdings Inc., which is the parent company of our collective businesses,business, was incorporated in Delaware in 2005. The Company’s most significant wholly owned subsidiaries are described below:
•LPL Holdings, Inc. is a direct subsidiary of LPL Financial Holdings Inc. and is an intermediate holding company of our business.
•LPL Financial LLC (“LPL Financial”) is a clearing broker-dealer and an investment advisoradviser that primarily transacts business as an agent for our advisors on behalf of their clients by providing access to a broad array of financial productsclears and services. Through our subsidiary The Private Trust Company, N.A. ("PTC"), we offer trust administration, investment management oversight, and Individual Retirement Account ("IRA") custodial services for estates and families. settles customer transactions.
•Fortigent Holdings Company, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“Fortigent”(“Fortigent”) provide solutions and consulting services to registered investment advisors,RIAs, banks and trust companies serving high-net-worth clients. Our subsidiary,
•LPL Insurance Associates, Inc. ("LPLIA"(“LPLIA”), operates as a brokerage general agency that offers life and disability insurance salesproducts and services.
•AW Subsidiary, Inc. is a holding company for AdvisoryWorld and Blaze Portfolio Systems LLC (“Blaze”). AdvisoryWorld offers technology products, including proposal generation, investment analytics and portfolio modeling, to both the Company’s advisors and external clients in the wealth management industry. Blaze provides an advisor-facing trading and portfolio rebalancing platform.
•The Private Trust Company, N.A. (“PTC”) provides trust administration, investment management oversight and Individual Retirement Account (“IRA”) custodial services.
•LPL Employee Services, LLC is a holding company for Allen & Company of Florida, LLC (“Allen & Company”), an RIA.
Our Strategy
At LPL, our mission is to take care of our advisors, so they can take care of their clients. Our vision is to become the leader across the advisor-centered marketplace by empowering advisors to deliver great advice to their clients and be great operators of their businesses. In order to achieve this vision, our strategy is to meet advisors and institutions where they are in the evolution of their businesses, provide capabilities to help advisors differentiate and drive efficiency in their practices, create an industry-leading service experience that delights advisors and their clients, and help advisors run the most successful businesses in the market.
Our Business
Our business is dedicated exclusively to our advisors; we are not a market-maker nor do we offer investment banking or underwriting services. We offer no proprietary products of our own. Because we do not offer proprietary products,own, and, as a result, we enable the independent financial advisors banks, and credit unionsfinancial institutions that we support to offer their clients lower-conflict advice.
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We work alongside advisors to navigate complex market and regulatory environments and strive to empower them to create the best outcomes for investors. In addition, we make meaningful investments in technology and services to support the growth, productivity and efficiency of advisors across a broad spectrum of business models as their practices evolve. Our advisors are a community of diverse, entrepreneurial financial services professionals.professionals who support approximately 7.2 million client accounts. They build long-term relationships with their clients in communities across the United States by guiding them through the complexities of investment decisions, retirement solutions, financial planning, and wealth management. Our advisors support approximately 4.8 million client accounts. Our services are designed to support the evolution of our advisors’ businesses over time and to adapt as our advisors'advisors’ needs change.
We believe we offer a compelling economic value proposition to independent advisors, which is a key factor in our ability to attract and retain advisors and their practices. The independent channels pay advisors a greater share of advisory fees and brokerage commissions and advisory fees than the captive channels — generally 80-90%80-100% compared to 30-50%. Through our scale and operating efficiencies, we for captive channels. Our independent financial advisors are ablebusiness owners who, unlike their captive counterparts, also have the opportunity to offer our advisors what we believe to be the highest average payout ratios among the five largest United States broker-dealers, ranked by number of advisors.
build equity in their own businesses. Furthermore, we believe that our technology and service platforms enable our advisors to operate their practices with a greater focus on serving investors while generating revenue opportunities and at a lower cost than other independent advisors. As a result, we believe
We serve nearly 20,000 advisors that our advisors who own practices earn more pre-tax profit than practice owners affiliated with other independent brokerage firms. Finally, as business owners, our independent financial advisors, unlike captive advisors, also have the opportunity to build equity in their own businesses.
The majority of our advisors are entrepreneurial independent contractorspractitioners who are primarily located in rural and suburban areas and, as such, are viewed as local providers of independent advice. Many of our advisors operate under their own business name, and we may assist these advisors with their own branding, marketing and promotion and regulatory review. We also support advisors who are our employees through our independent employee advisor affiliation model.
Advisors licensed with LPL Financial as registered representatives andand/or as investment advisory representatives are able to conduct both commission-based business on our brokerage platform and fee-based business on our corporate RIA platform.platform, respectively. In order to be licensed with LPL Financial, advisors must be approved through our assessment process, which includes a review of each advisor’s education, experience and compliance history, among other factors. Approved advisors become registered with LPL Financial and enter into a representative agreement that establishes the duties and responsibilities of each party. Pursuant to the representative agreement, each advisor makes a series of representations, including that the advisor will disclose to all clients and prospective clients that the advisor is acting as LPL Financial'sFinancial’s registered representative or investment advisory representative, that all orders for securities will be placed through LPL Financial, that the advisor will sell only products that LPL Financial has approved, and that the advisor will comply with LPL Financial policies and procedures as well as securities rules and regulations. These advisors also agree not to engage in any outside business activity without prior approval from us and not to act in competition with us.
LPL Financial also supports over 420nearly 500 independent RIA firms that conduct their business through separate entities ("registered investment advisor firms (“Hybrid RIAs"RIAs”) with over 5,2005,400 advisors who conduct their advisory business through these separate entities, rather than through LPL Financial. Hybrid RIAs operate pursuant to the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the "Advisers Act"“Advisers Act”), or their respective states'states’ investment advisory licensing rules. These Hybrid RIAs engage us for technology, clearing and custody services, as well as access to our investment platforms. Advisors associated with Hybrid RIAs retain 100% of their advisory fees. Infees, and in return, we charge separate fees for custody, trading, administrative and support services. In addition, mostsome financial advisors associated with Hybrid RIAs carry their brokerage license with LPL Financial and access our fully-integrated brokerage platform under standard terms, although some financial advisors associated with Hybrid RIAs do not carry a brokerage license with us. terms.
We believe we are the market leader in providing support to over 2,2002,800 financial advisors at approximately 700 banks and credit unions800 financial institutions nationwide. The core capabilities of these institutions may not include investment and financial planning services, or they may find the technology, infrastructure and regulatory requirements of supporting such services to be cost-prohibitive. For these institutions, we provide their financial advisors with the infrastructure and services they need to be successful, allowing the institutions to focus more energyattention and capital on their core businesses.
We also provide support to approximately 3,6003,700 additional financial advisors who are affiliated and licensed with insurance companies. These arrangements allow us to provide outsourced customized clearing, advisory platforms
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and technology solutions that enable the financial advisors at these insurance companies to offer a breadth of services to their client base in an efficient manner.
Our Value Proposition
We support our advisors by providing front-, middle-, and back-office solutions through our distinct value proposition: integrated technology solutions, comprehensive clearing and compliance services, consultative practice management programs and training, business solutions and independentplanning and advice services, and in-house research. The comprehensive and increasingly automated nature of our offering enables our advisors to focus on their clients while successfully and efficiently managing the complexities of running their own practice.
Integrated Technology Solutions
We provide our technology and service to advisors through an integrated technology platform that is server-basedcloud-based and web-accessible. Our technology offerings are designed to permit our advisors to effectively manage all critical aspects of their businesses in an efficient manner while remaining responsive to their clients’ needs. We continue to automate time-consuming processes, such as account opening and management, document imaging, transaction execution, and account rebalancing, in an effort to improve our advisors'advisors’ efficiency and accuracy.
Comprehensive Clearing and Compliance Services
We provide custody and clearing services for the majority of our advisors’ transactions, and seek to offer a simplified and streamlined advisor experience andwith expedited processing capabilities. Our self-clearing platform enables us to better control client data, more efficiently process and report trades, facilitate platform development, reduce costs and ultimately enhance the service experience for our advisors and their clients. Our self-clearing platform also enables us to serve a wide range of advisors, including those associated with Hybrid RIAs.
We continue to make substantial investments in our compliance function to provide our advisors with a strong framework through which to understand and operate within regulatory guidelines, as well as guidelines that we establish. Protecting the best interests of investors and our affiliated advisors is of utmost importanceimperative to us. As the financial industry and regulatory environment evolve and become more complex, we remain devoted to serving our clients ethically and well. We have made a long-term commitment to enhancing our risk management and compliance structure, as well as our technology-based compliance and risk management tools, in order to further enhance the overall effectiveness and scalability of our control environment.
Our team of risk and compliance employees assists our advisors through:
•training and advising advisors on new products, new regulatory guidelines, compliance and risk management tools, security policies and procedures and best practices;
•advising on sales practice activities and facilitating the supervision of activities by branch managers;
•conducting technology-enabled surveillance of trading activities and sales practices;
•monitoring of registered investment advisory activities for advisors on our corporate RIA platform, monitoring of registered investment advisory activities;platform; and
•inspecting branch offices and advising on how to strengthen compliance procedures.
Practice Management Programs and Training
Our practice management programs are designed to help financial advisors in independent practices and financial institutions, as well as all levels of financial institution leadership, enhance and grow their businesses. Our experience gives us the ability to benchmark the best practices of successful advisors and develop customized recommendations to meet the specific needs of an advisor’s business and market, and our scale allows us to dedicate a team of experienced professionals to this effort. Our practice management and training services include:
•personalized business consulting that helps eligible advisors and program leadership enhance the value and operational efficiency of their businesses;
•advisory and brokerage consulting and financial planning to support advisors in growing their businesses through our broad range of products and fee-based offerings as well asand wealth management services, to assist advisors serving high-net-worth clients with comprehensive estate, tax, philanthropic, and financial planning processes;services;
•marketing strategies, including campaign templates, to enable advisors to build awareness of their services and capitalize on opportunities in their local markets;
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•succession planning and an advisor loan program for advisors looking to either sell their own or buy another practice;
•transition services to help advisors establish independent practices and migrate client accounts to us; and
•in-person and virtual training and educational programs on topics including technology, use of advisory platforms and business development.
Business Solutions and Planning and Advice Services
LPL Business Solutions provides business support to advisors in areas critical to the operation of their practices, such as marketing, accounting and transaction support. The LPL Business Solutions portfolio includes professional services and business optimizer offerings. Professional services offerings, including CFO Solutions, Marketing Solutions, and Admin Solutions, are digital and employee-powered solutions that provide practice management expertise to increase practice-level growth and operational efficiency. Business optimizer offerings, including M&A Solutions, Remote Office Solutions, Resilience Plans and Assurance Plans, are digital solutions that provide risk mitigation and business continuity services to support practice operations and succession planning.
Planning and Advice Services were launched in January of 2022 to enhance and expand our differentiated services portfolio in support of our vision to become the leader across the advisor-centered marketplace. The focus of Planning and Advice Services is helping advisors deliver comprehensive advice and creating advice capacity. We are expanding our portfolio of services to address new advisor needs while also enhancing our existing solutions to deliver an industry-leading customer experience.
In-House Research
We provide our advisors with integrated access to comprehensive research on a broad range of investments and market analysis on macro-economic events, capital markets assumptions and strategic and tactical asset allocation. Our research team provides advice that is designed to empower our advisors to provide their clients with thoughtful advice in a timely manner, including the creation of discretionary portfolios for which we serve as a portfolio manager, available through our turnkey advisory asset management platforms. Our research team actively works with our product risk management group to review the financial products offered through our platform.platforms. This includes third-party asset manager search, selection and monitoring services for both traditional and alternative strategies across all investment access points (exchange-traded funds, mutual funds, separately managed accounts, unified managed accounts and other products and services). We believe our lack ofnot providing proprietary products or investment banking services better enables us to provide research that is unbiased and objective.unbiased.
Our Product and Solution Access
We do not manufacture any financial products. Instead, we provide our advisors with open architecturecurated access to a broad range of commission, fee-based, cash and money market products and services. Our product risk management group conducts a review on substantially all of our product offerings.
The sales and administration of these products are facilitated through our technology solutions, thatwhich allow our advisors to access client accounts, product information, asset allocation models, investment recommendations, and economic insight, as well as to perform trade execution.
Commission-Based Products
Commission-based products areinclude those for which we and our advisors receive an upfront commission and, for certain products, a trailing commission, or a mark-up or mark-down.commission. Our brokerage offerings include variable and fixed annuities, mutual funds, equities, fixed income, alternative investments, such as non-traded real estate investment trusts and business development companies, retirement and 529 education savings plans fixed income, and insurance. As of December 31, 2017, the total brokerage assets in our commission-based products were $342.1 billion. We regularly review the structure and fees of our commission-based products in the context of retail investor preferences and the changing regulatory environment.environment, as well as the competitive landscape. As of December 31, 2021, the total brokerage assets in commission-based products were $563.2 billion.
Fee-Based Advisory Platforms and Support
LPL Financial has various fee-based advisory platforms that provide centrally managed or customized solutions from which advisors can choose to meet the investment needs of their clients, including wrap-fee programs, mutual fund asset allocation programs, an advisor-enhanced digital advice program, advisory programs offered by third-party investment advisor firms, financial planning services and retirement plan consulting services. The fee structure of our platforms enables our advisors to provide their clients with higher levels of service, while establishing a recurring revenue stream for the advisor and for us. Our fee-based platforms provide access to mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, stocks, bonds, certain option strategies, unit investment trusts and institutional money managers and
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no-load multi-manager variable annuities. As of December 31, 2017,2021, the total advisory assets under custody in these platforms, through both our corporate RIA platform and Hybrid RIAs,platform, were $273.0 billion.$643.2 billion.
Client Cash Sweep Programs
We assistoffer insured bank sweep vehicles and money market programs, which enable our advisors in managingto manage their clients’ cash balances through three primary cash sweep programs depending on account type: a money market sweep vehicle involving money market fund providers and two insured sweep vehicles involving banks.balances. As of December 31, 2017,2021, the total assets in our client cash sweep programs, which are held within brokerageadvisory and advisorybrokerage accounts, were approximately $29.8 billion. Our sweep programs with banks held $22.9$57.3 billion in insured cash account vehicles and $4.2 billion in deposit cash account vehicles. The balance in money market vehicles was $2.7 billion..
Other Services
We provide a number of tools and services that enable advisors to maintain and grow their practices. Through our subsidiary PTC, we provide custodial services to trusts for estates and families. Under our unique model, an advisor may provide a trust with investment management services, while administrative services for the trust are provided by PTC. We also offer retirement solutions for commission- and fee-based services that allow advisors to provide brokerage services, consultation and advice to retirement plan sponsors using LPL Financial. We estimate that as of December 31, 2017, there were 41,000 retirement plans served byoffer proposal generation, investment analytics and portfolio modeling capabilities to both our advisors with total retirement plan assets of approximately $134.9 billion. We earn revenue from retirement plan assets that are custodied with LPL Financial and from those that are not custodied with LPL Financial, but which are serviced by advisors through LPL Financial. Only retirement plan assets that are custodied with LPL Financial are includedexternal clients in our reported total brokeragethe wealth management industry and advisory assets.provide an advisor-facing trading and portfolio rebalancing platform.
Our Financial Model
Our overall financial performance is a function of the following dynamics of our business:following:
•Our revenues stemrevenue stems from diverse sources, including advisor-generated commissionadvisory and advisorycommission fees, as well as other asset-based fees from product manufacturers, omnibus,sponsors, recordkeeping, networking services, client cash sweep balances, service and fee revenue, transaction revenue and other feesrevenue for other ancillary services that we provide. Revenues areRevenue is not concentrated by advisor, product or geography. For the year ended December 31, 2017,2021, no single relationship with our independent advisor practices, banks, credit unions or insurance companies accounted for more than 7%2% of our net revenues,advisory and commission revenue, and no single advisor accounted for more than 2%1% of our net revenues.advisory and commission revenue.
•The largest variable component of our cost base, advisor payout percentages, is directly linked to revenuesrevenue generated by our advisors.
•A portion of our revenues, such as software licensing and account and client fees, arerevenue is not asset-based or correlated with the equity financial markets. Service and fee revenue includes service solutions, IRA custodian fees, contract and licensing fees, and other client account fees. Service and fee revenue from Business Solutions is based on recurring subscription fees. We charge separate fees to RIAs for technology, clearing, administrative, oversight and custody services, which may vary. In addition, we host certain advisor conferences that serve as training, education, sales and marketing events for which we charge sponsors a fee.
•Our operating model is scalable and is capable of delivering expanding profit margins over time.
•We have managed our capital requirements and expenditures such that we have been able to operate with low capital expenditures and limited capital requirements, and as a result have been able toboth invest in our business as well asand return valuecapital to shareholders.
Our Competitive Strengths
Market Leadership Position and Significant Scale
We are the established leader in the independent advisor market, which is our core business focus. We use our scale and position as an industry leader to champion the independent business model and the rights of our advisors.
advisors and their clients. Our scale enables us to benefit from the following dynamics:
•Continual Reinvestment — We actively reinvest in our comprehensive technology platform and practice management support, which further improves the productivity of our advisors. •Economies of Scale — As one of the largest distributors of financial products in the United States, we have been able to obtain attractive economics from product sponsors. •Payout Rates to Advisors — As one of the largest U.S. broker-dealers by number of advisors, we believe that we offer our advisors the highest average payout rates in our industry. |
The combination of our ability to reinvest in our business and maintain highly competitive payout ratiosrates has enabled us to attract and retain advisors. This, in turn, has driven our growth and led to a continuous cycle of reinvestment that reinforces our established scale advantage.
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Comprehensive Solutions
We believe we offer a compelling value proposition to independent financial advisors and financial institutions. This value proposition is built upon the delivery of our services through our scale, independence, and integrated technology, the sum of which we believe is not replicated in the industry. As a result, we believe that we do not have any direct competitors that offer our business model at the scale at which we offer it. For example, because we do not have any proprietary manufactured financial products, we do not view firms that manufacture asset management products and other financial products as direct competitors.
We provide comprehensive solutions to financial institutions, such as regional banks, credit unions, and insurersinsurance companies that seek to provide a broad array of services for their clients. We believe many institutions find the technology, infrastructure, and regulatory requirements associated with delivering financial advice to be cost-prohibitive. The solutions we provide enable financial advisors at these institutions to deliver their services on a cost-effective basis.
Flexibility of Our Business Model
Our business model allows our advisors the freedom to choose how they conduct their business, subject to certain regulatory parameters, which has helped us attract and retain advisors from multiple channels, including wire houses,wirehouses, regional broker-dealers and other independent broker-dealers. Our platform can accommodate a variety of independent advisor business models, including independent financial advisors and Hybrid RIAs.RIAs, as well as employee advisors. The flexibility of our business model enables our advisors to transition among the independent advisor business modelsselect their preferred affiliation model and product mix as their business evolves and preferences change within the market. Our ownmarket or their client base all within an environment that allows that evolution with minimal interruption for their business and their clients.
In addition, our business model provides advisors with a multitude of customizable service and technology offerings that allow them to increase their efficiency, focus on their clients and grow their practice. For example, LPL Business Solutions provides business support to advisors in areas critical to the operation of their practices, such as marketing, accounting and transaction support.
Our Sources of Growth
Increasing Productivity of Existing Advisor Base
We believe the productivity of our advisors has the potential to increase over time as we continue to develop solutions designed to enable them to add new clients, manage more of their clients’ investable assets, and expand their existing practices with additional advisors. We expect to facilitate these productivity improvements by helping our advisors better manage their practices in an increasingly complex external environment, which we believe has the potential to result in the assets per advisor growing over time.
Business Solutions and Planning and Advice Services are a source of organic growth as a larger share of advisors adopts these service solutions.
Attracting New AdvisorsAssets to Our Platform
We intend to grow the number of advisors who areassets served by our platform — either those whoacross traditional markets and through new affiliation models. Ongoing investment in and enhancement to our platform and support teams is leading to increased win rates and an expanded pipeline. We are independent or whoalso experiencing strong momentum from our new advisor affiliation models, which are alignedattracting prospects. Finally, we have opened up a new market with our newest large financial institutions. Cerulli Associates estimates there are 313,049 financial advisorsinstitution affiliation model. The relationships with M&T Bank Corporation (“M&T Bank”) and BMO Harris Financial Advisors (“BMO Harris”) that we began during 2021, the expected onboarding of CUNA Brokerage Services, Inc. (“CBSI”), and the related investments in the United States, of which we have a 4.9% market share, and we believe weinstitutional platform are uniquely positioned to attract seasoned advisors of any practice size andgenerating interest from any of the channels listed below.
| Channel | Advisors | % of Market | ||
| Independent Broker-Dealer(1) | 61,600 | 19.7% | ||
| Insurance Broker-Dealer | 74,532 | 23.8% | ||
| Wire House | 47,470 | 15.2% | ||
| National and Regional Broker-Dealer | 40,568 | 13.0% | ||
| Independent RIA(1) | 38,407 | 12.3% | ||
| Retail Bank Broker-Dealer | 22,798 | 7.2% | ||
| Hybrid RIAs(1) | 27,674 | 8.8% | ||
| Total | 313,049 | 100.0% | ||
Competition
We compete with a variety of financial firms to attract and retain experienced and productive advisors:advisors. These financial firms operate in various channels and markets:
•Within the independent broker-dealer channel, the industry is highly fragmented and comprised primarily of regional firms that rely on third-party custodians and technology providers to support their operations. Some
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•The captive wire house channel tendsWirehouses tend to consist of large nationwide firms with multiple lines of business that have a focus on the highly competitive high-net-worth investor market. Competitors in this channel include:
•Competition for advisors also includes regional firms such as Edward D. Jones & Co., L.P., Ameriprise Financial Services Inc. and Raymond James Financial Services, Inc.that primarily focus on specific client niches or geographic areas.
•Independent RIA firms, which are registered with the SEC or thoughthrough their respective states'states’ investment advisory regulator and not through a broker-dealer, may choose from a number of third-party firms to provide custodial services. Our significant competitors in this space include:
Our advisors compete for clients with financial advisors of brokerage firms, banks, insurance companies, asset management, and investment advisory firms. In addition, they also compete with a number of firms offering direct-to-investor online financial services and discount brokerage services, such as Charles Schwab & Co, E*TRADE,services.
Human Capital
Our success depends on our ability to attract, hire, retain and Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC.develop highly-skilled professionals in a variety of specialties, including finance, technology, compliance, business development, cybersecurity and management.
Workforce
As of December 31, 2017,2021, we had 3,736approximately 5,900 full-time employees. None
Talent Management and Culture
Due to the complexity of our business, we compete for talent with other companies, both inside and outside of our industry, and in multiple geographical areas in the United States. In 2021, our human capital efforts focused on further developing our culture of service that emphasizes taking care of our advisors, so they can take care of their clients. To that end, we seek employees who are approachable, proactive, collaborative, agile and innovative, and who share our commitment to excellence, integrity and service.
Compensation and Benefits
To maintain a high-caliber, values-driven workforce that is committed to our culture, we strive to offer total rewards, including compensation, benefits and recognition programs that position our company as an employer of choice. Our compensation is designed to be performance based and competitive in the markets in which we compete. We closely monitor industry trends and practices to ensure we are able to attract and retain the personnel who are critical to our success. We also monitor internal pay equity to help ensure that our compensation practices are fair and equitable across our organization. Our company’s senior leaders have an opportunity to receive a portion of their compensation in Company equity, and, subject to a cap, we match the contributions of all of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements governingour retirement savings plan to help support their employment with us.long-term financial goals. We build deep expertise by attracting talentedalso offer an employee stock purchase plan that enables eligible employees fromto acquire an ownership interest in our company at a varietydiscount to prevailing market prices.
To help our employees feel supported, we offer an array of fields and developing that talent into future leadersbenefits intended to meet the diverse needs of our businessemployees and their eligible dependents. From healthcare to holidays, our industry.aim is to help our employees enjoy happy and healthy lifestyles, while maintaining good work-life balance. Our continued growth is dependent,benefits, which are overseen by our Total Rewards team in part, onpartnership with our abilityCorporate Communications, Finance, Payroll, and Human Capital teams, are available to beall full-time employees and part-time employees working at least 30 hours per week. Our benefits packages are comprehensive and available to over 99% of our workforce. Our health and welfare benefits include, among other things: medical coverage; dental and vision coverage; healthcare and dependent-care flexible spending accounts, Health Savings Accounts, the LPL Live Well employee wellbeing program, an employer of choiceEmployee Assistance Program, including counseling and work/life services for employees and their families; accident and critical illness coverage; life and accidental death and dismemberment insurance, as well as short-term and long-term disability insurance; and an organizationon-site cafeteria.
Training and Development
We believe in our employees’ potential and provide training and development opportunities intended to maximize their performance and professional growth. To ensure that recruits and retains talentednew employees who best fitintegrate into our culture and business needs. We offertheir daily work, we provide a robust new-hire experience, as well as extensive ongoing learning opportunities and programs that empowertraining for our employees to growacquaint
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them with our business. We require all of our employees to complete courses in key regulatory areas, such as insider trading and anti-money laundering compliance, and we offer opportunities for professional development through training sessions and cross-departmental workshops. In addition, we have a mentorship program that pairs newer employees with more experienced professionals, giving mentees access to experience, expertise and guidance as they chart their career paths.
Employee Safety
We aim to provide a safe, inclusive environment for our employees where they feel engaged in our business, supported in who they are and empowered to succeed. We are committed to providing a workplace that is free from violence, harassment and other unsafe or disruptive conditions and require our personnel to attend regular training sessions and workshops on those topics.
To promote safety during the COVID-19 pandemic, starting in March 2020, we expanded our work-from-home policy that enables our employees to work remotely. For our essential workers, we introduced additional hospital-grade disinfectants and maximized outdoor air intake and air filtration. We adopted a Temporary COVID-19 Sick Time Policy that provides all workers with up to 14 days of full pay if they are sick and/or have COVID, so they do not suffer wage loss due to an absence, and so they remain off-site when ill. We also extended our Leaves of Absence protocol, which now offers personal leaves of absence to support employees with mental health concerns, daycare challenges, and/or distance learning for their children and dependents. In addition, the LPL Financial Foundation established the LPL Care Fund, an employee-to-employee relief fund created to help employees facing unexpected and unavoidable financial hardships as a result of a natural disaster or epidemic by providing tax-free grants.
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
We believe that well-being is more than just physical safety and that our employees should feel welcome and supported as who they are. We seek to foster diversity and a culture of inclusivity. Our employee-led resource groups focus on the needs, concerns and experiences of various diverse groups and help leaders drive business outcomes. In addition, our professional development and careers.recruitment efforts have focused on improving the diversity of our employee population, including through targeted outreach to and collaborations with organizations that serve diverse populations.
Continuous improvement is a pillar of our culture, and we regularly solicit employee feedback on the effectiveness and quality of our support programs and their level of engagement with our business. We provide comprehensive compensationuse this feedback to improve our programs and benefits packages,processes and inform decisions about our business. In addition, we closely monitor employee turnover, both in the aggregate and in key subcategories such as well as financial education toolsdiversity and levels in the Company, to assistevaluate our effectiveness in retaining critical personnel.
We are committed to an inclusive work environment to encourage and cultivate diversity of thought and ideas within the Company. We sponsor Employee Resource Groups to leverage the individual talents, perspectives and experiences of our employees as they planto position us for their future.continued growth and success.
Regulation
The financial services industry is subject to extensive regulation by United StatesU.S. federal, state, and international government agencies as well as various self-regulatory organizations. We take an active leadership roleseek to participate in the development of thesignificant rules and regulations that govern our industry. We have been investing in our compliance functions to monitor our adherence to the numerous legal and regulatory requirements applicable to our business. Compliance with all applicable laws and regulations, only some of which are described below, involves a significant investment in time and resources. Any new laws or regulations applicable to our business, any changes to existing laws or regulations, or any changes to the interpretations or enforcement of those laws or regulations may affect our operations and/or financial condition.
Broker-Dealer Regulation
LPL Financial is a broker-dealer registered with the SEC, a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA"(“FINRA”) and various other self-regulatory organizations, and a participant in various clearing organizations including the Depository Trust Company, the National Securities Clearing Corporation, and the Options Clearing Corporation. LPL Financial is registered as a broker-dealer in each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The rules of the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board, which are enforced by the SEC and FINRA, apply to the municipal securities activities of LPL Financial.
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Broker-dealers are subject to rules and regulations covering all aspects of the securities business, including sales and trading practices, public offerings, publication of research reports, use and safekeeping of clients’ funds and securities, capital adequacy, recordkeeping and reporting, the conduct of directors, officers and employees, qualification and licensing of supervisory and sales personnel, marketing practices, supervisory and organizational procedures intended to ensure compliance with securities laws, and to prevent improper trading on material nonpublic information, limitations on extensions of credit in securities transactions, clearance and settlement procedures, and rules designed to promote high standards of commercial honor and just and equitable principles of trade. Broker-dealers are also subject to state securities laws and regulated by state securities administrators in those jurisdictions where they do business. Applicable laws, rules, and regulations may be subject to varying interpretations and change from time to time. For example, in 2017, Nevada enacted a law that would require broker-dealers to adhere to certain fiduciary standards specified under Nevada law.
Regulators make periodic examinations and inquiries of us and review annual, monthly, and other reports on our operations track record, and financial condition. Regulatory actions brought against us alleging violations of applicable laws, rules, and regulations could result in censures, penalties and fines, settlements, disgorgement of profits, restitution to customers, remediation or the issuance of cease-and-desist orders. Such actions could also result in the restriction, suspension or expulsion from the securities industry of us or our financial advisors, officers or employees. We also may incur substantial expenses, damage to our reputation, or similar adverse consequences in connection with any such actions by the SEC, FINRA, the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”) or state securities regulators, regardless of the outcome.
LPL Financial'sFinancial’s margin lending is regulated by the Federal Reserve Board’s restrictions on lending in connection with client purchases and short sales of securities, and FINRA rules also require LPL Financial to impose maintenance requirements based on the value of securities contained in margin accounts. In many cases, our margin policies are more stringent than these rules.
Investment Advisor Regulation
As investment advisors registered with the SEC, our subsidiaries LPL Financial, Allen & Company and Fortigent, LLC are subject to the requirements of the Advisers Act, and the regulations promulgated thereunder, including examination by the SEC’s staff. Such requirements relate to, among other things, fiduciary duties to clients, performance fees, maintaining an effective compliance program, solicitation arrangements, conflicts of interest, advertising, limitations on agency cross and principal transactions between the advisor and advisory clients, recordkeeping and reporting requirements, disclosure requirements, and general anti-fraud provisions.
The SEC is authorized to institute proceedings and impose sanctions for violations of the Advisers Act and associated regulations. Investment advisors also are subject to certain state securities laws and regulations. Failure to comply with the Advisers Act or other federal and state securities laws and regulations could result in investigations, censures, penalties and fines, settlements, disgorgement of profits, restitution to customers, remediation, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders or the termination of an investment advisor’s registration. We also may incur substantial expenses, damage to our reputation or similar adverse consequences in connection with such actions, regardless of the outcome.
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Retirement Plan Services Regulation
Certain of our subsidiaries, including LPL Financial, LPL Employee Services, LLC, PTC, Fiduciary Trust Company of New Hampshire and LPLIA, are subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended ("ERISA")ERISA, and Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code, of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), and to regulations promulgated under ERISA or the Code, insofar as the subsidiaries provide services with respect to plan clients, or otherwise deal with plan clients, plan participants and retirement, health and educational accounts that are subject to ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code. ERISA imposes certain duties on persons who are "fiduciaries"“fiduciaries” (as defined in Section 3(21) of ERISA) and prohibits certain transactions involving plans subject to ERISA and fiduciaries or other service providers to such plans. Non-compliance with or breaches of these provisions may expose an ERISA fiduciary or other service provider to liability under ERISA, which may include monetary and criminal penalties as well as equitable remedies for the affected plan. Section 4975 of the Code prohibits certain transactions involving "plans"“plans” (as defined in Section 4975(e)(1), which include, for example, IRAs and certain Keogh plans) and service providers, including fiduciaries (as defined in Section 4975(e)(3)), to such plans. Section 4975 imposes excise taxes for violations of these prohibitions.
On December 18, 2020, the DOL finalized PTE 2020-02, providing broad exemptive relief for receiving variable or transaction-based compensation, and certain other “prohibited transactions,” in connection with fiduciary investment advice to investors using covered accounts. The preamble to this exemption also included the DOL’s new and expanded interpretation of when providing a rollover recommendation (or potentially other recommendations) could result in fiduciary status to many investment professionals and activities that have historically not been considered to be fiduciary, and imposesunder the historic Five-Part Test. This new requirements on our various business lines. In addition to the DOL Rule, the DOL published two new prohibited transaction exemptions—the Best Interest Contract Exemption and the Class Exemption for Principal Transactions in Certain Assets—interpretation, as well as amendmentsother guidance issued by the DOL in connection with this interpretation, is the subject of multiple litigations in federal district courts challenging the DOL’s authority to and partial revocations of pre-existing exemptions. These regulations and exemptions focus in large part on conflicts of interest concerning financial professionals’ investment recommendations and marketing practices relating to retirement investors. The DOL has delayed the applicability of certain conditions of these exemptions to July 1, 2019, and is currently studying the rule’s impacts and considering whether any changes are needed. Because ERISA plans and IRAs comprise a significant portion ofissue it. We operate our business we expect thatin compliance with thea number of DOL Rule and reliance on new and amended prohibited transaction exemptions, including PTE 2020-02, where applicable. However, as industry compliance practices and regulatory approaches to guidance, examinations and enforcement continue to develop, and the outcomes of litigation remain pending, the ultimate impact that these new rules or regulations will require increased legal, compliance, information technology, and other costs and could lead to a greater risk of class action lawsuits and other litigation. In addition, the DOL Rule, in its current form, creates increased risk of private arbitration and litigation, including potential class action litigation, based on violations of the DOL Rule. The
The DOL Rule or develop their own similar lawsissued a new exemption for “fiduciary” investment advice under ERISA and regulations. Moreover, the DOL’s ongoing study and reconsiderationSection 4975 of the Code with a compliance date of February 1, 2022. The DOL Rule,also signaled its intent to further amend the definition of “fiduciary” under ERISA and potential changes thereto, impacts the degreeCode and timingcertain of its existing prohibited transaction exemptions, which we expect, if completed, to result in increased legal, compliance, information technology and other costs and could lead to a greater risk of client lawsuits and enforcement activity by the DOL and other regulators. The effect of theany future DOL Ruleregulations and changes on our retirement plan business in ways that cannot now be anticipated or planned for whichbut may have further impacts on our products and services and results of operations.
Commodities and Futures Regulation
LPL Financial is registered as an introducing broker with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) and is a member of the National Futures Association (“NFA”). LPL Financial introduces commodities and futures products to ADM Investor Services, Inc. (“ADM”), and all commodities accounts and related client positions are held by ADM. LPL Financial is regulated by the CFTC and the NFA. Violations of the rules of the CFTC and the NFA could result in remedial actions including fines, registration terminations or revocations of exchange memberships.
Trust Regulation
Through our subsidiary, PTC, we offer trust, investment management oversight and custodial services for estates and families. PTC is chartered as a non-depository national banking association. As a limited purpose national bank, PTC is regulated and regularly examined by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”). PTC files reports with the OCC within 30 days after the conclusion of each calendar quarter. Because the powers of PTC are limited to providing fiduciary services and investment advice, it does not have the power or authority to accept deposits or make loans. For this reason, trust assets under PTC’s management are not insured by the FDIC.
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Because of its limited purpose, PTC is not a “bank” as defined under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. Consequently, neither its immediate parent, PTC Holdings, Inc., nor its ultimate parent, LPLFH, is regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System as a bank holding company. However, PTC is subject to regulation by the OCC and to various laws and regulations enforced by the OCC, such as capital adequacy, change of control restrictions and regulations governing fiduciary duties, conflicts of interest, self-dealing, and anti-money laundering. For example, the Change in Bank Control Act of 1978, as implemented by OCC supervisory policy, imposes restrictions on parties who wish to acquire a controlling interest in a limited purpose national bank such as PTC or the holding company of a limited purpose national bank such as LPLFH. In general, an acquisition of 10% or more of our common stock, or another acquisition of “control” as defined in OCC regulations, may require OCC approval. These laws and regulations are designed to serve specific bank regulatory and supervisory purposes and are not meant for the protection of PTC, PTC Holdings, Inc., LPLFH, or their stockholders.
Regulatory Capital Requirements
The SEC, FINRA, the CFTC, and the NFA have stringent rules and regulations with respect to the maintenance of specific levels of net capital by regulated entities. Generally, a broker-dealer’s net capital is calculated as net worth plus qualified subordinated debt less deductions for certain types of assets. The net capital rule under the Exchange Act requires a broker-dealer to maintain a minimum net capital and applies certain discounts to the value of its assets based on the liquidity of such assets. LPL Financial is also subject to the NFA'’s financial requirements and is required to maintain net capital that is in excess of or equal to the greatest of the NFA'sNFA’s minimum financial requirements. Under these requirements, LPL Financial is currently required to maintain minimum net capital that is in excess of or equal to the minimum net capital calculated and required pursuant to the SEC's Net Capital Rule.Exchange Act’s net capital rule.
The SEC, FINRA, the CFTC, and the NFA impose rules that require notification when net capital falls below certain predefined criteria. These broker-dealer capital rules also dictate the ratio of debt to equity in regulatory capital composition and constrain the ability of a broker-dealer to expand its business under certain circumstances. If a broker-dealer fails to maintain the required net capital, then certain notice requirements to the regulators are required, and the broker-dealer may be subject to suspension or revocation of registration by the applicable regulatory agency, and suspension or expulsion by these regulators ultimately could lead to the broker-dealer’s liquidation. Additionally, the net capital rule and certain FINRA rules impose requirements that may have the effect of prohibiting a broker-dealer from distributing or withdrawing capital and require prior notice to the SEC and FINRA for certain capital withdrawals. LPL Financial, , which is subject to net capital rules, has been and currently is in compliance with those rules and has net capital in excess of the minimum requirements.
Anti-Money Laundering and Sanctions Compliance
The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, (the “PATRIOT Act”), which amended the Bank Secrecy Act, contains anti-money laundering and financial transparency laws and mandates the implementation of various regulations applicable to broker-dealers, futures commission merchants, and other financial services companies. Financial institutions subject to these requirements generally must have an anti-money laundering program in place, which includes monitoring for and reporting suspicious activity, implementing specialized employee training programs, designating an anti-money laundering compliance officer, and annually conducting an independent test of the effectiveness of its program. In addition, sanctions administered by the United States Office of Foreign Asset Control prohibit United StatesU.S. persons from doing business with blocked persons and entities or certain sanctioned countries. We have established policies, procedures and systems designed to comply with these regulations but
Security and Privacy
Regulatory activity in the areas of privacy and data protection continues to grow worldwide and is generally being driven by the growth of technology and related concerns about the rapid and widespread dissemination and use of information and general concerns about the security of that information. To the extent they are applicable to us, we must comply with federal and state information-related laws and regulations in the United States, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, SEC Regulation S-P, the Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, and Regulation S-ID.
Trademarks
Access Overlay®, BlazePortfolio®, BranchNet®, CLIENTWORKS®, Fortigent®, LPL®, LPL Career Match®, LPL Financial (& Design)®, Manager Access Network®, Manager Access Select®, OMP®, and SPONSORWORKS® are our registered trademarks, and LPL FINANCIAL INVESTOR FOCUSED SOLUTIONSADVISORYWORLD, CLIENTWORKS CONNECTED, ALLEN & COMPANY OF FLORIDA, LLC, and THE PRIVATE TRUST COMPANY, N.A. (& Design) are among our service marks.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Risk Factor Summary
Our business, operations and financial results are subject to varying degrees of risk and uncertainty. We are providing the following summary of risk factors to enhance readability of our risk factor disclosure. Material risks that may adversely affect our business, operations and financial results include, but are not limited to, the following:
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
•We depend on our ability to attract and retain experienced and productive advisors.
•Our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by marketfluctuations and other economic factors.
•Significant interest rate changes could affect our profitability and financialcondition.
•Any damage to our reputation could harm our business and lead to a loss of revenue and net income.
•Our revenuesbusiness is subject to risks related to litigation, arbitration claims and regulatory actions.
•There are exposed to interest rate risk primarily from changes in fees payable to us from banks participating in our cash sweep programs, which are based on prevailing interest rates. Our revenue from our cash sweep programs has declinedrisks inherent in the past as a result of a low interest rate environment,independent broker-dealer business model.
•We rely on third-party service providers, including off-shore providers, to perform technology, processing and support functions, and our revenue may decline in the future due to decreases in interest rates, or clients moving assets out of our cash sweep programs. Our revenue from our cash sweep programs also dependsoperations are dependent on our ability to manage the terms of both our agreements with banks and money market fund providers participating in our programs, as well as competitive
•Lack of liquidity or access to capital could impair our business and financialcondition.
•Our risk management policies and procedures may not be fully effective in mitigating our risk exposure in all market environments or company-specific considerations. Similarly,against all types of risks.
•We face competition in attracting and retaining key talent.
•The securities settlement process exposes us to risks related to adverse movements in price.
•Our indebtedness could adversely affect our access to funds may be impaired if regulatory authorities or rating organizations take negative actions against us.
•Restrictions under our Credit Agreement and other market-related revenue to meet liquidity needsthe Indentures governing our senior unsecured notes (the “Notes”) may prevent us from taking actions that we believe would be in the best interest of our business.
•Provisions of our Credit Agreement and access the capital necessary to grow our business. As such, weIndentures could discourage an acquisition of us by a third-party.
•Our insurance coverage may be forcedinadequate or expensive.
•Poor service or performance of the financial products that we offer or competitive pressures on pricing of such services or products may cause clients of our advisors to delay raising capital, issue different types of capital than we would otherwise, less effectively deploy such capital, or bear an unattractive cost of capital, which could decrease our profitability and significantly reduce our financial flexibility.withdraw their assets on short notice.
•A loss of our marketing relationships with manufacturers of financial products could harm our relationship with our advisors and, in turn, their clients.
•The effects of the industry-leading providersoutbreak of COVID-19 have negatively affected the global economy, U.S. economy and global financial markets, and insurance products. We have sponsorship agreements with some manufacturers of fixed and variable annuities and mutual funds that, subject to the survival of certain terms and conditions, may be terminated by the manufacturer upon notice. If we losedisrupt our relationships with one or more of these manufacturers, our ability to serve our advisors and, in turn, their clients,operations and our business may be materially adversely affected. As
Risks Related to Our Regulatory Environment
•Any failure to comply with applicable federal or state laws or regulations exposes us to litigation and regulatory actions, which could increase our costs or negatively affect ourreputation. reputation.
