PART I

CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K of Southwest Iowa Renewable Energy, LLC (the “Company,” “we,” or “us”) contains historical information, as well as forward-looking statements that involve known and unknown risks and relate to future events, our future financial performance, or our expected future operations and actions.  In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “future,” “intend,” “could,” “hope,” “predict,” “target,” “potential,” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions.  These forward-looking statements are only our predictions based on current information and involve numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties.  Our actual results or actions may differ materially from these forward-looking statements for many reasons, including the reasons described in this report.  While it is impossible to identify all such factors, factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those estimated by us include:

These forward-looking statements are based on management’s estimates, projections and assumptions as of the date hereof and include various assumptions that underlie such statements.  Any expectations based on these forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties and other important factors, including those discussed below and in the section titled "Risk Factors." Other risks and uncertainties are disclosed in our prior Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") filings. These and many other factors could affect our future financial condition and operating results and could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations set forth in the forward-looking statements made in this document or elsewhere by Company or on its behalf.  We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements.  The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K are included in the safe harbor protection provided by Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).

Item 1. Business.

The Company is an Iowa limited liability company located in Council Bluffs, Iowa, formed in March 2005. The Company is permitted to produce 140147 million gallons of ethanol.  We began producing ethanol in February 2009 and sell our ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil in the United States, Mexico and the Pacific Rim.

Our production facility (the “Facility”) is located in Pottawattamie County in southwestern Iowa, south of Council Bluffs. It is near two major interstate highways, I-29 and I-80, within a mile of the Missouri River and has access to five major rail carriers. This location is in close proximity to a significant amount of corn and has convenient product market access. The Facility receives corn and chemical deliveries primarily by truck and is able to utilize rail delivery if necessary.  Finished products are shipped by rail and truck.  The site has access to water from ground wells and from the Missouri River.  Additionally, in close proximity to the Facility are providers of our primary energy sources (natural gas and electricity), with two natural gas providers available, both with infrastructure immediately accessible to the Facility, and one electrical provider. 

Financial Information

Please refer to “Item 7-Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for information about our revenue, profit and loss measurements and total assets and liabilities, as they relate to our overall financial condition, results of operations, and material cash requirements, as well as “Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for our financial statements and supplementary data.

Operations

Throughout most of 2020 andDuring the first part of 2021, the Company, and the ethanol industry as a whole, experienced significant adverse conditions as a result of industry-wide record low ethanol prices due to reduced demand and high industry inventory levels, primarily attributable to the decrease in travel brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. These factors led usAt the beginning of our fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, ("Fiscal 2022"), the ethanol industry experienced a significant increase in ethanol prices due to elect to reduce ethanol production at our plant by approximately fifty percent in April 2020. During May and June 2020, we operated our plant at lower-than-normal ethanol production levels. In June 2020, however, we ramped up production to normal operating levels, and have thus far maintained operations at normal levels for all of 2021. Limiting ethanol production in 2020 also resulted in a corresponding decrease in distillers grains and corn oil productionincreased demand as the population of the United States began to go back to work after the pandemic, but supply remained low due to many ethanol companies reducing production of those co-products are directly correlated with ethanol production. 

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and pursuant to temporary regulatory relief issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), several ethanol plants and industrial chemical companies found ways to process ethanol into hand sanitizer for medical and consumer applications in early 2020. During our period of reduced production in 2020, the Company found several customers seeking ethanol in bulk for use in hand sanitizers; so the Company bottled "SIREtizer" hand sanitizer for local distribution. Given the economic conditions and the unprecedented decrease inor going completely idle. Ethanol prices remained at higher levels throughout Fiscal 2022, however the price and demand for blended gasoline, the Company was able to command a higher margin supplying ethanol for use in hand sanitizer products than for its conventional ethanol productof corn also increased during that time andperiod, reducing the Company produced and sold ethanol-based hand sanitizer as a new linerecord margins we experienced during the first quarter of business in the months of April and May. However, in June 2020, the FDA tightened the temporary regulatory language such that certain ethanol plants, including the Company, halted production and cancelled supply agreements for ethanol used in hand sanitizer.

Supply and Demand Impact

Although we continue to regularly monitor the financial health of companies in our supply chain, financial hardship on our suppliers or sub-suppliers caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and new or emerging variants could cause a disruption in our ability to obtain raw materials or components required to produce our products, adversely affecting our operations. Additionally, restrictions or disruptions of transportation, such as reduced availability of truck, rail or air transport, port closures and increased border controls or closures, may result in higher costs and delays, both on obtaining raw materials and shipping finished products to customers, which could harm our profitability, make our products less competitive, or cause our customers to seek alternative suppliers.Fiscal 2022.   

Paycheck Protection Program Loan

On April 14, 2020, the Company received $1.1 million under the new Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP Loan") legislation passed in response to the economic downturn triggered by COVID-19.COVID-19, and on January 28, 2021, the Company received an additional $1.1 million under Phase II of the PPP legislation (collectively the PPP Loans"). Our PPP Loan may be forgiven based upon various factors, including, without limitation, our payroll cost over an eight-to-twenty-four week period starting upon our receipt of the funds. Expenses for approved payroll costs, lease payments on agreements before February 15, 2020, and utility payments under agreements before February 1, 2020 and certain other specified costs can be paid with these funds and eligible for payment forgiveness by the federal government. At least 60% of the proceeds must be used for approved payroll costs, and no more than 40% on non-payroll expenses. PPP loan proceeds used by a borrower for the approved expense categories willhave generally bebeen fully forgiven by the lender if the borrower satisfies certain employee headcount and compensation requirements.  The Company has applied for forgiveness on the PPP loan from the Small Business Administration ("SBA") and as of December 18, 2021, is awaiting a response on our request. 

On January 28, 2021, the Company received an additional $1.1 million under Phase II of the PPP legislation (the "Second PPP Loan"). As in the original PPP loan, expenses for approved payroll costs, lease payments on agreements and utility payments under agreements and certain other specified costs can be paid with these funds and eligible for payment forgiveness by the federal government. At least 60% of the proceeds must be used for approved payroll costs, and no more than 40% for non-payroll expenses.  PPP loan proceeds used by a borrower for the approved expense categories will generally be forgiven by the lender if the borrower satisfies certain employee headcount and compensation requirements. The Company applied for forgiveness ofon its PPP Loans from the SecondSmall Business Administration ("SBA") and was notified on December 24, 2021 that the PPP LoanLoans had been forgiven in September of 2021.  As of December 18, 2021, we are still awaiting a responsefull. The gain on our request.the debt extinguishment was recorded in other income.   

Rail Access

We own a six-mile loop railroad track for rail service to our Facility, which accommodates several unit trains.  We are party to an Industrial Track Agreement with CBEC Railway, Inc. (the “Track Agreement “), which governs our use of the loop railroad and requires, among other things, that we maintain the loop track.

On March 24, 2019, the Company entered into an amendment to the Amended and Restated Railcar Lease Agreement (“Railcar Agreement”) with Bunge North America, Inc. (“Bunge”), for the lease of 323 ethanol cars and 111 hopper cars which are used for the delivery and marketing of our ethanol and distillers grains. Bunge was a related party until December 31, 2019. Pursuant to the terms of the Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the "Bunge Repurchase Agreement") effective December 31, 2019, the Company repurchased the 3,334 Series B membership units owned by Bunge.

The Railcar Agreement was amended to 110 hopper cars effective November 2019 and effective July 17, 2020, Bunge sold their tankers to Trinity Leasing. Trinity Leasing entered into a lease agreement with the Company which incorporates the terms of the original Bunge Railcar Agreement but reduced the ethanol car level to 320 ethanol cars. Under the Railcar Agreement, the original DOT111 tank cars are leased over a four-year term from March 24, 2019 to April 30, 2023, with the ability to start returning cars after January 1, 2023 to conform to the requirement for DOT117 tank cars with enhanced safety specifications which is scheduled to be effective in May 2023. The 110 hopper cars are leased over a three-year term running from March 24, 2019 to March 31, 2022 which term will continuecontinued on a month-to-month basis thereafter. The amendmentsWe were notified during Fiscal 2022 that Bunge required us to return the Railcar Agreement lowered the cost for the110 hoppers by November 1, 2022. As of November 7, 2022 all hoppers have been returned to Bunge. As of September 30, 2022, we had secured 35 hoppers in leases by approximately 20% as compared to the prior lease terms. Pursuant to the termsthat began September 1, 2022 and run through August of a side letter to the Railcar Agreement, we sublease cars to other companies from time to time when the cars are not needed in our operations. We work with the lessor to determine the most economic use of the available ethanol and hopper cars in light of then-current market conditions.2027.  In February 2019, we entered into a second 36-month lease for an additional 30 tank cars from Trinity Leasing, which lease runsran through January 2022 and is month-to-month thereafter, and in June 2021 we leased an additional 70 tank cars from Trinity Leasing, which lease runs through April 2023. 

Employees

Our employees are the cornerstone of the Company's operations. We had 6268 full time employees, as of September 30, 2021.2022.  We are not subject to any collective bargaining agreements and we have not experienced any work stoppages.  Our management considers our employee relationships to be favorable. We employ individuals in the local region around our one facility, though we have attracted talent from across the country as needed to fill our roles which require technical or professional backgrounds. We compete for employees with competitive wages and benefits. Employee safety remains our top priority and the Company develops and administers company-wide policies to ensure the safety of each team member and compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards.  This includes routine safety training, and assessments as well as annual safety audits. 

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic we have taken proactive action to protect the health and safety of our employees, customers, partners and suppliers. We enacted appropriate safety measures, including implementing social distancing protocols, staggered schedules and shifts, as appropriate, and frequently disinfecting our workspaces. We expect to continue to implement health and safety measures for the health of our employees and our business, and we may take further action as government authorities require or recommend or as we determine to be in the best interests of our employees, customers, partners and suppliers.

Principal Products

The principal products we produce are ethanol, distillers grains, distillers corn oil, and carbon dioxide ("CO2").

Ethanol

Our primary product is ethanol. Ethanol is ethyl alcohol, a fuel component made primarily from corn and various other grains, which can be used as: (i) an octane enhancer in fuels; (ii) an oxygenated fuel additive for the purpose of reducing ozone and carbon monoxide vehicle emissions; and (iii) a non-petroleum-based gasoline substitute.  More than 99% of all ethanol produced in the United States is used in its primary form for blending with unleaded gasoline and other fuel products.  The principal purchasers of ethanol are generally wholesale gasoline marketers or blenders.  Ethanol is shipped by truck in the local markets, and by rail in the regional, national and international markets.

We produced 129.8121.9 million and 117.8129.8 million gallons of ethanol for Fiscal 2022 and the fiscal yearsyear ended  September 30, 2021 ("(“Fiscal 2021") and September 30, 2020 (“Fiscal 2020”), respectively, and approximately 75% and 74.3% of our revenue was derived from the sale of ethanol in Fiscal 20212022 and Fiscal 2020, respectively.2021. The increasedecrease in gallons produced, and our revenues from ethanol sales during Fiscal 2021,2022, resulted from additional maintenance time that was derived fromneeded to repair various items within the start of the emergence from the COVID pandemic and the increased usage of liquid fuels compared to 2020.

plant. 

Distillers Grain

The principal co-product of the ethanol production process is distillers grains, a high protein, high-energy animal feed marketed primarily to the beef and dairy industries.  Distillers grains contain by-pass protein that is superior to other protein supplements such as cottonseed meal and soybean meal.  We produce two forms of distillers grains: wet distillers grains with solubles (“WDGS”) and dried distillers grains with solubles (“DDGS”).  WDGS are processed corn mash that has been dried to approximately 50% to 65% moisture.  WDGS have a shelf life of approximately seven days and are sold to local markets.  DDGS are processed corn mash that has been dried to approximately 10% to 12% moisture.  It has a longer shelf life and may be sold and shipped to any market.

In Fiscal 2021,2022, we sold 3.2% greater2% less tons of distillers grains compared to Fiscal 2020.2021. Approximately 18.3%16.3% and 20%18.3% of our revenue was derived from the sale of distillers grains in Fiscal 20212022 and Fiscal 2020,2021, respectively. The increasedecrease in distillers grains produced and sold during Fiscal 20212022 resulted principally from markets and transportation returningthe plant operating fewer hours in Fiscal 2022 than Fiscal 2021 due to normal levels after the dramatic declines in 2020.increased plant maintenance time during Fiscal 2022. 

Corn Oil

Our system separates corn oil from the post-fermentation syrup stream as it leaves the evaporators of the ethanol plant. The corn oil is then routed to storage tanks, and the remaining concentrated syrup is routed to the plant’s syrup tank. Corn oil can be marketed as either a feed additive or a biodiesel feedstock.  We sold 6.3%10.7% greater tons of corn oil in Fiscal 20212022 than in Fiscal 2020,2021, with approximately 6.3%8% and 5.0%6.3% of our revenue generated from corn oil sales, respectively.

Carbon Dioxide

In April 2013, we entered into a Carbon Dioxide Purchase and Sale Agreement (the “CO2 Agreement”) with Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., formerly known as EPCO Carbon Dioxide Products, Inc. ("Air Products") under which we agreed to supply, and Air Products agreed to purchase, a portion of raw CO2 gas produced by our facility. In addition, we entered into a Non-Exclusive CO2 Facility Site Lease Agreement under which we granted Air Products a non-exclusive right of entry and license to construct, maintain and operate a carbon dioxide liquefaction plant (the “CO2 Plant”) on a site near our facility. The term of the CO2 Agreement runs for ten (10) years from the startup of the CO2 Plant (the “Initial Term”) and then renews automatically for two (2) additional five (5) year periods thereafter, unless written notice of termination is submitted within six (6) months prior to the end of the then-current term.

Air Products pays us a base price per ton, which acts as a floor price, Air Products will pay us an additional amount based on Air Products profits above a minimum targeted margin. The CO2 Agreement also contains a take or pay obligation pursuant to which Air Products agrees to pay us for a minimum number of tons each year. CO2 was 0.3%0.2% of our revenue for Fiscal 20212022 and 0.4%0.3% in Fiscal 2020.2021.

Principal Product Markets

As described below in “Distribution Methods,” we market and distribute all of our denatured ethanol through Bunge pursuant to the terms of the Restatedan Ethanol Agreement effective January 1, 2020.  Distiller2020, and we market and distribute all of our distiller grains were handled through Bunge during the first half of fiscal year 2020 pursuant to the terms of the Amended and Restated Distiller’s Grain Purchase Agreement dated December 5, 2014 (the "DG Purchase Agreement"). The DG Purchase Agreement expired December 31, 2019; however, as part of the Bunge Repurchase Agreement, Bunge agreed to provide transition services until March 31, 2020 for all duties and responsibilities under the original DG Purchase Agreement. The Company is now responsible for all duties and responsibilities previously performed by Bunge under the DG Purchase Agreement.corn oil ourselves. 

Our ethanol, distillers grains and distillers corn oil are primarily sold in the domestic market; however, as markets allow, our products can be, and have been, sold in the export markets. We explore all markets for our distillers grains and corn oil products, and we expect Bunge to explore all markets for our ethanol, including export markets. We believe that there is some potential for increased international sales of our products; however, due to high transportation costs, and the fact that we are not located near a major international shipping port, we expect a majority of our products to continue to be marketed and sold domestically.

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (the "EIA"), in the first nineeight months of 2021,2022, ethanol exports decreased 10%increased 27% as compared to the first nineeight months of 2020,2021, and 21%15% as compared to the first nineeight months of 2019.2020. This puts exports at their lowest pointhighest level for this period in five years. Canadasince 2018.Canada remains the country importing  the largest percentage of ethanol produced in the United States. South Korea has become the second largest export market for ethanol produced in the United States, while India remains close behind as the third largest destination of U.S. ethanol exports. Exports of the U.S. ethanol to these three countries constitute roughly 55%52% of all U.S. ethanol exports. ChinaThe Netherlands and PeruBrazil represent the remaining countries in the top 5 for destinations for U.S. ethanol exports in the first nineeight months of 2021.

Brazil moved from second place to seventh place, as tariffs implemented by Brazil on U.S. ethanol imports have significantly reduced Brazilian demand. Brazilian demand fell in recent years due to the impact of tariffs on U.S. ethanol imports. The effect of the tariff has been exacerbated by the expiration of a rate tariff quota that previously allowed 750 million liters of ethanol annually to be shipped into Brazil before the tariff applied. This has made ethanol imports more expensive than domestically produced Brazilian ethanol. Despite exports to Brazil being at a decade low, the U.S. Department of Agriculture ("USDA") anticipates that there may be significant gains in this market during Fiscal 2022 due to the Brazilian drought and frost damage that lowered sugarcane yields and raised sugar prices, exacerbated by ongoing fuel recovery demand. 

The increase in Chinese imports of ethanol produced in the United States appears to be primarily attributable to a weak crush margin for Chinese producers coupled with Chinese demand rebounding to near 2019 levels. Although Chinese biofuel and trade policy remains uncertain, and import levels have significantly decreased in the latter half of Fiscal 2021, the resurgence of the Chinese market may signal additional export opportunities in the future as Chinese biofuels and carbon- reduction policies are explored. 2022.

Ethanol export demand is more unpredictable than domestic demand, and tends to fluctuate over time as it is subject to monetary and political forces in other nations. For instance, a strong U.S. Dollar is an example of a force that may negatively impact ethanol exports from the United States. In addition, the Chinese and Brazil tariffs have had, and likely will continue to have, a negative impact on the export market demand and prices for ethanol produced in the United States. There is also potential for the imposition of tariffs by other countries in addition to Brazil and China due to trade disputes with the United States which could reduce the overall export demand and therefore could have a negative impact on ethanol prices.