•Regulatory developments could adversely affect our business by increasing our costs or making our business less profitable.
•We are subject to various regulatory requirements, which, if not compliedwith, could result in the restriction of the conduct or growth of our business.
•Failure to comply with ERISA regulations and certain retirementtax-qualified plan laws and regulations could result in penalties against us.
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Risks Related to Our Technology
•We rely on technology in our business, and technology and execution failures couldsubject us to losses, litigation and regulatory actions.
Our information technology systems may be vulnerable to security risks.
•Failure to maintain technological capabilities, flaws in existing technology,difficulties in upgrading our technology platform or the introduction of acompetitive platform could have a material adverse effect on our business.
•Inadequacy or disruption of our business continuity and disaster recovery plans and procedures in the eventof a catastrophe could adversely affect our business.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
•The price of our common stock may be volatile and fluctuate substantially, which could result in substantial losses for our investors.
•We are a holding company and rely on dividends, distributions and other payments, advances and transfers of funds from our subsidiaries to meet our debt service and other obligations.
•Our future ability to pay regular dividends to holders of our common stock or repurchase shares are subject to the discretion of our board of directors and will be limited by our ability to generate sufficient earnings and cash flows.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
We depend on our ability to attract and retain experienced and productive advisors, and we are subject to competition in all aspects of our business.
We derive a large portion of our revenue from commissions and fees generated by our advisors. Our ability to attract and retain experienced and productive advisors has contributed significantly to our growth and success, and our strategic plan is premised upon continued growth in the number of our advisors and the assets they serve. If we fail to attract new advisors or to retain and motivate our current advisors, replace our advisors who retire, or assist our retiring advisors with transitioning their practices to existing advisors, or if advisor migration away from wirehouses to independent channels slows, our business may suffer.
The market for experienced and productive advisors is highly competitive, and we devote significant resources to attracting and retaining well-qualified advisors. In attracting and retaining advisors, we compete directly with a variety of financial institutions such as wirehouses, regional broker-dealers, banks, insurance companies and other independent broker-dealers. If we are not successful in retaining highly qualified advisors, we may not be able to recover the expense involved in attracting and training these individuals. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in our efforts to attract and retain the advisors needed to achieve our growth objectives.
More broadly, we are subject to competition in all aspects of our business from:
•brokerage and investment advisory firms, including national and regional firms, as well as independent RIA firms;
•asset management firms;
•commercial banks and thrift institutions;
•insurance companies;
•other clearing/custodial technology companies; and
•investment firms offering so-called “robo” advice solutions.
Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources than we do and may offer a broader range of services and financial products across more markets. Some of our competitors operate in a different regulatory environment than we do, which may give them certain competitive advantages in the services they offer. For example, certain of our competitors only provide clearing services and consequently would not have any supervision or oversight liability relating to actions of their financial advisors. We believe that competition within our industry will intensify as a
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result of consolidation and acquisition activity and because new competitors face few barriers to entry, which could adversely affect our ability to recruit new advisors and retain existing advisors.
If we fail to continue to attract highly qualified advisors, or if advisors licensed with us leave us to pursue other opportunities, we could face a significant decline in market share, commission and fee revenue or net income. We could face similar consequences if current or potential clients of ours, including current clients that use our outsourced customized clearing, advisory platforms or technology solutions, decide to use one of our competitors rather than us. If we are required to increase our payout of commissions and fees to our advisors in order to remain competitive, our net income could be significantly reduced.
Our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by marketfluctuations and other economic factors.
Significant downturns and volatility in equity and other financial markets have had and could continue to have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
General economic and market factors can affect our commission and fee revenue. For example, a decrease in market levels or market volatility can:
•reduce new investments by advisors’ new and existing clients in financial products that are linked to the equity markets, such as variable life insurance, variable annuities, mutual funds and managed accounts;
•reduce trading activity, thereby affecting our brokerage commission revenue and our transaction revenue;
•reduce the value of advisory and brokerage assets, thereby reducing advisory fee revenue, trailing commission revenue and asset-based fee revenue; and
•motivate clients to withdraw funds from their accounts, thereby reducing advisory and brokerage assets, advisory fee revenue and asset-based fee revenue.
Other more specific trends may also affect our financial condition and results of operations, including, for example, changes in the mix of products preferred by investors may result in increases or decreases in our fee revenue associated with such products depending on whether investors gravitate towards or away from such products. The timing of such trends, if any, and their potential impact on our financial condition and results of operations are beyond our control.
In addition, because certain of our expenses are fixed, our ability to reduce them in response to market factors over short periods of time is limited, which could negatively impact our profitability.
Significant interest rate changes could affect our profitability and financialcondition.
Our revenue is exposed to interest rate risk primarily from changes in fees payable to us from banks participating in our client cash programs, which are generally based on prevailing interest rates. Our revenue from our client cash programs has declined in the past as a result of a low interest rate environment, and our revenue may decline in the future due to decreases in interest rates, decreases in client cash balances or mix shifts among the current or future bank sweep vehicles and money market programs that we offer. The Federal Reserve’s federal funds rate was near zero throughout 2021, and there is no assurance that it will not maintain a low-interest rate environment for a significant period of time. Our revenue from our client cash programs also depends on our success in placing deposits and negotiating favorable terms in agreements with third-party banks and money market fund providers participating in our programs, as well as our success in offering competitive products, program fees and interest rates payable to clients. The expiration of contracts with favorable pricing terms, less favorable terms in future contracts, the inability to place deposits with third-party sweep banks, or changes in money market programs that we offer could result in declines in our revenue. A sustained low interest rate environment may also have a negative impact upon our ability to negotiate contracts with new banks or renegotiate existing contracts on comparable terms with banks participating in our client cash programs. If interest rates do not rise, or if balances or yields in our client cash programs decrease, future revenue from our client cash programs may be lower than expected.
Any damage to our reputation could harm our business and lead to a loss of revenueand net income.
We have spent many years developing our reputation for integrity and client service, which is built upon our support for our advisors through: enabling technology, comprehensive clearing and compliance services, practice management programs and training and in-house research. Our ability to attract and retain advisors and employees is highly dependent upon external perceptions of our level of service, business practices and financial condition. Damage to our reputation could cause significant harm to our business and prospects and may arise from numerous sources, including:
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•litigation or regulatory actions;
•failing to deliver acceptable standards of service and quality, including technology or cybersecurity failures;
•compliance failures; and
•unethical behavior and the misconduct of employees, advisors or counterparties.
Negative perceptions or publicity regarding these matters could damage our reputation among existing and potential advisors and employees, and could lead advisors to terminate their agreements with us, which they generally have the right to do unilaterally upon short notice. Adverse developments with respect to our industry may also, by association, negatively impact our reputation or result in greater regulatory or legislative scrutiny or litigation against us. These occurrences could lead to loss of revenue and lower net income.
Our business is subject to risks related to litigation, arbitration claims and regulatory actions.
From time to time, we have been subjected to and are currently subject to legal and regulatory proceedings arising out of our business operations, including lawsuits, arbitration claims, governmental subpoenas and regulatory, governmental and self-regulatory organization (“SRO”) inquiries, investigations and enforcement proceedings, as well as other actions and claims. Many of our legal claims are initiated by clients of our advisors and involve the purchase or sale of investment securities, but other claims and proceedings may be, and have been, initiated by state-level and federal regulatory authorities and SROs, including the SEC, FINRA and state securities regulators.
The outcomes of any such legal or regulatory proceedings, including inquiries, investigations and enforcement proceedings by the SEC, FINRA, DOL and state securities regulators, are difficult to predict. A negative outcome in such a matter could result in substantial legal liability, censures, penalties and fines, disgorgement of profits, restitution to customers, remediation, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders, or injunctive or other equitable relief against us. Further, such negative outcomes individually or in the aggregate may cause us significant reputational harm and could have a material adverse effect on our ability to recruit or retain financial advisors, or our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.
We may face liabilities for deficiencies or failures in our compliance systems and programs, as well as actual or alleged breaches of legal duties to our advisors’ clients, including in respect of issues related to the financial products we make available in our curated product platform or the investment advice or securities recommendations our advisors provide to their clients, which are subject to various standards of care, including in some cases fiduciary obligations.
In addition, the administration of client accounts involves functions such as recordkeeping and accounting, security pricing, corporate actions, and account reconciliations that are complex and rely on tools and resources to support these operational processes. Failure to properly perform operational tasks or errors in the design or function of these tools, could subject us to regulatory sanctions, penalties or litigation and result in reputational damage, and liability to clients. Moreover, new and developing state and federal regulatory requirements with respect to standards of care and other obligations, as discussed under “Risks Related to Our Regulatory Environment” below, may introduce new grounds for legal claims or enforcement actions against us in the future, including, in particular with respect to our brokerage services. We may also become subject to claims, allegations and legal proceedings related to employment matters, including wage and hour, discrimination or harassment claims, or matters involving others’ intellectual property or other proprietary rights, including infringement or misappropriation claims.
There are risks inherent in the independent broker-dealer business model.
Compared to wirehouses and other employee model broker-dealers, we generally offer advisors wider choice in operating their businesses with regard to product offerings, outside business activities, office technology and supervisory models. Our approach may make it more challenging for us to comply with our supervisory and regulatory compliance obligations, particularly in light of our limited on-site supervision and the complexity of certain advisor business models.
Misconduct and errors by our employees and our advisors could be difficult for us to detect and could result in violations of law by us, regulatory sanctions, or serious reputational or financial harm. Although we have designed policies and procedures to comply with applicable laws, rules, regulations and interpretations, we cannot always prevent or detect misconduct and errors by our employees and our advisors, and the precautions we take to prevent and detect these activities may not be effective in all cases. Prevention and detection among our advisors, who are typically not our direct employees and some of whom tend to be located in small, decentralized offices, present additional challenges, particularly in the case of complex products or supervision of outside business activities. In addition, although we provide our advisors with requirements and recommendations for their office technology, we cannot fully control or monitor the extent of their implementation of our requirements and recommendations.
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Accordingly, we cannot assure that our advisors’ technology meets our standards, including with regard to information security and cybersecurity. We also cannot assure that misconduct or errors by our employees or advisors will not lead to a material adverse effect on our business, or that our errors and omissions insurance will be sufficient to cover such misconduct or errors.
We rely on third-party service providers, including off-shore providers, to perform technology, processing and support functions, and our operations are dependent on financial intermediaries that we do not control.
We rely on outsourced service providers to perform certain technology, processing and support functions. For example, we have an agreement with Refinitiv US LLC, under which it provides us key operational support, including data processing services for securities transactions and back office processing support (“BETAHost”). Our use of third-party service providers may decrease our ability to control operating risks and information technology systems risks.
Any significant failures by BETAHost or our other service providers could cause us to sustain serious operational disruptions and incur losses and could harm our reputation. These third-party service providers are also susceptible to operational and technology vulnerabilities, including cyber-attacks, security breaches, ransomware, fraud, phishing attacks and computer viruses, which could result in unauthorized access, misuse, loss or destruction of data, an interruption in service or other similar events that may impact our business.
We cannot assure that our third-party service providers will be able to continue to provide their services in an efficient, cost-effective manner, if at all, or that they will be able to adequately expand their services to meet our needs and those of our advisors. An interruption in or the cessation of service by a third-party service provider and our inability to make alternative arrangements in a timely manner could cause a disruption to our business and could have a material impact on our ability to serve our advisors and their clients. In addition, we cannot predict the costs or time that would be required to find an alternative service provider.
We have transitioned certain business and technology processes to off-shore providers, which has increased the related risks described above. For example, we rely on several off-shore service providers, operating in multiple locations, for functions related to cash management, account transfers, information technology infrastructure and support and document indexing, among others. To the extent third-party service providers are located in foreign jurisdictions, we are exposed to risks inherent in such providers conducting business outside of the United States, including international economic and political conditions, and the additional costs associated with complying with foreign laws and fluctuations in currency values.
We expect that our regulators would hold us responsible for any deficiencies in our oversight and control of our third-party relationships and for the performance of such third parties. If there were deficiencies in the oversight and control of our third-party relationships, and if our regulators held us responsible for those deficiencies, our business, reputation and results of operations could be adversely affected.
In addition, certain aspects of our operations are dependent on third-party financial institutions that we do not control, such as clearing agents, securities exchanges, clearing houses and other financial intermediaries. Any failure of these intermediaries, or any interruption in their operations, either on a widespread or individual basis, could adversely affect our ability to execute transactions, service our clients and manage our exposure to risk. In the event of such failure or interruption, there is no guarantee that we would be able to find adequate and cost-effective replacements on a timely basis, if at all.
Like us, these intermediaries are exposed to risks related to fluctuations and volatility in the financial markets and broader economy, as well as specific operational risks related to their business, such as those related to technology, security and the prevailing regulatory environment. Because we rely on these intermediaries, we share indirect exposure to these risks. If these risks were to materialize, or if there was a widespread perception that they could materialize, our business, reputation and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Lack of liquidity or access to capital could impair our business and financialcondition.
Liquidity, or ready access to funds, is essential to our business. We expend significant resources investing in our business, particularly with respect to our technology and service platforms. In addition, we must maintain certain levels of required capital. As a result, reduced levels of liquidity could have a significant negative effect on us. Some potential conditions that could negatively affect our liquidity include:
•illiquid or volatile markets;
•diminished access to debt or capital markets;
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•unforeseen cash or capital requirements;
•regulatory penalties or fines, settlements, customer restitution or other remediation costs; or
•adverse legal settlements or judgments.
The capital and credit markets continue to experience varying degrees of volatility and disruption. In some cases, the markets have exerted downward pressure on availability of liquidity and credit capacity for businesses similar to ours. Without sufficient liquidity, we could be required to limit or curtail our operations or growth plans, and our business would suffer.
We may sometimes be required to fund timing differences arising from the delayed receipt of client funds associated with the settlement of client transactions in securities markets. These timing differences are funded either with internally generated cash flow or, if needed, with funds drawn under our revolving credit facility, the committed revolving credit facility at our broker-dealer subsidiary, LPL Financial, or uncommitted lines of credit. We may also need access to capital in connection with the growth of our business, through acquisitions or otherwise.
In the event current resources are insufficient to satisfy our needs, we may need to rely on financing sources such as bank debt. The availability of additional financing will depend on a variety of factors such as:
•market conditions;
•the general availability of credit;
•the volume of trading activities;
•the overall availability of credit to the financial services industry;
•our credit ratings and credit capacity; and
•the possibility that our lenders could develop a negative perception of our long- or short-term financial prospects as a result of industry- or company-specific considerations. Similarly, our access to funds may be impaired if regulatory authorities or rating organizations take negative actions against us.
Disruptions, uncertainty or volatility in the capital and credit markets may also limit our access to capital required to operate our business. Such market conditions may limit our ability to satisfy statutory capital requirements, generate commission, fee and other market-related revenue to meet liquidity needs and access the capital necessary to grow our business. As such, we may be forced to delay raising capital, issue different types of capital than we would otherwise, less effectively deploy such capital, or bear an unattractive cost of capital, which could decrease our profitability and significantly reduce our financial flexibility.
Our business could be materially adversely affected as a result of the risks associated with acquisitions and investments.
We have made acquisitions and investments in the past and may pursue further acquisitions and investments in the future. These transactions are accompanied by risks. For instance, an acquisition could have a negative effect on our financial and strategic position and reputation, or the acquired business could fail to further our strategic goals. We can provide no assurances that advisors who join LPL Financial through acquisitions or investments in advisor practices will remain at LPL Financial. Moreover, we may not be able to successfully integrate acquired businesses into ours, and therefore we may not be able to realize the intended benefits from an acquisition. We may have a lack of experience in new markets, products or technologies brought on by the acquisition, and we may have an initial dependence on unfamiliar supply or distribution partners. An acquisition may create an impairment of relationships with customers or suppliers of the acquired business or our advisors or suppliers. All of these and other potential risks may serve as a diversion of our management’s attention from other business concerns, and any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our risk management policies and procedures may not be fully effective in mitigatingour risk exposure in all market environments or against all types of risks.
We have adopted policies and procedures to identify, monitor and manage our operational risk. These policies and procedures, however, may not be effective and may not be adapted quickly enough to respond effectively to changed circumstances. Some of our compliance and risk evaluation functions depend upon information technology systems, information provided by others and public information regarding markets, clients or other matters that are otherwise accessible by us. In some cases, however, that information may not be available, accurate, complete or up-to-date. Also, because many of our advisors work in decentralized offices, additional risk management challenges may exist, including with regard to advisor office technology, vendors and information security practices. In addition, our existing systems, policies and procedures, and staffing levels may be insufficient to support a significant increase in our advisor population. Any such increase could require us to increase our costs, including
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information technology costs, in order to maintain our compliance and risk management obligations, or strain our existing policies and procedures as we evolve to support a larger advisor population. If our systems, policies and procedures are not effective, or if we are not successful in capturing risks to which we are or may be exposed, we may suffer harm to our reputation or be subject to litigation or regulatory actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
We face competition in attracting and retaining key talent.
Our success depends upon the continued services of our key senior management personnel, including our executive officers and senior managers. Each of our executive officers is an employee at will, and none has an employment agreement. The loss of one or more of our key senior management personnel, and the failure to recruit a suitable replacement or replacements, could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Moreover, our success and future growth depends upon our ability to attract and retain qualified employees. There is significant competition for qualified employees in the financial services industry, and we may not be able to retain our existing employees or fill new positions or vacancies created by expansion or turnover. The loss or unavailability of these individuals could have a material adverse effect on our business.
The securities settlement process exposes us to risks related to adverse movements in price.
LPL Financial provides clearing services and trade processing for our advisors and their clients and certain financial institutions. Broker-dealers that clear their own trades are subject to substantially more regulatory requirements than brokers that outsource these functions to third-party providers. Errors in performing clearing functions, including clerical, technological and other errors related to the handling of funds and securities held by us on behalf of our advisors’ clients, could lead to censures, fines or other sanctions imposed by applicable regulatory authorities, as well as losses and liabilities in related lawsuits and proceedings brought by our advisors’ clients and others. Any unsettled securities transactions or wrongly executed transactions may expose our advisors and us to losses resulting from adverse movements in the prices of such securities.
Our indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and may limit ourability to use debt to fund future capital needs.
At December 31, 2021, we had total indebtedness of $2.8 billion, of which $1.1 billion is subject to floating interest rates. Our level of indebtedness could increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions. It could also require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes. In addition, our level of indebtedness may limit our flexibility in planning for changes in our business and the industry in which we operate and limit our ability to borrow additional funds. If interest rates increase, our interest expense would increase because borrowings under our Credit Agreement are based on variable interest rates.
If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to sell assets, seek additional capital or seek to restructure or refinance our indebtedness. These alternative measures may not be successful or feasible. Our Credit Agreement restricts our ability to sell assets. Even if we could consummate those sales, the proceeds that we realize from them may not be adequate to meet any debt service obligations then due. Furthermore, if an event of default were to occur with respect to our Credit Agreement or other future indebtedness, our creditors could, among other things, accelerate the maturity of our indebtedness.
Our Credit Agreement and the Indentures governing our Notes permit us to incur additional indebtedness. Under our Credit Agreement we have the right to request additional commitments for new term loans, new revolving credit commitments and increases to then-existing term loans and revolving credit commitments subject to certain limitations. Although the Credit Agreement and the Indentures contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of significant qualifications and exceptions, and the indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. Also, these restrictions do not prevent us from incurring obligations that do not constitute “indebtedness” as defined in the Credit Agreement or the Indentures. To the extent new debt or other obligations are added to our currently anticipated debt levels, the substantial indebtedness risks described above would increase.
A credit rating downgrade would not impact the terms of our repayment obligations under the Credit Agreement or the Indentures. However, any such downgrade would negatively impact our ability to obtain comparable rates and terms on any future refinancing of our debt and could restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness.In addition,
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if such downgrade were to occur, or if ratings agencies indicated that a downgrade may occur, perceptions of our financial strength could be damaged, which could affect our client relationships and decrease the number of investors, clients and counterparties that do business with us.
Restrictions under our Credit Agreement and the Indentures governing our Notes may prevent us from taking actionsthat we believe would be in the best interest of our business.
Our Credit Agreement and the Indentures contain customary restrictions on our activities, including covenants that may restrict us from:
•incurring additional indebtedness or issuing disqualified stock or preferred stock;
•declaring dividends or other distributions to stockholders;
•repurchasing equity interests;
•redeeming indebtedness that is subordinated in right of payment to certain debt instruments;
•making investments or acquisitions;
•creating liens;
•selling assets;
•guaranteeing indebtedness;
•engaging in certain transactions with affiliates;
•entering into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments from subsidiaries; and
•consolidating, merging or transferring all or substantially all of our assets.
These restrictions may prevent us from taking actions that we believe would be in the best interest of our business. Our ability to comply with these restrictive covenants will depend on our future performance, which may be affected by events beyond our control. If we violate any of these covenants and are unable to obtain waivers, we would be in default under our Credit Agreement or the Indentures, as applicable, and payment of the indebtedness could be accelerated. Acceleration of our indebtedness under our Credit Agreement or the Indentures may permit acceleration of indebtedness under other agreements that contain cross-default or cross-acceleration provisions. If our indebtedness is accelerated, we may not be able to repay that indebtedness or borrow sufficient funds to refinance it. Even if we are able to obtain new financing, it may not be on commercially reasonable terms or on terms that are acceptable to us. If our indebtedness is in default for any reason, our business could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, complying with these covenants may also cause us to take actions that are not favorable to holders of our common stock and may make it more difficult for us to successfully execute our business strategy and compete against companies that are not subject to such restrictions.
Provisions of our Credit Agreement and the Indentures could discourage an acquisition ofus by a third-party.
Certain provisions of our Credit Agreement and the Indentures could make it more difficult or more expensive for a third-party to acquire us, and any of our future debt agreements may contain similar provisions. Upon the occurrence of certain transactions constituting a change of control, all indebtedness under our Credit Agreement may be accelerated and become due and payable and noteholders will have the right to require us to repurchase the Notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to but not including the purchase date. A potential acquirer may not have sufficient financial resources to purchase our outstanding indebtedness in connection with a change of control.
Our insurance coverage may be inadequate or expensive.
We are subject to claims in the ordinary course of business. These claims may involve substantial amounts of money and involve significant defense costs. It is not always possible to prevent or detect activities giving rise to claims, and the precautions we take may not be effective in all cases.
We maintain voluntary and required insurance coverage, including, among others, general liability, property, director and officer, excess- Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”), business interruption, cyber and data breach, errors and omissions and fidelity bond insurance. We have self-insurance for certain potential liabilities through a wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary. While we endeavor to self-insure and purchase coverage that is appropriate based on our assessment of our risk, we are unable to predict with certainty the frequency, nature or magnitude of claims for direct or consequential damages. Assessing the probability of a loss occurring and the timing and amount of any loss related to a regulatory matter or a legal proceeding is inherently difficult, and there
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are particular uncertainties and complexities involved when assessing the adequacy of loss reserves for potential liabilities that are self-insured by our captive insurance subsidiary. In addition, certain types of potential claims for damages cannot be insured. Our business may be negatively affected if in the future some or all of our insurance proves to be inadequate or unavailable to cover our liabilities related to legal or regulatory matters. Such negative consequences could include additional expense and financial loss, which could be significant in amount. In addition, insurance claims may harm our reputation or divert management resources away from operating our business.
Poor service or performance of the financial products that we offer or competitivepressures on pricing of such services or products may cause clients of our advisorsto withdraw their assets on short notice.
Clients of our advisors have control over their assets that are served under our platforms. Poor service or performance of the financial products that we offer, the emergence of new financial products or services from others, harm to our reputation or competitive pressures on pricing of such services or products may result in the loss of clients. In addition, we must monitor the pricing of our services and financial products in relation to competitors and periodically may need to adjust commission and fee rates, interest rates on deposits and margin loans and other fee structures to remain competitive. Competition from other financial services firms, such as reduced or zero commissions to attract clients or trading volume, direct-to-investor online financial services, including so-called “robo” advice, or higher deposit rates to attract client cash balances, could result in pricing pressure or otherwise adversely impact our business. The decrease in revenue that could result from such an event could have a material adverse effect on our business.
A loss of our marketing relationships with manufacturers of financial products could harm our relationship with our advisors and, in turn, their clients.
Our curated product platform offers no proprietary financial products. To help our advisors meet their clients’ needs with suitable investment options, we have relationships with many of the industry-leading providers of financial and insurance products. We have sponsorship agreements with some manufacturers of fixed and variable annuities, mutual funds and ETFs that, subject to the survival of certain terms and conditions, may be terminated by the manufacturer upon notice. If we lose our relationships with one or more of these manufacturers, our ability to serve our advisors and, in turn, their clients, and our business, may be materially adversely affected. As an example, certain variable annuity product sponsors have ceased offering and issuing new variable annuity contracts. If this trend continues, we could experience a loss in the revenue currently generated from the sale of such products. In addition, certain features of such contracts have been eliminated by variable annuity product sponsors. If this trend continues, the attractiveness of these products would be reduced, potentially reducing the revenue we currently generate from the sale of such products.
Changes in U.S. federal income tax law could make some of the products distributed byour advisors less attractive to clients.
Some of the financial products distributed by our advisors, such as variable annuities, enjoy favorable treatment under current U.S. federal income tax law. Changes in U.S. federal income tax law, in particular with respect to variable annuity products, or with respect to tax rates on capital gains or dividends, could make some of these products less attractive to clients and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition.
The effects of the outbreak of COVID-19 have negatively affected the global economy, U.S. economy and global financial markets, and may disrupt our operations and our advisors' operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruption in the international and U.S. economies and financial markets. The spread of COVID-19 and efforts to contain it have resulted in illness, quarantines, cancellation of events and travel, business shutdowns, reduction in business activity and financial transactions, labor shortages, increased unemployment, supply chain interruptions and overall economic and financial market instability. Impacts on our business could be wide-ranging, and material impacts are possible, including the following:
•Employees contracting COVID-19, including unavailability of key personnel necessary to conduct our business operations
•A prolonged downturn in equity and other financial markets, which would adversely affect our advisory, asset-based and trailing commission revenue
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•A sustained low interest rate environment, which would reduce revenue from our client cash programs included in asset-based revenue
•Reductions in our service levels or operating effectiveness as a substantial majority of our employees are working remotely
•Failure of our information technology systems, which could result in interruptions or errors in performing securities clearing and custody functions, as a result of extraordinary trading volumes, malware, ransomware or malicious cyber activity
•Disruptions in technology, processing or support functions as our outsourced service providers or other vendors, including off-shore providers, experience disruptions in their business operations
•Reduction in our ability to recruit advisors or otherwise execute our growth plans due to travel restrictions, limitations on interpersonal contact and challenging macro-economic conditions
•Closure of our offices or the offices of our advisors
The COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to contain it have also resulted in increased volatility. The further spread of COVID-19 and attempts to curtail it by limiting interpersonal activity, including business activity, may increase instability in domestic and international financial markets and materially disrupt general economic and financial activity. Significant disruptions in financial markets could result in a decline in demand for the products and services offered by our advisors to their clients, or their ability to provide them, which would negatively impact our and their financial results and growth strategy.
In addition, an overall decline in equity market prices will generally reduce the value of advisory and brokerage assets, which has previously resulted and may in the future result in a reduction in the advisory fees, asset-based fees and trailing commissions we are entitled to receive. Moreover, in response to the economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Reserve reduced the federal funds rate, which remained near zero throughout 2021. Lower interest rates reduce our revenue from our client cash programs and may affect our ability to negotiate favorable terms in future agreements with banks and money market fund providers that participate in our programs, and these effects are likely to continue for as long as interest rates remain suppressed.
The COVID-19 pandemic could also jeopardize our ability to rely on our outsourced service providers, including those that operate off-shore. As COVID-19 has spread, governments in the United States and around the world, including in jurisdictions where our service providers have operations, have from time to time imposed or encouraged varying degrees of limitations on travel and social interaction. In many cases this has resulted in the partial or complete closure of businesses, including some that we rely on. While we have taken steps to minimize the disruptions that these closures have caused, and are seeking to avoid interruptions to our critical operations, there can be no guarantee that they will be effective, or, if they are effective, that such effect will be sustained or cost-effective. In addition, if business closures are prolonged or become more widespread, our ability to modify our operations to avoid interruption may become more limited or costly. Any interruption to our operations could have a negative effect on our reputation and results of operations.
We implemented significant elements of our business continuity plans in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and we continue to rely on capabilities that we put into place to support these plans. While we believe that these plans and their implementation have helped avoid significant interruptions to our critical services, there can be no assurance that they will be able to do so on a sustained or uninterrupted basis, and reliance on such plans could expose our business to other operational risks. For example, while we have taken steps to ensure that our remote-work solutions are reliable and secure, especially those related to the handling, transmission, storage and disposal of sensitive personal or confidential information, there can be no assurance that these solutions will be used or function as intended, or that they will be completely effective in preventing interruptions in our services or cybersecurity incidents. In addition, there can be no assurance that the third parties that provide and maintain some of these solutions will be able to do so on a sustained and uninterrupted basis. Because we do not control these third parties, we are subject to the limitations, deficiencies and vulnerabilities of their services, products, and operations. Any compromise, failure, or interruption in the availability of the solutions that support our remote-work operations could directly or indirectly result in cybersecurity incidents, interruptions to our business, and negative effects on our reputation and results of operations.
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Risks Related to Our Regulatory Environment
Any failure to comply with applicable federal or state laws or regulations exposes us to litigation and regulatory actions, which could increase our costs or negatively affect ourreputation.
Our business, including securities and investment advisory services, is subject to extensive regulation under both federal and state laws, rules and regulations. Our subsidiary LPL Financial is:
•registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC, each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands;
•registered as an investment adviser with the SEC;
•a member of FINRA and various other SROs, and a participant in various clearing organizations, including the Depository Trust Company, the National Securities Clearing Corporation and the Options Clearing Corporation;
•regulated by the DOL relative to its servicing of retirement plan accounts subject to ERISA and the Code; and
•regulated by the CFTC with respect to the futures and commodities trading activities it conducts as an introducing broker.
The primary self-regulator of LPL Financial’s broker-dealer activity is FINRA. LPL Financial is also subject to state laws, including state “blue sky” laws, and the rules of the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board for its municipal securities activities. The CFTC has designated the NFA as LPL Financial’s primary regulator for futures and commodities trading activities.
The SEC, FINRA, DOL, the CFTC, the OCC, various securities and futures exchanges and other United States and state-level governmental or regulatory authorities continuously review legislative and regulatory initiatives and may adopt new or revised laws, regulations or interpretations. There can be no assurance that other federal or state agencies will not attempt to further regulate our business or that specific interactions with foreign countries or foreign nationals will not trigger regulation in non-U.S. law in particular circumstances. These legislative and regulatory initiatives may affect the way in which we conduct our business and may make our business model less profitable.
Our ability to conduct business in the jurisdictions in which we currently operate depends on our compliance with the laws, rules and regulations promulgated by federal regulatory bodies and the regulatory authorities in each of the states and other jurisdictions in which we do business. Our ability to comply with all applicable laws, rules and regulations and interpretations is largely dependent on our establishment and maintenance of compliance, audit and reporting systems and procedures, as well as our ability to attract and retain qualified compliance, audit, supervisory and risk management personnel. We cannot assure you that our systems and procedures are, or have been, effective in complying with all applicable laws, rules and regulations and interpretations. In particular, the diversity of information security environments in which our services are offered makes it difficult to ensure a uniformly robust level of compliance. Regulators have in the past raised, and may in the future raise, concerns with respect to the quality, consistency or oversight of our compliance systems and programs and our past or future compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we have a number of pending regulatory matters.
Violations of laws, rules or regulations and settlements in respect of alleged violations have in the past resulted in, and could in the future result in, legal liability, censures, penalties and fines, disgorgement of profits, restitution to customers, remediation, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders or injunctive or other equitable relief against us, which individually or in the aggregate could negatively impact our financial results or adversely affect our ability to attract or retain financial advisors and institutions. Depending on the nature of the violation, we may be required to offer restitution or remediation to customers, and the costs of doing so could exceed our loss reserves.
We have established a captive insurance subsidiary that underwrites insurance for various regulatory and legal risks, although self-insurance coverage is not available for all matters. The availability of coverage depends on the nature of the claim and the adequacy of reserves, which depends in part on historical claims experience, including the actual timing and costs of resolving matters that begin in one policy period and are resolved in a subsequent period. Assessing the probability of a loss occurring and the timing and amount of any loss related to a regulatory matter or a legal proceeding is inherently difficult and requires complex judgments, which may include the procedural status of the matter and any recent developments; prior experience and the experience of others in similar matters; the size and nature of potential exposures; available defenses; the progress of fact discovery; the opinions of counsel and experts; potential opportunities for settlement and the status of any settlement discussions;
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as well as the potential for insurance coverage and indemnification, if available. There are particular uncertainties and complexities involved when assessing the adequacy of loss reserves for potential liabilities that are self-insured by our captive insurance subsidiary. As a result, actual self-insurance liabilities could exceed our loss reserves, in which case coverage may not be available, and we could incur material additional expense.
Regulatory developments could adversely affect our business by increasing our costs or making our business less profitable.
Our profitability could be affected by rules and regulations that impact the business and financial communities generally and, in particular, our advisors and their clients, including changes to the interpretation or enforcement of laws governing standards of care applicable to investment advice and recommendations, taxation, the classification of our independent advisors as independent contractors rather than our employees, trading, electronic commerce, privacy, data protection and anti-money laundering. Failure to comply with these rules and regulations could subject us to regulatory actions or litigation and it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.
New laws, rules and regulations, or changes to the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws, rules or regulations, could also result in limitations on the lines of business we conduct or plan to conduct, modifications to our current or future business practices, compressed margins, increased capital requirements and additional costs. For example, the SEC’s Reg BI, which requires broker-dealers and their associated persons to act in the best interest of their retail customers when making securities recommendations and establishes a number of new compliance and disclosure obligations for broker-dealers, became applicable on June 30, 2020. Nevada and Massachusetts enacted statutes that impose fiduciary standards and other obligations on broker-dealers and investment advisers operating in their states. Other states have adopted or are considering adopting a best interest standard applicable to broker-dealers or the sale of certain annuity and insurance products. The DOL issued PTE 2020-02 with a new and expanded interpretation of fiduciary status. We expect that these developments could negatively impact our results, including by increasing our expenditures related to legal, compliance, and information technology and could result in other costs, including greater risks of client lawsuits and enforcement activity by regulators. These changes may also affect the array of products and services we offer to clients and the compensation that we and our advisors receive in connection with such products and services.
It is unclear how and whether other regulators, including the SEC, FINRA, the DOL, banking regulators and other state securities and insurance regulators may respond to, or enforce elements of, these new regulations, or develop their own similar laws and regulations. The impacts, degree and timing of the effect of these laws and future regulations on our business cannot now be anticipated or planned for, and may have further impacts on our products and services and the results of operations. Please consult the “Retirement Plan Services Regulation” section within Part I, “Item 1. Business” for specific information about risks associated with DOL regulations and related exemptions and their potential impact on our operations.
In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act enacted wide-ranging changes in the supervision and regulation of the financial industry designed to provide for greater oversight of financial industry participants, reduce risk in banking practices and in securities and derivatives trading, enhance public company corporate governance practices and executive compensation disclosures and provide for greater protections to individual consumers and investors. Certain elements of the Dodd-Frank Act remain subject to implementing regulations that are yet to be adopted by the applicable regulatory agencies. Compliance with these provisions could require us to review our product and service offerings for potential changes and would likely result in increased compliance costs. Moreover, to the extent the Dodd-Frank Act affects the operations, financial condition, liquidity and capital requirements of financial institutions with which we do business, those institutions may seek to pass on increased costs, reduce their capacity to transact, or otherwise present inefficiencies in their interactions with us. The ultimate impact that the Dodd-Frank Act will have on us, the financial industry and the economy cannot be known until all such applicable regulations called for under the Dodd-Frank Act have been finalized and implemented.
Likewise, federal and state standards prohibiting discrimination on the basis of disability in public accommodations and employment, including those related to the Americans with Disabilities Act, are evolving to require an increasing number of public spaces, including web-based applications, to be made accessible to the disabled.As a result, we could be required to make modifications to our internet-based applications or to our other client- or advisor-facing technologies, including our website, to provide enhanced or accessible service to, or make reasonable accommodations for, disabled persons. This adaptation of our websites and web-based applications and materials could result in increased costs and may affect the products and services we provide. Failure to comply with federal or state standards could result in litigation, including class action lawsuits.
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In sum, our profitability may be adversely affected by current and future rulemaking and enforcement activity by the various federal, state and self-regulatory organizations to which we are subject. The effect of these regulatory developments on our business cannot now be anticipated or planned for, but may have further impacts on our products and services and results of operations.
We are subject to various regulatory requirements, which, if not compliedwith, could result in the restriction of the conduct or growth of our business.
The business activities that we may conduct are limited by various regulatory agencies. Our membership agreement with FINRA may be amended by application to include additional business activities. This application process is time-consuming and may not be successful. As a result, we may be prevented from entering new potentially profitable businesses in a timely manner, or at all. In addition, as a member of FINRA, we are subject to certain regulations regarding changes in control. FINRA Rule 1017 generally provides, among other things, that FINRA approval must be obtained in connection with any transaction resulting in a 25% or more change in our ownership that results in one person or entity directly or indirectly owning or controlling 25% or more of us. Similarly, the OCC imposes advance approval requirements for a change of control, and control is presumed to exist if a person acquires 10% or more of our common stock. These regulatory approval processes can result in delay, increased costs or impose additional transaction terms in connection with a proposed change of control, such as capital contributions to the regulated entity. As a result of these regulations, our future efforts to sell shares or raise additional capital may be delayed or prohibited.
In addition, the SEC, FINRA, the CFTC, the OCC and the NFA have extensive rules and regulations with respect to capital requirements. As a registered broker-dealer, LPL Financial is subject to Rule 15c3-1 (“Net Capital Rule”) under the Exchange Act, and related requirements of SROs. The CFTC and the NFA also impose net capital requirements. The Net Capital Rule specifies minimum capital requirements that are intended to ensure the general soundness and liquidity of broker-dealers. Because our holding companies are not registered broker-dealers, they are not subject to the Net Capital Rule. However, the ability of our holding companies to withdraw capital from our broker-dealer subsidiary could be restricted, which in turn could limit our ability to repay debt, redeem or purchase shares of our outstanding stock or pay dividends. A large operating loss or charge against net capital could adversely affect our ability to expand or even maintain our present levels of business.
Failure to comply with ERISA regulations and certain tax-qualified plan laws and regulations could result in penalties against us.
As discussed above, we are subject to ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code, and to regulations promulgated thereunder, insofar as we provide services with respect to plan clients, or otherwise deal with plans, participants and certain types of investment/savings accounts that are subject to ERISA or the Code. ERISA imposes certain duties on persons who are “fiduciaries” (as defined in Section 3(21) of ERISA and the DOL’s Five-Part Test and PTE 2020-02 rules or interpretations) and prohibits certain transactions involving plans subject to ERISA and fiduciaries or other service providers to such plans. Non-compliance with or breaches of these provisions may expose an ERISA fiduciary or other service provider to liability under ERISA, which may include monetary and criminal penalties as well as equitable remedies for the affected plan. Section 4975 of the Code prohibits certain transactions involving “plans” (as defined in Section 4975(e)(1)), which include, for example, IRAs and certain Keogh plans and other qualified savings accounts, and service providers, including fiduciaries (as defined in Section 4975(e)(3)), to such plans. Section 4975 also imposes excise taxes for violations of these prohibitions. Our failure to comply with ERISA and the Code could result in significant penalties against us that could have a material adverse effect on our business or severely limit the extent to which we could act as fiduciaries for or provide services to these plans.
Risks Related to Our Technology
We rely on technology in our business, and technology and execution failures couldsubject us to losses, litigation and regulatory actions.
Our business relies extensively on electronic data processing, storage and communications systems. In addition to better serving our advisors and their clients, the effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables firms like ours to reduce costs and support our regulatory compliance and reporting functions. Our continued success will depend, in part, upon our ability to:
•continue to invest significant resources on our technology systems in order to meet industry and regulatory standards, consumer preferences and the efforts of threat actors to penetrate our systems;
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•successfully maintain and upgrade the capabilities of our systems;
•address the needs of our advisors and their clients by using technology to provide products and services that satisfy their demands while ensuring the security of the data involving those products and services;
•use technology effectively and securely to support our regulatory compliance and reporting functions;
•comply with the changing landscape of laws and regulations that govern protection of personally identifiable information; and
•retain skilled information technology employees.
Extraordinary trading volumes, malware, ransomware or attempts by hackers to introduce large volumes of fraudulent transactions into our systems, beyond reasonably foreseeable spikes in volumes, could cause our computer systems to operate at an unacceptably slow speed or even fail. Failure of our systems, which could result from these or other events beyond our control, or an inability or failure to effectively upgrade those systems or implement new technology-driven products or services, could result in financial losses, unanticipated disruptions in our service, liability to our advisors or advisors’ clients, compliance failures, regulatory sanctions and damage to our reputation.
Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks, including personally identifiable information of advisors and their clients, as well as our employees. Although we take protective measures and endeavor to modify them as circumstances warrant, our computer systems, software and networks are to some degree vulnerable to unauthorized access, human error, computer viruses, denial-of-service attacks, malicious code, spam attacks, phishing, ransomware or other forms of social engineering and other events that could impact the security, reliability, confidentiality, integrity and availability of our systems. To the extent third parties, such as product sponsors, also retain similarity sensitive information about our advisors or their clients, their systems may face similar vulnerabilities. We are not able to protect against these events completely given the rapid evolution of new vulnerabilities, the complex and distributed nature of our systems, our interdependence on the systems of other companies and the increased sophistication of potential attack vectors and methods against our systems. In particular, advisors work in a wide variety of environments, and although we require minimum security by policy, we cannot ensure the consistent compliance with these policies across all of our advisors, or that our policy will be adequate to address the evolving threat environment. If one or more of these events occur, they could jeopardize our own, our advisors’ or their clients’, or our counterparties’ confidential and other information processed, stored in and transmitted through our computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our own, our advisors’ or their clients’, our counterparties’, or third parties’ operations. As a result, we could be subject to litigation, client loss, reputational harm, regulatory sanctions and financial losses that are either not insured or are not fully covered through any insurance we maintain. If any person, including any of our employees or advisors, negligently disregards or intentionally breaches our established controls with respect to client data, or otherwise mismanages or misappropriates that data, we could also be subject to significant monetary damages, regulatory enforcement actions, fines and/or criminal prosecution in one or more jurisdictions.
Our information technology systems may be vulnerable to security risks.
The secure transmission of confidential information, including personally identifiable information, over public networks is a critical element of our operations. As part of our normal operations, we maintain and transmit confidential information about clients of our advisors, our advisors and our employees, as well as proprietary information relating to our business operations. The risks related to transmitting data and using service providers outside of and storing or processing data within our network are increasing based on escalating and malicious cyber activity, including activity that originates outside of the United States from criminal elements and hostile nation-states.
Cybersecurity requires ongoing investment and diligence against evolving threats and is subject to federal and state regulation relating to the protection of confidential information. We may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures, to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures, to make required notifications, or to update our technologies, websites and web-based applications to comply with industry and regulatory standards, but we may not have adequate personnel, financial or other resources to fully meet these threats and evolving standards. We will also be required to effectively and efficiently govern, manage and ensure timely evolutions in our systems, including in their design, architecture and interconnections as well as their organizational and technical protections. The SEC has proposed new cybersecurity regulations for investment advisers, and other new regulations may be promulgated by relevant federal and state authorities at any time and compliance with regulatory expectations may become increasingly complex as more state regulatory authorities
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issue or amend regulations, which sometimes conflict, governing handling of confidential information by companies within their jurisdiction. Several states have promulgated cybersecurity requirements that impact our compliance obligations. Compliance with these regulations also could be costly and disruptive to our operations, and we cannot provide assurance that the impact of these regulations would not, either individually or collectively, be material to our business.
Our application service provider systems maintain and process confidential data on behalf of advisors and their clients, some of which is critical to our advisors’ business operations. If our application service provider systems are disrupted or fail for any reason, or if our systems or facilities are infiltrated or damaged by unauthorized persons or malicious computer code, we or our advisors could experience data loss, operational disruptions, financial loss, harm to reputation, regulatory violations, class action and commercial litigation and significant business interruption or loss. In addition, vulnerabilities of our external service providers or within our software supply chain could pose security risks to client information. If any such disruption or failure, real or perceived, occurs, we or our advisors may be exposed to unexpected liability, advisors or their clients may withdraw assets, our reputation may be tarnished and there could be a material adverse effect on our business. Further, any actual or perceived breach or cybersecurity attack directed at other financial institutions or financial services companies, whether or not we are targeted, could lead to a general loss of customer confidence in the use of technology to conduct financial transactions, which could negatively impact us, including the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures and technology infrastructure. The occurrence of any of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations.
Our own information technology systems are to some degree vulnerable to unauthorized access and other security risks. We rely on our advisors and employees to comply with our policies and procedures to safeguard confidential data, but disloyal or negligent insiders pose risks. The failure of our advisors and employees to comply with such policies and procedures, either intentionally or unintentionally, could result in the loss or wrongful use of their clients’ confidential information or other sensitive information. In addition, even if we and our advisors comply with our policies and procedures, persons who circumvent security measures or bypass authentication controls could infiltrate or damage our systems or facilities and wrongfully use our confidential information or clients’ confidential information or cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations. Cyber-attacks can be designed to collect information, manipulate, destroy or corrupt data, applications, or accounts and to disable the functioning or use of applications or technology assets. Such activity could, among other things:
•seriously damage our reputation;
•allow competitors or hackers access to our proprietary business information;
•subject us to liability for a failure to safeguard client data;
•result in the termination of relationships with our advisors;
•subject us to regulatory sanctions or obligations, based on state law or the authority of the SEC and FINRA to enforce regulations regarding business continuity planning or cybersecurity;
•subject us to litigation by consumers, advisors or other business partners that may suffer damages as a result of such activity;
•result in inaccurate financial data reporting; and
•require significant capital and operating expenditures to investigate and remediate a breach.
As malicious cyber activity escalates, including activity that originates outside of the United States, the risks we face relating to transmission of data and our use of service providers outside of our network, as well as the storing or processing of data within our network, intensify. While we maintain cyber liability insurance, this insurance does not cover certain types of potential losses and, for covered losses, may not be sufficient in amount to protect us against all such losses.
A cyber-attack or other security breach of our technology systems or those of our advisors or third-party vendors could subject us to significant liability and harm our reputation.
In the course of operations, we share sensitive corporate and personal data with vendors, third parties and other financial institutions. We also rely upon software and data feeds from various third parties. Despite the measures we have taken and may in the future take to address and mitigate cybersecurity, privacy and technology risks, we cannot be certain that our systems and networks will not be subject to successful attacks. Although we conduct some level of due diligence before sharing sensitive data with third-party vendors, this due diligence may not uncover administrative, technical or electronic gaps or flaws in their processes or systems. In the past we have experienced limited breaches of information security with our vendors, which have led to notification costs and reputational harm with regulators, current and potential advisors, and advisors’ clients, and we may experience
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similar or more significant events in the future. Future data security incidents involving individual and regulatory notifications could lead to litigation involving other financial institutions, class actions, regulatory investigations or other harm.
Data security incidents within the financial services industry are increasing, and threat actors continue to find novel ways to attack the security environments of LPL and of our advisors. In light of the diversity of our advisors’ security environments and the increasing sophistication of malicious actors, an attack could occur and persist for an extended period of time without detection. We expect that any investigation of a cyber-attack could take substantial amounts of time, and that there may be extensive delays before we obtain full and reliable information. In some cases, the nature of the attack may be such that full and reliable information may never be available. During such time we would not necessarily know the extent of the harm or how best to remediate it, and certain errors or actions could be repeated or compounded before they are discovered and remediated, all of which would further increase the costs and consequences of such an attack.
These incidents could involve operational disruptions, notification costs, ransom payments, and reputational harm, investigations, litigation and fines with regulators as well as litigation, financial disputes, and reputational harm with current and potential advisors and advisors’ clients.
Failure to comply with the complex privacy and data protection laws and regulations to which we are subject could result in adverse action from regulators.
Many aspects of our business are subject to comprehensive legal requirements concerning the collection, use and sharing of personal information, including client and employee information. This includes rules adopted pursuant to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and an ever-increasing number of state laws and regulations, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act. We continue our efforts to safeguard the data entrusted to us in accordance with the applicable laws and our internal data protection policies, including taking steps to reduce the potential for the improper use or disclosure of personal information. We continue to monitor regulations related to data privacy and protection on both a domestic and international level to assess requirements and impacts on our business operations. Further developments could negatively impact our business and operations.
Failure to maintain technological capabilities, flaws in existing technology,difficulties in upgrading our technology platform or the introduction of acompetitive platform could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We believe that our future success will depend in part on our ability to anticipate and adapt to technological advancements required to meet the changing demands of our advisors and their clients. We depend on highly specialized and, in many cases, proprietary technology to support our business functions, including among others:
•securities trading and custody;
•portfolio management;
•performance reporting;
•customer service;
•accounting and internal financial processes and controls; and
•regulatory compliance and reporting.
Our continued success depends on our ability to effectively adopt new or adapt existing technologies to meet changing client, industry and regulatory demands. The emergence of new industry standards and practices could render our existing systems obsolete or uncompetitive. There cannot be any assurance that another company will not design a similar or better platform that renders our technology less competitive.
Maintaining competitive technology requires us to make significant capital expenditures, both in the near term and longer-term. There cannot be any assurance that we will have sufficient resources to adequately update and expand our information technology systems or capabilities, or offer our services on the personal and mobile computing devices that may be preferred by our advisors and/or their clients, nor can there be any assurance that any upgrade or expansion efforts will be sufficiently timely, successful, secure and accepted by our current and prospective advisors or their clients. The process of upgrading and expanding our systems has at times caused, and may in the future cause, us to suffer system degradations, outages and failures. If our technology systems were to fail and we were unable to recover in a timely way, we would be unable to fulfill critical business functions, which could lead to a loss of advisors and could harm our reputation. A breakdown in advisors’ systems could have similar effects. A technological breakdown could also interfere with our ability to comply with financial reporting and other regulatory requirements, exposing us to disciplinary action and to liability to our advisors and their clients. Security, stability
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and regulatory risks also exist because parts of our infrastructure and software are beyond their manufacturer’s stated end of life. We are working to mitigate such risks through additional controls and increased modernization spending, although we cannot provide assurance that our risk mitigation efforts will be effective, in whole or in part.
Inadequacy or disruption of our business continuity and disaster recovery plans and procedures in the eventof a catastrophe could adversely affect our business.
We have made a significant investment in our infrastructure, and our operations are dependent on our ability to protect the continuity of our infrastructure against damage from catastrophe or natural disaster, breach of security, ransomware attack, human error, loss of power, computer and/or telecommunications failure, or other natural or man-made events. A catastrophic event could have a direct negative impact on us by adversely affecting our advisors, employees or facilities, or an indirect impact on us by adversely affecting the financial markets or the overall economy. While we have implemented business continuity and disaster recovery plans and maintain business interruption insurance, it is impossible to fully anticipate and protect against all potential catastrophes. In addition, we depend on the adequacy of the business continuity and disaster recovery plans of our third-party service providers, including off-shore service providers, in order to prevent or mitigate service interruptions. If our business continuity and disaster recovery plans and procedures, or those of our third-party service providers, were disrupted or unsuccessful in the event of a catastrophe, we could experience a material adverse interruption of our operations.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
The price of our common stock may be volatile and fluctuate substantially, which could result in substantial losses for our investors.
The market price of our common stock is likely to be highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially due to the following factors (in addition to the other risk factors described in this Item 1A)1A):
•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our results of operations, including with regard to interest rates or revenuesrevenue associated with our client cash sweep programs or key business lines;
•variance in our financial performance from the expectations of equity research analysts;
•conditions and trends in the markets we serve;
•announcements of significant new services or products by us or our competitors;
•additions or changes to key personnel;
•the commencement or outcome of litigation or arbitration proceedings;
•the commencement or outcome of regulatory actions, including settlements with the SEC, FINRA, DOL or state securities regulators;
•changes in market valuation or earnings of our competitors;
•the trading volume of our common stock;
•future salesales of our equity securities;
•changes in the estimation of the future size and growth rate of our markets;
•legislation or regulatory policies, practices or actions, including developments related to the DOL Rule; “best interest” and “fiduciary” standards of care;
•political developments; and
•general economic conditions.
In addition, the equity markets in general have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the particular companies affected. These broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our common stock irrespective of our operating performance. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against the affected company. A putative class action lawsuit has been filed against us and certain of our executive officers in federal district court alleging certain misstatements and omissions related to our share repurchases and financial performance in late 2015. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.
We are a holding company and rely on dividends, distributions and other payments, advances and transfers of funds from our subsidiaries to meet our debt service and other obligations.
We have no direct operations and derive all of our cash flow from our subsidiaries. Because we conduct our operations through our subsidiaries, we depend on those entities for dividends and other payments or distributions
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to meet any existing or future debt service and other obligations. The deterioration of the earnings from, or other available assets of, our subsidiaries for any reason could limit or impair their ability to pay dividends or other distributions to us. In addition, FINRA regulations restrict dividends in excess of 10% of a member firm’s excess net capital without FINRA’s prior approval. Compliance with this regulation may impede our ability to receive dividends from our broker-dealer subsidiary.
Our future ability to pay regular dividends to holders of our common stock or repurchase shares are subject to the discretion of our board of directors and will be limited by our ability to generate sufficient earnings and cash flows.
Our board of directors declared quarterly cash dividends on our outstanding common stock in 20172021 and has from time to time authorized us to repurchase shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock. The declaration and payment of any future quarterly cash dividend or any additional repurchase authorizations will be subject to the board of directors'directors’ continuing determination that the declaration of future dividends or repurchase of our shares are in the best interests of our stockholders and are in compliance with our Credit Agreement, the IndentureIndentures and applicable law. Such determinations will depend upon a number of factors that the board of directors deems relevant, including future earnings, the success of our business activities, capital requirements, alternative uses of capital, the general financial condition and future prospects of our business and general business conditions.
The future payment of dividends or repurchases of shares will also depend on our ability to generate earnings and cash flows. If we are unable to generate sufficient earnings and cash flows from our business, we may not be able to pay dividends on our common stock or repurchase additional shares. In addition, our ability to pay cash dividends on our common stock and repurchase shares is dependent on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends, including compliance with limitations under our Credit Agreement.Agreement and the Indentures. Our broker-dealer subsidiary is subject to requirements of the SEC, FINRA, the CFTC and other regulators relating to liquidity, capital standards and the use of client funds and securities, which may limit funds available for the payment of dividends to us.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
| Location | Approximate Square Footage | Lease Expiration | ||||||||||||
| Fort Mill, South Carolina | 452,000 | 2036 | ||||||||||||
| San Diego, California | 420,000 | 2029 | ||||||||||||
| Boston, Massachusetts | 69,000 | 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Austin, Texas | 58,000 | 2029 | ||||||||||||
| Overland Park, Kansas | 30,000 | 2023 | ||||||||||||
We also lease smaller administrative and operational offices in various locations throughout the United States. We believe that our existing properties are adequate for the current operating requirements of our business and that additional space will be available as needed.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we have been subjected to and are currently subject to legal and regulatory proceedings arising out of our business operations, including lawsuits, arbitration claims, and inquiries, investigations and enforcement proceedings initiated by the SEC, FINRA and state securities regulators, as well as other actions and claims.
For a discussion of legal proceedings, see Note 12.14 - Commitments and Contingencies, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements and Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Please also see “Risk Factors - Any failure to comply with applicable federal or state laws or regulations exposes us to litigation and regulatory actions, which could increase our costs or negatively affect our reputation” and “Risk Factors – Our business is subject to risks related to litigation, arbitration claims, and regulatory actions” within Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors”.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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Information about our Executive Officers
The following table provides certain information about each of the Company’s executive officers as of the date this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been filed with the SEC:
| Name | Age | Position | ||||||
| Dan H. Arnold | 57 | President and Chief Executive Officer | ||||||
| Matthew J. Audette | 47 | Chief Financial Officer | ||||||
| Matthew Enyedi | 48 | Managing Director, Business Solutions | ||||||
| Edward Fandrey | 46 | Managing Director, Divisional President, Advisor Solutions | ||||||
| Greg Gates | 44 | Managing Director, Chief Technology & Information Officer | ||||||
| Sallie R. Larsen | 68 | Managing Director, Chief Human Capital Officer | ||||||
| Michelle Oroschakoff | 60 | Managing Director, Chief Legal Officer | ||||||
| Dayton Semerjian | 57 | Managing Director, Chief Customer Care Officer | ||||||
| Richard Steinmeier | 48 | Managing Director, Divisional President, Business Development | ||||||
George B. White(1) | 53 | Managing Director, Investor and Investment Solutions, Chief Investment Officer | ||||||
____________________
(1)Mr. White will be retiring from the Company in March 2022.
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Executive Officers
Dan H. Arnold — President and Chief Executive Officer
Mr. Arnold has served as our chief executive officer since January 2017. He has served as our president since March 2015 with responsibility for our primary client-facing functions and long-term strategy for growth. Mr. Arnold served as our chief financial officer from June 2012 to March 2015 and was responsible for formulating financial policy, leading our capital management efforts and ensuring the effectiveness of the organization’s financial functions. Prior to 2012, he was managing director, head of strategy, with responsibility for long-term strategic planning for the firm, product and platform development and strategic investments, including acquisitions. He has also served as divisional president of our Institution Services. Mr. Arnold joined our Company in January 2007 following our acquisition of UVEST Financial Services Group, Inc. (“UVEST”). Prior to joining us, Mr. Arnold worked at UVEST for 13 years serving most recently as president and chief operating officer. From April 2015 to July 2018, he served on the board of directors of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (“SIFMA”). Mr. Arnold earned a B.S. in electrical engineering from Auburn University and holds an M.B.A. in finance from Georgia State University.
Matthew J. Audette — Chief Financial Officer
Mr. Audette is our chief financial officer. He is responsible for the Company’s core financial functions including: financial planning and analysis, controllership, tax, internal audit, treasury, corporate development and investor relations. Prior to joining LPL Financial in 2015, Mr. Audette served as executive vice president and chief financial officer of E*TRADE Financial Corporation (E*TRADE”). During his 16 years with E*TRADE, he was a key contributor in the growth of the franchise, leading a variety of corporate transactions and capital activities. Mr. Audette began his career in the financial services practice at KPMG. Mr. Audette earned a Bachelor of Science in accounting from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, popularly known as Virginia Tech.
Matthew Enyedi — Managing Director, Business Solutions
Mr. Enyedi has served as managing director, business solutions of LPL Financial since November 2020. He is responsible for developing and deploying a suite of automated professional services to LPL Financial advisors, and aligning them with the firm’s other programs that support advisors as business owners. From January to November 2020, Mr. Enyedi served as managing director, national sales of LPL Financial, overseeing an integrated group of product and platform sales consultants focused on helping financial advisors and institutions navigate and grow in an increasingly complex financial services landscape. Prior to his promotion to managing director, Mr. Enyedi served as executive vice president, national sales from March 2015 to January 2020. In that role, he led the firm’s data analytics and business intelligence efforts, and oversaw a team focused on providing front- and middle-office capabilities to help advisors grow their businesses and reach new segments of clients. He was also previously responsible for teams supporting LPL Financial’s RIA custody and high-net-worth solutions. Mr. Enyedi joined LPL Financial in 2003 and has also served as senior vice president, vice president, corporate strategy and assistant vice president of advisory consulting. Prior to joining the firm, he worked as a financial advisor with UBS PaineWebber. Mr. Enyedi received a B.A. in speech communication and business administration from the University of San Diego. He also holds the Certified Investment Management Analyst® designation from the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley.
Edward Fandrey — Managing Director, Divisional President, Advisor Solutions
Mr. Fandrey has served as managing director, divisional president, advisor solutions of LPL Financial since January 2021. In this role, he is responsible for leading LPL Financial’s strategic plan to expand engagement with advisors, partnering with them to utilize the firm’s evolving affiliation models, optimally leverage its tools and capabilities, and fully support their growth initiatives and other business needs. Prior to joining LPL Financial, he served as vice president of the Financial Services business at Microsoft Corporation from 2016 to 2021, where he led an organization of sales, support, technology and customer success professionals driving client-centric digital transformation across leading banks, insurance companies, hedge funds and capital markets firms. Mr. Fandrey joined Microsoft in 2000 and held various leadership roles including chief of staff for Worldwide Sales and Marketing. He earned his bachelor’s degree in psychology from the State University of New York at Albany and has multiple technology and developer certifications.
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Greg Gates — Managing Director, Chief Technology & Information Officer
Mr. Gates has served as managing director, chief technology & information officer of LPL Financial since July 2021. In this role he is responsible for managing all aspects of the firm’s technology and systems applications. He leads a high-performing information technology organization responsible for delivering technology solutions and market-leading platforms that enable positive, compelling experiences for LPL Financial advisors and employees. Mr. Gates joined LPL in 2018 with nearly two decades of senior-level management experience focused on the application of technology to solve business challenges on a global scale. Before joining LPL Financial, Mr. Gates led product management and engineering teams at PayPal from 2011 to 2018, focusing on internal technology platforms, merchant and consumer experiences, risk and security, and global operations. Prior to that, at Bank of America he led a number of technology organizations, culminating in leadership of Bank of America’s Contact Center Technology from 2002 to 2011. Mr. Gates earned his bachelor’s degree in biomedical engineering from Vanderbilt University in 1999, and has successfully completed multiple leadership, continuing education, and certification programs from several organizations.
Sallie R. Larsen — Managing Director, Chief Human Capital Officer
Ms. Larsen is managing director, chief human capital officer of LPL Financial. She is responsible for overseeing executive communication, human resources, talent development, corporate real estate, total rewards and talent acquisition, advisor and employee learning and development and diversity and inclusion. Ms. Larsen joined us in May 2012 from the Federal Home Loan Bank/Office of Finance, where she served as the chief human resources officer from November 2009 to April 2012. In earlier roles, Ms. Larsen was a managing vice president of human resources for Capital One Financial Corporation, senior vice president of human resources for Marriott International and vice president of human resources and communications for TRW Inc. Ms. Larsen earned a M.A. in communications from Purdue University, a B.A. in sociology from California Lutheran University and a certificate in executive leadership coaching from Georgetown University.
Michelle Oroschakoff — Managing Director, Chief Legal Officer
Ms. Oroschakoff is managing director, chief legal officer of LPL Financial. She is responsible for company-wide legal and government relations matters, risk management processes and controls, compliance and governance, and has a leading role in LPL Financial’s ongoing focus on enhancing the corporate risk profile. Ms. Oroschakoff has more than 20 years of financial services industry experience in legal, compliance and risk management. She joined LPL Financial as managing director, chief risk officer in September 2013 from Morgan Stanley, and was promoted to chief legal and risk officer in June 2017. She became chief legal officer in June 2018. At Morgan Stanley, she most recently served as managing director and global chief risk officer of the firm’s Global Wealth Management Group from 2011 to 2013. Previously, while with Morgan Stanley, she served as chief administrative officer from 2010 to 2011, as well as chief compliance officer from 2006 to 2010. Earlier in her career, Ms. Oroschakoff spent 11 years in a variety of legal and compliance roles at Morgan Stanley, including associate general counsel and head of the firm’s San Francisco litigation department. She also served as the general counsel for a large and successful RIA firm where she became familiar with the independent model. She also serves on the SIFMA Compliance and Legal Executive Committee. Ms. Oroschakoff earned a B.A. in English literature from the University of Oregon and a J.D., with honors, from the University of Michigan.
Dayton Semerjian — Managing Director, Chief Customer Care Officer
Mr. Semerjian has served as managing director, chief customer care officer of LPL Financial since February 2019. He is responsible for LPL Financial’s customer satisfaction and client-centric efforts and leads Service, Trading and Operations, LPL Financial’s largest business unit. Before joining LPL Financial, Mr. Semerjian was general manager and senior vice president for Global Customer Success at CA Technologies Inc., which he joined in 2005 when the firm acquired Concord Communication Inc. At Concord, he was executive vice president of marketing and strategic alliances. Mr. Semerjian also gained experience leading firms in adopting new service models that focus on improving the customer experience at scale through leadership roles at Intel Corp., Nation Street Inc. and Corente Inc., which was acquired by Oracle. Mr. Semerjian received a B.B.A. in marketing and management from the University of Massachusetts and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School. He was also awarded an advanced certificate of executive management by the MIT Sloan School of Management.
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Richard Steinmeier — Managing Director, Divisional President, Business Development
Mr. Steinmeier has served as managing director and divisional president, business development of LPL Financial since August 2018. In this role, he has responsibility for recruiting new financial advisors and institutions to LPL Financial and to existing advisor practices, as well as exploring new markets and merger and acquisition opportunities. Prior to joining LPL Financial, Mr. Steinmeier served as managing director, head of digital strategy and platforms for UBS Wealth Management Americas from September 2017 to August 2018 and as managing director, head of the Emerging Affluent Segment and Wealth Advice Center from August 2012 to September 2017. Prior to UBS, Mr. Steinmeier held a variety of leadership roles at Merrill Lynch, most recently as managing director of the Merrill Edge Advisory Center from February 2009 to August 2012. Prior to joining Merrill Lynch, he served as an engagement manager at McKinsey & Company from 2002 to 2006. Mr. Steinmeier earned a B.S. in economics from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania and an M.B.A. from Stanford University.
George B. White — Managing Director, Investor and Investment Solutions, Chief Investment Officer
Mr. White has served as managing director, investor and investment solutions and chief investment officer of LPL Financial since January 2017. He served as managing director, research, and chief investment officer from 2009 to December 2016. Mr. White is responsible for the strategic direction and continued growth of LPL Financial’s research, marketing, products and investment platforms. Prior to joining us in November 2007, Mr. White served as a managing director and director of research for Wachovia Securities for 10 years. Mr. White was also an investment analyst for Mercer Investment Consulting where he provided investment advice to institutional clients. He started his financial services career on the buy side of the business as a research analyst for Thompson, Siegel, and Walmsley, a value-oriented asset manager. Mr. White received a B.B.A. from the College of William and Mary.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |
Market Information
Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQNasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “LPLA.” The closing sale price as of December 31, 20172021 was $57.14$160.09 per share. As of that date, there were 1,4841,023 common stockholders of record based on information provided by our transfer agent. The number of stockholders of record does not reflect the number of individual or institutional stockholders that beneficially own the Company'sCompany’s stock because most stock is held in the name of nominees.
| High | Low | ||||||
| 2017 | |||||||
| Fourth Quarter | $ | 57.90 | $ | 48.13 | |||
| Third Quarter | $ | 52.27 | $ | 41.92 | |||
| Second Quarter | $ | 43.79 | $ | 37.39 | |||
| First Quarter | $ | 41.99 | $ | 35.23 | |||
| 2016 | |||||||
| Fourth Quarter | $ | 42.86 | $ | 29.09 | |||
| Third Quarter | $ | 30.56 | $ | 20.51 | |||
| Second Quarter | $ | 28.77 | $ | 20.95 | |||
| First Quarter | $ | 43.89 | $ | 15.38 | |||
Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return (rounded to the nearest whole dollar) of the Company'sCompany’s common stock, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Financial Sector Index and the Dow Jones U.S. Financial Services Index for the last five years. The graph assumes a $100 investment at the closing price on December 31, 20122016 and reinvestment of the dividends on the respective dividend payment dates without commissions. This graph does not forecast future performance of the Company'sCompany’s stock.
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| Dividend per Share Declared | Total Cash Dividend Paid | ||||||
| 2017 | |||||||
| Fourth quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.5 | |||
| Third quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.5 | |||
| Second quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.6 | |||
| First quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.6 | |||
| 2016 | |||||||
| Fourth quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.3 | |||
| Third quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.3 | |||
| Second quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.3 | |||
| First quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.2 | |||
The payment, amount and timing of any future dividends will be subject to the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings and cash flows, capital requirements, alternative uses of capital, general business conditions, our future prospects, contractual restrictions and covenants and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Our Credit Agreement and Indenturethe Indentures governing the Notes contain restrictions on our activities, including paying dividends on our capital stock. For an explanation of these restrictions, see “Management’s“Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Debt and Related Covenants”.Covenants.” In addition, FINRA regulations restrict dividends in excess of 10% of a member firm’s excess net capital without FINRA’s prior approval, potentially impeding our ability to receive dividends from LPL Financial.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
The table below sets forth information on compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance as of December 31, 2017:2021:
| Plan category | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans | |||||||||||||||||
| Equity compensation plans approved by security holders | 1,204,420 | $ | 45.65 | 14,787,930 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total | 1,204,420 | $ | 45.65 | 14,787,930 | ||||||||||||||||
| Plan category | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))(1) | |||||||
| (a) | (b) | (c) | ||||||||
| Equity compensation plans approved by security holders | 4,840,020 | $ | 31.79 | 7,813,333 | ||||||
| Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders | 26,479 | $ | 22.45 | |||||||
| Total | 4,866,499 | $ | 31.73 | 7,813,333 | ||||||
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer
The table below sets forth information regarding share repurchases, reported on a monthlytrade date basis, during the fourth quarterthree months ended December 31, 2021:
| Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Weighted-Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (millions)(1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| October 1, 2021 through October 31, 2021 | — | $ | — | — | $ | 309.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| November 1, 2021 through November 30, 2021 | 239,641 | $ | 166.12 | 239,641 | $ | 270.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| December 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021 | 63,330 | $ | 161.02 | 63,330 | $ | 259.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 302,971 | 302,971 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) On November 13, 2018, the Board of Directors authorized an increase to the Company’s existing share repurchase program to authorize the repurchase of up to $1.0 billion of its issued and outstanding common shares. See Note 15 - 2017Stockholders’ Equity:, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
The repurchases may be executed from time to time, subject to general business and market conditions and other investment opportunities, through open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions, including transactions with affiliates, with the timing of purchases and the amount of shares purchased generally determined at the discretion of the Company within the constraints of the Credit Agreement, the Indentures, applicable laws and consideration of the Company’s general liquidity needs.
| Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Weighted-Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs(1) | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Programs | |||||||||
| October 1, 2017 through October 31, 2017 | 62,000 | $ | 49.48 | 62,000 | 138,252,824 | ||||||||
| November 1, 2017 through November 30, 2017 | 541,000 | $ | 49.80 | 541,000 | 111,324,022 | ||||||||
| December 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017 | — | $ | — | — | 500,000,000 | ||||||||
| Total | 603,000 | $ | 49.76 | 603,000 | |||||||||
Item 6. SelectedReserved
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Adjusted Net Income: A non-GAAP financial measure defined as net income plus the after-tax impact of amortization of other intangibles and acquisition costs.
Basis Point: One basis point equals 1/100th of 1%.
CFTC: The Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
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Core G&A: A non-GAAP financial measure defined as total expense excluding the following expenses: advisory and commission; depreciation and amortization; interest expense on borrowings; brokerage, clearing and exchange; amortization of other intangibles; loss on extinguishment of debt; promotional; acquisition costs; employee share-based compensation; and regulatory charges.
Corporate Cash: The sum of cash and equivalents from the following: (1) cash held at the Parent (as defined herein), (2) excess cash at LPL Financial Dataper the Credit Agreement, which is the net capital held at LPL Financial in excess of 10% of its aggregate debits, or five times the net capital required in accordance with Exchange Act Rule 15c3-1, and (3) other available cash, which includes cash and equivalents held at The Private Trust Company, N.A., in excess of Credit Agreement capital requirements, and cash and equivalents held at non-regulated subsidiaries.
Credit Agreement:The following table sets forth selected historicalCompany’s amended and restated credit agreement.
Credit Agreement EBITDA: The equivalent of “Consolidated EBITDA,” as defined in the Credit Agreement, which is Consolidated Net Income (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus interest expense, tax expense, depreciation and amortization, and is further adjusted to exclude certain non-cash charges and other adjustments (including unusual or non-recurring charges) and gains, and to include future expected cost savings, operating expense reductions or other synergies from certain transactions.
Dodd-Frank Act: The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.
DOL: The United States Department of Labor.
DTC: The Depository Trust Company.
EBITDA: A non-GAAP financial informationmeasure defined as net income plus interest expense on borrowings, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization, and amortization of other intangibles.
ERISA: The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.
EPS Prior to Amortization of Intangible Assets and Acquisition Costs: A non-GAAP financial measure defined as Adjusted Net Income divided by the weighted average number of diluted shares outstanding for the past five fiscal years.applicable period.
FINRA: The selected historicalFinancial Industry Regulatory Authority.
GAAP: Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Gross Profit: Non-GAAP financial information presented below should be read in conjunction withmeasure defined as total revenue less advisory and commission expense and brokerage, clearing and exchange fees.
Indentures: Refers to the information includedindentures governing the Company’s senior unsecured notes.
Leverage Ratio: A financial metric from our Credit Agreement that is calculated by dividing Credit Agreement net debt, which equals consolidated total debt less Corporate Cash, by Credit Agreement EBITDA.
NSCC: The National Securities Clearing Corporation.
NFA: The National Futures Association.
OCC: The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.
RIA: Registered investment advisor.
SEC: The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
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SIPC: The Securities Investor Protection Corporation.
SRO: Self-regulatory organization.
Uniform Net Capital Rule: Refers to Rule 15c3-1 under the heading “Management’s DiscussionSecurities Exchange Act of 1934, which specifies minimum capital requirements that are intended to ensure the general financial soundness and Analysisliquidity of Financial Condition and Resultsbroker-dealers at all times.
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Table of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have derived the consolidated statements of income data for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 and the consolidated statements of financial condition data as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 from our audited financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have derived the consolidated statements of income data for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 and consolidated statements of financial condition data as of December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 from our audited financial statements not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future period.Contents
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||
| Consolidated statements of income data (In thousands, except per share data): | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net revenues | $ | 4,281,481 | $ | 4,049,383 | $ | 4,275,054 | $ | 4,373,662 | $ | 4,140,858 | |||||||||
| Total expenses | $ | 3,916,911 | $ | 3,751,867 | $ | 3,992,499 | $ | 4,078,965 | $ | 3,849,555 | |||||||||
| Income before provision for income taxes | $ | 364,570 | $ | 297,516 | $ | 282,555 | $ | 294,697 | $ | 291,303 | |||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | $ | 125,707 | $ | 105,585 | $ | 113,771 | $ | 116,654 | $ | 109,446 | |||||||||
| Net income | $ | 238,863 | $ | 191,931 | $ | 168,784 | $ | 178,043 | $ | 181,857 | |||||||||
| Per share data: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per basic share | $ | 2.65 | $ | 2.15 | $ | 1.77 | $ | 1.78 | $ | 1.74 | |||||||||
| Earnings per diluted share | $ | 2.59 | $ | 2.13 | $ | 1.74 | $ | 1.75 | $ | 1.72 | |||||||||
| Cash dividends paid per share | $ | 1.00 | $ | 1.00 | $ | 1.00 | $ | 0.96 | $ | 0.65 | |||||||||
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||
| Consolidated statements of financial condition data (In thousands): | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 811,136 | $ | 747,709 | $ | 724,529 | $ | 412,332 | $ | 516,584 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 5,358,751 | $ | 4,834,926 | $ | 4,521,061 | $ | 4,041,930 | $ | 4,027,114 | |||||||||
| Total long-term borrowings, net | $ | 2,385,022 | $ | 2,175,436 | $ | 2,188,240 | $ | 1,625,195 | $ | 1,519,379 | |||||||||
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes to those consolidated financial statements included in Item 8“Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve significant risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. Please also refer to the section under heading "Special“Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements."”
Business Overview
We are a leader in the retail financial advice market and the nation'snation’s largest independent broker-dealer. We enable independence forserve independent financial advisors byand financial institutions, providing them with the capabilities, technology, and service they need, so they can focus on serving their clients. Our services include advisory and brokerage platforms, portfolio construction, integrated technology and services, comprehensiveresearch, clearing and compliance services and practice management programs they need to create and training, and independent research.grow their practices. We provide our brokerage and investment advisory services to more than 15,000 independent financial advisors, including financial advisors at approximately 700 financial institutions across the country, enablingenable them to provide their retail investors with objectivepersonalized financial advice through a lower conflict model. Throughguidance to millions of American families seeking wealth management, retirement planning, financial planning and asset management solutions. Please consult Part I, “Item 1. Business” for additional information related to our business activities.
Our Sources of Revenue
Our revenue is derived primarily from fees and commissions from products and advisory services offered by our advisors to their clients, a substantial portion of which we are onepay out to our advisors, as well as fees we receive from our advisors for the use of our technology, custody, clearing, trust and reporting platforms. We also generate asset-based revenue through our insured bank sweep vehicles, money market programs and the largest distributorsaccess we provide to a variety of product providers with the following product lines:
| • Alternative Investments | • Retirement Plan Products | |||||||
| • Annuities | • Separately Managed Accounts | |||||||
| • Exchange Traded Products | • Structured Products | |||||||
| • Insurance Based Products | • Unit Investment Trusts | |||||||
| • Mutual Funds | ||||||||
Under our self-clearing platform, we custody the majority of client assets invested in these financial products, for which we provide statements, transaction processing and ongoing account management. In return for these services, mutual funds, insurance companies, banks and other financial product sponsors pay us fees based on asset levels or number of accounts managed. We also earn interest from margin loans made to our advisors’ clients. A portion of our revenue is not asset-based or correlated with the equity financial markets.
We regularly review various aspects of our operations and service offerings, including our policies, procedures and platforms, in response to marketplace developments. We seek to continuously improve and enhance aspects of our operations and service offerings in order to position our advisors for long-term growth and to align with competitive and regulatory developments. For example, we regularly review the structure and fees of our products and services, including related disclosures, in the United States.context of the changing regulatory environment and competitive landscape for advisory and brokerage accounts.
Significant Events
Completed the acquisition of Waddell & Reed Financial, Inc. and surpassed $1.0 trillion in assets
On April 30, 2021 we completed the acquisition of the wealth management business of Waddell & Reed Financial Inc. (the “Waddell & Reed Acquisition”). Concurrent with the closing of the Waddell & Reed Acquisition, we surpassed $1.0 trillion in total advisory and brokerage assets. We completed the onboarding of $71.2 billion of client assets representing 99% of assets from the Waddell & Reed Acquisition during the third quarter of 2021.
Generated $118.8 billion of organic net new assets
We believe that objective financial guidance isgenerated $118.8 billion of organic net new assets during 2021, which included the onboarding of approximately $35.0 billion of combined total assets from M&T Bank and BMO Harris to our platform. This translated to an annual organic net new asset growth rate of 13.2%. We also signed an agreement with CBSI to join our platform. CBSI
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supports over 500 advisors serving approximately $32 billion in brokerage and advisory assets, which we expect to onboard during 2022.
Business Solutions subscriptions more than doubled, driving revenue of approximately $28 million on an annualized run rate basis
Total active and contracted Business Solutions subscriptions more than doubled to end the year at 3,022, driving revenue of approximately $28 million on an annualized run rate basis.
Refinanced our highest cost debt, increased capacity under our Credit Agreement, and issued senior notes
On March 15, 2021, we took advantage of the low interest rate environment to issue $900.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.00% senior unsecured notes due in 2029 (“2029 Senior Notes”). We used the proceeds from the 2029 Senior Notes to redeem our existing 5.75% senior unsecured notes due in 2025 (“2025 Senior Notes”), reduced our annual interest expense by $13.0 million, and created additional borrowing capacity under our Credit Agreement, which was increased to $1.0 billion. Additionally, on May 18, 2021, we issued $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.375% senior unsecured notes due in 2031 (“2031 Senior Notes”). Proceeds from the 2031 Senior Notes were used to repay borrowings under the Credit Agreement, which were used to finance the Waddell & Reed Acquisition.
Earned a fundamental needspot on the Fortune 500 list
In June 2021 the Company earned a spot in the Fortune 500 ranking for everyone. 2021 based on our revenue of $5.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2020, placing us on the list of largest U.S. companies as ranked by revenue.
Resumed share repurchases during the third quarter of 2021 and repurchased $90.0 million of shares
We enable our advisors toresumed share repurchases during the third quarter of 2021 with an initial focus on what they do best—createrepurchasing amounts to offset dilution. We repurchased 579,771 shares during the personal, long-term relationships that are the foundationthird and fourth quarters of 2021 for turning life’s aspirations into financial realities. We do that through a singular focus on providing our advisors with the front-, middle-, and back-office support they need to serve the large and growing market for independent investment advice. We believe that we are the only company that offers advisors the unique combinationtotal of an integrated technology platform, comprehensive self-clearing services, and open architecture access to a wide range of non-proprietary products, all delivered in an environment unencumbered by conflicts from product manufacturing, underwriting, and market-making.$90.0 million.
Executive Summary
Financial Highlights
Results for the year ended December 31, 20172021 included net income of $238.9$459.9 million, or $2.59$5.63 per diluted share, which compares to $191.9$472.6 million, or $2.13$5.86 per diluted share, for the year ended 2016. Increased asset based fee revenue and advisory fee revenue contributed to the earnings per share growth.December 31, 2020.
Asset Growth Trends
Total brokerageadvisory and advisorybrokerage assets served were $615.1 billion as of$1.2 trillion at December 31, 2017,2021, up 20.7%33.6% from $509.4$903.1 billion as ofat December 31, 2016.2020. Total net new assets were $43.4$190.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2017,2021, compared to $5.9$60.2 billion for the same period in 2016. Our total brokerage and advisory assets served as of December 31, 2017 included $34.4 billion in assets from the first wave of advisors that we onboarded (“Wave 1”) in connection with the NPH Acquisition.2020.
Net new advisory assets were $32.8an inflow of $123.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2017,2021, compared to $13.7$52.1 billion in 2016. As of December 31, 2017, our advisory2020. Advisory assets had grown to $273.0were $643.2 billion, from the prior year end balance of $211.6 billion and represented 44.4%or 53.3% of total advisory and brokerage assets served.served, at December 31, 2021, up 39.5% from $461.2 billion at December 31, 2020.
Net new brokerage assets totaled inflowswere an inflow of $10.6$66.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2017,2021, compared to outflows of $7.8$8.1 billion in 2016. As of2020. Brokerage assets were $563.2 billion at December 31, 2017, our brokerage assets had grown to $342.12021, up 27.4% from $441.9 billion from the prior year end balance of $297.8 billion. The addition of brokerage assets from Wave 1 advisors more than offset the brokerage outflows that otherwise occurred during the year.at December 31, 2020.
Gross Profit Trends
Gross profit, a non-GAAP financial measure, of $1,554.8was $2,454.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, increased 11.5%2021, an increase of 16.7% from $1,394.3$2,103.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Management presents gross profit, which is calculated as net revenues less commission and advisory expenses and brokerage, clearing, and
Common Stock Dividends and Share Repurchases
During the year ended December 31, 2021, we paid shareholders cash sweep revenue from the impactdividends of the increases in the target range$80.1 million and repurchased 579,771 of our outstanding shares for the federal funds effective rate announced in eacha total of March, June and December 2017, increase in other asset based revenue from market gains, increases in advisory revenues resulting from net new assets and market gains as represented by higher levels of the S&P 500 index.$90.0 million.