Distillers grains have become more accepted as animal feed throughout the world and therefore, distillers grains exports have increased and may continue to increase as worldwide acceptance grows. According to the Renewable Fuels Association (the "RFA"), U.S. distillers grains annual exports through September 30, 20212022 were approximately 5%1% higher than distillers grains exports for the same nine month period last year. Mexico, South Korea Vietnam, Indonesia, and TurkeyVietnam are now the top destinations for U.S. distillers grains exports with Canada significantly trimming its imports in 2020 and 2021. grains.

We market and distribute all of the corn oil we produce directly to end users or middlemen within the domestic market. Corn oil can be used as the feedstock to produce biodiesel, as a feed ingredient and has other industrial uses.

Distribution Methods

On December 5, 2014, theThe Company entered intois a party to an Amended and Restated Ethanol Purchase Agreement effective January 1, 2020 with Bunge which was further amended and restated on October 23, 2017 to include specific provisions for loading and shipment of ethanol by truck (the “Ethanol Agreement”). Under the Ethanol Agreement, the Company agreed to sellsells Bunge all of thedenatured ethanol produced by the Company, and Bunge agreed to purchasepurchases the same.  The Company paid Bunge a percentage fee for ethanol sold by Bunge, subject to a minimum and maximum annual fee.  The initial term of the Ethanol Agreement expired on December 31, 2019. As part of the Bunge Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the "Bunge Repurchase Agreement"), the parties entered into a restated Ethanol Agreement effective January 1, 2020 (the "Restated Ethanol Agreement") which provides that the Company will paypays Bunge a flat monthly marketing fee.fee for its services under the Ethanol Agreement. The term of the Restated Ethanol Agreement expires on December 31, 2026.

We were a party to a Distillers Grain Purchase Agreement, as amended (“DG Agreement”) with Bunge, under which Bunge was obligated to purchase from us and we were obligated to sell to Bunge all distillers grains produced at our Facility. Under the DG Agreement, Bunge paid us a purchase price equal to the sales price minus the marketing fee and transportation costs.  The sales price was the price received by Bunge in a contract consistent with the DG Marketing Policy or the spot price agreed to between Bunge and the Company. Bunge received a marketing fee consisting of a percentage of the net sales price, subject to a minimum and maximum amount. Net sales price is the sales price less the transportation costs and rail lease charges.  The transportation costs were all freight charges, fuel surcharges, and other access charges applicable to delivery of distillers grains.  The initial term of the DG Agreement expired on December 31, 2019; however, as part of the Bunge Repurchase Agreement, Bunge agreed to provide transition services until March 31, 2020 for all duties and responsibilities of the DG Purchase Agreement. The Company is now responsible for all duties and responsibilities previously performed by Bunge under the DG Purchase Agreement. 

Rail lease charges are the monthly lease payment for rail cars along with all administrative and tax filing fees for such leased rail cars.

We market and distribute all of the distillers corn oil we produce directly to our buyers within the domestic market. 

Raw Materials

Corn Requirements

The principal raw material necessary to produce ethanol, distillers grain and corn oil is corn. We are significantly dependent on the availability and price of corn which are affected by supply and demand factors such as crop production, carryout, exports, government policies and programs, risk management and weather.  With the volatility of the weather and commodity markets, we cannot predict the future price of corn. Because the market price of ethanol is not directly related to corn prices, we, like most ethanol producers, are not able to compensate for increases in the cost of corn through adjustments in our prices for our ethanol although we do see increases in the prices of our distillers grain during times of higher corn prices. However, given that ethanol sales comprise a majority of our revenues, our inability to adjust our ethanol prices can result in a negative impact on our profitability during periods of high corn prices.

High corn prices have a negative effect on our operating margins unless the price of ethanol and distillers grains out paces rising corn prices. During Fiscal 2021,2022, corn prices were higher compared to Fiscal 2020.2021. Overall corn acres planted in 20212022 were up 3%down 3.3% over 20202021 and the nationwide yield was 3% higher2.4% lower than in 20202021 as well. We benefitted from what we believeDrought conditions varied widely across Iowa and Nebraska which has resulted in lower bushels received during the 2022 harvest compared to be record yields in our local western Iowa region allowing our Facility to acquire the corn we need to continue to run at full operating level rates throughout the winter months of Fiscal 2022.2021 harvest.

Our management expects that corn prices will remain steady or move slightly higher through the first two quarters of our fiscal year ending September 30, 2023 ("Fiscal 20222023") due to the beneficial forecasts for corn demand fromexpected yield reductions that are forecasted by the USDA.United States Department of Agriculture (the "USDA"). If corn prices rise similarcontinue to be at the record priceshigher price levels seen in 2021 however,and 2022, it would have an adverse impact on our operating margins unless the prices we receive for our ethanol and distillers grains are able to outpace the risinghigher corn prices. Management continually monitors corn prices and the availability of corn near the Facility and also continually attempts to minimize the effects of the volatility of corn costs on profitability through its risk management strategies, including hedging positions taken in the corn market.

Our Facility would need approximately 48.3 million bushels of corn annually, to produce 140 million gallons of ethanol, or approximately 132,300 bushels per day.  During Fiscal 20212022 we purchased 13.1% more8.5% less corn compared to Fiscal 2020,2021, which was obtained entirely from local markets. The Company and Bunge were also parties to an Amended and Restated Grain Feedstock Agency Agreement (the “Agency Agreement”).  The Agency Agreement provided that Bunge procureis responsible for procuring the corn necessary for the Company and the Company pay Bunge a per bushel fee, subject to a minimum and maximum annual fee.  The initial termoperation of the Agency Agreement expired on December 31, 2019; however, as part of the Bunge Repurchase Agreement, Bunge agreed to provide transition services until March 31, 2020 for all duties and responsibilities of the Agency Agreement. The Company is now responsible for all duties and responsibilities previously performed by Bunge under the Agency Agreement.Facility. 

Energy Requirements

The production of ethanol is an energy intensive process which uses significant amounts of electricity and steam or natural gas as a heat source.  Presently, about21,000 to 22,000 MMBTUs of energy are required to produce a gallon of ethanol.  It is our goal to operate the plant as safely and profitably as possible, optimizing the amount of energy consumed per gallon of ethanol produced, balanced with the relative values of WDGS as compared to DDGS.  

In September 2019, the Company went on line with the Whitefox Integrated Cartridge Efficiency (ICE) system to push towards more efficient operations in our plant. This technology benefits the plant through energy reduction, purity flexibility and debottlenecking of the distillation and dehydration processes. Energy efficiency improved by approximately 1,000 BTU's per gallon of ethanol produced, which results in steam savings and carbon emission reductions In April 2020, the Company implemented Bioleap's Dryer Exhaust Energy Recovers ("DEER"). The DEER system reduces the steam load on the boilers, providing immediate energy savings and freeing up capacity on the current boiler system. The change in the source blend for steam from approximately 95% natural gas and 5% steam in Fiscal 2020 to 100% natural gas and 0% steam in Fiscal 2021 impacted the energy costs for the Company due to the lower cost of natural gas as compared to steam which benefits were partially offset as the natural gas boilers are less efficient than the steam line.

Steam

We are party to a Steam Service Contract (“Steam Contract”) with MidAmerican Energy Company (“MidAm”), under which MidAm agreed to provide up to 475,000 pounds of steam per hour. The Steam Contract links our net energy rates and charges for steam to certain specified energy indexes, subject to certain minimum and maximum rates. The Steam Contract expires in November 2024. During Fiscal 2021,2022, we did not purchase any steam from MidAm and steam availability from MidAm continues to be volatile as a result of MidAm’s increased utilization of wind energy, rather than coal, since Fiscal 2017.

Natural Gas

Natural gas accounted for approximately 66.3%67.7% of our energy usage (natural gas and electricity) in Fiscal 2021,2022, compared to 57.7%66.3% in Fiscal 2020.2021. The increase in our natural gas usage was due to decreased steam availability and certain minimum payment obligations specified in our contract with MidAm. We have two natural gas boilers for use when our steam service is unavailable. Natural gas is also needed for incidental purposes.  We entered into a natural gas supply agreement with Encore Energy in April of 2012 to fulfill our natural gas needs at the Gas Daily Midpoint pricing.  

Electricity

Our Facility requires a large continuous supply of electrical energy.  In Fiscal 20212022 we used approximately 4.9% less1.4% more electricity compared to Fiscal 2020. This2021. The slight increase was primarily due to our various energy saving projects that were completed in 2019 and 2020. high usage at peak times.The Company continues to explore technology improvements that reduce the amount of electricity we use.use and automating the timing of turning on equipment that requires large electrical loads.

Water

We require a supply of water typical for the industry for our production process.  Our primary water source comes from the underground Missouri River aquifer via our three onsite wells. The majority of the water used in an ethanol plant is recycled back into the plant.  All our ground water is treated through our onsite water oxidation system.  This filtered water is used throughout our process.  We do treat (polish) some of this filtered water for boiler and cooling tower make-up with our Reverse Osmosis (RO) system to minimize any elements that will harm the boiler and steam systems as permitted.  We send some of our non-process contact water back to the Missouri River.  The makeup water requirements for the cooling tower are primarily a result of evaporation and cooling.  We also evaporate much of our water through our dryer system for dried corn distillers grains.  The rest of our process water is recycled back into the plant, which minimizes waste of our water supply.  

Patents, Trademarks, Licenses, Franchises and Concessions

SIRE^® and our SIRE^® logo are registered trademarks of the Company in the United States. Other trademarks, service marks and trade names used in this report constitute common law trademarks and/or service marks of the Company. Other parties’ marks referred to in this report are the property of their respective owners. We were granted a perpetual license by ICM, Inc. (“ICM”) to use certain ethanol production technology necessary to operate our Facility.  There is no ongoing fee or definitive calendar term for this license.

Seasonality of Sales

We experience some seasonality of demand for our ethanol. Since ethanol is predominantly blended with conventional gasoline for use in automobiles, ethanol demand tends to shift in relation to gasoline demand. As a result, we experience some seasonality of demand for ethanol in the summer months related to increased driving. In addition, we experience some increased ethanol demand during holiday seasons related to increased gasoline demand.

Risk Management and Hedging Transactions

The profitability of our operations is highly dependent on the impact of market fluctuations associated with commodity prices.  We use various derivative instruments as part of an overall strategy to manage market risk and to reduce the risk that our ethanol production will become unprofitable when market prices among our principal commodities and products do not correlate.  In order to mitigate our commodity and product price risks, we enter into hedging transactions, including forward corn, ethanol, distillers grain and natural gas contracts, in an attempt to partially offset the effects of price volatility for corn and ethanol.  We also enter into over-the-counter and exchange-traded futures and option contracts for corn, ethanol and distillers grains, designed to limit our exposure to increases in the price of corn and manage ethanol price fluctuations.  Although we believe that our hedging strategies can reduce the risk of price fluctuations, the financial statement impact of these activities depends upon, among other things, the prices involved and our ability to physically receive or deliver the commodities involved.  Our hedging activities could cause net income to be volatile from quarter to quarter due to the timing of the change in value of the derivative instruments relative to the cost and use of the commodity being hedged.  As corn and ethanol prices move in reaction to market trends and information, our income statement will be affected depending on the impact such market movements have on the value of our derivative instruments.

Hedging arrangements expose us to the risk of financial loss in situations where the counterparty to the hedging contract defaults or, in the case of exchange-traded contracts, where there is a change in the expected differential between the price of the commodity underlying the hedging agreement and the actual prices paid or received by us for the physical commodity bought or sold.  There are also situations where the hedging transactions themselves may result in losses, as when a position is purchased in a declining market or a position is sold in a rising market. Hedging losses may be offset by a decreased cash price for corn and natural gas and an increased cash price for ethanol and distillers grains.

We continually monitor and manage our commodity risk exposure and our hedging transactions as part of our overall risk management policy.  As a result, we may vary the amount of hedging or other risk mitigation strategies we undertake, and we may choose not to engage in hedging transactions.  Our ability to hedge is always subject to our liquidity and available capital.

Dependence on One or a Few Major Customers

As discussed above, we have a marketing and agency agreementsagreement with Bunge for the purpose of marketing and distributing our denatured ethanol product.   Currently, we do not have the ability to market our ethanol internally should Bunge be unable or refuse to market our ethanol at acceptable prices. However, we anticipate that we would be able to very quickly secure competitive marketers should we need to replace Bunge for any reason.

In Fiscal 2021,2022, Bunge constituted 74%65.7% of total revenues, compared to almost 83%74% of revenue in Fiscal 2020.2021.

Competition

Domestic Ethanol Competitors

The ethanol we produce is similar to ethanol produced by other domestic plants.  At the end of 2020,2021, the Renewable Fuels Association ("RFA") estimated that there were 208 installed ethanol production facilities in the United States with a total capacity of 17.417.7 billion gallons based on nameplate capacity and 165 additional plants under expansion or construction. In Fiscal 20212022 we have seen a rebound in the ethanol margin environment that shows a substantial improvement from the decade lows experienced in 2020. As a result, competing plants have come back on line or otherwise resumed operations and expansion has resumed within the industry, primarily in North Dakota. While it is important to note that 2020 was an atypical year as transportation fuel demand was severely reduced because of COVID-19 restrictions and lockdowns, there is renewed optimism in the market as ethanol commodity prices have pushed through the $2.00/ gallon mark, a feat last accomplished in 2014. In recent weeks, margins have hit the highest marks since December 2014, according to data from Iowa State University. 

Since ethanol is a commodity product, competition in the industry is predominately based on price. The top five producers account for almost half of domestic production. We are in direct competition with many of these top five producers as well as other national producers, many of whom have greater resources and experience than we have and each of which is producing significantly more ethanol than we produce. In addition, we believe that the ethanol industry will continue to consolidate leading to a market where a small number of large ethanol producers with substantial production capacities will control an even larger portion of the U.S. ethanol production. In recent years, the ethanol industry has also seen increased competition from oil companies that have purchased ethanol production facilities. These oil companies are required to blend a certain amount of ethanol each year.

We may be at a competitive disadvantage compared to our larger competitors and the oil companies who are capable of producing a significantly greater amount of ethanol, have multiple ethanol plants that may help them achieve certain efficiencies and other benefits that we cannot achieve with one ethanol plant or are able to operate at times when it is unprofitable for us to operate. For instance, ethanol producers that own multiple plants may be able to compete in the marketplace more effectively, especially during periods when operating margins are unfavorable, because they have the flexibility to run certain production facilities while reducing production or shutting down production at other facilities. These large producers may also be able to realize economies of scale which we are unable to realize or they may have better negotiating positions with purchasers.  Further, new products or methods of ethanol production developed by larger and better-financed competitors could create competitive advantages over us.

Foreign Ethanol Competitors

In recent years, the ethanol industry has experienced increased competition from international suppliers of ethanol and although ethanol imports have decreased during the past few years, if competition from ethanol imports were to increase again, such increased imports could negatively impact demand for domestic ethanol which could adversely impact our financial results. Large international companies with much greater resources than ours have developed, or are developing, increased foreign ethanol production capacities.

Many international suppliers produce ethanol primarily from inputs other than corn, such as sugarcane, and have cost structures that may be substantially lower than U.S. based ethanol producers including us. Many of these international suppliers are companies with much greater resources than us with greater production capacities.

Brazil is the world’s second largest ethanol producer. Brazil makes ethanol primarily from sugarcane as opposed to corn, and depending on feedstock prices, may be less expensive to produce. Brazilian imports account for less than 1% of U.S. ethanol consumed. Many in the ethanol industry are concerned that certain provisions of the Renewable Fuel Standard (the "RFS") as adopted may disproportionately benefit ethanol produced from sugarcane. This could make sugarcane based ethanol, which is primarily produced in Brazil, more competitive in the United States ethanol market. If this were to occur, it could reduce demand for the ethanol that we produce. In recent years, sugarcane ethanol imported from Brazil has been one of the most economical means for certain obligated parties to comply with the RFS requirement to blend 5 billion gallons of advanced biofuels. U.S. imports of ethanol produced in Brazil are down significantly (approximately 52%)flat through the first nineeight months of 20212022 compared to the same period in 2020, however, no2021. During 2021, U.S. ethanol imports declined due to lower production and higher prices of Brazilian ethanol, was imported during the first five monthsdeclining prices of 2021.California Low Carbon Fuel Standard credits, and volatile RFS credit price dynamics. Per the RFA, virtually all imports of fuel ethanol in 20202021 entered the United States in California, where they can take advantage of the state's Low Carbon Fuel Standard and get premium values for "advanced biofuel" RFS credits.  

Depending on feedstock prices, ethanol imported from foreign countries, including Brazil, may be less expensive than domestically-produced ethanol.  However, foreign demand, transportation costs and infrastructure constraints may temper the market impact on the United States.

Local Ethanol Production

Because we are located on the border of Iowa and Nebraska, and because ethanol producers generally compete primarily with local and regional producers, the ethanol producers located in Iowa and Nebraska presently constitute our primary competition.  According to the RFA, Iowa had 43 operating ethanol refineries in production, with a combined nameplate capacity to produce 4.64.7 billion gallons of ethanol.  For Nebraska, the RFA reports there are currently 26 existing ethanol plants in production in Nebraska, with a combined ethanol nameplate production capacity of approximately 2.32.4 billion gallons. Given the recent highs in ethanol margins, and the favorable growing season for corn in the region, local competition continues to strengthen following the downturn in 2020 caused primarily by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Competition from Alternative Renewable Fuels

Many of the current ethanol production incentives are designed to encourage the production of renewable fuels using raw materials other than corn, including cellulose. Cellulose is the main component of plant cell walls and is the most common organic compound on earth. Cellulose is found in wood chips, corn stalks, rice straw, amongst other common plants. Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol produced from cellulose. Research continues regarding cellulosic ethanol, and various companies are in various stages of developing and constructing some of the first generation cellulosic plants. Several companies have commenced pilot projects to study the feasibility of commercially producing cellulosic ethanol and are producing cellulosic ethanol on a small scale and, at a few companies in the United States have begun producing on a commercial scale. Additional commercial scale cellulosic ethanol plants could be completed in the near future, although these cellulosic ethanol plants have continued to face financial and technological issues. If this technology can be profitably employed on a commercial scale, it could potentially lead to ethanol that is less expensive to produce than corn based ethanol. Cellulosic ethanol may also capture more government subsidies and assistance than corn based ethanol. This could decrease demand for our product or result in competitive disadvantages for our ethanol production process.