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substantial majority of employees to a potential contingent payment of upwork remotely, enhanced cleaning protocols throughout our corporate offices, and worked closely with our vendors to $122.8 million. We onboarded $34.2 billion in brokeragemaintain service continuity throughout the market volatility and advisory assetsincreased operational volumes that have occurred from NPH in Wave 1, including $26.5 billion in brokerage assets and $7.7 billion in advisory assets.
| For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 | ||||||
| Sources of Revenue | Primary Drivers | Net Revenues (millions) | % of Total Net Revenue | Recurring Revenues (millions) | % Recurring | |
Advisor-driven revenue with ~85%-90% payout ratio | Commission | - Sales - Transactions - Brokerage asset levels | $1,671 | 39.0% | 968 | 57.9% |
| Advisory | - Corporate advisory asset levels | $1,409 | 32.9% | 1,403 | 99.6% | |
Attachment revenue retained by us | Asset-Based - Cash Sweep Fees - Sponsorship Fees - Record Keeping | - Cash balances - Interest rates - Number of accounts - Client asset levels | $708 | 16.6% | 700 | 98.9% |
Transaction and Fee - Trades - Client (Investor) Accounts - Advisor Seat and Technology | - Client activity - Number of clients - Number of advisors - Number of accounts - Premium technology subscribers | $425 | 9.9% | 247 | 58.1% | |
| Other | - Margin accounts - Alternative investment transactions | $68 | 1.6% | 27 | 39.7% | |
| Total | $4,281 | 100.0% | $3,345 | 78.1% | ||
We focus on several business and key financial metrics in evaluating the success of our business relationships and our resulting financial position and operating performance. Our key operating, business and key financial metrics are as follows:
| As of and for the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
Operating Metrics (dollars in billions)(1) | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Advisory and Brokerage Assets | |||||||||||||||||
Advisory assets(2)(3) | $ | 643.2 | $ | 461.2 | |||||||||||||
Brokerage assets(2)(4) | 563.2 | 441.9 | |||||||||||||||
Total Advisory and Brokerage Assets(2) | $ | 1,206.4 | $ | 903.1 | |||||||||||||
| Advisory assets as a % of total Advisory and Brokerage Assets | 53.3 | % | 51.1 | % | |||||||||||||
| Net New Assets | |||||||||||||||||
Net new advisory assets(5) | $ | 123.5 | $ | 52.1 | |||||||||||||
Net new brokerage assets(6) | 66.6 | 8.1 | |||||||||||||||
Total Net New Assets(7) | $ | 190.0 | $ | 60.2 | |||||||||||||
Organic Net New Assets(7) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net new organic advisory assets | $ | 89.4 | $ | 49.6 | |||||||||||||
| Net new organic brokerage assets | 29.4 | 6.6 | |||||||||||||||
| Total Organic Net New Assets | $ | 118.8 | $ | 56.2 | |||||||||||||
Organic advisory net new assets annualized growth(7)(8) | 19.4 | % | 13.6 | % | |||||||||||||
Total organic net new assets annualized growth(7)(8) | 13.2 | % | 7.4 | % | |||||||||||||
Client Cash Balances(2) | |||||||||||||||||
| Insured cash account | $ | 30.0 | $ | 37.3 | |||||||||||||
| Deposit cash account | 9.3 | 8.2 | |||||||||||||||
| Total Bank Sweep Balances | 39.3 | 45.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Money market account | 16.1 | 1.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Purchased money market funds | 1.9 | 1.9 | |||||||||||||||
| Total Money Market Balances | 18.0 | 3.4 | |||||||||||||||
| Total Client Cash Balances | $ | 57.3 | $ | 48.9 | |||||||||||||
Net buy (sell) activity(9) | $ | 69.1 | $ | 34.3 | |||||||||||||
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| December 31, | |||||||||||
| Operating Metrics | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||
| Advisory assets (in billions)(1)(2) | $ | 273.0 | $ | 211.6 | $ | 187.2 | |||||
| Brokerage assets (in billions)(1)(3) | 342.1 | 297.8 | 288.4 | ||||||||
| Total Brokerage and Advisory Assets served(in billions)(1) | $ | 615.1 | $ | 509.4 | $ | 475.6 | |||||
| Net new advisory assets (in billions)(4) | $ | 32.8 | $ | 13.7 | $ | 16.7 | |||||
| Net new brokerage assets (in billions)(5) | 10.6 | (7.8 | ) | (7.6 | ) | ||||||
| Total Brokerage and Advisory Net New Assets (in billions) | $ | 43.4 | $ | 5.9 | $ | 9.1 | |||||
| Insured cash account balances (in billions)(1) | $ | 22.9 | $ | 22.8 | $ | 20.9 | |||||
| Deposit cash account balances (in billions)(1) | 4.2 | 4.4 | — | ||||||||
| Money market account balances (in billions)(1) | 2.7 | 4.1 | 8.1 | ||||||||
| Total Cash Sweep Balances | $ | 29.8 | $ | 31.3 | $ | 29.0 | |||||
| Advisors | 15,210 | 14,377 | 14,054 | ||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| Financial Metrics | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||
| Total net revenues (in millions) | $ | 4,281.5 | $ | 4,049.4 | $ | 4,275.1 | |||||
| Recurring revenue as a % of net revenue | 78.1 | % | 74.4 | % | 71.5 | % | |||||
| Pre-Tax income (in millions) | $ | 364.6 | $ | 297.5 | $ | 282.6 | |||||
| Net income (in millions) | $ | 238.9 | $ | 191.9 | $ | 168.8 | |||||
| Earnings per share (diluted) | $ | 2.59 | $ | 2.13 | $ | 1.74 | |||||
| Recurring gross profit rate(6) | 82.6 | % | 81.2 | % | 80.3 | % | |||||
| Non-GAAP Financial Measures(7) | |||||||||||
| Gross profit (in millions)(8) | $ | 1,554.8 | $ | 1,394.3 | $ | 1,357.7 | |||||
| Gross profit growth from prior period(8) | 11.5 | % | 2.7 | % | 2.4 | % | |||||
| Gross profit as a % of net revenue(8) | 36.3 | % | 34.4 | % | 31.8 | % | |||||
| As of and for the Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||
| Business and Financial Metrics (dollars in millions) | |||||||||||||||||
| Advisors - period end | 19,876 | 17,287 | |||||||||||||||
Average total assets per advisor(10) | $ | 60.7 | $ | 52.2 | |||||||||||||
| Employees - period end | 5,919 | 4,756 | |||||||||||||||
| Share repurchases | $ | 90.0 | $ | 150.0 | |||||||||||||
| Dividends | $ | 80.1 | $ | 79.1 | |||||||||||||
Leverage ratio(11) | 2.26 | 2.16 | |||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| Financial Metrics (dollars in millions, except per share data) | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 7,720.8 | $ | 5,871.6 | |||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 459.9 | $ | 472.6 | |||||||||||||
| Earnings per share (“EPS”), diluted | $ | 5.63 | $ | 5.86 | |||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP Financial Metrics (dollars in millions, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||||
EPS prior to amortization of intangible assets and acquisition costs(12) | $ | 7.02 | $ | 6.46 | |||||||||||||
Gross profit(13) | $ | 2,454.7 | $ | 2,103.3 | |||||||||||||
EBITDA(14) | $ | 936.4 | $ | 908.9 | |||||||||||||
| EBITDA as a % of Gross profit | 38.1 | % | 43.2 | % | |||||||||||||
Core G&A(15) | $ | 1,058.2 | $ | 925.1 | |||||||||||||
____________________
(1)Totals may not foot due to rounding. (2)Advisory and brokerage assets consist of assets that are custodied, networked and non-networked and reflect market movement in addition to new assets, inclusive of new business development and net of attrition. Client cash balances are also included in total advisory and brokerage assets. (3)Advisory assets consist of total advisory assets under custody at LPL Financial and Waddell & Reed, LLC (“Waddell & Reed”). Please consult the “Results of Operations” section for a tabular presentation of advisory assets. (4)Brokerage assets consist of brokerage assets serviced by advisors licensed with LPL Financial. (5)Net new advisory assets consist of total client deposits into custodied advisory accounts less total client withdrawals from custodied advisory accounts, plus dividends, plus interest, minus advisory fees. We consider conversions from and to brokerage accounts as deposits and withdrawals, respectively. (6)Net new brokerage assets consist of total client deposits into brokerage accounts less total client withdrawals from brokerage accounts, plus dividends, plus interest. We consider conversions from and to advisory accounts as deposits and withdrawals, respectively. (7)Total net new assets include $71.2 billion of assets |
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| Gross Profit | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||
| Total net revenues (in millions) | $ | 4,281.5 | $ | 4,049.4 | $ | 4,275.1 | |||||
| Commission and advisory expense (in millions) | 2,669.6 | 2,600.6 | 2,864.8 | ||||||||
| Brokerage, clearing, and exchange fees (in millions) | 57.1 | 54.5 | 52.6 | ||||||||
| Gross profit (in millions) | $ | 1,554.8 | $ | 1,394.3 | $ | 1,357.7 | |||||
(8)Calculated as annualized current period organic net new assets divided by preceding period assets in their respective categories of advisory assets or total advisory and brokerage assets.
(9)Represents the amount of securities purchased less the amount of securities sold securitiesin client accounts custodied with LPL Financial and Waddell & Reed. Reported activity does not include any other cash activity, such as deposits, withdrawals, dividends received or fees paid.
(10)Calculated based on the end-of-period total advisory and brokerage assets divided by end-of-period advisor count.
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(11)The leverage ratio is a financial metric from our Credit Agreement and is calculated by dividing Credit Agreement net debt, which equals consolidated total debt plus corporate cash, by Credit Agreement EBITDA. Credit Agreement EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure, is defined by the Credit Agreement as “Consolidated EBITDA,” which is Consolidated Net Income (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus interest expense on borrowings, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization, and amortization of other intangibles, and is further adjusted to exclude certain non-cash charges and other losses, as applicable. Certain regulatoryadjustments (including unusual or non-recurring charges) and gains, and to include future expected cost savings, operating expense reductions or other synergies from certain transactions. Please consult the “Debt and Related Covenants” section for more information. Below is a reconciliation of corporate debt and other legal claimsborrowings to Credit Agreement net debt and lossesnet income to EBITDA and Credit Agreement EBITDA (in millions):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| Credit Agreement Net Debt Reconciliation | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||
| Corporate debt and other borrowings | $ | 2,838.6 | $ | 2,359.3 | |||||||
| Corporate cash | (237.0) | (279.9) | |||||||||
Credit Agreement Net Debt(†) | $ | 2,601.6 | $ | 2,079.4 | |||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| EBITDA and Credit Agreement EBITDA Reconciliation | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||
| Net income | $ | 459.9 | $ | 472.6 | |||||||
| Interest expense on borrowings | 104.4 | 105.8 | |||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | 141.5 | 153.4 | |||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 151.4 | 109.7 | |||||||||
| Amortization of other intangibles | 79.3 | 67.4 | |||||||||
EBITDA(†) | $ | 936.4 | $ | 908.9 | |||||||
| Credit Agreement Adjustments: | |||||||||||
| Employee share-based compensation expense | $ | 41.8 | $ | 31.7 | |||||||
| Advisor share-based compensation expense | 2.3 | 2.3 | |||||||||
M&A accretion(16) | 53.6 | — | |||||||||
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | 24.4 | — | |||||||||
| Acquisition costs and other | 92.1 | 18.3 | |||||||||
Credit Agreement EBITDA(†) | $ | 1,150.7 | $ | 961.2 | |||||||
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| Leverage Ratio | 2.26 | 2.16 | |||||||||
(†) Totals may not foot due to rounding.
(12)EPS prior to amortization of intangible assets and acquisition costs is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as adjusted net income, a non-GAAP financial measure defined as net income plus the after-tax impact of amortization of other intangibles and acquisition costs, divided by the weighted average number of diluted shares outstanding for the applicable period. The Company presents adjusted net income and EPS prior to amortization of intangible assets and acquisition costs because management believes that these metrics can provide investors with useful insight into the Company’s core operating performance by excluding non-cash items and acquisition costs that management does not believe impact the Company’s ongoing operations. Adjusted net income and EPS prior to amortization of intangible assets and acquisition costs are not measures of the Company's financial performance under GAAP and should not be covered throughconsidered as alternatives to net income, earnings per diluted share or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP. Below is a reconciliation of net income and earnings per diluted share to adjusted net income and EPS prior to amortization of intangible assets and acquisition costs for the periods presented (in millions, except per share data):
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted net income / EPS prior to amortization of intangible assets and acquisition costs Reconciliation | Amount | Per Share | Amount | Per Share | |||||||||||||
| Net income / earnings per diluted share | $ | 459.9 | $ | 5.63 | $ | 472.6 | $ | 5.86 | |||||||||
| Amortization of other intangibles | 79.3 | 0.97 | 67.4 | 0.83 | |||||||||||||
Acquisition costs(17) | 76.4 | 0.93 | — | — | |||||||||||||
| Tax benefit | (41.4) | (0.51) | (18.9) | (0.23) | |||||||||||||
Adjusted net income / EPS prior to amortization of intangible assets and acquisition costs(†) | $ | 574.1 | $ | 7.02 | $ | 521.1 | $ | 6.46 | |||||||||
| Weighted-average shares outstanding, diluted | 81.7 | 80.7 | |||||||||||||||
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(13)Gross profit is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as total revenue less advisory and commission expense and brokerage, clearing and exchange expense. All other expense categories, including depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and amortization of other intangibles, are considered by management to be general and administrative in nature. Because our wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary,gross profit amounts do not include any depreciation and amortization expense, we consider our gross profit amounts to be non-GAAP financial measures that may not be comparable to those of others in our industry. We believe that gross profit amounts can provide investors with useful insight into our core operating performance before indirect costs that are general and administrative in nature. Below is a reconciliation of gross profit for the periods presented (in millions):
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross Profit | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 7,720.8 | $ | 5,871.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Advisory and commission expense | 5,180.1 | 3,697.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brokerage, clearing and exchange expense | 86.0 | 71.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross Profit(†) | $ | 2,454.7 | $ | 2,103.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
____________________
(†) Totals may not foot due to rounding.
(14)EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as net income plus interest expense on borrowings, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization, and amortization of other intangibles.The Company presents EBITDA because management believes that it can be a useful financial metric in understanding the Company’s earnings from operations. EBITDA is not a measure of the Company's financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP. Below is a reconciliation of EBITDA to net income for the periods presented (in millions):
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| EBITDA Reconciliation | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||
| Net income | $ | 459.9 | $ | 472.6 | |||||||
| Interest expense on borrowings | 104.4 | 105.8 | |||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | 141.5 | 153.4 | |||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 151.4 | 109.7 | |||||||||
| Amortization of other intangibles | 79.3 | 67.4 | |||||||||
EBITDA(†) | $ | 936.4 | $ | 908.9 | |||||||
(†) Totals may not foot due to rounding.
(15)Core G&A is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as total expense less the following expenses: advisory and commission; depreciation and amortization; interest expense on borrowings; brokerage, clearing and exchange; amortization of other intangibles; loss on extinguishment of debt; promotional; acquisition costs; employee share-based compensation; and regulatory charges. Management presents Core G&A because it believes Core G&A reflects the corporate expense categories over which management can generally exercise a measure of control, compared with expense items over which management either cannot exercise control, such as advisory and commission expense, or which management views as promotional expense necessary to support advisor growth and retention, including conferences and transition assistance. Core G&A is charterednot a measure of the Company’s total expense as calculated in accordance with GAAP. Below is a reconciliation of Core G&A against the insurance commissionerCompany’s total expense for the periods presented (in millions):
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| Core G&A Reconciliation | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||
| Total expense | $ | 7,119.5 | $ | 5,245.6 | |||||||
| Advisory and commission | 5,180.1 | 3,697.1 | |||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 151.4 | 109.7 | |||||||||
| Interest expense on borrowings | 104.4 | 105.8 | |||||||||
| Brokerage, clearing and exchange | 86.0 | 71.2 | |||||||||
| Amortization of other intangibles | 79.3 | 67.4 | |||||||||
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | 24.4 | — | |||||||||
| Total G&A | 1,493.9 | 1,194.4 | |||||||||
Promotional (ongoing)(17) | 288.0 | 208.3 | |||||||||
Acquisition costs(17) | 76.4 | — | |||||||||
| Employee share-based compensation | 41.8 | 31.6 | |||||||||
| Regulatory charges | 29.4 | 29.4 | |||||||||
Core G&A(†) | $ | 1,058.2 | $ | 925.1 | |||||||
____________________
(†) Totals may not foot due to rounding.
(16)M&A accretion is an adjustment to reflect the annualized expected run rate EBITDA of an acquisition as permitted by the Credit Agreement for up to eight fiscal quarters following the close of the transaction.
(17)Acquisition costs include the cost to setup, onboard and integrate acquired entities and primarily include $36.4 million of compensation and benefits expense, $18.7 million of professional services expense, $14.3 million of promotional expense, and other expenses that were incurred during the year ended December 31, 2021 that are included in the state of Tennessee. Assessing the probability of a loss occurring and the timing and amount of any loss related to a regulatory matter or a legal proceeding is inherently difficult and requires judgments based on a variety of factors and assumptions. There are particular uncertainties and complexities involved when assessing the potential liabilities that are self-insured by our captive insurance subsidiary.
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Table of the Internal Revenue Code. These types of accounts include many employer-sponsored retirement plans and individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). The DOL also finalized certain prohibited transaction exemptions that allow investment advisors to receive compensation for providing investment advice under arrangements that would otherwise be prohibited due to conflicts of interest. The full implementation date for conditions under related exemptions has been delayed until July 1, 2019 as the DOL is undertaking a study and reconsideration of the rule and its impacts. Because ERISA plans and IRAs comprise a significant portion of our business, we continue to expect that compliance with the DOL Rule and reliance on new and amended prohibited transaction exemptions will require increased legal, compliance, information technology, and other costs and could lead to a greater risk of class action lawsuits and other litigation. It is also unclear how and whether other regulators, including the SEC, FINRA, banking regulators, and the state securities and insurance regulators may respond to, or enforce elements of, the DOL Rule or develop their own similar laws and regulations. Moreover, the DOL’s ongoing study and reconsideration of the DOL Rule, and changes thereto, impacts the degree and timing of the effect of the DOL Rule on our business in ways which cannot now be anticipated or planned for, which may have further impacts on our products and services, and results of operations.Contents
Acquisitions, Integrations and Divestitures
•Blaze Portfolio Systems LLC - In October 2020, we acquired Blaze, a technology company that provides an advisor-facing trading and portfolio rebalancing platform.
•E.K. Riley Investments, LLC - In August 15, 2017,2020, we entered into the Asset Purchase Agreement with the NPH Sellers to acquire certain assets and rights of the NPH Sellers, including the NPH Sellers'acquired business relationships with financial advisors who become affiliatedfrom E.K. Riley, a broker-dealer and RIA.
•Lucia Securities, LLC - In August 2020, we acquired business relationships with LPL Financial. We paid $325 million to the NPH Sellers at closing, which occurred on August 15, 2017,advisors from Lucia, a broker-dealer and have agreed to a potential contingent payment of up to $122.8 million (the “NPH Contingent Payment”). The NPH Contingent Payment would be paid on an interpolated basis based on the percentage of transferred GDC, as determined under the Asset Purchase Agreement, between 72% and 93.5%. No NPH Contingent Payment would be due in the event that the transferred GDC percentage is less than 72%. We have incurred and expect to further incur increased costs related to this transaction, including: compensation and benefits expense related to the additional staffing, as well as contingent labor costs, needed to support the onboarding of the former NPH advisors and their clients to our systems, as well as to provide ongoing support to the increases in the number of advisors, clients and total assets served on our platform; fees for account closure and transfers that we agreed to pay on behalf of former NPH advisors; onboarding financial assistance costs for advisors joining LPL Financial; premium expense for insurance coverage through our captive insurance subsidiary; and technology capacity investments to support the expected increase in demands on our systems. We expect the incurrence of these costs to be largely complete by mid-2018. We also anticipate an increase to amortization related to the purchased intangible assets under the Asset Purchase Agreement. RIA.
See Note 34 - Acquisitions, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail. There have been no other material acquisitions, integrations, or divestitures during the twelve months ended December 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016.
Economic Overview and Impact of Financial Market Events
Our business is directly and indirectly sensitive to several macroeconomic factors and the state of the United States financial markets. In the United States, economic data pointed to steady economic growth in the second half of 2017. According to the most recent estimate byfrom the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, real gross domestic product (“GDP”)the U.S. economy grew at an annualized ratepace of 2.6%6.9% in the fourth quarter of 2017 following growth2021 after growing at an annualized pace of 3.2%2.3% in the third quarter. These estimates translatequarter of 2021. The equity markets were generally strong in 2021 with the S&P 500 and Russell 2000 and 3000 indices gaining year over year. Non-U.S. stocks continued to an overall growth rate over the last four quarters at 2.5%, slightly higher than the averagetrail their U.S. counterparts and rising interest rates made it a challenging year for fixed income markets, contributing to a near flat return for the expansion. Data received in the first quarter so far suggests continued growth near 3%. Growth has been supported by a healthy labor market, generally steady consumer spending, signs of improved business investment, and continued low (although rising) interest rates. Stronger global growth has also provided support, with global GDP growth picking up from 2.4% in 2016 to an estimated 3.0% in 2017.Bloomberg U.S. business and consumer confidence have remained elevated, with only modest declines since the run-up following the U.S. elections in November 2016. Despite economic stability and a healthy labor market, core inflation has remained below the Federal Reserve’s (“Fed”) 2% target.
Our business is also sensitive to current and expected short-term interest rates, which are largely driven by Federal Reserve (“Fed”) policy. At the January 2022 policy meeting, Fed policy. policymakers maintained the target range for the federal funds rate at 0% to 0.25%. Fed officials also signaled they would make a decision on whether to raise the federal funds rate at the March 2022 meeting and announced an intent to end net asset purchases in early March.
Please consult the “Risks“Risks Related to Our Business and Industry” section within Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for more information about the risks associated with significant interest rate changes and the potential related effects on our profitability and financial condition. Following the conclusion
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Table of its January 30 - 31, 2018 policy meeting, the Fed’s policy arm, the Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”), announced that it was maintaining a federal funds target range of 1.25 - 1.50%. In its policy statement, the FOMC upgraded language describing the economy, characterizing recent gains in unemployment, household spending, and business fixed investment as “solid.” Despite increased growth expectations, the statement noted little change in long-term inflation expectations. On February 5, 2018, then-current Fed board member Jerome Powell was sworn in as the 16th chair of the Fed, replacing the prior chair Janet Yellen.Contents
Results of Operations
A discussion of changes in our results of operations during the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019 has been omitted from this Annual Report on Form 10-K, but may be found in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, filed with the SEC on February 23, 2021.
The following discussion presents an analysis of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2021 and 2015.2020 (in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| REVENUE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Advisory | $ | 3,525,430 | $ | 2,327,519 | 51.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commission | 2,378,683 | 1,906,560 | 24.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-based | 1,148,067 | 1,044,517 | 9.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service and fee | 411,761 | 357,722 | 15.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction | 156,336 | 148,349 | 5.4 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | 28,577 | 29,412 | (2.8) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 71,976 | 57,561 | 25.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | 7,720,830 | 5,871,640 | 31.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EXPENSE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Advisory and commission | 5,180,090 | 3,697,147 | 40.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Compensation and benefits | 741,003 | 609,257 | 21.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Promotional | 302,285 | 208,250 | 45.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Occupancy and equipment | 185,531 | 166,389 | 11.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 151,428 | 109,732 | 38.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense on borrowings | 104,414 | 105,765 | (1.3) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brokerage, clearing and exchange | 86,023 | 71,185 | 20.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of other intangibles | 79,260 | 67,358 | 17.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Professional services | 73,231 | 57,067 | 28.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Communications and data processing | 60,296 | 52,399 | 15.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | 24,400 | — | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 131,540 | 101,018 | 30.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total expense | 7,119,501 | 5,245,567 | 35.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| INCOME BEFORE PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES | 601,329 | 626,073 | (4.0) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES | 141,463 | 153,433 | (7.8) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NET INCOME | $ | 459,866 | $ | 472,640 | (2.7) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Years Ended December 31, | Percentage Change | ||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2017 vs. 2016 | 2016 vs. 2015 | |||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| REVENUES | |||||||||||||||||
| Commission | $ | 1,670,824 | $ | 1,737,435 | $ | 1,976,845 | (3.8 | )% | (12.1 | )% | |||||||
| Advisory | 1,409,247 | 1,289,681 | 1,352,454 | 9.3 | % | (4.6 | )% | ||||||||||
| Asset-based | 708,333 | 556,475 | 493,687 | 27.3 | % | 12.7 | % | ||||||||||
| Transaction and fee | 424,667 | 415,715 | 401,948 | 2.2 | % | 3.4 | % | ||||||||||
| Interest income, net of interest expense | 24,473 | 21,282 | 19,192 | 15.0 | % | 10.9 | % | ||||||||||
| Other | 43,937 | 28,795 | 30,928 | 52.6 | % | (6.9 | )% | ||||||||||
| Total net revenues | 4,281,481 | 4,049,383 | 4,275,054 | 5.7 | % | (5.3 | )% | ||||||||||
| EXPENSES | |||||||||||||||||
| Commission and advisory | 2,669,599 | 2,600,624 | 2,864,813 | 2.7 | % | (9.2 | )% | ||||||||||
| Compensation and benefits | 456,918 | 436,557 | 440,049 | 4.7 | % | (0.8 | )% | ||||||||||
| Promotional | 171,661 | 148,612 | 139,198 | 15.5 | % | 6.8 | % | ||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 84,071 | 75,928 | 73,383 | 10.7 | % | 3.5 | % | ||||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | 38,293 | 38,035 | 38,239 | 0.7 | % | (0.5 | )% | ||||||||||
| Occupancy and equipment | 97,332 | 92,956 | 84,112 | 4.7 | % | 10.5 | % | ||||||||||
| Professional services | 71,407 | 67,128 | 64,522 | 6.4 | % | 4.0 | % | ||||||||||
| Brokerage, clearing, and exchange | 57,047 | 54,509 | 52,516 | 4.7 | % | 3.8 | % | ||||||||||
| Communications and data processing | 44,941 | 44,453 | 46,871 | 1.1 | % | (5.2 | )% | ||||||||||
| Restructuring charges | — | — | 11,967 | — | % | (100.0 | )% | ||||||||||
| Other | 96,210 | 96,587 | 117,693 | (0.4 | )% | (17.9 | )% | ||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 3,787,479 | 3,655,389 | 3,933,363 | 3.6 | % | (7.1 | )% | ||||||||||
| Non-operating interest expense | 107,025 | 96,478 | 59,136 | 10.9 | % | 63.1 | % | ||||||||||
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | 22,407 | — | — | 100.0 | % | — | % | ||||||||||
| INCOME BEFORE PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES | 364,570 | 297,516 | 282,555 | 22.5 | % | 5.3 | % | ||||||||||
| PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES | 125,707 | 105,585 | 113,771 | 19.1 | % | (7.2 | )% | ||||||||||
| NET INCOME | $ | 238,863 | $ | 191,931 | $ | 168,784 | 24.5 | % | 13.7 | % | |||||||
We also support Hybrid RIAs through our hybrid advisory platform, which allows advisors to engage us for technology, clearing and custody services, as well as access to the capabilities of our investment platforms. The assets held under a Hybrid RIA’s investment advisory accounts custodied with LPL Financial are included in total advisory assets and net new advisory assets. The advisory revenue generated by a Hybrid RIA is not included in our advisory revenue. We charge separate fees to Hybrid RIAs for technology, clearing, administrative, oversight and custody services, which may vary and are included in our service and fee revenue in our consolidated financial statements.statements of income.
Advisory revenue is generated from advisory assets. The following table summarizes the composition of advisory assets for the periods presented (in billions):
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate platform advisory assets | $ | 429.6 | $ | 291.9 | $ | 137.7 | 47.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| RIA platform advisory assets | 213.6 | 169.3 | 44.3 | 26.2 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total advisory assets | $ | 643.2 | $ | 461.2 | $ | 182.0 | 39.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net new advisory assets are generated throughout the quarter, therefore, the full impact of net new advisory assets to advisory revenue is not realized in the same period. The following table summarizes activity impacting advisory assets for the periods presented (in billions):
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance at January 1 | $ | 461.2 | $ | 365.8 | |||||||||||||
Net new advisory assets(1) | 123.5 | 52.1 | |||||||||||||||
Market impact(2) | 58.5 | 43.3 | |||||||||||||||
| Ending balance at December 31 | $ | 643.2 | $ | 461.2 | |||||||||||||
(1)Net new advisory assets consist of total client deposits into custodied advisory accounts less total client withdrawals from advisory accounts, plus dividends, plus interest, minus advisory fees. We consider conversions from and to advisory accounts as deposits and withdrawals, respectively.
(2)Market impact is the difference between the beginning and ending asset balance less the net new asset amounts, representing the implied growth or decline in asset balances due to market changes over the same period of time.
The growth in advisory revenue from 2020 to 2021 was due to increases in net new advisory assets resulting from our recruiting efforts, advisor productivity and acquisitions, as well as market gains as represented by higher levels of the S&P 500 Index.
Commission Revenues
We generate two types of commission revenues:revenue: (1) sales-based commissions that are recognized at the point of sale on the trade date and are based on a percentage of an investment product’s current market value at the time of purchase and (2) trailing commissions.commissions that are recognized over time as earned and are generally based on the
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market value of investment holdings in trail-eligible assets. Sales-based commission revenues,revenue, which occuroccurs when clients trade securities or purchase various types of investment products, primarily representrepresents gross commissions generated by our advisors. The levels of sales-based commission revenuesadvisors and can vary from period to period based on the overall economic environment, number of trading days in the reporting period and investment activity of our advisors'advisors’ clients. Trailing commission revenues (commissions that are paid over time, such as 12(b)-1 fees) are recurring in nature and are earned based on the market value of investment holdings in trail-eligible assets. We earn trailing commission revenuesrevenue primarily on mutual funds and variable annuities held by clients of our advisors.
| Years Ended December 31, | 2017 vs. 2016 | 2016 vs. 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | $ Change | % Change | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||
| Variable annuities | $ | 672,236 | $ | 686,667 | $ | 774,610 | $ | (14,431 | ) | (2.1 | )% | $ | (87,943 | ) | (11.4 | )% | |||||||||
| Mutual funds | 534,639 | 538,490 | 591,049 | (3,851 | ) | (0.7 | )% | (52,559 | ) | (8.9 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Alternative investments | 27,112 | 34,927 | 133,092 | (7,815 | ) | (22.4 | )% | (98,165 | ) | (73.8 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Fixed annuities | 141,290 | 185,060 | 157,975 | (43,770 | ) | (23.7 | )% | 27,085 | 17.1 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Equities | 79,180 | 83,696 | 97,505 | (4,516 | ) | (5.4 | )% | (13,809 | ) | (14.2 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Fixed income | 104,037 | 86,364 | 90,940 | 17,673 | 20.5 | % | (4,576 | ) | (5.0 | )% | |||||||||||||||
| Insurance | 71,352 | 74,910 | 81,108 | (3,558 | ) | (4.7 | )% | (6,198 | ) | (7.6 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Group annuities | 40,437 | 46,526 | 49,890 | (6,089 | ) | (13.1 | )% | (3,364 | ) | (6.7 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 541 | 795 | 676 | (254 | ) | (31.9 | )% | 119 | 17.6 | % | |||||||||||||||
Total commission revenue | $ | 1,670,824 | $ | 1,737,435 | $ | 1,976,845 | $ | (66,611 | ) | (3.8 | )% | $ | (239,410 | ) | (12.1 | )% | |||||||||
The following table sets forth the components of our commission revenue, by sales-based and trailing commission revenue (dollars in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sales-based | $ | 974,055 | $ | 770,764 | $ | 203,291 | 26.4 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trailing | 1,404,628 | 1,135,796 | 268,832 | 23.7 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total commission revenue | $ | 2,378,683 | $ | 1,906,560 | $ | 472,123 | 24.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | 2017 vs. 2016 | 2016 vs. 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sales-based | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | $ Change | % Change | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||
| Variable annuities | $ | 201,626 | $ | 245,393 | $ | 320,552 | $ | (43,767 | ) | (17.8 | )% | $ | (75,159 | ) | (23.4 | )% | |||||||||
| Mutual funds | 134,327 | 144,199 | 171,622 | (9,872 | ) | (6.8 | )% | (27,423 | ) | (16.0 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Alternative investments | 14,289 | 28,304 | 125,428 | (14,015 | ) | (49.5 | )% | (97,124 | ) | (77.4 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Fixed annuities | 121,697 | 174,271 | 151,450 | (52,574 | ) | (30.2 | )% | 22,821 | 15.1 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Equities | 79,180 | 83,696 | 97,505 | (4,516 | ) | (5.4 | )% | (13,809 | ) | (14.2 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Fixed income | 80,919 | 66,647 | 70,430 | 14,272 | 21.4 | % | (3,783 | ) | (5.4 | )% | |||||||||||||||
| Insurance | 65,426 | 69,162 | 74,370 | (3,736 | ) | (5.4 | )% | (5,208 | ) | (7.0 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Group annuities | 4,565 | 5,920 | 7,569 | (1,355 | ) | (22.9 | )% | (1,649 | ) | (21.8 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 541 | 795 | 676 | (254 | ) | (31.9 | )% | 119 | 17.6 | % | |||||||||||||||
Total sales-based revenue | $ | 702,570 | $ | 818,387 | $ | 1,019,602 | $ | (115,817 | ) | (14.2 | )% | $ | (201,215 | ) | (19.7 | )% | |||||||||
| Trailing | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variable annuities | $ | 470,610 | $ | 441,274 | $ | 454,058 | $ | 29,336 | 6.6 | % | $ | (12,784 | ) | (2.8 | )% | ||||||||||
| Mutual funds | 400,312 | 394,291 | 419,427 | 6,021 | 1.5 | % | (25,136 | ) | (6.0 | )% | |||||||||||||||
| Alternative investments | 12,823 | 6,623 | 7,664 | 6,200 | 93.6 | % | (1,041 | ) | (13.6 | )% | |||||||||||||||
| Fixed annuities | 19,593 | 10,789 | 6,525 | 8,804 | 81.6 | % | 4,264 | 65.3 | % | ||||||||||||||||
| Fixed income | 23,118 | 19,717 | 20,510 | 3,401 | 17.2 | % | (793 | ) | (3.9 | )% | |||||||||||||||
| Insurance | 5,926 | 5,748 | 6,738 | 178 | 3.1 | % | (990 | ) | (14.7 | )% | |||||||||||||||
| Group annuities | 35,872 | 40,606 | 42,321 | (4,734 | ) | (11.7 | )% | (1,715 | ) | (4.1 | )% | ||||||||||||||
Total trailing revenue | $ | 968,254 | $ | 919,048 | $ | 957,243 | $ | 49,206 | 5.4 | % | $ | (38,195 | ) | (4.0 | )% | ||||||||||
| Total commission revenue | $ | 1,670,824 | $ | 1,737,435 | $ | 1,976,845 | $ | (66,611 | ) | (3.8 | )% | $ | (239,410 | ) | (12.1 | )% | |||||||||
The decreaseincrease in sales-based commission revenue in 20172021 compared with 2016to 2020 was primarily driven by increases in sales of annuities, mutual funds and fixed income products. The increase in trailing commission revenue in 2021 compared to 2020 was primarily due to a decrease in activity for fixed and variable annuities, partially offset by an the increase in fixed income commissions that were primarily driven by the anticipation of the federal funds rate increases announced in March, June and December 2017 respectively. Fixed and variable annuities commissions were primarily affected by marketplace uncertainties in response to the DOL Rule, which became applicable on June 9, 2017 but the full implementation date for conditions under related exemptions for which was delayed until July 1, 2019, and changes in commission structures.
The following table summarizes activity inimpacting brokerage assets for the periods presented (in billions):
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance at January 1 | $ | 441.9 | $ | 398.6 | |||||||||||||
Net new brokerage assets(1) | 66.6 | 8.1 | |||||||||||||||
Market impact(2) | 54.7 | 35.2 | |||||||||||||||
| Ending balance at December 31 | $ | 563.2 | $ | 441.9 | |||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
| Beginning balance at January 1 | $ | 297.8 | $ | 288.4 | $ | 299.3 | |||||
| Net new brokerage assets | 10.6 | (7.8 | ) | (7.6 | ) | ||||||
| Market impact (1) | 33.7 | 17.2 | (3.3 | ) | |||||||
| Ending balance at December 31 | $ | 342.1 | $ | 297.8 | $ | 288.4 | |||||
(2)Market impact is the difference between |
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
| Beginning balance at January 1 | $ | 211.6 | $ | 187.2 | $ | 175.8 | |||||
| Net new advisory assets | 32.8 | 13.7 | 16.7 | ||||||||
| Market impact (1) | 28.6 | 10.7 | (5.3 | ) | |||||||
| Ending balance at December 31 | $ | 273.0 | $ | 211.6 | $ | 187.2 | |||||
Asset-Based
Asset-based revenue consists of fees from our recruiting efforts and strong advisor productivity, as well as market gains. The higher levels of the S&P 500 index,
| December 31, | 2017 vs. 2016 | 2016 vs. 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | $ Change | % Change | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate platform advisory assets | $ | 160.0 | $ | 127.0 | $ | 121.4 | $ | 33.0 | 26.0 | % | $ | 5.6 | 4.6 | % | |||||||||||
| Hybrid platform advisory assets | 113.0 | 84.6 | 65.8 | 28.4 | 33.6 | % | 18.8 | 28.6 | % | ||||||||||||||||
| Total Advisory Assets | $ | 273.0 | $ | 211.6 | $ | 187.2 | $ | 61.4 | 29.0 | % | $ | 24.4 | 13.0 | % | |||||||||||
Asset-based revenuesrevenue for the year ended December 31, 2017, 2021 increased by $103.6 million compared to $708.3 million, or 27.3%,2020, primarily due to increases in revenue from $556.5 million compared with the same periodrecordkeeping and sponsorship programs, partially offset by a decrease in 2016. The increase is due primarily to increased revenues fromclient cash revenue.
Revenue for our cash sweep programs. Cash sweep revenues increased to $301.4 millionrecordkeeping and sponsorship programs for the year ended December 31, 2017, from $173.7 million2021, which is largely based on the market value of the underlying assets, increased compared to 2020 due to organic growth in our assets under management and the impact of market appreciation on the value of the underlying assets.
Client cash revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016,2021 decreased compared to 2020 due to the impact of the increase in the target range for thea lower federal funds effective rate, partially offset by lowerhigher average client cash sweep balances. For the year ended December 31, 2017,2021, our average client cash sweep balances decreasedincreased to $28.7$49.8 billion compared to $29.9$44.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2016.2020.
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Service and Fee
Service and fee revenue is generated from $493.7 million compared with the same period in 2015. The increase is due primarily to increased revenues from our cash sweep programs. Cash sweep revenues increased to $173.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, from $95.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, due primarily to the impact of the increase in the target range for the federal funds effective rateadvisor and an increase in average assets in our cash sweep program as investors increased the balances of their assets held in cash in response to the volatility in the financial markets. Our average assets in our cash sweep assets had grown to $29.9 billion from $25.8 billion, an increase of 15.9%, for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase in cash sweep revenue was partially offset by a 3.9% decrease in other asset-based revenues, due in part to lower average billable assets.
Transaction
Transaction revenue includes transaction charges generated in 2017,both advisory and a higher volume ofbrokerage accounts from products including mutual funds, ETFs, and fixed income transactions related toproducts. Transaction revenue for the federal funds rate increases in March, June andyear ended December 2017, partially offset31, 2021 increased by a decrease in account termination fees that resulted from an institutional client departure in 2016 that did not repeat in 2017.
Other Revenues
Other revenues increasedrevenue for the year ended December 31, 2017,2021increased by $14.4 million compared to the same period in 20162020, primarily due to an increase of $14.2 millionincreases in realized and unrealized gains on assets held in our advisor nonqualifiednon-qualified deferred compensation plan, which assets are based on the market performance of the underlying investment allocations chosen by advisors in the plan, partially offset by a decrease in alternative investment marketing allowances.
Expense
Advisory and Commission
Advisory and commission expense consists of the underlying investment allocations chosen by advisors in the plan.
The following table shows the components ofsets forth our production payout and total payout ratios, each ofrate, which is a statistical or operating measure:
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Payout rate | 86.74 | % | 86.12 | % | 62 | bps | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | Change | |||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2017 vs. 2016 | 2016 vs. 2015 | ||||||||||
| Base payout rate(1) | 82.87 | % | 82.77 | % | 83.22 | % | 10 | bps | (45 | ) bps | ||||
| Production based bonuses | 2.66 | % | 2.64 | % | 2.72 | % | 2 | bps | (8 | ) bps | ||||
| GDC sensitive payout | 85.53 | % | 85.41 | % | 85.94 | % | 12 | bps | (53 | ) bps | ||||
| Non-GDC sensitive payout(2) | 1.14 | % | 0.50 | % | 0.11 | % | 64 | bps | 39 | bps | ||||
| Total payout ratio | 86.67 | % | 85.91 | % | 86.05 | % | 76 | bps | (14 | ) bps | ||||
Our total payout ratiorate increasedslightly for the year ended December 31, 20172021 compared withto 2020, primarily due to higher production bonus payouts and the same period in 2016impact of onboarding large financial institutions.
Compensation and Benefits
Compensation and benefits include salaries, wages, benefits, share-based compensation and related taxes for our employees, as well as compensation for temporary workers and contractors. The following table sets forth our average number of employees for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to 2020:
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average number of employees | 5,283 | 4,560 | 15.9% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Compensation and benefits for the year ended December 31, 2021increased by $131.7 million compared to 2020, primarily due to an increase in non-GDC sensitive payout, which includes advisor deferred compensationsalary and advisor share-based compensation.
| Years Ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2017 vs. 2016 | 2016 vs. 2015 | |||||
| Average number of employees | 3,469 | 3,320 | 3,382 | 4.5% | (1.8)% | ||||
Promotional
Promotional expense as a result of an increase in headcount and annual merit pay increases, partially offset by an increase in capitalized salary and benefits associated with technology projects.
Occupancy and Equipment Expense
Occupancy and equipment expense includes the costs of leasing and maintaining our office spaces, software licensing and maintenance costs and maintenance expenses on computer hardware and other equipment.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization relates to the use of property and equipment, which includes internally developed software, hardware, leasehold improvements and other equipment. Depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2021increased by $41.7 million compared to 2020, primarily due to our continued investment in technology to support the integration of Waddell & Reed, enhance our advisor platform and end-client experience and support large financial institution onboarding.
Brokerage, Clearing and Exchange
Brokerage, clearing and exchange fees include expenses originating from trading or clearing operations as well as any exchange membership fees. These fees fluctuate largely in line with the volume of sales and trading activity. Brokerage, clearing and exchange fees increased by $14.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to 2020, primarily due to an increase in costs relatedthe volume of sales and trading activity.
Amortization of Other Intangibles
Amortization of other intangibles represents the benefits received for the use of long-lived intangible assets established through our acquisitions. Amortization of other intangibles for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased by $11.9 million compared to repairs and maintenance of computer hardware and equipment2020, primarily due to increases in intangible assets resulting from the Waddell & Reed Acquisition on April 30, 2021, as well as an increase in non-capitalized software costs in support of our service and technology investments, partially offset by a decrease in rent expense and software licensing fees.
Professional Services
Professional services expense includes costs paid to outside firms for assistance with legal, accounting, technology, regulatory, marketing, and general corporate matters, as well as non-capitalized costs related to service and technology enhancements.
Communications and Data Processing
Communications and data processing expense consists primarily of the cost of voice and data telecommunication lines supporting our business, including connectivity to data centers, exchanges and markets. Data processing expense consists primarily ofmarkets, as well as customer statement processing and postage costs.
Communications and data processing expenses remained relatively flat in 2017 compared to 2016.
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Loss on Extinguishment of Debt
On March 15, 2021, we issued the 2029 Senior Notes and redeemed the 2025 Senior Notes. In connection with these transactions, we incurred as parta $24.4 million loss on extinguishment of debt for the restructuring of our subsidiary, Fortigent Holdings Company, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, "Fortigent"), which was completed in 2015.year ended December 31, 2021.
Other ExpensesExpense
Other expenses includeexpense includes the estimated costs of the investigation, settlement and resolution of regulatory matters (including customer restitution and remediation), licensing fees, insurance, broker-dealer regulator fees, travel-related expenses and other miscellaneous expenses. We expect other expenses to increaseOther expense will depend in 2018 compared to 2017, including as a result of the greater size and scale of our business resulting from the NPH Acquisition. There are particular uncertainties and complexities involved when assessing the potential costs and timing of regulatory matters, including the availability of self-insurance coverage through our captive insurance subsidiary. Our other expenses in 2018 will dependpart on the size and timing of resolving regulatory matters and the availability of self-insurance coverage, which depends in part on the amount and timing of resolving historical claims.
Other expenses remained relatively flat in 2017expense for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased by $30.5 million compared to 2016.
Provision for Income Taxes
Our effective income tax rate was 34.5%, 35.5%,23.5% and 40.3%24.5% for 2017, 2016,the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2015, respectively.
2020. The decrease in our effective income tax rate in 2017 compared to 2016for the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily due to an increased benefit from share-based compensation recognized during the tax benefityear.
COVID-19 Impact
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization designated the spread of COVID-19 as a pandemic. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on global financial markets, and we continue to monitor its effects on the overall economy and our operations. We are not yet able to determine the full impact of the pandemic; however, should it continue, there could be a material and adverse financial impact to our results of operations. Please consult the “Risks Related to our Business and Industry” section within Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for more information about the risks associated with the adoption of ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting on January 1, 2017 and the revaluation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities under the Tax Act, partially offset by tax benefits recorded during 2016 associated with internally developed software that was not repeated in 2017.COVID-19.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
| Net cash flows provided by (used in): | |||||||||||
| Operating activities | $ | 443,779 | $ | 274,837 | $ | 279,451 | |||||
| Investing activities | (437,692 | ) | (125,286 | ) | (74,948 | ) | |||||
| Financing activities | 57,340 | (126,371 | ) | 107,694 | |||||||
| Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 63,427 | 23,180 | 312,197 | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents — beginning of year | 747,709 | 724,529 | 412,332 | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents — end of year | $ | 811,136 | $ | 747,709 | $ | 724,529 | |||||
ensure we have sufficient liquidity. We believe that based on current levels of cash flows from operations and anticipated growth, cash flow from operations, together with other available external liquidity sources, of funds, which include three uncommitted lines of credit available and the revolving credit facility established through our Credit Agreement, will bewe have adequate liquidity to satisfy our working capital needs, the payment of all of our obligations and the funding of anticipated capital expenditures for the foreseeable future. In addition, we have certain
Parent Company Liquidity
LPL Holdings, Inc. (“Parent”), the direct holding company of our operating subsidiaries, considers its primary source of liquidity to be corporate cash. We define corporate cash as the sum of cash and equivalents from the following: (1) cash held at the Parent, (2) excess cash at LPL Financial per the Credit Agreement, which is the net capital adequacyheld at LPL Financial in excess of 10% of its aggregate debits, or five times the net capital required in accordance with Exchange Act Rule 15c3-1, and (3) other available cash, which includes cash and equivalents held at PTC, in excess of Credit Agreement capital requirements, and cash and equivalents held at non-regulated subsidiaries.
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We believe corporate cash is a useful measure of the Parent’s liquidity. The following table presents the components of corporate cash (in thousands):
| Corporate Cash | December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2020 | |||||||||
| Cash at Parent | $ | 202,407 | $ | 201,385 | |||||||
| Excess cash at LPL Financial per Credit Agreement | 15,903 | 67,574 | |||||||||
| Other available cash | 18,677 | 10,960 | |||||||||
| Total Corporate Cash | $ | 236,987 | $ | 279,919 | |||||||
Corporate cash is monitored as part of our liquidity risk management. We target maintaining $200.0 million in corporate cash, which covers approximately 24 months of principal and interest due on our corporate debt. The Company maintains additional liquidity through a $1.0 billion secured committed revolving credit facility. The Parent has the ability to borrow against the credit facility for working capital and general corporate purposes. Dividends from and excess capital generated by LPL Financial are the primary sources of liquidity. Subject to regulatory approval or notification, capital generated by LPL Financial can be distributed to the Parent to the extent the capital levels exceed both regulatory requirements and internal capital thresholds. As of December 31, 2021, LPL Financial maintained excess regulatory capital of $15.9 million over Credit Agreement requirements. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, LPL Financial paid dividends of $465.0 million and $635.0 million to the Parent, respectively.
Cash requirements and liquidity needs are primarily funded through our cash flow from operations and our capacity for additional borrowing. We actively monitor changes to our registered broker-dealer subsidiaryliquidity needs caused by general business volumes and bank trust subsidiaryprice volatility, including higher margin requirements of clearing corporations and have metexchanges, and stress scenarios involving a sustained market downturn and the persistence of current interest rates, which include the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. We believe that based on current levels of operations and anticipated growth, our cash flow from operations, together with other available sources of funds, which include six uncommitted lines of credit, the revolving credit facility established through our Credit Agreement and the committed revolving credit facility of LPL Financial, will provide us with adequate liquidity to satisfy our working capital needs, the payment of all such requirementsof our obligations and expect to continue to do sothe funding of anticipated capital expenditures for the foreseeable future.
We regularly evaluate our existing indebtedness, including potential refinancing thereof,opportunities, based on a number of factors, including our capital requirements, future prospects, contractual restrictions, the availability of refinancing on attractive terms and general market conditions.The earliest principal maturity date for our corporate debt is in 2026 and our revolving credit facilities mature between 2022 and 2026, which makes us less dependent on capital markets in the near-term.
Share Repurchases
We engage in share repurchase programs, which are approved by our Board of Directors, pursuant to which we may repurchase our issued and outstanding shares of common stock from time to time. Purchases may be effected in open market or privately negotiated transactions, including transactions withtransactions. Our current capital deployment framework remains focused on investing in organic growth first, pursuing acquisitions where appropriate, and returning excess capital to shareholders. In the first half of 2021, the majority of our affiliates,capital deployment was focused on supporting organic growth and acquisitions. While we continue to see opportunities to deploy capital in this manner, we resumed share repurchases in the third quarter of 2021 with the initial focus on an amount to offset dilution. We repurchased $90.0 million, representing 579,771 shares, during the year ended December 31, 2021. The timing of purchases and the amount of stock purchased generallyshare repurchases, if any, is determined at our discretion within the constraints of our Credit Agreement, the Indenture governingIndentures, applicable laws and consideration of our Notes, and general operatingliquidity needs. See Note 13.15 - Stockholders’ Equity, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our share repurchases.
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Common Stock Dividends
The payment, timing and amount of any dividends are subject to approval by ourthe Board of Directors as well as certain limits under our credit facilities.Credit Agreement and the Indentures. See Note 13.15 - Stockholders’ Equity, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our dividends.
LPL Financial relies primarily on client payables to fund margin lending. LPL Financial maintains additional liquidity through external lines of credit totaling $575.0 million at December 31, 2021. LPL Financial also maintains a line of credit with the Parent.
External Liquidity Sources
The following table presents amounts outstanding and available under our external lines of credit at December 31, 2021 (in millions):
| Description | Borrower | Maturity Date | Outstanding(1) | Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Senior secured, revolving credit facility | LPL Holdings, Inc. | March 2026 | $ | 55 | $ | 945 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Broker-dealer revolving credit facility | LPL Financial LLC | July 2024 | $ | — | $ | 300 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Secured, uncommitted lines of credit | LPL Financial LLC | March 2022 | $ | — | $ | 75 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Unsecured, uncommitted lines of credit | LPL Financial LLC | September 2022 | $ | 35 | $ | 40 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Unsecured, uncommitted lines of credit | LPL Financial LLC | September 2022 | $ | — | $ | 50 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Unsecured, uncommitted lines of credit | LPL Financial LLC | None | $ | — | $ | 75 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Secured, uncommitted lines of credit | LPL Financial LLC | None | $ | — | unspecified | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Secured, uncommitted lines of credit | LPL Financial LLC | None | $ | — | unspecified | |||||||||||||||||||||
(1)Outstanding balances were repaid in January 2022.
Capital RequirementsResources
The Company seeks to manage capital levels in support of its business strategy of generating and effectively deploying capital for the benefit of our shareholders.
Our primary requirement for working capital relates to funds we loan to our advisors’ clients for trading conducted on margin and funds we are required to maintain for regulatory capital and reserves based on the requirements of our regulators and clearing organizations, which also consider client balances and trading activities. We have several sources of funds that enable us to meet increases in working capital requirements that relate to increases in client margin activities and balances. These sources include cash and cash equivalents on hand, cash and securities segregated under federal andor other regulations, the committed revolving credit facility of LPL Financial and proceeds from re-pledgingrepledging or selling client securities in margin accounts. When an advisor'sadvisor’s client purchases securities on margin or uses securities as collateral to borrow from us on margin, we are permitted, pursuant to the applicable securities industry regulations, to repledge, loan or sell securities, up to 140% of the client'sclient’s margin loan balance, that collateralize those margin accounts. As of December 31, 2017, we had approximately $270.9 million of client margin loans, collateralized with securities having a fair value of approximately $379.2 million that we can repledge, loan, or sell. Of these securities, approximately $49.9 million were client-owned securities pledged to the Options Clearing Corporation as collateral to secure client obligations related to options positions. As of December 31, 2017 there were no restrictions that materially limited our ability to repledge, loan, or sell the remaining $329.3 million of client collateral.
Our other working capital needs are primarily related to advisor loans we are making to advisors and timing associated with receivables and payables, which we have satisfied in the past from internally generated cash flows. We intend to use $200
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LPL Financial'sFinancial’s ability to pay dividends greater than 10% of its excess net capital during any 35 day35-day rolling period requires approval from FINRA. In addition, payment of dividends is restricted if LPL Financial'sFinancial’s net capital would be less than 5.0%5% of aggregate customer debit balances.
LPL Financial also acts as an introducing broker for commodities and futures. Accordingly, its trading activities are subject to the NFA'sNFA financial requirements and it is required to maintain net capital that is in excess of or equal to the greatest of NFA'sNFA’s minimum financial requirements. The NFA was designated by the CFTCCommodity Futures Trading Commission as LPL Financial'sFinancial’s primary regulator for such activities. Currently, the highest NFA requirement is the minimum net capital calculated and required pursuant to the SEC'sSEC’s Net Capital Rule.
In April 2021, the Company acquired a broker-dealer as part of the Waddell & Reed Acquisition (the “Waddell & Reed broker-dealer”). The Waddell & Reed broker-dealer was required to maintain net capital of $250,000, which represents the greater of 2% of its aggregate debits or the minimum net capital requirement of $250,000. In December 2021 the SEC and FINRA approved the Form BDW filed by the Waddell & Reed broker-dealer, which terminated its broker-dealer registration with FINRA, all other self-regulatory organizations, the SEC and all jurisdictions on such date.
Our subsidiary, PTC, is also subject to various regulatory capital requirements. Failure to meet the respective minimum capital requirements can initiateresult in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have substantial monetary and non-monetary impacts on PTC'sPTC’s operations.
Debt and Related Covenants
The Credit Agreement and the Indenture governing the NotesIndentures contain a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability to:
•incur additional indebtedness or issue disqualified stock or preferred stock;
•declare dividends, or other distributions to shareholders;stockholders;
•repurchase equity interests;
•redeem indebtedness that is subordinated in right of payment to certain debt instruments;
•make investments or acquisitions;
•create liens;
•sell assets;
•guarantee indebtedness;
•engage in certain transactions with affiliates;
•enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments from subsidiaries; and
•consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of our assets.
Our Credit Agreement and the Indentures allow us to pay dividends and distributions or repurchase our capital stock only when certain conditions are met. In addition, our revolving credit facility requires us to be in compliance with certain financial covenants as of the last day of each fiscal quarter. The financial covenants require the calculation of Credit Agreement EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, isas defined in, and calculated by management in accordance with, the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement defines Credit Agreement EBITDA as “Consolidated EBITDA”,EBITDA,” which is Consolidated Net Income (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus interest expense, tax expense, depreciation and amortization, and is further adjusted to exclude certain non-cash charges and other adjustments (including unusual or non-recurring charges) and gains, and to include future expected cost savings, operating expense reductions or other synergies from certain transactions, including the NPH Acquisition. We present Credit Agreement EBITDA because we believe that it can be a useful financial metric in understanding our debt capacity and covenant compliance. However, Credit Agreement EBITDA is not a measuretransactions.
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As of profitability or liquidity. In addition, our Credit Agreement-defined EBITDA measure can differ significantly from adjusted EBITDA calculated by other companies, depending on long-term strategic decisions regarding capital structure, the tax jurisdictions in which companies operate, capital investments, and types of adjustments made by such companies.
| Net income | $ | 238,863 | |
| Non-operating interest expense | 107,025 | ||
| Provision for income taxes | 125,707 | ||
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | 22,407 | ||
| Depreciation and amortization | 84,071 | ||
| Amortization of intangible assets | 38,293 | ||
| EBITDA | 616,366 | ||
| Credit Agreement Adjustments: | |||
| Employee share-based compensation expense(1) | 19,413 | ||
| Advisor share-based compensation expense(2) | 9,109 | ||
| NPH run-rate EBITDA accretion(3) | 42,500 | ||
| NPH onboarding costs | 31,831 | ||
| Other(4) | 26,117 | ||
| Credit Agreement EBITDA(5) | $ | 745,336 | |
| December 31, 2017 | ||||
| Financial Ratio | Covenant Requirement | Actual Ratio | ||
| Leverage Test (Maximum) | 5.0 | 2.81 | ||
| Interest Coverage (Minimum) | 3.0 | 7.50 | ||
| December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Ratio | Covenant Requirement | Actual Ratio | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leverage Ratio (Maximum) | 5.0 | 2.26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest Coverage (Minimum) | 3.0 | 12.40 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Contractual Obligations
The following table provides information with respect to our commitments and obligations as of December 31, 20172021 (in thousands):
| Payments Due by Period | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | < 1 Year | 1-3 Years | 3-5 Years | > 5 Years | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating leases(1) | $ | 167,437 | $ | 24,072 | $ | 45,777 | $ | 44,520 | $ | 53,068 | |||||||||||||||||||
Finance leases(2) | 259,744 | 8,802 | 17,303 | 17,914 | 215,725 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase obligations(3) | 174,705 | 75,452 | 88,145 | 10,947 | 161 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate debt and other borrowings, net(4) | 2,838,600 | 45,700 | 21,400 | 1,071,500 | 1,700,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest payments(5) | 640,981 | 91,657 | 182,725 | 179,349 | 187,250 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commitment and other fees(6) | 14,761 | 3,802 | 7,299 | 3,660 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total contractual cash obligations | $ | 4,096,228 | $ | 249,485 | $ | 362,649 | $ | 1,327,890 | $ | 2,156,204 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Payments Due by Period | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | < 1 Year | 1-3 Years | 4-5 Years | > 5 Years | |||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Leases and other obligations(1)(2) | $ | 480,359 | $ | 63,430 | $ | 81,520 | $ | 65,157 | $ | 270,252 | |||||||||
| Long-term borrowings(3) | 2,396,250 | 14,906 | 29,369 | 28,787 | 2,323,188 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest payments(4) | 786,580 | 108,549 | 215,405 | 213,186 | 249,440 | ||||||||||||||
| Commitment and other fees(5) | 12,016 | 1,848 | 3,576 | 3,516 | 3,076 | ||||||||||||||
| Total contractual cash obligations | $ | 3,675,205 | $ | 188,733 | $ | 329,870 | $ | 310,646 | $ | 2,845,956 | |||||||||
____________________
(1)Represents future payments under operating leases. See Note 12 - Leases, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail. (2)Represents future payments under finance leases. See Note 12 - Leases, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail. (3)Includes future minimum payments under service, development and agency contracts, and other contractual obligations. See Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail on obligations under non-cancelable service contracts. (4)Represents principal payments on our corporate debt and other borrowings. The Company repaid $90.0 million in January 2022, which related to amounts outstanding under our external lines of credit at December 31, 2021. See Note 11 - Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail. (5)Represents interest payments under our Credit Agreement, which include a variable interest payment for our senior secured credit facilities and a fixed interest payment for senior unsecured notes. Variable interest payments assume the applicable interest rates at December 31, 2021 remain unchanged. See Note 11 - Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail. (6)Represents commitment fees for unused borrowings on the revolving credit facility under our Credit Agreement. See Note 11 - Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail. |
As of December 31, 2017,2021, we have a liability for unrecognized tax benefits of $42.7$57.0 million, which we have included in income taxes payableother liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition. This amount has been excluded from the contractual obligations table because we are unable to reasonably predict the ultimate amount or timing of future tax payments.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requirerequires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We believe that of our critical accounting policies, the following are noteworthy because
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they require management to make estimates regarding matters that are uncertain and susceptible to change where such change may result in a material adverse impact on our financial position and reported financial results:results.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized when control of the promised service is transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services. Management exercises judgment to estimate revenue accruals. In particular, our trailing commission revenue, included in commission revenue on the consolidated statements of income, is generally received in arrears and therefore requires our management to estimate accrued amounts based on revenue received in prior periods, market performance and payment frequency of each product type or sponsor. See Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 3 - Revenue, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for more details on our policies and disclosures related to revenue.
Commitments and Contingencies
Liabilities related to loss contingencies are recognized when we believe it is probable a liability has occurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated by management. We have established an accrual for those legal proceedings and regulatory matters for which a loss is both probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated.
We also accrue for losses at our captive insurance subsidiary for those matters covered by self-insurance. Our captive insurance subsidiary records losses and loss reserve liabilities based on actuarially determined estimates of losses incurred, as well as specific reserves for proceedings and matters that are probable and estimable. Assessing the probability of a loss occurring and the timing and amount of any loss related to a legal proceeding or regulatory matter is inherently difficult and requires management to make significant judgments. For additional information, see Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies - “Legal & Regulatory Matters,” within the notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Valuation of Goodwill and Other Intangibles, Net
Goodwill is recognized as a result of business combinations and is measured as the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. The valuation of goodwill and other intangibles, net requires management to apply judgment and assumptions when estimating future earnings and performance. Management also applies judgment when testing for impairment of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets, including estimating fair values. Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested annually for impairment in the fourth fiscal quarter and between annual tests if certain events occur indicating that the carrying amounts may be impaired.
Intangible Assetsassets that are deemed to have definite lives are amortized over their useful lives or the estimated period the intangible asset will provide economic benefit. Definite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when there is evidence that events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. For additional information on our policies and disclosures related to goodwill and other intangibles, net, see Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 9 - Goodwill and Other Intangibles, Net within the notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Income Taxes
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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market Risk
We maintain trading securities owned and securities sold, but not yet purchased in order to facilitate client transactions, to meet a portion of our clearing deposit requirements at various clearing organizations, and to track the performance of our research models. Thesemodels and in connection with our dividend reinvestment program. Trading securities couldare included in investment securities while securities sold, but not yet purchased are included in other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition and can include mutual funds, debt securities issued by the United States government, money market funds, corporate debt securities, certificates of deposit, and equity securities.
Changes in the value of our trading inventorysecurities may result from fluctuations in interest rates, credit ratings of the issuer, equity prices and the correlation amongor a combination of these factors. We manage
In facilitating client transactions, our trading inventory by product type. Our activities to facilitate client transactionssecurities owned and securities sold, but not yet purchased generally involve mutual fund activities,funds, including dividend reinvestments. The balancesOur positions held are based upon pendingthe settlement of client activitiestransactions, which are monitored by our Service, Trading and Operations ("STO"(“Care”) department. Because these positions arise from pending client transactions, there are no specific trading or position limits.
Positions held to meet clearing deposit requirements consist of United StatesU.S. government securities. The amount of securities deposited depends upon the requirements of the clearing organization. The level of securities deposited is monitored by the settlement areasettlements group within our STOCare department.
In addition, we haveare subject to market risk resulting from system incidents or interruptions and human error, which can require customer trade corrections for our customers.corrections. We also havebear market risk on the fees we earn that are based on the market value of advisory and brokerage assets, as well as assets on which trailtrailing commissions are paid and assets eligible for sponsor payments.
As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of our trading securities was $39.3 million, and securities sold, but not yet purchased were not material. The fair value of securities included within other assets was $623.3 million as of December 31, 2021. See Note 5 - Fair Value Measurements, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for information regarding the fair value of trading securities, securities sold, but not yet purchased and other assets associated with our client facilitation activities.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to risk associated with changes in interest rates. As of December 31, 2017, $1.52021, $1.1 billion of our outstanding debt under our Credit Agreement was subject to floating interest rate risk. While our senior secured term loan is subject to increases in interest rates, we do not believe that a short-term change in interest rates would have a material impact on our net income before taxes given assets owned,revenue generated by our client cash balances, which areis generally subject to the same, but off-setting, interest rate risk.
The following table summarizes the impact of increasing interest rates on our interest expense from the variable portion of our debt outstanding, calculated using the projected average outstanding balance over the subsequent twelve monthtwelve-month period (in thousands):
| Outstanding Balance at December 31, 2021 | Annual Impact of an Interest Rate (†) Increase of | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10 Basis | 25 Basis | 50 Basis | 100 Basis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings | Points | Points | Points | Points | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term Loan B | $ | 1,048,600 | $ | 1,042 | $ | 2,605 | $ | 5,210 | $ | 10,419 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding Variable Interest Rates at December 31, 2017 | Annual Impact of an Interest Rate Increase of | |||||||||||||||||||
| 10 Basis | 25 Basis | 50 Basis | 100 Basis | |||||||||||||||||
| Senior Secured Term Loans | Points | Points | Points | Points | ||||||||||||||||
| Term Loan B | $ | 1,496,250 | $ | 1,487 | $ | 3,717 | $ | 7,434 | $ | 14,869 | ||||||||||
| Revolving Credit Facility | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| Variable Rate Debt Outstanding | $ | 1,496,250 | $ | 1,487 | $ | 3,717 | $ | 7,434 | $ | 14,869 | ||||||||||
Our interest rate risk is mitigated in part by having the interest rate for a portion of the Term Loan B debt, $748.1 million, fixed for three months and the remaining portion, $748.1 million, fixed for six months. At the end of each of these periods the rates will beis locked in at the then current rate for one, two, three, six or twelve months as allowed under the Credit Agreement. At the end of the selected periods the rates will be locked in at the then current rate. The effect of these fixed interest rate provisions islocks are not included in the table above.
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See Note 11 - Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
As of December 31, 2017,2021, we offeroffered our advisors and their clients three primary cashtwo insured bank sweep vehicles and a money market program, including money market accounts as well as the ability to participate in purchased money market funds, that are interest rate sensitive: oursensitive. Our sweep vehicles include an (1) insured cash account ("ICA"(“ICA”) for individuals, trusts, and sole proprietorships and entities organized or operated to make a profit, such as corporations, partnerships, associations, business trusts and other organizations and (2) an insured deposit cash account ("DCA"(“DCA”) for advisory IRAs, and a money market sweep vehicle involving multiple money market fund providers.individual retirement accounts. While clients earn interest for balances on depositdeposits in ICA and DCA, we earn a fee. OurThe fees we earn from cash held in ICAs are based primarily on prevailing interest rates in the current interest rate environment. The fees that we receiveearn from the DCA vehicleDCAs are calculated as a per account fee;fee, and such fees increase as the federal funds target rate increases, subject to a cap. The fees we receiveearn on cash balances in our advisors’ clientclients’ accounts in our money market funds,program, including administrative and recordkeeping fees based on account type and the invested balances, are also sensitive to prevailing interest rates. Changes in interest rates and fees for the bank deposit sweep vehicles are monitored by our Rate Setting Committee (the "RSC"“RSC”), which governs and approves any changes to our fees. By meeting promptly around the time of Federal Open Market Committee meetings, or for other market or non-market reasons, the RSC considers financial risk of the insured bank deposit sweep vehiclevehicles relative to other products into which clients may move cash balances.
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk of loss due to adverse changes in a borrower’s, issuer’s or counterparty’s ability to meet its financial obligations under contractual or agreed upon terms. We are subject to credit risk from certain loans extended to our advisors as well as the activities of our advisors’ clients during the execution, settlement and financing of various transactions on behalf of these clients.
Credit risk includes the risk thatfrom certain loans to advisors arises when we extend to advisorsloans with repayment terms to facilitate theiradvisors’ transition to our platform or to fund their business development activities that are not repaid in full or on time. Credit risk also includes thearises in respect of advisor loans when a forgivable loan converts to repayable upon advisor termination.
Credit risk thatalso arises when collateral posted with LPL Financial by clients to support margin lending or derivative trading is insufficient to meet client’sclients’ contractual obligations to LPL Financial. We bear credit risk on the activities of our advisors’ clients, including the execution, settlement, and financing of various transactions on behalf of these clients.
These activities are transacted on either a cash or margin basis. Our credit exposure in these transactions consists primarily of margin accounts, through which we extend credit to advisors'advisors’ clients collateralized by securities in the client’s account.clients’ accounts. Under many of these agreements, we are permitted to sell, re-pledge,repledge or loan these securities held as collateral and use these securities to enter into securities lending arrangements or to deliver to counterparties to cover short positions.
As our advisors execute margin transactions on behalf of their clients, we may incur losses if clients do not fulfill their obligations, the collateral in the client’s accountclients’ accounts is insufficient to fully cover losses from such investments and our advisors fail to reimburse us for such losses. Our losses on margin accounts were immaterial during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2021 and 2015.2020. We monitor exposure to industry sectors and individual securities and perform analyses on a regular basis in connection with our margin lending activities. We adjust our margin requirements if we believe our risk exposure is not appropriate based on market conditions.
We are subject to concentration risk if we extend large loans to or have large commitments with a single counterparty, borrower or group of similar counterparties or borrowers (e.g., in the same industry), or if we accept a concentrated position as collateral for a margin loan. Receivables from and payables to clients and stock borrowing and lending activities are conducted with a large number of clients and counterparties and potential concentration is monitored. We seek to limit this risk through review of the underlying business and the use of limits established by senior management, taking into consideration factors including the financial strength of the counterparty, the size of the position or commitment, the expected duration of the position or commitment and other positions or commitments outstanding.
Operational Risk
Operational risk is defined as the risk of loss resulting from failed or inadequate processes or systems, actions by people or external events. We operate in diverse markets and are reliant on the ability of our employees and information technology systems, as well as third-party service providers and their systems, to manage a large numbervolume of transactions effectively.and confidential information, including personally identifiable information, effectively and securely. These risks are less direct and quantifiable than credit and market risk, but managing them is critical, particularly in a rapidly changing operating environment with increasing transaction volumes and in light of increasing reliance on systems capabilities and performance, as well as third-party service providers. In the event of
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the breakdown, obsolescence or improper operation of systems, malicious cyber activity or improper action by
employees, advisors or third-party service providers, we could suffer business disruptions, financial loss, data loss, regulatory sanctions and damage to our reputation. Although we have developed business continuity and disaster recovery plans, those plans could be inadequate, disrupted or otherwise unsuccessful in maintaining the competitiveness, stability, security or continuity of critical systems as a result of, among other things, obsolescence, improper operation, third-party dependencies or other limitations of our current technology.
In order to assist in the mitigation and control of operational risk, we have an operational risk framework that is designed to enable assessment and reporting on operational risk across the firm. This framework aims to ensure policies and procedures are in place and appropriately designed to identify and manage operational risk at appropriate levels throughout our organization and within various departments. These control mechanisms attempt to ensure that operational policies and procedures are being followed and that our employees and advisors operate within established corporate policies and limits. Notwithstanding the foregoing, pleasePlease consult the “Risks“Risks Related to Our Technology” and the “Risks“Risks Related to Our Business Generally”and Industry” sections within Part I, “Item“Item 1A. Risk Factors” for more information about the risks associated with our technology, including risks related to security, our risk management policies and procedures, and the potential related effects on our operations.
Our senior management is monitoring developments in the COVID-19 pandemic and has implemented changes to our policies, procedures and operations to protect the integrity and continuity of our business and the health and safety of our employees. For example, we equipped and enabled a substantial majority of employees to work remotely, implemented enhanced cleaning protocols throughout our corporate offices and worked closely with our vendors to maintain service continuity throughout the market volatility and increased operational volumes that have occurred from time to time during the pandemic. There can be no guarantee that our business continuity plans and the other efforts to manage the business implications of COVID-19 will be effective, or that there will not be material adverse effects on our results of operations. Please consult Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for more information about the risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.
Regulatory and Legal Risk
The regulatory environment in which we operate is discussed in detail within Part I, “Item“Item 1. Business” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In recent years, and during the period presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we have observed the SEC, FINRA, DOL and state regulators broaden the scope, frequency and depth of their examinations and inquiries to include greater emphasis on the quality, consistency and oversight of our compliance systems and programs. Please consult the “Risks“Risks Related to Our Regulatory Environment” and the “Risks“Risks Related to Our Business Generally”and Industry” sections within Part I, “Item“Item 1A. Risk Factors” for more information about the risks associated with operating within our regulatory environment, pending regulatory matters and the potential related effects on our operations.
Risk Management
We employ an enterprise risk management (“ERM”) framework ("ERM") that is intended to address key risks and responsibilities, enable us to execute our business strategy and protect our Company and its franchise. Our framework is designed to promote clear lines of risk management accountability and a structured escalation process for key risk information and events.
We operate a three lines of defensethree-lines-of-defense model wherebyto manage risk throughout the primaryorganization. Primary ownership for risk and control processes is with the responsibility of business units and control owners, who are the "first line"“first line” of defense in effectively managing risks. The first line isrisks, and who are responsible for risk process ownership and is comprised of the business units, whose primary responsibility is for day-to-day compliance and risk management, including execution of desktop and supervisory procedures. These business ownersunits and certain control owners implement and execute controls to manage risk, execute risk assessments, identify emerging risks, and comply with risk management policies. The second line of defense is comprisedconsists of certain departments within Compliance, Legal and Risk (“CLR”), STO, Technology, Finance, and Human Capital and this second line of defense provides risk oversight and control assessment and oversight.monitoring. The third line of defense is independent verification of the effectiveness of risk management practices and internal controls and is conducted by the Internal Audit department or in third-party reviews. department.
Our risk management governance approach includes our boardthe Board of directorsDirectors (the “Board”) and certain of its committees; theour Risk Oversight Committee of LPL Financial (the “ROC”) and its subcommittees; the Internal Audit department and the CLR department of LPL Financial; and business line management.our three-lines-of-defense model. We regularly reevaluate and, when necessary, modify our processes to improve the identification and escalation of risks and events.
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Audit Committee of the Board
In addition to its other responsibilities, the Audit Committee of the Board (the “Audit Committee”) reviews our policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management, as well as our major financial risk exposures and the steps management has undertaken to control them. The Audit Committee generally provides reports to the Board at each of the Board’s regularly scheduled quarterly meetings.
Compensation and Human Resources Committee of the Board
In addition to its other responsibilities, the Compensation and Human Resources Committee of the Board assesses whether our compensation arrangements encourage inappropriate risk-taking, and whether risks arising from our compensation arrangements are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company.
Risk Oversight Committee of LPL Financial
The Audit Committee has mandated that the ROC oversee our risk management activities, including those of our subsidiaries. The Deputy Chief Legal and Risk Officer of LPL Financial serves as chair of the ROC, which generally meets on a monthly basis with additional ad hoc meetings as necessary. The members of the ROC include certain Managing Directors of LPL Financial, as well as other members of LPL Financial’s senior management team who serve as ex-officio members and represent key control areas of the Company. These individuals include, but are not limited to, the Chief Compliance Officer; the Chief Information Security Officer; and the Chief Anti-Money Laundering Officer. Participation in the ROC by senior officers is intended to ensure that the ROC covers the key risk areas of the Company, including its subsidiaries, and that the ROC thoroughly reviews significant matters relating to risk priorities, policies, control procedures and related exceptions, certain new and complex products and business arrangements, transactions with significant risk elements, and identified emerging risks.
The Audit Committee receives reportsChief Legal Officer provides updates on thepertinent ROC at each ofdiscussions to the Audit Committee regularly scheduled quarterly meetingson a regular basis and, asif necessary or requested, to the Board. The reports generally cover topics addressed by the ROC at its meetings since the immediately preceding report. If warranted, matters of material risk are escalated to the Audit Committee or Board more frequently.
Subcommittees of the Risk Oversight Committee
The ROC has established multiple subcommittees that cover key areas of risk. The subcommittees meet regularly and are responsible for keeping the ROC informed and escalating issues in accordance with the Company’s escalation policies. The responsibilities of such subcommittees include, for example, oversight of operational risk; oversight of the approval of new and complex investment products offered to advisors’ clients; oversight of the firm'sfirm’s technology; and issues and trends related to advisor compliance and examination findings; LPL’s integrity hotline allegations; and oversight of disclosures related to our financial reporting.compliance.
Internal Audit Department
Control Groups
The CLR department provides compliance oversight and guidance, and conducts various risk and other assessments to address regulatory and Company-specific risks and requirements. The CLR department reports toincludes the Chief Legal and Risk Officer, who reviews the results of the Company’s risk management process with the ROC, the Audit Committee and the Board as necessary. Another key control group is the STO Risk Management team. This team identifies, defines,Care and remediatesTechnology each have risk management teams that identify, define and remediate risk-related items within STO and acts as the liaison between STO and CLR. We also considertheir respective groups. Additionally, the Internal Audit department to beis a control group.
Business Line Management
Each business line is responsible for managing its risk, and business line management is responsible for keeping senior management, including the members of the ROC, informed of operational risk and escalating risk matters (as defined by the Company’s escalation policies). We have conducted Company-wide escalation training for our employees. Certain business lines, including STO and Technology, have dedicated personnel with responsibilities for monitoring and managing risk-related matters. Business lines are subject to oversight by the control groups, and the Finance, CLR, Technology and Human Capital departments also execute certain control functions and report matters to the ROC, Audit Committee and Board as appropriate.
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Advisor Policies
In addition to the ERM framework, we also have written policies and procedures that govern the conduct of business by our advisors, employees and the terms and conditions of our relationships with product manufacturers. Our client and advisor policies address the extension of credit for client accounts, data and physical security, compliance with industry regulations and codes of conduct and ethics to govern employee and advisor conduct, among other matters.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
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Table of December 31, 2017, management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management has determined that our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 was effective.Contents
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the stockholders and the Board of Directors and Stockholders of
LPL Financial Holdings Inc.
San Diego, California
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of LPL Financial Holdings Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”"Company") as of December 31, 20172021 and 2016,2020, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’stockholders' equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017,2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20172021 and 2016,2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017,2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control -— Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 20, 2018 ,22, 2022, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Revenues - Trailing Commission Revenue Accrual — Refer to Note 3 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company’s trailing commission revenues are generally received in arrears and therefore estimated and accrued at year-end. The estimate is based on commission revenues received in prior periods, adjusted using change factors based on market performance and the payment frequency for each investment product type and sponsor. Because of the volume of investment product types and sponsors and variability in the corresponding payment frequencies, the Company performs manual calculations and exercises judgment in determining the revenue estimate.
We identified the Company’s trailing commission revenue accrual as a critical audit matter because of the judgments necessary for management to estimate the revenue accrual. This required an increased extent of audit effort and a high degree of auditor judgment when performing audit procedures to evaluate the inputs and judgments related to the revenue accrual and evaluating the results of those procedures.
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How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the inputs and judgments used by management to estimate the year-end accrual for trailing commission revenues included the following, among others:
•We tested the design and effectiveness of internal controls over the accrual for trailing commission revenues, including those over the inputs and judgments used by management in the calculation of the accrual and the historical lookback analysis comparing monthly accruals to subsequent cash receipts
•We compared management’s market performance data to external sources and challenged their methodology for potential management bias by evaluating the sensitivity of changes in market factors on the accrual
•We compared the accrual to actual trailing commission revenue received subsequent to year-end
•We tested the historical cash receipts used to estimate the year-end accrual by comparing them to bank statements
•We evaluated the payment frequency assumption used by management in the estimation of the accrual for a sample of investment product types and sponsors by comparing the assumption to the actual cash receipts frequency
•We tested the mathematical accuracy of the accrual
Acquisition of Waddell & Reed Financial, Inc. — Refer to Notes 4 and 9 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
On April 30, 2021, the Company acquired the wealth management business of Waddell & Reed Financial, Inc. for $300 million. The Company accounted for the acquisition under the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. Accordingly, the purchase price was allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values, including intangible assets of $122.7 million, comprised primarily of advisor relationships. Management used the income approach to estimate the fair value of the advisor relationship intangible assets, which included using the multi-period excess earnings method. The fair value determination of the advisor relationship intangible assets required management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to future net cash flows and the selection of the discount rate.
Given the fair value determination of advisor relationship intangible assets requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to the forecasts of future net cash flows and the selection of the discount rate, performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of these estimates and assumptions required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the forecasts of future net cash flows and the selection of the discount rate for the advisor relationship intangible assets included the following, among others:
•We tested the design and effectiveness of internal controls over the valuation of the advisory relationship intangible assets, including management’s controls over forecasts of future net cash flows and selection of the discount rate and the valuation methodology used
•We assessed the knowledge, skill, ability, and objectivity of management’s valuation specialist and evaluated the work performed
•When assessing the reasonableness of assumptions related to future net cash flows for advisor relationship intangible assets, we evaluated whether the assumptions used were reasonable considering the past performance of the acquired company, the Company’s strategic plan going forward, and previous acquisitions by the Company
•With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we tested:
▪the reasonableness of the income approach valuation methodology by assessing management’s application of the multi-period excess earnings method
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▪the reasonableness of the discount rate by developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the discount rate selected by management
▪the mathematical accuracy of the valuation by performing a recalculation
•We evaluated whether the estimated future cash flows were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
San Diego, California
February 20, 201822, 2022
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2001.