 Because our Facility is designed as a single-feedstock facility, we have limited ability to adapt the plant to a different feedstock or process system without additional capital investment and retooling.

A number of automotive, industrial and power generation manufacturers are developing alternative clean power systems using fuel cells, plug-in hybrids, electric cars or clean burning gaseous fuels. Like ethanol, the emerging fuel cell and electric-powered vehicle industries offer technological options to address worldwide energy costs, the long-term availability of petroleum reserves and environmental concerns. Fuel cells have emerged as a potential alternative to certain existing power sources because of their higher efficiency, reduced noise and lower emissions. Fuel cell industry participants are currently targeting the transportation, stationary power and portable power markets in order to decrease fuel costs, lessen dependence on crude oil and reduce harmful emissions. The same can be said of electric-powered vehicles. If the fuel cell industry continues to expand and gain broad acceptance and becomes readily available to consumers for motor vehicle use, we may not be able to compete effectively. Likewise, participants in the emerging electric-powered vehicle industry are currently targeting the transportation market to decrease dependence on crude oil and reduce harmful emissions. If the electric-powered vehicle industry continues to expand and gain broad acceptance, the ethanol and larger gasoline industry may not be able to compete effectively. This additional competition could reduce the demand for ethanol, which would negatively impact our profitability.

Distillers Grain Competition

Ethanol plants in the Midwest produce the majority of distillers grains and primarily compete with other ethanol producers in the production and sales of distillers grains. According to the RFA 20212022 Ethanol Outlook (the "RFA 20212022 Outlook"), ethanol plants produced almost 33.135.4 million metric tons of distillers grains and other animal feed in 20202021 and 3.33.8 billion pounds of distillers corn oil.  We compete with other producers of distillers grains products both locally and nationally.

The primary customers of distillers grains are dairy and beef cattle, according to the RFA 20212022 Outlook, which comprises 78%74% of distiller grains consumption. In recent years, an increasing amount of distillers grains have been used in the swine, poultry and fish markets. Numerous feeding trials show advantages in milk production, growth, rumen health, and palatability over other dairy cattle feeds. With the advancement of research into the feeding rations of poultry and swine, we expect these markets to expand and create additional demand for distillers grains; however, no assurance can be given that these markets will in fact expand, or if they do, that we will benefit from such expansion.

The market for distillers grains is generally confined to locations where freight costs allow it to be competitively priced against other feed ingredients. Distillers grains compete with three other feed formulations: corn gluten feed, dry brewers grain and mill feeds. The primary value of these products as animal feed is their protein content. Dry brewers grain and distillers grains have about the same protein content, and corn gluten feed and mill feeds have slightly lower protein contents. Distillers grains contain nutrients, fat content, and fiber that we believe will differentiate our distillers grains products from other feed formulations. However, producers of other forms of animal feed may also have greater experience and resources than we do and their products may have greater acceptance among producers of beef and dairy cattle, poultry and hogs.

Principal Supply & Demand Factors

Ethanol

Ethanol prices increased dramatically during Fiscal 20212022 , reaching heights not seen since 2014 as the rebounding demand for blended gasoline and decreased supply following slow-downs in production during Fiscal 2020 caused prices to rise. In the first quarter of Fiscal 2021 theThe average price ofreceived for a gallon of ethanol sold for $1.30 and by the fourth quarter ofaveraged $2.41 in Fiscal 2021, the price had increased2022 compared to $2.15.$1.76 in Fiscal 2021. The same price increases were also experienced with the inputs where the price of corn increased from $4.45an average of $5.47 a bushel in the first quarter of Fiscal 2021 to $6.78an average of $6.43 a bushel in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021.2022. 

Management currently expects ethanol prices will continue to adjust to the supply and demand factors of ethanol and oil and will generally fluctuate with, but not be directly correlated to, the price of corn.  

Management believes the industry will need to align the retail product delivery infrastructure and demand for ethanol in order to increase production margins in the near and long term. The supply and demand in the industry remain in relative balance at current production values.

Management also believes it is important that ethanol blending capabilities of the gasoline market be expanded to increase demand for ethanol.  Recently, there has been increased awareness of the need to expand retail ethanol distribution and blending infrastructure, which would allow the ethanol industry to supply ethanol to markets in the United States that are not currently selling significant amounts of ethanol. On June 1, 2019, President Trump initiated rulemaking to expand fuel waivers for E15 to allow year-round sale of fuel blends containing gasoline up to a 15% blend of ethanol. In June 2021, however,April 29, 2022, the U.S. CourtEnvironmental Protection Agency, (the "EPA"), issued an emergency waiver, allowing E15 (gasoline containing 15 percent ethanol) to be sold during the summer driving season. As of Appeals forthis filing, according to Prime the District of Columbia struck down this rule findingPump, E15 is sold year-round at approximately 2,743 stations in 31 states.  The EPA has stated that it will continue to monitor the supply with industry and federal partners, and the EPA exceeded its authority. Although there have been significant developments towardsexpects to issue new waivers effectively extending the availability of E15emergency fuel waiver until such time as the extreme and unusual fuel supply circumstances due to the war in the marketplace, thereUkraine are still obstacles that could inhibit meaningful market penetration by E15.no longer present.

Distillers Grains

Distillers grains compete with other protein-based animal feed products. Every bushel of corn used in the dry grind ethanol process yields approximately 17 pounds of dry matter distillers grains, which is an excellent source of energy and protein for livestock and poultry.  The price of distillers grains may decrease when the prices of competing feed products decrease. The prices of competing animal feed products are based in part on the prices of the commodities from which these products are derived. Downward pressure on commodity prices, such as soybeans and corn, will generally cause the price of competing animal feed products to decline, resulting in downward pressure on the price of distillers grains.

Historically, sales prices for distillers grains have correlated with prices of corn. However, there have been occasions when the price increase for this co-product has not been directly correlated to changes in corn prices. In addition, our distillers grains compete with products made from other feedstocks, the cost of which may not rise when corn prices rise. Consequently, the price we may receive for distillers grains may not rise as corn prices rise, thereby lowering our cost recovery percentage relative to corn.

Management expects that distillers grain prices will continue to generally follow the price of corn during Fiscal 2022.2023.

Competition for Supply of Corn

During crop year 2021/22,2022/23, according to the USDA November 2021October 2022 report, 85.180.8 million acres of corn were harvested, which was up 3%is down 5.3% from 2020/21.2021/22. The expected yield is 177.0172.5 bushels per acre, which is up 5.6%down 2.4% compared to 2020's2021's results. PricesThe higher prices for corn experienced in Fiscal 2022 are expected to fall slightly as production, which was slowed by COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, catches up with demand. continue due to drought conditions and supply constraints.

Competition for corn supply from other ethanol plants and other corn customers exists around our Facility.  According to the RFA 2021 Ethanol Industry2022 Outlook, there were 43 operational ethanol plants in Iowa. The plants are concentrated, for the most part, in the northern and central regions of the state where a majority of the corn is produced. 

We compete with other users of corn, including ethanol producers regionally and nationally, producers of food and food ingredients for human consumption (such as high fructose corn syrup, starches, and sweeteners), producers of animal feed and industrial users. According to the USDA, for 2020/2021, 5.02022/2023, 5.3 billion bushels of U.S. corn are expected to be used in ethanol production, with 7.36.8 billion bushels being used in food and other industrial uses, and 2.52.3 billion bushels used for export. In 2019/2020, 4.92021/2022, 5.3 billion bushel were used in ethanol production, with 6.36.8 billion used in food and other industrial uses and 1.82.5 billion used for export. 

Federal Ethanol Support and Governmental Regulations

RFS and Related Federal LegislationRenewable Fuel Standard

The ethanol industry receives support through the Federal Renewable Fuels Standard (the "RFS") which has been, and continues to be, a driving factor in the growth of ethanol usage. The RFS requires that each year a certain amount of renewable fuels must be used in the United States. The RFS is a national program that allows refiners to use renewable fuel blends in those areas of the country where it is most cost-effective. The EPA is responsible for revising and implementing regulations to ensure that transportedtransportation fuel sold in the United States contains a minimum volume of renewable fuel. The RFS statutory volume requirement increases incrementally each year until the United States is statutorily required to use 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels by calendar year 2022. The EPA has the authority, however, to waive the RFS statutory volume requirements, in whole or in part, provided that there is either inadequate domestic renewable fuel supply or the implementation of the requirement would severely harm the economy or environment of a state, region or the United States.

Annually, the EPA is required by statute to pass a rule that establishes the number of gallons of different types of renewable fuels that must be used in the United States which is called the renewable volume obligation. For 2020, 2021, and 2022 the statutory volume requirements for renewable fuels were 30 billion gallons, 33 billion gallons, and 36 billion gallons, respectively. In 2019On June 3, 2022, the EPA setreleased the 2020 renewable volume obligation at 20.09 billion gallons of renewable fuels—far belowfinal rules for the statutory threshold—and has since failed to establish final renewable volume obligations under("RVOs") for 2020, 2021 and 2022, and set the RFS despite its obligation to do so. On December 7, 2021, the EPA issued a proposed rule (the “Proposed Rule”) to revise theRVOs at 17.13 billion gallons for 2020, renewable volume obligations (RVOs) and establish renewable volume obligations18.84 billion gallons for 2021 and 2022. The Proposed Rule would retroactively reduce the 2020 renewable volume obligation to 17.13 billion gallons. For 2021, the EPA’s Proposed Rule is proposing to set the renewable volume obligation at 18.52 billion gallons, and 20.7720.63 billion gallons for 2022. An additional 250 million supplemental gallons were added to the RVOs for 2022 in order to address the court-ordered remand of previously lowered RVOs for 2014-2016.

On December 1, 2022, the EPA will accept public commentreleased a proposed rule to set the RVOs  for 2023, 2024 and 2025 which set the annual volume requirement for renewable fuel at 20.82 billion gallons for 2023, 21.87 billion gallons for 2024 and 22.68 billion gallons for 2025  (the “Proposed Rule”). This is the first time that the EPA has set RVOs without using the volume requirements set out in the Energy Independent and Security Act of 2002 (the “EISA”) which provided statutory volume requirements through 2022. When setting the volume requirements beyond the statutory mandates within the EISA, the EPA has more discretion and takes into consideration various factors including, without limitation, costs, air quality, climate change, energy security and infrastructure issues. Under the Proposed Rule, the number of gallons which may be met by conventional renewable fuels such as corn-based ethanol is set at 15.0 billion gallons for 2023 and increases to 15.25 billion gallons in 2024 and 2025. The Proposed Rule also provides for an additional 250 million gallon supplemental volume requirement in 2023 to continue to address the court-ordered remand of previously lowered RVOs as a result of denied small refinery waivers. The EPA is currently soliciting comments on the Proposed Rule through February 4, 2022, following which the EPA will releaseand a final rule, which may be materially different thanpublic hearing on the Proposed Rule.Rule will be held in January 10, 2023. 

              In November 2021, the EPA announced a proposed rulemaking to extend RFS compliance deadlines for 2019 and 2020.  The 2019 extension applies only to small refineries, but the 2020 extension applies to all refineries.  This allows oil refineries to delay providing proof that they are in compliance with the RFS’ biofuel blending requirements. This delay continues to cause uncertainty and instability within the renewable fuels marketplace and could impact the price of ethanol during fiscal year 2022. 

              Although renewable volume obligations establish the number of gallons of renewable fuel that must be blended into the nation’s fuel supply, these obligations do not take into account waivers granted by the EPA to small refiners for "hardship."  The EPA can, in consultation with the Department of Energy, waive the obligation for individual smaller refineries that are suffering “disproportionate economic hardship” due to compliance with the RFS. To qualify, for this “small refinery waiver,” the refineries must be under total throughput of 75,000 barrels per day and state their case for an exemption in an application to the EPA each year. In a separate action on December 7, 2021, the EPA proposed denying 65 small refinery waiver petitions in a break from past practice under the Trump administration. On December 8, 2021, a federal court of appeals granted EPA’s request to remand to EPA 31 SREs exemptions granted during the Trump administration.  Broadly, waivers reduce the demand for RINs.

Federal mandatesregulations supporting the use of renewable fuels like the RFS are a significant driver of ethanol demand in the U.S. Under the RFS, the EPA assigns individual refiners, blenders, and importers the volume of renewable fuels they are obligated to use based on their percentage of total domestic transportation fuel sales. The mechanism that provides accountability in RFS compliance is the Renewable Identification Number (RIN)("RIN"). RIN’sRINs are a tradeable commodity given that if refiners (obligated parties) need additional RIN’sRINs to be compliant, they have to purchase them from those that have excess. Thus, there is an economic incentive to use renewable fuels like ethanol, or in the alternative, buy RIN’s.RINs. Obligated parties use RINs to show compliance with RFS-mandatedRFS-regulated volumes. RINs are attached to renewable fuels by ethanol producers and detached when the renewable fuel is blended with transportation fuel or traded in the open market. The market price of detached RINs affects the price of ethanol in certain markets and influences the purchasing decisions by obligated parties.

The Proposed Rule also sets out proposed regulations relating to the generation of RINS for renewable electricity used to fuel vehicles (“eRINS”). Under the Proposed Rule, car manufacturers would be able to register with the EPA and generate eRINs for power produced from qualifying renewable biomass, including biogas from methane digesters and anaerobic digestion facilities. The Proposed Rule specifies that qualifying renewable electricity must be generated from a feedstock that qualifies as renewable biomass under Section 211(o)(1)(I) of the Clean Air Act and that other forms of renewable electricity, such as solar, wind and hydropower, will not qualify for eRINs.   Manufacturers could start earning eRINs in 2024. As noted above, the Proposed Rule is currently open for public comment and in the Proposed Rule, the EPA notes that it is open to comments on alternative approaches to eRINs, including allowing renewable electricity producers, public access charging stations, independent third parties, or a combination of entities to generate credits. We cannot predict at this time the impact, if any, that the generation of eRINs will have on the traditional RIN market.

Although renewable volume obligations establish the number of gallons of renewable fuel that must be blended into the nation’s fuel supply, these obligations do not take into account waivers granted by the EPA to small refiners for "hardship." The EPA can, in consultation with the Department of Energy, waive the obligation for individual smaller refineries that are suffering“ disproportionate economic hardship” due to compliance with the RFS. To qualify for this “small refinery waiver,” the refineries must be under total throughput of 75,000 barrels per day and state their case for an exemption in an application to the EPA each year. On June 3, 2022, the EPA announced the denial of 69 petitions from small refineries seeking small refinery exemptions(SREs) from the RFS program for one or more of the compliance years between 2016 and 2021. Having a final conclusion to this issue that has been ongoing for many years will help provide more stability within the RIN's market; however, there are multiple legal challenges to how the EPA has handled SREs and RFS rulemakings. 

Inflation Reduction Act of 2022

Among its other provisions, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”), which was signed into law on August 16, 2022, significantly expands clean energy incentives by providing an estimated $370 billion of new energy related tax credits over the next ten years. It also permits more flexibility for taxpayers to use the credits with direct-pay and transferable credit options.

More specifically, the IRA legislation (a) created a new Clean Fuel Production Credit, section 45Z of the Internal Revenue Code, which runs from 2025 to 2027 of up to $1.00 per gallon, which could apply to our fuel ethanol, depending on the level of GHG reduction for each gallon; (b) created a new tax credit for sustainable aviation fuel of $1.25 to $1.75 per gallon, depending on the GHG reduction for each gallon, that could possibly involve some of our low carbon ethanol through an alcohol to jet pathway, depending on the life cycle analysis model being used (this credit expires after 2024 and shifts to the Clean Fuel Production Credit, where it qualifies for up to $1.75 per gallon); (c) expanded the carbon capture and sequestration credit, section 45Q, to $85 for each metric ton of carbon sequestered, which could impact potential carbon capture investments; (d) extended the biodiesel tax credit which could impact our distillers corn oil values, as this co-product serves as a low-carbon feedstock for renewable diesel and biomass based diesel production; (e) funded biofuel refueling infrastructure, which could impact the availability of higher level ethanol blended fuel; (f) increased funding for working lands conservation programs for farmers by $20 billion; and (g) provided credits for the production and purchase of electric vehicles, which could impact the amount of internal combustion engines built and sold longer term, and by extension impact the demand for liquid fuels including ethanol.

The IRA is a sweeping policy that could have many potential impacts on our business and the Company continues to evaluate the provisions of the IRA and its potential benefits.

State Initiatives and Mandates

In 2006, Iowa passed legislation promoting the use of renewable fuels in Iowa. One of the most significant provisions of the Iowa renewable fuels legislation was a renewable fuels targeted set of tax credits encouraging an escalating percentage of the gasoline sold in Iowa to consist of, be blended with, or be replaced by, renewable fuels. To receive the tax credit, retailers of gasoline are required to reach escalating annual targets of the percentage of their gasoline sales that consist of, are blended with, or are replaced by, renewable fuels. This renewable fuel tax credit originally required 10% of the gasoline that retailers sold to fall within the renewable fuels definitions to receive the credit and has increased incrementally to 25% as of January 1, 2020. This tax credit automatically repealed itself on January 1, 2021 for tax years beginning on or after that date.