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| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
| REVENUES | ||||||||||||
| Commission | $ | 1,670,824 | $ | 1,737,435 | $ | 1,976,845 | ||||||
| Advisory | 1,409,247 | 1,289,681 | 1,352,454 | |||||||||
| Asset-based | 708,333 | 556,475 | 493,687 | |||||||||
| Transaction and fee | 424,667 | 415,715 | 401,948 | |||||||||
| Interest income, net of interest expense | 24,473 | 21,282 | 19,192 | |||||||||
| Other | 43,937 | 28,795 | 30,928 | |||||||||
| Total net revenues | 4,281,481 | 4,049,383 | 4,275,054 | |||||||||
| EXPENSES | ||||||||||||
| Commission and advisory | 2,669,599 | 2,600,624 | 2,864,813 | |||||||||
| Compensation and benefits | 456,918 | 436,557 | 440,049 | |||||||||
| Promotional | 171,661 | 148,612 | 139,198 | |||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 84,071 | 75,928 | 73,383 | |||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | 38,293 | 38,035 | 38,239 | |||||||||
| Professional services | 71,407 | 67,128 | 64,522 | |||||||||
| Occupancy and equipment | 97,332 | 92,956 | 84,112 | |||||||||
| Brokerage, clearing, and exchange | 57,047 | 54,509 | 52,516 | |||||||||
| Communications and data processing | 44,941 | 44,453 | 46,871 | |||||||||
| Restructuring charges | — | — | 11,967 | |||||||||
| Other | 96,210 | 96,587 | 117,693 | |||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 3,787,479 | 3,655,389 | 3,933,363 | |||||||||
| Non-operating interest expense | 107,025 | 96,478 | 59,136 | |||||||||
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | 22,407 | — | — | |||||||||
| INCOME BEFORE PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES | 364,570 | 297,516 | 282,555 | |||||||||
| PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES | 125,707 | 105,585 | 113,771 | |||||||||
| NET INCOME | $ | 238,863 | $ | 191,931 | $ | 168,784 | ||||||
| EARNINGS PER SHARE (Note 15) | ||||||||||||
| Earnings per share, basic | $ | 2.65 | $ | 2.15 | $ | 1.77 | ||||||
| Earnings per share, diluted | $ | 2.59 | $ | 2.13 | $ | 1.74 | ||||||
| Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic | 90,002 | 89,072 | 95,273 | |||||||||
| Weighted-average shares outstanding, diluted | 92,115 | 90,013 | 96,786 | |||||||||
| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Consolidated Statements of Income | ||||||||
| (In thousands, except per share data) | ||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||
| REVENUE | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Advisory | $ | 3,525,430 | $ | 2,327,519 | $ | 1,982,869 | ||||||||||||||
| Commission | 2,378,683 | 1,906,560 | 1,892,407 | |||||||||||||||||
| Asset-based | 1,148,067 | 1,044,517 | 1,165,979 | |||||||||||||||||
| Service and fee | 411,761 | 357,722 | 357,844 | |||||||||||||||||
| Transaction | 156,336 | 148,349 | 122,484 | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | 28,577 | 29,412 | 46,508 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other | 71,976 | 57,561 | 56,765 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | 7,720,830 | 5,871,640 | 5,624,856 | |||||||||||||||||
| EXPENSE | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Advisory and commission | 5,180,090 | 3,697,147 | 3,388,186 | |||||||||||||||||
| Compensation and benefits | 741,003 | 609,257 | 556,128 | |||||||||||||||||
| Promotional | 302,285 | 208,250 | 205,537 | |||||||||||||||||
| Occupancy and equipment | 185,531 | 166,389 | 136,163 | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 151,428 | 109,732 | 95,779 | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense on borrowings | 104,414 | 105,765 | 130,001 | |||||||||||||||||
| Brokerage, clearing and exchange | 86,023 | 71,185 | 64,445 | |||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of other intangibles | 79,260 | 67,358 | 65,334 | |||||||||||||||||
| Professional services | 73,231 | 57,067 | 73,887 | |||||||||||||||||
| Communications and data processing | 60,296 | 52,399 | 49,859 | |||||||||||||||||
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | 24,400 | — | 3,156 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other | 131,540 | 101,018 | 114,546 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total expense | 7,119,501 | 5,245,567 | 4,883,021 | |||||||||||||||||
| INCOME BEFORE PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES | 601,329 | 626,073 | 741,835 | |||||||||||||||||
| PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES | 141,463 | 153,433 | 181,955 | |||||||||||||||||
| NET INCOME | $ | 459,866 | $ | 472,640 | $ | 559,880 | ||||||||||||||
| EARNINGS PER SHARE | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share, basic | $ | 5.75 | $ | 5.96 | $ | 6.78 | ||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share, diluted | $ | 5.63 | $ | 5.86 | $ | 6.62 | ||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic | 80,002 | 79,244 | 82,552 | |||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares outstanding, diluted | 81,742 | 80,702 | 84,624 | |||||||||||||||||
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition | ||||||||
| (In thousands, except share data) | ||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
| NET INCOME | $ | 238,863 | $ | 191,931 | $ | 168,784 | ||||||
| Other comprehensive income, net of tax: | ||||||||||||
| Unrealized gain on cash flow hedges, net of tax expense of $187, $95, and $132 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively | 293 | 150 | 179 | |||||||||
| Reclassification adjustment for realized gain on cash flow hedges included in professional services in the consolidated statements of income, net of tax expense of $406, $252, and $353 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively | (608 | ) | (388 | ) | (563 | ) | ||||||
| Total other comprehensive loss, net of tax | (315 | ) | (238 | ) | (384 | ) | ||||||
| TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME | $ | 238,548 | $ | 191,693 | $ | 168,400 | ||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||||||||
| Cash and equivalents | $ | 495,246 | $ | 808,612 | ||||||||||
| Cash segregated under federal or other regulations | 1,496,463 | 923,158 | ||||||||||||
| Restricted cash | 80,655 | 67,264 | ||||||||||||
| Receivables from clients, net | 578,889 | 405,106 | ||||||||||||
| Receivables from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | 102,503 | 97,245 | ||||||||||||
| Advisor loans, net | 963,869 | 587,553 | ||||||||||||
| Other receivables, net | 581,483 | 435,012 | ||||||||||||
| Investment securities | 49,192 | 42,487 | ||||||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | 658,841 | 582,868 | ||||||||||||
| Goodwill | 1,642,443 | 1,513,866 | ||||||||||||
| Other intangibles, net | 455,028 | 397,486 | ||||||||||||
| Other assets | 886,988 | 735,505 | ||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 7,991,600 | $ | 6,596,162 | ||||||||||
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ||||||||||||||
| LIABILITIES: | ||||||||||||||
| Client payables | $ | 1,712,224 | $ | 1,534,486 | ||||||||||
| Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | 170,119 | 89,743 | ||||||||||||
| Accrued advisory and commission expenses payable | 222,379 | 187,040 | ||||||||||||
| Corporate debt and other borrowings, net | 2,814,044 | 2,345,414 | ||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 384,025 | 309,159 | ||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | 1,018,276 | 815,466 | ||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | 6,321,067 | 5,281,308 | ||||||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) | ||||||||||||||
| STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: | ||||||||||||||
| Common stock, $0.001 par value; 600,000,000 shares authorized; 128,758,086 shares and 127,585,764 shares issued at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively | 129 | 127 | ||||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 1,841,402 | 1,762,770 | ||||||||||||
| Treasury stock, at cost — 48,768,145 shares and 48,115,037 shares at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively | (2,498,600) | (2,391,062) | ||||||||||||
| Retained earnings | 2,327,602 | 1,943,019 | ||||||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 1,670,533 | 1,314,854 | ||||||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 7,991,600 | $ | 6,596,162 | ||||||||||
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | ||||||||
| (In thousands) | ||||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | |||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 811,136 | $ | 747,709 | ||||
| Cash and securities segregated under federal and other regulations | 763,831 | 768,219 | ||||||
| Restricted cash | 50,688 | 42,680 | ||||||
| Receivables from: | ||||||||
| Clients, net | 344,230 | 341,199 | ||||||
| Product sponsors, broker-dealers, and clearing organizations | 196,207 | 175,122 | ||||||
| Advisor loans, net | 219,157 | 194,526 | ||||||
| Others, net | 228,986 | 189,632 | ||||||
| Securities owned: | ||||||||
| Trading — at fair value | 17,879 | 11,404 | ||||||
| Held-to-maturity | 11,833 | 8,862 | ||||||
| Securities borrowed | 12,489 | 5,559 | ||||||
| Fixed assets, net | 412,684 | 387,368 | ||||||
| Goodwill | 1,427,769 | 1,365,838 | ||||||
| Intangible assets, net | 414,093 | 353,996 | ||||||
| National Planning Holdings acquisition | 162,500 | — | ||||||
| Other assets | 285,269 | 242,812 | ||||||
| Total assets | $ | 5,358,751 | $ | 4,834,926 | ||||
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ||||||||
| LIABILITIES: | ||||||||
| Drafts payable | $ | 185,929 | $ | 198,839 | ||||
| Payables to clients | 962,891 | 863,765 | ||||||
| Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations | 54,262 | 63,032 | ||||||
| Accrued commission and advisory expenses payable | 147,095 | 128,476 | ||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 461,149 | 385,545 | ||||||
| Income taxes payable | 469 | 4,607 | ||||||
| Unearned revenue | 72,222 | 62,785 | ||||||
| Securities sold, but not yet purchased — at fair value | 1,182 | 183 | ||||||
| Long-term borrowings, net | 2,385,022 | 2,175,436 | ||||||
| Leasehold financing and capital lease obligations | 107,518 | 105,649 | ||||||
| Deferred income taxes, net | 16,004 | 25,614 | ||||||
| Total liabilities | 4,393,743 | 4,013,931 | ||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) | ||||||||
| STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: | ||||||||
| Common stock, $0.001 par value; 600,000,000 shares authorized; 123,030,383 shares and 119,917,854 shares issued at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively | 123 | 120 | ||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 1,556,117 | 1,445,256 | ||||||
| Treasury stock, at cost — 33,262,115 shares and 30,621,270 shares at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively | (1,309,568 | ) | (1,194,645 | ) | ||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | — | 315 | ||||||
| Retained earnings | 718,336 | 569,949 | ||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 965,008 | 820,995 | ||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 5,358,751 | $ | 4,834,926 | ||||
| Additional Paid-In Capital | Retained Earnings | Total Stockholders’ Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Stock | Treasury Stock | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BALANCE — December 31, 2018 | 124,910 | $ | 125 | $ | 1,634,337 | 39,821 | $ | (1,730,535) | $ | 1,070,146 | $ | 974,073 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cumulative effect of accounting change | — | — | — | — | — | 5,724 | 5,724 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | 559,880 | 559,880 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock to settle restricted stock units | 366 | — | — | 75 | (5,863) | — | (5,863) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Treasury stock purchases | — | — | — | 6,419 | (500,370) | — | (500,370) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends on common stock - $1.00 per share | — | — | — | — | — | (82,597) | (82,597) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock option exercises and other | 1,218 | 1 | 36,772 | (55) | 1,975 | 1,414 | 40,162 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | — | — | 32,864 | — | — | — | 32,864 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BALANCE — December 31, 2019 | 126,494 | $ | 126 | $ | 1,703,973 | 46,260 | $ | (2,234,793) | $ | 1,554,567 | $ | 1,023,873 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cumulative effect of accounting change | — | — | — | — | — | (7,317) | (7,317) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | 472,640 | 472,640 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock to settle restricted stock units | 417 | — | — | 134 | (9,420) | — | (9,420) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Treasury stock purchases | — | — | — | 1,810 | (150,036) | — | (150,036) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends on common stock - $1.00 per share | — | — | — | — | — | (79,097) | (79,097) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock option exercises and other | 675 | 1 | 24,822 | (89) | 3,187 | 2,226 | 30,236 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | — | — | 33,975 | — | — | — | 33,975 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BALANCE — December 31, 2020 | 127,586 | $ | 127 | $ | 1,762,770 | 48,115 | $ | (2,391,062) | $ | 1,943,019 | $ | 1,314,854 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | 459,866 | 459,866 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock to settle restricted stock units | 406 | — | — | 147 | (20,230) | — | (20,230) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Treasury stock purchases | — | — | — | 580 | (90,011) | — | (90,011) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends on common stock - $1.00 per share | — | — | — | — | — | (80,095) | (80,095) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock option exercises and other | 766 | 2 | 34,457 | (74) | 2,703 | 4,812 | 41,974 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | — | — | 44,175 | — | — | — | 44,175 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BALANCE — December 31, 2021 | 128,758 | $ | 129 | $ | 1,841,402 | 48,768 | $ | (2,498,600) | $ | 2,327,602 | $ | 1,670,533 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
67
| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | ||||||||
| (In thousands) | ||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||
| CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 459,866 | $ | 472,640 | $ | 559,880 | ||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 151,428 | 109,732 | 95,779 | |||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of other intangibles | 79,260 | 67,358 | 65,334 | |||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | 5,733 | 5,384 | 4,672 | |||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | 44,175 | 33,975 | 32,864 | |||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 9,168 | 5,824 | 6,698 | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | 18,464 | (23,684) | (18,615) | |||||||||||||||||
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | 24,400 | — | 3,156 | |||||||||||||||||
| Loan forgiveness | 151,427 | 113,126 | 92,502 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other | (10,007) | (12,673) | (11,421) | |||||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Receivables from clients, net | (174,236) | 28,475 | (20,602) | |||||||||||||||||
| Receivables from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | (4,764) | (57,372) | (1,863) | |||||||||||||||||
| Advisor loans, net | (526,677) | (219,813) | (246,465) | |||||||||||||||||
| Other receivables, net | (140,021) | (18,480) | (49,185) | |||||||||||||||||
| Investment securities - trading | (8,732) | 16,072 | (16,848) | |||||||||||||||||
| Other assets | (136,182) | (126,641) | (93,627) | |||||||||||||||||
| Client payables | 177,703 | 256,977 | 101,529 | |||||||||||||||||
| Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | 80,376 | (2,259) | 15,822 | |||||||||||||||||
| Accrued advisory and commission expenses payable | 29,771 | 12,710 | 8,462 | |||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 12,390 | (6,585) | 272 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | 211,819 | 137,142 | 96,973 | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease assets | (2,227) | (1,967) | (1,446) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 453,134 | 789,941 | 623,871 | |||||||||||||||||
| CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures | (215,987) | (155,532) | (156,389) | |||||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (245,913) | (30,556) | (25,853) | |||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of securities classified as held-to-maturity | (1,741) | (6,511) | (3,745) | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from maturities of securities classified as held-to-maturity | 5,000 | 5,100 | 5,000 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (458,641) | (187,499) | (180,987) | |||||||||||||||||
| Continued on following page | ||||||||||||||||||||
68
| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | ||||||||
| (In thousands) | ||||||||
Additional Paid-In Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Retained Earnings | Total Stockholders' Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Stock | Treasury Stock | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BALANCE — December 31, 2014 | 118,235 | $ | 118 | $ | 1,355,085 | 21,090 | $ | (780,661 | ) | $ | 937 | $ | 396,121 | $ | 971,600 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income and other comprehensive income, net of tax expense | (384 | ) | 168,784 | 168,400 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock to settle restricted stock units | 184 | 1 | 68 | (3,019 | ) | (3,018 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Treasury stock purchases | 8,947 | (390,835 | ) | (390,835 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends on common stock | (95,814 | ) | (95,814 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock option exercises and other | 1,153 | 30,966 | (57 | ) | 2,025 | 39 | 33,030 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Excess tax benefits from share-based compensation | 3,034 | 3,034 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | 29,213 | 29,213 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BALANCE — December 31, 2015 | 119,572 | $ | 119 | $ | 1,418,298 | 30,048 | $ | (1,172,490 | ) | $ | 553 | $ | 469,130 | $ | 715,610 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income and other comprehensive loss, net of tax expense | (238 | ) | 191,931 | 191,693 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock to settle restricted stock units | 154 | 1 | 53 | (1,242 | ) | (1,241 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Treasury stock purchases | 635 | (25,013 | ) | (25,013 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends on common stock | (89,081 | ) | (89,081 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock option exercises and other | 192 | 4,796 | (115 | ) | 4,100 | (2,031 | ) | 6,865 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Excess tax benefits from share-based compensation | (2,734 | ) | (2,734 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | 24,896 | 24,896 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BALANCE — December 31, 2016 | 119,918 | $ | 120 | $ | 1,445,256 | 30,621 | $ | (1,194,645 | ) | $ | 315 | $ | 569,949 | $ | 820,995 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income and other comprehensive loss, net of tax expense | (315 | ) | 238,863 | 238,548 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock to settle restricted stock units | 366 | 84 | (3,461 | ) | (3,461 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Treasury stock purchases | 2,620 | (113,728 | ) | (113,728 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends on common stock | (90,273 | ) | (90,273 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock option exercises and other | 2,746 | 3 | 82,339 | (63 | ) | 2,266 | (203 | ) | 84,405 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | 28,522 | 28,522 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BALANCE — December 31, 2017 | 123,030 | $ | 123 | $ | 1,556,117 | 33,262 | $ | (1,309,568 | ) | $ | — | $ | 718,336 | $ | 965,008 | ||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||
| CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from revolving credit facilities | 1,585,000 | 1,806,000 | 523,000 | |||||||||||||||||
| Repayments of revolving credit facilities | (1,495,000) | (1,851,000) | (478,000) | |||||||||||||||||
| Repayment of senior secured term loans | (10,700) | (10,700) | (411,250) | |||||||||||||||||
| Repayment of senior unsecured notes | (900,000) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from senior unsecured notes | 1,300,000 | — | 400,000 | |||||||||||||||||
| Payment of debt issuance costs | (15,929) | — | (17,615) | |||||||||||||||||
| Make-whole premium on redemption of senior unsecured notes | (25,875) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Payment of contingent consideration | (8,941) | (10,000) | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Tax payments related to settlement of restricted stock units | (20,230) | (9,420) | (5,863) | |||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase of common stock | (90,011) | (150,036) | (500,370) | |||||||||||||||||
| Dividends on common stock | (80,095) | (79,097) | (82,597) | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from stock option exercises and other | 41,974 | 30,236 | 40,162 | |||||||||||||||||
| Principal payment of finance leases and obligations | (1,356) | (1,169) | (692) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 278,837 | (275,186) | (533,225) | |||||||||||||||||
| NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH | 273,330 | 327,256 | (90,341) | |||||||||||||||||
| CASH AND EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — Beginning of year | 1,799,034 | 1,471,778 | 1,562,119 | |||||||||||||||||
| CASH AND EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — End of year | $ | 2,072,364 | $ | 1,799,034 | $ | 1,471,778 | ||||||||||||||
| SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest paid | $ | 103,689 | $ | 106,879 | $ | 126,949 | ||||||||||||||
| Income taxes paid | $ | 144,556 | $ | 169,237 | $ | 213,339 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities | $ | 22,355 | $ | 21,368 | $ | 19,117 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of finance lease liabilities | $ | 9,716 | $ | 9,592 | $ | 9,079 | ||||||||||||||
| NONCASH DISCLOSURES: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | 21,373 | $ | 12,186 | $ | 13,736 | ||||||||||||||
| Lease assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities | $ | 3,602 | $ | 7,968 | $ | 108,879 | ||||||||||||||
| Property and equipment obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,453 | ||||||||||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and equivalents | $ | 495,246 | $ | 808,612 | $ | 590,209 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash segregated under federal or other regulations | 1,496,463 | 923,158 | 822,697 | |||||||||||||||||
| Restricted cash | 80,655 | 67,264 | 58,872 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total cash and equivalents and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows | $ | 2,072,364 | $ | 1,799,034 | $ | 1,471,778 | ||||||||||||||
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
| CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: | ||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 238,863 | $ | 191,931 | $ | 168,784 | ||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | ||||||||||||
| Noncash items: | ||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 84,071 | 75,928 | 73,383 | |||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | 38,293 | 38,035 | 38,239 | |||||||||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | 4,304 | 5,752 | 3,405 | |||||||||
| Share-based compensation | 28,522 | 24,896 | 29,213 | |||||||||
| Excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation | — | (65 | ) | (3,810 | ) | |||||||
| Provision for bad debts | 2,789 | 4,057 | 2,542 | |||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | (9,391 | ) | (11,550 | ) | (30,153 | ) | ||||||
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | 22,407 | — | — | |||||||||
| Loan forgiveness | 53,660 | 45,163 | 37,658 | |||||||||
| Other | (14,206 | ) | (3,805 | ) | 1,304 | |||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Cash and securities segregated under federal and other regulations | 4,388 | (96,880 | ) | (102,409 | ) | |||||||
| Deposit of restricted cash related to captive insurance subsidiary | (20,696 | ) | (20,628 | ) | (32,139 | ) | ||||||
| Release of restricted cash related to captive insurance subsidiary | 12,692 | 4,407 | 6,550 | |||||||||
| Receivables from clients | (1,916 | ) | (2,226 | ) | 26,081 | |||||||
| Receivables from product sponsors, broker-dealers, and clearing organizations | (21,085 | ) | (13,899 | ) | 16,247 | |||||||
| Advisor loans | (79,703 | ) | (91,866 | ) | (66,312 | ) | ||||||
| Receivables from others | (32,618 | ) | (12,466 | ) | (10,514 | ) | ||||||
| Securities owned | (5,276 | ) | 835 | 144 | ||||||||
| Securities borrowed | (6,930 | ) | 442 | (966 | ) | |||||||
| Other assets | (23,156 | ) | (30,013 | ) | (30,714 | ) | ||||||
| Drafts payable | (12,910 | ) | 9,757 | 8,984 | ||||||||
| Payables to clients | 99,126 | 116,344 | 94,707 | |||||||||
| Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations | (8,770 | ) | 15,000 | 2,605 | ||||||||
| Accrued commission and advisory expenses payable | 18,619 | (1,036 | ) | (16,992 | ) | |||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 66,404 | 33,512 | 50,077 | |||||||||
| Income taxes receivable/payable | (4,138 | ) | (4,008 | ) | 12,574 | |||||||
| Unearned revenue | 9,437 | (2,695 | ) | 998 | ||||||||
| Securities sold, but not yet purchased | 999 | (85 | ) | (35) | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 443,779 | 274,837 | 279,451 | |||||||||
| Continued on following page | ||||||||||||
| CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: | ||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures | (111,910 | ) | (127,646 | ) | (72,565 | ) | ||||||
| Purchase of goodwill and other intangible assets | (160,321 | ) | — | — | ||||||||
| Proceeds from disposal of fixed assets | 12 | — | 10 | |||||||||
| Purchase of securities classified as held-to-maturity | (5,969 | ) | (4,020 | ) | (4,602 | ) | ||||||
| Proceeds from maturity of securities classified as held-to-maturity | 3,000 | 5,000 | 3,350 | |||||||||
| National Planning Holdings acquisition | (162,500 | ) | — | — | ||||||||
| Deposits of restricted cash | (4 | ) | (65 | ) | (1,750 | ) | ||||||
| Release of restricted cash | — | 1,445 | 609 | |||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (437,692 | ) | (125,286 | ) | (74,948 | ) | ||||||
| CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: | ||||||||||||
| Proceeds from revolving credit facility | — | — | 456,000 | |||||||||
| Repayments of revolving credit facility | — | — | (566,000 | ) | ||||||||
| Repayment of senior secured term loans | (2,405,360 | ) | (17,677 | ) | (9,221 | ) | ||||||
| Proceeds from senior secured term loans | 2,611,593 | — | 693,000 | |||||||||
| Payment of debt issuance costs | (23,798 | ) | — | (13,258 | ) | |||||||
| Tax payments related to settlement of restricted stock units | (3,461 | ) | (1,241 | ) | (3,018 | ) | ||||||
| Repurchase of common stock | (113,728 | ) | (25,013 | ) | (390,835 | ) | ||||||
| Dividends on common stock | (90,273 | ) | (89,081 | ) | (95,814 | ) | ||||||
| Excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation | — | 65 | 3,810 | |||||||||
| Proceeds from stock option exercises and other | 84,405 | 6,865 | 33,030 | |||||||||
| Payment of leasehold financing and capital lease obligations | (2,038 | ) | (289 | ) | — | |||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 57,340 | (126,371 | ) | 107,694 | ||||||||
| NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS | 63,427 | 23,180 | 312,197 | |||||||||
| CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS — Beginning of year | 747,709 | 724,529 | 412,332 | |||||||||
| CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS — End of year | $ | 811,136 | $ | 747,709 | $ | 724,529 | ||||||
| SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION: | ||||||||||||
| Interest paid | $ | 92,650 | $ | 92,344 | $ | 51,114 | ||||||
| Income taxes paid | $ | 139,200 | $ | 122,909 | $ | 131,833 | ||||||
| NONCASH DISCLOSURES: | ||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | 16,096 | $ | 24,339 | $ | 11,462 | ||||||
| Finance and capital lease obligations | $ | 3,906 | $ | 45,998 | $ | 59,940 | ||||||
| Discount on proceeds from senior secured credit facilities recorded as debt issuance costs | $ | 5,040 | $ | — | $ | 7,000 | ||||||
LPL Financial Holdings Inc. (“LPLFH”), a Delaware holding corporation, together with its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”), provides an integrated platform of brokerage and investment advisory services to independent financial advisors and financial advisors at financial institutions (collectively, “advisors”) in the United States. Through its custody and clearing platform, using both proprietary and third-party technology, the Company provides access to diversified financial products and services, enabling its advisors to offer independentpersonalized financial advice and brokerage services to retail investors (their “clients”). The Company’s most significant, wholly owned subsidiaries are described below:
•LPL Holdings, Inc. (“LPLH”(“LPLH” or “Parent”), a Massachusetts holding corporation, is an intermediate holding company and directly or indirectly owns 100% of the issued and outstanding common stock or other ownership interest in each of LPL Financial LLC ("LPL Financial"), Fortigent Holdings Company, Inc., and LPL Insurance Associates, Inc. (“LPLIA”). LPLH is also the majority stockholder in PTC Holdings, Inc. (“PTCH”), and owns 100%all of the issued and outstanding voting common stock. Each member of PTCH's board of directors meets the direct equity ownership interest requirements that are required by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. The Company has establishedLPLFH’s indirect subsidiaries, including a wholly-owned series captive insurance entitysubsidiary (the “Captive Insurance Subsidiary”) that underwrites insurance for various legal and regulatory risks.risks of the Company.
•LPL Financial LLC (“LPL Financial”), with primary offices in San Diego, California; Fort Mill, South Carolina; Boston, Massachusetts; and Boston, Massachusetts,Austin, Texas, is a clearing broker-dealer and an investment adviser that principally transacts business as an agent for its advisors and financial institutions on behalf of their clients in a broad array of financial products and services. LPL Financial is licensed to operate in all 50 states, Washington D.C., Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
•Fortigent Holdings Company, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“Fortigent”) providesprovide solutions and consulting services to registered investment advisors,advisers (“RIAs”), banks and trust companies serving high-net-worth clients.
•AW Subsidiary, Inc. is a holding company for AdvisoryWorld and Blaze Portfolio Systems LLC (“Blaze”). AdvisoryWorld offers technology products, including proposal generation, investment analytics and portfolio modeling, to both the Company’s advisors and external clients in the wealth management industry. Blaze provides an advisor-facing trading and portfolio rebalancing platform.
•PTC Holdings, Inc. (“PTCH”) is a holding company for The Private Trust Company, N.A. (“PTC”(“PTC”). PTC is chartered as a non-depository limited purpose national bank, providing a wide range of trust, investment management oversight, and custodial services for estates and families. PTC also provides Individual Retirement Account (“IRA”) custodial services for LPL Financial. Each member of PTCH’s Board of Directors meets the direct equity ownership interest requirements that are required by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”).
Basis of Presentation
These consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”), which require the Company to make estimates and assumptions regarding the valuation of certain financial instruments, intangible assets,goodwill and other intangibles, allowance for doubtful accounts,credit losses on receivables, share-based compensation, accruals for liabilities, income taxes, revenue and expense accruals, and other matters that affect the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions and the differences may be material to the consolidated financial statements.
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| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
Consolidated Financial Statement Presentation Changes
Certain financial statement line items in the consolidated statements of income and the consolidated statements of financial condition have been reclassified to more closely align with industry practice and the Company’s business, and to better serve financial statement users. Prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation as follows:
•The consolidated statements of income have been reclassified as follows:
◦The Company has disaggregated the activity previously reported in the Transaction and fee line item in Total revenue into its Service and fee and Transaction components;
◦The Company has included Interest expense on borrowings and Loss on extinguishment of debt in Total expense. Previously, these amounts were presented after Total operating expense.
•The consolidated statements of financial condition have been reclassified as follows:
◦Receivables from product sponsors have been reclassified to Other receivables, net. These were previously included in Receivables from product sponsors, broker-dealers and clearing organizations;
◦Advisor accounts receivable and institutional loans, net of related allowance have been reclassified to Advisor loans, net. These were previously included in Other receivables, net and Other assets, respectively;
◦Trading and held-to-maturity securities, which were previously reported as discrete line items, were reclassified to Investment securities;
◦Certain other financial statement line items which were previously reported as discrete line items, including securities borrowed, operating lease assets, and deferred income taxes, net have been reclassified to Other assets;
◦Drafts payable and Payables to clients, which were previously reported as discrete line items, were reclassified to Client payables;
◦Liabilities related to the Company’s deferred compensation plans have been reclassified to Other liabilities. These were previously included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities;
◦Certain other financial statement line items which were previously reported as discrete line items, including income taxes payable, unearned revenue, securities sold, but not yet purchased, and lease liabilities have been reclassified to Other liabilities.
These changes did not impact total assets, total liabilities, or total net income; however, the consolidated statements of cash flows have been updated to conform to the current presentation on the statements of financial condition.
In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company concluded that it is acting in a principal capacity for fractional shares held in customer brokerage accounts resulting from the dividend reinvestment program (“DRIP”) that the Company offers. The Company concluded that it should account for these shares as a secured borrowing with underlying financial assets pledged as collateral, and as a result has corrected its consolidated statement of financial condition to include an asset and related liability of $72.6 million at December 31, 2020 to reflect the investments in fractional shares and the corresponding repurchase obligation in other assets and other liabilities, respectively. The Company also corrected its consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, to reflect the changes in the consolidated statements of financial condition related to this activity in prior years. As a result, the Company corrected the consolidated statements of cash flows to reflect an increase in the other assets line items and an offsetting increase in the other liabilities line items of $13.8 million and $20.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. This adjustment did not have an impact on earnings, earnings per share, retained earnings, or net cash provided by operating activities in prior periods. The Company has evaluated the impact of the error on previously issued consolidated financial statements and determined, based on consideration of quantitative and qualitative factors, that the impact of the error is immaterial.
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| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
Consolidation
These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of LPLFH and its subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. Equity investments over which
Related Party Transactions
In the ordinary course of business, the Company exercises significant influence, but doesenters into related party transactions with beneficial owners of more than 5 percent of the Company’s outstanding common stock. Additionally, through its subsidiary LPL Financial, the Company provides services and charitable contributions to the LPL Financial Foundation, a tax-exempt charitable organization that provides volunteer and financial support within the Company’s local communities.
The Company recognized revenue for services provided to these related parties of $6.1 million, $4.8 million and $4.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company incurred expense for services provided by these related parties of $2.2 million, $3.8 million and $3.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, receivables from and payables to related parties were not exercise control and is not the primary beneficiary, are accounted for using the equity method.material.
Reportable Segment
Management has determined that the Company operates in one1 segment, given the similarities in economic characteristics between its operations and the common nature of its products and services, production and distribution process and regulatory environment.
Revenue Recognition
Compensation and Benefits
The Company records compensation and benefits expense for all cash and deferred compensation, benefits and related taxes as earned by its employees. Compensation and benefits expense also includes fees earned by temporary employees and contractors who perform similar services to those performed by the Company’s employees, primarily software development and project management activities.employees.
Share-Based Compensation
Certain employees, officers, directors, advisors and financial institutions ofparticipate in the Company participate inCompany’s various long-term incentive plans that provide for granting stock options, warrants, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, deferred stock units and performance stock units. Stock options, warrants and restricted stock units generally vest in equal increments over a three yearthree-year period and expire on the tenth anniversary following the date of grant. Restricted stock awards and deferred stock units generally vest over a one yearone-year period, and performance stock units generally vest in full at the end of a three-year performance period.
The Company recognizes share-based compensation for equity awards granted to employees, officers and directors as compensation and benefits expense on the consolidated statements of income. The fair value of stock options is estimated using a Black-Scholes valuation model on the date of grant. The fair value of restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and deferred stock units is equal to the closing price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. The fair value of performance stock units is estimated using a Monte-Carlo simulation model on the date of grant. Share-based compensation is recognized over the requisite service period of the individual awards, which generally equals the vesting period.
The Company recognizes share-based compensation for equity awards granted to advisors and financial institutions as commissionsadvisory and advisorycommission expense on the consolidated statements of income. The fair value of stock options and warrants is estimated using a Black-Scholes valuation model on the date of grant and is revalued at each reporting period. The fair value of restricted stock units is equal to the closing price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant and on the last day of each reporting period.grant. Share-based compensation is recognized over the requisite service period of the individual awards, which generally equals the vesting period.
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| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
The Company also makes assumptions regarding the number of stock options, warrants, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, deferred stock units and performance stock units that will be forfeited. The forfeiture assumption is ultimately adjusted to the actual forfeiture rate. Therefore,As a result, changes in the forfeiture assumptions do not impact the total amount of expense ultimately recognized over the vestingservice period. Rather, different forfeiture assumptions would only impact the timing of expense recognition over the vestingservice period. See Note 14.16 - Share-Based Compensation, Employee Incentives and Benefit Plans, for additional information regarding share-based compensation for equity awards granted.
Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholdersstockholders by the basic weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The computation of diluted earnings per share is similar to the computation of basic earnings per share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential shares of common stock had been issued.
Income Taxes
In preparing the consolidated financial statements, the Company estimates income tax expense based on various jurisdictions where it conducts business. The Company needs to estimate current tax obligations and to assess temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. These temporary differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company then must assess the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be realized. A valuation allowance is established to the extent that it is more-likely-than-notmore likely than not that such deferred tax assets will not be realized. When the Company establishes a valuation allowance or modifies the existing allowance in a certain reporting period, it generally records a corresponding increase or decrease to tax expense in the consolidated statements of income. Management makes significant judgments in determining theits provision for income taxes, the deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowances recorded against the deferred tax asset.assets. Changes in the estimate of these taxes occur periodically due to changes in the tax rates, changes in the business operations, implementation of tax planning strategies, resolution with taxing authorities of issues where the Company had previously taken certain tax positions, and newly enacted statutory, judicial and regulatory guidance. These changes could have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated statements of income, financial condition or cash flows in the period or periods in which they occur. Income tax credits are accounted for using the flow-through method as a reduction of income tax expense in the years utilized.period they are generated.
The Company recognizes the tax effects of a position in the consolidated financial statements only if it is more-likely-than-notmore likely than not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits; otherwise no benefits of the position are to be recognized. The more-likely-than-not threshold must continue to be met in each reporting period to support continued recognition of a benefit. Moreover, each tax position meeting the recognition threshold is required to
be measured as the largest amount that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less that are not required to be segregated under federal or other regulations. The Company'sCompany’s cash and cash equivalents are composed of interest and noninterest-bearing deposits, money market funds and United StatesU.S. government obligations.
Cash and Securities Segregated Under Federal andor Other Regulations
The Company'sCompany’s broker-dealer subsidiary, LPL Financial, is subjectrequired to requirements related to maintainingmaintain cash or qualified securities in a segregated reserve account for the exclusive benefit of its customers in accordance with Rule 15c3-3 of the SecuritySecurities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and other regulations. Held withinAt December 31, 2021, this account isline item included approximately $100,000 of cash for the proprietary accounts of introducing brokers.broker-dealers.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash primarily represents cash held by and for use by the Company’s captive insurance subsidiary.Captive Insurance Subsidiary.
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| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
Receivables Fromfrom Clients, Net and Client Payables to Clients
Receivables from clients include amounts due on cash and margin transactions. The Company extends credit to clients of its advisors to finance their purchases of securities on margin and receives income from interest charged on such extensions of credit. Payables to clientsClient payables represent credit balances in client accounts arising from deposits of funds, proceeds from sales of securities and dividend and interest payments received on securities held in client accounts at LPL Financial. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, $920.1 million and $836.6 million, respectively, of the balance represent free credit balances that are held pending re-investment by the clients. The Company pays interest on certain client payable balances.
Receivables from clients are generally fully secured by securities held in the clients’ accounts. To the extent that margin loans and other receivables from clients are not fully collateralized by client securities, managementthe Company establishes an allowance that it believes is sufficient to cover any probable losses. When establishing this allowance, managementthe Company considers a number of factors, including its ability to collect from the client or the client’s advisor and the Company’sits historical experience in collecting on such transactions.
The following scheduletable reflects a roll-forward of the Company’s activity in providing for an allowance for uncollectible amounts duecredit losses on receivables from clients (in thousands):
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | |||||||
| Beginning balance — January 1 | $ | 1,580 | $ | 1,464 | ||||
| Provision for bad debts, net of recoveries | (15 | ) | 116 | |||||
| Charge-offs | (1,099 | ) | — | |||||
| Ending balance — December 31 | $ | 466 | $ | 1,580 | ||||
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance — January 1 | $ | 520 | $ | 115 | $ | 640 | ||||||||||||||
| Impact of ASU 2016-13 adoption | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 424 | 432 | 130 | |||||||||||||||||
| Charge-offs, net of recoveries | 43 | (27) | (655) | |||||||||||||||||
| Ending balance — December 31 | $ | 987 | $ | 520 | $ | 115 | ||||||||||||||
Advisor Loans, Net
Advisor loans, net includes loans made to advisors and financial institutions and other advisor fee receivables. The Company periodically extends credit to its advisors in the form of recruiting loans, commission advances and other loans. The decisionsdecision to extend credit to advisors arean advisor is generally based on the advisors’advisor’s credit history and their ability to generate future commissions. Certain loansrevenue. Loans made in connection with recruiting arecan be either repayable or forgivable over terms ranging from threegenerally up to eightten years provided that the advisor remains licensed through LPL Financial. At December 31, 2017, $159.9 millionForgivable loans are not repaid in cash and are amortized over the term of the advisor loan balance was forgivable.loan. If an advisor terminates their arrangement with the Company prior to the forgivable loan termmaturity date, or repayment of another loan, anthe remaining balance becomes repayable immediately. An allowance for uncollectible amountscredit losses is recorded at the inception of a repayable loan or upon advisor termination for forgivable loans using an analysis that takes into accountestimates and assumptions based on historical lifetime loss experience and expectations of future loss rates based on current facts. Advisor repayable loans, net totaled $191.2 million and $127.4 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
The following table reflects a roll-forward of the advisors’ registration statusallowance for credit losses on advisor loans (in thousands):
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance — January 1 | $ | 8,797 | $ | 13,461 | $ | 12,313 | ||||||||||||||
| Impact of ASU 2016-13 adoption | — | 8,748 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 7,074 | 3,642 | 4,806 | |||||||||||||||||
| Charge-offs, net of recoveries | (4,296) | (17,054) | (3,658) | |||||||||||||||||
| Ending balance — December 31 | $ | 11,575 | $ | 8,797 | $ | 13,461 | ||||||||||||||
Other Receivables, Net
Other receivables, net primarily consist of receivables due from product sponsors and the specific type of receivable. The aging thresholdsothers, miscellaneous receivables and specific percentages used represent management’s bestshort-term secured loans to clients. An allowance for credit losses is recorded at inception using estimates of probable losses.and assumptions based on historical experience, current facts and other factors. Management monitors the adequacy of these estimates through periodic evaluations against actual trends experienced.
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| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
The following scheduletable reflects a roll-forward of the Company’s activity in providing for an allowance for uncollectible amounts for advisor loanscredit losses on other receivables (in thousands):
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | |||||||
| Beginning balance — January 1 | $ | 1,852 | $ | 697 | ||||
| Provision for bad debts, net of recoveries | 951 | 1,155 | ||||||
| Charge-offs | (2,914 | ) | — | |||||
| Reclassification from receivables from others | 3,375 | — | ||||||
| Ending balance — December 31 | $ | 3,264 | $ | 1,852 | ||||
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance — January 1 | $ | 1,068 | $ | 805 | $ | 866 | ||||||||||||||
| Impact of ASU 2016-13 adoption | — | 1,097 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 1,670 | 1,610 | 365 | |||||||||||||||||
| Charge-offs, net of recoveries | (1,655) | (2,444) | (426) | |||||||||||||||||
| Ending balance — December 31 | $ | 1,083 | $ | 1,068 | $ | 805 | ||||||||||||||
Investment securities include trading and held-to-maturity securities. The Company reclassified the provision for bad debt for advisor loans out of the provision for bad debt for receivables from others.
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | |||||||
| Beginning balance — January 1 | $ | 12,851 | $ | 9,856 | ||||
| Provision for bad debts, net of recoveries | 1,853 | 2,786 | ||||||
| Charge-offs | (5,214 | ) | 209 | |||||
| Reclassification to advisor loans | (3,375 | ) | — | |||||
| Ending balance — December 31 | $ | 6,115 | $ | 12,851 | ||||
Securities classified as trading are carried at fair value, while securities classified as held-to-maturity are carried at amortized cost. The Company uses prices obtained from independent third-party pricing services to measure the fair value of its trading securities. Prices received from the pricing services are validated using various methods including comparison to prices received from additional pricing services, comparison to available quoted market prices and review of other relevant market data including implied yields of major categories of securities. In general, these quoted prices are derived from active markets for identical assets or liabilities. When quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities are not available, the quoted prices are based on similar assets and liabilities or inputs other than the quoted prices that are observable, either directly or indirectly. For certificates of deposit and treasury securities, the Company utilizes market-based inputs, including observable market interest rates that correspond to the remaining maturities or the next interest reset dates. At December 31, 2017, the Company did not adjust prices received from the independent third-party pricing services.
Interest income is accrued as earned. Premiums and discounts are amortized using a method that approximates the effective yield method over the term of the security and are recorded as an adjustment to the investment yield. The Company makes estimates about the fair value of investments and the timing for recognizing losses based on market conditions and other factors. If these estimates change, the Company may recognize
additional losses. BothRealized and unrealized and realized gains and losses on trading securities are recognized in other revenue on a net basis in the consolidated statements of income.
Property and Equipment, Net
Internally developed software, leasehold improvements, computers and software and furniture and equipment are recorded at historical cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is recognized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The Company expenses software development costs as incurred during the preliminary project stage, while capitalizing costs at the point at which the conceptual formulation, design and testing of possible software project alternatives are complete and management authorizes and commits to funding the project. The costs of internally developed software that qualify for capitalization are included in property and equipment and subsequently amortized over the estimated useful life of the software, which is generally 5 years. The Company does not capitalize pilot projects or projects for which it believes that the future economic benefits are less than probable. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of their useful lives or the terms of the underlying leases. Computers and software are depreciated over a period of 3 to 5 years. Furniture and equipment are depreciated over a period of 3 to 7 years. Land is not depreciated.
Management reviews property and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. No impairment occurred for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 or 2019.
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Acquisitions
Accounting for business combinations requires the Company to make significant estimates and assumptions with respect to intangible assets, liabilities assumed and pre-acquisition contingencies. These assumptions include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows and discount rates, and are based in part on historical experience, market data and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies.
When acquiring companies, the Company recognizes separately from goodwill the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill is recognized for business combinations as of the acquisition date and is measured as the excess of consideration transferred and the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions as a part of the purchase price allocation process to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, these estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company records adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the consolidated statements of income.
The Company also enters into asset acquisitions for single identifiable assets. Accounting for asset acquisitions requires the Company to make significant estimates and assumptions with respect to the useful life of the asset purchased. These assumptions are based in part on historical experience and market data.
Goodwill and Other Intangibles, Net
Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangibles are tested annually for impairment in the fourth fiscal quarter and between annual tests if certain events occur indicating that the carrying amounts may be impaired. If a qualitative assessment is used and the Company determines that the fair value of a reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible is more likely than not (i.e., a likelihood of more than 50%) less than its carrying amount, a quantitative impairment test will be performed. An impairment loss will be recognized if a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, to the extent that it does not exceed the total carrying amount of goodwill. No impairment of goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangibles was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 or 2019.
Intangibles that are deemed to have definite lives are amortized over their useful lives, generally ranging from 5 to 20 years. They are reviewed for impairment when there is evidence that events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the estimated fair value. There was no impairment of definite-lived intangibles recognized for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 or 2019. See Note 9 - Goodwill and Other Intangibles, Net, for additional information regarding the Company’s goodwill and other intangibles.
Securities Borrowed
The Company borrows securities from other broker-dealers to make deliveries or to facilitate customer short sales. Securities borrowed, which are included in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition, are accounted for as collateralized financingsborrowings and are recorded at the contract value, representingwhich represents the amount of cash provided for securities borrowed transactions (generally in excess of market values). The adequacy of the collateral deposited, which is determined by comparing the market value of the securities borrowed to the cash loaned, is continuously monitored and is adjusted when considered necessary to minimize the risk associated with this activity.
As of December 31, 2017,2021, the contract and collateral market values of borrowed securities were $12.5$10.0 million and $12.1$9.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2016,2020, the contract and collateral market values of borrowed securities were $5.6$30.1 million and $5.4$29.1 million, respectively.
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this process and testing of possible software project alternatives are complete and management authorizes and commits to funding the project. The costs of internally developed software that qualify for capitalization are capitalized as fixed assets and subsequently amortized over the estimated useful life of the software, which is generally three years. The Company does not capitalize pilot projects and projects for which it believes that the future economic benefits are less than probable. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of their useful lives or the terms of the underlying leases. Computers and software, as well as furniture and equipment, are depreciated over a period of three to seven years. Land is not depreciated.
Debt Issuance Costs
Debt issuance and amendment costs have beenare capitalized and are being amortized as additional interest expense over the expected termsterm of the related debt agreements.agreement. Debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability. Costs incurred while obtaining the revolving credit facility are included in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition and subsequently amortized ratably over the term of the revolving credit facility, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the revolving credit facility.
Commitments and Contingencies
The Company recognizes a liability with regard tofor loss contingencies when it believes it is probable a liability has occurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If some amount within a range of loss appears at the time to be a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the Company accrues that amount. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, however, the Company accrues the minimum amount in the range.