E85

Demand for ethanol has been affected by moderately increased consumption of E85 fuel, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, which is available for use in flex fuel vehicles.   There are more than 21 million flex fuel vehicles on the road today, or approximately 8% of all vehicles, representing more vehicles than require premium gasoline today.  In addition to use as a fuel in flexible fuel vehicles, E85 can be used as an aviation fuel, as reported by the National Corn Growers Association, and as a hydrogen source for fuel cells. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, there are currently more than 21 million flexible fuel vehicles capable of operating on E85 in the United States and nearly all of the major automakers have available flexible fuel models and have indicated plans to produce several million more flexible fuel vehicles per year.  The U.S. Department of Energy reports that there are more than 4,000 retail gasoline stations supplying E85 or other ethanol flex fuel blends.  While the number of retail E85 suppliers has increased each year, this remains a relatively small percentage of the total number of U.S. retail gasoline stations, which is well over 100,000.  In order for E85 fuel to increase demand for ethanol, it must be available for consumers to purchase it.  As public awareness of ethanol and E85 increases along with E85’s increased availability, management anticipates some growth in demand for ethanol associated with increased E85 consumption. The USDA provides financial assistance to help implement “blender pumps” in the United States in order to increase demand for ethanol and to help offset the cost of introducing mid-level ethanol blends into the United States retail gasoline market. A blender pump is a gasoline pump that can dispense a variety of different ethanol/gasoline blends. Blender pumps typically can dispense E10, E20, E30, E40, E50 and E85. These blender pumps accomplish these different ethanol/gasoline blends by internally mixing ethanol and gasoline which are held in separate tanks at the retail gas stations. Many in the ethanol industry believe that increased use of blender pumps will increase demand for ethanol by allowing gasoline retailers to provide various mid-level ethanol blends in a cost effective manner and allowing consumers with flex-fuel vehicles to purchase more ethanol through these mid-level blends.

Changes in Corporate Average Fuel Economy (“CAFE”) standards have also benefited the ethanol industry by encouraging use of E85 fuel products. CAFE provides an effective 54% efficiency bonus to flexible-fuel vehicles running on E85. This variance encourages auto manufacturers to build more flexible-fuel models, particularly in trucks and sport utility vehicles that are otherwise unlikely to meet CAFE standards.

E15

E15 is a blend of higher octane gasoline.  E15 was approved for use in model year 2001 and newer cars, light-duty trucks, medium-duty passenger vehicles (SUVs) and all flex-fuel vehicles by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 2012, This approved group of vehicles includes 90% of the cars, trucks and SUVs on the road today According to the Renewable Fuel Association. This higher octane fuel is available in 30 states at retail fueling stations. Sheetz, Kum & Go, Murphy USA, MAPCO Express, Protec Fuel, Minnoco, Thornton's, Hy-Vee, Growmark and Casey's all offer E15 to 2001 and newer vehicles today at several stations. One of the historic challenges with the growth of the E15 market is the fact that, the waiver in the Clean Air Act, known as the One-Pound Waiver, which allows E10 to be sold year-round, does not apply to E15 or higher blends, even though it has similar physical properties to E10. In May 2019, the EPA finalized a rule extending the One-Pound Waiver to E15 so its sale could expand beyond flex-fuel vehicles during the June 1 to September 15 summer driving season. In June 2021, however, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia struck down this rule finding that the EPA exceeded its authority. 

In May 2020, the USDA announced the Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program which consists of up to $100 million in funding for grants to be used to increase the availability of higher blends of ethanol and biodiesel fuels and to help increase the implementation of “blender pumps” in the United States. Funds may be awarded to retailers such as fueling stations and convenience stores to assist in the cost of installation or upgrading of fuel pumps and other infrastructure which helps offset the cost of introducing higher level ethanol blends into the United States retail gasoline market. A blender pump is a gasoline pump that can dispense a variety of different ethanol/gasoline blends. Blender pumps typically can dispense E10, E15, E20, E30, E40, E50 and E85. These blender pumps accomplish these different ethanol/gasoline blends by internally mixing ethanol and gasoline which are held in separate tanks at the retail gas stations. Many in the ethanol industry believe that increased use of blender pumps will increase demand for ethanol by allowing gasoline retailers to provide various mid-level ethanol blends in a cost effective manner and allowing consumers with flex-fuel vehicles to purchase more ethanol through these mid-level blends. However, the expense of blender pumps has delayed their availability in the retail gasoline market. In October 2020, the USDA announced the grant of $22 million of awards to the first round of recipients. To date, the USDA has awarded approximately $66.4 million to eligible projects. 

The program's predecessor, the Biofuels Infrastructure Partnership ("BIP"), was implemented by the USDA in May 2015 to increase the availability of higher blends and to fund the installation of new ethanol infrastructure. The USDA reports that to date, 20 states have received BIP federal funding in an aggregate amount of $100 million covering nearly 1,500 stations with almost 5,000 proposed pumps.

Environmental and Other Regulations and Permits

Ethanol production involves the emission of various airborne pollutants, including particulate matters, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds and sulfur dioxide.  Ethanol production also requires the use of significant volumes of water, a portion of which is treated and discharged into the environment.  We are required to maintain various environmental and operating permits.  Even though we have successfully acquired the permits necessary for our operations, any retroactive change in environmental regulations, either at the federal or state level, could require us to obtain additional or new permits or spend considerable resources on complying with such regulations.  In addition, if we sought to expand the Facility’s capacity in the future, above our current 140 million gallons, we would likely be required to acquire additional regulatory permits and could also be required to install additional pollution control equipment.   Our failure to obtain and maintain any environmental and/or operating permits currently required or which may be required in the future could force us to make material changes to our Facility or to shut down altogether.  

The U.S. Supreme Court has classified carbon dioxide as an air pollutant under the Clean Air Act in a case seeking to require the EPA to regulate carbon dioxide in vehicle emissions. As stated above, we believe the final RFS2 regulations grandfather our plant at its current operating capacity, though expansion of our plant will need to meet a threshold of a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions from a baseline measurement to produce ethanol eligible for the RFS2 mandate. In order to expand capacity at our plant above our current permitted 140147 million gallons, we will be required to obtain additional permits and install improved technology.

Separately, the California Air Resources Board ("CARB") has adopted a Low Carbon Fuel Standard (the "LCFS") requiring a 10% reduction in GHG emissions from transportation fuels by 2020 using a lifecycle GHG emissions calculation. On December 29, 2011, a federal district court in California ruled that the California LCFS was unconstitutional which halted implementation of the California LCFS. CARB appealed this court ruling and on September 18, 2013, the federal appellate court reversed the federal district court finding the LCFS constitutional and remanding the case back to federal district court to determine whether the LCFS imposes a burden on interstate commerce that is excessive in light of the local benefits. On June 30, 2014, the United States Supreme Court declined to hear the appeal of the federal appellate court ruling and CARB recently re-adopted the LCFS with some slight modifications. The LCFS could have a negative impact on the overall market demand for corn-based ethanol and result in decreased ethanol prices.

Part of our business is regulated by environmental laws and regulations governing the labeling, use, storage, discharge and disposal of hazardous materials. Other examples of government policies that can have an impact on our business include tariffs, duties, subsidies, import and export restrictions and outright embargos.

We also employ maintenance and operations personnel at our Facility. In addition to the attention that we place on the health and safety of our employees, the operations at our Facility are governed by the regulations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or OSHA.

We have obtained all of the necessary permits to operate the plant. Although we have been successful in obtaining all of the permits currently required, any retroactive change in environmental regulations, either at the federal or state level, could require us to obtain additional or new permits or spend considerable resources in complying with such regulations.

Available Information

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available free of charge on our website at www.sireethanol.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish such information electronically with the SEC.  The information found on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC.

The public may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC.  The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.  The SEC also maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.

Item 1A.  Risk Factors.

You should carefully read and consider the risks and uncertainties below and the other information contained in this report. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we may face. The following risks, together with additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial, could impair our financial condition and results of operation.

Risks Associated With Our Capital Structure

Our units have no public trading market and are subject to significant transfer restrictions which could make it difficult to sell units and could reduce the value of the units.

There is not an active trading market for our membership units. To maintain our partnership tax status, our units may not be publicly traded.  Within applicable tax regulations, we utilize a qualified matching service (“QMS”) to provide a limited market to our members, but we have not and will not apply for listing of the units on any stock exchange.  Finally, applicable securities laws may also restrict the transfer of our units.  As a result, while a limited market for our units may develop through the QMS, members may not sell units readily, and use of the QMS is subject to a variety of conditions and limitations.  The transfer of our units is also restricted by our Fifth Amended and Restated Operating Agreement dated June 19, 2020 (the “Operating Agreement”) unless the Board of Directors (the “Board” or “Board of Directors”) approves such a transfer. Furthermore, the Board will not approve transfer requests which would cause the Company to be characterized as a publicly traded partnership under the regulations adopted under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”).  The value of our units will likely be lower because they are illiquid. Members are required to bear the economic risks associated with an investment in us for an indefinite period of time.

Our current indebtedness requires us to comply with certain restrictive loan covenants which may limit our ability to operate our business.

Under the terms of our Credit Agreement, we have made certain customary representations and we are subject to customary affirmative and negative covenants, including restrictions on our ability to incur additional debt that is not subordinated, create additional liens, transfer or dispose of assets, make distributions, consolidate, dissolve or merge, and customary events of default (including payment defaults, covenant defaults, cross defaults and bankruptcy defaults).  The Credit Agreement also contains financial covenants including a minimum working capital amount, minimum local net worth (as defined) and a minimum debt service coverage ratio.    We can provide no assurance that, if we are unable to comply with these covenants in the future, we will be able to obtain the necessary waivers or amend our loan agreements to prevent a default.

              A breach of any of these covenants or requirements could result in a default under our Credit Agreement. If we default under our Credit Agreement and we are unable to cure the default or obtain a waiver, we will not be able to access the credit available under our Credit Agreement and there can be no assurance that we would be able to obtain alternative financing. Our Credit Agreement also includes customary default provisions that entitle our lenders to take various actions in the event of a default, including, but not limited to, demanding payment for all amounts outstanding. If this occurs, we may not be able to repay such indebtedness or borrow sufficient funds to refinance. Even if new financing is available, it may not be on terms that are acceptable to us. No assurance can be given that our future operating results will be sufficient to achieve compliance with the covenants and requirements of our Credit Agreement.

Risks Associated With Operations

The ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and its variants may negatively affect our operations, financial condition, and demand for our products.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the new variants of the virus are still impacting countries, communities, supply chains and commodities markets, in addition to the global financial markets. This pandemic has resulted in social distancing, travel bans, governmental stay-at-home orders, and quarantines, and if any of these measures are reinstituted or prolonged, they may limit access to our facilities, customers, suppliers, management, support staff and professional advisors. At this time it is not possible to fully assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s operations and capital requirements, but the aforementioned factors, among other things, may impact our operations, financial condition and demand for our products, as well as our overall ability to react timely and mitigate the impact of this event. Depending on its severity and longevity, the COVID-19 pandemic may have a material adverse effect on our business, customers, and members.

The impact of adverse economic conditions on gasoline could have a material adverse impact on the price and demand for ethanol and our financial performance.

The demand for gasoline correlates closely with general economic growth rates. The occurrence of recessions or other periods of low or negative economic growth will typically have a direct adverse impact on gasoline prices. Other factors that affect general economic conditions in the world or in a major region, such as changes in population growth rates, periods of civil unrest, pandemics (e.g. COVID-19), government austerity programs, or currency exchange rate fluctuations, can also impact the demand for gasoline. Sovereign debt downgrades, defaults, inability to access debt markets due to credit or legal constraints, liquidity crises, the breakup or restructuring of fiscal, monetary, or political systems such as the European Union, and other events or conditions (e.g. pandemics such as COVID-19), that impair the functioning of financial markets and institutions also may adversely impact the demand for gasoline. Reduced demand for gasoline may impair demand for ethanol, harm our operations and negatively impact our financial condition.

Decreasing oilInflation may impact the cost and/or availability of materials, inputs and gasoline prices resulting in ethanol trading at a premium to gasolinelabor, which could negatively impactadversely affect our ability to operate profitably.operating results.

Ethanol has historically traded at a discountWe have experienced inflationary impacts on raw materials, labor costs, wages, components, equipment, other inputs and services across our business and inflation and its impact could escalate in future quarters, many of which are beyond our control. Moreover, we may not be able to gasoline; however, with the recent fluctuations in gasoline prices, at times ethanol may trade at a premium to gasoline, causing a financial disincentive for discretionary blending of ethanol beyond the rates required to comply with the RFS. Discretionary blending is an important secondary market which is often determined by the price of ethanol versus the price of gasoline. In periods when discretionary blending is financially unattractive, the demand for ethanol may be reduced. In recent years, the price of ethanol has been less than the price of gasoline which increased demand for ethanol from fuel blenders. However, recently, low oil prices have driven down the price of gasoline which has reduced the spread between the price of gasoline and the price of ethanol which could discourage discretionary blending, dampen the export market and result in a downward market adjustmentpass those costs along in the price of ethanol. Any extended period where oil and gasoline prices remain lower than ethanol prices for a significant period of timeproducts we sell. As such, inflationary pressures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operationperformance and financial condition which could decrease the value of our units.statements.

Declines in the price of ethanol or distillers grain would significantly reduce our revenues.

The sales prices of ethanol and distillers grains can be volatile as a result of a number of factors such as overall supply and demand, the price of gasoline and corn, levels of government support, and the availability and price of competing products. We are dependent on a favorable spread between the price we receive for our ethanol and distillers grains and the price we pay for corn and natural gas. Any lowering of ethanol and distillers grains prices, especially if it is associated with increases in corn and natural gas prices, may affect our ability to operate profitably. We anticipate the price of ethanol and distillers grains to continue to be volatile in the next fiscal year as a result of the net effect of changes in the price of gasoline and corn and increased ethanol supply. Declines in the prices we receive for our ethanol and distillers grains will lead to decreased revenues and may result in our inability to operate the ethanol plant profitably for an extended period of time which could decrease the value of our units.

One of the most significant factors influencing the price of ethanol has been the substantial increase in ethanol production in recent years. According to the RFA, domestic ethanol production capacity increased from an annualized rate of 1.5 billion gallons per year in 1999 to a record 16.9 billion gallons in 2019 with additional production capacity still under construction. Given the near record ethanol crush margin at present, owners of ethanol production facilities may increase production levels to pre-pandemic levels or to even greater production levels, resulting in further increases in domestic ethanol inventories. Any increase in the supply of ethanol may not be commensurate with increases in the demand for ethanol, thus leading to lower ethanol prices. Also, demand for ethanol could be impaired due to a number of other factors, including regulatory developments and reduced United States gasoline consumption. Reduced gasoline consumption has occurred in the past and could occur in the future as a result of increased gasoline or oil prices or other factors such as increased automobile fuel efficiency. Any of these outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Increased demand for ethanol may require an increase in higher percentage blends for conventional automobiles.

Currently, ethanol is blended with conventional gasoline for use in standard (non-flex fuel) vehicles to create a blend which is 10% ethanol and 90% conventional gasoline. In order to expand demand for ethanol, higher percentage blends of ethanol must be utilized in conventional automobiles. Such higher percentage blends of ethanol have become a contentious issue with automobile manufacturers and environmental groups having fought against higher percentage ethanol blends. E15 is a blend which is 15% ethanol and 85% conventional gasoline. Although there have been significant developments towards the availability of E15 in the marketplace, there are still obstacles to meaningful market penetration by E15. As a result, the approval of E15 may not significantly increase demand for ethanol.

Reduced ethanol exports due to the imposition of tariffs on U.S. ethanol could have a negative impact on ethanol prices.

Brazil has historically been a top destination for ethanol produced in the United States. However, Brazil has imposed a tariff on ethanol which is produced in the United States and exported to Brazil. This tariff has resulted in a decline in demand for ethanol from Brazil. Additionally, China has imposed a tariff on ethanol which is produced in the United States and exported to China which has negatively impacted exports of ethanol to China. These tariffs and their associated effects on international demand for ethanol produced in the United States have negatively impacted the market price of ethanol in the United States and could adversely impact our ability to profitably operate the Company in the future. 

Our business is not diversified.

Our success depends largely on our ability to profitably operate our ethanol plant. We do not have any other lines of business or other sources of revenue if we are unable to operate our ethanol plant and manufacture ethanol, distillers grains, corn oil and carbon dioxide. If economic or political factors adversely affect the market for ethanol, distillers grains, corn oil or carbon dioxide, we have no other line of business to fall back on. Our business would also be significantly harmed if the ethanol plant could not operate at full capacity for any extended period of time.

Any site near a major waterway system presents potential for flooding risk.

While our site is located in an area designated as above the 100-year flood plain, it does exist within an area at risk of a "500-year flood".  Even though our site is protected by levee systems, its existence next to a major river and major creeks present a risk that flooding could occur at some point in the future.  During the last half of our fiscal year ended September 30, 2011, the Missouri River experienced significant flooding, as a result of unprecedented amounts of rain and snow in the Missouri River basin.  This produced a sustained flood lasting many weeks at a "500-year flood" level (a level which has a 0.2 percent chance of occurring).  While there were levee failures elsewhere, the levees held around our facility.  We did experience minimal rail disruption due to flooding in the surrounding areas to the north and south of the Facility, but our operations were not significantly impacted.

We have procured flood insurance as a means of risk mitigation; however, there is a chance that such insurance will not cover certain costs in excess of our insurance associated with flood damage or loss of income during a flood period.  Our current insurance may not be adequate to cover the losses that could be incurred in a flood of a 500-year magnitude.  

We may experience delays or disruption in the operation of our rail line and loop track, which may lead to decreased revenues.

We have entered into the Track Agreement to service our track and railroad cars.  There may be times when we have to slow production at our ethanol plant due to our inability to ship all of the ethanol and distillers grains we produce, or getting rail cars returned on a timely basis.  Due to increased rail traffic nationally because of shipments of crude oil, rail shipment delays have been experienced from time to time, especially during severe winter conditions. Additionally, threats of railroad worker strikes have been frequently discussed. If we cannot operate our plant at full capacity, we may experience decreased revenues which may affect the profitability of the Facility.