The Company has established an accrual for those legal proceedings and regulatory matters for which a loss is both probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, except as otherwiseestimated.
The Company also accrues for losses at its Captive Insurance Subsidiary for those matters covered by third-party insurance or self-insurance throughself-insurance. The Captive Insurance Subsidiary records losses and loss reserve liabilities based on actuarially determined estimates of losses incurred, but not yet reported to the Company's captive insurance subsidiary.Company as well as specific reserves for proceedings and matters that are probable and estimable. The Captive Insurance Subsidiary is funded by payments from the Company’s broker-dealer subsidiary and has cash reserves to cover losses, including $77.4 million in restricted cash at the Captive Insurance Subsidiary. Assessing the probability of a loss occurring and the timing and amount of any loss related to a legal proceeding or regulatory matter is inherently difficult and requires management to make significant judgments. For additional information, see Note 12, 14 - Commitments and Contingencies - “Legal & Regulatory Matters.”
NOTE 3 - REVENUE
Revenue is recognized when control of the promised services is transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services. Revenue is analyzed to determine whether the Company is the principal (i.e., reports revenue on a gross basis) or agent (i.e., reports revenue on a net basis) in the contract. Principal or agent designations depend primarily on the control an entity has
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Advisory revenue represents fees charged to advisors’ clients’ advisory accounts on the Company’s corporate RIA advisory platform and is based on a percentage of the market value of the eligible assets in the clients’ advisory accounts. The Company provides ongoing investment advice and acts as a custodian, providing brokerage and execution services on transactions, and performs administrative services for these accounts. Advisory fees are primarily billed to clients in advance, on a quarterly basis, and are recognized as revenue ratably during the quarter. The performance obligation for advisory fees is considered a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and are satisfied daily. As the value of the eligible assets in an advisory account is susceptible to changes due to customer activity, this revenue includes variable consideration and is constrained until the date that the fees are determinable. The majority of our client accounts are on a calendar quarter and are billed using values as of the last business day of the preceding quarter. The value of the eligible assets in an advisory account on the billing date is adjusted for estimates of contributions and withdrawals to determine the amount billed, and accordingly, the revenue earned in the following three-month period. Advisory revenue collected on the Company’s corporate advisory platform is proposed by the advisor and agreed to by the client and averaged 1.0% of the underlying assets for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The Company was involvedalso supports independent registered investment adviser firms through its corporate RIA platform, which allows advisors to engage the Company for technology, clearing and custody services, as well as access to the capabilities of the Company’s investment platforms. The assets held under a RIA’s investment advisory accounts custodied with LPL Financial are included in total advisory assets and net new advisory assets. The advisory revenue generated by a build-to-suit lease arrangementRIA is not included in Fort Mill, South Carolina, underthe Company’s advisory revenue. The Company charges separate fees to RIAs for technology, clearing, administrative, oversight and custody services, which may vary and are included in service and fee revenue in the consolidated statements of income.
Commission
Commission revenue represents sales commissions generated by advisors for their clients’ purchases and sales of securities on exchanges and over-the-counter, as well as purchases of other investment products. The Company views the selling, distribution and marketing, or any combination thereof, of investment products to such clients as a single performance obligation to the product sponsors.
The Company is the principal for commission revenue, as it servedis responsible for the execution of the clients’ purchases and sales, and maintains relationships with the product sponsors. Advisors assist the Company in performing its obligations. Accordingly, total commission revenue is reported on a gross basis.
The following table presents total commission revenue disaggregated by product category (in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||
| Commission revenue | |||||||||||||||||
| Annuities | $ | 1,210,899 | $ | 976,357 | $ | 1,000,806 | |||||||||||
| Mutual funds | 768,168 | 590,074 | 589,411 | ||||||||||||||
| Fixed income | 126,543 | 88,714 | 102,391 | ||||||||||||||
| Equities | 131,975 | 126,920 | 79,446 | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 141,098 | 124,495 | 120,353 | ||||||||||||||
Total commission revenue | $ | 2,378,683 | $ | 1,906,560 | $ | 1,892,407 | |||||||||||
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The Company generates two types of commission revenue: (1) sales-based commissions that are recognized at the point of sale on the trade date and are based on a percentage of an investment product’s current market value at the time of purchase and (2) trailing commissions that are recognized over time as earned and are generally based on the market value of investment holdings in trail-eligible assets. Sales-based commission revenue, which occurs when clients trade securities or purchase various types of investment products, primarily represents gross commissions generated by the Company’s advisors and can vary from period to period based on the overall economic environment, number of trading days in the reporting period and investment activity of the Company’s advisors’ clients. The Company earns trailing commission revenue primarily on mutual funds and variable annuities held by clients of the Company’s advisors. Trailing commission revenue is recognized over the time the client owns the investment or holds the contract and is generally earned based on a fixed rate applied. The ongoing revenue is not recognized at the time of sale because it is variably constrained due to factors outside the Company’s control including market volatility and the client's investment hold period. The revenue will not be recognized until it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur.
The following table presents sales-based and trailing commission revenue disaggregated by product category (in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||
| Commission revenue | |||||||||||||||||
| Sales-based | |||||||||||||||||
| Annuities | $ | 425,164 | $ | 327,412 | $ | 380,317 | |||||||||||
| Mutual funds | 191,449 | 145,836 | 146,695 | ||||||||||||||
| Fixed income | 126,543 | 88,714 | 102,391 | ||||||||||||||
| Equities | 131,975 | 126,920 | 79,446 | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 98,924 | 81,882 | 74,003 | ||||||||||||||
| Total sales-based revenue | $ | 974,055 | $ | 770,764 | $ | 782,852 | |||||||||||
| Trailing | |||||||||||||||||
| Annuities | $ | 785,735 | $ | 648,945 | $ | 620,489 | |||||||||||
| Mutual funds | 576,719 | 444,238 | 442,716 | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 42,174 | 42,613 | 46,350 | ||||||||||||||
| Total trailing revenue | $ | 1,404,628 | $ | 1,135,796 | $ | 1,109,555 | |||||||||||
| Total commission revenue | $ | 2,378,683 | $ | 1,906,560 | $ | 1,892,407 | |||||||||||
Asset-Based
Asset-based revenue consists of fees from the Company’s client cash programs, fees from our sponsorship programs with financial product manufacturers, and fees from omnibus processing and networking services (collectively referred to as “recordkeeping”).
Client Cash Revenue
Client cash revenue is earned daily and is generated based on advisors’ clients’ cash balances in insured bank sweep accounts and money market programs based on a rate applied, as a percentage, to the deposits placed. The Company receives fees based on account type and invested balances for administration and recordkeeping. These fees are earned and recognized over time on a net basis as the constructionCompany acts as an agent on behalfin these arrangements. The performance obligation with the financial institutions that participate in the sweep program is considered a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and are satisfied each day.
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Sponsorship Programs
The Company receives fees from certain financial product manufacturers in connection with sponsorship programs that support the Company’s marketing and sales force education and training efforts. Compensation for these performance obligations is either a fixed fee, a percentage of the landlordaverage annual amount of product sponsor assets held in advisors’ clients’ accounts, a percentage of new sales or a combination of these. As the value of product sponsor assets held in advisors’ clients’ accounts is susceptible to unpredictable market changes, this revenue includes variable consideration and boreis constrained until the date that the fees are determinable.
Recordkeeping
The Company generates revenue from fees it collects for providing recordkeeping, account maintenance, reporting and other related services to product sponsors. This includes revenue from omnibus processing in which the Company establishes and maintains sub-account records for its clients to reflect the purchase, exchange and redemption of mutual fund shares, and consolidates clients’ trades within a mutual fund. Omnibus processing fees are paid to the Company by the mutual fund product sponsors or their affiliates and are based on the value of mutual fund assets in accounts for which the Company provides omnibus processing services and the number of accounts in which the related mutual fund positions are held. Recordkeeping also includes revenue from networking recordkeeping services. Networking revenue on brokerage assets are correlated to the number of positions or value of assets that the Company administers and are paid by mutual fund and annuity product manufacturers. Recordkeeping revenue is recognized over time as the Company fulfills its performance obligations. As recordkeeping fees are susceptible to unpredictable market changes that influence market value and fund positions, this revenue includes variable consideration and is constrained until the date that the fees are determinable.
The following table sets forth asset-based revenue disaggregated by product category (in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||
| Asset-based revenue | |||||||||||||||||
| Client cash | $ | 360,847 | $ | 481,388 | $ | 652,793 | |||||||||||
| Sponsorship programs | 385,791 | 272,935 | 251,899 | ||||||||||||||
| Recordkeeping | 401,429 | 290,194 | 261,287 | ||||||||||||||
| Total asset-based revenue | $ | 1,148,067 | $ | 1,044,517 | $ | 1,165,979 | |||||||||||
Service and Fee
Service and fee revenue is generated from advisor and retail investor services, including technology, insurance, conferences, licensing, Business Solutions, IRA custodian, and other client account fees. The Company charges separate fees to RIAs for technology, clearing, administrative, oversight and custody services, which may vary. The Company also hosts certain advisor conferences that serve as training, education, sales and marketing events for which the Company collects a fee from sponsors. Service and fee revenue is recognized when the Company satisfies its performance obligations. Recognition varies from point-in-time to over time depending on whether the service is provided once at an identifiable point-in-time or if the service is provided continually over the contract life. Performance obligations for service and fee revenue recognized over time are considered a series of distinct services that are substantially allthe same and are satisfied each day over the contract term. The Company is the principal and recognizes service and fee revenues on a gross basis as it is primarily responsible for delivering the respective services being provided, which is demonstrated by the Company’s ability to control the fee amounts charged to customers.
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The following table sets forth service and fee revenue disaggregated by recognition pattern (in thousands):
____________________
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||
| Service and fee revenue | |||||||||||||||||
Point-in-time(1) | $ | 110,459 | $ | 85,451 | $ | 95,407 | |||||||||||
Over time(2) | 301,302 | 272,271 | 262,437 | ||||||||||||||
| Total service and fee revenue | $ | 411,761 | $ | 357,722 | $ | 357,844 | |||||||||||
(1)Service and fee revenue recognized at a point-in-time includes revenue such as confirmation fees, IRA termination fees, and conference fees.
(2)Service and fee revenue recognized over time includes revenue such as error and omission insurance fees, Business Solutions subscription fees, IRA custodian fees, and technology fees.
Transaction
Transaction revenue includes transaction charges generated by advisory and brokerage accounts from mutual funds, ETF, and fixed income products and is primarily recognized at a point-in-time. Point-in-time transaction revenue includes revenue from clearing and transaction charges and is recognized on a trade-date basis as the performance obligation is satisfied when the underlying financial instrument or purchaser is identified, the pricing is agreed upon and the risks and rewards of ownership as measured under GAAP.have been transferred to/from the customer. The Company was therefore requiredis the principal and recognizes transaction revenue on a gross basis as it is primarily responsible for delivering the respective services being provided, which is demonstrated by the Company’s ability to reportcontrol the landlord's costs of construction as a fixed asset during the construction period as iffee amounts charged to customers.
Interest Income
The Company earns interest income from client margin loans, advisor loans, cash segregated under federal or other regulations and cash equivalents.
Other
Other revenue primarily includes unrealized gains and losses on assets held by the Company owned such assetfor its advisor non-qualified deferred compensation plan and an equalmodel research portfolios, and off-setting leasehold financing obligation on our consolidated statementsother miscellaneous revenue, which is not generated from contracts with customers.
Unearned Revenue
The Company records unearned revenue when cash payments are received or due in advance of financial condition.the Company’s performance obligations, including amounts which are refundable. The constructionincrease in the unearned revenue balance for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to 2020 is primarily driven by cash payments received or due in advance of satisfying the Company’s performance obligations, offset by $94.3 million of revenue recognized that was completedincluded in October 2016the unearned revenue balance as of December 31, 2020.
The Company receives cash in advance for advisory services to be performed and it was determined that the asset did not qualify for sale-leaseback accounting treatment. As such,conferences to be held in future periods. For advisory services, revenue is recognized as the Company accounts for this arrangement as a capital lease in whichprovides the asset is depreciatedadministration, brokerage and the lease payments are recognized as a reduction of the financing obligation and interest expenseexecution services over the lease term on our consolidated statements of income.
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On January 1, 2017,April 30, 2021, the Company adopted ASU 2016-09, Improvementsacquired the wealth management business of Waddell & Reed Financial, Inc. for $300.0 million in order to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting.expand its addressable markets and complement organic growth. The ASU is designed to identify areasCompany accounted for simplification involving several aspectsthe acquisition under the acquisition method of accounting for share-based payment transactions, includingbusiness combinations. At December 31, 2021, the Company had provisionally allocated $128.6 million of the purchase price to goodwill, $122.7 million to definite-lived intangible assets, $62.3 million to cash acquired, and the remainder to other assets acquired and liabilities assumed as part of the acquisition. The goodwill primarily includes the synergies expected to result from combining operations and onboarding advisors and assets to the Company’s platform and is deductible for tax purposes. The intangible assets are comprised primarily of advisor relationships, which were valued using the income tax consequences, classificationapproach, which included using the multi-period excess earnings method, with a weighted average useful life of awards as either equity or liabilities, an option to recognize gross stock compensation expense with actual forfeitures recognized as they occur, as well as certain classifications onapproximately 9 years. The fair value determination of the statement of cash flows. The adoption of ASU 2016-09 had no material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements; however, it did reduce the Company's effective income tax rate for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017.
On October 26, 2020, the Company begins to onboard NPH advisorsacquired Blaze Portfolio Systems LLC, a technology company that provides an advisor-facing trading and client assets onto its platform, which will occur in two waves. The first wave was completed in the fourth quarter of 2017 and the Company anticipates completing the conversion by the end of the first quarter of 2018 (the "Conversion Period").
portfolio rebalancing platform. The Company paid $325$11.6 million to the NPH Sellers at closing which occurred on August 15, 2017 and is included in the National Planning Holdings acquisition line on the consolidated statements of financial condition. Following the completion of the first wave in the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company recorded intangible assets of $98.4 million in advisor relationships and $61.9 million in goodwill acquired in the purchase. The Company has agreed to a potential contingent payment of up to $122.8 million (the “Contingent Payment”$4.0 million.
On August 18, 2020, the Company acquired business relationships with advisors from E.K. Riley Investments, LLC (“E.K. Riley”) and Lucia Securities, LLC (“Lucia”), followingtwo unrelated broker-dealers and RIAs, for a combined $18.4 million. Both transactions had potential contingent payments.
On August 1, 2019, the conclusionCompany acquired Allen & Company, and under the transaction structure Allen & Company advisors and staff became employees of the Conversion Period, which will be calculated based onCompany. The Company paid approximately $24.9 million at closing and made an additional contingent payment of $10.0 million in February 2020.
The Company incurred $76.4 million of acquisition costs to setup, onboard and integrate the percentage of aggregate trailing twelve-month gross dealer concessions (“GDC”) in respect of NPH Sellers’ client accounts that transfer toacquired entities during the Company, as determined under the Asset Purchase Agreement. The Contingent Payment would be paid on an interpolated basis based on the percentage of transferred GDC between 72% and 93.5% and in the event that the percentage is less than 72%, no Contingent Payment would be due.year ended December 31, 2021.
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Inputs used to measure fair value are prioritized within a three-level fair value hierarchy. This hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:
Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 — Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. This includes certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.
There have been no transfers of assets or liabilities between these fair value measurement classifications during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.2021 or 2020.
The Company’s fair value measurements are evaluated within the fair value hierarchy, based on the nature of inputs used to determine the fair value at the measurement date. At December 31, 20172021 and December 31, 2016,2020, the Company had the following financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Cash Equivalents — The Company’s cash equivalents include money market funds, which are short term in nature with readily determinable values derived from active markets.
Trading Securities Owned and Securities Sold, But Not Yet Purchased — The Company’s trading securities consist of house account model portfolios established and managed for the purpose of benchmarking the performance
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of its fee-based advisory platforms and temporary positions resulting from the processing of client transactions. Examples of these securities include money market funds, United States treasury obligations, mutual funds, certificates of deposit, and traded equity and debt securities.
The Company uses prices obtained from independent third-party pricing services to measure the fair value of its trading securities. Prices received from the pricing services are validated using various methods including comparison to prices received from additional pricing services, comparison to available quoted market prices and review of other relevant market data including implied yields of major categories of securities. In general, these quoted prices are derived from active markets for identical assets or liabilities. When quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities are not available, the quoted prices are based on similar assets and liabilities or inputs other than the quoted prices that are observable, either directly or indirectly. For certificates of deposit and treasury securities, the Company utilizes market-based inputs, including observable market interest rates that correspond to the remaining maturities or the next interest reset dates. At December 31, 20172021 and December 31, 2016,2020, the Company did not adjust prices received from the independent third-party pricing services.
Other Assets — The Company’s other assets include: (1) deferred compensation plan assets that are invested in money market and other mutual funds, which are actively traded and valued based on quoted market prices; and (2) certain non-traded real estate investment trusts and auction rate notes, which are valued using quoted prices for identical or similar securities and other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data; and (3) cash flow hedges, which are measured using quoteddata.
Fractional Shares— The Company’s investment in fractional shares held by customers is reflected in other assets while the related purchase obligation for such shares is reflected in other liabilities. The Company uses prices for similar cash flow hedges, taking into account counterparty credit riskobtained from independent third-party pricing services to measure the fair value of its investment in fractional shares held by customers and the Company's own non-performance risk.related repurchase obligation. Prices received from the pricing services are validated using various methods including comparison to prices received from additional pricing services, comparison to available quoted market prices and review of other relevant market data including implied yields of major categories of securities. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not adjust prices received from the independent third-party pricing services.
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities — The Company'sCompany’s accounts payable and accrued liabilities include hedges that are measured using Level 2 inputs and contingent consideration liabilities that are measured using Level 3 inputs.
Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The Company determines the fair value for its contingent consideration obligations using an incomea scenario-based approach whereby the Company assesses the expected number of future performance of the acquired assets.transactions. The contingent payment is estimated usingby applying a discounted cash flow ofdiscount rate to the expected payment amount to calculate the fair value as of the valuation date. The Company's managementCompany evaluates the underlying projections and other related factors used in determining fair value each period and makes updates when there have been significant changes in management'smanagement’s expectations.
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The following table summarizes the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
| December 31, 2021 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents | $ | 12,056 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 12,056 | |||||||||||||||
| Investment securities - trading: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | 123 | — | — | 123 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Mutual funds | 19,112 | — | — | 19,112 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Equity securities | 440 | — | — | 440 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. treasury obligations | 19,599 | — | — | 19,599 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total investment securities - trading | 39,274 | — | — | 39,274 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred compensation plan | 499,548 | — | — | 499,548 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other investments | — | 9,166 | — | 9,166 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fractional shares - investment | 114,574 | — | — | 114,574 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total other assets | 614,122 | 9,166 | — | 623,288 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets at fair value | $ | 665,452 | $ | 9,166 | $ | — | $ | 674,618 | |||||||||||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 3,530 | $ | 3,530 | |||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities sold, but not yet purchased: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity securities | 467 | — | — | 467 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Debt securities | — | 105 | — | 105 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total securities sold, but not yet purchased | 467 | 105 | — | 572 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fractional shares - repurchase obligation | 114,574 | — | — | 114,574 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total other liabilities | 115,041 | 105 | — | 115,146 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities at fair value | $ | 115,041 | $ | 105 | $ | 3,530 | $ | 118,676 | |||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents | $ | 147,034 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 147,034 | |||||||
| Securities owned — trading: | |||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | 288 | — | — | 288 | |||||||||||
| Mutual funds | 10,850 | — | — | 10,850 | |||||||||||
| Equity securities | 201 | — | — | 201 | |||||||||||
| Debt securities | — | 60 | — | 60 | |||||||||||
| U.S. treasury obligations | 6,480 | — | — | 6,480 | |||||||||||
| Total securities owned — trading | 17,819 | 60 | — | 17,879 | |||||||||||
| Other assets | 180,377 | 9,282 | — | 189,659 | |||||||||||
| Total assets at fair value | $ | 345,230 | $ | 9,342 | $ | — | $ | 354,572 | |||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||||||
| Securities sold, but not yet purchased: | |||||||||||||||
| Mutual funds | $ | 3 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 3 | |||||||
| Equity securities | 67 | — | — | 67 | |||||||||||
| Debt securities | — | 1,112 | — | 1,112 | |||||||||||
| Total securities sold, but not yet purchased | 70 | 1,112 | — | 1,182 | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities at fair value | $ | 70 | $ | 1,112 | $ | — | $ | 1,182 | |||||||
84
| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
The following table summarizes the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2016 (in thousands):
| December 31, 2020 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents | $ | 6,205 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 6,205 | |||||||||||||||
| Investment securities - trading: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | 125 | — | — | 125 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Mutual funds | 9,137 | — | — | 9,137 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Equity securities | 492 | — | — | 492 | |||||||||||||||||||
U.S. treasury obligations | 19,498 | — | — | 19,498 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total investment securities — trading | 29,252 | — | — | 29,252 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred compensation plan | 371,202 | — | — | 371,202 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other investments | — | 8,953 | — | 8,953 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fractional shares - investment | 72,591 | — | — | 72,591 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total other assets | 443,793 | 8,953 | — | 452,746 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets at fair value | $ | 479,250 | $ | 8,953 | $ | — | $ | 488,203 | |||||||||||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 3,228 | $ | 3,228 | |||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities sold, but not yet purchased: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity securities | 203 | — | — | 203 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Debt securities | — | 3 | — | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total securities sold, but not yet purchased | 203 | 3 | — | 206 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fractional shares - repurchase obligation | 72,591 | — | — | 72,591 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total other liabilities | 72,794 | 3 | — | 72,797 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities at fair value | $ | 72,794 | $ | 3 | $ | 3,228 | $ | 76,025 | |||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents | $ | 168,320 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 168,320 | |||||||
| Securities owned — trading: | |||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | 474 | — | — | 474 | |||||||||||
| Mutual funds | 7,585 | — | — | 7,585 | |||||||||||
| Equity securities | 35 | — | — | 35 | |||||||||||
| Debt securities | — | 314 | — | 314 | |||||||||||
U.S. treasury obligations | 2,996 | — | — | 2,996 | |||||||||||
| Total securities owned — trading | 11,090 | 314 | — | 11,404 | |||||||||||
| Other assets | 134,914 | 7,105 | — | 142,019 | |||||||||||
| Total assets at fair value | $ | 314,324 | $ | 7,419 | $ | — | $ | 321,743 | |||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||||||
| Securities sold, but not yet purchased: | |||||||||||||||
| Equity securities | $ | 168 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 168 | |||||||
| Debt securities | — | 15 | — | 15 | |||||||||||
| Total securities sold, but not yet purchased | 168 | 15 | — | 183 | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | — | 86 | 527 | 613 | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities at fair value | $ | 168 | $ | 101 | $ | 527 | $ | 796 | |||||||
85
| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
Fair Value Measurementsof Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value
| December 31, 2021 | Carrying Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and equivalents | $ | 483,190 | $ | 483,190 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 483,190 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cash segregated under federal or other regulations | 1,496,463 | 1,496,463 | — | — | 1,496,463 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted cash | 80,655 | 80,655 | — | — | 80,655 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Receivables from clients, net | 578,889 | — | 578,889 | — | 578,889 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Receivables from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | 102,503 | — | 102,503 | — | 102,503 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Advisor repayable loans, net(1) | 191,242 | — | — | 176,864 | 176,864 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other receivables, net | 581,483 | — | 581,483 | — | 581,483 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment securities - held-to-maturity securities | 9,918 | — | 9,915 | — | 9,915 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities borrowed | 9,958 | — | 9,958 | — | 9,958 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments(2) | 4,595 | — | 4,595 | — | 4,595 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total other assets | 14,553 | — | 14,553 | — | 14,553 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Client payables | $ | 1,712,224 | $ | — | $ | 1,712,224 | $ | — | $ | 1,712,224 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | 170,119 | — | 170,119 | — | 170,119 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt and other borrowings, net | 2,814,044 | — | 2,885,536 | — | 2,885,536 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1)Includes repayable loans and forgivable loans which have converted to repayable upon advisor termination.
(2)Other investments include DTC common shares and Federal Reserve stock.
| December 31, 2020 | Carrying Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and equivalents | $ | 802,407 | $ | 802,407 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 802,407 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cash segregated under federal or other regulations | 923,158 | 923,158 | — | — | 923,158 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted cash | 67,264 | 67,264 | — | — | 67,264 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Receivables from clients, net of allowance | 405,106 | — | 405,106 | — | 405,106 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Receivables from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | 97,245 | — | 97,245 | — | 97,245 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Advisor repayable loans, net(1) | 127,432 | — | — | 115,898 | 115,898 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other receivables, net | 435,012 | — | 435,012 | — | 435,012 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment securities - held-to-maturity securities | 13,235 | — | 13,394 | — | 13,394 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities borrowed | 30,130 | — | 30,130 | — | 30,130 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments(2) | 5,799 | — | 5,799 | — | 5,799 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total other assets | 35,929 | — | 35,929 | — | 35,929 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Client payables | $ | 1,534,486 | $ | — | $ | 1,534,486 | $ | — | $ | 1,534,486 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | 89,743 | — | 89,743 | — | 89,743 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt and other borrowings, net | 2,345,414 | — | 2,402,441 | — | 2,402,441 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1)Includes repayable loans and forgivable loans which have converted to repayable upon advisor termination.
(2)Other investments include DTC common shares and Federal Reserve stock.
86
| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
NOTE 6 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES
The Company’s investment securities include debt and equity securities that the Company reduced the amount of contingent consideration related to a 2014 business venture.
The amortized cost, gross unrealized loss, and fair value offollowing table summarizes investment securities held-to-maturity were as follows (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | ||||||
| Amortized cost | $ | 11,833 | $ | 8,862 | |||
| Gross unrealized loss | (86 | ) | (31 | ) | |||
| Fair value | $ | 11,747 | $ | 8,831 | |||
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||
| Trading securities - at fair value: | ||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | 123 | $ | 125 | ||||||||||
| Mutual funds | 19,112 | 9,137 | ||||||||||||
| Equity securities | 440 | 492 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. treasury obligations | 19,599 | 19,498 | ||||||||||||
| Total trading securities | $ | 39,274 | $ | 29,252 | ||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity securities - at amortized cost: | ||||||||||||||
| U.S. government notes | $ | 9,918 | $ | 13,235 | ||||||||||
| Total held-to-maturity securities | $ | 9,918 | $ | 13,235 | ||||||||||
| Total investment securities | $ | 49,192 | $ | 42,487 | ||||||||||
At December 31, 2017,2021, the held-to-maturity securities held-to-maturity were scheduled to mature as follows (in thousands):
| Within one year | After one but within five years | After five but within ten years | After ten years | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government notes — at amortized cost | $ | 5,013 | $ | 4,905 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 9,918 | |||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government notes — at fair value | $ | 5,034 | $ | 4,881 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 9,915 | |||||||||||||||||||
The Company realized gains of $2.0 million, $1.2 million and $54.6 million and losses of $1.0 million, $2.4 million and $54.6 million on trading securities sold during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
| Within one year | After one but within five years | After five but within ten years | Total | ||||||||||||
| U.S. government notes — at amortized cost | $ | 5,006 | $ | 6,327 | $ | 500 | $ | 11,833 | |||||||
| U.S. government notes — at fair value | $ | 4,986 | $ | 6,266 | $ | 495 | $ | 11,747 | |||||||
87
| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | |||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | |||||||||
NOTE 7 - RECEIVABLES FROM AND PAYABLES TO BROKERS, DEALERS AND CLEARING ORGANIZATIONS
Receivables from product sponsors, broker-dealers, and clearing organizations and payables to broker-dealersbrokers, dealers, and clearing organizations were as follows (in thousands):
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | |||||||
| Receivables: | ||||||||
| Commissions receivable from product sponsors and others | $ | 125,891 | $ | 116,218 | ||||
| Receivable from clearing organizations | 62,561 | 50,656 | ||||||
| Receivable from broker-dealers | 1,389 | 1,309 | ||||||
| Securities failed-to-deliver | 6,366 | 6,939 | ||||||
| Total receivables | $ | 196,207 | $ | 175,122 | ||||
| Payables: | ||||||||
| Payable to clearing organizations | $ | 13,316 | $ | 26,517 | ||||
| Payable to broker-dealers | 31,869 | 32,065 | ||||||
| Securities failed-to-receive | 9,077 | 4,450 | ||||||
| Total payables | $ | 54,262 | $ | 63,032 | ||||
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||
| Receivables: | ||||||||||||||
| Receivables from clearing organizations | 80,548 | 89,838 | ||||||||||||
| Receivables from brokers and dealers | 4,977 | 2,550 | ||||||||||||
| Securities failed-to-deliver | 16,978 | 4,857 | ||||||||||||
| Total receivables | $ | 102,503 | $ | 97,245 | ||||||||||
| Payables: | ||||||||||||||
| Payables to clearing organizations | $ | 20,112 | $ | 19,117 | ||||||||||
| Payables to brokers and dealers | 78,080 | 50,528 | ||||||||||||
| Securities failed-to-receive | 71,927 | 20,098 | ||||||||||||
| Total payables | $ | 170,119 | $ | 89,743 | ||||||||||
The components of fixed assetsproperty and equipment, net were as follows at December 31, 2021 (in thousands):
| Gross Carrying Value | Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization | Net Carrying Value | |||||||||||||||
| Internally developed software | $ | 716,179 | $ | (342,408) | $ | 373,771 | |||||||||||
| Computers and software | 214,223 | (167,573) | 46,650 | ||||||||||||||
| Buildings | 107,873 | (11,627) | 96,246 | ||||||||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | 88,538 | (36,988) | 51,550 | ||||||||||||||
| Furniture and equipment | 83,356 | (65,728) | 17,628 | ||||||||||||||
| Land | 4,678 | — | 4,678 | ||||||||||||||
Construction in progress(1) | 68,318 | — | 68,318 | ||||||||||||||
| Total property and equipment, net | $ | 1,283,165 | $ | (624,324) | $ | 658,841 | |||||||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | |||||||
| Internally developed software | $ | 346,029 | $ | 293,997 | ||||
| Leasehold improvements | 82,413 | 86,171 | ||||||
| Computers and software | 160,400 | 122,442 | ||||||
| Buildings | 105,939 | 105,939 | ||||||
| Furniture and equipment | 73,767 | 74,492 | ||||||
| Land | 4,678 | 4,678 | ||||||
| Construction in progress | 66,802 | 55,568 | ||||||
| Total fixed assets | 840,028 | 743,287 | ||||||
| Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (427,344 | ) | (355,919 | ) | ||||
| Fixed assets, net | $ | 412,684 | $ | 387,368 | ||||
(1) Construction in progress includes internal software in development of $37.7 million at December 31, 2021.
The components of property and equipment, net were as follows at December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
____________________
| Gross Carrying Value | Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization | Net Carrying Value | |||||||||||||||
| Internally developed software | $ | 418,018 | $ | (241,390) | $ | 176,628 | |||||||||||
| Computers and software | 195,800 | (151,792) | 44,008 | ||||||||||||||
| Buildings | 107,895 | (7,753) | 100,142 | ||||||||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | 88,135 | (31,202) | 56,933 | ||||||||||||||
| Furniture and equipment | 83,365 | (57,860) | 25,505 | ||||||||||||||
| Land | 4,678 | — | 4,678 | ||||||||||||||
Construction in progress(1) | 174,974 | — | 174,974 | ||||||||||||||
| Total property and equipment, net | $ | 1,072,865 | $ | (489,997) | $ | 582,868 | |||||||||||
(1) Construction in progress includes internal software in development of $161.3 million at December 31, 2020.
88
| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense was $84.1$151.4 million, $75.9$109.7 million and $73.4$95.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2021, 2020 and 2015,2019, respectively.
On April 30, 2021, the Company acquired the wealth management business of Waddell & Reed Financial, Inc. for $300.0 million. At December 31, 2021, the Company had provisionally allocated $128.6 million of the purchase price to goodwill, $122.7 million to definite-lived intangible assets, and Other Intangible Assetsthe remainder to other assets acquired and liabilities assumed as part of the acquisition. The intangible assets are comprised primarily of advisor relationships with a weighted average useful life of approximately 9 years. See Note 4 - Acquisitions, for additional information.
A summary of the activity inimpacting goodwill is presented below (in thousands):
| Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 1,503,648 | |||
| Goodwill acquired | 10,218 | ||||
| Balance at December 31, 2020 | 1,513,866 | ||||
| Goodwill acquired | 128,577 | ||||
| Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 1,642,443 | |||
| Balance at December 31, 2015 | $ | 1,365,838 | |
| Goodwill acquired | — | ||
| Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | 1,365,838 | |
| Goodwill acquired | 61,931 | ||
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 1,427,769 | |
The components of intangible assetsother intangibles, net were as follows at December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands)2021 (thousands):
Weighted-Average Life Remaining (in years) | Gross Carrying Value | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Value | ||||||||||
| Definite-lived intangible assets: | |||||||||||||
| Advisor and financial institution relationships | 8.0 | $ | 538,921 | $ | (269,294 | ) | $ | 269,627 | |||||
| Product sponsor relationships | 8.1 | 234,086 | (137,615 | ) | 96,471 | ||||||||
| Client relationships | 6.8 | 19,133 | (11,477 | ) | 7,656 | ||||||||
| Trade names | 4.3 | 1,200 | (680 | ) | 520 | ||||||||
| Total definite-lived intangible assets | $ | 793,340 | $ | (419,066 | ) | $ | 374,274 | ||||||
| Indefinite-lived intangible assets: | |||||||||||||
| Trademark and trade name | 39,819 | ||||||||||||
| Total intangible assets | $ | 414,093 | |||||||||||
| Weighted-Average Life Remaining (in years) | Gross Carrying Value | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Definite-lived intangibles, net: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Advisor and financial institution relationships | 5.9 | $ | 806,531 | $ | (476,000) | $ | 330,531 | ||||||||||||||||
| Product sponsor relationships | 4.1 | 234,086 | (185,255) | 48,831 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Client relationships | 7.2 | 45,623 | (23,379) | 22,244 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Technology | 6.4 | 19,040 | (5,477) | 13,563 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Trade names | 0.3 | 1,200 | (1,160) | 40 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total definite-lived intangible assets, net | $ | 1,106,480 | $ | (691,271) | $ | 415,209 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other indefinite-lived intangibles: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trademark and trade name | 39,819 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total other intangibles, net | $ | 455,028 | |||||||||||||||||||||
The components of intangible assetsother intangibles, net were as follows at December 31, 2016 (dollars in thousands)2020 (thousands):
| Weighted-Average Life Remaining (in years) | Gross Carrying Value | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Definite-lived intangibles, net: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Advisor and financial institution relationships | 5.4 | $ | 670,542 | $ | (415,169) | $ | 255,373 | ||||||||||||||||
| Product sponsor relationships | 5.1 | 234,086 | (173,345) | 60,741 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Client relationships | 7.9 | 44,810 | (19,237) | 25,573 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Technology | 7.3 | 19,040 | (3,220) | 15,820 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Trade names | 1.3 | 1,200 | (1,040) | 160 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total definite-lived intangibles, net | $ | 969,678 | $ | (612,011) | $ | 357,667 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other indefinite-lived intangibles: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trademark and trade name | 39,819 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total other intangibles, net | $ | 397,486 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Weighted-Average Life Remaining (in years) | Gross Carrying Value | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Value | ||||||||||
| Definite-lived intangible assets: | |||||||||||||
| Advisor and financial institution relationships | 9.0 | $ | 440,533 | $ | (244,540 | ) | $ | 195,993 | |||||
| Product sponsor relationships | 9.1 | 234,086 | (125,620 | ) | 108,466 | ||||||||
| Client relationships | 7.7 | 19,133 | (10,055 | ) | 9,078 | ||||||||
| Trade names | 5.3 | 1,200 | (560 | ) | 640 | ||||||||
| Total definite-lived intangible assets | $ | 694,952 | $ | (380,775 | ) | $ | 314,177 | ||||||
| Indefinite-lived intangible assets: | |||||||||||||
| Trademark and trade name | 39,819 | ||||||||||||
| Total intangible assets | $ | 353,996 | |||||||||||
89
| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
Total amortization expense of intangible assetsother intangibles was $38.3$79.3 million, $38.0$67.4 million and $38.2$65.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2021, 2020 and 2015,2019, respectively.
Future amortization expense is estimated as follows (in thousands):
| 2022 | $ | 83,735 | |||
| 2023 | 79,566 | ||||
| 2024 | 78,794 | ||||
| 2025 | 70,420 | ||||
| 2026 | 32,164 | ||||
| Thereafter | 70,530 | ||||
| Total | $ | 415,209 | |||
| 2018 | $ | 47,678 | |
| 2019 | 47,642 | ||
| 2020 | 47,250 | ||
| 2021 | 47,093 | ||
| 2022 | 46,345 | ||
| Thereafter | 138,266 | ||
| Total | $ | 374,274 | |
The components of other assets and Accrued Liabilitiesother liabilities were as follows (dollars in thousands):
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||
| Other assets: | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred compensation | $ | 499,548 | $ | 371,202 | ||||||||||
Fractional shares - investment(1) | 114,574 | 72,591 | ||||||||||||
| Prepaid assets | 115,018 | 100,448 | ||||||||||||
Operating lease assets(2) | 95,075 | 101,921 | ||||||||||||
| Debt issuance costs, net | 7,303 | 6,052 | ||||||||||||
Deferred income taxes, net(3) | 5,648 | 24,112 | ||||||||||||
| Other | 49,822 | 59,179 | ||||||||||||
| Total other assets | $ | 886,988 | $ | 735,505 | ||||||||||
| Other liabilities: | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred compensation | $ | 499,245 | $ | 372,395 | ||||||||||
Unearned revenue(4) | 160,926 | 95,328 | ||||||||||||
Operating lease liabilities(2) | 130,304 | 139,377 | ||||||||||||
Fractional shares - repurchase obligation(1) | 114,574 | 72,591 | ||||||||||||
Finance lease liabilities(2) | 106,067 | 107,424 | ||||||||||||
| Other | 7,160 | 28,351 | ||||||||||||
| Total other liabilities | $ | 1,018,276 | $ | 815,466 | ||||||||||
(1)See Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for further information.
(2)See Note 12 - Leases for further information.
(3)See Note 13 - Income Taxes for further information.
(4)See Note 3 - Revenue for further information.
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| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
NOTE 11 - CORPORATE DEBT AND OTHER BORROWINGS, NET
The Company’s outstanding corporate debt and accrued liabilitiesother borrowings, net were as follows (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | ||||||
| Advisor deferred compensation plan liability | $ | 177,652 | $ | 133,632 | |||
| Accrued compensation | 64,728 | 63,741 | |||||
| Deferred rent | 41,629 | 43,817 | |||||
| Accounts payable | 47,125 | 23,284 | |||||
| Other accrued liabilities | 130,015 | 121,071 | |||||
| Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | 461,149 | $ | 385,545 | |||
| December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate Debt | Balance | Applicable Margin | Interest Rate | Balance | Applicable Margin | Interest rate | Maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Term Loan B(1) | $ | 1,048,600 | LIBOR+175 bps | 1.85 | % | $ | 1,059,300 | LIBOR+175 bps | 1.90 | % | 11/12/2026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2025 Senior Notes(1) | — | Fixed Rate | — | % | 900,000 | Fixed Rate | 5.75 | % | 9/15/2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2027 Senior Notes(1) | 400,000 | Fixed Rate | 4.63 | % | 400,000 | Fixed Rate | 4.63 | % | 11/15/2027 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2029 Senior Notes(1) | 900,000 | Fixed Rate | 4.00 | % | — | Fixed Rate | — | % | 3/15/2029 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2031 Senior Notes(1) | 400,000 | Fixed Rate | 4.38 | % | — | Fixed Rate | — | % | 5/15/2031 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Corporate Debt | 2,748,600 | 2,359,300 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Plus: Unamortized Premium | — | 7,083 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: Unamortized Debt Issuance Cost | (24,556) | (20,969) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt, net | $ | 2,724,044 | $ | 2,345,414 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other Borrowings | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revolving Credit Facility(2) | 55,000 | ABR+25 bps | 3.50 | % | — | ABR+25 bps | — | % | 3/15/2026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unsecured, Uncommitted Lines of Credit | 35,000 | Broker Base Rate+75 bps | 1.00 | % | — | Broker Base Rate+75 bps | — | % | 9/30/2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total other borrowings | $ | 90,000 | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net | $ | 2,814,044 | $ | 2,345,414 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The minimum calendar year payments and $1,695.8 million senior secured Term Loan B facility ("Term Loan B"). Additionally, maturities of the corporate debt and other borrowings as of December 31, 2021 were as follows (in thousands):
| 2022 | $ | 45,700 | |||
| 2023 | 10,700 | ||||
| 2024 | 10,700 | ||||
| 2025 | 10,700 | ||||
| 2026 | 1,060,800 | ||||
| Thereafter | 1,700,000 | ||||
| Total | $ | 2,838,600 | |||
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The following table presents amounts outstanding and available under the Company’s external lines of credit at December 31, 2021 (in millions):
| Description | Borrower | Maturity Date | Outstanding(1) | Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Senior secured, revolving credit facility | LPL Holdings, Inc. | March 2026 | $ | 55 | $ | 945 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Broker-dealer revolving credit facility | LPL Financial LLC | July 2024 | $ | — | $ | 300 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Secured, uncommitted lines of credit | LPL Financial LLC | March 2022 | $ | — | $ | 75 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Unsecured, uncommitted lines of credit | LPL Financial LLC | September 2022 | $ | 35 | $ | 40 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Unsecured, uncommitted lines of credit | LPL Financial LLC | September 2022 | $ | — | $ | 50 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Unsecured, uncommitted lines of credit | LPL Financial LLC | None | $ | — | $ | 75 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Secured, uncommitted lines of credit | LPL Financial LLC | None | $ | — | unspecified | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Secured, uncommitted lines of credit | LPL Financial LLC | None | $ | — | unspecified | |||||||||||||||||||||
(1)Outstanding balances were repaid in January 2022.