Hedging transactions, which are primarily intended to stabilize our corn costs, may be ineffective and involve risks and costs that could reduce our profitability and have an adverse impact on our liquidity.

We are exposed to market risk from changes in commodity prices.  Exposure to commodity price risk results principally from our dependence on corn in the ethanol production process.  In an attempt to minimize the effects of the volatility of corn costs on our operating profits, we enter into forward corn, ethanol, and distillers grain contracts and engage in other hedging transactions involving over-the-counter and exchange-traded futures and option contracts for corn; provided, we have sufficient working capital to support such hedging transactions.  Hedging is an attempt to protect the price at which we buy corn and the price at which we will sell our products in the future and to reduce profitability and operational risks caused by price fluctuation.  The effectiveness of our hedging strategies, and the associated financial impact, depends upon, among other things, the cost of corn and our ability to sell sufficient amounts of ethanol and distillers grains to utilize all of the corn subject to our futures contracts.  Our hedging activities may not successfully reduce the risk caused by price fluctuations which may leave us vulnerable to high corn prices. We have experienced hedging losses in the past and we may experience hedging losses again in the future.  We may vary the amount of hedging or other price mitigation strategies we undertake, or we may choose not to engage in hedging transactions in the future and our operations and financial conditions may be adversely affected during periods in which corn prices increase. 

Hedging arrangements also expose us to the risk of financial loss in situations where the other party to the hedging contract defaults on its contract or, in the case of over-the-counter or exchange-traded contracts, where there is a change in the expected differential between the underlying price in the hedging agreement and the actual prices paid or received by us.

Our attempts to reduce market risk associated with fluctuations in commodity prices through the use of over-the-counter or exchange-traded futures results in additional costs, such as brokers’ commissions, and may require cash deposits with brokers or margin calls.  Utilizing cash for these costs and to cover margin calls has an impact on the cash we have available for our operations which could result in liquidity problems during times when corn prices fall significantly. Depending on our open derivative positions, we may require additional liquidity with little advance notice to meet margin calls.  We have had to in the past, and in the future will likely be required to, cover margin calls.  While we continuously monitor our exposure to margin calls, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain adequate liquidity to cover margin calls in the future.

Ethanol production is energy intensive and interruptions in our supply of energy, or volatility in energy prices, could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Ethanol production requires a constant and consistent supply of energy.  If our production is halted for any extended period of time, it will have a material adverse effect on our business.  If we were to suffer interruptions in our energy supply, our business would be harmed.  We have entered into the Steam Contract with MidAm and we also are able to operate at full capacity using natural gas-fired boilers, which mitigates the risk of disruption in steam supply.  However, the amount of natural gas we are permitted to use for this purpose is currently limited and the price of natural gas may be significantly higher than our steam price.  In addition, natural gas and electricity prices have historically fluctuated significantly. Increases in the price of steam, natural gas or electricity would harm our business by increasing our energy costs.  The prices which we will be required to pay for these energy sources will have a direct impact on our costs of producing ethanol and our financial results.

Our ability to successfully operate depends on the availability of water.

To produce ethanol, we need a significant supply of water, and water supply and quality are important requirements to operate an ethanol plant.  Our water requirements are supplied by our wells, but there are no assurances that we will continue to have a sufficient supply of water to sustain the Facility in the future, or that we can obtain the necessary permits to obtain water directly from the Missouri River as an alternative to our wells.  

Adverse weather conditions, including as a result of climate change, may adversely affect the availability, quality and price of raw materials required for our operations as well as our operations and operating results.

Adverse weather conditions have historically caused volatility in the agricultural commodity industry and consequently in our operating results by causing crop failures or significantly reduced harvests, which may affect the supply and pricing of the raw materials required to operate our Facility.  Higher basis levels or adverse crop conditions in our corn purchase area can increase the input costs or lower the market value of our products relative to other market participants that do not have the same geographic concentration. Additionally, the potential physical impacts of climate change are uncertain and may vary by region. These potential effects could include changes in rainfall patterns, water shortages, changing sea levels, changing storm patterns and intensities, and changing temperature levels that could adversely impact our costs and business operations. Extreme weather conditions can interfere with our operations and increase our costs, and damage resulting from extreme weather may not be fully insured. However, at this time, we are unable to determine the extent to which any potential climate change may lead to increased weather hazards affecting our operations.

We have executed an output contract for the purchase of all of the ethanol we produce, which may result in lower revenues because of decreased marketing flexibility and inability to capitalize on temporary or regional price disparities.

Bunge is the exclusive purchaser of our ethanol and markets our ethanol in national, regional and local markets. We do not plan to build our own sales force or sales organization to support the sale of ethanol.  As a result, we are dependent on Bunge to sell our principal product.  When there are temporary or regional disparities in ethanol market prices, it could be more financially advantageous to have the flexibility to sell ethanol ourselves through our own sales force.  We have decided not to pursue this route.

We are increasingly dependent on information technology and disruptions, failures or security breaches of our information technology infrastructure could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

Information technology is critically important to our business operations. We rely on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic and financial information, to manage a variety of business processes and activities, including production, manufacturing, financial, logistics, sales, marketing and administrative functions. We depend on our information technology infrastructure to communicate internally and externally with employees, customers, suppliers and others. We also use information technology networks and systems to comply with regulatory, legal and tax requirements. These information technology systems, many of which are managed by third parties or used in connection with shared service centers, may be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases or components thereof, power outages, hardware failures, computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers or other cybersecurity risks, telecommunication failures, user errors, natural disasters, terrorist attacks or other catastrophic events. If any of our significant information technology systems suffer severe damage, disruption or shutdown, and our disaster recovery and business continuity plans do not effectively resolve the issues in a timely manner, our product sales, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we could experience delays in reporting our financial results.

In addition, if we are unable to prevent physical and electronic break-ins, cyber-attacks and other information security breaches, we may encounter significant disruptions in our operations including our production and manufacturing processes, which can cause us to suffer financial and reputational damage, be subject to litigation or incur remediation costs or penalties. Any such disruption could materially and adversely impact our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Such breaches may also result in the unauthorized disclosure of confidential information belonging to us or to our partners, customers, suppliers or employees which could further harm our reputation or cause us to suffer financial losses or be subject to litigation or other costs or penalties. The mishandling or inappropriate disclosure of non-public sensitive or protected information could lead to the loss of intellectual property, negatively impact planned corporate transactions or damage our reputation and brand image. Misuse, leakage or falsification of legally protected information could also result in a violation of data privacy laws and regulations and have a negative impact on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

              Continued price volatility and fluctuations in the price of corn may adversely impact our operating results and profitability.

Our operating results and financial condition are significantly affected by the price and supply of corn.  Because ethanol competes with non-corn derived fuels, we generally are unable to readily pass along increases in corn costs to our customers. At certain levels, corn prices may make the production of ethanol uneconomical.  There is significant price pressure on local corn markets caused by nearby ethanol plants, livestock industries and other corn consuming enterprises. Additionally, local corn supplies and prices could be adversely affected by rising prices for alternative crops, increasing input costs, changes in government policies, shifts in global markets, or damaging growing conditions such as plant disease or adverse weather conditions, including but not limited to drought.

Trade actions by the Biden Administration and foreign governments, particularly those affecting the agriculture sector and related industries, could adversely affect our operations and profitability. 

In a global economy domestic and foreign government policies and regulations significantly impact domestic agricultural commodity production and trade flows. Governmental policies affecting the agricultural industry, such as taxes, trade tariffs, duties, subsidies, import and export restrictions on commodities and commodity products, can influence industry profitability, the planting of certain crops, the location and size of crop production, whether unprocessed or processed commodity products are traded, and the volume and types of imports and exports.  International trade disputes can also adversely affect trade flows by limiting or disrupting trade between countries or regions.  Future governmental policies, regulations or actions affecting our industry may adversely affect the supply of, demand for and prices of our products, restrict our ability to do business and cause our financial results to suffer.

              For example, as a result of trade actions announced by the Trump administration and responsive actions announced by our trading partners, including by China, the domestic ethanol market has experienced negative impacts of higher ethanol tariffs and other disruptions to international agricultural trade.  Additionally, the imposition of certain duties on exports of distillers grains created significant trade barriers and has significantly decreased demand for such products from China and the prices for distiller’s grains produced in the United States.  Although the markets have substantially adjusted to these shifts, ongoing changes in domestic and foreign policy could negatively impact our results of operations and the profitability of the Company.

Declines in the price of ethanol or distillers grain would significantly reduce our revenues.

The sales prices of ethanol and distillers grains can be volatile as a result of a number of factors such as overall supply and demand, the price of gasoline and corn, levels of government support, and the availability and price of competing products. We are dependent on a favorable spread between the price we receive for our ethanol and distillers grains and the price we pay for corn and natural gas. Any lowering of ethanol and distillers grains prices, especially if it is associated with increases in corn and natural gas prices, may affect our ability to operate profitably. We anticipate the price of ethanol and distillers grains to continue to be volatile in during our 20212023 fiscal year as a result of the net effect of changes in the price of gasoline and corn and increased ethanol supply offset by increased export demand and the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, growing conditions in a particular season’s harvest may cause the corn crop to be of poor quality resulting in corn shortages and a decrease in distillers grains prices. Declines in the prices we receive for our ethanol and distillers grains will lead to decreased revenues and may result in our inability to operate the ethanol plant profitably for an extended period of time.    

We compete with larger, better financed entities, which could negatively impact our ability to operate profitably.

There is significant competition among ethanol producers with numerous producers and privately-owned ethanol plants planned and operating throughout the Midwest and elsewhere in the United States.  Our business faces a competitive challenge from larger plants, from plants that can produce a wider range of products than we can, and from other plants similar to ours.  Large ethanol producers such as Archer Daniels Midland, Flint Hills Resources LP, Green Plains Inc., Valero Renewable Fuels and POET Biorefining, among others, are capable of producing a significantly greater amount of ethanol than we produce. Further, many believe that there will be further consolidation occurring in the ethanol industry in the near future which will likely lead to a few companies who control a significant portion of the ethanol production market. We may not be able to compete with these larger entities. These larger ethanol producers may be able to affect the ethanol market in ways that are not beneficial to us which could affect our financial performance.

Increased ethanol industry penetration by oil companies may adversely impact our margins.

The ethanol industry is a highly competitive environment and it is principally comprised of smaller entities that engage exclusively in ethanol production and large integrated grain companies that produce ethanol along with their base grain businesses. We have historically always faced competition with other small independent producers as well as larger, better financed producers for capital, labor, corn and other resources. Until recently, oil companies, petrochemical refiners and gasoline retailers have not been engaged in ethanol production to a large extent. These companies, however, form the primary distribution networks for marketing ethanol through blended gasoline. During the past few years, several large oil companies have begun to penetrate the ethanol production market. If these companies increase their ethanol plant ownership or other oil companies seek to engage in direct ethanol production, there may be a decrease in the demand for ethanol from smaller independent ethanol producers like us which could result in an adverse effect on our operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Changes and advances in ethanol production technology could require us to incur costs to update our Facility or could otherwise hinder our ability to compete in the ethanol industry or operate profitably.

Advances and changes in the technology of ethanol production are expected to occur.  Such advances and changes may make the ethanol production technology installed in our plant less desirable or obsolete.  These advances could also allow our competitors to produce ethanol at a lower cost than us.  If we are unable to adopt or incorporate technological advances, our ethanol production methods and processes could be less efficient than our competitors, which could cause our plant to become uncompetitive or completely obsolete.  If our competitors develop, obtain or license technology that is superior to ours or that makes our technology obsolete, we may be required to incur significant costs to enhance or acquire new technology so that our ethanol production remains competitive.  Alternatively, we may be required to seek third-party licenses, which could also result in significant expenditures.  We cannot guarantee or assure that third-party licenses will be available or, once obtained, will continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.  These costs could negatively impact our financial performance by increasing our operating costs and reducing our net income.

Competition from the advancement of alternative fuels may decrease the demand for ethanol and negatively impact our profitability.

Alternative fuels, gasoline oxygenates and ethanol production methods are continually under development.  A number of automotive, industrial and power generation manufacturers are developing alternative clean power systems using fuel cells or clean burning gaseous fuels.  Like ethanol, the emerging fuel cell and electric-powered vehicle industries offer a technological options to address increasing worldwide energy costs, the long-term availability of petroleum reserves and environmental concerns.  Fuel cells have emerged as a potential alternative to certain existing power sources because of their higher efficiency, reduced noise and lower emissions.  Fuel cell industry participants are currently targeting the transportation, stationary power and portable power markets in order to lower fuel costs, decrease dependence on crude oil and reduce harmful emissions. The same can largely be said of electric-powered vehicles.  If the fuel cell and hydrogen industries continue to expand and gain broad acceptance, and hydrogen becomes readily available to consumers for motor vehicle use, we may not be able to compete effectively.  Likewise, participants in the emerging electric-powered vehicle industry are currently targeting the transportation market to decrease dependence on crude oil and reduce harmful emissions. If the electric-powered vehicle industry continues to expand and gain broad acceptance, the ethanol and larger gasoline industry may not be able to compete effectively. This additional competition could reduce the demand for ethanol, which would negatively impact our profitability.

The broad commercialization and acceptance of Electric Vehicles (EV) and other Alternative Fuel Source Vehicles may have a negative impact on gasoline and biofuels, including ethanol, which could negatively impact our profitability.

A number of automotive, industrial and power generation manufacturers are developing alternative clean power systems using fuel cells, plug-in hybrids, electric cars or clean burning gaseous fuels. Like ethanol, the emerging fuel cell and electric-powered vehicle industries offer technological options to address worldwide energy costs, the long-term availability of petroleum reserves and environmental concerns. Fuel cells have emerged as a potential alternative to certain existing power sources because of their higher efficiency, reduced noise and lower emissions. Fuel cell industry participants are currently targeting the transportation, stationary power and portable power markets in order to decrease fuel costs, lessen dependence on crude oil and reduce harmful emissions. The same can be said of electric-powered vehicles. If the fuel cell industry continues to expand and gain broad acceptance and becomes readily available to consumers for motor vehicle use, we may not be able to compete effectively. Likewise, participants in the emerging electric-powered vehicle industry are currently targeting the transportation market to decrease dependence on crude oil and reduce harmful emissions. If the electric-powered vehicle industry continues to expand and gain broad acceptance, the ethanol and larger gasoline industry may not be able to compete effectively. This additional competition could reduce the demand for ethanol, which would negatively impact our profitability

The inability to become a carbon-neutral or carbon-negative fuel source could affect our future ability to compete in the market, which could negatively impact our profitability.

RFA members have pledged to achieve a net-zero carbon footprint by 2050 or sooner. To stay competitive with electric vehicles and other Alternative Fuel Source Vehicles in an economy which continues to highly-value carbon neutral or zero-carbon alternatives, it is likely going to be imperative that the ethanol industry and the Company become producers of carbon neutral or carbon-negative fuel sources in the future. In order for the Company to achieve this reduction in carbon impact, the Company anticipates that a solution for carbon capture must be identified and implemented with respect to the Company’s plant. There are various solutions to this issue and the Company must determine which path forward is the most effective while also being a fiscally sound decision. If the Company is unable to maintain its competitive edge in the marketplace, or if the Company were to select an improper technology in its attempts to reduce its carbon impact, it could have a negative effect on the Company’s results of operations and profitability.

Corn-based ethanol may compete with cellulose-based ethanol in the future, which could make it more difficult for us to produce ethanol on a cost-effective basis.

Most ethanol produced in the U.S. is currently produced from corn and other raw grains, such as milo or sorghum - especially in the Midwest.  The current trend in ethanol production research is to develop an efficient method of producing ethanol from cellulose-based biomass, such as agricultural waste, forest residue, municipal solid waste and energy crops.  This trend is driven by the fact that cellulose-based biomass is generally cheaper than corn, and producing ethanol from cellulose-based biomass would create opportunities to produce ethanol in areas which are unable to grow corn.  The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 and the 2008 Farm Bill offer a very strong incentive to develop commercial scale cellulosic ethanol. The statutory volume requirement in the RFS requires that 16 billion gallons per year of advanced bio-fuels be consumed in the United States by 2022. The EPA will be required to set RFS volumes for 2023 and beyond, according to certain criteria defined in the statute. Additionally, state and federal grants have been awarded to several companies who are seeking to develop commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol plants. As a result, at least three companies have reportedly already begun producing on a commercial scale and a handful of other companies have begun construction on commercial scale cellulosic ethanol plants some of which may be completed in the near future. If an efficient method of producing ethanol from cellulose-based biomass is developed, we may not be able to compete effectively.  It may not be practical or cost-effective to convert our Facility into a plant which will use cellulose-based biomass to produce ethanol.  If we are unable to produce ethanol as cost-effectively as cellulose-based producers, our ability to generate revenue will be negatively impacted.

Depending on commodity prices, foreign producers may produce ethanol at a lower cost than we can, which may result in lower ethanol prices which would adversely affect our financial results.

We face competition from foreign ethanol producers with Brazil currently the second largest ethanol producer in the world. Brazil’s ethanol production is sugarcane based, as opposed to corn based, and, depending on feedstock prices, may be less expensive to produce. Under the RFS, certain parties are obligated to meet an advanced biofuel standard and sugarcane ethanol imported from Brazil has historically been one of the most economical means for obligated parties to meet this standard. Other foreign producers may be able to produce ethanol at lower input costs, including costs of feedstock, facilities and personnel, than we can. While foreign demand, transportation costs and infrastructure constraints may temper the market impact throughout the United States, competition from imported ethanol may affect our ability to sell our ethanol profitably, which may have an adverse effect on our operations, cash flows and financial position. If significant additional foreign ethanol production capacity is created, such facilities could create excess supplies of ethanol on world markets, which may result in lower prices of ethanol throughout the world, including the United States. Such foreign competition is a risk to our business. Any penetration of ethanol imports into the domestic market may have a material adverse effect on our operations, cash flows and financial position.

Risks Associated With Government Regulation and Subsidization

The ethanol industry is highly dependent on government mandates relating to the production and use of ethanol and changes to such mandates and related regulations could adversely affect the market for ethanol and our results of operations.

The domestic market for ethanol is largely dictated by federal mandates for blending ethanol with gasoline. Future demand for ethanol will be largely dependent upon the economic incentives to blend based upon the relative value of gasoline versus ethanol, taking into consideration the relative octane value of ethanol, environmental requirements and the RFS mandate. The RFS mandate helps support a market for ethanol that might disappear without this incentive.

Annually, the EPA is supposed to pass a rule that establishes the number of gallons of different types of renewable fuels that must be used in the United States which is called the renewable volume obligations. In the past, the EPA has set the renewable volume obligations below the statutory volume requirements. The EPA issued the final rule for 2020 which set the annual volume requirements for renewable fuel at 20.09 billion gallons of renewable fuel. Both the final 2019 volume requirements and the final 2020 volume requirement maintained the number of gallons that may be met by conventional renewable fuels such as corn based ethanol at 15.0 billion gallons. On December 7, 2021, the EPA issued a proposed rule (the “Proposed Rule”) to revise the 2020 renewable volume obligations (RVOs) and establish renewable volume obligations for 2021 and 2022. The Proposed Rule would retroactively reduce the 2020 renewable volume obligation to 17.13 billion gallons. For 2021, the EPA’s Proposed Rule is proposing to set the renewable volume obligation at 18.52 billion gallons, and 20.77 billion gallons for 2022. At this time, there is substantial uncertainty about the future of the RFS and the aggregate obligations to be imposed on refiners in the future. Because the RFS is the predominate driver of demand for renewable fuels in the domestic marketplace, additional decreases in the renewable volume obligations, or a decrease in the scope and targets of the RFS could have a material impact on the price of ethanol and our profitability.

The EPA has recently expanded its use of waivers to small refineries. The effect of these waivers is that the refinery is no longer required to earn or purchase blending credits, known as RINs, negatively affecting ethanol demand and resulting in lower ethanol prices. On October 15, 2019, the EPA released a supplemental notice seeking additional comment on a proposed rule on adjustments to the way that annual renewable fuel percentages are calculated. The supplemental notice was issued in response to an announcement by President Trump of a proposed plan to require refiners not exempt from the rules to blend additional gallons of ethanol to make up for the gallons exempted by the EPA's expanded use of waivers to small refineries. The proposed plan was expected to calculate the volume that refiners were required to blend by using a three-year average of exempted gallons. However, the EPA proposed to use a three-year average to account for the reduction in demand resulting from the waivers using the number of gallons of relief recommended by the United States Department of Energy. If the EPA continues to grant waivers to smaller refineries and the Trump Administration fails to take any action to reallocate ethanol gallons lost to such waivers, the market price and demand for ethanol would be adversely affected which would negatively impact our financial performance.

The compliance mechanism for RFS is the generation of renewable identification numbers, or RINs, which are generated and attached to renewable fuels such as the ethanol we produce and detached when the renewable fuel is blended into the transportation fuel supply. Detached RINs may be retired by obligated parties to demonstrate compliance with RFS or may be separately traded in the market. The market price of detached RINs may affect the price of ethanol in certain U.S. markets as obligated parties may factor these costs into their purchasing decisions. Moreover, at certain price levels for various types of RINs, it becomes more economical to import foreign sugarcane ethanol. If changes to RFS2 result in significant changes in the price of various types of RINs, it could negatively affect the price of ethanol, and our operations could be adversely impacted.

Federal law mandates the use of oxygenated gasoline in the winter in areas that do not meet Clean Air Act standards for carbon monoxide. If these mandates are repealed, the market for domestic ethanol could be significantly reduced. Additionally, flexible-fuel vehicles receive preferential treatment in meeting corporate average fuel economy, or CAFE, standards. However, high blend ethanol fuels such as E85 result in lower fuel efficiencies. Absent the CAFE preferences, it may be unlikely that auto manufacturers would build flexible-fuel vehicles. Any change in these CAFE preferences could reduce the growth of E85 markets and result in lower ethanol prices, which could adversely impact our operating results.

To the extent that such federal or state laws or regulations are modified, the demand for ethanol may be reduced, which could negatively and materially affect our ability to operate profitably.

We are subject to extensive environmental regulation and operational safety regulations that impact our expenses and could reduce our profitability.

Ethanol production involves the emission of various airborne pollutants, including particulate matters, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds and sulfur dioxide. We are subject to regulations on emissions from the EPA and the IDNR (Iowa Department of Natural Resources). The EPA’s and IDNR’s environmental regulations are subject to change and often such changes are not favorable to industry.  Consequently, even if we have the proper permits now, we may be required to invest or spend considerable resources to comply with future environmental regulations.

Our failure to comply or the need to respond to threatened actions involving environmental laws and regulations may adversely affect our business, operating results or financial condition. We must follow procedures for the proper handling, storage, and transportation of finished products and materials used in the production process and for the disposal of waste products.  In addition, state or local requirements also restrict our production and distribution operations. We could incur significant costs to comply with applicable laws and regulations.  Changes to current environmental rules for the protection of the environment may require us to incur additional expenditures for equipment or processes.

We could be subject to environmental nuisance or related claims by employees, property owners or residents near the Facility arising from air or water discharges.  Ethanol production has been known to produce an odor to which surrounding residents could object.  We believe our plant design mitigates most odor objections.  However, if odors become a problem, we may be subject to fines and could be forced to take costly curative measures.  Environmental litigation or increased environmental compliance costs could significantly increase our operating costs.

We are subject to federal and state laws regarding operational safety.  Risks of substantial compliance costs and liabilities are inherent in ethanol production.  Costs and liabilities related to worker safety may be incurred.  Possible future developments-including stricter safety laws for workers or others, regulations and enforcement policies and claims for personal or property damages resulting from our operation could result in substantial costs and liabilities that could reduce the amount of cash that we would otherwise have to distribute to members or use to further enhance our business.

Carbon dioxide may be regulated by the EPA in the future as an air pollutant, requiring us to obtain additional permits and install additional environmental mitigation equipment, which may adversely affect our financial performance.

Our Facility emits carbon dioxide as a by-product of the ethanol production process and we sell a portion of our carbon dioxide by-product to Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. pursuant to a Carbon Dioxide Purchase and Sale Agreement. The United States Supreme Court has classified carbon dioxide as an air pollutant under the Clean Air Act in a case seeking to require the EPA to regulate carbon dioxide in vehicle emissions.  Similar lawsuits have been filed seeking to require the EPA to regulate carbon dioxide emissions from stationary sources such as our ethanol plant under the Clean Air Act.  While there are currently no regulations applicable to us concerning carbon dioxide, if Iowa or the federal government, or any appropriate agency, decides to regulate carbon dioxide emissions by plants such as ours, we may have to apply for additional permits or we may be required to install carbon dioxide mitigation equipment or take other steps unknown to us at this time in order to comply with such law or regulation.  Compliance with future regulation of carbon dioxide, if it occurs, could be costly and may prevent us from operating the Facility profitably.

The California Low Carbon Fuel Standard may decrease demand for corn based ethanollimit access to the California market which could negatively impact our profitability.

California passed athe Low Carbon Fuels Standard ("LCFS") which requires that renewable fuels used in California must accomplish certain reductions in greenhouse gases which reductions are measured using a lifecycle analysis. TheFuels entering California must meet the LCFS carbon-intensity lifecycle requirements before being sold and other stateconsumed in California.  These LCFS regulations aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions could preclude corn-based ethanol produced in the Midwest from being used in California. California represents a significant ethanol demand market and therefore, if we are unable to supply corn-based ethanolmeet the requirements of the LCFS, we will be unable to sell our products into the California thismarket which could result in a reduction of our revenues and negatively impact our ability to profitably operate the ethanol plant.

Other states and countries, including Oregon, Brazil and Canada have adopted similar LCFS regulations which could further negatively impact the market and demand for conventional corn based ethanol, depending on how the regulations are crafted, enforced and modified which could further adversely impact our operating performance if we are unable to access such markets.

Investor sentiment towards climate change, fossil fuels, and other environmental, social, and corporate governance (“ESG”)matters could adversely affect our business, cost of capital, and the price of our stock and other securities.

The issue of global climate change continues to attract considerable public and scientific attention with widespread concern about the impacts of human activity, especially the emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. With the current administration, climate change legislation in the U.S. is likely to receive increased focus and consideration over the next several years.  Based on the issuance of new SEC requirements along with numerous other regulatory and legislative proposals having been made, the focus on global climate change is likely to continue at the international, national, regional and state levels of government that are intended to limit emissions of greenhouse gases and capture carbon. Several states have already adopted measures requiring reduction of greenhouse gases within state boundaries. Other states have elected to participate in voluntary regional cap-and-trade programs. While we believe our products are low carbon and result in a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions compared to alternatives, any significant legislative changes at the international, national, state or local levels could significantly affect our ability to produce and sell our products, could increase the cost of the production and sale of our products and could materially reduce the value of our products.

Apart from governmental regulation, some investment banks and traditional banking institutions based both domestically and internationally have announced that they have adopted environmental, social and corporate governance guidelines (ESG). Members of the investment community are also increasing their focus on ESG practices and disclosures, including practices and disclosures related to GHG emissions and climate change in the energy industry in particular, and diversity and inclusion initiatives and governance standards among companies more generally. As a result, we may face increasing pressure regarding our ESG practices and disclosures. Additionally, members of the investment community may screen companies such as ours for ESG performance. If we are unable to meet the ESG standards or investment or lending criteria set by these institutions, our access to the capital and financial markets, the price and demand for our securities and our reputation may be adversely impacted.

Item 2.  Properties.

We own the Facility site located near Council Bluffs, Iowa, which consists of three parcels totaling nearly 275 acres.  This property is encumbered under the mortgage agreement with our Lender.  We lease 45 acres on the south end of the property to an unrelated third party for farming, and we custom farm for our own use on ten acres.

Item 3.  Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, the Company may be subject to legal proceedings, claims, and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. While the outcome of these matters, if any, are currently not determinable, we do not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters, if any, would have a material adverse effect on the Company consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Item 4.  Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5.  Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Member Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

As of September 30, 2021,2022, we had 8,975 Series A Units issued and outstanding held by 840818 persons.  We do not have any established trading market for our units, nor is one contemplated.  However, we do provide access to a Qualified Matching Service for our members, which provides a system for limited transfers of our units.

To date, we have made distributions totaling $28.9$40.1 million to our members, with no$11.2 million in distributions made during Fiscal 2021 or2022 and no distributions made in Fiscal 2020.2021. We cannot be certain if or when we will be able to make additional distributions.  Further, our ability to make distributions is restricted under the terms of the Credit Agreement.

Item 6.     [Reserved]

Item 7.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation.

General Overview and Recent Developments

The following discussion and analysis provides information which management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our financial condition, results of operations, and material cash requirements. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements included herewith and notes to the financial statements thereto and the risk factors contained herein.

The Company is an Iowa limited liability company located in Council Bluffs, Iowa, formed in March, 2005. The Company iswas permitted to produce 140 million gallons of ethanol.  We began producing ethanol in February, 2009 and sell our ethanol, distillers grains, and corn oil in the United States, Mexico and the Pacific Rim.  

On November 26, 2019, the EPA approved the Company's petition as an "Efficient Producer" to increase the D-6 RINs generated for up to 147 million gallons of ethanol produced annually, provided the non-grandfathered ethanol produced satisfies the 20% lifecycle GHG ("Greenhouse gas" impacts) reduction requirements specified in the Clean Air Act for renewable fuel. The Company must comply with all registration provisions in order to register for the production of non-grandfathered ethanol, and the registration application must be accepted by the EPA before the facility is eligible to generate RIN's for non-grandfathered ethanol produced. The Company anticipates completingcompleted the registration process by the end of the second quarter in the fiscal year ending September 30, 2022 ("during Fiscal 2022").

On December 6, 2022, our Board of Directors declared a distribution of $2,500 per unit to its members. The distributions are expected to be paid on or around December 23, 2022 to members of record on December 6, 2022. Based on the current number of units outstanding, the aggregate payment will be approximately $22.4 million. 

Industry Factors Affecting our Results of Operations

For the fiscal year ended September 30, 20212022 ("Fiscal 2021"2022") compared to the fiscal year ended September 30, 20202021 ("Fiscal 20202021"), the average price per gallon of ethanol sold increased by 58%36.9% due to reduced stocks, increasing demand and higher corn and energy prices. There have also been increased prices for crude oil and gasoline in Fiscal 20212022 compared to Fiscal 20202021 due to reduced supply world-wide, and an increase in driving compared to Fiscal 20202021 when there were lockdown orders and restrictions on travel imposed by many authorities.

Corn prices increased 59%17.6% during Fiscal 2021.2022 compared to Fiscal 20202021 due to the anticipated high demand for corn in China and portions of the United States experiencing severe droughts. Weather, world supply and demand, current and anticipated stocks, agricultural policy and other factors can contribute to volatility in corn prices, and such changes have a material effect on our cost of goods sold with corn being one of our primary inputs.

Management anticipates that ethanol prices will continue to change in relation to changes in corn and energy prices. If corn, crude oil and gasoline prices remain high or further increase, that could have a significant impact on the market price of ethanol and our net income, particularly should ethanol stocks remain low.

During Fiscal 2021, 2022, the Company faced significant challenges with respect to transportationinflation of both tangible goods, primarily experienced in the cost of chemicals needed for the ethanol production process, and logistics. Like many companies, the ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on coastal portspayroll costs due to labor shortages and the trucking industry had a material effect on our abilitygeneral increase in wages due to timely, economically, and consistently ship products both domestically and abroad.  Management continues to explore various options to mitigate these challenges, but expects them to be a factor into Fiscal 2022. Management does not know when these logistics challenges will dissipate at this time.inflation.  

The average market price per ton of distillers grains sold in Fiscal 2021,2022, increased by 26%25.6% compared to the average price per ton of distillers grains sold for the same period in Fiscal 2020.2021. This increase in the market price of distillers grains is primarily due to higher corn and soybean meal prices which resulted in end users seeking out distillers grains as the lower cost alternative during Fiscal  2021.prices. Management anticipates that distillers grains prices will continue to be affected by the price of corn and soybean meal. If there continues to be an oversupply of soybean meal, that could have a negative effect on the price of distillers grains. An increase in supply as certain ethanol plants return to higher production levels as operating conditions improve could also have a negative effect on distillers grains prices.

Results of Operations

The following table shows our results of operations, stated as a percentage of revenue for Fiscal 20212022 and 2020.Fiscal 2021.

Revenues

Our revenue from operations is derived from three primary sources: sales of ethanol, distillers grains, and distillers corn oil.  The chart below displays statistical information regarding our revenues. The increase in revenue from Fiscal 20212022 compared to Fiscal 20202021 is primarily attributable to increased price for ethanol due to increased demand for our products driven by the lifting of lockdowns from the pandemic and vaccine distributions resulting in people going back to work and starting to travel again.but a reduced supply. For our main product ethanol, there was a 58%36.9% increase in the average price per gallon of ethanol in Fiscal 20212022 as compared to Fiscal 20202021 driven by the tight supply of ethanol coupled with rising demand post-pandemic, and a 9.2% increase2.46% decrease in the volume of ethanol sold during Fiscal 20212022 compared to Fiscal 2020.2021. There was also an increasea decrease of 3.2%2% in the volume of distillers grains sold and an increase in the average price per ton of distillers grains of approximately 26%25.6% primarily attributable to the prevailing prices of distillers grains compared to competing feed products. Distillers corn oil revenue also increased 94%66% in Fiscal 20212022 compared to Fiscal 20202021 due to an increase of 6.3%10.7% in tons sold in Fiscal 20212022 as compared to Fiscal 2020,2021, along with an increase of 83%51.6% in the price of distillers corn oil due to biodiesel processors utilizing higher quantities of distillers corn oil, thereby substantially increasing demand.

The market experienced lower domestic demand in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 which caused consumer driving to decrease. In addition, the market experienced weak export demand as a result of the impact of the pandemic on the worldwide economy All of these factors resulted in an extremely tight year for the ethanol industry. In Fiscal 2021,2022, we witnessed a greater recovery in ethanol prices, distillers grains prices and distillers corn oil prices driven by strong demand for each product coupled with lower supply attributable to industry slowdowns in 2020.2020 and early 2021.  Ethanol prices are typically directionally consistent with changes in corn and energy prices, and in Fiscal 2021,2022, we did see the price of ethanol increase 58%36.9% over the course of the year with a similaran increase in the cost of corn of 59%17.6%.  

The 26%25.6% increase in the average price of distillers grains was coupledtempered with a 3.2% increase2% decrease in tonnage sold resulting in a 40%14.9% increase in this revenue category.

During Fiscal 2021,2022, corn oil prices increased 83%51.6% and tonspounds sold increased 6.3%10.7% compared to Fiscal 2020,2021, due to biodiesel processors utilizing higher quantities of corn oil. Although management believes that corn oil prices will remain relatively steady at the current price levels, prices may decrease if there is an oversupply of corn oil production resulting from increased production rates or if biodiesel producers begin to utilize lower-priced alternatives such as soybean oil.

On December 18, 2019, Congress extended the biodiesel tax credit through 2022 with retroactive application to January 1, 2018. The extension of the tax credit has increased demand for distillers corn oil, which is a feedstock for renewable diesel, and could continue to have a positive impact on distillers corn oil prices for the remainder of Fiscal 2022.  The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the "IRA") provided for the further extension of the biodiesel tax credit until December 31, 2024 which could result in continued positive impact on the value of our distillers corn oil. 