Issuance of 2031 Senior Notes
LPLH raised $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.375% senior notes (the “Additional Notes”),on May 18, 2021, which were issued aboveat par at 103.0% as an add-on to the Original Notes (as defined below)(“2031 Senior Notes”). The Additional Notes issued in the offering are governed by the same indenture, and have the same terms, as the Original Notes. LPLHCompany used $200 million in proceeds from the offering to pay down its Term Loan B to $1,500 million. In connection with the execution of the Amendment, the Company incurred $9.1 million in costs, which are capitalized as debt issuance costs in the consolidated statements of financial condition, and accelerated the recognition of $1.3 million of unamortized debt issuance costs as a loss on extinguishment of debt in the consolidated statements of income.
Issuance of 2029 Senior Secured Credit FacilitiesNotes
The 2029 Senior Notes are unsecured obligations, governed by an indenture, that will mature on March 15, 2029, and bear interest at the rate of 4.00% per year, with interest payable semi-annually. The Company may redeem all or part of the 2029 Senior Notes at any time prior to March 15, 2024 at 100% of the principal amount redeemed plus any accrued and unpaid interest thereon and a rate per annum“make-whole” premium (subject to a customary “equity claw” that permits the Company to redeem up to 40% of 225 basis points over the Eurodollar Rateaggregate principal amount of the 2029 Senior Notes prior to March 15, 2024 with the proceeds of equity offerings at a redemption price equal to 104%, plus accrued and unpaid interest). Thereafter, the Company may redeem all or 125 basis point overpart of the base rate (as defined2029 Senior Notes at annually declining redemption premiums until March 15, 2026, at and after which date the redemption price will be equal to 100% of the principal amount redeemed plus any accrued and unpaid interest thereon. In connection with the issuance of the 2029 Senior Notes, the Company incurred $9.0 million in costs, which were capitalized as debt issuance costs in the consolidated statements of financial condition.
Credit Agreement)Agreement
On March 15, 2021, LPLFH and LPLH entered into a fifth amendment agreement (the “Amendment”) to the Company’s amended and restated credit agreement (“Credit Agreement”), which, among other things, increased the size of its senior secured revolving credit facility to $1.0 billion and have no leverage or interest coverage maintenanceextended its maturity date. In connection with the execution of the Amendment, the Company incurred $3.2 million in costs, which are capitalized as debt issuance costs in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The Credit Agreement subjects the Company to certain
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financial and non-financial covenants. As of December 31, 2021, the Company was in compliance with such covenants.
Parent Revolving Credit Facility
Borrowings under the revolving credit facility bear interest at a rate per annum ranging from 125 to 175 basis points over the Eurodollar Rate or 25 to 75 basis points over the base rate, depending on the Consolidated Secured Debt to Consolidated EBITDA Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The
Broker-Dealer Revolving Credit Facility
On July 31, 2019, LPL Financial, the Company’s broker-dealer subsidiary, entered into a committed, unsecured revolving credit facility that matures on July 31, 2024 and allows for a maximum borrowing of up to $300.0 million. Borrowings bear interest at a rate per annum ranging from 112.5 to 137.5 basis points over the Federal Funds Rate or Eurodollar Rate, option is the one-, two-, three-, or six-month LIBOR rate, as selected by LPLH, or, with the approval of the applicable lenders, twelve month LIBOR rate or the LIBOR rate for another period acceptable to the Administrative Agent (including a shorter period). The Eurodollar Rate is subject to an interest rate floor of 0%.
| December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||
| Long-Term Borrowings | Balance | Current Applicable Margin | Interest Rate | Maturity | ||||||
| Revolving Credit Facility | $ | — | LIBOR+125bps | — | 9/21/2022 | |||||
Senior Secured Term Loan B(1) | 1,496,250 | LIBOR+225 bps | 3.81 | % | 9/21/2024 | |||||
Senior Unsecured Notes(1)(2) | 900,000 | Fixed Rate | 5.75 | % | 9/15/2025 | |||||
| Total long-term borrowings | 2,396,250 | |||||||||
| Plus: Unamortized Premium | 11,584 | |||||||||
| Less: Unamortized Debt Issuance Cost | (22,812 | ) | ||||||||
| Net Carrying Value | $ | 2,385,022 | ||||||||
| December 31, 2016 | ||||||||
| Senior Secured Credit Facilities | Balance | Interest Rate | Maturity | |||||
| Term Loan A | $ | 459,375 | 3.27 | % | 9/30/2019 | |||
| 2019 Term Loan B | 420,309 | 3.25 | % | 3/29/2019 | ||||
| 2021 Term Loan B | 624,676 | 4.25 | % | 3/29/2021 | ||||
| 2022 Term Loan B | 693,000 | 4.80 | % | 11/20/2022 | ||||
| Total borrowings | 2,197,360 | |||||||
| Less: Unamortized Debt Issuance Cost | (21,924 | ) | ||||||
| Net Carrying Value | $ | 2,175,436 | ||||||
NOTE 12 - LEASES
The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at inception. The Company has operating and finance leases for corporate offices and equipment with remaining lease terms of 1 to 15 years, some of which include options to extend the lease for up to 20 years. For leases with renewal options, the lease term is extended to reflect renewal options the Company is reasonably certain to exercise.
Operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company estimates its incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. Lease expense for net present value of payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Finance lease assets are included in property and equipment, net in the consolidated statements of financial condition and were $97.1 million and $102.2 million at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating lease cost | $ | 19,712 | $ | 18,757 | $ | 17,610 | |||||||||||
| Finance lease cost: | |||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of right-of-use assets | $ | 5,150 | $ | 5,141 | $ | 4,786 | |||||||||||
| Interest on lease liabilities | 8,360 | 8,423 | 8,387 | ||||||||||||||
| Total finance lease cost | $ | 13,510 | $ | 13,564 | $ | 13,173 | |||||||||||
| 2018 | $ | 14,906 | |
| 2019 | 14,758 | ||
| 2020 | 14,611 | ||
| 2021 | 14,465 | ||
| 2022 | 14,322 | ||
| Thereafter | 2,323,188 | ||
| Total | $ | 2,396,250 | |
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| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| Weighted-average remaining lease term (years): | |||||||||||
| Finance leases | 24.6 | 25.3 | |||||||||
| Operating leases | 6.9 | 7.9 | |||||||||
| Weighted-average discount rate: | |||||||||||
| Finance leases | 7.89 | % | 7.82 | % | |||||||
| Operating leases | 6.96 | % | 7.07 | % | |||||||
Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2021 were as follows (in thousands):11. Income Taxes
| Operating Leases | Finance Leases | ||||||||||
| 2022 | $ | 24,072 | $ | 8,802 | |||||||
| 2023 | 23,306 | 8,576 | |||||||||
| 2024 | 22,471 | 8,727 | |||||||||
| 2025 | 22,126 | 8,879 | |||||||||
| 2026 | 22,394 | 9,035 | |||||||||
| Thereafter | 53,068 | 215,725 | |||||||||
| Total lease payments | 167,437 | 259,744 | |||||||||
| Less imputed interest | 37,133 | 153,677 | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 130,304 | $ | 106,067 | |||||||
NOTE 13 - INCOME TAXES
The Company’scomponents of the provision for income taxes waswere as follows (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||
| Current provision for income taxes: | |||||||||||||||||
| Federal | $ | 96,389 | $ | 137,360 | $ | 156,378 | |||||||||||
| State | 26,610 | 39,757 | 44,192 | ||||||||||||||
| Total current provision for income taxes | 122,999 | 177,117 | 200,570 | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred provision (benefit) for income taxes: | |||||||||||||||||
| Federal | 14,446 | (17,991) | (13,971) | ||||||||||||||
| State | 4,018 | (5,693) | (4,644) | ||||||||||||||
| Total deferred provision (benefit) for income taxes | 18,464 | (23,684) | (18,615) | ||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | $ | 141,463 | $ | 153,433 | $ | 181,955 | |||||||||||
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
| Current provision: | |||||||||||
| Federal | $ | 117,745 | $ | 102,133 | $ | 123,633 | |||||
| State | 17,353 | 15,002 | 20,291 | ||||||||
| Total current provision | 135,098 | 117,135 | 143,924 | ||||||||
| Deferred benefit: | |||||||||||
| Federal | (8,951 | ) | (10,767 | ) | (24,972 | ) | |||||
| State | (440 | ) | (783 | ) | (5,181 | ) | |||||
| Total deferred benefit | (9,391 | ) | (11,550 | ) | (30,153 | ) | |||||
| Provision for income taxes | $ | 125,707 | $ | 105,585 | $ | 113,771 | |||||
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| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
The following table reflects a reconciliation of the United StatesU.S. federal statutory income tax rates to the Company’s effective income tax rates is set forth below:rates:
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||
| Federal statutory income tax rates | 35.0 | % | 35.0 | % | 35.0 | % | ||
| State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.6 | |||||
| Non-deductible expenses | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.7 | |||||
| Share-based compensation | (0.9 | ) | 0.1 | — | ||||
| Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 | (2.4 | ) | — | — | ||||
| Domestic production activities deduction | (0.9 | ) | (2.2 | ) | — | |||
| Research & development credits | (0.4 | ) | (1.1 | ) | — | |||
| Other | 0.5 | (0.1 | ) | 1.0 | ||||
| Effective income tax rates | 34.5 | % | 35.5 | % | 40.3 | % | ||
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||
| Federal statutory income tax rates | 21.0 | % | 21.0 | % | 21.0 | % | |||||||||||
| State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.1 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-deductible expenses | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | (2.7) | (1.0) | (1.4) | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development credits | (0.4) | (0.3) | (0.3) | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Effective income tax rates | 23.5 | % | 24.5 | % | 24.5 | % | |||||||||||
The Company’s effective income tax rate differs from the federal corporate tax rate of 21.0% primarily as a result of certain state taxes, benefits from share-based compensation, and other permanent differences in tax deductibility of certain expenses. The decrease in the Company'sCompany’s effective income tax rate and income tax expense in 2017 compared to 2016for the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily due to an increased benefit from share-based compensation recognized during 2021.
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax benefits associated witheffects of temporary differences between the adoptioncarrying amounts of ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, on January 1, 2017, and the revaluation of its deferred tax assets and liabilities underfor financial reporting purposes and the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act 2017, partially offset by tax benefits recorded during 2016 associated with internally developed software that was not repeated in 2017.
The components of the net deferred income taxes included in the consolidated statements of financial condition were as follows (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | ||||||
| Deferred tax assets: | |||||||
| Accrued liabilities | $ | 59,422 | $ | 75,907 | |||
| Share-based compensation | 17,122 | 31,715 | |||||
| State taxes | 5,630 | 9,345 | |||||
| Deferred rent | 32,457 | 49,544 | |||||
| Provision for bad debts | 2,956 | 7,520 | |||||
| Net operating losses | — | (10 | ) | ||||
| Forgivable loans | 7,643 | 9,381 | |||||
| Captive insurance | 1,355 | 1,689 | |||||
| Other | — | 956 | |||||
| Total deferred tax assets | 126,585 | 186,047 | |||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: | |||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | (75,043 | ) | (122,482 | ) | |||
| Depreciation of fixed assets | (63,213 | ) | (88,960 | ) | |||
| Other | (4,333 | ) | (219 | ) | |||
| Total deferred tax liabilities | (142,589 | ) | (211,661 | ) | |||
| Deferred income taxes, net | $ | (16,004 | ) | $ | (25,614 | ) | |
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets: | |||||||||||
| Accrued liabilities | $ | 148,566 | $ | 120,638 | |||||||
| Share-based compensation | 16,597 | 15,890 | |||||||||
| State taxes | 5,654 | 5,537 | |||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | 35,182 | 37,632 | |||||||||
| Finance lease liabilities | 28,647 | 28,519 | |||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 3,691 | 2,810 | |||||||||
| Forgivable loans | 17,369 | 13,158 | |||||||||
| Other | 4,604 | 4,069 | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets | 260,310 | 228,253 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Amortization of other intangibles | (58,833) | (64,907) | |||||||||
| Depreciation of property and equipment | (147,659) | (97,612) | |||||||||
| Operating lease assets | (25,832) | (27,681) | |||||||||
| Unrealized gains and losses | (22,338) | (13,941) | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax liabilities | (254,662) | (204,141) | |||||||||
| Deferred income taxes, net | $ | 5,648 | $ | 24,112 | |||||||
The following table reflects a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the total amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalties (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||
| Balance — beginning of year | $ | 54,435 | $ | 52,098 | $ | 46,287 | |||||||||||
| Increases for tax positions taken during the current year | 15,637 | 8,053 | 9,314 | ||||||||||||||
| Reductions as a result of a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations and decreases in prior-year tax positions | (13,058) | (5,716) | (3,503) | ||||||||||||||
| Balance — end of year | $ | 57,014 | $ | 54,435 | $ | 52,098 | |||||||||||
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
| Balance — Beginning of year | $ | 39,766 | $ | 24,747 | $ | 20,987 | |||||
| Increases for tax positions taken during the current year | 7,815 | 17,787 | 4,404 | ||||||||
| Reductions as a result of a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations | (4,924 | ) | (2,768 | ) | (644 | ) | |||||
| Balance — End of year | $ | 42,657 | $ | 39,766 | $ | 24,747 | |||||
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| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
At December 31, 20172021 and 2016,2020, there were $37.6$53.8 million and $31.4$48.1 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits that if recognized, would favorably affect the effective income tax rate in any future periods.
The Company accrues interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in its provision for income taxes within the consolidated statements of financial condition. At December 31, 20172021 and 2016,2020, the liability for unrecognized tax benefits included accrued interest of $4.5$7.5 million and $3.9$7.3 million, respectively, and penalties of $4.4$3.9 million and $4.5$4.4 million, respectively.
The Company and its subsidiaries file federal and state income tax returns in the federal jurisdiction, as well as most state jurisdictions, andwhich are subject to routine examinations by the respective taxing authorities. The Company has concluded all federal income tax matters for years through 2011 and all state income tax matters for years through 2006.
2011. The tax years of 2012 to 2016 and 2018 to 2020 remain open to examination in the federal jurisdiction. The tax years of 20072012 to 20162020 remain open to examination in the state jurisdictions. In the next 12 months it is reasonably possible that the Company expectsmay realize a reduction in unrecognized tax benefits of $2.7$9.3 million primarily related to settlements and the statute of limitations expiration in federal and various state jurisdictions.
NOTE 14 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Service and Development Contracts
The Company is party to certain long-term contracts for systems and services that enable back office trade processing and clearing for its product and service offerings.
Future minimum payments under leases, lease commitments, service, development and agency contracts, and other contractual obligations with initial terms greater than one year were as follows at December 31, 20172021 (in thousands):
| 2018 | $ | 63,430 | |
| 2019 | 46,463 | ||
| 2020 | 35,057 | ||
| 2021 | 32,416 | ||
| 2022 | 32,741 | ||
| Thereafter | 270,252 | ||
| Total(1) | $ | 480,359 | |
| 2022 | $ | 75,452 | |||
| 2023 | 56,427 | ||||
| 2024 | 31,718 | ||||
| 2025 | 10,780 | ||||
| 2026 | 167 | ||||
| Thereafter | 161 | ||||
| Total | $ | 174,705 | |||
Guarantees
The Company occasionally enters into certain types of contracts that contingently require it to indemnify certain parties against third-party claims. The terms of these obligations vary and, because a maximum obligation is not explicitly stated, the Company has determined that it is not possible to make an estimate of the amount that it could be obligated to pay under such contracts.
Loan Commitments
From time to time, LPL Financial makes loans to its advisors, primarily to newly recruited advisors to assist in the transition process, which may be forgivable. Due to timing differences, LPL Financial may make commitments to issue such loans prior to actually funding them. These commitments are generally contingent upon certain events occurring, including but not limited to the advisor joining LPL Financial. LPL Financial had no significant unfunded loan commitments at December 31, 2017.2021 or December 31, 2020.
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Legal &and Regulatory Matters
The Company is subject to extensive regulation and supervision by United StatesU.S. federal and state agencies and various self-regulatory organizations. The Company and its advisors periodically engage with such agencies and organizations, in the context of examinations or otherwise, to respond to inquiries, informational requests and investigations. From time to time, such engagements result in regulatory complaints or other matters, the resolution of which has in the past and may in the future include fines, customer restitution and other remediation. Assessing the probability of a loss occurring and the timing and amount of any loss related to a legal proceeding or regulatory matter is
inherently difficult. While the Company exercises significant and complex judgments to make certain estimates presented in its consolidated financial statements, there are particular uncertainties and complexities involved when assessing the potential outcomes of legal proceedings and regulatory matters. The Company'sCompany’s assessment process considers a variety of factors and assumptions, which may includeinclude: the procedural status of the matter and any recent developments; prior experience and the experience of others in similar matters; the size and nature of potential exposures; available defenses; the progress of fact discovery; the opinions of counsel and experts; or the potential opportunities for settlement and the status of any settlement discussions; as well as the potential for insurance coverage and indemnification, if available.discussions. The Company monitors these factors and assumptions for new developments and re-assesses the likelihood that a loss will occur and the estimated range or amount of loss, if those amounts can be reasonably determined. The Company has established an accrual for those legal proceedings and regulatory matters for which a loss is both probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, except as otherwise covered by third-party insurance or self-insurance through the captive insurance subsidiary, as discussed below.estimated.
Third-Party Insurance
The Company maintains third-party insurance coverage for certain potential legal proceedings, including those involving certain client claims. With respect to such client claims, the estimated losses on many of the pending matters are less than the applicable deductibles of the insurance policies.
Self-Insurance
The Company has self-insurance for certain potential liabilities including various errors and omissions liabilities, through a wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary.the Captive Insurance Subsidiary. Liabilities associated with the risks that are retained by the Company are not discounted and are estimated by considering, in part, historical claims experience, severity factors, and other actuarial assumptions.assumptions and estimates. The estimated accruals for these potential liabilities could be significantly affected if future occurrences and claims differ from such assumptions and historical trends.trends, so there are particular complexities and uncertainties involved when assessing the adequacy of loss reserves for potential liabilities that are self-insured. As of December 31, 20172021 and 2016,2020, these self-insurance liabilities were $67.2 million and $51.5 million, respectively, and are included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The increase in self-insurance liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2021 was driven by $34.8 million of additional reserves for claims that had been incurred but not reported, which were partially offset by $19.1 million of payments made during the period. Self-insurance related charges are included in other expensesexpense in the consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2021, 2020 and 2015.2019.
Other Commitments
As of December 31, 2017,2021, the Company had approximately $270.9$527.6 million of client margin loans that were collateralized with securities having a fair value of approximately $379.2$738.6 million that itLPL Financial can repledge, loan or sell. Of these securities, approximately $49.9$81.0 million were client-owned securities pledged to the Options Clearing Corporation as collateral to secure client obligations related to options positions. As of December 31, 20172021, there were no restrictions that materially limited the Company'sCompany’s ability to repledge, loan or sell the remaining $329.3$657.6 million of client collateral.
2020, respectively, and $15.0 million of trading securities pledged to the National Securities Clearing Corporation at December 31, 2021 and 2020.
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| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
NOTE 15 - STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Dividends
The payment, timing, and amount of any dividends are subject to approval by the Company's boardCompany’s Board of directors (the "Board of Directors")Directors as well as certain limits under the Credit Agreement and Indenture.Indentures. Cash dividends per share of common stock and total cash dividends paid on a quarterly basis were as follows (in millions, except per share data):
| 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| Dividend per Share | Total Cash Dividend | Dividend per Share | Total Cash Dividend | ||||||||||||
| First quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.6 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.2 | |||||||
| Second quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.6 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.3 | |||||||
| Third quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.5 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.3 | |||||||
| Fourth quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.5 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 22.3 | |||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividend per Share | Total Cash Dividend | Dividend per Share | Total Cash Dividend | Dividend per Share | Total Cash Dividend | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 20.0 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 19.7 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 21.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Second quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 20.0 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 19.7 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 20.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Third quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 20.1 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 19.8 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 20.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fourth quarter | $ | 0.25 | $ | 20.0 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 19.8 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 20.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Share Repurchases
The Company engages in share repurchase programs, which are approved by the Board of Directors, pursuant to which the Company may repurchase its issued and outstanding shares of common stock from time to time. Repurchased shares are included in treasury stock on the consolidated statements of financial condition.
On December 5, 2017,November 13, 2018, the Board of Directors authorized an increase to the Company’s existing share repurchase program, enabling the Company to repurchase its issued and outstanding common stock from time to time. The Company suspended share repurchases in early 2020 in light of the business and financial uncertainties created by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company resumed share repurchases in the third quarter of 2021 and during the year ended December 31, 2021 had repurchased 579,771 shares of common stock at a weighted-average price of $155.25 for a total of $90.0 million. As of December 31, 2017,2021, the Company had $500.0$259.8 million remaining under the existing share repurchase program. Future share repurchases may be effected in open market or privately negotiated transactions, including transactions with affiliates, with the timing of purchases and the amount of stock purchased generally determined at the discretion of the Company within the constraints of the Credit Agreement, the Indenture,indentures, and the Company’s general working capital needs.
NOTE 16 - SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION, EMPLOYEE INCENTIVES AND BENEFIT PLANS
| 2017 | |||||||||||
| Total Number of Shares Purchased | Weighted-Average Price Paid Per Share | Total Cost(1) | |||||||||
| First Quarter | 566,798 | $ | 39.68 | $ | 22.5 | ||||||
| Second Quarter | 910,349 | $ | 39.78 | 36.2 | |||||||
| Third Quarter | 539,385 | $ | 46.37 | 25.0 | |||||||
| Fourth Quarter | 603,000 | $ | 49.76 | 30.0 | |||||||
| 2,619,532 | $ | 43.42 | $ | 113.7 | |||||||
In November 2010,May 2021, the Company adopted the 20102021 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (as amended and restated in May 2015, the “2010 Plan”(the “2021 Plan”), which provides for the granting of stock options, warrants, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, deferred stock units, performance stock units and other equity-based compensation. Since itscompensation to the Company’s employees, non-employee directors and other service providers. The 2021 Plan serves as the successor to the Company’s 2010 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the “2010 Plan”). Following the adoption awards have been and are only made out of the 2021 Plan, the Company is no longer making grants under the 2010 Plan.Plan, and the 2021 Plan is the only plan under which equity awards are granted. However, awards previously granted under the 2010 Plan will remain outstanding until vested, exercised or forfeited, as applicable.
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| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
Stock Options and Warrants
The Company did not grant stock options or warrants during the years ended December 31, 2021 or December 31, 2020. The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes valuation model by the Company in calculating the fair value of its employee and officer stock options that have been granted:
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
| Expected life (in years) | 5.43 | 5.26 | 5.30 | |||||||||
| Expected stock price volatility | 35.27 | % | 33.38 | % | 25.78 | % | ||||||
| Expected dividend yield | 2.61 | % | 2.87 | % | 2.30 | % | ||||||
| Risk-free interest rate | 2.14 | % | 1.16 | % | 1.58 | % | ||||||
| Fair value of options | $ | 10.63 | $ | 4.60 | $ | 8.81 | ||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
| Expected life (in years) | 5.00 | 5.90 | 5.25 | |||||||||
| Expected stock price volatility | 35.34 | % | 35.19 | % | 25.91 | % | ||||||
| Expected dividend yield | 2.00 | % | 2.87 | % | 2.35 | % | ||||||
| Risk-free interest rate | 2.14 | % | 2.13 | % | 1.84 | % | ||||||
| Fair value of options | $ | 24.93 | $ | 11.72 | $ | 12.12 | ||||||
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2019 | ||||||||||||||
| Expected life (in years) | 5.43 | |||||||||||||
| Expected stock price volatility | 35.80 | % | ||||||||||||
| Expected dividend yield | 1.49 | % | ||||||||||||
| Risk-free interest rate | 2.47 | % | ||||||||||||
| Fair value of options | $ | 24.41 | ||||||||||||
The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option and warrant activity as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017:2021:
Number of Shares | Weighted- Average Exercise Price | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In thousands) | ||||||||||
| Outstanding — December 31, 2016 | 7,153,982 | $ | 30.40 | ||||||||||
| Granted | 851,810 | $ | 39.48 | ||||||||||
| Exercised | (2,727,774 | ) | $ | 30.17 | |||||||||
| Forfeited and Expired | (411,519 | ) | $ | 34.83 | |||||||||
| Outstanding — December 31, 2017 | 4,866,499 | $ | 31.73 | 5.87 | $ | 123,636 | |||||||
| Exercisable — December 31, 2017 | 3,068,227 | $ | 32.29 | 4.32 | $ | 76,245 | |||||||
| Exercisable and expected to vest — December 31, 2017 | 4,788,088 | $ | 31.69 | 5.82 | $ | 121,869 | |||||||
| Number of Shares | Weighted- Average Exercise Price | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding — December 31, 2020 | 2,000,383 | $ | 45.57 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Granted | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercised | (764,979) | $ | 44.96 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited and Expired | (30,984) | $ | 57.58 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding — December 31, 2021 | 1,204,420 | $ | 45.65 | 4.80 | $ | 137,830 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercisable — December 31, 2021 | 1,114,281 | $ | 43.07 | 4.61 | $ | 130,388 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercisable and expected to vest — December 31, 2021 | 1,203,705 | $ | 45.63 | 4.80 | $ | 137,771 | ||||||||||||||||||||
The following table summarizes information about outstanding stock options and warrants as of December 31, 2017:2021:
| Outstanding | Exercisable | |||||||||||||||
| Range of Exercise Prices | Total Number of Shares | Weighted- Average Remaining Life (Years) | Weighted- Average Exercise Price | Number of Shares | Weighted- Average Exercise Price | |||||||||||
| $18.04 - $23.02 | 1,642,309 | 5.96 | $ | 20.31 | 818,587 | $ | 20.78 | |||||||||
| $23.41 - $30.00 | 770,107 | 3.75 | $ | 28.16 | 734,811 | $ | 28.31 | |||||||||
| $31.60 - $32.33 | 408,375 | 4.66 | $ | 31.86 | 408,375 | $ | 31.86 | |||||||||
| $34.00 - $39.60 | 1,247,074 | 6.89 | $ | 37.56 | 481,722 | $ | 34.50 | |||||||||
| $42.59 - $54.81 | 798,634 | 6.76 | $ | 49.52 | 624,732 | $ | 50.64 | |||||||||
| 4,866,499 | 5.87 | $ | 31.73 | 3,068,227 | $ | 32.29 | ||||||||||
| Outstanding | Exercisable | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Range of Exercise Prices | Total Number of Shares | Weighted- Average Remaining Life (Years) | Weighted- Average Exercise Price | Number of Shares | Weighted- Average Exercise Price | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $19.85 - $25.00 | 305,650 | 4.14 | $ | 19.85 | 305,650 | $ | 19.85 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $25.01 - $35.00 | 137,384 | 0.88 | $ | 29.38 | 137,384 | $ | 29.38 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $35.01 - $45.00 | 249,596 | 5.20 | $ | 39.48 | 249,596 | $ | 39.48 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $45.01 - $65.00 | 81,565 | 2.79 | $ | 48.88 | 81,565 | $ | 48.88 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $65.01 - $75.00 | 192,415 | 6.14 | $ | 65.50 | 192,415 | $ | 65.50 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $75.01 - $80.00 | 237,810 | 7.12 | $ | 77.53 | 147,671 | $ | 77.53 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1,204,420 | 4.80 | $ | 45.65 | 1,114,281 | $ | 43.07 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Company recognized share-based compensation related to the vesting of stock options awarded to employees and officers of $7.2$2.6 million, $10.7$4.4 million and $14.5$9.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2021, 2020 and 2015,2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2017,2021, total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options granted to employees and officers was $7.8$0.2 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.830.17 years.
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| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
Restricted Stock and Stock Units
The following summarizes the Company’s activity in its restricted stock awards and stock units, which include restricted stock units, deferred stock units and performance stock units, for the year ended December 31, 2017:2021:
| Restricted Stock Awards | Stock Units | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number of Shares | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value | Number of Shares | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding — December 31, 2020 | 5,560 | $ | 64.74 | 904,445 | $ | 78.62 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Granted | 1,593 | $ | 156.54 | 499,227 | $ | 143.92 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Vested | (6,102) | $ | 72.89 | (404,862) | $ | 80.47 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited | — | $ | — | (82,903) | $ | 109.47 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding — December 31, 2021 | 1,051 | $ | 156.54 | 915,907 | (1) | $ | 110.61 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Expected to vest — December 31, 2021 | 1,051 | $ | 156.54 | 805,492 | $ | 114.94 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted Stock Awards | Stock Units | |||||||||||||
Number of Shares | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value | Number of Shares | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value | |||||||||||
| Nonvested — December 31, 2016 | 10,404 | $ | 35.85 | 982,253 | $ | 30.61 | ||||||||
| Granted | 18,700 | $ | 39.73 | 470,063 | $ | 40.10 | ||||||||
| Vested | (16,308 | ) | $ | 37.25 | (385,999 | ) | $ | 36.33 | ||||||
| Forfeited | — | $ | — | (109,194 | ) | $ | 31.92 | |||||||
| Nonvested — December 31, 2017 | 12,796 | $ | 39.73 | 957,123 | $ | 32.81 | ||||||||
| Expected to vest — December 31, 2017 | 12,796 | $ | 39.73 | 902,829 | $ | 32.52 | ||||||||
(1) Includes 72,442 vested and undistributed deferred stock units.
The Company grants restricted stock awards and deferred stock units to its directors and restricted stock units and performance stock units to its employees and officers and performance stock units to its officers. Restricted stock awards and stock units must vest or else are subject to forfeiture; however, restricted stock awards are included in our shares outstanding upon grant and have the same dividend and voting rights as ourthe Company’s common stock. The Company recognized $11.5$37.2 million, $8.9$25.1 million and $8.3$18.2 million of share-based compensation related to the vesting of these restricted stock awards restricted stock units, deferred stock units, and performance stock units during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2021, 2020 and 2015,2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2017,2021, total unrecognized compensation cost for restricted stock awards deferred stock units, restricted stock units and performance stock units was $13.0$51.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 1.941.92 years.
The Company also grants restricted stock units to its advisors and to financial institutions. The Company recognized share-based compensation of $7.3$2.3 million, $2.7$2.3 million and $2.5$3.0 million related to the vesting of these
awards during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2021, 2020 and 20152019, respectively. As of December 31, 2017,2021, total unrecognized compensation cost for restricted stock units granted to advisors and financial institutions was $6.4$5.0 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 1.682.15 years.
The Company established its Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) as a benefit to enable eligible employees to purchase common stock of LPLFH at a discount from the market price through payroll deductions, subject to limitations. The ESPP provides for a 15% discount on the market value of the stock at the lower of the grant date price (first day of the offering period) and the purchase date price (last day of the offering period). The Company recognized $2.0 million, $2.2 million and $1.8 million of share-based compensation related to the ESPP during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company’s 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan was replaced by its 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan in May 2021.
The Company maintains a non-qualified deferred compensation plan for the purpose of attracting and retaining advisors who operate, for tax purposes, as independent contractors, by providing an opportunity for participating advisors to defer receipt of a portion of their gross commissions generated primarily from commissions earned on the sale of various products. The deferred compensation plan has been fully funded to date by participant contributions. Plan assets are invested in mutual funds, which are held by the Company in a Rabbi Trust. The liability for benefits accrued under the non-qualified deferred compensation plan totaled $499.2 million and $372.4
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| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which is included in other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The cash value of the related trust assets was $482.5 million and $361.1 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which is measured at fair value and included in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition.
Certain employees of the Company participate in a non-qualified deferred compensation plan that permits participants to defer portions of their compensation and may receive a return based on the allocation of notional investments offered under the plan. Plan assets are held by the Company in a Rabbi Trust and accounted for in the manner described above. As of December 31, 2021, the Company has recorded assets of $17.1 million and liabilities of $17.1 million, which are included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated statements of financial condition. As of December 31, 2020 , the Company had recorded assets of $10.1 million and liabilities of $10.1 million.
NOTE 17 - EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The computation of diluted earnings per share is similar to the computation of basic earnings per share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential shares of common stock had been issued. The calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years noted was as follows (in thousands, except per share data):
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 238,863 | $ | 191,931 | $ | 168,784 | ||||||
| Basic weighted-average number of shares outstanding | 90,002 | 89,072 | 95,273 | |||||||||
| Dilutive common share equivalents | 2,113 | 941 | 1,513 | |||||||||
| Diluted weighted-average number of shares outstanding | 92,115 | 90,013 | 96,786 | |||||||||
| Basic earnings per share | $ | 2.65 | $ | 2.15 | $ | 1.77 | ||||||
| Diluted earnings per share | $ | 2.59 | $ | 2.13 | $ | 1.74 | ||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 459,866 | $ | 472,640 | $ | 559,880 | ||||||||||||||
| Basic weighted-average number of shares outstanding | 80,002 | 79,244 | 82,552 | |||||||||||||||||
| Dilutive common share equivalents | 1,740 | 1,458 | 2,072 | |||||||||||||||||
| Diluted weighted-average number of shares outstanding | 81,742 | 80,702 | 84,624 | |||||||||||||||||
| Basic earnings per share | $ | 5.75 | $ | 5.96 | $ | 6.78 | ||||||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per share | $ | 5.63 | $ | 5.86 | $ | 6.62 | ||||||||||||||
The computation of diluted earnings per share excludes stock options, warrants and stock units that are anti-dilutive. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2021, 2020 and 2015,2019, stock options, warrants and stock units representing common share equivalents of 1,909,288684 shares, 4,054,972376,598 shares and 2,223,886407,059 shares, respectively, were anti-dilutive.
The Company’s registered broker-dealer, LPL Financial, is subject to the SEC’s Net Capital Rule (Rule 15c3-1 under the Exchange Act), which requires the maintenance of minimum net capital, as defined. capital.Under the alternative method permitted by the rules, LPL Financial must maintain minimum net capital equal to the greater of $250,000 or 2% of aggregate debit items arising from client transactions. The net capital rules also provide that the broker-dealer'sbroker-dealer’s capital may not be withdrawn if the resulting net capital would be less than minimum requirements. Additionally, certain withdrawals require the approval of the SEC and FINRA to the extent they exceed defined levels, even though such withdrawals would not cause net capital to be less than minimum requirements. Net capital and the related net capital requirement may fluctuate on a daily basis. LPL Financial is a clearing broker-dealer and, as of December 31, 2017,2021, had net capital of $99.5$87.5 million, with awhich was $73.2 million in excess of its minimum net capital requirement of $7.8$14.3 million.
In April 2021, the Company acquired the Waddell & Reed broker-dealer. The Company'sWaddell & Reed broker-dealer was required to maintain net capital of $250,000, which represents the greater of 2% of its aggregate debits or the minimum net capital requirement of $250,000. In December 2021 the SEC and FINRA approved the Form BDW
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| LPL FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES | ||||||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||
filed by the Waddell & Reed broker-dealer, which terminated registration with FINRA, all other self-regulatory organizations, the SEC and all jurisdictions.
The Company’s subsidiary, PTC, also operates in a highly regulated industry and is subject to various regulatory capital requirements. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have substantial monetary and non-monetary impacts to PTC'son PTC’s operations.
As of December 31, 20172021 and 2016,2020, LPL Financial and PTC met all capital adequacy requirements to which they were subject.
LPL Financial Instrumentsmay offer repayable loans to recruit or support the transition of an advisor to its platform. LPL Financial also offers forgivable loans for similar purposes that may convert to repayable loans upon advisor termination. LPL Financial may incur losses if advisors do not fulfill their obligations with Off-Balance-Sheet Credit Riskrespect to these loans. To mitigate this risk, LPL Financial monitors the performance and Concentrationscreditworthiness of Credit Riskthe advisor prior to offering repayable loans.
LPL Financial’s client securities activities are transacted on either a cash or margin basis. In margin transactions, LPL Financial extends credit to the advisor'sadvisor’s client, subject to various regulatory and internal margin requirements, which is collateralized by cash and securities in the client’s account. As clients write options contracts or sell securities short, LPL Financial may incur losses if the clients do not fulfill their obligations and the collateral in the clients’ accounts is not sufficient to fully cover losses that clients may incur from these strategies. To control this risk, LPL Financial monitors margin levels daily and clients are required to deposit additional collateral, or reduce positions, when necessary.
LPL Financial is obligated to settle transactions with brokers and other financial institutions even if its advisors'advisors’ clients fail to meet their obligation to LPL Financial. Clients are required to complete their transactions on the settlement date, generally two business days after the trade date. If clients do not fulfill their contractual obligations, LPL Financial may incur losses. In addition, the Company occasionally enters into certain types of
contracts to fulfill its sale of when, as, and if issuedwhen-issued securities. When, as, and if issuedWhen-issued securities have been authorized but are contingent upon the actual issuance of the security. LPL Financial has established procedures to reduce this risk by generally requiring that clients deposit cash or securities into their account prior to placing an order.
LPL Financial may at times hold equity securities on both a long and short basis that are recorded on the consolidated statements of financial condition at market value. While long inventory positions represent LPL Financial’s ownership of securities, short inventory positions represent obligations of LPL Financial to deliver specified securities at a contracted price, which may differ from market prices prevailing at the time of completion of the transaction. Accordingly, both long and short inventory positions may result in losses or gains to LPL Financial as market values of securities fluctuate. To mitigate the risk of losses, long and short positions are marked-to-market daily and are continuously monitored by LPL Financial.
| 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||
First Quarter | Second Quarter | Third Quarter | Fourth Quarter | ||||||||||||
| Net revenues | $ | 1,035,427 | $ | 1,065,504 | $ | 1,064,108 | $ | 1,116,442 | |||||||
| Net income | $ | 48,189 | $ | 68,434 | $ | 58,142 | $ | 64,098 | |||||||
| Basic earnings per share | $ | 0.54 | $ | 0.76 | $ | 0.65 | $ | 0.71 | |||||||
| Diluted earnings per share | $ | 0.52 | $ | 0.74 | $ | 0.63 | $ | 0.69 | |||||||
| Dividends declared per share | $ | 0.25 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 0.25 | |||||||
| 2016 | |||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||
First Quarter | Second Quarter | Third Quarter | Fourth Quarter | ||||||||||||
| Net revenues | $ | 1,005,305 | $ | 1,019,181 | $ | 1,017,440 | $ | 1,007,457 | |||||||
| Net income | $ | 50,392 | $ | 47,849 | $ | 51,954 | $ | 41,736 | |||||||
| Basic earnings per share | $ | 0.57 | $ | 0.54 | $ | 0.58 | $ | 0.47 | |||||||
| Diluted earnings per share | $ | 0.56 | $ | 0.53 | $ | 0.58 | $ | 0.46 | |||||||
| Dividends declared per share | $ | 0.25 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 0.25 | $ | 0.25 | |||||||
On February 16, 2018,3, 2022, the Company announced that the Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.25 per share on the Company'sCompany’s outstanding common stock to be paid on March 23, 201829, 2022 to all stockholders of record on March 9, 2018.
102
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report were effective.
Change in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2021, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as the process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting process and the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Our internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of assets; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the directors of the Company; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
As of December 31, 2021, management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management has determined that our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 was effective.
Deloitte & Touche LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an audit report appearing on the following page on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021.
103
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of
LPL Financial Holdings Inc.
San Diego, California
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of LPL Financial Holdings Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021, of the Company and our report dated February 22, 2022, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying management's annual report on internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
San Diego, California
February 22, 2022
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Item 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Other than the information relating to our executive officers provided in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the information required to be furnished pursuant to this item is incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which the Company intends to file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year end to which this report relates.
Items 11, 12, 13 and14.
The information required by Items 11, 12, 13 and 14 is incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which the Company intends to file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year end to which this report relates.
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules
Our consolidated financial statements are included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Other financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, not material, or the information is otherwise included.
(b) Exhibits
| Exhibit No. | Description of Exhibit | ||||
| 3.1 | |||||
| 3.2 | |||||
| 3.3 | |||||
| 3.4 | |||||
| 4.1 | |||||
| 4.2 | |||||
| 4.3 | |||||
| 4.4 | |||||
| 10.1 | |||||
| 10.2 | |||||
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| Exhibit No. | Description of Exhibit | ||||
| 10.3 | |||||
| 10.4 | |||||
| 10.5 | |||||
| 10.6 | |||||
| 10.7 | |||||
| 10.8 | |||||
| 10.9 | |||||
| 10.10 | |||||
| 10.11 | |||||
| 10.12 | |||||
| 10.13 | |||||
| 10.14 | |||||
| 10.15 | |||||
| 10.16 | |||||
| 10.17 | |||||
| 10.18 | |||||
| 10.19 | |||||
| 10.20 | |||||
| 10.21 | |||||
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107
| Exhibit No. | Description of Exhibit | ||||
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema* | ||||
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation* | ||||
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition* | ||||
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label* | ||||
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation* | ||||
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) | ||||
___________________
| * | Filed herewith. | ||||
| ** | Furnished herewith. | ||||
| † | Pursuant to 17 C.F.R. §§230.406 and 230.83, the confidential portions of this exhibit have been omitted and are marked accordingly. | ||||
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| LPL Financial Holdings Inc. | ||||||||
| By: | /s/ Dan H. Arnold | |||||||
| Dan H. Arnold | ||||||||
| President and Chief Executive Officer | ||||||||
Dated: February 22, 2022
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Signature | Title | Date | |||||||||
| /s/ Dan H. Arnold | |||||||||||
| Dan H. Arnold | President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director (Principal Executive Officer) | February 22, 2022 | |||||||||
| /s/ Matthew J. Audette | |||||||||||
| Matthew J. Audette | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) | February 22, 2022 | |||||||||
| /s/ Brent B. Simonich | |||||||||||
| Brent B. Simonich | Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) | February 22, 2022 | |||||||||
| /s/ Edward Bernard | |||||||||||
| Edward Bernard | Director | February 22, 2022 | |||||||||
| /s/ Paulett Eberhart | |||||||||||
| Paulett Eberhart | Director | February 22, 2022 | |||||||||
| /s/ William F. Glavin Jr. | |||||||||||
| William F. Glavin Jr. | Director | February 22, 2022 | |||||||||
| /s/ Allison Mnookin | |||||||||||
| Allison Mnookin | Director | February 22, 2022 | |||||||||
| /s/ Anne M. Mulcahy | |||||||||||
| Anne M. Mulcahy | Director | February 22, 2022 | |||||||||
| /s/ James S. Putnam | |||||||||||
| James S. Putnam | Director | February 22, 2022 | |||||||||
| /s/ Richard P. Schifter | |||||||||||
| Richard P. Schifter | Director | February 22, 2022 | |||||||||
| /s/ Corey E. Thomas | |||||||||||
| Corey E. Thomas | Director | February 22, 2022 | |||||||||
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