Cost of Goods Sold

Our cost of goods sold as a percentage of our revenues was 95%85% and 97.1%95% for Fiscal 20212022 and 2020,2021, respectively, and decreased due to the increase in prices for ethanol, distillers corn oil and distillers grains.  Our two primary costs of producing ethanol and distillers grains are corn and energy, with natural gas and electricity as our primary energy sources. Cost of goods sold also includes net (gains) or losses from derivatives and hedging relating to corn. Material costs increased as a result of the average price of corn used in ethanol production per bushel increasing by 59%17.6% in Fiscal 20212022 from Fiscal 20202021 on a 10% increase5% decrease in ethanol production in Fiscal 20212022 compared to Fiscal 2020.2021. 

Realized and unrealized (gains) or losses related to our derivatives and hedging related to corn resulted in ana decrease of $16.6 million in our cost of goods sold for Fiscal 2022, compared to a decrease of $4.4 million in our cost of goods sold for Fiscal 2021, compared to a decrease of $2.6 million in our cost of goods sold for Fiscal 2020.2021.  We recognize the gains or losses that result from the changes in the value of our derivative instruments related to corn in cost of goods sold as the changes occur.  As corn prices fluctuate, the value of our derivative instruments are impacted, which affects our financial performance.  We anticipate continued volatility in our cost of goods sold due to the timing of the changes in value of the derivative instruments relative to the cost and use of the commodity being hedged. 

Our average natural gas energy cost increased 26%19.5% per MMBTU comparing Fiscal 20212022 to Fiscal 20202021 due to the increased cost of natural gas during Fiscal 2022. Natural gas on the spot market increased 69% when comparing Fiscal 2022 to Fiscal 2021.  We were able to mitigate the full impact of the rise in the natural gas spot market through locking in MMBTU's during the fiscal year. Variable production expenses increased when comparing Fiscal 20212022 to Fiscal 20202021 due to higher energy costs resulting fromand higher volume.chemical costs.  Fixed production expenses were loweralso increased when comparing Fiscal 20212022 to Fiscal 20202021 due to lowerhigher maintenance costs and increased lease expenses due to resigning the railcar agreement and lower repairs and maintenance costs.

General & Administrative Expense

Our general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues were 1.8% for Fiscal 2022 and 1.9% for Fiscal 2021 and 2.6% for Fiscal 2020.2021.  General and administrative expenses include salaries and benefits of administrative employees, professional fees and other general administrative costs.  Our general and administrative expenses for Fiscal 20212022 increased 10.9%26.3% compared to Fiscal 2020.2021.  The increase in general and administrative expenses from Fiscal 20202021 to Fiscal 20212022 is due mainly to higher legal and professional fees and dues and subscription costs which include annual software licensing fees. 

Other ExpenseIncome (Expense)

Our other expenses wereincome (expense) was approximately $1.0$4.2 million for bothFiscal 2022 and ($1) million for Fiscal  2021, and 2020, and were approximately 0.3%1.1% and 0.5%(0.3%) of our revenues for Fiscal 20212022 and 2020,Fiscal 2021, respectively. The majority of this line item consists of consistentincrease in other income (expense) during Fiscal 2022 was due to the USDA COVID relief payment we received in May for $3.1 million. The remainder is due to patronage dividends that we receive annually.from our lending partners and the forgiveness of the PPP loans. 

Key Operating Measures

Our production increased 10.2%decreased 6% when comparing Fiscal 20202021 to Fiscal 20212022 due to the effects of the pandemic in 2020 and the reduced ethanol production experienced nationwide.extended maintenance shutdowns to make various repairs. The average ethanol price per gallon increased 58%36.9% year over year due to the increased demand and constraints on supply and transportation. The price of corn increased 57.6%17.6% on average due to input costs, early projections of drought conditions and transportation constraints. While the overall cost of natural gas went up 25.9%19.5%, the Company was able to reduce its BTU's per gallon by 6.7%3.4% due to energy efficiency improvements throughout the plant.  The cost of chemicals increased 14.5%33.7% year over year due to reduced supply, higher natural gas prices (impacting nitrogen based chemicals) and labor shortages. 

Paycheck Protection Program Loan

On April 14, 2020, the Company received $1.1 million under the new Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP Loan") legislation passed in response to the economic downturn triggered by COVID-19.COVID-19 and on January 28, 2021, the Company received an additional $1.1 million under Phase II of the PPP legislation (collectively the "PPP Loans").  Our PPP LoanLoans may be forgiven based upon various factors, including, without limitation, our payroll cost over an eight-to-twenty-four week period starting upon our receipt of the funds. Expenses for approved payroll costs, lease payments on agreements before February 15, 2020, and utility payments under agreements before February 1, 2020 and certain other specified costs can be paid with these funds and eligible for payment forgiveness by the federal government. At least 60% of the proceeds must be used for approved payroll costs, and no more than 40% on non-payroll expenses. PPP loan proceeds used by a borrower for the approved expense categories willhave generally bebeen fully forgiven by the lender if the borrower satisfies certain employee headcount and compensation requirements.  The Company has applied for forgiveness on the PPP loan from the Small Business Administration ("SBA") and as of December 18, 2021, is awaiting a response on our request. 

On January 28, 2021, the Company received an additional $1.1 million under Phase II of the PPP legislation (the "Second PPP Loan"). As in the original PPP loan, expenses for approved payroll costs, lease payments on agreements and utility payments under agreements and certain other specified costs can be paid with these funds and eligible for payment forgiveness by the federal government. At least 60% of the proceeds must be used for approved payroll costs, and no more than 40% for non-payroll expenses.  PPP loan proceeds used by a borrower for the approved expense categories will generally be forgiven by the lender if the borrower satisfies certain employee headcount and compensation requirements.  The Company applied for forgiveness ofon its PPP Loans from the SecondSmall Business Administration ("SBA") and was notified on December 24, 2021 that the PPP LoanLoans had been forgiven in September of 2021.  As of December 18, 20201, we are still awaiting a responsefull. The gain on our request.the debt extinguishment was recorded in other income.  

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of September 30, 2021,2022, we had a cash balance of $1.9$7.2 million, $5$39.6 million available under the term revolverRevolving Term Loan (defined below) and working capital (per the definition stated within the "Restated Credit Agreement") of $21.3$71.7 million.

In June 2014, theThe Company entered into a $66.0 million Senior Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”)has certain loan agreements with Farm Credit Services of America, FLCA, (“FCSA”("FLCA"), Farm Credit Services of America, PCA ("PCA") and CoBank, ACB, as cash management provider and agent (“CoBank”("CoBank"). The proceeds of (collectively, the "FCSA Credit Agreement were used to refinance senior bank debt previously outstanding and scheduled to mature in August 2014. The Credit Agreement provided usFacility"), which provide the Company with a term loan in the amount of $30 million that matured in 2019, and(the "Term Loan") which matures November 15, 2024, a revolving term loan in the amount of $36$18.75 million due in(the "Term Loan") which matures September 1, 2027 and a $40 million revolving line of credit (the "Revolving Credit Loan") which matures February 1, 2023. The FCSA Credit Facility is secured by a security interest rate on all of the Credit Agreement was LIBOR plus 3.35%. The Credit Agreement resulted in a significantly lower interest rate than underCompany's assets and requires the prior credit facility. The Company’s term loan and revolving term loan requires itCompany to comply with specified financial covenants related to minimum local net worth, minimum current working capital, a minimum debt service coverage ratio and limitation on unit holder distributions.

As of September 30, 2022, there was $15 million outstanding under the Term Loan, $442 thousand outstanding under the Revolving Term Loan with $39.6 million available under the Revolving Credit Loan.

The Term Loan provides for semi-annual payments by the Company to FCSA of $3.75 million, on March 1 and September 1, beginning September 1, 2020. The Term Loan was amended in February 2021 to only require a single principal payment of $3.75 during 2021. All remaining amounts due under the Term Note are due and payable on the maturity date of November 15, 2024.

Effective July 18, 2022, the Company, FLCA, PCA and CoBank entered into the First Amendment and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Restated Credit Agreement") which amended and restated the Company's Credit Agreement dated as of June 24, 2014, as amended by Amendment No. 1 dated as of February 11, 2015, Amendment No. 2 dated as of February 11, 2015, Amendment No. 3 dated as of January 25, 2016, Amendment No. 4 dated as of November 14, 2019, Amendment No. 5 dated as of February 26, 2021, Amendment No. 6 dated as of July 30, 2021, Amendment No. 7 dated as of October 29, 2021 and Amendment No 8. dated February 25, 2022 (collectively the "Original Credit Agreement"). 

During Fiscal 2021, we entered into Amendments No. 5, 6The Restated Credit Agreement amended and 7restated the Original Credit Agreement to incorporate all of the prior amendments to the Original Credit Agreement (the “Amendments”).into the Restated Credit Agreement. The following areRestated Credit Agreement and continues to be secured by substantially all of the key modifications made by the Amendments:Company's assets.  The Restated Credit agreement also:

Effective September 21, 2022, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Restated Credit Agreement. The amendment amended and restated the Company's Second Restated Revolving Term Note in its entirety replacing it with the Third Amended and Restated Revolving Term Note dated September 21, 2022 (the “Third Restated Revolving Term Note”).  The Third Restated Revolving Term Note extended the maturity date to September 1, 2027 and also:

Primary Working Capital Needs

Cash provided by operations for Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021 and 2020 was $6.4$64.8 million and $7.1$6.4 million, respectively.  This change is primarily due to the high cost of cornincreased price received for ethanol and related inventory during 2021.co-products.  For Fiscal 20212022 and 2020,Fiscal 2021, net cash (used in) investing activities was $(8.3)$(4.8) million and $(8.2) million, respectively, primarily for fixed asset additions.  For Fiscal 20212022 and 2020,Fiscal 2021, net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities was $2.7$(54.7) million and $1.1$2.7 million, respectively due to significant debt paydowns made possible as a result of the increased revolver loan borrowings, primarily for the purchasesale price of cornethanol and the related costs associated with those purchases.co-products. 

We believe that our existing sources of liquidity, including cash on hand, available revolving credit and cash provided by operating activities, will satisfy our projected liquidity requirements, which primarily consists of working capital requirements, for the next twelve months. However, in the event that the market experiences significant price volatility and negative crush margins at or in excess of the levels experienced in previous years, we may be required to explore alternative methods to meet our short-term liquidity needs including temporary shutdowns of operations, temporary reductions in our production levels, or negotiating short-term concessions from our lenders.   

Commodity Price Risk 

Our operations are highly dependent on commodity prices, especially prices for corn, ethanol and distillers grains and the spread between them ( the "crush margin"). As a result of price volatility for these commodities, our operating results may fluctuate substantially. The price and availability of corn are subject to significant fluctuations depending upon a number of factors that affect commodity prices in general, including crop conditions, weather, governmental programs and foreign purchases. We may experience increasing costs for corn and natural gas and decreasing prices for ethanol and distillers grains which could significantly impact our operating results. Because the market price of ethanol is not directly related to corn prices, ethanol producers are generally not able to compensate for increases in the cost of corn through adjustments in prices for ethanol.  We continue to monitor corn and ethanol prices and manage the "crush margin" to affect our longer-term profitability.

We enter into various derivative contracts with the primary objective of managing our exposure to adverse price movements in the commodities used for, and produced in, our business operations and, to the extent we have working capital available and available market conditions are appropriate, we engage in hedging transactions which involve risks that could harm our business. We measure and review our net commodity positions on a daily basis.  Our daily net agricultural commodity position consists of inventory, forward purchase and sale contracts, over-the-counter and exchange traded derivative instruments.  The effectiveness of our hedging strategies is dependent upon the cost of commodities and our ability to sell sufficient products to use all of the commodities for which we have futures contracts.  Although we actively manage our risk and adjust hedging strategies as appropriate, there is no assurance that our hedging activities will successfully reduce the risk caused by market volatility which may leave us vulnerable to high commodity prices. Alternatively, we may choose not to engage in hedging transactions in the future. As a result, our future results of operations and financial conditions may also be adversely affected during periods in which price changes in corn, ethanol and distillers grain to not work in our favor.

In addition, as described above, hedging transactions expose us to the risk of counterparty non-performance where the counterparty to the hedging contract defaults on its contract or, in the case of over-the-counter or exchange-traded contracts, where there is a change in the expected differential between the price of the commodity underlying the hedging agreement and the actual prices paid or received by us for the physical commodity bought or sold.  We have, from time to time, experienced instances of counterparty non-performance but losses incurred in these situations were not significant.

Although we believe our hedge positions accomplish an economic hedge against our future purchases and sales, management has chosen not to use hedge accounting, which would match any gain or loss on our hedge positions to the specific commodity purchase being hedged.  We are using fair value accounting for our hedge positions, which means as the current market price of our hedge positions changes, the realized or unrealized gains and losses are immediately recognized in the current period (commonly referred to as the “mark to market” method). The immediate recognition of hedging gains and losses under fair value accounting can cause net income to be volatile from quarter to quarter due to the timing of the change in value of the derivative instruments relative to the cost and use of the commodity being hedged.  As corn prices move in reaction to market trends and information, our income statement will be affected depending on the impact such market movements have on the value of our derivative instruments.  Depending on market movements, crop prospects and weather, our hedging strategies may cause immediate adverse effects, but are expected to produce long-term positive impact.

In the event we do not have sufficient working capital to enter into hedging strategies to manage our commodities price risk, we may be forced to purchase our corn and market our ethanol at spot prices and as a result, we could be further exposed to market volatility and risk. However, during the past year, the spot market has been advantageous.

Credit and Counterparty Risks

Through our normal business activities, we are subject to significant credit and counterparty risks that arise through normal commercial sales and purchases, including forward commitments to buy and sell, and through various other over-the-counter (OTC) derivative instruments that we utilize to manage risks inherent in our business activities.  We define credit and counterparty risk as a potential financial loss due to the failure of a counterparty to honor its obligations.  The exposure is measured based upon several factors, including unpaid accounts receivable from counterparties and unrealized gains (losses) from OTC derivative instruments (including forward purchase and sale contracts).  We actively monitor credit and counterparty risk through credit analysis (by our marketing agent). 

Impact of Hedging Transactions on Liquidity

Our operations and cash flows are highly impacted by commodity prices, including prices for corn, ethanol, distillers grains and natural gas. We attempt to reduce the market risk associated with fluctuations in commodity prices through the use of derivative instruments, including forward corn contracts and over-the-counter exchange-traded futures and option contracts. Our liquidity position may be positively or negatively affected by changes in the underlying value of our derivative instruments. When the value of our open derivative positions decrease, we may be required to post margin deposits with our brokers to cover a portion of the decrease or we may require significant liquidity with little advanced notice to meet margin calls. Conversely, when the value of our open derivative positions increase, our brokers may be required to deliver margin deposits to us for a portion of the increase.  We continuously monitor and manage our derivative instruments portfolio and our exposure to margin calls and while we believe we will continue to maintain adequate liquidity to cover such margin calls from operating results and borrowings, we cannot estimate the actual availability of funds from operations or borrowings for hedging transactions in the future.

The effects, positive or negative, on liquidity resulting from our hedging activities tend to be mitigated by offsetting changes in cash prices in our business. For example, in a period of rising corn prices, gains resulting from long grain derivative positions would generally be offset by higher cash prices paid to farmers and other suppliers in local corn markets. These offsetting changes do not always occur, however, in the same amounts or in the same period.

We expect that a $1.00 per bushel fluctuation in market prices for corn would impact our cost of goods sold by approximately $48 million, or $0.34 per gallon, assuming our plant operates at 100% of our capacity and assuming no increase in the price of ethanol.  We expect the annual impact to our results of operations due to a $0.50 decrease in ethanol prices will result in approximately a $70 million decrease in revenue.

Summary of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Note 2 to our financial statements contains a summary of our significant accounting policies, many of which require the use of estimates and assumptions.  Accounting estimates are an integral part of the preparation of financial statements and are based upon management’s current judgment.  We used our knowledge and experience about past events and certain future assumptions to make estimates and judgments involving matters that are inherently uncertain and that affect the carrying value of our assets and liabilities.  We believe that of our significant accounting policies, the following are noteworthy because changes in these estimates or assumptions could materially affect our financial position and results of operations:

             The Company recognizes revenue when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the considerationsconsideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. In addition, the standard requires disclosures of the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the contracts with customers. The Company applies the five-step method to all contracts with customers.

             The Company sells ethanol (pursuant to a marketing agreement) and related products (direct sales). Revenues are recognized when the risk of losscontrol has been transferred to the marketing company (or direct buyer) and the marketing company or direct buyer has taken title to the product, prices are fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. 

              The Company'sCompany’s products are generally shipped Free on Board ("FOB") shipping point, and recorded as a sale upon delivery of the applicable bill of lading and transfer of risk of loss.  Subject to a few limited exceptions, all of the Company'scontrol.  The Company’s ethanol sales are handedhandled through an ethanol purchase agreement (the "Ethanol Agreement"“Ethanol Agreement”) with Bunge North America, Inc. ("Bunge") which was restated effective January 1, 2020, in connection with the Company's repurchase of the Series B Units from Bunge under the Bunge Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the "Bunge Repurchase Agreement"(“Bunge”). Syrup and distillers grains (co-products) were previously sold through a distillers grains agreement (the "DG Agreement") with Bunge, based on market prices. As discussed in Note 9, the initial term of this DG Agreement expired December 31, 2019, and as set forth in the Bunge Repurchase Agreement, Bunge provided transition services for all duties and responsibilities of the original DG Agreement through March 31, 2020.  Since April 1, 2020, the Company has been responsible for these functions. The Company markets and distributes all of the syrup, distillers grains and distillers corn oil it produces directly to end users at market prices.  Carbon dioxide is sold through a Carbon Dioxide Purchase and Sale Agreement (the "CO2 Agreement"“CO2 Agreement”) with Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Shipping and handling costs are booked as a direct offset to revenue.revenue for ethanol sales. Marketing fees, agency fees, and commissions due to the marketer are calculated separately from the settlement for the sale of the ethanol products and co-products and are included as a component of cost of goods sold.

Shipping and handling costs for co-products are included in cost of goods sold.

              Accounts receivable are recorded at original invoice amounts less an estimate made for doubtful receivables based on a review of all outstanding amounts on a quarterly basis. Management determines the allowance for doubtful accounts by regularly evaluating customer receivables and considering the customer's financial condition, credit history and current economic conditions. As of September 30, 2021,2022 and September 30, 2020,2021, management had determined an allowance of $0.2 million and $0.1 million was necessary.  Receivables are written off when deemed uncollectible and recoveries of receivables written off are recorded when received. 

The Company’s operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in commodity prices.  The Company is subject to market risk with respect to the price and availability of corn, the principal raw material used to produce ethanol and ethanol by-products.  Exposure to commodity price risk results from its dependence on corn in the ethanol production process.  In general, rising corn prices result in lower profit margins and, therefore, represent unfavorable market conditions.  This is especially true when market conditions do not allow the Company to pass along increased corn costs to customers.  The availability and price of corn is subject to wide fluctuations due to unpredictable factors such as weather conditions, farmer planting decisions, governmental policies with respect to agriculture and international trade and global demand and supply.

To minimize the risk and the volatility of commodity prices, primarily related to corn and ethanol, the Company uses various derivative instruments, including forward corn, ethanol and distillers grains purchase and sales contracts, over-the-counter and exchange-trade futures and option contracts.  When the Company has sufficient working capital available, it enters into derivative contracts to hedge its exposure to price risk related to forecasted corn needs and forward corn purchase contracts.  

Management has evaluated the Company’s contracts to determine whether the contracts are derivative instruments. Certain contracts that literally meet the definition of a derivative may be exempted from derivative accounting as normal purchases or normal sales.  Normal purchases and normal sales are contracts that provide for the purchase or sale of something other than a financial instrument or derivative instrument that will be delivered in quantities expected to be used or sold over a reasonable period in the normal course of business.   Gains and losses on contracts that are designated as normal purchases or normal sales contracts are not recognized until quantities are delivered or utilized in production.

The Company applies the normal purchase and sale exemption to forward contracts relating to ethanol and distillers grains and solubles and therefore these forward contracts are not marked to market. As of September 30, 2021,2022, the Company had 10.54.6 million gallons in open contracts for ethanol, 4558 thousand tons of open contracts on dried distillers grains, , 7394 thousand tons of wet distillers grains, and 8.54.8 million pounds of corn oil on open contracts.contracts, and 2.9 million gallons of 190 proof undenatured ethanol.

Corn purchase contracts are treated as derivative financial instruments.  Changes in fair value of forward corn contracts, which are marked to market each period, are included in costs of goods sold.  As of September 30, 2021,2022, the Company was committed to purchasing 5.13.6 million bushels of corn on a forward contract basis resulting in a total commitment of $26.6$23.6 million.   In addition, the Company was committed to purchasing 24955 thousand bushels of corn using basis contracts.

In addition, the Company enters into short-term cash, options and futures contracts as a means of managing exposure to changes in commodity prices.  The Company enters into derivative contracts to hedge the exposure to volatile commodity price fluctuations.  The Company maintains a risk management strategy that uses derivative instruments to minimize significant, unanticipated earnings fluctuations caused by market volatility.  The Company’s specific goal is to protect itself from large moves in commodity costs.  All derivatives are designated as non-hedge derivatives and the contracts will be accounted for at fair value.  Although the contracts will be effective economic hedges of specified risks, they are not designated as and accounted for as hedging instruments.  

Inventory is valued at the lower of weighted average cost or net realizable value. In the valuation of inventories and purchase commitments, net realizable value is defined as estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less reasonablereasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation.

Item 7A.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Not applicable.

Item 8.  Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. 

Note 1:  Nature of Business

Southwest Iowa Renewable Energy, LLC (the “Company”), located in Council Bluffs, Iowa, was formed in March 2005, operates a 140147 million gallon capacity ethanol plant and began producing ethanol in February 2009.  The Company sold 127.0123.3 million gallons and 115.0127.0 million gallons of ethanol in Fiscal 20212022 and Fiscal 20202021, respectively. The Company sells its ethanol, distillers grains, corn syrup, and distillers corn oil in the continental United States, Mexico and the Pacific Rim.

Note 2:  Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company’s cash balances are maintained in bank deposit accounts which at times may exceed federally-insured limits.  The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the considerationsconsideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. In addition, the standard requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the contracts with customers. The Company applies the five-step method to all contracts with customers.

The Company sells denatured ethanol and related products pursuant to a marketing agreements.agreement.  Revenues are recognized when the risk of losscontrol has been transferred to the marketing company and the marketing company has taken title to the product, prices are fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured.  

The Company’s products are generally shipped Free on Board ("FOB") shipping point, and recorded as a sale upon delivery of the applicable bill of lading and transfer of risk of loss.control.  The Company’s denatured ethanol sales are handled through an ethanol purchase agreement (the “Ethanol Agreement”) with Bunge North America, Inc. (“Bunge”) which was restated effective January 1, 2020 in connection with the Company's repurchase of the Series B Units from Bunge under the Bunge Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the "Bunge Repurchase Agreement").  Syrup and distillers grains (co-products) were sold through a distillers grains agreement (the “DG Agreement”) with Bunge, based on market prices. As discussed in Note 9, the initial term of this DG Agreement expired December 31, 2019, and as set forth in the Bunge Repurchase Agreement, Bunge provided transition services for all duties and responsibilities of the original DG Agreement through March 31, 2020. The Company is now responsible for all of these functions. The Company markets and distributes all of the syrup, distillers grains, ethanol not sold under the Ethanol Agreement, and distillers corn oil it produces directly to end users at market prices.   Carbon dioxide is sold through a Carbon Dioxide Purchase and Sale Agreement (the “CO2 Agreement”) with Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Shipping and handling costs are booked as a direct offset to revenue.revenue for ethanol sales. Marketing fees, agency fees, and commissions due to the marketer are calculated separately from the settlement for the sale of the ethanol products and co-products and are included as a component of cost of goods sold. Shipping and handling costs for co-products are included in cost of goods sold.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are recorded at original invoice amounts less an estimate made for doubtful receivables based on a review of all outstanding amounts on a monthly basis.  Management determines the allowance for doubtful accounts by regularly evaluating individual customer receivables and considering customers’ financial condition, credit history and current economic conditions.  As of September 30, 20212022 and 20202021, management had determined an allowance of $206 thousand and $128 thousand, respectively, was necessary.  Receivables are written off when deemed uncollectible, and recoveries of receivables written off are recorded when received.

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company's operating and financial performance is largely driven by the prices at which ethanol is sold and the net expense of corn. The price of ethanol is influenced by factors such as supply and demand, weather, government policies and programs, and unleaded gasoline and the petroleum markets with ethanol selling, in general, for less than gasoline at the wholesale level. Excess ethanol supply in the market, in particular, puts downward pressure on the price of ethanol. The Company's largest cost of production is corn. The cost of corn is generally impacted by factors such as supply and demand, weather, government policies and programs. The Company's risk management program is used to protect against the price volatility of these commodities.

Investment in Commodities Contracts, Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company’s operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in commodity prices.  The Company is subject to market risk with respect to the price and availability of corn, the principal raw material used to produce ethanol and ethanol by-products.  Exposure to commodity price risk results from its dependence on corn in the ethanol production process.  In general, rising corn prices result in lower profit margins and, therefore, represent unfavorable market conditions.  This is especially true when market conditions do not allow the Company to pass along increased corn costs to customers.  The availability and price of corn is subject to wide fluctuations due to unpredictable factors such as weather conditions, farmer planting decisions, governmental policies with respect to agriculture and international trade and global demand and supply.

To minimize the risk and the volatility of commodity prices, primarily related to corn and ethanol, the Company uses various derivative instruments, including forward corn, ethanol and distillers grains purchase and sales contracts, over-the-counter and exchange-trade futures and option contracts.  When the Company has sufficient working capital available, it enters into derivative contracts to hedge its exposure to price risk related to forecasted corn needs and forward corn purchase contracts.  

Management has evaluated the Company’s contracts to determine whether the contracts are derivative instruments. Certain contracts that literally meet the definition of a derivative may be exempted from derivative accounting as normal purchases or normal sales.  Normal purchases and normal sales are contracts that provide for the purchase or sale of something other than a financial instrument or derivative instrument that will be delivered in quantities expected to be used or sold over a reasonable period in the normal course of business.   Gains and losses on contracts that are designated as normal purchases or normal sales contracts are not recognized until quantities are delivered or utilized in production.

The Company applies the normal sale exemption to forward contracts relating to ethanol, distillers grains, and corn oil and therefore these forward contracts are not marked to market. As of September 30, 20212022, the Company had commitments to sell 7.74.6 million gallons of ethanol, 8658 thousand tons of dried distillers grains, 8994 thousand tons of wet distillers grains, and 8.94.8 million pounds of corn oil.oil and 2.9 million gallons of 190 proof undenatured ethanol.

Corn purchase contracts are treated as derivative financial instruments.  Changes in fair value of forward corn contracts, which are marked to market each period, are included in costs of goods sold.  As of September 30, 20212022, the Company was committed to purchasing 5.43.6 million bushels of corn on a forward contract basis resulting in a total commitment of $28.7$23.6 million.  In addition the Company was committed to purchasing 1355 thousand bushels of corn using basis contracts.

In addition, the Company enters into short-term cash, options and futures contracts as a means of managing exposure to changes in commodity prices.  The Company enters into derivative contracts to hedge the exposure to volatile commodity price fluctuations.  The Company maintains a risk management strategy that uses derivative instruments to minimize significant, unanticipated earnings fluctuations caused by market volatility.  The Company’s specific goal is to protect itself from large moves in commodity costs.  All derivatives are designated as non-hedge derivatives and the contracts will be accounted for at fair value.  Although the contracts are considered effective economic hedges of specified risks, they are not designated as or accounted for as hedging instruments.instruments for accounting purposes. 

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments along with cash due to brokers at September 30, 20212022 and 20202021 are as follows:

The net realized and unrealized gains and losses on the Company’s derivative contracts for the years ended September 30, 20212022 and 20202021 consist of the following:

The presentation of the realized loss on ethanol futures contracts of $5.6 million has been changed as a result of our accounting policy change to present realized and unrealized hedging losses (gains) as a component of revenue rather than cost of goods sold to align with common industry presentation.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of average cost or net realizable value. In the valuation of inventories and purchase commitments, net realizable value is defined as estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less reasonable predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. At both September 30, 20212022 and 20202021, there was no lower of cost or market adjustment.

Leases

In February 2016, Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-02 "Leases” ("ASU 2016-02"). ASU 2016-02 requires the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for all leases greater than one year in duration and classified as operating leases under previous GAAP. Under the guidance, lessees are required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases): 1) a lease liability, which is a lessee's obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted cash flow basis; and 2) a "right toof use" asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee's right to use the specified asset for the lease term.  The Company adopted this accounting standard effective October 1, 2019, the start of fiscal year ended September 30, 2020. Upon adoption, the Company elected a practical expedient which allows existing leases to retain their classification as operating leases. The Company has elected to account for lease and related non-lease components as a single lease component. See Note 1110 for more detailed information regarding leases.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost.  Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:

Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred; major improvements are capitalized.

Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset group may not be recoverable.   An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows from operations are less than the carrying value of the asset group.  An impairment loss would be measured by the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Management has determined there were no events or changes in circumstances that required an impairment evaluation during Fiscal 20212022 or Fiscal 20202021.

Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be treated as a partnership for federal and state income tax purposes and generally does not incur income taxes.  Instead, the Company’s earnings and losses are included in the income tax returns of the members.  Therefore, no provision or liability for federal or state income taxes has been included in these financial statements.

Management has evaluated the Company’s tax positions under the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes and concluded that the Company has taken no uncertain tax positions that require adjustment to the financial statements to comply with the provisions of this guidance.

Note 3:  Inventory

Inventory is comprised of the following at:

Note 4:  Revolving Loan/Credit Agreements

FCSA/CoBank

The Company is a party to a credit agreement with Farm Credit Services of America, FLCA ("FCSA"), Farm Credit Services of America, PCA and CoBank, ACB, as cash management provider and agent ("CoBank") which provides the Company with a term loan in the amount of $30.0 million (the "Term Loan") and a revolving term loan in the amount of up to $40.0 million (the "Revolving Term Loan"), together with the Term Loan, the "FCSA Credit Facility"). On February 26, 2021, the credit agreement was amended to add an additional $10.0 and a $10 million revolving line of credit with a maturity date of August 1, 2021, with the same rate provisions as the original credit agreement (the "Revolving Credit Loan"). We extended (collectively, the RevolvingFCSA Credit Loan's maturity date twice during 2021, once as of June 30, 2021 and once as of October 29, 2021.  The current maturity date of the Revolving Credit Loan is February 1, 2022. The balance on the Revolving Credit Loan was $0 at September 30,2021.Facility").  The FCSA Credit Facility is secured by a security interest on all of the Company's assets.

The Term Loan provides for semi-annual payments by the Company to FCSA of $3.75 million with a maturity date of November 15, 2024. The February 26, 2021 amendment to the credit agreement modified the Term Loan to only requirerequired the Company to make one principal payment of $3.75 million during 2021, which payment was made on March 1, 2021, and thereafter requires the Company to make four equal semi-annual payments of $3.75 million on each March 1 and September 1, through September 1, 2023 (2023.  the "Restated Term Note").  All remaining amounts due under the Restated Term NoteLoan are due and payable on the maturity date of November 15, 2024.  Under Effective July 18, 2022, the FCSA Credit Facility,maximum principal available under the Company hasTerm Loan was reduced from $30 million to $18.75 million and the right to select from several LIBOR based interest rate options with respect to each ofis based on the loans, withDaily Simple SOFR rate plus a LIBORrate spread of 3.4%3.25% per annum. The interest rate at September 30,2021 was 3.64%.

As of September 30, 20212022, there was an outstanding balance of $15.0 million on the Term Loan.

The current maturity date of the Revolving Credit Loan is February 1, 2023 and the current maturity date of the Revolving Term loan is September 1, 2027. As of September 30, 2022, there was $57.5 million$442 thousand outstanding under the FCSARevolving Credit Facility,Loan, with $5$39.6 million available under the Revolving Term Loan.

Financing costs associated with the Credit Agreement Facility are recorded at cost and include expenditures directly related to securing debt financing.  The Company amortizes financing costs using the effective interest method over the term of the related debt.

Paycheck Protection Program LoanGovernment Programs

             On April 14, 2020, the Company received $1.1 million under the new Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP Loan") legislation passed in response to the economic downturn triggered by COVID-19.19, and on January 28, 2021, the Company received an additional $1.1 million under Phase II of the PPP legislation (collectively the "PPP Loans").  Our PPP Loan may be forgiven based upon various factors, including, without limitation, our payroll cost over an eight-to-twenty-four week period starting upon our receipt of the funds. Expenses for approved payroll costs, lease payments on agreements before February 15, 2020, and utility payments under agreements before February 1, 2020 and certain other specified costs can be paid with these funds and eligible for payment forgiveness by the federal government. At least 60% of the proceeds must be used for approved payroll costs, and no more than 40% on non-payroll expenses. PPP loan proceeds used by a borrower for the approved expense categories willhave generally bebeen fully forgiven by the lender if the borrower satisfies certain employee headcount and compensation requirements.  The Company has applied for forgiveness on the PPP loan from the Small Business Administration ("SBA") and as of December 18, 2021, is awaiting a response on our request. 

              On January 28, 2021, the Company received an additional $1.1 million under Phase II of the PPP legislation (the "Second PPP Loan"). As in the original PPP loan, expenses for approved payroll costs, lease payments on agreements and utility payments under agreements and certain other specified costs can be paid with these funds and eligible for payment forgiveness by the federal government. At least 60% of the proceeds must be used for approved payroll costs, and no more than 40% for non-payroll expenses.  PPP loan proceeds used by a borrower for the approved expense categories will generally be forgiven by the lender if the borrower satisfies certain employee headcount and compensation requirements. The Company applied for forgiveness of its PPP Loans from the Second PPP Loan in September of 2021.  As ofSmall Business Administration ("SBA") and was notified on December 18,24, 2021, 20201, we are still awaiting a responsethat the PPP Loans had been forgiven in full. The gain on our request.the debt extinguishment was recorded in other income. 

On May 23, 2022, the Company received $3.1 million from the USDA's Biofuel Producer Program. This amount was deemed "other income" to the Company and there are no additional requirements the Company must fulfill to keep the funds.

Note 5: Notes Payable

Approximate aggregate maturities of notes payable as of September 30, 20212022 are as follows (in 000's):

Note 6:  Fair Value Measurement

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.  In determining fair value, the Company used various methods including market, income and cost approaches.  Based on these approaches, the Company often utilizes certain assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and/or the risks inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique.  These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated, or generally unobservable inputs.  The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.  Based on the observable inputs used in the valuation techniques, the Company is required to provide the following information according to the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value hierarchy ranks the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair values.  Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value will be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

Level 1 -    Valuations for assets and liabilities traded in active markets from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 -    Valuations for assets and liabilities traded in less active dealer or broker markets.  Valuations are obtained from third-party pricing services for identical or similar assets or liabilities.

Level 3 -    Valuations incorporate certain assumptions and projections in determining the fair value assigned to such assets or liabilities.

A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, including the general classifications of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.

Derivative financial statements.  Commodity futures and exchange traded options are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs. For these contracts, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service.  The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes and live trading levels from the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”) market.  Ethanol contracts are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs from third-party pricing services.  Forward purchase contracts are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. For these contracts, the Company obtains fair value measurements from local grain terminal values.  The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include live trading bids from local elevators and processing plants which are based off the CME market.

The following table summarizes financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 20212022 and 20202021, categorized by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy: (dollars in '000s)